Phrasal Verbs

5/24/2018 Phrasal Verbs

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UNIT 17 PHRASAL VERBS 1I

tructure17.0 Objectives17.1 Introduction17.2 Phrasal Verbs

17.2.1 The Idiomatic Nature of Phrasal Verbs17.2.2 The Unity of Phrasal Verbs17.2.3 Transitive and Intransitive Phrpsal Verbs17.3 The Use of Phrasal Verbs17.3.1 Phrasal Verbs in Normal Day-to-Day Use

17.3.2 Phrzsal Verbs in Literary Use Passagefor Reading17.4 Let Us Sum Up17.5 Key WordsAnswers

17.0 OBJECTIVES

At the end o f this unit, you should be able torecognize all verb adverb particle sequences,distinguish phrasal verbs from free combinations of verb adverb particle,recognize the idiomatic nature of phrasal verbs, andappreciate the use of phrasal verbs in certain kinds of styles.

17.1 INTRODUCTION

Look at the following sentences1 He gave up smoking.Sheput out the light.3 His car broke down .The verb phrases in these sentences have been italicized. You will see that theyconsist of a verb and a small word, which is called aparticle. The particles occurringin these verb phrases are up out and dsw n. In Block 3, U nit 14, we saw that theseparticles can occur either as prepositions or as adverbs. In these sentences theseparticles d o not occ ur as prepositions: they occur a s adverbs. How d o we decide this?In Unit 14, we said that prepositions express a relation between two things. One ofthese things is represented by the noun or noun-like expression that follows thepreposition and is called the object of the preposition, the other by what goes beforethe preposition. The preposition+noun or noun-like expression) is called aprepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases express various kinds o f meanings, e.g.,location or direction in space, point or duration o f time, manner, instrument, etc. Th efollowing sentence s contain prepositions an d prepositional phrases:4 Swami climbed up the tree.He went out of the doo r.6 He r n down the stairs.The preposition phrases in these sentences have been italicized: they begin with thepreposition up out ox and down respectively. The prepositions combine with thefollowing noun phrases to express the meaning of direction: up the tree, out of the


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hrasal Vcrbsord - ormation door, down the stairs. The point to note is that the preposition in each case is closelylinked to its object and canno t be separated from it. In other words, the prepositionalphrase forms a single unit. If we want to move the words occurring in theprepositional phrase to another position in the sentence separately, we cannot do so.We must move the entire unit. Thus we can move the whole prepositional phrase tothe front of the sentence, but not its parts:

Up the tree Swami climbed.8 Out of the door, he went.Down the stairs, he ran.Now let us look at sentences 1 2 and 3. Here the words up, out, and down are notlinked at all closely with the following noun phrase; in fact, there is no noun phraseafter down in 3. Down, therefore, cannot be a preposition in 3 at all. In sentences 1and 2, up smoking and out the light are not prepositional phrases: for example, theycannot be moved to the front of the sentencqs. On the other hand, up and out areclosely connected with the verbs they follow: gave up is a single verb with themeaning 'stopped', p ut out is also a single verb m eaning 'extinguished' or 'switchedoff.' If we separate up h m gawe and out from put, these sentences becomemeaningless.and ungrammatical:

10Up smoking, he gave. Ungrammatical1 1 Ou t the light, he put.(The sign indicates an unaccep table form.)In other words, in sentences 1, 2 and 3 the 'verb up/out/down' form single (verb)units, just as in 4, 5 and 6 the 'preposition noun phrase' form single (prepositionalphra se) units.There is one m ore thing which shows that gave up and pu t out re single verb-units in1 and 2 respectively. If we regard these combinations as single verbs, then the nounphrases that follow these verbs (smoking and the light respectively) must beconsidered ob je c ya f these verbs, and the verb s must be considered transitive verbs.We know that sentences with transitive verbs have passive forms in which the objectof the active sentence becomes the subject. Do 1 and 2 have passive fonns? Yes, theydo. Look at the following:12 Smo king was given up (by him).13 The light was put out (by him).On the other hand, such passive sentences re not possible with 4, 5 and 6.This againshows what w hjle give up, put out and break down are single units in our exam ples(sentences I, 2 and 3), climb up, go out and run dow n in sentences 4 ,5 and 6 are not.

