PH GIA THC PHM (Food Additives)

PH GIA THC PHM(Food Additives)Mc tiu hc phnHc phn cung cp cho ngi hc kin thc lin quan n:Quy nh ca php lut v s dng cht ph gia thc phm Vit nam v trn th gii;Cht ph gia c php s dng;Phng php s dng hiu qu cht ph gia;Nhng yu t gy c hi ca cht ph gia thc phm.Nhm gip ngi hc nm c cc nguyn tc v hnh thnh k nng ng dng cht ph gia thc phm vo cc qu trnh ch bin, bo qun thc phm, gp phn tch cc trong vic chng tht thot sau thu hoch, hon thin v nng cao cht lng ca thc phm, m bo an ton cho ngi s dng.2Ni dung hc phnCh 1: Lut php v nguyn tc s dng cht ph gia thc phmCh 2: Cc cht bo qun, cht chng oxy ha v ng dng vo qu trnh sn xut v cung ng thc phmCh 3: Cc cht ci thin cht lng, nng cao cht lng v ng dng vo qu trnh sn xut thc phmCh 4: Cht h tr k thut v ng dng nhm nng cao hiu qu cho qu trnh sn xut thc phm3Ti liu tham khoNguyn Anh Tun (ch bin) v cng s, 2013, Ph gia thc phm, ti liu hc tp lu hnh ni b.Nguyn Duy Thnh, 2004, Cc cht ph gia dng trong sn xut thc phm, Vin CNSH v CNTP, Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni.B Y t, 2010, Lut bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng-H thng quy chun k thut quc gia mi nht v cht lng v v sinh an ton thc phm, NXB Y hc.FAO/WHO, 1984, food additives data system.Jim Smith, 1993, food additive users handbook, Chapman hall. (Th vin)FAO/WHO, 2001, Food additives, Guidelines for the preparation of working papers-intake_guidelines.www.fao.org/corp/topics/topics_result/en/?main_id=7&sub_id=3011&lang=enwww.fda.gov/food/default.htm4Ch 1

Lut php v nguyn tc s dng cht ph gia thc phm5 nghaS dng cht ph gia thc phm trong sn xut v kinh doanh thc phm c vai tr quan trng v l nhu cu thc t khng th ph nhn. Cht ph gia thc phm c th mang li nhiu li ch nhng cng c th mang li nhiu him ha v sc khe cho ngi n.S dng cht ph gia thc phm tun theo quy nh ca php lut l yu cu bt buc i vi mi doanh nghip tham gia chui sn xut v cung ng thc phm.S dng cht ph gia thc phm ng nguyn tc, ng php lut l c s mang li hiu qu v trnh c nhiu ri ro cho c nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng.6Ni dung ch 1Khi nim v cht ph gia thc phmLch s s dng cht ph gia thc phm Vit nam v trn th giiLut php v cht ph gia thc phmNguyn tc s dng cht ph gia thc phm71.1. Khi nim v cht ph gia thc phm1. Cht ph gia thc phm v cht h tr k thut:Nh chng ta bit cht ph gia thc phm (PGTP) v cc cht h tr k thut (HTKT) rt cn cho qu trnh ch bin thc phm. C th hiu nh sau:Cht PGTP l cc ch phm t nhin hoc tng hp c a vo thc phm mt cch c cc giai on gia cng - ch bin, nhm thc hin mt mc ch nht nh nh k thut, bo v dinh dng cht PGTP s cn tn ti trong thc phm di dng nguyn th hoc dn xut, khng gy c hi, m bo an ton cho sc khe con ngi, nh ng, mui, dm n, cht to mu, cht to mi v, to cu trc8Cht HTKT v bn cht v mc ch s dng cng ging nh cht PGTP nhng n khng c lu li trong thc phm sau khi thc hin xong chc nng k thut, chng hn nh HCl hoc ch phm protease c dng thy phn protein nguyn liu trong sn xut nc chm; acid acetic kh tanh trong qu trnh sn xut surimi t thy sn Tuy nhin nh ngha chnh thng v cht PGTP v cht HTKT th c khc nhau theo quan im s dng, v mi nc c cch nh ngha ring.9+ Cc nh ngha v cht ph gia thc phm:Theo FAO:PGTP l cht khng dinh dng c thm vo cc sn phm vi cc nh khc nhau. Thng thng cc cht ny c hm lng thp dng ci thin tnh cht cm quan, cu trc, mi v cng nh bo qun sn phm.Theo WHO:PGTP l mt cht khc hn l thc phm hin din trong thc phm l kt qu ca mt s mt: sn xut, ch bin, bao gi, tn tr... Cc cht ny khng bao gm s nhim bn.10- Theo y ban Tiu chun thc phm quc t (Codex Alimentarius Commisson):PGTP l mt cht c hay khng c gi tr dinh dng, khng c tiu th thng thng nh mt thc phm v cng khng c s dng nh mt thnh phn ca thc phm. Vic b sung chng vo thc phm gii quyt mc ch cng ngh trong sn xut, ch bin, bao gi, bo qun, vn chuyn thc phm, nhm ci thin cu kt hoc c tnh k thut ca thc phm . PGTP khng bao gm cc cht nhim hoc cc cht c b sung vo thc phm nhm duy tr hay ci thin thnh phn dinh dng ca thc phm.11- Theo Quyt nh s 3742 /2001/Q-BYT 2001 ca B Y t (Quy nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm):PGTP (food additive) l nhng cht khng c coi l thc phm hoc mt thnh phn ca thc phm.PGTP c t hoc khng c gi tr dinh dng, c ch ng cho vo vi mc ch p ng yu cu cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bao gi, vn chuyn, bo qun thc phm. PGTP khng bao gm cc cht nhim hoc cc cht b sung vo thc phm vi mc ch tng thm gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm.12- Theo Vin Cng ngh sinh hc v Cng ngh thc phm, trng H Bch Khoa H Ni:Cht ph gia l nhng cht thm vo thc phm trong qu trnh ch bin c th c hoc khng c gi tr dinh dng vi mc ch lm tng hng, v, mu sc, lm thay i nhng tnh cht l hc, ho hc to iu kin d dng trong ch bin, hoc ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. Liu lng thng rt t.13- Theo quan im khc:Cht ph gia thc phm l nhng cht c ngun gc t nhin hoc nhn to, c ch nh s dng trong qu trnh gia cng - ch bin thc phm nhm t c mc tiu k thut no . Kt thc qu trnh, cht ph gia nm li bn trong thc phm v l thnh phn ca sn phm.Cht PGTP khng bao gm cc cht nhim hoc cc cht b sung vo thc phm vi mc ch tng thm gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm.14+ Cc nh ngha v cht h tr k thut:Theo Lut An ton thc phm Vit Nam (2010):Cht h tr ch bin thc phm l cht c ch nh s dng trong qu trnh ch bin nguyn liu thc phm hay cc thnh phn ca thc phm nhm thc hin mc ch cng ngh, c th c tch ra hay cn li trong thc phm.Theo quan im khc:Cht HTKT l nhng cht c ngun gc t nhin hoc nhn to, c ch nh s dng trong qu trnh gia cng - ch bin thc phm nhm t c mc tiu k thut no . Kt thc qu trnh, cht HTKT khng nm li bn trong thc phm, khng l thnh phn ca sn phm.15Theo quan im ring ca anh/ ch, chng ta nn p dng nh ngha no cho cht ph gia thc phm v cht h tr k thut?16+ Mt s khi nim lin quan n cht PGTP:INS (International Numbering System):H thng nh s quc t, l k hiu c y ban Codex v thc phm xc nh cho mi cht khi xp chng vo danh mc cc cht PGTP.ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): Lng n vo hng ngy chp nhn c, llng xc nh ca mi cht PGTP c c th n vo hng ngy thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung m khng gy nh hng c hi ti sc kho. ADI c tnh theo mg/kg trng lng c th/ngy.17MTDI (Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake): Lng ti a n vo hng ngy, l lng ti a cc cht m c th nhn c thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung hng ngy.MTDI c tnh theo mg/ngi/ ngy.ML (Maximum Level): Gii hn ti a trong thc phm, l mc gi hn ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn thc phm. ML c tnh bng % khi lng, g/kg, hoc g/lt.18- GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices): Thc hnh sn xut tt, l vic p ng cc yu cu s dng ph gia trong qu trnh sn xut, x l, ch bin, bo qun, bao gi, vn chuyn thc phm192. Phn loi cht ph gia thc phm v cht h tr k thutMi nc, mi t chc c cch phn loi cht PGTP khc nhau.Hin nay Vit Nam cht PGTP c phn thnh 16 nhm tng ng vi s th t trong h thng phn loi ca cc t chc th gii.20Vic phn loi cc cht HTKT hin cha c vn bn chnh thc. Tuy nhin ngi ta thng phn loi thnh 03 nhm ln:Cc cht c tc dng lm sch (chng to bt, tc nhn tr lc, cht ty ra, cht lm trc v, tc nhn lm rng lng, cc cht tit trng, x l nc)Cc cht to nn cc chuyn ha (xc tc, ch phm enzyme, nha trao i ion, cht iu chnh pH, cc cht dinh dng cho cc mi trng ln men)Cc cht gy nh hng n trng thi SP (cht lm ni bt, cht iu chnh s kt tinh, cht chng dnh khun v lm bng b mt)Ngoi ra cn c cch phn loi chi tit theo CEE, CODEX.21TTCC NHM CHTS TH T THEO H THNG PHN LOIVNPGTPCEEPGTPCODEXPGTPCODEXHTKT1Cht bo qun (Preservaties)1215-2Cht chng vn cc (Anticaking agents)212263Cht chng oxy ha (Antioxydants)334-4Cht chng to bt (Antifoaming agents)416315Cht iu chnh axt (Acidity regulators)5111CT.196Cht iu v (Flavour enhancers)613&1811-7Cht to mi (Flavours)7---8Cht lm c v to gen (Gelling agents andthickeners)86&713&18-9Cht lm cng (Firming agents)919--10Cht men (Enzymes)1022-911Cht nh ha (Emulsifiers)1149-12Cht n nh (Stabilisers)12817-13Cht mu (Colours)1317-14Cht to phc kim loi (Sequestrants)1421CT.17-15Cht to ngt nhn to (Artificial sweeteners)15146-16Tinh bt bin tnh (Modified starches)1613--2217Muichy(dngtrongsnxutphomat)(Melting salts for fabrication of chese)-510-18Lm chua (Acidifiants)--10CT.1-19Bt n (Leavening powder)-1519-20Bc SP v chng dnh (Coating & Glidingagents)-17141421Dng ch bin bt (Agents for treatment ofcereal powder)-1812-22Gi m (Humectants)-2021723Dng n (Charging agents)-235-24Kh tr dng trong bao gi (Non-active gas forpackaging)-24161625To bt (Foaming agents)--20-26Lm bn mu (Colour stabilizers)--8427Xc tc (Catalyzers)---2v.v233. Mc ch s dng cht ph gia thc phmCht PGTP c th c s dng nhm vo cc mc tiu:Ci thin vic bo qun thc phm nh chng h hng do enzyme, vi sinh vt, chng oxy ha gim cc thit hi xy ra trong qu trnh lu tr, lm tng thi gian lu tr.Ci thin CLCQ ca thc phm nh: cu trc, trng thi, mu sc, mi, vBo v gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm.p ng cc khuynh hng mi trong tiu dng thc phm theo s quan tm ca ngi tiu dng v sc khe, cm quan nh thc phm ngho nng lng, giu cht x, thc phm cho nhng ngi kn n, n king244. Nguy c ng c do cht ph gia thc phmCn lu rng cht PGTP khng phi lun lun c li, n mang tnh hai mt nh con dao hai li.Ngoi cc tc dng tch cc nh nu, cht PGTP c kh nng gy ng c cho ngi n, khi s dng qu liu lng cho php (do c tnh ca chnh cht ph gia) hoc khi cht ph gia khng t c tinh khit (c ln cc nguyn t c hi nh Arsen, b nhim vi sinh vt gy bnh).25Chnh v vy khi mun s dng cht PGTP no mt cch an ton th cn quan tm n cc thng tin:Cod hoc INS,Tn cht ph gia,Ch s ADI v ML,Ngun gc, tinh khit v hn s dng ca PGTP.i vi cc PGTP c c tnh th cn quan tm thm cc ch s:DL 50: Liu lng gy cht 50% ng vt th nghim (g/Kg th trng),MTDI.26i vi mc an ton ca cht PGTP c th chia ra thnh 5 nhm sau:- Nhm 1: Ph gia an ton tuyt i trong hin ti v tng lai. Cc cht ph gia thuc nhm ny s t tiu chun GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices ): Lng ph gia c phep cho vo thc phm va t c yu cu v cng ngh. Do , khng qui nh gii hn ti a v lng ph gia cho vo thc phm cng t cng tt. C khong 350 cht ph gia t tiu chun nhm 1.27Nhm 2: Ph gia an ton hin ti nhng cn nghin cu thm liu lng cao nh gi an ton ca ph gia s dng. C khong 70 cht t tiu chun nhm 2.Nhm 3: Ph gia cn nghin cu thm do cha khng nh c an ton khi s dng.Nhm 4: Ph gia s dng trong cc iu kin an ton.Nhm 5: Ph gia cm s dng.281.2. Lch s s dng cht ph gia thc phm Vit nam v trn th giiNgi xa bit s dng cc cht ph gia t lu d bit hoc cha bit r tc dng ca chng:S dng tiu, hnh, ti, t, gng, ring, ng, mui, chanh, me, kh, rau mi trong ch bin thc n lm tng thm hng v, ci thin cht lng cho cc mn n.S dng cc loi l (gai, da, cm, m), qu gc, ht iu , c dn, ngh to mu cho n thc ung.S dng mui n, nc mm, dm lm c mui, tht/ m mui, tht ngm mm/ ngm dm bo qun, d tr thc nDng nc vi, nc tro to trong, do dai cho cc loi bnh.Dng da heo to trng thi, cu trc cho tht ng29Ban u con ngi ch bit s dng cc cht PGTP v c, hu c c ngun gc t thin nhin.Khi x hi pht trin, nhu cu trao i, mua bn hng ha m rng th vic ch bin thc phm cng pht trin theo, t quy m nh l gia nh chuyn sang quy m ln hn, vic xut - nhp khu thc phm ngy cng m rng v tnh cnh tranh cng ngy cng cao hn. Mt khc do nhu cu m bo qun lng cho cc cuc chin tranh nn ngy cng c nhiu n lc tm ra cc cht PGTP ci thin v cht lng v ko di thi gian bo qun/ d tr, v vy m s lng v chng loi cht PGTP cng khng ngng gia tng.30u th k 19, khi bt u c ngnh cng nghip ho hc, ngi ta tng hp cht mu aniline (1856). Sau rt nhiu cht mu tng hp khc ra i.i vi cc hng liu cng th. n nm 1990 tr vanille, tinh du chanh, cam, bc h c chit xut t thc vt, cn cc cht hng liu khc s dng trong thc phm u c tng hp.Khi khoa hc - cng ngh pht trin mnh th bn cht ca cc qu trnh; cc yu t cu thnh nn cht lng ca TP; c ch v cc yu t nh hng n cht lng, kh nng h hng ca thc phm ngy cng c lm r hn v vy cht PGTP ngy cng c dng nhiu hn.31Ngy nay SX thc phm pht trin vi quy m cng nghip v hin i, nhng ngun ti nguyn th ngy cng khan him, gi c nguyn liu TP tng cao dn n vn l: lm sao nng cao nng sut; nng cao hiu qu s dng ti nguyn; h gi thnh SP; to ra SP gi tr gia tng; v c bit l tng cao li nhun thi thc cc nh SXKD TP i tm gii php ph hp => Vic s dng PGTP tr thnh nhu cu khng th thiu v ngy coa xu hng cng gia tng => Th trng cht PGTP ngy cng si ng.32Do khng c cht PGTP no l vn nng, p ng mi mong i ca cc nh my CBTP nn vic mua - bn v s dng PGTP tr nn c vn :Vic mua - bn v s dng PGTP cm hoc c hi gy nh hng nghim trng n sc khe ngi n (ng c, bnh ung th) xy ra ngy cng nhiu, s ngi, s v ng c TP ngy cng gia tng.V li nhun m c bn mua v bn bn PGTP, bt chp o c, bt chp php lut v sc khe ngi tiu dng, lm cho ngi n lun trong trng thi lo u v cc nh qun l x hi lun b au u v b ng.33Tho lunTnh trng mua bn v s dng cht PGTP nh hin nay c lm ngi tiu dng cm thy yn tm khng? Cho bit lo lng c th ca bn thn l g?Anh/ ch c pht hin g v cht PGTP khng an ton c trong cc loi thc phm n ung hng ngy?Theo anh/ ch ang tn ti nhng vn g v PGTP cn gii quyt?341.3. Lut php v cht ph gia thc phm+ V sao cn quan tm n php lut v cht PGTP?Cc cht PGTP s dng trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm ngy nay rt phong ph.Trong thc t nu nh sn xut lm dng PGTP hoc s dng khng ng mc ch th h c th a ra th trng SP thc phm cha PGTP khng c php s dng hoc PGTP nm trong danh mc c php dng, nhng vi tinh khit khng m bo, hoc d lng trong thc phm vt qu gii hn cho php s gy nh hng rt xu ti sc khe ca ngi tiu dng.35Chnh v vy y ban Codex quc t ban hnh Danh mc cc PGTP km theo gii hn c php s dng trong ch bin tng chng loi thc phm. Danh mc ny c coi l cn c p dng trong quan h mu dch Quc t.Ngoi ra mi nc cng c nhng qui nh ring. Lut l v vic s dng cht PGTP trong ch bin thc phm c ngha rt quan trng v n l cs cc nh sn xut p dng v cc c quan kim sot cht lng - an ton v sinh thc phm c cn c thc hin vic kim tra nhm bo v sc khe cho ngi tiu dng.36Da trn danh mc ca y ban Codex phn ln cc nc u xy dng cc danh mc cht PGTP km theo gii hn ti a c php s dng trong sn xut thc phm tiu th ni a v xut khu.37+ Vit Nam lut l chi phi vic s dng PGTP trong TP nh th no?Lut An ton thc phm ca Vit Nam (s 55/2010/QH12 ngy 17-6-2010)Lut Cht lng sn phm hng ha (s 68/2006/QH11 ngy 29/6/2006)Php lnh v V sinh an ton thc phm (s 12/2003/PL-UBTVQH11 ngy 26/7/2003)Ngh nh ca Chnh ph v ghi nhn hng ha (s 89/2006/N-CP ngy 30/8/2006)38Quyt nh ca B Y T: Quy nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm (s 3742 /2001/Q-BYT).Quyt nh ca B Y T: Quy nh gii hn ti a nhim sinh hc v ha hc trong thc phm (s 46/2007/Q-BYT).Thng t ca B Y T: Hng dn vic qun l ph gia thc phm (s 27/2012/TT-BYT).Cc Quy chun v tiu chun sn phm (QCVN v TCVN...).39+ cc nc v trn th gii lut l chi phi vics dng PGTP trong TP nh th no?y Ban CODEX: CODEX STAN 192-1995, XOT05-1999,(trong Codex Alimentarius- tp 1A ). Chu u: Ch th 95/2/EEC; Ch th 89/107/EEC: Qui nh v ph gia thc phm. M: 21 CFR 170- Tng qut v ph gia thc phm; 21 CFR 189- Cc cht cm s dng; 21 CFR 182- Ph gia thc phm.Danh mc gii hn cc PGTP s dng trong ch bin thc phm ca B Y T v phc li Nht Bn ban hnh.Ty theo nc nhp khu, trong thi gian gn y a ra yu cu ring v hm lng cng nh chng loi cht PGTP cho php b nhim trong tng loi mt hng.401.4. C s cho php mt cht tr thnh ph gia thc phm+ Mt cht l mun c php s dng vi t cch l ph gia thc phm cn c nhng iu kin no?Cn c 3 iu kin:K 1. C y ti liu nghin cu v k thut v cng ngh s dng cht ph gia.Cn phi a ra nhng ti liu nghin cu v nhng tnh cht ho hc, l hc v kh nng ng dng ca cht .41K 2. C y ti liu nghin cu v c t hc.Mun c kt lun r rng cn phi tin hnh nghin cu:Cc cht ph gia phi c th c t nht trn 2 loi sinh vt, trong c mt loi khng phi l loi gm nhm, c th sinh vt cn c cc chc nng chuyn ho gn ging nh ngi.Liu th c phi ln hn liu m ngi c th hp th cht ph gia vo c th khi s dng thc phm ( tnh cho khi lng mt ngi ti thiu l 50-100 kg42K 3. C y ti liu nghin cu v cc phng php phn tch.Cn phi c cc phng php phn tch chnh xc v thch hp xc nh hm lng cht ph gia c trong thc phm.43+ Mun s dng cht ph gia mi trong sn xut thc phm, phi trnh cho t chc no, th tc g?Trnh cho Hi ng V sinh an ton thc phm ti cao Quc gia thuc B y t, th tc gm:Tn cht ph gia, cc tnh cht l hc, ho hc v sinh vt hc Tc dng v k thut, nng cn thit, liu ti aKh nng gy c cho c th ngi (ung th, qui thai, gy t bin...) th trn vi sinh vt v theo di trn ngi.Phng php th c v nh lng cht ph gia trong thc phm.441.5. Cc nguyn tc c bn khi chn v s dng cc ph gia thc phm+ Vic chn cht ph gia c da trn c s no? Cn c vo:Yu cu ca sn phm, ca khch hng,Mc tiu cn t i vi SP,Cc c tnh v cng dng ca cht ph gia,iu kin sn xut c th ca DN,Lut l trong nc v ca nc nhp khu v cht hoc nhm cht PGTP cn s dngm Nh sn xut la chn nhng cht PGTP ph hp vi mc tiu cn t.45+ Nguyn tc c bn cn tun th khi chn v s dng PGTP l g?Chn cht ph gia: ng cht cn dng; nm trong danh mc cho php, ngoi danh mc cm; t tiu chun v cht lng ( tinh khit, c tnh, nh SX hp php).S dng cht ph gia: ng cch, ng mc ch, ng SP, ng liu lng, ph hp vi th trng (hp php, t c mc tiu, an ton cho sc khe ngi n).Nn dng phi hp, khng nn dng n l: phi hp nhiu cht s hu hiu hn dng n l mt cht.Ghi nhn sn phm hp php: ghi r cht PGTP, liu lng s dng theo quy nh ca php lut.Khng dng PGTP mt kim sot:khng r rng hoc khng chnh xc v: xut x, c tnh, cng dng, tinh khit, h s chng minh khng c, hn s dng.46Do lut l ca tng nc c s khc nhau, cng mt PGTP nhng nc ny th cho dng nhng nc khc th li cm, hoc nc ny gii hn cho php l th ny nhng nc khc th li c gii hn khc. Chnh v vy cn lu , vic nghin cu s dng PGTP trong ch bin thc phm cn ph hp vi php lut ca Vit Nam v ca cc nc nhp khu trnh nhng thit hi ng tic c th xy ra.VD:- ng ha hc Aspartam, c nc cho dng c nc cm.47- Bt ngt hay m chnh (Monosodium glutamat) cho php dng ph bin Chu vi hm lng c kim sot bi GMP ca tng SP, nhng M v nhiu nc Chu u th c xem l cht c m du, khng cho dng trong nhiu trng hp v trong nhiu loi thc phm, hoc cho dng vi hm lng rt b nhm phc v c gii hn cho mt s i tng xc nh.48+ Nhng iu cn lu :Ch s dng cht PGTP p ng c yu cu k thut, ph hp vi lut php VN v ca quc gia tiu th sn phm.Cn thn trng trong vic la chn PGTP v nh cung cp cht PGTP.Nn c b phn nghin cu, th nghim cc PGTP trc khi p dng i tr.Cn ch trng n nhng PGTP c ngun gc t thin nhin, an ton, khng c hi.Yu cu nh cung cp PGTP cung cp y bng chng v s an ton ca cht PGTP trc khi quyt nh mua v s dng.49Key studyLm th no c th nhn bit c mt c s SXKD TP no vi phm hay khng vi phm v php lut v nguyn tc s dng cht ph gia thc phm?nh hng iu chnh liu lng s dng hoc tm phng n thay th cht ph gia t ra km hiu qu/ b vi phm?50Hc phnPH GIA THC PHMCh 2Cc cht bo qun, cht chng oxy ha v ng dng vo qu trnh sn xut v cung ng thc phm nghaH hng ca thc phm do cc tc nhn enzyme, vi sinh vt v s xy ha l khch quan, ph bin trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun v phn phi thc phm. N gy nh hng rt ln n cht lng v an ton thc phm, gy thit hi ng k cho c nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng.S dng cc cht bo qun, cht chng oxy ha v ng dng ng cch vo qu trnh sn xut v cung ng thc phm mang li nhiu li ch, hn ch kh nng gy ng c thc n v gp phn lm gim tn tht thc phm sau thu hoch.52Ni dung ch 2Cc cht c ch enzyme, vi sinh vt v ng dngCc cht c ch enZymeCc cht c ch vi sinh vtCc cht chng xy ha v ng dngMc ch s dng cht chng oxy ho:Cht chng oxy ha thng dng trong TP532.1. Cc cht c ch enzyme, vi sinh vt v ng dngCc cht c ch enZymeCc phn ng do enzyme gy ra, c bit l phn ng thy phn do protease v lipase l nhng phn ng ph bin trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm. Bn thn cc phn ng ny khng lm mt i gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm nhng n to iu kin d dng hn cho s h hng thc phm:Cung cp ngun dinh dng, to iu kin thun li cho cc loi VSV hot ng gy thi ra,Sinh ra acid bo t do, to iu kin thun li cho phn ng oxy ha lipid.54Trong bo qun nguyn liu thc phm c ngun gc t nng - lm - thy sn, hot ng ca enzyme mang tnh hai mt.Mt c li:Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch, gip tri cy v ht ng cc hon thin hn v mt cht lng;Qu trnh h hp t bo gip nng sn duy tr c s sng => ging v nguyn liu bo qun c lu hn.Phn ng thy phn bng protease v lipase c ng dng rng ri trong CNCB protein v du m to ra cc SP hu ch.V.v55-Mt c hi:Nu h hp t bo xy ra mnh s gy tn tht v khi lng v cht lng ng k cho nng sn.S thy phn proten ca protease y nhanh qu trnh t phn gii v to iu kin thun li hn cho VSV hot ng => NL tht v thy sn mau b hng.S thy phn lipid ca lipase sinh ra acid bo t do, y nhanh s oxy ha lipid, gy h hng TP giu lipid.S bin en do polyphenoloxydase ca mt s loi tri cy, rau, c, tm v mt s loi thy sn khc lm gim gi tr ca SP gy ra nhiu tn tht STH.V.v56Do tnh hai mt nn vic c ch enzyme trong CB ch t ra sau khi kt thc qu trnh dng enzyme, hoc lm chm s h hng ca cc TP trong qu trnh BQ.57Hin nay trong danh mc cht PGTP c php s dng ca Codex Alimentairius v ca cc nc khng ghi ghi danh mc/ phn loi PGTP c ch enzyme.Vic c ch/ nh ch hot ng ca enzyme gy hi cho qu trnh BQ nguyn liu hoc lu tr TP c vn dng da vo cc yu t nh hng ln hot ng ca enzyme bao gm:Nng enzymeNng c chtTip xc gia enzyme v c chtCht km hmCht hot haNhit pHHot ca nc aw59Vic dng cht PGTP thay i pH, aw, km hm hay hot ha enzyme u phi tun th theo lut php v nguyntc s dngPhP gGia tThPc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha TrangPhng php kim sot phn ng bin en do enzymePolyphenoloxydaseTrong thc vat:Hp chat co goc phenol(Khong mau)PolyphenoloxydaseMelanin(Nau en)O2TyrosinasePhan ng xay ra khong lam giam gia tr dinh dng nhng lam giam nghiem trong CL cam quan cua TP. Gay thiet hai rat ln trong CBTP.Phan ng khong xay ra khi thieu vang Enzyme hoac Oxy va b ngng tre khi enzyme b c che.Trong thuy san:TyrosinPhenylalanin(Khong mau)Melanin(Nau en)O2Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang59C 5 phng php kim sot phn ng bin en:- S dng nhit Nhit cao v hot cc enzyme c trong cc loi nguyn liu. Vic s dng nhit : chn, nu s lm hn ch hot tnh ca polyphenoloxydasa. 80oC enzyme b c ch 50% 90oC tr i enzyme b c ch hon tonPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang60- S dng SO2 hay cc hp cht sinh SO2Cc cht c tnh oxy ha nh kh SO2, sulfit (SO32-), metabisulfit hay pyrosulfite hoc persulfit (S2O52-) l cc hp cht ngn cn phn ng bin en rt hiu qu. Tuy nhin, n cng c mt s hn ch: trong trng hp c x l nhit s to cu trc km, i khi sinh ra mi v l.Liu lng thng s dng l: 0,01M (s dng cho khoai ty ct ming).Theo nhiu nghin cu SO2 cng c th ngn cn bin en do enzyme mc 1 ppm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang61- Gim tip xc vi khng khNgm NL trong nc s hn ch tip xc vi oxy.Khi sn xut quy m ln, NL sau khi x l bc v, phn loi, ct c ngm trong nc trc khi chn v CB tip theo.Bin php ny c nhc im l nguyn liu tip tc b ha nu khi tip xc li vi khng kh, c bit mi v c th b thay i do cc cht t NL tan vo nc.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang62Vi cc sn phm lnh ng, b mt NL thng c x l kt hp vi acide ascorbic (vitaminC), acide ny s t oxy ha trn b mt v to ro cn bo v b mt sn phm.Trong ch bin sn phm tri cy lnh ng, cc cht ngt thng c s dng nhm gim oxy ha tan trong dung dch, hn ch s khuch tn ca oxy vo cc m nguyn liu.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang63- Ngn cn bng - Phng php s dng muiPhng php ny t c s dng, ng dng ch yu l x l tri cy gt v ch ch bin. Mui n nng 0.1% bt u ngn cn cc phn ng bin en trong mt s sn phm.Khi phi hp nc mui n v s dng acide chlorogenic nh l cht m duy tr pH = 5 thng dng trong bo qun to. Tuy vy, nng mui cao t c dng do nh hng v ca mui ln thc phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang64- Dng cc acidey l phng php ph bin chng bin en trong ch bin thc phm.Acide c dng l cc acide rt ph bin c trong m ca rau qu nh: citric, malic, photphoric, ascorbicti pH thp tc phn ng ha nu s b chm li.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang65Acide citric kt hp vi acide ascorbic hay SO2 c s dng t rt lu v c hiu qu trong vic chng phn ng bin en trong ch bin thc phm. Cc nguyn liu thng thng c nhng vo dung dch acide long.Khi i vo mi trng c polyphenoloxydase th acide citric cn c th to phc vi ion ng Cu2+ ca enzyme, lm gim hot tnh ca enzyme.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang662.1.2. Cc cht c ch vi sinh vtCht ph gia cht c ch VSV c s dng vi mc ch ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun, nm men, nm mc, v ko di thi gian bo qun thc phm.Trn thc t, nhiu loi ph gia c ch VSV c tc dng rt tt khi kt hp vi mt s cht c tc dng bo qun truyn thng nh ng,mui, dm n v.v..Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang67+ Cht c ch VSV ngun gc v c1. Cc cht clorua:Cc mui clorua m ch yu l Natri clorua (NaCl) l cht c ch VSV truyn thng ca thc phm. N c dng trong cng nghip p mui thc phm (tht, c, rau, qu) cn bo qun lu di, hoc mui chua cc loi rau qu. Nhc im c bn ca phng php ny l to nn v qu mn cho thc phm. NaCl khng c i vi ngiPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang682. Nitrat v nitrit ca Natri v KaliCng thc: KNO2, NaNO2, KNO3, NaNO3Dng s dng: Dng dnh dung dch hoc dng tinh th.Phng php s dng: s dng kh nng dit khun c bit i vi Clostridium botulinum BQ mt s thc phm nhng ch yu dng cho cc sn phm tht nh sc xch, lp xng v mt s sn phm saTnh c hi: Nitratv Nitrit kh c v trong qu trnh ch bin chng tc dng vi cc axit amin c sn trong thc phm to thnh cc cht Nitrozamin l tc nhn gy ung th.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang693. Andehyt sulfur v sulfit:Cng thc: SO2, SO32-Dng s dng: th kh hoc dung dchPhng php s dng: Sunfit ho l phng php c s dng rng riKh sunfur hay anhydrit sunfur (SO2) l loi cht st trng mnh c tc dng dit VSV lm h hng rau qu. Tc dng bo qun ca SO2 nhit bnh thng th hin khi nng 0,05 0,20% tnh theo khi lng SP. Mt trong nhng iu kin c bn SO2 c tc dng bo qun l axit ca mi trng. Trong mi trng kim v trung tnh SO2 khng c tc dng.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang70- Tnh c hi: SO2 c hi ti sc kho. Khi xm nhp vo ng tiu ho s gy bun nn nhc u, ht phi kh SO2 v gy vim nim mc. V vy khi sunfit ho cn phi ht sc cn thn.Thng cng nhn lm vic cc khu chun b thng v bao b sunfit ho cng nh chun b dung dch SO2, lm vic ni c sn phm SO2 hay trc tip ni sunfit ho kh, cn phi mang theo mt n phng c.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang71SO2 l cht kh khng mu, c mi hc ca lu hunh chy, nng hn khng kh 2,25 ln. Thng SO2 c nn trong cc bnh thp thnh dy. SO2 d tan trong nc lnh, nhit tng th ho tan gim i rt nhanh. Nh 0oC dung dch bo ho SO2 cha khng qu 23%, 20oC khng qu 11,5% v nhit 30oC 7,8%, nhit 40oC 5,4%.SO2 thng c s dng c ch VSV di 2 dng kh v t.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang72+ Phng php sulfit ha khDng SO2 x l thc phm ng trong thng hay hm kh. Thng cha TP c t trong phng kn c cu to c bit. Kh SO2 c np trc tip t bnh thp hay c iu ch ti ch bng cch t lu hunh ngay trong phng. Phng php th hai ny gi l phng php xng khi. Khi xng khi, kh sunfur s chim y th tch ca phng v thm qua b mt qu vo trong, do c tc dng st trng tt.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang73+ Phng php sulfit ha tNgi ta s dng SO2 ly t bnh cha cho trc tip vo sn phm rau qu cn c bo qun (nh rau qu nghin hay nc rau qu v cn phi lm lnh thch ng), hoc ngi ta s dng dung dch SO2 chun b sn trong nc lnh vi nng 4,5 5,5% ho ln vo sn phm lng hay qu nghin vi s lng qui nh trong qui trnh cng ngh bo m cho sn phm nng SO2 c tc dng st trng, ngha l t dc nng 0,12 0,2% trong sn phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang74+ Cn ch khi sulfit hoAxit sunfur (H2SO3) d dng kt hp vi cc sc t thc vt nht l cc sc t mu antoxian ca rau qu to thnh cc phc cht mi khng mu v vy khi sunfit ho cc qu c mu , xanh v cc mu khc, thng lm cho rau qu mt mu.Phn ng ny xy ra theo 2 chiu thun nghch v sau khi tch SO2, mu ca sn phm qu li c khi phc.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang75+ Qu trnh kh sulffit hoKhi ch bin bn thnh phm sunfit ho vic tch SO2 rt d dng bi khi un si SO2 gn nh bay hi ht.V vy phng php sunfit ho thng ch dng cho cc bn thnh phm ca qu m sau em nu thu c sn phm v d nh mt.Phng php ny hon ton khng dng cho loi sn phm nc ngPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang76+ S dng cc dn xut ca SO2Natri bisunfit - NaHSO31,6gKali bisunfit - KHSO31,8gCanxi bisunfit - Ca(HSO3)23,1gNatri sunfit - Na2SO32,0gKali sunfit - K2SO32,5gPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang77+ Vai tr ca SO2Tt c cc mui ca axit sunfur (SO32-) u dng dng dung dch.SO2 dng dnh kh hoc dung dch axit.SO2 l tc nhn ho hc gy ra hin tng mt mu i vi mt s sc t thc vt v th c th s dung n gia cng nh b mt ca nhiu loi sn phm nhm nng cao hnh thc ca sn phm. Ngoi ra SO2 cn c tc dng st trng b mtPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang784. H2CO3 hoc CO2Dng s dng: Dng kh, dng ho lng hoc dng rn ( CO2)Phng php s dng: Kh CO2 c tc dng c ch hot ng ca VSV, ng thi lm gim hot ca cc enzyme. Dng CO2 trong bo qun ng cc, gp phn gi n nh cht lng cho bia, sm panh, nc gii kht t hoa qu v.v Liu lng khng hn ch.Tnh c hi: CO2 d dng thot ra khi thc phm nn khng c kh nng gy ngt cho con ngi nn c coi l khng c hi.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang79+ Cht c ch VSV ngun gc hu c1. Axit sorbic v cc sorbat:Cng thc ho hc: Axit sorbic hay axit 2,4- hexadienic (C5H7COOH)Dng s dng: L cht kt tinh bn vng, c v chua nh v mi nh, Trong lng phn t l 112,12, nhit nng chy l 134,5oC. Axit sorbic kh tan trong nc lnh (0,16%) v d tan trong nc nng ( 100oC tan 3,9%).Mui ca axit sorbic thng dng l: Sorbat natri, sorbat kali v sorbat canxi.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang80Phng php s dng: Axit sorbic v mui ca n c tc dng st trng mnh i vi nm men v nm mc, cc VSV ny l nguyn nhn ch yu gy h hng sn phm rau qu. Nhng cht ny li c tc dng rt yu i vi vi khun. Axit sorbic l cht c ch VSV c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm. Vic s dng n khng phc tp v khng i hi u t thit b mi.Tnh c hi: Axit sorbic v sorbat khng c vi c th ngi, khi cho vo TP khng gy ra mi, v l v khng lm mt mi v t nhin ca thc phm. Trong c th, axit sorbic b oxy ho to thnh cc cht khng c.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang812. Axt benzoic, benzoat v dn xut:Cng thc ho hc: Axit benzoic (C6H5COOH)Dng s dng: Dng tinh th hnh kim khng mu, t trng 1,27 g/ml. D tan trong ru v ete nhng t tan trong nc. Mui ca axit benzoic thng dng l benzoat natri, kali v canxi.Phng php s dng: Axit benzoic v cc benzoat l cht st trng mnh i vi nm men v nm mc, c tc dng yu i vi vi khun.Tc dng BQ ch xy ra mi trng axit pH = 2,5 3,5. Trong iu kin ny, nng Axit benzoic s dng l 0,05%.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang82Trong CNTP ngi ta thng s dng mui natri benzoat (C6H5COONa). Natri benzoat d ho tan trong nc, nhit phng cng c th cho dung dch nng 50 - 60% (thc t dung dch natri benzoat c pha sn vi nng t 5 20%). Mun m bo hiu qu tc dng BQ, nng natri benzoat c trong sn phm phi t ti 0,07 0,1%. Cc nng ny ca axit benzoic v natri benzoat khng c hi i vi c th con ngiKhi BQ cc loi nc qu, nng natri benzoat cho php ti a khng qu 0,1 0,12%.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang83K thut s dng natri benzoat khng phc tp.em ha tan vo nc nng thnh dung dch, tt nht l vo nc qu nng ( sn phm khi b tng lng nc), rt dung dch vo thng cha nc qu hay trn ln vi qu nghin. Sau khi trn cn thn, SP c ng vo bao b BQ.Tnh c hi:Axit benzoic v benzoat khng gy c trong gii hn cho php s dng.C nh hng ti mi, v ca SP khi cm quan (natri benzoat cho d v nng 0,04%).Nc qu v rau qu nghin bo qun bng cc benzoat thng c mu thm en so vi sn phm sunfit ho.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang843. Axit P-Hydroxy benzoic- Cng thc ho hc: HO-C6H4COOHC kh nng chng nm mc v vi khun trong thc phm vi liu dng 10 mg/kg th trng.Cht c ch VSV ngun gc benzen: Cc dn xut thng dng trong bo qun thc phm l diphenyl, octophenylphenol, octophenyllat natri, thiabendazole.Phng php s dng: c tnh khng khun mnh, thng dng vi liu lng t 0 n 0,5 mg/kg bng cch phun ln bao b bao gi cam qutTnh c hi: khi tip xc c th lm con ngi b nn hoc gy kch thch mt v mi.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang854. Axit v mui hu cCht thng dng: axit formic, format (Na, Ca), axit axetic, axetat (K, Na, Ca), Axit propionic, propionat (K, Na, Ca), axit malic, axit lactic, axit xitric, axit tactric.- Phng php s dng:- Axit dng axit ho v kh trng TP, khi dng c th cho vo TP hoc phun trn b mt. Axit km hm s pht trin ca mt s loi VSV. Axit axetic, formic v propionic c kh nng kh trng b mt cho tht. Thng dng kt hp vi cc cht c ch VSV khc tng hiu qu s dng.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang86- Axit lactic, xitric, tatric v cc mui ca chng c tc dng va lm tc nhn axit ho va lm tc nhn h tr cho cc cht chng oxy ho (BHAv BHT)Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang875. Cht khng sinhCht khng sinh thng l nhng cht tng hp t nhiu loi vi sinh vt v c kh nng tiu dit cc loi vi sinh vt khc.Trong th gii sinh vt cc cht khng sinh ging nh l phng tin bo v gia cc loi.Lc u cc cht khng sinh c s dng rng ri trong y hc cha mt s bnh do vi khun gy gy ra. Sau cc nh chuyn mn ngnh CNTP chng minh cc cht khng sinh cng c tc dng dit khun trong thc phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang8890Lu : Khng dng khng sinh cha bnh cho bo qun thc phmVic s dng rng ri cht khng sinh b cc nh y hc phn i v chng s gy nguy him: d lng cht khng sinh trong thc phm lm c th ngi n c th b d ng hoc tr nn quen thuc, khi c bnh thuc s khng cn tc dng na.V vy cc nc u nghim cm dng khng sinh cha bnh lm cht c ch VSV thc phm.=> Mc d c hiu qu dit trng tt, nhng phn ln cht khng khng c php s dng trong CNTP tr mt s ngoi l. V d cho php dng Biomyxin x l mt ngoi ca c nhm ko di thi gian bo qun.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang+ Nizin - cht khng sinh dng trong CNTP- Dng s dng: Nizin trong t nhin thng gp trong cc sn phm sa v trong cc loi rau mui chua. N c to thnh trong qu trnh sng ca nhm Streptococcus ln men lactic. Hin nay cu to ho hc ca nizin c nghin cu y . Trong thnh phn ca n c cha cc axit amin thng thng nh leucin, valin, alanin, glyxin, prolin, histidin, lyzin, axit glutamic, axit aspatic, serin, methionin. Nh vy, phn t nizin (trng lng phn t gn 1.000) gn ging nh cu to cc phn t protein.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang90- Phng php s dng:Nizin hon ton khng st trng i vi nm men v nm mc, ch c tc dng vi vi khun gam dng, khng tc dng ln nhiu loi vi khun gam m.Trong c th ngi, nizin b enzyme ca dch tiu ho ph hu. V vy c th xem nizin khng tc hi ln h vi sinh vt trong c quan tiu ho.i vi vi khun gy h hng TP, nizin l cht khng sinh mnh. Nu dng hn hp nizin kt hp vi cht c ch VSV khc nh axit sobic th phm vi st trng ca chng s rng hn.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang91Trong SX hp vic s dng nizin cho php gim nhit v thi gian thanh trng, gp phn nng cao CLSP. Nizin c kh nng tiu dit VSV gy chua phng trong cc loi hp (gy h hng m khng lm phng hp), nht l rau hp.Ti M cng vi nizin ngi ta nghin cu dng cht khng sinh subtilin.Gn y xut hin thm mt sn phm khng sinh mi l tolyzin v pymarixin (tc dng ln nm mc v nm men gy h hng nc cam)T ht la i mch ngi ta tch c mt cht khng sinh l hodexin, cng c tnh st trng cao pha long 1/13.000Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang92+ Biomyxin (chlotetracyclin) - cht khng sinh y hc c php dng trong bo qun c.C ct u, moi rut (c thu, ng), ngm vo dung dch chlotetracyclin 25ppm thi gian 5-8 pht, sau BQ trong nc c chlotetracyclin 5ppm. Thi gian bo qun s tng ln gp i.Nc khng sinh c s dng rng ri trong ngnh nh c ca nhiu nc.- Biomyxin cn c s dng bo qun tht g v vt ti. thi gian bo qun tht g tng ln t 5 n 10 ngy.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang93+ Cht khng sinh thc vt - Phytoncide Phytoncide l cc cht khng sinh sinh ra do ccthc vt thng ng. Hin tm thy rt nhiu loi Phytoncide. Thc vt sinh phytoncide t v, chng li vi sinh vt c hi.Tc dng st trng ca phytoncide c tnh c hiu: cng mt loi phytoncide, c th tc dng mnh ln nhm vi sinh vt ny nhng li hon ton khng tc dng ln nhm khc.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang94Phytoncide v cu to ca chng c nghin cu rt t nhng kh nng s dng tnh st trng ca chng trong CNTP c khng nh. Phytoncide ca nhm thc vt gia v c tnh khng khun mnh, c s dng nhiu trong SX hp (rau mi, c ci en, tha l, gia v kh, m tt v.v...)Ti M ngi ta p dng phytoncide ca ht ci trong cng nghip rau qu. Ngi ta cho vo mt t ch phm phytoncide ht ci hn ch s h hng ca nc qu. Nng t 110ppm m bo tiu dit phn ln VSV gy h hng nhiu loi nc qu.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang952.2. Cc cht chng xy ha v ng dng2.2.1. Mc ch s dng cht chng oxy ho- Ngn cn s oxy ha lipid (i kht ca cht bo) ca TP trong qu trnh gia cng - CB v BQ TP.S oxy ho lipid xy ra do tc dng ca O2 vi axit bo trong du m. y l phn ng dy chuyn, sn phm ca s oxy ha c thnh phn Carbonyle bay hi c tch t li, gy mu xu, mi v i kht kh chu cho sn phm v c tnh c.Chng Oxy ha cho cc cht d b oxy ha khc:Hp cht polyphenol b oxy ha lm TP b bin en.Hemoglobin v mioglobin b oxy ha lm tht c b bin nu.Cc cht nhy cm vi O2 lm gim gi tr ca TP.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang96Phn ng oxy ha lipid c th xy ra theo 2 con ng:Oxy ho lipit c enzyme tham gia: Cht xc tc cho qu trnh ny l lipoxydase.Trong trng hp ny, CPG ngn nga oxy ha lipid l nhng cht/ tc nhn gy c ch hoc lm mt hot tnh ca enzyme.Oxy ho lipid phi enzyme (i ho ho hc): tc nhn gy ra phn ng l O2 ca khng kh, qu trnh l mt chui phn ng rt phc tp.Trong trng hp ny, CPG ngn nga oxy ha lipid l nhng cht c tc dng lm gim cc yu t kch thch, lm tng cc yu t km hm chui phn ng.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang97 ngn nga hin tng oxy ha ha hc, cn phi cho thm mt cht i oxygene c bit. Cht ny s phn ng trc ht vi oxy trong mi trng TP, nh vy lipid v cc cht nhy cm vi O2 bn trong TP s c bo v.Cc cht chng oxy ho tt nhin t n cng b oxy ho. Nhng thnh phn b oxy ho ca chng cn phi khng c mi v, khng c hi, khng nh hng n gi tr cm quan v dinh dng ca TP. Mt khc t l cho vo thc phm cng phi rt t (di 1%).Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang982.2.2. Cht chng oxy ha thng dng trong TPHin c nhiu cht c kh nng chng oxy ha hiu qu. Nhng cht c dng ph bin nht gm:Anhydrit sulffur v sulfit (SO2, SO32-)Axit L - ascorbic (vitamin C) v mui ascorbatCht chng oxy ho ngun gc phenol (cc cht tng hp BHA v BHT)Tocopherol: -tocopherol, -tocopherol, - tocopherol (tng hp)Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang991. Axit L- ascorbic (vitamin C) v mui ascorbat- Cht s dng: L-ascocbic, L-ascocbat (Na, Ca), axit palmityl 6-L-ascocbic dng tinh th.-Phng php s dng: Axit L- ascorbic c s dng rt rng ri BQ TP, chng oxy ho cc cht, chng s thm en ca sn phm.Hin nay ngi ta tng hp c Axit L-ascorbic v th n va l cht chng oxy ho d kim va c tc dng lm tng lng vitamin C trong thc phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang100Axit L- ascorbic c dng trong cng nghip ch bin rau qu bao gm cc sn phm ng hp v nc gii kht, sn xut tht hp, c hp, cc sn phm ng lnh, cc loi mt, confitur v.v- Liu lng s dng: Khng hn ch, lng s dng thng l 0,03 n 0,05% so vi khi lng sn phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1012. Anhydrit sulffur v sulfit (SO2 v SO32-)Anhydrit sulffur v sulfit( xem phn cc cht c ch VSV ngun gc v c)Anhydrit sulffur v sulft ngoi kh nng chng VSV n cn c kh nng chng oxy ho rt ttPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1023. Cht chng oxy ho ngun gc phenol (cc cht tng hp)- Nhng cht chng oxy ho dng ph bin nht:Cc hp cht phenol nh Butyl Hydroxy Anyzol (BHA) Butyl Hydroxy Toluel (BHT)Cc galat, cc axit dihydro guairelic, nha guaicolCc tocopherol l -tocopherol, -tocopherol, - tocopherol (tng hp)- Phng php s dng: bo qun cht bo thc phm, du tinh ch, purLiu lng s dng: Khng hn ch i vi tocopherol, i vi cc cht cn li 0.5 mg/gk thtrng104Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha TrangKey studyCch la chn cc cht PGTP c ch enzyme, vi sinh vt, cht chng xy ha c hiu qu,ph hp vi i tng p dng v mc tiu s dng?Cch s dng cht ph gia chn ng theo nguyn tc v yu cu ca php lut v cht ph gia thc phm?105Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha TrangHc phnPH GIA THC PHMCh 3Cc cht ci thin, nng cao cht lng cho thc phm v ng dngCh bin: TS. Nguyn Anh Tun Khoa CNTPTrng i Hc Nha Trang Ti liu lu hnh ni b 2013 nghaCht lng cm quan ca thc phm (mu, mi, v, trng thi, cu trc...) c th ci thin/ nng cao nh p dng cc cht ph gia thc phm ng cch.Tha mn cc nhu cu v th hiu ca khch hng v cm quan c ngha rt ln trong tiu th sn phm, mang li nhiu li ch cho nh sn xut v s hi lng ca khch hng, l c s gi vng v pht trin th trng v th phn ca doanh nghip.