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INDIAPeople and Economy

Textbook in Geography for Class XII

AUTHORS.K. SHARMA

EDITORR.P. MISHRA

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List of Illustrations and Maps

India: Physical

India: Administrative Divisions, 2001

1.1. India: State-wise Distribution of Area and Population(in percentage), 2001 2

1.2. India: Density of Population, 2001 4

1.3. India: Decadal Growth of Population, 1901-2001 8

1.4. India: Growth of Population, 1991-2001 10

1.5. Proportion of In-migrants in India, 1991 12

2.1. India: Urbanisation, 2001 16

2.2. India: Age and Sex Structure, 1991 17

2.3. India: Sex Ratio in India and Selected Countries, 2001 18

2.4. Sex Ratio in India, 1901-2001 18

2.5. India: Sex Ratio, 2001 19

3.1. Distribution of Scheduled Caste Population in India, 1991 25

3.2. India: Distribution of Scheduled Tribe Population, 1991 27

4.1. India: State-wise Distribution of Literacy, 2001 36

4.2. India: State-wise Distribution of Female Literacy, 2001 37

4.3. India: Incidence of Poverty, 1999-2000 40

5.1. India: Distribution of Rural Population according toVillage Size, 1991 45

5.2. Patterns of Villages: Rectangular, L-shaped, Square-shaped,Checker Board, Hollow-rectangular, Hollow-square shaped 46

5.3. Patterns of Villages: Circular, Polygonal, Hollow Circular,

Radial, Horse Shoe Shaped, String Pattern 485.4. Patterns of Villages: Double Village, Fragmented,

Elongated, Fan-shaped, Fortified, Amorphous 49

6.1. Class-wise Distribution of Urban Population of India, 2001 54

6.2. Metropolitan Cities of India, 2001 56

7.1. Interaction between Human, Culture and Environment(After Zimmermann) 61

7.2. Resource Endowments in High and Low Level Cultures 61

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7.3. Classification of Resources (After B. Goodall, 1987) 62

7.4. Classes of Resources after Renner 63

8.1. Utilisation of Potential Ground Water 69

8.2. India: Water Scarcity Area 70

8.3. India: Net Sown Area under Irrigation, 1997-98 72

8.4. Net Area under Irrigation by Sources 73

8.5. Water Harvesting: 77(a) Recharge Through Hand Pump(b) Recharge Through Abandoned Dug Well

(c) Recharge Through Trench(d) Section of Cement Nala Bund

8.6. Watershed Development Model of Sukhomajri, Haryana 78

9.1. India: Land Use 1950-51 and 1998-99 81

9.2. India: Pattern of Net Sown Areas, 1998-99 82

9.3. India: Intensity of Cropping 83

9.4. India: Rice Growing Areas 87

9.5. India: Wheat Growing Areas 89

9.6. India: Sugarcane Producing Areas 92

9.7. India: Tea and Coffee Growing Areas 949.8. India: Cotton and Jute Growing Areas 96

10.1. India: Coal Fields 103

10.2. India: Oil Refineries 107

10.3. (a) India: Installed Capacity of Electricity, 1998-99 112(b) India: Gross Generation of Electricity, 1998-99 112

10.4. India: Consumption of Electricity in Percentage, 1999-2000 113

10.5. India: Nuclear and Thermal Power Plants 117

11.1. India: Iron and Steel Plants 123

11.2. India: Cotton Textile Industry 127

11.3. India: Software Technology Parks 131

11.4. India: Industrial Regions 133

13.1. India: Super Highways 150

13.2. India: National Highways 151

13.3. India: Distribution of Railways 154

14.1. India: Major Ports 167

14.2. India: Air Routes 169

vi

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CONTENTS

LISTOFILLUSTRATIONSANDMAPS v

1. Population: Distribution and Growth 1

2. Population Composition 14

3. Social and Cultural Attributes of Population 23

4. Human Development 32

5. Rural Settlements 43

6. Urban Settlements 52

7. Natural Resources : Theoretical Background 60

8. Water Resources 67

9. Agriculture 80

10. Mineral and Power Resources 100

11. Manufacturing Industries 119

12. Development Planning 139

13. Transport and Communication Network 148

14. International Trade 160

15. Poverty and Environmental Degradation 171

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