17.2 PHRASALVERBSWe thus see that,adve s differ h m repositions in the following way: adverbs gowith the p r e c a g verbs while prepositions go with the following objects, which arenouns or noun-like expressions. As a f m t step tow ards identifLing phrasal verbs wecan say that phrasal verbs are verb adverb particle constructions. Thus give up, pu tout, and b reak down are phrasal verbs. This is, however, not enough for identifLingphrasal verbs. In other words, not all verb adve rb particle constructions re phrasalverbs. There is one more criterion that we must use and that is the criterion ofmeaning.


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17 2 1 The Idiomatic Nature of Phrasal VerbsLook at the following sentences :14 a) He ran our without even saying goodbye.b) Our food ran out.15 a) Put out the cat.

b) Put our the fire.16 a)Sherookinthebox.b) She took in her parents.You will notice that the same verb adverb particle combination occurs in 14a and14b (ran out), 15a and 15b (put out) and 16a and 16b (took in). Some books onEnglish grammar call all of these phrasal verbs, but we shall use the term 'phrasalverb' for only those combinations which occur in 14b, 15b andl6b. The combinationswhich occur in 14a, and 16 we shall call free combinations. What is our reason formaking this distinction?The reason lies in the meaning of phrasal verbs. Though a phrasal verb consists oftwo words, it carries a single meaning, and this meaning is not the sum of themeaning of the two words. This is what we mean when we speak of the 'idiomatic'nature of the phrasal verbs. Idioms are expressions like to rain cars and dogs, to loseheart, to beat one's head against a brick wall, to eat humble pie, etc. The specialthing about idioms is that they have an idiomatic meaning which cannot be guessedfrom the combination of the actual words used. Thus, to rain cats and dogs hasnothing to do with cats and dogs: it simply means 'to rain heavily'. Phrasal verbs arealso idioms in this sense. For example, ran out n 14b means 'came to an end'; put ourin 15b means 'extinguish', and took in in 16b means 'deceived'. You will see that thesemeanings have nothing to do with the meanings of the verbs (run, put, take) andadverbs (out, in) hat occur in these phrasal verbs. In 14a, 15 and 16a, on the otherhand, the meaning of the verb phrase seems to be a combination of the meaning ofthe verb and the meaning of the adverb. Thus, in 14a ran out means 'ranoutsidelaway, etc., in 15a put out means 'put outside'; in 16a took in means 'tookinside'. There is thus a clear distinction between the way the same verb phrases areused in a- and in b-sentences: their use is 'literal' in a-sentences and 'idiomatic' in b-sentences). Only when a verb phrase consisting of a verb an adverb particle is usedin the idiomatic way do we call it a phrasal verb; when it is used in the literalmeaning (as in the a-sentences) we call it a free combination.17 2 2 The nity o f Phrasal VerbsWe have distinguished phrasal verbs from free combinations on the basis of meaning,but it will be seen that they also show a difference in the degree of unity: the verb andthe adverb particle are more closely joined in a phrasal verb than in a freecombination. As a result, we can separate them in a free combination but not in aphrasal verb. We can, for example, put a modifying adverb between the verb and theparticle in a free combination but not in a phrasal verb. We can say

He ran straight out..but we cannot say*Our food ran straight out. (Ungrammatical)The phrasal verb shows a high degree of unity (or cohesion); the free combinationdoes not..This is also seen in the fact that in free combinations we can often replacethe adverb particle by another adverb particle, but we cannot do so with phrasalverbs. E.g. we can say

He ran away without even saying goodbye.but we cannot say*Our food soon ran away. (Ungrammatical)

