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DEFINATION

In medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea(see spelling differences), isfrequent loose or liquid bowel movements, The word "diarrhea" with itsodd spelling is a near steal from the Greek "diarrhoia" meaning "aflowing through." [1].Acutediarrhea is a common cause of death in

developing countriesand the second most common cause of infantdeathsworldwide

Diarrhoea is the passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day,

or more frequently than is normal for the individual. It is usually a

symptom of gastrointestinal infection, which can be caused by avariety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. Infection is spread

through contaminated food or drinking-water, or from person to

person as a result of poor hygiene.

Severe diarrhoea leads to fluid loss, and may be life-threatening,

particularly in young children and people who are malnourished or haveim aired immunit .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine

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auses Diarrhea commonly results from gastroenteritiscaused by

viralinfections,parasitesor bacterialtoxins.[2]In sanitaryliving conditions where there is ample food and a supply ofclean water, an otherwise healthy patient usually recoversfrom viral infections in a few days. However, for ill ormalnourished individuals diarrhea can lead to severedehydrationand can become life-threatening withouttreatment.[3]

Diarrhea can also be a symptom of more serious diseases,such as dysentery, cholera, or botulism, and can also beindicative of a chronic syndrome such as Cohn's diseaseorsevere mushroom poisoningsyndromes. Though

appendicitispatients do not generally have violent diarrhea,it is a common symptom of a ruptured appendix. It is alsoan effect of severe radiation sickness.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis

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Types of diarrhea

There are at least four types of diarrhea:

secretory diarrhea, osmotic diarrhea,

motility-related diarrhea, and inflammatory

diarrhea.

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Secretory diarrhea

Secretory diarrhea means that there is an

increase in the active secretion, or there is an

inhibition of absorption. There is little to nostructural damage. The most common cause of

this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that

stimulates the secretion of anions, especially

chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a chargebalance in the lumen, sodium is carried with it,

along with water.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)

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Osmotic diarrhea

Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into thebowels. This can be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreaticdisease or Coeliac disease), in which the nutrients are left in thelumen to pull in water. Osmotic diarrhea can also be caused byosmotic laxatives(which work to alleviate constipationby drawingwater into the bowels). In healthy individuals, too much magnesium

or vitamin Cor undigested lactosecan produce osmotic diarrheaand distention of the bowel. A person who does not have lactoseintolerancecan have difficulty absorbing lactose after anextraordinarily high intake of dairy products. In persons who do nothave fructose malabsorption, excess fructose intake can still causediarrhea. High-fructose foods that also have a high glucose contentare more absorbable and less likely to cause diarrhea. Sugaralcohols such as sorbitol (often found in sugar-free foods) aredifficult for the body to absorb and, in large amounts, may lead toosmotic diarrhea.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose_malabsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose_malabsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

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Motility-related diarrhea

Motility-related diarrhea is caused by the rapidmovement of food through the intestines(hypermotility). If the food moves too quickly

through the GI tract, there is not enough time forsufficient nutrients and water to be absorbed.This can be due to a vagotomyor diabeticneuropathy, or a complication of menstruation.Hyperthyroidismcan produce hypermotility andlead to pseudodiarrheaand occasionally realdiarrhea. Diarrhea can be treated withantimotility agents (such as loperamide).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodiarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodiarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagotomy

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Inflammatory diarrhea

Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there isdamage to the mucosal lining or brush border,which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich

fluids, and a decreased ability to absorb theselost fluids. Features of all three of the other typesof diarrhea can be found in this type of diarrhea.It can be caused by bacterial infections, viralinfections, parasitic infections, or autoimmuneproblems such as inflammatory bowel diseases.It can also be caused by tuberculosis, coloncancer, and enteritis.

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Dysentery

Generally, if there is blood visible in the

stools, it is not diarrhea, but dysentery.

The blood is trace of an invasion of bowel

tissue. Dysentery is caused by an excessof water by a release of antidiuretic

hormone from the posterior pituitary gland.

Dysentery is a symptom of, among others,Shigella, Entamoeba Histolytica, and

Salmonella.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entamoeba_histolyticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entamoeba_histolyticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery

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Infectious diarrhea

Main article: Infectious diarrhea

Infectious diarrheais diarrhea caused by a

microbesuch as a bacterium, parasite, or

virus.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea

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Treatment

In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost

fluid and salts is the only treatment

needed, either ORS(if tolerated) or

intravenously. Medicines that are availablewithout a doctor's prescription include

loperamide(Imodium) and bismuth

subsalicylate(as found in Pepto Bismoland Kaopectate).[9]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenouslyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepto-Bismolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaopectatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaopectatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepto-Bismolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenouslyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy