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PLANKTON

Plankton

Kategori Kehidupan Laut:

1. Benthos: bottom dwellers; sponges, crabs

2. Nekton: perenang kuat- whales, fish, squid

3. Plankton: hewan/tumbuhan yang hanyut di air. Memiliki sedikit kontrol untuk pergerakannya.

termasuk: diatoms, dinoflagellates, larvae, jellyfish, bacteria.

Phytoplankton

Phyto= plant

Plankton= drifting organisms

Critical base of the marine food chain

Responsible for the biological carbon pump

-biologically-mediated pumping of carbon from the surface to the ocean interior

Produce ~50% of atmospheres free oxygen

Most are single-celled

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/plankton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/relationabsurd.html&h=150&w=141&sz=7&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=j22IdNGqWNSNZM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=90&prev=/images?q=plankton+blooms&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/plankton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/relationabsurd.html&h=150&w=141&sz=7&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=j22IdNGqWNSNZM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=90&prev=/images?q=plankton+blooms&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/plankton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/relationabsurd.html&h=150&w=141&sz=7&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=j22IdNGqWNSNZM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=90&prev=/images?q=plankton+blooms&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/plankton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/relationabsurd.html&h=150&w=141&sz=7&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=j22IdNGqWNSNZM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=90&prev=/images?q=plankton+blooms&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=

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What Exactly are Plankton?

Plants and animals that live in the water and

cannot swim against major currents. Plants Animals

Faktor yang mempengaruhi?

1. Waves

2. Tides

3. Currents

Plankton diklasifikasikan berdasarkan:

Size

Habitat

Taxonomy

Size: Picoplankton (.2-2 m) bacterioplankton

Nanoplankton (2 - 20 m) protozoans

Microplankton (20-200 m) diatoms, eggs,

larvae

Macroplankton (200-2,000 m) some eggs,

juvenile fish

Megaplankton (> 2,000 m) includes

jellyfish, ctenophores, Mola mola

http://www.fishbase.org/photos/BestPhotoSummary.cfm?StartRow=40&ID=1732

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Holoplankton- Seluruh siklus hidupnya sebagai

plankton Ex. Jellyfish, diatoms, copepods Meroplankton- Sebagian dari siklus hidupnya

sebagai plankton Ex. fish and crab larvae, eggs

Habitat:

snail lobster

fish

Siklus hidup squid

Squid dalam siklusnya pernah sebagai benthic, planktonic, and nektonic

Squid digulongkan sebagai meroplankton (opposite = holoplankton)

Pleuston- organisme yang secara pasif mengapung di permukaan laut

Ex. Physalia, Velella

Neuston organisme yang hidup beberapa mm

dari permukaan air

Ex. bacteria, protozoa, larvae; light intensity too high

for phytoplankton

Habitat:

From The World Book (TM) Multimedia

Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book,

Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL

60661. All rights reserved.

Maira & Rod Borland, Bruce Coleman,

Inc.

Neuston net

Taxonomy Zooplankton Phytoplankton

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.ibss.iuf.net/people/skryabin/phyllos.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ibss.iuf.net/people/skryabin/merop.html&h=305&w=353&prev=/images?q=phyllosoma+larva&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&sa=Ghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.ibss.iuf.net/people/skryabin/veligerb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ibss.iuf.net/people/skryabin/merop.html&h=188&w=158&prev=/images?q=phyllosoma+larva&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&sa=Ghttp://www.icman.csic.es/invest/dorada.jpg

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Importance of Phytoplankton

Penurunan populasi fitoplankton disebabkan oleh zooplankton.

Phytoplankton dasar dari rantai makanan.

Why Are Plankton So Important?

Small fish

Mackerel

Tuna

Seasonal Cycle: the North Atlantic Bloom

Winter: strong winds, deep mixing, high nutrients but phytoplankton cant use them because mixing exposes them to low and variable light conditions

Spring: water column stabilizes, favorable light conditions, bloom, nutrient uptake

Summer: Continued water column stability, moderate productivity but biomass remains relatively low and stable due to equilibrium with zooplankton consumption

Fall: Possible secondary bloom as winds increase and mix nutrients into surface, but before mixing becomes too deep

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Nitrate

Chlorophyll

Zooplankton

J F M A M J J A S O N D

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Phytoplankton- dibatasi di zona euphotic dimana cahaya cukup tersedia untuk fotosintesis.

Blooms:

High nutrients

Upwelling

Seasonal conditions

Diatoms: temperate and polar waters, silica case or shell

Dinoflagellates: tropical and subtropical waters.... also

summer in temperate

Coccolithophores: tropical, calcium carbonate shells or

"tests"

Silicoflagellates: silica internal skeleton... found world

wide, particularly in Antarctic

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae): not true algae, often in

brackish nearshore waters and warm water gyres

Green Algae: not common except in lagoons and estuaries

Some important types of phytoplankton

Crustaceans: Copepods Krill Cladocera Mysids Ostracods

Jellies Cniderian (True jellies, Man-of-wars, By-the-wind-sailors) Ctenophores (comb jellies) Urochordates (salps and larvacea) Worms (Arrow worms, polychaetes) Pteropods (planktonic snails)

Some important types of zooplankton Importance of krill in Antarctic food web

http://cgee.hamline.edu/see/questions/dp_biosphere/bios_place/cyanobacteria.gifhttp://www.iie.com.br/imagens/cladocera.jpghttp://hooge.developmentalbiology.com/meiofauna/media/ostracod.jpghttp://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/pl_34.jpg

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Chaetognath Copepod

Crab larvae

jellies

Fish larvae

Queen Trigger fish Egg to Juv.

