Piloting Course (Inland Navigation)

Chapter 1

Introduction to Navigation

SEO – Dave Westdwest@voyager.net - 651-429-3840

Instructor – Art Mollicaartmollica@usfamily.net - 651-777-0277

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Physiological

Safety & Security

Belonging & Love

Esteem

Acceptance Inner Talent

Creativity – Fulfillment

Self Actualizatio

n

Food – Water – Shelter – Warmth

Stability – Freedom from Fear

Family – Friends – Spouse – Lover

Achievement – Mastery Recognition

– Respect

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

USPS Education Program

United States Power Squadrons®

Electives

Seamanship

Piloting

Advanced Piloting

Ocean Navigatio

n

Navigation

Cruise Planning, Engine Maintenance, Marine Communications, Marine Electronics, Sail, Weather

Boat Handling

Inland Navigation

Coastal Navigation

USPS Education Program

Off-shore Navigation

Junior Navigatio

n

Slide 5

The Piloting Course

A pilot is a mariner who guides ships through dangerous or

congested waters, such as harbors or river mouths.

Pilots specifically use pilotage techniques relying on

nearby visual reference points and local knowledge of

tides, swells, currents, depths and shoals that might not be

readily identifiable on nautical charts without first hand

experience in the waters in question.

Why are we worrying about

piloting when we don’t fly

airplanes?

Slide 6

The Piloting Course

Based on Electronic Navigation• Know where you are!• Emphasis planning & how to use

Aimed at the Recreational boater• Must know basics• Electronics failure

Open book examination• Homework Practice Cruise

The art of Navigation with the aid of landmarks and navigation aids (AtoN’s) performed near land (coastal & inland), where

navigation is most challenging.

website – msi.nga.mil

Maritime Safety Information at National Geospatial Intelligence

Agency

select “Publications”

Slide 7

Course Content

Piloting• Local waters• Emphasis on Planning,

Plotting, Tools• Electronic Navigation -

GPS primary• Compass as key

navigation tool• Pre-plan, following the

plan• Staying on course• Checking• Navigating in the event of

a failure• Overview – digital charting

Advanced Piloting• Extended Coastal/Inland Cruising• Advanced positioning techniques

Accuracy, Cross-checking• Electronic Navigation

Chart plotters, Computers, Digital Charts, Radar, Sonar

• Tidal and Currents Depth, Clearance, Effects

• Adjusting for winds or currents

Junior Navigation/Navigation• Off-shore/Ocean cruising• Use of marine sextant

Sun sights Star/Moon/Planet sights

Slide 8

Basic Terms

Course (track)• The line that your boat should follow (line of motion)• Intended – expected direction• Made Good – resultant direction• Over Ground – actual direction relative to ground• Dead Reckoning – intended course as plotted

Cross Track Error• Distance off course (XTE, TKE)

Bearing• A horizontal line of direction (line of position) from

an observer to a known charted object expressed as an angle from a reference direction, e.g. compass bearing, magnetic bearing, true bearing, relative bearing and ball bearing.

Slide 9

Boaters Kuma SatraBasic Terms

Positions• DR – dead reckoning position (60D = ST)• Fix - a known position

The intersection of 2 or more bearings Waypoint or Navigational Aid (close arrival) GPS coordinates

(Charting Symbol – identify how fix was obtained)

(Charting Symbol)

Radar (or other electronic means)

GPS (based on GPS reading)

Visual (close aboard charted NavAid)

(intersection of two or more bearings)

RFix (running fix, based on two or more bearings taken at difference times)

(arrival at waypoint)

Slide 10

Navigation Tools & Techniques Charts

• Scaled representations Chapter 2

Plotting Tool• Many devices available• USPS 4x15 Rectangular

Plotter Plot & Measure Courses & Bearings

(direction)

Calculator• Scientific type

Pencil• Sharp point – med softness• Eraser, smudge free• Eraser shield

Dividers• Many types available

Measure Coordinates Measure Distance

Labeling• Hand-off to others

Accuracy• Courses, Bearings nearest 1°

+/- 1º

• Distance to nearest 0.1nm +/- 0.1nm

• Speed to one decimal point (3.0 Knots, 22.6 Knots)

• Time, 24-hr clock, nearest minute

• Coordinates nearest 0.1’ +/- 0.1’

Slide 11

Navigational Checker

Download from: www.usps.org/national/eddept/n/tools.htm#celtools

© 2003, R J Sweet, “GPS for Mariners.” Reprinted with permission© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”

