Prof. Imasiku A. Nyambe, Coordinator IWRM Centre

UNZA IWRM CENTRE

WATER FOR A GROWING WATER FOR A GROWING CITY: CITY:

A CASE OF LUSAKATHE CAPITAL OF ZAMBIA

FORMAT OF PRESENTATIONFORMAT OF PRESENTATION

2. Challenges of Lusaka:Peri-Urban (PU) areas in Zambia

1. Introduction: SADC level

3. Response Options

4. Conclusion

1. Introduction

WATER FOR A GROWING CITY WATER FOR A GROWING CITY A CASE OF LUSAKA

THE CAPITAL OF ZAMBIA

Major River Basins of Southern Africa - 14 SADC

Source: Satellite Image: USGS MODIS, 28 December, 2001Rivers and Dams: FAO Atlas of Water Resources and Irrigation in Africa – Aquasat, FAO 2001Ramsar Sites: Ramsar 2003: www.ramsar.org

ECONOMY: Agriculture is the most important economic activity and the biggest water consumer (~80%)

In terms of INFRASTRUCTURE: Note # DAMS

DRIVERS OF CHANGE

Table 1: Basic SADC Demographic and Economic Information

Country Population

Million

ExportsUS$

billion

ImportsUS$

billion

GDPUS$

billion

GDP / Capita

Literacy

Malawi 11.5 0.37(2003)

0.60(2003)

2.277(2003)

US$ 198 (2003)

58%

Mozambique

18.1 0.84(2002)

1.3(2002)

3.492(2002)

US$ 193 (2002)

28 %

Namibia 1.8 1.28(2002)

1.32(2002)

2.82(2002)

US$ 1667 (2001)

81% (above 15 years)

Tanzania 33.6 1.68 (2002)

1.93 (2002)

9.74 (2002)

US$ 266 (2002)

84 % (1997)

Zambia 10.7 1.0 (2003)

1.60 (2003)

4.34 (2003)

US$ 392 (2003)

67% (2000 Census)

Zimbabwe 11.6 2.0 (2002)

2.32 (2002)

22.0 (2002)

US$ 1891 (2002)

88% (1999 )

The member states vary significantly in terms of size and composition of their economies, and population size (Table 1 – 1995 SADC Website data).

40%

Table 2: Climatic variety in the SADC regionCountry Climate Annual Precipitation

(mm)

Malawi Lowlands - hot, humid, tropicalPlateau - cooler tropical

1800 to 760North to south

Mozambique

Tropical 400 to 1200

Namibia North - semi aridSouth- desert

200 to 50030 to 150

Tanzania Tropical 400 to 1400

Zambia Tropical 1300 - north500 to 750 – south

Zimbabwe Northeast – tropicalSouthwest – semi arid

1300 - east400 – west

Climate-wise, the SADC region is very large and has a very varied range of climatic conditions from tropical with an annual rainfall in excess of 2000 mm to desert conditions with no appreciable rainfall (Table 2).

In terms of water availability, SADC

Water is usually found in one of three forms:

• There is either too much,• Or there is too little,• Or it is too dirty”

We could also add that water is often:

• Out of sight (underground), or

• Someone else’s property

Variable, Extreme Events, Risks

Frequent droughts, often “broken” by devastating

floods

Effluent contamination and water-borne diseases

Kanyama Floods, 1978

Rapid population growth (Urbanisation) is a major concern and will continue to affect the economic development of SADC member states (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1: Population Growth and Water Availability in the SADC

Source: SADC, IUCN, SARDC, World Bank, Sida. Defining and Mainstreaming Sustainability in Water Resources Management in Southern Africa, 2002. p.38

Water Available per Person in 2002 and 2025

500 10000

Kilometres

N 2025

500 10000

Kilometres

N

2002

Water security

Adequate water

Water stress

Chronic scarcity

Access to an Improved Water Source – 2003

500 10000

Kilometres

N

Urban500 10000

Kilometres

NRural

76 – 100 %

51 – 75 %

26 – 50 %

0 – 25 %

Data Sources:

• UNAIDS, 2004

• World Factbook, 2004 (Updated 2 Nov. 2004)

• World Population Data Sheet, 2004

500 10000

Kilometres

N6 - 10 %

10 - 15 %

15 - 20 %

20 - 30 %

> 30 %

0 - 5 %

Adult (Age 15-49) HIV/AIDS Prevalence Dec. 2003

Cross-Cutting Issues

Where 3 constituencies are predominantly made of unplanned settlements of the city.