Phrasal Verbs 1


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Phrasal VerbsWord Formation The unity of the phrasal verbs shows that they are almost like single words with fixmeanings. The meaning of a word cannot be related to the parts of the word (excepwhere prefixes and s uf fue s are involved); similarly, the meaning of a phrasal vecann ot be related to its parts. This means that phrasal verbs are single units as worare This is the rea son why learner s dictiona ries (like Hornby s Oxford AdvanceLearner s Dictionary of Current English or Procter s Longman Dictionary Con tem porary English) list the phrasal verbs separately as independen t lexical itemwhile free combinations are not so listed.17 2 3 Transitive and Intransitive Phrasal VerbsPhrasal verbs can be transitive or intransitive. Am ong the exam ples of phrasal verwhich we have discussed so f r some (give up, put out, take in) are transitive (i.they require an object), others (break down, ru out) are intransitive. We give belosome more examples of transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs. Note that somphrasal verbs can b e both transitive and intransitive.blow UP The terrorists blew up the bridge(Transitive = destroyed by exploding )The tank blew up. (Intransitive= was destroyed by explosion )break up : The police bqoke up the meeting. (Transitive = disrupted pan end to )The meeting broke up. (Intransitive = came to an end )come off One hand of my watch has come ofl(Intransitive = has become detached )The ir plan did not come of. (Intransitive= did no t succeed )cut down : You m ust cut down your ex pense s. (Transitive = reduce )draw up : A ca r drew up outside the gate. (Intransitive = came to a halt )

We have drawn up our plans for the next y ear.(Transitive = formulated )fall out : The two friends have fallen out again. (Intransitive= quarrelledfigure out : I can tfigure him out. (Transitive= understand by thinking )getacross : I managed to get my meaning across (Transitivecommunicate , make clear )

I have a feeling that my speech didn t g et acro ss.(Intransitive = was not unde rstood )Some of these phrasal verbs also have other meanings, both .in transitive aintransitive uses, which have not been illustrated here. For example, blow up also hthe meaning to inflate as in She blew up the balloons, where its use is transitivAnother meaning of this phrasal verb is to enlarge (a photograph) as in Tphotographer blew the girl s photograph up and entered it in a photo contest . Froth is meaning of the verb we now have a noun a blow-up which means an enlargphotograph. Such nouns have also been derived from some other phrasal verbs, e.goutcome (from come out), outburst (from burst out), breakdown (from break downbreakthrough (from break through), and so o n.With transitive phrasal verbs, the two parts of the verb can usually be separated athe adverb particle can be (but does not have to be) put after the ob ject. This has bedone above in the example the photographe r blew the girl s photograph up... , whe


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the adverb particle up has been separated from the verb blew and put after the objectthe girl s photograph. Here are some more examples :

He put the fire out.They have called the strike ofiThe police broke the meeting up.

These forms exist side by side with the forms in which the verb and the adverbparticle occur together (He put out the fire, etc.). However, if the object of the verb isa pronoun, the adverb particle has to be compulsorily put after the pronoun and theother form (in which the verb and the particle are together) is ungrammatical.

I can tfigure out him. (ungra unatical)I can tfigure him out.Put out it. (ungrammatical)Put it out.They blew up it. (ungrammatical)They blew it up.

A few things must be remembered about these two rules. [The two rules are: (1) Withtransitive phrasal verbs, the particle can be put after the noun object to produceanother form of the sentence, and 2) If the object is a pronoun, the particle must beput after the object.] The things to remember are:i) These ples apply only to transitive phrasal verbs. Intransitive phrasal verbshave no object, hence the question of putting the particle after the object does

not arise.ii) These rules apply to phrasal verbs as well as fiee combinations. Thus, side byside with

She took in the box./Heput out the cat.We can also say:She took the box in.lHe put the cat out.iii) These rules apply to most transitive phrasal verbs and free combinations butnot to all of them. For example, the following sentences with noun objects

are unacceptable:I have given hope up. (Say I have given up hope .)They laid their rms down. (Say They laid down their arms .)He carried my orders out. (Say He carried out my orders .)