Slide 12

Three Steps in Navigation

planning

navigating

checking

chart

compassGPS

NOTE

Hand bearing compass

Slide 13

Labeling – Planning Step

1. Label waypoints, use unique symbol when not charted AtoN.

2. Draw and measure course lines (length & direction).

3. Qualify course.

4. Label course and reciprocal.

5. Label distance near midpoint.

6. Enter in GPS.

Start

End

(Symbol when not NavAid)

Slide 14

Labeling – Underway Step

1. Once underway, label speed for each leg and times for each position.

2. Hourly or when needed, plot GPS position and when possible check with bearing.

3. If GPS is suspect, determine position from bearings or last know good position.

4. Proceed using DR navigation.

?

Slide 15

Labeling – DR plotting

DR formulas: 60D=ST

1. D = ST / 60 (known speed and time, find distance)

2. S = 60D / T (known distance and time, find speed)

3. T = 60D / S (known distance and speed, find time)

S = 6.0T = 1400 – 1300 = 60minD = 6.0 x 60 / 60Distance = 6.0nmWhat is Distance to 1421?What is Distance to 1500?

T = 1549 – 1500 = 49minD = 5.3nmS = 60 x 5.3 / 49SMG = 6.49 = 6.5knD = 6.2nmS = 5.0ktsT = 60 x 6.2 / 5.0T = 74.4 = 74minETA = 1549 + 74 = 1703

Slide 16

“Seaman’s Eye”

Informal concepts

Means of staying in touch

Used to crosscheck navigation

Simple tools to help you out

Supplement, NOT substitute

Slide 17

Sense of Direction

N

E

S

W

Charts are orientated with NORTH at top (except USACE)

0 - 90º

90 - 180º

180 - 270º

270 - 360º

Abeam to

Starboard

Abeam to Port

Relative (to boat) Bearings – “Seaman’s Eye”

Slide 18

Cardinal Points:

North

East

South

West

Intracardinal Points:

Northeast

Southeast

Southwest

Northwest

Points of the Compass

Can you name the other 24 points?

East by South (EbS)

East by South (EbS)East Southeast (ESE)

East Southeast (ESE)

NORTH

NORTH

No

rth

by

Eas

t (N

bE

)

No

rth

by

Eas

t (N

bE

)N

orth

east

by

Nor

th (N

EbN

Nor

thea

st b

y N

orth

(NE

bN

Northea

st (N

E)

Northea

st (N

E)

Northeast b

y East (NEbE)

Northeast b

y East (NEbE)

East North

east (ENE)

East North

east (ENE)

East by North (EbN)

East by North (EbN)

EASTEAST

Southeast by East (SEbE)

Southeast by East (SEbE)

Southeast (SE)

Southeast (SE)

Southeast by South (SEbS)

Southeast by South (SEbS)

So

uth

So

uth

east (SS

E)

So

uth

So

uth

east (SS

E)

So

uth

by E

ast (Sb

E)

So

uth

by E

ast (Sb

E)

SOUTH

SOUTH

No

rth

No

rth

east

(N

NE

)

No

rth

No

rth

east

(N

NE

)No

rth b

y West (N

bW

)

No

rth b

y West (N

bW

)

Northw

est by North (N

WbN

)

Northw

est by North (N

WbN

)

Northwest (NW

)

Northwest (NW

)

Northwest by North (NWbN)

Northwest by North (NWbN)

West Northwest (WNW)

West Northwest (WNW)West by North (WbN)

West by North (WbN)

WESTWEST

West by South (WbS)West by South (WbS)

West Southwest (WSW)

West Southwest (WSW)

Southwest by W

est (SWbW)

Southwest by W

est (SWbW)

Southwes

t (SW

)

Southwes

t (SW

)

Sout

hwes

t by

Sout

h (S

WbS

)

Sout

hwes

t by

Sout

h (S

WbS

)

So

uth

So

uth

wes

t (S

SW

)

So

uth

So

uth

wes

t (S

SW

)S

ou

th b

y W

est

(Sb

W)

So

uth

by

Wes

t (S

bW

)

No

rth N

orth

west (N

NW

)

No

rth N

orth

west (N

NW

)