Oikopleura

Jelly-like house

Marine snow

tunicate Marine Snow

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chaetoblack.png

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Marine Snow

Base of Florida Escarpment covered with marine snow. Octocorals attach to steep sides and under ledges to avoid burial.

A major component of marine snow is fecal pellets

Marine Snow

Nutritional modes of zooplankton:

Herbivores: feed primarily on

phytoplankton

Carnivores: feed primarily on other

zooplankton (animals)

Detrivores: feed primarily on dead

organic matter (detritus)

Omnivores: feed on mixed diet of

plants and animals and detritus

Vertical Zonation of Zooplankton

Epipelagic: upper 200-300 m water column; high diversity, mostly small and transparent organisms; many herbivores

Mesopelagic = 300 1000 m; larger than epipelagic relatives; large forms of gelatinous zooplankton (jellyfish, appendicularians) due to lack of wave action; some larger species (krill) partly herbivorous with nightly migration into epipelagic regimes; many species with black or red color and big eyes (why?);

Oxygen Minimum Zone: 400 800 m depth, accumulation of fecal material due to density gradient, attract high bacterial growth, which in turn attracts many bacterial and larger grazers; strong respiration reduces O2 content from 4-6 mg l-1 to < 2 mg l-1

Bathypelagic: 1000 3000 m depth, many dark red colored, smaller eyes

Abyssopelagic: > 3000 m depth, low diversity and low abundance

Demersal or epibenthic: live near or temporarily on the seafloor; mostly crustaceans (shrimp and mysids) and fish

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Diurnal vertical migration

Organisms within the deep scattering layer undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker waters during daytime

1. Nocturnal Migration

single daily ascent near sunset

2. Twilight migration (crepuscular period)

two ascents and two descents

3. Reverse migration

rise during day and descend at night

Diurnal Vertical Migration

Each species has its own preferred day and night depth range, which may vary with lifecycle.

Advantages for Diurnal vertical

migration

1. An antipredator strategy; less visual to

predators

Zooplankton migrate to the surface at night

and below during the day to the

mesopelagic zone. Copepods avoid

euphasiids which avoid chaetognaths.

Energy conservation

Encounter new feeding areas

Get genetic mixing of populations

Hastens transfer of organic

material produced in the euphotic

zone to the deep sea

Advantages for DVM

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Plankton Patchiness

Zooplankton not distributed uniformly

or randomly

Aggregated into patches of variable

size

Difficult to detect with plankton nets

- Nets average the catch over the

length of the tow

May explain enormous variability in

catches from net tows at close

distances apart

Causes of Patchiness Aggregations around phytoplankton

- If phytoplankton occurs in patches,

grazers will be drawn to food

- Similar process that led to

phytoplankton patches will form

zooplankton patches

Grazing holes

Physical process

- Langmuir Cells

- Internal waves

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Accumulation of Plankton

in Langmuir Cells

Buoyant particles and upward-

swimming zooplankton will

accumulate over downwelling

zones

Langmuir Cells

Langmuir Cells Internal Waves

Underwater

waves

propagated

along the

thermocline

Generated by

overflow over

rough

topography

Much greater

amplitude than

surface waves

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Satellite image of internal wave Deep sea scattering layer: Composite echogram of hydroacoustic data showing a distinct krill scattering layer. Black line represents surface tracking of a blue whale feeding

patchiness

Plankton Tow

Aiea High School students aboard the Honu Kai

Red Tides, or Harmful Algal Blooms

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Red Tides are actually Harmful Algal Blooms, or simply Algal Blooms.

Algal blooms are not always red, can also be green, brown, orange, or even not pigmented at all.

Red Tides have little to no relation to actual ocean tides.

Many different species and organisms can cause the phenomenon, and there is no single cause.

Image: http://drake.marin.k12.ca.us/stuwork/ROCKwater/PLANKTON/redtide.jpg

Algal Blooms

http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/lstokey/2005/1/v43n2-anderson4en_5499.jpg

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TUGAS

BUAT KLASIFIKASI, MORFOLOGI, HABITAT, DAN HAL HAL YANG TERKAIT

NPM Ganjil Fitoplankton

NPM Genap Zooplankton

Masing-masing 5 spesies

Lengkapi dengan gambar

BUAT KLIPING TENTANG RED TIDE DAN HARMFUL ALGA BLOOM

DIKUMPULKAN MINGGU DEPAN