The verb and the particle should also not be separated when the object of the phrasalverb is a long noun-like expression (a long phrase, or a phrase containing a clause).E.g., we do not say

The car ran the sweet innocent little children down.The workers called the strike which had been going on for two and a halfmonths 8

In such cases the particle should stay next to the verb and we should sayThe car ran down the sweet innocent little children.The workers called ofthe strike which had been going on for two and a halfmonths.


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Phrasal VerbsWord Formarion Check Your Progress1. A verb adverb particle construction has been used in each of the sentencbelow. In some sentences the construction is a phrasal verb, in others frcombination. As a phrasal verb, the construction has a specific, idiomatmeaning, which can be found in the dictionary; as a free combination, imeaning can be derived from the meaning of its parts.

Against the number of each sentence in your answer, quote the verb adveparticle construction and write PV against it if it is a phrasal verb and give imeaning. If the combination is not a phrasal verb, write FC against it to indicathat it is a free combination.Example: 1 They brought the guests in.

2) His investment in shares brings in nearly Rs 10,000 a yearAnswer: 1) brought in: FC

2) brings in: PV meaning produces as profit .i) They took down the partition.

ii) The boy jumped across.

iii) I ran across ag old fiiend in the street.iv) The sun came out.

v) It came out that he had been stealing the office money,

vi He slipped and fell down.

vii) The two men fell out.

viii) A large crowd turned out to watch the parade.

ix) I drove himout.

x) He walked straight in.

xi) l ll leave that problem for you to sort out.

2. In the foregoing, we have emphasized the point that phrasal verbs have idiomameanings, which cannot be derived from their parts. These meanings can oft(though not always) be expressed by single verbs. For example, the meaning the phrasal verb turn down can be expressed by the single verb reject , of tphrasal verb give up by the single verb surrender and so on.


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I Find single verbs to express the meanings of the phrasal verbs used in the Phrasal Verbs 1followingsentences: -

i) This discovery bears ou t the theory proposed by Dr. Raman.

ii) C a n y on your w ork; pay no atten tion to me.

iii) A car drew up in front of the gate.

t iv) We have fixe up a m atch with the teachers next Monday.tL

v) The Indian economy is beginning to look up now.

vi) I don t believe his story; I think he has just made it up.

vii) He offered me a choice of six colou rs in shirts. I picked ou t the green one.

viii) They put up a shed in the garden for their cows.I ix) Whenever it is budget time, the dealers put up their prices.

x) He set up a new record when he scored 100 runs off 7 balls.

xi) I was taken aback by th e news o f his sudden departure.

xii) 111 talk it over with my w ite be fore giv ing you the final answer.

There are some phrasal verbs whose meanings cannot be expressed by single-word equivalents. For example, the meaning of Look out (in, e.g. ook out, thereare chitdren on the road must be expressed as take care ; the meaning of takeover (as in Rajiv Gandhi took over as PM in 1984 as assume charge,responsibility, etc. , and so on.The sentences below contain meanings (see the italicized part) which can,beidiomatically conveyed by phrasal verbs. Rewrite the sentences using ;theapprop riate phrasal verb. As a hint, the verb part of the phrasa l verb is giveh inbrackets:i) He withdrew his support at the last moment. (back)

i tii) Finally my patience was exhausted and I threw him out. (give)


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iii) want to become a pilot when become an adult. (grow)

II

I

I

iv) Whenever you are in Delhi do come and see me. (look)

Phrasal verbsWord - Formation

v) He is very ill but he will recover from the illness, if we look after himcarefully. (pull)

vi) am going to Russia next month; must improve my knowledge of Russian.(brush)

vii) He is always speaking ill of hls neighbour. run)

viii) They started their ourney at six (set)

ix) At first he disliked school but now he has become accustomed to the place.(settle)

x) The plane has le the grou nd. (take)

xi I ll accept you as m y opponent at table tennis. (take)

xii) Children s shoes become unserviceable very quickly. (wear)

17.3 THE USE OF PHRASAL VERBS17.3.1 Phrasal Verbs n Normal Day to Day Usephrasal vsrbs occur with great frequency in the spoken variety of English and ininformal writing. They lend fluency to our style and make our language idiomatic.Students learning English as a second or foreign language should, therefore, acquirethese forms and use them when speaking, or when writing letters to fiiends,descriptive or narrative essays, stories, descriptions of events and actions, etc.