Slide 19

1 point abaft stbd beam

1 point abaft stbd beam2 points abaft stbd beam

2 points abaft stbd beam

DEAD

AHEAD

DEAD

AHEAD

1 p

oin

t o

n s

tbd

bo

w

1 p

oin

t o

n s

tbd

bo

w3

poin

ts o

n st

bd b

ow

3 po

ints

on

stbd

bow

Broad

on s

tbd b

ow

Broad

on s

tbd b

ow

3 points fwd stbd beam

3 points fwd stbd beam

2 points fwd stbd beam

2 points fwd stbd beam

1 point fwd stbd beam

1 point fwd stbd beam

ON STARBOARD BEAMON STARBOARD BEAM

3 points abaft stbd beam

3 points abaft stbd beam

Broad on stbd quarter

Broad on stbd quarter

3 points on stbd quarter

3 points on stbd quarter

2 po

ints o

n stb

d q

uarter

2 po

ints o

n stb

d q

uarter

1 po

int o

n stb

d q

uarter

1 po

int o

n stb

d q

uarter

ASTERN

ASTERN

2 p

oin

ts o

n s

tbd

bo

w

2 p

oin

ts o

n s

tbd

bo

w1 po

int o

n p

ort b

ow

1 po

int o

n p

ort b

ow

3 points on port bow

3 points on port bow

Broad on port bow

Broad on port bow

3 points fwd port beam

3 points fwd port beam

2 points fwd port beam

2 points fwd port beam1 point fwd port beam

1 point fwd port beam

ON PORT BEAMON PORT BEAM

1 point abaft port beam1 point abaft port beam

2 points abaft port b

eam

2 points abaft port b

eam

3 points abaft port b

eam

3 points abaft port b

eam

Broad

on p

ort quar

ter

Broad

on p

ort quar

ter

3 po

ints

on

port

qua

rter

3 po

ints

on

port

qua

rter

2 p

oin

ts o

n p

ort

qu

arte

r

2 p

oin

ts o

n p

ort

qu

arte

r1

po

int

on

po

rt q

uar

ter

1 p

oin

t o

n p

ort

qu

arte

r

2 po

ints o

n p

ort b

ow

2 po

ints o

n p

ort b

ow

Relative Sense of Direction

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 MINUTE BREAK

PLEASE TAKE YOUR SEATS

Slide 21

Latitude & Longitude

Your ‘street address’ – location• Latitude & Longitude provided by GPS

• Must relate this to a Chart To see where you are and… to see what is around and beneath you and… to see what is between you and your

destination

• Grid on Chart must match grid in GPS Most Charts WGS 84

Equator - 0º

Parallels of Latitude

Mer

idia

ns o

f L

ongi

tude

Nort

hern

Hem

isp

here

Sou

thern

Hem

isp

here

0 –

90º

Nor

th0

– 90

º S

outh

Pri

me

Mer

idia

n -

0º

South Pole - 90º

0 - 180º West 0 - 180º East

1º = 60 minutes (‘) 1’ = 1 nautical mile (nm) 1nm = 6076 feet

Statue mile = 5280 feet

nm = 1.15 sm

ALWAYS measure

distance using Latitude scale

Terrestrial Coordinate

System

North Pole - 90º

Terrestrial Coordinate

System

Labeling Latitude

and Longitude

Latitude 45º Longitude 90º

L 45ºN Lo 90ºW L 45ºN Lo 90ºE

L 45ºS Lo 90ºW L 45ºS Lo 90ºE

USPS Standards

L 45º 00.0’N

Lo 90º 00.0’W

Arctic Circle L 66º 33’ 44”N

Tropic of Cancer L 23º 26’ 16”N

Tropic of Capricorn L 23º 26’ 16”S

Antarctic Circle L 66º 33’ 44”S

Equator

Terrestrial Coordinate

System

North Temperate Zone (mid latitudes)

South Temperate Zone (mid latitudes)

Torrid Zone

North Frigid Zone

South Frigid Zone

Terrestrial Coordinate

System

Rot

atio

nal

Axe

l

23º 26’ 16”

24hrs daylight

24hrs darkness

Summer

Solstice

Winter Solstic

e

Celestial Coordinate

System

Pn

Celestial Equator

Hour Circle

Cele

sti

al

Sphe

re

Parallel of Declinatio

n

Observers

Celestial Meridian

Declination

Ps

West

Greenw

ic

h

Celestial

Meridian

Slide 27

SKILL – Measure Coordinates

84º 30’35’40’

32º

55’

North Latitude & West Longitude• Latitude value increases from bottom to top • Longitude value increases from right to left

North Latitude & East Longitude• Latitude value increases from bottom to top• Longitude value increases from left to right

South Latitude & West Longitude• Latitude value increases from top to bottom • Longitude value increases from right to left

South Latitude & East Longitude• Latitude value increases from top to bottom• Longitude value increases from left to right

84º 30’25’20’

32º

55’

84º 30’35’40’

32º

05’

84º 30’25’20’

32º

05’

00’32º

© 2003, R J Sweet, “GPS for Mariners.” Reprinted with permission© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”

Slide 28

Using Dividers

31’

31.5’

31.8’

41°

Slide 29

Measuring Long Distances

When the dividers cannot reach from start to destination

Select a convenient distance on dividers

Start at one end of the course line…

Pivot the dividers and count the # of pivots

For the final increment, set the dividers to reach the end…

Measure the final distance and add the prior increments.

