EARLY METAL AGE

Morales, TerePanganiban, MicolSantos, KimSibayan, Justine RuthTigas, Anna ShielaPre-Colonial PhilippinesCultural Evolution of the Early FilipinosHistorians believed that during the Pleistocene epoch, the first settlers of the Philippines came from the present-day islands of the Malay Archipelago.Paleolithic hunters may have followed the herds of wild animal across these land bridges to the Philippine Islands.Austro-Melanesian people who are distinctively small with dark skin and curly brown hair were believed by some western historians as the aborigines of the Philippines.Mainland Origin HypothesisBy Peter Bellwood of Australian National University and K.C. Chang of Harvard University.Stated that the early inhabitants originated from South China and Taiwan.From there they spread southward and westward reaching Northern Philippines by about 5000 B.C. to 4000 B.C.Island Origin HypothesisBy Wilhelm Solheim II of the University of Hawaii.Believes that the prehistoric people originated and dispersed from an island in Southeast Asia.

The Old Stone Age or Paleolithic PeriodThis is the era of crude stone tools and weapons.In the Philippines, it was believed to have started in Cagayan Valley.Kind of toolsCore tools if the remaining core itself is used as a tool.Pebble tools those rounded stones likes those found in the riverbeds.Cobble tools if the rounded stone is larger.Flake tools skillfully edged and shaped.

Kind of Stone tools

Pebble Stones

Core StonesKind of Stone tools

Flake StonesCobble Stones

Method of CookingKinilaw the earliest method of preparing fish for consumption where vinegar or lime juice enhances the taste of the fish.In Mindanao, they used the juice of the Tabon-tabon (Hydrophytune orbiculatum), a green fruit, is added to remove the fishy smell.In Cebu and Leyte, they used Coconut Milk.New Stone Age or Neolithic Periodwas characterized by new types of stone tools.By Anthropologists, it was also known as Agricultural Revolution where root crops like taro (gabi), yam (ubi) were among the important crops.Rice farming was also developed.The discovery of fire made a great impact in the lifestyle of people.Fire DiscoveryProduction of baked clay potsManufacture of pottery was made possible by a process called Kilning.Preparation of food:GrillingBoiling

Burial, Funerary offering or PabaonThey include clothes, food, and weapons.the dead will use these materials when he sojourns towards the soul worldOther cover the faces of the dead with thin sheaths of gold to prevent bad spirit from entering the body.Bones washing and bone dipping with materials like sappan wood or red dye wood and hematite (iron ore) for protection from decay.Manunggul JarNow at the National Museum.It is an example of funerary vessel dating between 890 B.C. and 710 B.C.Now considered a National Cultural Treasure of the Philippines.

Early Metal Agestarted 500 B.C.

tools & weapons were made of metal which replaced stone tools.

Copper was the first metal to be used.

Early Metal AgeJEWELRYConsists mainly of beads like:JadeStonesGlassShellsSeedsTwigs & StemsReeds of plants created into necklaces & other ornamentsDeveloped Iron AgeIron tools were recovered in Luzon ( Bulacan, Batangas & Rizal Areas)Early Filipinos made metal implements like:

Knives

Sumpak( Blowgun)Developed Iron Age

Kalikot ( used for poundingnuts into powder )