The use of.phrasa1 verbs and other verb adverb particle combinations gives a toneof familiarity to the writing. Therefore, while their use is welcome in such writing,where the author is justified in establishing a friendly relationship with the reader, itis generally avoided in formal writing, where the author is required to maintain acertain distance fiom the reader, e.g., when writing applications for jobs, makingfactual inquiries fiom unknown persons, offices, and institutions, writing academicpapers, commentaries, or technical reports, delivering formal talks, etc.These differences of style can be illustrated with a few examples. These examplesshow how the same action, event, etc. is described with the help of a verb adverbparticle construction in the informal style, while in the formal style a single verb isused instead:


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The meeting was put ofi (Informal)The meeting was postponed. (Formal)I couldn t make out what he was driving at. (Informal)I couldn t understand where his argument was leading. (Formal)The Manager wanted to kick him out, but the staff backed him up. (Informal)The Manager wanted to dismiss him, but the staff supported him. (Formal)

Some phrasal verbs have now become so common in certain contexts that alternativeexpressions are hard to find and very clumsy. In such cases, ,the phrasal expression isused universally. E.g.,

The plane took oflat 7.00 a.m. exactly.HeJiNed in the form.You must check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves.I checked out of the hotel at 3.00 p.m.

17.3.2 Phrasal Verbs in Literary Use: Passage orReadingWriters of stories, novels, etc. use the verb adverb particle constructions to givefluency to their style, to develop a relationship of confidence with the reader, and togive vividness to their descriptions. The following passage from R K Narayan snovel Swami and Friends provides an excellent illustration of such a style. Thepassage, one of the finest in Narayan s writings, illustrates the fluency and idiomaticease with which he can handle the English language, though it is not his nativetongue.From SWAMI AND FRIENDSby R.K. Narayan

Phrasal Verbs 1

He went home, flung his coat and cap and books on the table, gulped downthe cold coffee that was waiting for him and sat on the pyol, vacantly gazinginto the dark intricacies of the gutter that adorned Vinayaka Muddali Street.

dark volume of water was rushing along. Odd pieces of paper, leaves, andsticks, floated by. small piece of tin was gently skimming along.Swaminathan had an impulse to plunge his hand in and pick it up. But he letit go. His mind was inert. He watched the shining bit float away. It was nowat the end of the compoul~d wall; now it had passed under the tree.Swaminathan was slightly irritated when a brick obstructed the progress ofthe tin. He said that the brick must either move along or stand aside withoutinterfering with the traffic: The piece of tin released itself and dashed alongfuriously, disappeared around a bend at the end of the street. Swaminathanran in, got a sheet of paper, and made a boat. He saw a small ant movingabout aimlessly. He carefully caught it, placed it in the boat, nd lowered theboat into the stream. He watched in rapture its quick motion. He held hisbreath when the boat with its cargo neared a danger zone formed by stuck-upbits of straw and other odds and ends. The boat made a beautiful swerve tothe right and avoided destruction. It went on and on. It neared a fatal spotwhere the waters were swirling round and round in eddies. Swaminathan wascertain that his boat was nearing its last moment. He had no doubt that it wasgoing to be drawn right to the bottom of the circling eddies. The boat whirledmadly round shaking and swaying and quivering. But providentially a freshsupply of water from the kitchen in the neighbourls house pushed it frombehind out o f danger. But it rushed on at a fearfd speed, and Swaminathanfelt that it was going to tu turtle. Presently it calmed, and resumed a normalspeed. But when it passed under a tree, a thick dry leaf fell down and upset it.Swaminathan ran frantically to the spot to see if he could save at least the ant.He peered long into the water, but there was no sign of the ant. The boat andits cargo were wrecked beyond recovery. He took a pinch of earth, uttered aprayer for the soul of the ant, arid dropped it into the gutter.