Similar examples 3 SADC cities of Dar-Es-Salaam, Harare, & Maputo.

This is a case of WATER FOR A GROWING This is a case of WATER FOR A GROWING CITY : an example of CITY : an example of LUSAKA

THE CAPITAL OF ZAMBIA

Zambia is a land-locked country in Southern Africa with an area of 752,620 square kilometers.

Administratively it is divided into nine provinces with 72 districts (Government of Zambia; 2002) with a total population of 9.8 million in 2000; 11.7million in 2006.

Zambia has six main catchment areas Four major

rivers

Four natural lakes

Extensive swamps

Flood plains

Shared watercourse systems e.g. ZRB

Rivers and Lakes

Surface Water Quantity

River System Basin area

km2

Appr Water

Mean d. disch. mm3/d

Zambezi 268235 25 % 59.9

Kafue 156995 13 % 29.7

Luangwa 144358 24 % 57.1

Chambeshi 44427 11 % 23.9

Luapula 113323 28 % 54.1

Tanganyika 15856 4 % 10.0

Zambia has generally sufficient surface water to meet the present and future demands.

The total surface water potential is estimated to be 237 million m3/day, distributed among major rivers as shown. (JICA, 1995)

However surface water is not available all over the country, especially the southern and western provinces depends largely on groundwater.

Groundwater Quantity and Distribution per Province

Province Renewable Annual

Rescharge

Central 7.7 x 109 m3/y

Copperbelt 2.6

Eastern 6.1

Luapula 3.9

Lusaka 1.5

Northern 11.5

North-Western 11.4

Southern 5.7

Western 7.0

Total 57.5

The total average GW recharge estimated at 57.5 X 10 9 m3/year equivalent to 78 mm/year (JICA, 1995).

Daily abstraction of 157 million m3/day.

Representing about 8% of the total mean annual rainfall.

GW distribution is very variable - Table.

Copper contamination along Stream sediments – Copperbelt, Zambia

Konkola Mine

Mufulira

Nkana MChibuluma M

Chambishi M

Nchanga M

Challenges of Lusaka

Comprises: Urban area, Peri-urban areas and farm plots

WATER REQUIREMENT

- Industrial- Industrial- - Agriculture Agriculture - - DomesticDomestic

Water demand is a critical factor for LusakaWater demand is a critical factor for Lusaka

Present demand depends on two main water sources Present demand depends on two main water sources ::

What are the future water sources ?What are the future water sources ?

The main categories of competing usersThe main categories of competing users

Lusaka Water & Sewerage Company Ltd (LWSC)

Private residential plots, small holdings & industrial sites

1. Groundwater: (Karstic carbonate & schist aquifers)2. Surface Water (Kafue River 50Km & streams on the Plateau)

LUSAKA WATER AND SEWERAGE LUSAKA WATER AND SEWERAGE COMPANY LTDCOMPANY LTD

Abstracts about 50% from aquifers in Lusaka urban Abstracts about 50% from aquifers in Lusaka urban and adjacent areas.and adjacent areas.

About 50% treated water comes from Kafue RiversAbout 50% treated water comes from Kafue Rivers

Distributes water to about 40% of Lusaka Plateau.Distributes water to about 40% of Lusaka Plateau.

Current abstraction is estimated to be in the range of 50.265 × 106m3 year-1 to 65.385 × 106m3 year-1, which is already well over the annual recharge of 45.44 × 106m3 year-1 at 8% of the annual rainfall.

PRIVATE PLOTS, SMALL HOLDINGS & PRIVATE PLOTS, SMALL HOLDINGS & INDUSTRIAL SITESINDUSTRIAL SITES

About 90% depend on groundwater About 90% depend on groundwater (Boreholes & hand dug wells)(Boreholes & hand dug wells)

Water is used for domestic, agriculture Water is used for domestic, agriculture and industrial purposesand industrial purposes

Boreholes are constructed every yearBoreholes are constructed every year

THE SPOON OF PIPED WATER does NOT THE SPOON OF PIPED WATER does NOT extend to the Peri-Urban areasextend to the Peri-Urban areas

Lusaka Lusaka

Population 1964 - Population 1964 - 196,000 196,000

Population 2006 - 1.5 millionPopulation 2006 - 1.5 millionPopulation Growth: Population Growth:

(a)(a) After Independence – free movementAfter Independence – free movement

(b)(b) mostly attributed to rural-urban migration especially mostly attributed to rural-urban migration especially of the youth in search of employment and of the youth in search of employment and

(c)(c) an influx of retirees and retrenched workers from an influx of retirees and retrenched workers from privatized mines and other companies. privatized mines and other companies.

(d)(d) 60-70% of this population settled in more than 33 60-70% of this population settled in more than 33 high-density unplanned settlements or peri-urban high-density unplanned settlements or peri-urban areas of Lusaka.areas of Lusaka.

2. CHALLENGE: Peri-Urban (PU) areas in Zambia

JICA (2001:1) defines peri-urban areas as unplanned urban settlements that are disorderly developed mainly due to the rapidly increasing population.

There are 372 peri-urban areas in Zambia; only 191 (51%) of these are legalized (GKW Group, 2006).

In Lusaka, there are 33 of them including Chaisa, Ngombe, Kalingalinga, Mtendere and George. Others are Kanyama, Chipata, Kamanga, Kalikiliki, Misisi, Chawama, Jack Compound, Mandevu

Table 3: Peri - Urban Characteristic features

1. Informal or formal settlements of unplanned origin: This unplanned nature is a hinderance to up-grading of services in the areas as it does not afford an easy layout of piped network in order to achieve desired higher levels of service (household connections) of 100% coverage.

Chawama Comp

Misisi Comp

Table 3: Peri - Urban Characteristic features 2. High density low cost housing units:

3. Severe service deficiencies (poor infrastructure):

4. Unprotected wells, boreholes & dilapidated small piped water networks as main water sources: Most of the PU areas, particularly in Lusaka, are located in low flat areas, which are discharge areas and as such they have high water table often sitting on excellent aquifer systems.

5. Poor water quality and supply: e.g “Too Numerous to Count (TNTC) (Zulu and Nyambe, 2001).

6. Poor public health with high disease prevalence: water borne diseases such as cholera.

7. High population density and growth rate: For example Kanyama with 198,686 people has a higher population compared to Kabwe with 176,758 (CSO, 2000), a planned municipality with WSS network. In planning coverage

8. High unemployment levels: The unemployment levels are highest among the youth.

9. Low income levels:

10. High illiteracy levels:

11.Sizeable number of skilled and talented human resource in various disciplines: Most of the retirees from formal employment find their new homes in PU areas.

Table 3: Peri - Urban Characteristic features (CNTD.)

12. Strong social, economic and religious activities:

13. Important market for goods and services:

14. Strong platform for political activities:

15. Poor sanitation with traditional pit latrine as the main type:

16. Haphazard solid waste and solid waste disposal:

17. High number of vulnerable groups (orphaned, elderly, physically challenged including HIV/Aids patients):

18. High mobility level: general migration of rural population in search of employment, there is a high level of in and out migration from PU areas.

19. Lack of social structure, strong community based organizations & governing bodies: PU areas lack the social structure based upon traditional leadership and traditional institutions as well as strong community based organizations.

20. High levels of vandalism: Due to high poverty levels, there is a high level of vandalism in PU areas and some large ones in large towns, a high level of crime exists.

21. ……………………………………………………………………………

Table 3: Peri - Urban Characteristic features (CNTD.)

2.2 Water Supply and Sanitation

Peri-Urban areas in Zambia are faced with several challenges in the provision of water and sanitation

One major challenge in Lusaka is the need to meet the demand for safe and adequate potable water, as well as the need to provide access to adequate sanitation for inter- alia so as to meet Lusaka's ever rapidly increasing population.

Hydrogeology and geology map of the Lusaka area. The position of the

Kanyama settlement is indicated. Modified from Nyambe and Maseka, 2000.

Flow towards NW (mainly), SW and NE.

Kanyama population has grown to over 198,000 people

Some of these areas are used as dump sites for both liquid and solid waste disposal

WDM ZAMBIA STUDY - RESULTS

Lack of sanitation facilities: mostly in form of Toilets with limited sewer facilities e.g. Lusaka peri-urban sitting on Karstic aquifer

Completed Toilet

Kanyama is NOT on sewer line but it is depended on pit latrines commonly constructed to follow the hollows created by karstic solutions during the development of the Karstic dolomite (marble) aquifer.

