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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Seismic Navigation GISStudent presentation GEG2230
Didrik Lilja, May 13, 2014
Student presentation GEG2230 1 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 2 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 3 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Seismic DataFrom listening to echoes
DefinitionRelating to or denoting geological surveying
methodsinvolving vibrations produced artificially by
explosions:seismic data show the deep structure of rift
systems.
Oxford dictionaries1
Used as a tool for oil and gas exploration, but also foracademic
research, and possibly for CO2 storage in the future.
1http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/seismic
Student presentation GEG2230 4 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 5 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Towed marine seismic data acquisition2
Figure : Seismic reflections, courtesy
ofdeliveryimages.acm.org
Figure : Overlap-ping commonmid-points (CDP),courtesy of
ExcessGeophysics.
2also referred to as marine seismicStudent presentation GEG2230
6 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Pre-plots and seismic linesThe prospect area sailing routes
Seismic lines
Lines confined to apreplot polygon
Parallel lines Line change with
180 deg turns
Lines organized inswaths (chunks)
Figure : Preplot polygon, courtsey of survOPT
Student presentation GEG2230 7 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Marine seismic equipmentSources, cables, navigation
equipment++
Student presentation GEG2230 8 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Marine seismic data sectionOne section per cable
Student presentation GEG2230 9 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 10 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Typical cable configurationsThe more cables, the more data
sections
2-D surveys
1 towed cable Sparse line coverage Long lines
3-D surveys
6-14 towed cables Dense line coverage Short lines Frequent line
changes
4-D surveys
Time-lapse monitoring Replicating 3-D survey Tight specs
Multi-vessel surveys
Student presentation GEG2230 11 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Typical 3-D layout: 12x8000 m cables, 100 m sep.
Figure : Seismic layout footprint on Oslo, using Google earth
and .kmz file fromSurvOPT.
Student presentation GEG2230 12 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Marine seismic survey classifications
Modern acquisition lines
Seismic imaging improves with more illumination angles,
asprovided by modern acquisition techniques. These techniqueshave
complex navigation:
Crossing lines Overlapping lines Coil lines Extended
sourcereceiver distances Often multi-vessel operations
Student presentation GEG2230 13 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Marine seismic survey classificationsModern illumination
techniques
Figure : Various illumination angles, Courtesy of ENI
Student presentation GEG2230 14 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Marine seismic survey classificationsCoil line shooting
Figure : Coil line acquisition has no line changes, courtesy of
WesternGeco.
Student presentation GEG2230 15 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 16 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 17 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Data recording is tied to navigation
Seismic data production
Currents can cause drifting on cables (feathering) and/orimpacts
the vessel speed over ground.
Data quality depends on positioning and coverage:
SNR(n) SNR(1)
n
n is the no of recordings
SNR is the signal-to-noise for a CMP gather
Data and positioning depends on navigation. Data is merged and
stored with navigation positioning
data.
Student presentation GEG2230 18 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Data recording is tied to navigation
Seismic data production
Currents can cause drifting on cables (feathering) and/orimpacts
the vessel speed over ground.
Data quality depends on positioning and coverage:
SNR(n) SNR(1)
n
n is the no of recordings
SNR is the signal-to-noise for a CMP gather
Data and positioning depends on navigation. Data is merged and
stored with navigation positioning
data.
Student presentation GEG2230 18 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Seismic Navigation SystemA real-time GIS
Production coordinates
DGPS at vessel antennaand cable tail buoys.
Acoustic communicationin a network of modulesattached to the
cables.
Figure : Courtesy of NationalOceanography Center,[3].
Student presentation GEG2230 19 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
In-fillsPatching of CMP coverage holes
Loss of CMP coverage
Cables may drift outside of their preplot-assigned bins,
besidesthe possility of unacceptably noisy data, which calls for
in-fillline patching.
Student presentation GEG2230 20 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Navigation constraints and challenges
A long list...
Sea environmental (tides, cross-currents, head/tail current)
Areas restrictions (shoals, protected areas, obstructions, marine
mammals) Acquisition type (conventional, wide azimuth, rich
azimuth, multi-azimuth,
coil)
Vessel-operational (multi-vessel coordination, planned
downtime,time-sharing)
Turn rate (tension, depth control)
The remedy
Good navigation planning and monitoring
Student presentation GEG2230 21 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Downtime, line changes and in-fills are costlyNavigation GIS is
key to productivity
Student presentation GEG2230 22 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 23 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Real-time monitoringInformation for steering
Figure : SeaPro Nav GIS navigation system, courtesy of
Sercel.
Student presentation GEG2230 24 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Real-time monitoringOn-line steering
Vessel and equipment steering
Real-time monitoring ensures
Data quality: Better coverage and positioning Safety: Avoid
collisions and cable tangles Productivity: Optimal sailing courses,
also in conjunction
with downtime
DowntimeThe vessel needs to sail at a minimum speed to keep
theequipment afloat. Bad weather, causing too high noise levelson
the data recordings, will force the vessel to circling aroundwhen
riding the storm off. The same thing happens in casesof unexpected
downtime events.
Student presentation GEG2230 25 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Equipment steeringLateral and depth controllers
Figure : eBird - Seismic cable control, courtesy of
Kongsberg
Student presentation GEG2230 26 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 27 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Minimizing time spend for line changePre-survey planning
Deciding on the preplot
Fixed polygon boundaries Lines in swaths Line direction matters
Aim for fewer and longer
lines Fewer linechanges
No of lines vs. vesselconfiguration
Student presentation GEG2230 28 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Plan for maintenance downtimeMaintenance during e.g. swath
changes
Student presentation GEG2230 29 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Plan for avoiding obstructions
Student presentation GEG2230 30 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Outline
I BackgroundI Marine AcquisitionI Survey Classifications
I Seismic navigationI Data productionI MonitoringI Planning for
non-production timeI Minimizing the amount of in-fills
Student presentation GEG2230 31 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Optimized in-fill line sequenceOn-site decisions and back-office
support planning
Student presentation GEG2230 32 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Fresnel zone
Fresnel zone reflection
Vertical resolutiongoverned by dominantwavelength : 4 is
thehighest possibleresolution
The vertical resolutionaffects the horizontalresolution to cause
aFresnel zone reflection
Fresnel zone width:
w =
2d +
2
4 Figure : Courtesy of University ofWisconsin-Madison
Student presentation GEG2230 33 / 35
-
SeismicNavigation
GIS
Background
MarineAcquisition
SurveyClassifications
Seismicnavigation
Data production
Monitoring
Planning fornon-productiontime
Minimizing theamount of in-fills
Saving in-fills with Fresnel zone binning
Fresnel zone binning
Improves the monitoringof CDP coverage, as usedin (ray trace)
processing
Navigation-integrated Saves in-fills Provides better
positioning
Figure : Facsimile from a FZB service brochure,courtesy of
Fugro-Geoteam.
Student presentation GEG2230 34 / 35
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SeismicNavigation
GIS
Appendix
For FurtherReading
Some references
SurvOPTTM
Marine seismic project
optimizationhttp://www.survopt.com/Marine-seismic-software-features.html
Lecture notesDepartment of Geoscience, University
ofWisconsin-Madisonhttp://www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g594/Lectures/L15_
SeismicReflectionII.pdf
How seismic surveys workCourtesy of National Oceanography
Centerhttp://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/nmfss/nmep/seismic-exploration
Student presentation GEG2230 35 / 35
http://www.survopt.com/Marine-seismic-software-features.htmlhttp://www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g594/Lectures/L15_SeismicReflectionII.pdfhttp://www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g594/Lectures/L15_SeismicReflectionII.pdfhttp://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/nmfss/nmep/seismic-exploration
BackgroundMarine AcquisitionSurvey Classifications
Seismic navigationData productionMonitoringPlanning for
non-production timeMinimizing the amount of in-fills
Appendix