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang106Ni dung ch 3Cht muCht nh ho, cht n nh, cht lm ng c v to gelCht iu vCht to mi thmNhng cht khcCht to lp bao ngoiCc cht gi mChitosanCyclodextrinPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1073.1. Cht mu3.1.1. Khi qut v cht mu1. Thc phm v mu scMi loi TP thng c mu sc c trng ring, nhng trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun n c th b bin mu hoc mt mu => khng t c mu mong mun.VD: un nng c th lm thay i mu t nhin ca sn phm, do cc phn ng oxy ha, Maillard... nh nc cam un nng s chuyn thnh mu hng, bt c chua s chuyn thnh mu nu.Mt s thc phm c SX t nguyn liu t nhin khng c mu sc c trng.VD: Bnh ko t cc nguyn liu bt, ng, Surimi t cPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1082. Phng php gi mu hoc to mu cho TP C 4 xu hng gi mu hoc to mu cho TP:a. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh gi c ti a mu sc t nhin ca thc phm. Chng hn:Cng ngh no trnh hin tng t mu xanh chuyn sang nu trong SX rau sy, qu u tng/ u c ve chn ng lnh...?Cng ngh no trnh hin tng bin en ca rau, qu, c trong ch bin chui, to, khoai?Cng ngh no trnh hin tng mt mu hoc b bin i thnh mu tro xm trong ch bin tr (chlorophyl chuyn thnh feofitin).Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang109b. Thu nhn, c c v BQ cht mu t nhin t thc vt hoc nguyn liu giu cht mu khc.Khai thc chlorophyl t v chanh lm ru chanh bng phng php ly v ngm trong cn.Gc thng ch thu hoch theo ma, nn gi mu gc s dng phng php sy kh khai thc gc dng ch phm.Lu : Vic khai thc ny phi cn nghin cu c t v trong qu trnh cng ngh xy ra nhiu bin i nh hng n kh nng nhim c.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang110c. To nn cht mu tng hp nhn to ging nh mu t nhin v dng n cho cc sn phm b bin i mu, mu t nhin khng mnh hoc to ra mu nh mong mun ca khch hng.Ho tan nhng cht mu ny vo trong dung mi thch hp, sau mi a vo thc phm.Tnh ton lng dung mi cht mu a vo thc phm phi ph hp vi thnh phn dung mi dung mi c sn trong thc phm.(VD m thc phm l 5% th cho cht mu ho tan trong nc vo = 5% l ph hp).Trn: to s phn phi u cht mu thc phm.To mu ton khiTo mu cc bTo vt trn thc phmPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang111d. Phi hp s dng cc phng php k trn theo nhng cch khc nhau.Khi quay g, tht ln nng th yu cu sn phm phi c mu vng c trng v pha ln mt s mu en. Nhng t mu en th tn thi gian v c th lm nh hng cht lng ca thc phm do ngi ta quay g cho n khi chn v qut mu en vo.S dng l cm, l da (l np), qu gc chit cht mu t nhin, sau em ri trn vo nguyn liu, khi nu/ hp/ nng chn s c mu c trng.Lu : Nn u tin s dng cht mu t nhin v n tt hn cho sc khe ca ngi n.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1123. Phn loi cht muCht mu c chia thnh 3 nhm:Cht mu c ngun gc t nhinCht mu tng hp nhn toCht mu v cPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1133.1.2. Cht mu t nhin v ng dngCht mu t nhin chia lm 3 nhm chnh:Anthocyan c mu v mu xanh lam.Carotinoit c mu vng.clorophyl sc t xanh l cy.Tt c cc sc t ny l nhng hp cht ho hc phc tp v c to nn trong qu trnh sng thch ng vi cc loi thc vt.Mc bn ca chng rt khc nhau. Trong qu trnh BQ, CB nhit v cc gia cng khc chng s b thay i i theo nhng cch khc nhau.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang114V vy dng ti sn phm thng c mu sc p, sau khi ch bin mu sc s b km i mt phn hoc c khi mt mu hn. iu lm cho gi tr cm quan v gi tr s dng gim i v v hp dn bn ngoi ca th n s b km.Tnh c hi: tt c cc cht mu t nhin u khng cPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang115Mt s cht mu t nhinthng dngTTCht muMuLiu dngmg/kg1chlorophylXanh l cy15,02anthocyan v xanh lam0,13CurcuminVng da cam0,14RiboflavinVng da cam0,55acid cacminic ti2,56CaramelNu en1007Poliphenol b oxy hoNu mKhng hn chPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1161.Anthocyan (hay anthocyanin)+ Ngun gc:Anthocyan mu c nhiu trong thc vt nh cc loi rau qu c mu t n tm nh nho, du, bp ci tm, l ta t, u en, qu c tm, go np than, go ...Tu vo hm lng v t l khc nhau trong rau qu, hoa v cc b phn khc nhau ca thc vt m chng cho nhiu mu sc khc nhau.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang117+ Tnh cht:Anthocyan l glucozit do gc ng glucose, glactose... kt hp vi gc aglucon c mu (anthocyanidin). Aglucon ca chng c cu trc c bn c m t trong hnh bn di. Cc gc ng c th c gn vo v tr 3,5,7; thng c gn vo v tr 3 v 5 cn v tr 7 rt t. Phn t anthocyan gn ng vo v tr 3 gi l monoglycozit, v tr 3 v 5 gi l diglycozit.R1OHO+3R2OHOHA35OH 7BPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang118Cc yu t ch yu nh hng n n nh ca Anthocyan l nhit , pH, oxy, cc ion kim loi, acid ascobic v nhng cht khc. Tuy nhin mu sc ca anthocyan thay i mnh nht ph thuc vo pH mi trng.Gam mu ca Anthocyan:Thng thng, pH 7 c mu xanh.VD: rubrobraxianin clorua l Anthocyan ca bp ci , l mt triglucozit ca xianidin.pH = 1-3,5 cc anthocyan thng dng mui oxonium mu cam n .pH = 4 - 5 chuyn v dng baz cacbinol hay baz chalcon khng mu.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang119-pH= 6 dung dch c mu tm.pH=7-8livdngbazquinoidalanhydromu xanh.pH=10-11 dung dch c mu xanh l cyMun sn phm c mu th anthocyan phi mi trng acid, hoc phi acid ha chng trong qu trnh nhum mu.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang120+ Phn loi:C 4 loi anthocyan l pelacgonidin, xianidin, denfinidin v apigenidin.Cc cht mu t nhin khc l anthocyan E163, betain E162, cht nhum mu eno E163 ii v carmin E120.anthocyan E163 t cc nguyn liu khc nhau nh: qu phc bn t en, qu nho, qu cm chy, qu thanh lng tr..., s dng tt nht pH < 4.Betanin E 162 hay l nc p c ci c c c kh nng nhum mu tt nht ti pH 3,5 - 5,0, ng dng ch yu trong ch bin cc sn phm sa v sn xut ng.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang121Cht nhum mu eno t nc p qu nho v qu cm chy, trong mi trng acid to ra mu , cn trong mi trng trung tnh v kim to ra mu xanh.Carnin E120 c chit sut t mt loi cn trng c bit c tn gi l Coccus Sactic sng trn cy xng rng mc nhiu Nam M v chu Phi, E120 s dng rt tt cho cc sn phm sa v tht, nng tt nht l t 0,005 n 0,025%.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang122+ Cng ngh sn xut Anthocyan:Gm 2 giai on:Chit cht mu bng dung mi thch hp.Ch bin CMTP thu c sn phm c nng cao, bn khi BQ v t tiu chun dng cho TP.Tch Anthocyan t thc vt bng cch chit nh cc dung mi nh nc hay dung dch ru - nc ca cc acid hu c hoc cc alcol (methanol, ethanol). Hiu qu ca qu trnh, chit phn ln ph thuc vo phng php s ch nguyn liu.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang123Tch Anthocyan t c ci bng x l nhit, x l bng vi sng v dng nc lm dung mi chit.Hn hp chit xut c gi 70-80oC. Mun c n nh cao thm mt lng nht nh mui ca cc kim loi kim vo khi dung dch sau chng ct ht dung mi.+ ng dng:Liu dng: 0.1 mg/kgSdngkhantontrongthcphmnhiumu sc hp dn.Cc polyphenol thuc nhm Anthocyan lm vitamin P c hot tnh nng cao gi tr dinh dng ca mn n.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang124-Anthocyan l hp cht c nhiu hot tnh sinh hc qu nh: kh nng chng oxy ha cao nn c s dng chng lo ha, hoc chng oxy ha cc sn phm thc phm, hn ch s suy gim sc khng; c tc dng lm bn thnh mch, chng vim, hn ch s pht trin ca cc t bo ung th; tc dng chng cc tia phng x."Cht Anthocyan tp trung nhiu trong qu qut c kh nng ngn nga bnh tim. Ngoi ra, n cng cha cht Lutein v cht x gim nguy c mc bnh i ng v nhng vn v lu thng mu", Joanne Shearer, chuyn gia dinh dng ti bnh vin Tim ca min Nam Dakota Sioux Falls.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang125Nhng chic l mu khi nhng vo nc nng thng b bin thnh mu xanh. Do l c mu l mu ca hp cht Anthocyan. Hp cht ny d dng tan trong nc c nhit cao, khi l cy mu s cn li mu xanh l mu dip lc thng thng. Trong khi mu xanh kh tan hn nhiu, phi qua qu trnh nu, ngm, ... th n mi bin mu v li mu xm xm nht nht. cc loi hoa, qu c mu sc khc cng chnh l do hp cht Anthocyan to thnh. V tnh cht d tan trong nc nn n s d dng bin mt khi ngm vo nc nng.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1262. carotenoid+ Tnh cht: Cc carotenoid (mu vng v da cam) l cc hp cht hu c nm trong nhm cc hydrocarbon khng no mnh. Cc hp cht ny khng tan trong nc nhng li tan trong dung mi hu c.Cc carotenoid bn vi s thay i pH ca mi trng v cc cht kh, khng bn vi nhit v nh sng v vy khng nn s dng cho cc SP lm t tht v trong qu trnh sn xut phi qua giai on x l nhit.Nhm carotenoid gm khong 6570 cc cht mu thc vt.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang127+ ng dng:Cc cht nhum mu vng l annato E 160(B), chit xut t ht qu mn chu M v ELOO t c ngh. Dng ha tan trong nc s dng nhum v ngoi t nhin cho gi ch, cc loi thc phm qu, cc bn thnh phm t tht g, sa chua c lm t hoa qu. Liu lng s dng ca E 160(B) l 2,5 mg/kg.Liu lng s dng ca E100 l 0,1 mg/kg. Dng tan trong nc v tan trong m ca E100 trong propylenglycol c th s dng nhum mu cho cc sn phm sa v tht.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1283. Chlorophyl+ Cu to:NNN M g NOC O O C H 3C H 2

C H 2C H 3C H = C H 2XC H = C H 2H 3 CH 3 CC H 2 O O C 2 0 H 3 9