Toilet under construction

Karstic feature

4.Kanyama is depended on this Groundwater through shallow wells as there are few lines for piped-water

Community involvement is Key to success

WDM ZAMBIA STUDY - RESULTS

Threats to Quality comes from wastewater discharges, agriculture, deforestation, industry and mining e.g GW Quality in KanyamaTownship – Shallow Wells

Examples of Cost from Treating Cholera Patients – Money Spent on

unbudgeted for Health Costs•Lusaka District had treated 739 Cholera cases last year 2004

•The average hospitalization length for 1 patient for rehydration and treatment was 5 days

•The cost to treat one cholera patient successfully is US$450 for 5 days including staff overtime •For 739 patients X US$450 = US$332,550

Table 4: Summary of Access to Safe Water Supply in Zambia, 1990 – 2005

1990 2000 2005

Population(‘000)

Coverage(%)

Population(‘000)

Coverage(%)

Population(‘000)

Coverage(%)

Zambia

7,759 73 9,886 49.1 11,563,212

53

Urban 2,949 85 3,433 86.1 4,025,010

86

Rural 4,810 58 6,452 29.5 7,538,202

37

CSO, 2000. Zambia in Figures; CSO, 2004. Selected Socio-economic Indicators; CSO, 2004. Population Projections Report.

Baseline Study completed in June 2006 indicates that in urban (including peri-urban) areas, water coverage is only adequate for about 50% clearly raising concerns on Zambia’s ability to attain the MDG by 2015.

Table 5: Summary of Access to Sanitation in Zambia, 1990-20051990* 2000* 2005**

Population(‘000)

Coverage(%)

Population(‘000)

Coverage(%)

Population(‘000)

Coverage(%)

Zambia

7,75923

9,88614.9

11,56323

Urban 2,949 54 3,433 39.2 4,025 41

Rural 4,810 5 6,452 2.1 7,538 13Note: * Sanitation estimates have been worked out on basis of CSO (2000) definition of sanitary facility (i.e. Flush toilet and VIP latrine) ** Rural coverage uses “sanplat” as proper sanitation facility

43

13

86

37

2005

803354Urban San.

6045Rural San.

9586.185Urban WS

7529.558Rural WS

201520001990Coverage/yr

Source: CSO

Coverage trends – (1990 – 2015)

Maputo city, on the other hand, with a population of ca. 3 million people and an area of 750 Km2 is one of the fastest growing cities in Mozambique.

Over the last two decades one of the biggest challenges of the municipal authorities has been to secure a safe and clean source of water for domestic consumption for the fast growing urban population.

Dar Es Salaam = Water supply coverage 74 % for 15 hrs per day • Water supply schemes very old and leaking

• Leakage up to 47% internationally accepted 20%

• 76 % meters connected• Increased Pollution• Sanitation 17 %

3. Response Options

This necessitated putting in place the National Water Policy of 1994(NWP, 1994) which set the framework for the development and management of the water sector in Zambia, a strategy (MLGH, 2001) to tackle issues in the policy, specifically for peri-urban areas and guidelines most of which have a bearing on PU areas.

Due to the poor performance of the institutions charged with the management of the water sector, Government realized the need to reform the Water Sector, which started in the 1980s.

•For example, the principal Water Act governing the management of water resources dates from 1948 and fails to address key modern day issues such as the use and protection of groundwater, shared international waters, or customary law.

The main issues were:

• Lack of a comprehensive sector policy or strategy to guide sector organisations in the performance of their tasks;

• Unclear roles and responsibilities for the water sector leading either to duplication of efforts or gaps in some areas;

• Deteriorating infrastructure as a result of poor maintenance and lack of new investments, with most of the investment being provided by external Support Agencies;

• Erratic and insufficient funding through Government with little impact of government institutions on the ground;

• Increasing pollution of water resources among other environmental problems, particularly in the mining areas;

• Non-existence of comprehensive legislative framework for managing water (No sector policy on Water Resources Management (WRM) and Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS); the Water Act from 1948 was outdated and did not cover WSS); and

• Lack of stakeholder involvement and ownership by consumers and users.

The reforms have and are being strategically implemented into two: Reorganisation of the Water Supply and Sanitation sub-sector (WSS) from 1993 to date; and Reorganisation of Water Resources Management from 2001 to date.

In 1994 National Water Policy was therefore adopted to address the issues, with emphasis on strengthening framework for Water Resources Management following an integrated water resources management approach.

The objective NWP: to promote sustainable water resources development with a view to facilitating adequate, equitable and good quality water for all users at acceptable costs and ensuring security of supply under varying conditions.