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Phrasal Verbs: In this passage, R K Narayan makes use of a number of verb adverb particlWord Fonnalfon constructions, e.g., gulp down rush along float by etc. Note how the use of thesconstruc tions enab les the author to maintain the flue ncy of his description. Fluency iimportant for his description since he is describing the deep absorption of Swamwith the stream o f water in the gutter. The water is rushing along with bits anpieces of paper, leaves, etc. in it. Swami gets so totally absorbed in the speedprogress of water that he can t tolerate any obstruction. He gets a paper boat and isoon floating along with it mentally in the stream. In such an absorbing descriptiothe fluenc)t of description becomes specially important. Nothing, no compleconstruction, no long and difficult word, must obstruct the smooth flow of threader s attention. It is, therefore, not su rprising that Narayan depends so much overb adve rb particle constructions. Not many of these construction s re phrasaverbs in our sense, but free com binations are also verb adverb particlconstruc tions, and the effect they produce on style is the sam e.Check Your Progress1 Read the passage from Swami and Friends quoted above carefully and do thfollowing:

i) Make a list of all verb adverb particle construction s, distinguishinthem carefully from verb prepositional phrase sequences.

ii) Distinguish between transitive and intransitive verb adve rb particconstructions n your list.

iii) Mak e separate list of the transitive construc tions dividing it intwo parts. List in one part the constructions in which the object is noun. Cite the noun objec t and state whether it occurs before or aftthe adverb particle. In the second part, list the con structions in wh icthe object is a pronoun. Where does the particle occur in thesconstruction s? Is it possible for it to o ccur in the other position?


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Phrasal Verbs 1

2 We have stated in thk unit that the use of phrasal verbs is a characteristic ofinformal style. They occur most frequently in the kind of situation where thespeaker wishes to establish a direct relationship with the listener and to takehim into his confidence. They are rare in the formal style where the writerhas reasons to maintain a distance from the reader.Rewrite the following sentences (which are rather formal) in the informalstyle. Make whatever changes you think necessary. Each sentence alsocontains some words which can be replaced by phrasal verbs, thus helpingthe style1 become direct and informal.

Example I am curious to know how he is progressing in his new job.Answer I wonder how he is getting on in his new job.i) The manager refused his request for a day s leave.

ii) It is not my wish to occupy too much of your time.

iii) You are requested to complete this form in all respects.

iv) When he discovered the truth he retracted everything he hadpreviously said.

Sujata resembles her mother to such a degree that people are oftendeceived.

vi) A committee has been appointed to investigate the charges ofcorruption against him.

vii) He has proposed a new theory. He is of the view that the newdiscoveries confirm it.


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Phrasal VerbsWord Formation viii) I am sorry to say that it is not possible for me to provide you withfood and accommodation.

ix) What was the reason for your not telephoning m e?

x It s not possible for m e to let you ,go unpun ished , said the policeman.

17 4 LET US SUM UP

In this first part of our study of English phrasal verbs we have made the followingpoints:

iii)

iv)v)vi)vii)

Phrasal verbs are combinations of verbs and adverb particles.All combinations of verbs and adverb particles are not phrasal verbs; someare free combinations.Phrasal verbs are distinguished from free combinations by two features: first,the idiomatic character of phrasal verbs and, second, the unity of phrasalverbs.Phrasal verbs can b e transitive or intransitive.The use of phrasal verbs gives fluency to our style and makes our languageidiomatic.Phrasal verbs give a tone of familiarity to our style and are thereforegenerally avoided in formal styles.Literary writers use phrasal verbs to give fluency to their style, to develop arelationship of confidence with the reader, and to make their descriptionsvivid.