Slide 30

41º 36.2’N

41º 44.2’N

72º 04.4’W

71º 58.7’W

72º 06.5’W

41º 43.2’N

1. Estimate the course (at least to 0-90, 90-180, etc).

2. Put a pencil or divider tip on one of the course points.

3. Bring the top edge of the plotter around so it goes between the two points.

4. Slide the plotter along the course line until the plotter bulls-eye is on a horizontal or vertical grid line. (Having the pencil or divider on one of the course points makes it easier to slide the plotter while keeping it aligned with the course line.)

5. Read your direction on the compass where it crosses the grid line. Look at the four possible course readings, pick the one that fits your estimate of the course.

How to use the plotter.

THE OUTER SCALE IS

READ FROM A

090

270

180

000

080070 060 050 040

030020

010

000

260250 240 230 220

210209

190180

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

170 160 150 140 130

350 340 330 320 310

190

200

210

220

230

010

020

030

040

050

0º-0

90º

090º-180º

270º-360º

180º

-270

º

060

240

150

0570

330

230250056º

236º 146º326º

Slide 32

TH

E O

UT

ER

SC

AL

E IS

RE

AD

FR

OM

A

ME

RID

IAN

OF

LO

NG

ITU

DE

. TH

E

INN

ER

SC

AL

E F

RO

M A

PA

RA

LL

EL

OF

LA

TIT

UD

E.

090270180000 080

070

060050

040

030

020010

000

260

250

240230

220210

209190

180

100

110

120

130

140150

160170180

280

290

300

310

320330

340350360

170

160

150140

13035

034

0330

320310

190

200

210

220

230

010

020

030

040

050

THE OUTER SCALE IS READ FROM A

MERIDIAN OF LONGITUDE. THE

INNER SCALE FROM A PARALLEL

OF LATITUDE.

090

270

180

000

080 070060

050

040

030

020010

000

260 250240

230220

210209

190180

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

170 160 150140

130

350 340 330 320310

190200

210

220

230

010020

030

040

050

THE

OU

TER

SC

ALE

IS R

EA

D F

RO

M A

ME

RID

IAN

OF

LON

GIT

UD

E. T

HE

INN

ER

SC

ALE

FR

OM

A P

AR

ALL

EL

OF

LATI

TUD

E.

090

270

180

000

080

070

060050

040 030 020 010000

260

250

240230

220 210 209 190180

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

170

160

150140

130

350

340

330 320 310

190

200

210

220

230

010

020

030

040

050

THE OUTER SCALE IS READ FROM A

MERIDIAN OF LONGITUDE. THE

INNER SCALE FROM A PARALLEL

OF LATITUDE.

090

270

180

000

080 070060

050

040

030

020010

000

260 250 240230

220

210209

190180

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

170 160 150 140130

350 340 330 320310

190

200

210

220

230

010

020

030

040

050

TH

E O

UT

ER

SC

AL

E IS

RE

AD

FR

OM

A

ME

RID

IAN

OF

LO

NG

ITU

DE

. TH

E

INN

ER

SC

AL

E F

RO

M A

PA

RA

LL

EL

OF

LA

TIT

UD

E.

090270180

000

080

070060

050040

030

020010

000

260

250240

230220

210209

190180

100

110

120

130

140

150160170

180280

290

300

310

320

330340350

360

170

160150

140130

350

340330

320310

190

200

210

220

230

010

020

030

040

050

Measure and label course and

distance A to B

B to C

C to A

from A, 085º

from C, 164º

C 347

D 7.2

C 080D 5.7

C 2

06

D 9

.0

C 085

C 164

Slide 33

Questions ? … Comments

C 149M

C 329M

D 2.0

C 2

13M

C 0

33M

D 2

.0

BEACH

Slide 34

Homework

Read Chapters 1 & 2 – Student Guide

Read Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 – Weekend Navigator

Do Chapter 1 Homework

Next Class – 31 January (2 weeks)