GongAge of ContactStarted 500-1400 A.D.Filipino contacts with other countries became intensified.Period of trading relations with neighboring islands, mostly Asian Traders.Balangay was used for maritime trading.First boat had a carbon-date of 320.Second boat had a date of 1250 A.D.Age of ContactMalay principal language of SouthEast Asian commerce.Upa ( Payment )Lako ( Peddle )Gusali ( Hall )Tunay ( Real) Hard CashBiyaya ( Grace ) DisbursementAge of ContactBaybayin erroneously called alibata - consisted of 3 vowels & 4 consonants - writing instrument known as sipol. ( sharp pointed iron ) - natives engraved words on Bamboo shafts, wooden boards, leaves of plants, pottery & metal.Age of ContactCustoms & Traditions of Filipinos with Hindu Influence:Putting of fresh flower garland around the neck of the visitor.Giving of Bigaykaya ( Dowry )Throwing of rice grains to the newlywedsAge of ContactLinguistic Influence of ChinaAte ( Older Sister )Kuya ( Older Brother )Suki ( Friend )Gunting ( Scissors )Hiya ( Shame )Pakyaw ( Wholesale )Susi ( Key )13th CenturyJapan was said to have traded with the Philippines based from early historical records of Ryukyu.Japanese Wakos sailed to orient waters and many of them were able to reach Philippine Archipelago.They taught our people some industries such as manufacture of arms & tools and tanning of deerskins.14th CenturyMuslim traders from Malaysia brought Islam ( submission to the will of God )Tuan Mashaika brought Islamic faith in Sulu.KarimUl Makhdum after converting the sultan and people in Malacca, he went to Sulu and began missionary work. He built a house for religious worship ( Mosque ).16th CenturyMore Muslims migrated into the archipelago.The islamic conquest of Mindanao was attributed to the legendary Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan.He married a native princess and converted the inhabitants to Islam.17th CenturyArtistic expressions of Muslims:Tausug Kris a zigzag type of sword - not only used as weapon but also considered as great works of arts.

17th CenturySarimanok Developed by Maranaos - A bird or rooster holding a fish in its claws.

Traditional Filipino CommunitiesSocial stratification system of Pre-Colonial Filipino community organization based on wealth, power and prestige.The ranks were:Datu (chieftain) ruled the baranggay. He exercised administrative, legislative, judicial power.Maharlika were the descendants of mixed marriages between the ruling dynasty and one out of power.Timagua enjoyed their rights to a portion of baranggay land. Their normal obligation was agricultural labor.Alipin was a man indebted to another. He inherits the debt of his parents

Traditional Filipino Communities (cont.)Gintubo if a person born alipin, he inherits the debts of his parents.2 kinds of AlipinAliping Namamahay alipin with land rights (householder). He came at his masters call to work on the fields and do other services.Aliping sagigilid were member of the masters household who ate from their masters pot. They may be transferred to another creditor at any moment and may be rewarded at their masters pleasure. Umalohokan a baranggay crier.

TerminologiesAnito concepts to honor ancestors.Umalagad the Visayans called their ancestor spirit.Diwatas dwell in natureBul-ul signifying as ancestral spirits gods.Bathala or Abba the supreme God of the TagalogsLumawig the creator and preserver of lifeKabunian dwells in the 5th region of the universeLakambini god of the throatBibit offered food for good healthLakambacod guard of the cropsLakapati god of the fieldsRituals and Musical InstrumentsRituals and ceremonies to appease the different divinities were celebrated customarily by the people, ranging from simple to complex performance of rites appropriate for the occasion. There are also musical instruments which played by our natives.

TerminologiesPatipat an Ifugao ritual performed by the menfolk of the community to drive away bad spirits. Baki starts at the crack of dawn.Paniwata celebrated for thanksgiving and healers. Maganito month-long celebration of putting lights to several poles. Kudyapi Tagalog guitarKaleleng Tinggian nose fluteBabandil Maguindanao gongKulintang Muslim xylophoneSilbay Ilocano reed fluteSuracan Subanum cymbalTambuli Trumpet made from carabao horn

Early Filipino Weights and MeasureTalaro kind of balance with scaleKaban 25 gantasSalop one gantaKaguitna one-half gantaGatang one chupa

Early Filipino Length MeasurementDipa the length of the outstretched arms.Tumuro the length between the tip of the thumb and the fore finger extended.Sandamak the width of the hand with the five finger pressed together.Sandali the width of the one finger

Ancient Songs and DanceIt exhibited varied emotions, with themes about love, war, labor, religion and death.Example of this are:Ayeg-klu Igorot serenade songTagumpay Tagalog song of victoryBactal Tagbanua songTadub Agusan harvest song.Ethnic dances had been part of the culture. Their dances in connection with their beliefs in spirits, thanksgiving and healing, courtship.Thank you !!Have a nice dayGod Bless