Chlorophyl c hai dng:Chlorophyl A (X l CH3) c cng thc l: C55H72O5N4MgChlorophyl B (X l CHO) c cng thc l: C55H70O6N4Mg c mu nht hn chlorophyl A.T l chlorophyl A v chlorophyl B trong thc vt khong 3:1Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang129+ Tnh cht:Nhit v acid lm dch bo mu xanh b mt i, do protein b ng t lm v t bo b ph hu, lin kt gia chlorophyl v protein b t chlorophyl d dng tham gia phn ng to ra feofitin c mu xanh oliu.Tc dng vi kim nh nh cacbonat kim, kim th trung ho acid v mui acid ca dch t bo, to nn mi trng kim lm cho chlorophyl b x phng ho, thu c acid (C32H30ON4Mg )(COOH)2 v (C32H28O2N4Mg)(COOH)2 gi l chlorophylin hoc chlorophylit. Cc acid cng nh mui ca chng u cho sn phm mu xanh m.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang130- Chlorophyl cng b oxy ho do oxy v nh sng do tip xc vi cc lipid b oxy ho hoc do tc dng ca enzym lipoxydaza.Di tc dng ca Fe, Sn, Cu, Al th Mg trong chlorophyl s b thay th v cho cc mu khc nhau:Vi Fe s cho mu nu.Vi Sn v Al s cho mu xm.Vi Cu s cho mu xanh sng.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang131+ Mt s phng php gi mu chlorophyl:S dng dung dch chlorophylin: mu thu c t l rau dn, l gai v cc loi rau xanh khc, bng cch c c nc chn ca l rau dn hay l gai vi dung dch kim m c (3kg NaOH/ 100kg l ti) thi gian 2-3h. Trong khi nu, chlorophyl chuyn thnh chlorophylin (hai dng ca clorophyl l A v B), sau khi nu em p v lc, dung dch thu c cha chlorophylin bn mu hn.Gia nhit nhanh trong mt lng nc ln ( 34 lit/kg ) gim hm lng acid. acid lc ny s b bay i cng vi hi nc.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang132Gia nhit rau xanh trong nc cng, cacbonat kim th s trung ho mt phn acid ca dch bo.Trong thc t, bo v mu xanh ca u ng hp, ngi ta cho vo hp mt t dinatri glutamat. Hoc nhum mu xanh cho u vng, ngi ta dng chlorophylin (chlorophyl + kim). Chlorophyl d b hp th trn b mt ca ht u v gi c bn mu trn b mt lm cho mu ht rt p.+ Liu dng: 15 mg/kgPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1334. Curcumin-Cu to:CH=CH-CCH2HC=HC-COH3CO HOHOO

H3COCurcumincmuvngdacam,cththucht ny t c ngh v c th t c nng 99%.Curcumim c dng trong sn xut bt cari, m tt, nc dng, bt canh rau v cc SP sa.K hiu: E100i.Liu dng: 0,1 mg/kg .Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1345. RiboflavinRiboflavin (lactoflavin) hoc vitamin B2, c mu vng da cam. Ngi ta thu c cht ny t nm me, nm la m, trng v gan ng vt.Riboflavin c dng trong sn xut cc sn phm sa, kem, lm bnh ngt, mt ko.Liu dng: 0.5 mg/kg.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1356. acid cacminicacid cacminic c mu ti, cht ny thu c t trng v con non ca mt loi cn trng rp sy kh. Ch phm c cha 1015% acid cacminic.acid cacminic c dng cho cc sn phm khai v, tht chn, cc sn phm sa.Liu dng: 2.5 mg/kg.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1367. CaramelCaramel c mu nu en, cht ny thu c bng cch nu ng sy sacaroza nhit cao.Phn ng caramel ha c nh hng ln n mu sc ca cc sn phm giu ng nh bnh ko, mt Phn ng xy ra mnh m nhit nng chy ca ng.Caramel c dng cho cc sn phm dm, ru vang, bia, ru to, tht, c, u ph...Liu dng: 100 mg/kg.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1378. Polyphenol b oxy hoPolyphenol b oxy ho c mu nu m, cht ny c tng hp t ch en, n l mt hn hp nhiu cht trong ch yu l teaflavil (TF) v tearubigin (TR), t l TF/TR < 1/12.Cht ny c dng cho nhiu sn phm nh nc ung, tht, c, bnh, ko.Liu dng: khng hn ch tu thuc vo mu sc ca sn phm m ngi ta iu chnh hm lng cho ph hp.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1383.1.3. Cht mu nhn to v ng dngCht mu nhn to l cht mu c tng hp hu c t cc nguyn liu t nhin.u im:Bn mu.adngvmusc:muvng.mu,mu xanh, mu en...Cthphimutomuthchhpvith hiu, c 3 phng php phi mu:Phng php c hc.Phng php kinh nghim.Phng php in t.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang139- Nhc im:Tnh c hi: Phn ln cc cht mu tng hp u c th gy ung th v c tc ng khng tt i vi con ngi nn khi s dng phi tun theo s ch dn trong ti liu k thut. iu ny c cc nh khoa hc chng minh t nm 1979.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang140ng dng:Cht mu nhn to c s dng trong phm vi tng i hp, thng c s dng sn xut bnh ko v sn xut th nc ung khng c ru, sn xut hp, ch yu l hp rau qu....Cho php nhum mu thc phm bng cc cht mu tng hp.Nhiu trng hp c quan bo v sc kho nh Cc VSATTP, Vin dinh dng cm s dng cc cht mu hu c nhn to vo TP v cha bit ht c tc dng phc tp ca n i vi con ngi.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang141Cht mu nhn to thng dng:TTCht mumuLiu dng1TatrazinVng chanh7.52Quinolein vngVng2.53Vng da cam SVng da cam0.54Azorubin0.55Amaran Bordeaux0.756 rp ging acid cacminic0.757Erytrozin2.58mu xanh l VXanh nht2.59IndigocacminXanh lam510Xanh l sng FCFXanh l sngCha c11Xanh lc sng BSXanh lc sng512mu en sng BNen sng1Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang142A. Nhm cht mu vngCc cht thng dng:Tatrazin(mu vng chanh)Quinolein vng (mu vng)Vng da cam SPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1431. Tatrazin(Tartrazine)Tatrazin l dn xut acid pyrazol cacboxylic, c mu vng chanh.K hiu E102.Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi photmat, v ngoi tht chnLiu dng: 7,5 mg/kgSO3NaN=NNNCOONaPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng sSO-3NaH Nha Trang1442. Quinolein vng(Quinoline Yellow)Quinolein l mui Natri ca acid Monosulphonic v Disulphonic ca Quinophtalin v quinolyindanedion, c mu vng.K hiu E104.Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi photmat, v ngoi tht chnVD: bt khoai mn trng hm lng tinh c hm lng amiloza nhiu nn rt b nghin ra trn vi tatrazin thnh u xanh.Liu dng: 2,5 mg/kg.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1453. Vng da cam S (Sunset Yellow FCF)NaO3SN=NVng da cam S l mui Na ca acid Naphtol- sulphonic, c mu vng da cam.K hiu E110.Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi photmat, v ngoi tht chn Liu dng: 0,5 mg/kg.HOSO3NaPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang146B. Nhm cht mu Cc cht thng dng:Azorubin(mu )Amaran (mu Bordeaux) rpErytrozinPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1471. AzorubinAzorubin l mui Na ca acid Naphtol- sulphonic, c mu .K hiu E.Dng trong sn xut mt ko, siro, nc gii kht, ngoi ra cn c s dng trong cng nghip nhum v in.Liu dng: 0,5 mg/kg.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1482. Amaran Amaranlmuic3nguyntNacaacidcmuBordeaux(BoocNaphtol-disulphonic, ).K hiu E123Dng trong sn xut trng c mui, nc qu. Trong sn xut ru vang c th dng amazan iu chnh mu ca ru. Liu dng: 0,75 mg/kg.NaO3SN=NHO SO3NaSO3NaPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1493. rp rp l mui c 3 nguyn t Na ca acid Naphtol- disulphonic, c mu ging mu ca acid cacminic (cht mu t nhin) thu c sau khi chit sut t loi cn trng ny, sau khi trn vi dung dch nc acid hay amoniac.Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn.Liu dng: 0,75 mg/kg.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1504. ErytrozinErytrozin l mui ca tetra-iodo-fluoresxin, mu .Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn.Liu dng: 2,5 mg/kg.ONaOCOONaOPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang151Mt s cht mu khcN aO 3 SN = NPonceau 4R(E124): C mu ti, c dng to mu cho ung, ko, c hi bin.H ON aO 3 Scho ung c ru.SO 3 N aCarmin(E120):cmusng,dngtomuOHC-(CHOH)4-CH3OHCH3HOHOOCOOOHOPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang152 2G (E128): c mu nh xanh, c dng to mu cho mt koH 3 COCHNHO

S O3 N a

N= NN a O 3 SN = NNaO 3 S

Carmoisin(E122):munhxanh,dngto mu cho ung, mt ko, kem, mt qu.S O 3 N aH OPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang153C. Nhm cht mu xanhCc cht thng dng:mu xanh l VIndigocacmin(mu xanh lam)Xanh l sng FCFXanh lc sng BSPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1541. Vng xanh l V:Mu xanh l V l mui canxi ca dn xut triphenylmetan, c mu xanh nht .K hiu E131.Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi photmat, v ngoi tht chn Liu dng: 2,5 mg/kg.( C 2 H5 )2 N(C2 H 5 ) 2 NO 3 SS O3 N aPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1552. Indigocacmin:IndigocacminlmuiNacaacidindigotin disunphonic, c mu xanh lam.K hiu E132Dng trong sn xut kem, bnh ko, mt, qu ngmng Liu dng: 5 mg/kg.( C 2 H 5 )2 N(C 2 H 5 ) 2 NO 3 SS O 3 N aPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1563. Xanh l sng FCF(xanh Brilliant FCF):lchtcXanhlsngFCFlC37H34N2Na2O9S3 mu xanh l sng.K hiu E133.c php dng Canada, Anh v M ch cc sn phm bnh ko, confirur, siro, hpR(C2H5)NO3SSO3NaR:CH2R(C2H5)N

NaO3SPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1574. Xanh lc sng BS:Xanh lc sng BS l mui Na ca dn xut Fusinic, c mu xanh lc sng, thng c dng vi hn hp cc mu xanh khc to mu xanh lc.K hiu E142.Dngtrongsnxutqungmng,siro,nc gii kht, bnh ko, ruLiu dng: 5 mg/kg.( H 3 C ) 2 N( H 3 C ) 2 NH OS O 3 N aS O 3Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang158D. Nhm cht mu enmu en sng Brilliant PN: l mui c 4 Na ca acid tetrasulphonic,c mu en sng.HOH 3COCHNNaO3SN=NN=NNaO3SSO3NaSO3NaPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang159K hiu E151.Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn.VD: trong quay tht g, tht ln cc siu th Metro hay Big C th sau khi quay n mu vng h to ra nhng vt en trn tht. Nu m quay n khi xut hin mu en th tn thi gian v cht lng nhiu khi khng ngon.Liu dng: 1,0 mg/kgPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1603.1.4. Cht mu v c v ng dngTTCht muS dngLiu dngmg/kg1Cacbonat Canxit dngKhng hn ch2Bioxyt Titant dngCha c3Oxyt StMt v bnh ko0,54Oxyt NhmMt v bnh ko0,55BcMt v bnh ko0,56VngMt v bnh ko0,57Cht mu rubiV phomt0,5Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang161Cc cht mu c ngun gc v co ch yu dng trang tr thc phm.S dng cc loi bt nh chng hin tng dnh gia loi thc phm ny vi thc phm khc gia 2 b mt thc phm.Fe2O3; FeO(mu ), dng trang tr trn b mt thc phm nh mt, bnh ko.Ag, Au c s dng trong cc mn n dnh cho gii thng lu, cn dt thnh cc l cc mng, sau ct thnh si nh to n tng mu rt tt.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang162 qu c ch bin thnh bt rc ln b mt thc phm to ra phn quang tt.Tnh c hi: phn ln cc cht mu v c c tnh c hi v mt s cn kh tiu ho sau khi s dng nn cn phi thn trng khi dng trong thc phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1633.1.5. Mt s xu hng SX cht mu TPTrong thi gian gn y, ngi ta nhn thy xu hng thu c cc cht mu thc phm cht lng tt t cc sn phm thu c do hot ng ca cc h thng vi sinh.Tiu biu cho cc sn phm ny l go ln men mu . Go ln men mu nhn c bng phng php ln men do nm dng Moascus. Mu nhn c bn vi nhit cao, khng i mu khi s dng. N bn vi nh sng, qu trnh oxy ha, cc ion kim loi v s thay i pH. Lng s dng thch hp l 0,005 - 0,0025% cho cc sn phm tht, gi ch.