1. Recognising the important role of the water sector in the overall socio-economic development of the country

2. Vesting control of water resources in the country under state control.

3. Promoting water resources development through an integrated management approach.

4. Providing adequate, safe and cost effective water supply and sanitation services with due regard to environmental protection.

5. Defining clear institutional responsibilities of all stakeholders in the Water Sector for effective management and co-ordination.

6. Recognising water as an economic good

This objective was to be achieved through the following key policy strategies:

Starting with WSS sub-sector, the Government enacted the WSS Act. No 28, 1997 to address the poor performance to bring about an organisational change management and produced permanent structures (Fig. 3)

• that has transformed the water supply and sanitation sub-sector into institutional change management with a focus on full cost recovery, efficient delivery, transparency, and sound financial management.

regulation

•funds

•MLGH

•DISS

•Coordination & Resource Mobilisation for WSS

•RWSSU

•Coordination & Resource Mobilisation for Rural WSS

•NWASCO

•The regulator for WSS

•MEWD

•DWA

•Water resources development and management

•LAs•CUs + others

•WSS service providers

•WWGs•DTF

•advice •reporting

•advice

•shareholders

Figure 3: Permanent Structures of the Water Supply and Sanitation sub-sector

NWASCO established by the Water Supply and Sanitation Act 1997, is an autonomous regulator for WSS services provision. This has almost been achieved (Table 6).

Table 6: Cost coverage (Based on Actual Cash/ Technical Assistance received)

4,632

3,230

1,950

1,580

1,456

1,330

1,182

1,456

Expenditure

(K million)

4%4%7%4%5%5%3%2%Others

3%2%1%5%7%7%3%61%External Assistance

98%104%

94%75%54%56%43%5%License Fees

1%10%18%15%10%23%30% 37%GRZ

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

DETAILS

(i)On Commercial Utilities (CUs), the LAs opted for the establishment of CUs as provided for in the WSS Act. No. 28 of 1997 through which they can deliver the services.

(ii)This option has ensured a higher degree of autonomy in operations with a promise on full cost recovery leading to a more sustainable provision of services in an efficient manner.

Legalization of many peri-urban areas has facilitated planning for development processes and initiatives.

Some peri-urban areas are now connected to the main water distribution net-work of commercial utilities (CU’s) and Water Trusts (Table 7).

Name of Area

Population Trust Name Investment (US Dollar)

Year Trust established

Kanyama 198, 658 Kanyama 1,536, 000 2001

Chipata 84, 966 Chipata 375, 000 2002

Chibolya 31, 500 Chibolya 450, 000 2002

Chaisa 32, 500 Chaisa 193, 000 2002

Garden 64, 390 Garden 287, 000 2004

Chazanga 37, 523 Chazanga 217, 000 2004

Ng’ombe Ng’ombe 2005

Kalikiliki Kalikiliki 2005

Table 7: Water Trusts in Lusaka

Most of the developmental projects going on in Lusaka’s peri-urban areas are carried out by NGO’s or e.g. CARE International, for example, has been very instrumental in this aspect.

(i)The DTF - a basket fund focusing on service provision to the urban poor as a response to increase coverage in peri-urban areas and thereby promoting low cost technology.

From 1988 to 1995, the Danida-funded Community Development Programme (CDP) helped to initiate innovations in participatory planning and community contracting in selected peri-urban areas of Lusaka.

(i) DTF is considered an appropriate instrument to reach the MDGs for the urban poor. By 2006, the funds had assisted in enabbling about 40,000 urban poor people to have access to safe drinking water.

Percent Distribution of Households by Choice of Projects implemented in their Communities, 1998 and

2004

28

18

10

6

3

86

13

18

21

2

12

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Roads Education Health Water Supply Agricultural Sanitation

Type of Project

Pe

rce

nta

ge

2004 1998

Percent Distribution of Households by their indication of who was sponsoring the project/s that had taken place in

their Communities, Zambia 2004

Type of Project ZAMSIFMicro Project

UnitGovt NGOs

Some Other

Institution

An Individual

Don’t Know

Building of School 14 9 33 11 12 6 15

Rehabilitating of School 16 16 37 6 6 1 17

Building of Health Facility

14 9 49 7 7 1 12

Rehabilitating of Health Facility

6 5 58 6 4 2 18

Building of New Roads 3 6 55 6 5 5 18

Tarring of Road 2 2 62 3 7 2 23

Piping of Water 4 4 42 13 11 7 19

Rehabilitation/improvement of Water Supply

3 3 40 11 18 6 18

Provision of Credit Facility

4 6 24 22 11 16 16

On the Water Resources sub-sector, in 2001 government started the Water Resources Action Programme

WRAP developed:Water Resources Management Bill Institutional Framework, Draft Water Action Plan (WAP) for the transition phase (preparation for the enactment and establishment of the new legal and institutional framework).