17 5 KEY WORDS

Ph ra sa l verb : A phrasal verb is a verb adverb particle combination which ischaracterized by idiomatic meaning and functions as a single unit.,A dv er b particle: An adverb particle is a small word like up, away down etc. whichfollows a lexical verb and functions as an adverb.ree com binatio n: Verb adverb particle combinations which do not showidiomatic m eaning and do not function as single units are called free combinations.

Idiomlidiomatic nature: An.idiom is a group of words forming a single expressionthe m eaning o f which is different from the sum total of the meanings of the individualwords occurring in it. All expressions which show this property are said to beidiomatic in nature.bunitylc6bsion: A group of words (eg., in an idomatic expression) is said to showunity or cohesion if theAw ords n the group can not be separated by the introduction ofother words in between, or if they cannot be replaced by other wo rds.


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Fluen cy of style: style of speaking or writing which is not marked by pauses,hesitations, inaccuracies, etc. (such as, for example, are caused by searches for theright words in mid-speech) is said to be fluent, or to have fluency. A style of speak ingor writing with an unbroken flow.To ne of familiarity: When a writer writes in a style and uses devices which enab lehim to take the reader into his confidence, and to comm unicate with him as if he w erea friend sitting before him, h is writing is said to have the tone of fam iliarity.Info rm al style: The style of language use characterized by the use of common andfamiliar words and certain common types of grammatical structures which isgenerally employed when com municating with people we know well.Formal style: The style of language use characterized by the use of serious and lesscommonly used w ords, a greater variety o f gramm atical structures, and a strict regardfor grammatical rules. This style is gene rally employed in official situation s, whentalking to som eone important, delive ring a lecture, etc.

NSWERSCheck Yo ur Progress 11. i) tookdown :ii) jumped across :iii) ran acrossiv) came outv) came outvi) fell downvii)fell outviii) turned out :ix) drove out

x) walked inxi) to sort out2. i) bears outii) carry oniii) drew upiv) xe d upv) look upvi) made it) upvii)picke d outviii)put upix) put upx) set up

xi) taken aba ckxii) talk it) over

V mean ing dismantled, separated into piecesFCV meaning met by chanceFCV meaning became knownFCV mean ing quarrel ledV meaning assembledFC

FCV meaning to solveconfirmscontinuestoppedarrangedimproveinventedselectederectedraiseestablishedsurpriseddiscuss

3 i) He backed outii) Finally, my patience gave out andiii) when I grow up.iv) do look me up .v) he will put through if we.vi) must brush up my Russian.vii) He is always running down his neighbours.viii) They set out at six.ix) ut now he has settled down.x) The plane has taken ofl

PhrasalVerbs 1


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Phrasal VerbsWord ormation

xi) I'll take you on a t table tennis.xii) Children's shoes we ar out very q uickly.heck Your Progress 2

1. i) and ii) T means the construktion is transitive, I means it is intransitive) gulpdown (T) ; ushing along (I); floated by (I) ; kimming along (I) ; lunge in (T)pick up T) ; loat away (I); move along (I) ; tand aside (I) ; ashed along (I)ran in(1); moving about (I); went on (1); swirling round (I); whirled round (I)rushed on (I) ; ell down (I).i i i) Part A: Transitive constructions with n oun objects:gulped down the cold coffee: Th e object is the cold coflee; occurs aAer theparticle.plunged his hand in Th e object is his hand; occurs before theparticle.

P a r t B: Transitive constructions with pronoun objects :pick it up: The object is it; occurs before the particle. It cannot occua er the particle. . .2. (Other possibilities also exist.)

i The manager turned down his request for a day o kii) 1 don't want to take up too m uch o f your time.iii) Please fill in this form.iv) When he foun d out the truth he took back everything he had said.v) Sujata takes after her mother so much that peap le are often taken in.vi) committee has been set up to look into the charges of comiptionagainst him.vii) He has put fonva-d a new theory and he thinks that the new discoveriebear it out.viii) I am afraid I can't put you up.ix Why didn't you call me up?sx 'I can't let you off,' said the policeman .

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Phrasal Verbs