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang164Sn xut cht mu thc phm - carotene t nm si Blakeslea trispora bng phng php ln men. Sn phm cht mu dng dch cha - carotene 90-95% tan trong du v dung mi hu c v sn phm bt mu cam cha 1,0 - 1,5% - carotene tan trong nc c s dng lm cht mu thc phm trong sn xut bnh, ko, kem, nc gi kht, magarine...Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1653.2. Cht nh tng ho, cht n nh, cht lm ng c v to gel3.2.1. Cht nh tng ha:Cht nh ho c tc dng ho tan gia nc (hoc mt cht tng t nh nc) vi mt cht bo hoc c cu trc tng t, v d nh gim v du n... Khuy, ho tan tht mnh khi hai cht trn hnh thnh mt nh tng bn vng (thnh mt hn hp c nhng git nh li ti).Cho mt cht th ba c tc dng nh mng mng ni cht gia nhng git nh li ti ca hai cht ban u, cht th ba chnh l cht ph gia gy nh tng ho.Mt s cht, nhm cht nh tng ha:- Lecithin167- Cc EPshtegira thcc pahma-xNgtuybnAnoh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1. Lecithin:L cht to nh, cho php trn cht bo vi thc phm ho tan trong nc.y l cc Este (Phosphatid) c to ra do s kt hp ca acid Oleic, Panmitic v cc acid bo khc, vi acid Glycero phosphoric v mt Base Nit hu c nh Cholin. Chng thng l khi mu nu hi vng, ging sp, ha tan trong ethanol.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang167Lecithin c trong lng trng, trong m ng thc vt.Lecithin du u tng c chit xut bng axeton, dng ht mu hi vng.Ovlecithin (Lecithin trng) c s dng trong y hc, Lecithin u tng thng mi c s dng nh mt cht nh ho, cht khuch tn trong cng nghip thc phm v thc n gia sc, trong sn v trong cng nghip du m...Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang168Lecithin thng mi l dch chit bng dung mi ca du u tng bao gm: photphatit, triglyxerit v glycolipid. Lecithin dng trong cng ngh sn xut sa bt khan nc, nc chm, magarine, bnh ko, bnh bch quy, ca cao, socola.INS:E322(i)Liu dng: khng hn chPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1692. Cc Ester ca acid boNm 1952 chnh ph Php chnh thc cho s dng cht nh tng ho tng hp.u tin l Nonos Larste Glycerin sn xut margarine, cho 15% nc vo cht bo th c s thu c margarine c cu trc hnh dng ging nh b. Thao tc tin hnh s rt nhanh nu khi khuy trn c thm 0,8 % stearete glycerine (tnh theo t l cht bo). (iu l Php quy nh cho php s dng vi t l 2%).Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang170Phng php s dng: dng trong qu trnh sn xut nh tng cho sn xut bnh m, bnh bch quy, confiur, marmelate, ch bin ht, cc mn trng ming. Margarie;Liu dng: khng gii hn; Tnh c hi: khng c.Ngoi Lecithin cc cht nh ho u l ester ca cc polyol hoc acid hu c c ngun gc ng vt hoc thc vt. Cc mono glyxerit chim 75% tng s cc cht nh ho thc phm. Qu trnh ester ho ca mono glyxerit v diglyxerit tin hnh vi cc acid hu c sau y: acid axetic, acid xitric, acid lactic, acid tactric.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1713.2.2. Cht n nh, cht lm ng c v to gel+ Vai tr:Cc cht n nh, to c v to gel, chng hn agar hay pectin (s dng trong mt s loi mt hoa qu) lm cho thc phm c kt cu c v chc. Trong khi chng khng phi l cc cht chuyn th sa thc th, nhng chng gip cho cc cht th sa n nh hn.Cc cht lm c l cc cht m khi thm vo thc phm s lm tng do m khng lm thayi ng k cc thuc tnh khc ca thc phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang172+ Cc cht n nh, lm ng c v to gel:Nhm 1: Cht chit ca to (Carrageenan, Alginate, Aga- aga)Nhm 2: Cht chit t thn cy (Adragan gum + Aarabic gum)Nhm 3: Cht chit t qu (Ch yu l pectine)Nhm 4: Polysacarrit ngun gc vi sinh vt (Xanthan gum)Nhm 5: Cht chit t htNhm 6: Dn xut ca xellulo (Cacboxymetylcelluloza hay CMC)Nhm 7: Dn xut ca acid photphorc (Ortophotphat natri, Ortophotphat kali, Ortophotphat canxi, Diphotphat, triphotphat, polyphotphat ca natri v kali)Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang173Nhm 1: Cht chit ca toNgi ta tin hnh chit t to bin mt t hp cht bao gm:CarrageenanAlginateAgar-agarNhng cht ny c th s dng lm tc nhn ng c v to gel trong sn xut thc phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang174+ Carrageenan: l hn hp sulfat polysaccarid c chit tch t to (loi rong bin ) c tn khoa hc l Rhodophyceae, Chondrus crispus (L.). Carrageenan l mt ch phm dng bt mu trng, khng c mi v, c phn chia thnh dng , , , , . Trong dng , ho tan tt trong nc nng v c tc dng to gel rt tt cn dng , , ho tan rt d dng trong nc lnh v c s to s n nh, tng lin kt (epssissant) cho thc phm.K hiu: E407Liu dng: khng quy nh, ty thuc vo GMP.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang175+ Alginate: c chit tch t to nu bao gm: alginic acid, alginate natri (kali, ammon, canxi), propylene-glycol alginate.Liu lng s dng 50mg/kg i vi acid alginic, alginate natri, alginate ammon, 25mg/kg i vi alginate kali v alginate canxi+ Aga-aga: c chit tch t to , ho tan trong nc nng v c tnh chu nhit cao. Bng cch lm lnh c th to thnh gel chuyn ho nhit.Liu dng: Cha c quy nh, ph thuc vo GMP.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang176i vi propylene-glycol alginateSTTTn thc phm ch binLiu s dng ti a trong thc phm (%)Tc dng ca ph gia (Functional use)1Bnh kem, sa ng lnh (frozen dairy desserts), kem cc loi qu (kem cc), cc loi bnh (confections and frostings)0,5To n nh2Cc loi bnh nng0,5To nh tng, cht to hng, cht n nh, lm tng dy3Phomat0,9To nh tng, n nh v tng dy4Du m thc phm1,1To nh tng, n nh v tng dy5Thch gelatin, bnh putding1,1To nh tng, n nh v tng dy6Trong nc st tht (gravies) v trong nc st ngt0,5To s n nh v tng dy7Trong ch bin mt thch ng0,4L cht n nh8Trong cc loi thc n, gia v (relishes condiments)0,6To nh tng, cht to hng, cht n nh, lm tng dy9Mt s loi thc phm khcPh gia thc phm - Nguy0,3n Anh Tun v cnTo nh tng, h tr to hng v, to hnh (formulation aid) nh v lm tng dy, tng tc dng hot ng b mtg s - H Nha Trang178i vi alginate natriSTTTn thc phm ch binML (%)Tc dng ca ph gia (Functional use)1Cc loi thc phm gia v v sn phm ch bin khc nhau1,0To hnh (texturiser), n nh, tng dy2Ko bnh, kem thc phm lnh0,3n nh, tng dy3Gelatine v puding4,0To hng v, to n nh, tc nhn gy chc (firming agent)4Ko cng10,0n nh, tng dy5Qu (mt)8,0To hnh (texturiser and formulation aid)6Cc loi thc phm khc1,0Gy to nh tng, tng hng v, to hnh dng, tng s hot ng b mtPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang178Nhm 2: Cht chit t thn cy+ Adragan gum:L mt polysacarit acid polygalacturonic, xyloza, fucoza, galactoza, phn khng tan trong nc c khi lng phn t ln hn 850.000 c nht cao.Phng php s dng: l tc nhn tng dy, to gel, to bt n nh, c s dng trong sn xut nc chm, mn n nh bp, kem, bnh koLiu dng: Cha c quy nh, ph thuc vo yu cu ca thc phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang179+ Arabic gum:L nha ca cy acaxia, l mt polysacarrit c cha cc ion K+, Ca2+, Mg2+.Phng php s dng: l tc nhn tng dy, to gel, to bt, n nh, c s dng trong sn xut nc chm, mn n nh bp, kem, bnh koLiu dng: khng qu 0,5-0,75% khi lng sn phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang180Nhm 3: Cht chit t qu+ Pectin:L cht hu c phc tp cu to t s lin kt gia phn t acid polygalacturonic (C6H10O7)n v mt phn c este ho bng ru metylic CH3OH. Tu theo s phn t ca acid galacturonic m to nn chiu di ca phn t pectin, khi lng phn t pectin t 20000 n 200000 v tu thuc vo s lng ca gc metyl CH3 c trong phn t pectin c chia thnh 2 nhm metoxy thp v metocxy cao. Pectin c kh nng keo ho. Kh nng ny ph thuc vo khi lng phn t ca n v mc metoxyl ho.Ngi ta thu c pectin t thc vt nh to, chanh, cam, c ci ng, i hoa hng dng.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang181Pectin (INS: 440) E440a (i): PectinE440a (ii): Sodium pectateE440a (iii): Potassium pectate E440a (iv): Ammonium pectate E440b: Amidated pectinPhng php s dng: Trong mi trng acid (pH=3,23,4 l thch hp nht), pectin v ng to thnh gel lm thc phm ng li. Ngi ta s dng tnh cht ny trong cc sn phm n trng ming, sa ng, sa chocolate, nc chm, mn n nh bp, kem, bnh ko, nc qu ng, nc gii kht khng cnLiu dng: cha c quy nh, tu thuc vo yu cu ca TP.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang182Nhm 4: Polysacarrit ngun gc vi sinh vt+ Xanthan gum (INS: 415) :Theo FDA USA HHS-21 CFR Ch. 8 (4-1-97 Edition). Xanthan gum (polysaccharide gum) l dn xut thu c trong qu trnh ln men ca vi sinh vt chng Xanthomonas campestris v tinh khit bng cn isopropyl (nm 1940 ti M). Xanthan gum c cu trc phc tp bao gm s lin kt ca ng D-glucose, D-maltose v D-glucuronic acid. Chng vi sinh vt Xanthomonas campestris l chng khng gy c cho c ngi v sc vt. Tiu chun tinh khit dng cho thc phm l d lng cn isopropylic khng c vt qu 750ppm. Dung dch cha 1% gum v 1% KCl quy trn trong 2h t nht ti thiu (viscosity) ti nhit 750F l 600 centipoises trn my o nht Brookfield Viscometer LVFPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang183Phng php s dng: Xanthan gum c dng trong ch bin thc phm to n nh, to nh tng, tng dy, tng bt, chu c nhit. S dng Xanthan gum trong sn xut cc thc phm tht ng, nc ung c chanh, hp, sa ng, nc chm salat.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang184+ Gellan gum (INS: 418):Gellan gum thuc loi gum polysaccharide c trng lng phn t cao, c chit xut t qu trnh ln men ca chng vi sinh vt Pseudomonas elodea v tinh ch bng cn isopropylic, sn phm xut xng khng c c cn cn isopropylic (IPA) vt qu 0,075% theo Food chemical Codex xut bn ln th 3 nm 1981 (trang 341) c thnh phn Tetrasaccharide vi mt phn t Rhamnose v glucuronic acid v hai phn t glucose. Chng vi sinh vt Pseudomonas elodea cn sng (viable).Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang185187Dung dch 1% gellan gum trong nc ct, quy trong 2h bng my khuy. Sau dng mt pipet c u ht rng ht mt t dung dch trn cho vo dung dch 10% calcium chloride s to thnh ngay lp tc hnh ging con su tm rt dai. Sau cho 0,5g NaCl vo 100ml dung dch 10% gum trn, un nng ti 80oC v quy u trong vng 1 pht, ngui bng nhit trong phng s to thnh mt khi ng chc.Phng php s dng: Gellan gum c s dng trong sn xut ch bin thc phm theo GMP n nh, to nh tng, lm tng dy, to khi (bodying), to dung dch treo (suspending agent)v to btP(hfogiaathmc phemn- NhguaynnAnch eTurn)v cng s - H Nha TrangLiu dng: Theo khuyn co ca Monsanto Nutrionals Gellan gum c dng trong ch bin thc phm, dng mt mnh hoc phi hp vi cc cht ph gia to nh tng n nh v kt ng khc vi t l nh sau:Bnh nng c kem cc loi (aking filling)0,04 0,6%Ko (confectionery)2 3%Sn phm v sa (dairy)0,05 0,15%Sn phm thch ng (gels)0,2 0,4%Nc gii kht (beverage)0,05 0,15%Kem , cc cc loi (icing, frosting, galzes)0,4 0,8%Mt v mt thch (jams, jellies)0,75 0,9%Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang187+ Glucose:Cn c gi l D glucose, dextrose, grape, corn sugar C6H12O6. Glucose Oxydase l D- Glucopyranose aerodehydrogenase c dng bo qun thc phm, loi b oxy trong sn xut hp, bt, nc gii kht, bia Thng phi hp vi Catalase sn xut giy bao gi thc phm phng s bin cht ca thc phm. JECFA cha xc nh glucose oxidase c sn xut t chng Asp. niger var (1974) l sn phm ch bin t vi sinh.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang188Nhm 5: Cht chit t ht+ Guar gum (INS:412) :Cn c tn bt Guar, gum cyamopsis l ni nh ca ni ht Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.) mc nhiu n , c dng lm thc n cho gia sc. JECFA cha xc nh ADI (1995) LD50 trn chut 7,35; 6,77 ng ming g/kg, l cht ph gia n nh, tng dy, cho php dng trong bt kem, phomt, bt sp v thucPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang189+ Carob bean gum, locust bean gum (INS: 410) :Cn c tn bt Carob, l ni nh ca ht (v ht u) Ceratonia siliqua L. Leguminosae, c thnh phn protein, ng kh, sucrose, lipid v x. c dng ch yu lm cht ph gia n nh, tng dy trong thc phm v m phm, thay th c ph, coca v chocolate. JECFA cha xc nh ADI (1981).Merck Index 1996 tr. 780, JECFA 1994 tr.G8Merck Index 1996 tr. 947, JECFA 1994 tr.C17Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang190Liu dng Locust Bean gum(tnh theo phn trm khi lng sn phm)Nc gii kht0,05 0,30%Nc st0,1 0,5%Kem cc loi0,3 0,6%Bnh nng0,1 0,3%Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang191Nhm 6: Dn xut ca xellulo Cacboxymetylcelluloza hay CMC (INS: 466)L ch phm dng bt trng thu c do tc dng ca cacboxymetilnatri (- CH2 COONa) vi cc nhm hydroxyl ca xenlluloza, c phn t lng t 40.000 n 200.000. CMC d phn tn trong nc lnh, nc nng v trong ru, mui natri ca CMC cng l cht to ng, n c kh nng to ng thnh khi vng chc vi m rt cao (ti 98%).Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang192Phng php s dng: chc v tc to ng ph thuc vo nng CMC, nht ca dung dch v lng nhm axetat thm vo to ng. Nng ti thiu CMC to ng l 0,2% v ca nhm axetat l 7% so vi CMC. Ngi ta s dng CMC nh tc nhn to gel, lm dy, lm phng, lm n nh, lm chm s kt tinh ng trong sn xut cc sn phm bch quy, sa, tht, hp, m n lin.Liu dng: 25 mg/kg.CcchphmcnhngtnhchtnhCMCl: Metycelluloza,Hydrometycelluloza, Hydroxypropylmetylcelluloza, MetylentycellulosePh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang193Nhm 7: Dn xut ca acid photphoric (INS: 338) Bao gm: Ortophotphat natri, ortophotphat kali,ortophotphat canxi, diphotphat, triphotphat, polyphotphat ca natri v kali.Phng php s dng:Cc dn xut ca acid photphoric c dng trong sn xut bnh nhn kem, mn trng ming, sa hp.Mui phosphat, polyphosphat, hexametaphosphat c dng to gel, tng cng kh nng gi nc cho SP tht v c, khc phc s gim trng lng cho SP thy sn ng lnhLiu lng: 70 mg/kg, ML 5g/kg SP (quy v P2O5)Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1943.3. Cht iu v3.3.1. Vai tr ca cc cht iu v i vi cht lng thc phmL mt trong nhng nhm ph gia c s dng rng ri nht.ng vai tr nng cao gi tr dinh dng, tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm thc phm ph hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng.V ca cc sn phm thc phm cng l cc ch s quan trng v mt cht lng thc phm. cho TP c thm ngon, khng ch bng cch nu nng, to nn nhng cu t mi, c mi v thm ngon hn so vi nguyn liu ban u, m cn bng cch cho thm cc cht lm tng v ngon t ngoi vo.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang195Cc cht c v v mi thm trong thin nhin c nhiu nhng nhim v ca chng ta l tm hiu trong s nhng cht ta thu c bng con ng nhn to khi chng ta ch bin ho hc v ho sinh t cc nguyn liu khc nhau, i khi khng phi l nguyn liu thc phm m vn c th c li ch ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm Cc cht nh vy cng c kh y , nhng c mt s ln vn cha nn dng. V vy chng ta s khng cp ti cc cht mi, v nhn to c hi cho c th con ngi, hay khng c hi m cha xc nh c.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang196Phn loi cht iu vTheo c tnh v ca nhm cht iu v, c th chia cht iu v lm 3 nhm chnh:Cc cht gy v ngt ca thtCc cht gy v ngt ca ngCc cht gy v chuaPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang1973.3.3. Cc cht gy v ngt ca tht+ acid glutamic v mui Natri Glutamat (m chnh)c tnh: acid glutamic (ch s quc t l E 620) l mt trong 22 acid amin khng th thay th trong c thMui Natri Glutamat (ch s quc t l E 621) c s dng rt rng ri trong sn xut cng nghip v gia dngVai tr: Gy v ngt c trng ca "tht" v "rau" ph hp vi sn phm.Natri glutamat c sn xut t cc nguyn liu hoc ph liu c cha protit hoc bng con ng sinh tng hp t tinh bt hoc t r ngPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang198Cng thc ho hc:HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH-COOHNH2acid glutamic (t ha tan trong nc, TLPT: 147.13)

HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH-COONa.H2O NH2Glutamat natri (tan nhiu trong nc, TLPT: 187.13) Dng s dng:acid glutamic: c sn trong cc protit khc nhau, l hp phn ca tt c cc sn phm thc phmMui glutamat natri: dng bt tinh th trngPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang199Phng php s dng: S dng thch hp vi cc sn phm c pH=5-6.5. Khng nn s dng vi cc sn phm c pH nh hng xu n nng sut SX, hiu sut thu hi SP, thm ch nghim trng n cht lng SP.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang2594.1. Tc nhn lm trong4.1.1. Cht tr lng v tr lcThan hot tnh lm sch cht kh v cht lng.t st, kao lanh, bentonit, t st ty d dng lm cht kt ta hoc hp ph cht bn.Diatomit, khong kiesengu, dng lm cht tr lcSilic gel ca silic dung lm cht hp ph c bit i vi protein c phn t lng cao.Polivinylpyrolidon (PVPP) v nylon 66 (copolyme acrylat-acrylamit l cht khng tan, c kh nng hp ph c bit i vi cc hp cht polyphenol trong nc gii kht.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang260Tanin gallic l hp cht poliphenol thu c bng cch c c nc chit t cy ng bi t n c dng kt ta protein to thnh tanin-protein khng tan, to iu kin cho qu trnh lcAbumin dng trong vic lc ru vangPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang2614.2. Tc nhn tham gia qu trnh ch binCht xc tc sinh hc (Enzyme)Trong CNTP ngi ta s dng rt nhiu ch phm enzyme, l mt trong nhng tin b quan trng ca ngnh cng ngh ng dng k thut TP.enzyme c th phn thnh 6 loi:OydoreductazaTransferazaHydrolazaLyazaIsomerazaLigazaPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang262Trn thc t c ti 4.000 enzyme c s dng, c th thu dc enzyme bng 2 cch:Tch chit t ng vt hoc thc vtThu nhn t vi sinh vtTrong CNTP thng dng cc ch phm men sau: v amilaza thu phn tinh bt dng sn xut mt tinh bt v trong cng nghip bia.Proteaza thu phn protein dng trong cng nghip tht v c, sn xut nc chm giu axit amin.Pectinaza thu phn pectin dng trong cng nghip nc gii kht t hoa qu.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang2632. Cht xc tc phi enzymeXc tc trong Hydrogene ha du m: dng bt kim loi Ni, Cu, MnXc tc cho phn ng este ha: dng H2SO4 m c cho nhiu loi, dng h Zn,P/Al2O3 este ha mt s m ng vt3. Dung mi trch lyS dng phn ln cc dung mi hu c trch ly du m, cht thm t thc vt thu hi hoc sn xut tinh du dng cho thc phm: dicloetan, tricloetan, benzen, ruPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang264Nhng cht iu chnh pHS dng phn ln cc axit v baz v c v hu c iu chnh pH trong sn xut thc phm.Nha trao i ionBao gm cc cationit v anionit lm sch cc anion v cation trong nc s dng cho sn xut thc phm.Tc nhn chng dnh khunBao gm sp ong, este ethan palmitic, du m TP, parafin, vaselinePh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang265Cht ty ra v kh trngTrong CNTP ngi ta s dng cc cht sau y ty ra v kh trng: sud, mui amn ca axit bo, axit hu c, hypoclorit natri (nc Javen) phosphat v polyphosphat, formaldehyt,Cht chng to btNhng cht chnh l axit bo, nhng cht hot ng b mt, du parafin v vazlinCht ty v lm rng lngGm N2, NaOH, KOH, (NH4)2HPO4, formaldehyt, monoethanolaminPh gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang2664.3. Tc nhn tham gia trnh by sn phmNhng tc nhn bao ngoi sn phmBao gm : parafin, vi, cacboxymetylcelluloza, silicat, alginat canxi, h/ keo dnh, cc loi bao b c mu hoc trong sut khng thm nc, khng thm kh l cht HTKT va trnh by sn phm cho hp dn va bo v sn phm.Cc cht kh lm tng p sut v bo v SPS dng cc cht kh c tnhtr nh N2, CO2, NO2,freon 318 (octafluorocyclobutan), freon 115 (cloropentafluoroetan) trong bao gi iu chnh kh quyn l cht HTKT va to cm gic SP c v to hn/ nhiu hn va BQ SP (hn ch h hng do c hc, ha hc v sinh hc).Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang2673. Cc cht bo v v tn to gi tr cho SP Dng plastic, styropor, giy carton, vi mu trnh by SP bn trong bao b dng gi , lt, chn, trang tr l nhng cht HTKT va bo v SP va thun li hn cho ngi dng, va tn to SP (SP yn so chai, tr long).Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang2684. Cht ht mDng silicagen (H2SiO2.nH2O), CaCl2, alumogel (Al2O3), giy ht m, vi l nhng cht HTKT va chng hin tng t m trn b mt SP, trn bao b bao gi kn (PE, PP, PET) va ngn nga h hng do nm mc va gi cht lng cm quan cho sn phm.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang269Key studyCch la chn cc cht h tr k thut c th ci thin/ nng cao nng sut sn xut, cht lng ca thc phm (mu, trong, tinh khit) c hiu qu,ph hp vi i tng p dng.Cch s dng cc cht h tr k thut ng theo nguyn tc v yu cu ca php lut v cht h tr k thut.Ph gia thc phm - Nguyn Anh Tun v cng s - H Nha Trang270