Programmes from these initiatives have been incorporated into the 5th National Development Plan (5th NDP) and an IWRM /WE Implementation Plan has been developed to implement the Water and Sanitation Chapter and other water related programmes in the 5th

To complement and build on the efforts to improve water management, Government in 2006 initiated the Water Sector Programme Support (WSPS) with DANIDA assistance, focusing on:

1. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation;

2. Peri-Urban and Low-Cost Housing Water Supply and Sanitation; and

3. Integrated Water Resources Management. (i) IWRM in Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD), (ii) Strengthening of the water rights system administered by

the Water Board (WB), (iii) Groundwater monitoring systems in pilot areas (iv) IWRM capacity built through University of Zambia (UNZA) (v) Piloting of decentralised water resources management

structures and (vi) Rehabilitation and construction of small dams and weirs.

With the adoption of IWRM, the water sector is now viewed in a broader context.

The challenge is how to effectively coordinate and monitor policy development and implementation of the IWRM framework if the Water Sector Reforms are to succeed.

To meet this challenge the Government has revised the 1994 Water Policy to include other sectors impacting on IWRM such as agriculture, hydropower, environment etc. not elaborated upon in the 1994 one.

In conclusion, in Zambia, the Government has respondent to the drivers and challenges of the water resources in Zambia.

BUT we have a CHALLENGE in front of us

19721972

20072007

DeclarationsDeclarations

CongressCongress

BombingsBombings

ConferencesConferences

StrikesStrikes

State ChiefsState Chiefs MeetingsMeetings

SummitsSummits

SeminarsSeminars

WorkshopsWorkshops

WarsWars

DeathsDeathsNGOsNGOs MeetingsMeetingsW

ater

Food

Housing

Enviro

nmen

t

Populatio

n

Energy

Hazar

ds

Econom

yClim

ate

Challenge for us is how Disseminate this knowledge

Documenting our results in languages of decision makers / politicians / communities e.g. through Appropriate Media

ScientistsScientistsTechnologistsTechnologists

MediaMedia

SocietySocietyDecisionDecisionMakersMakers

GovernmentsGovernments

Directing our research so that we are HEARD

Political Will: e.g KEEP ZAMBIA CLEAN

Sector: Water and Sanitation – ZAMBIA 5th NDPNo. Programmes Objectives GRAND TOTAL

(K'Billions) 2006-2010

Total GRZ Donor

1 Water Resource Developmentand Infrastructure Development

To assess, develop, and allocate water resources in the four priority pillars of economic development of agriculture, tourism, environment, mining, manufacturing and energy

125.05

84.75

40.30

2 Institutional CapacityBuilding and Enhancement

To promote legal and institutional framework capacity enhancement

41.75 26.42

15.33

3 Water Resource Managementand Information Systems

To develop management information systems for planning, development, allocation and management of water resources at catchment, national and regional level and to provide safe water and improve coverage in Zambia

31.00 20.94

10.06

4 Water Resource Assessment Programme

To assess surface and groundwater resources country-wide in order to determine the quantity and quality of available water

24.07 14.14

9.93

Sector: Water and Sanitation (Cntd.)No. Programmes Objectives GRAND TOTAL

(K'Billions) 2006-2010

Total GRZ Donor

5 International Waters

To manage and develop shared water resources

8.48 4.94 3.54

6 Research and Development

To carry out research and development in selected areas in the country for improved planning, regulation and allocation of Zambia’s water resources

7.52 5.06 2.46

7 Mainstreaming Cross-Cutting Issues: HIV/AIDS, Gender and Environment

To implement measures in the sector which enhance mainstreaming of crosscutting issues

1.26 0.83 0.43

8 Monitoring and Evaluation

To monitor and evaluate the proposed programmes in order to achieve the desired impacts

6.30 3.90 2.40

9 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation

To provide adequate, safe, and cost-effective water supply and sanitation services

247.6 26.2 221.4

10 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

To provide adequate, safe and cost-effective water supply and sanitation services with due regard to environmental issues

292.6 25.2 267.4

Victoria Falls - Zambia

END