CREACION DE UN MOLDE PARA VELADORAS DECORATIVAS

CARRERA: INGENIERIA MECATRONICA

ASESOR: ING. DANIEL CARBAJAL DIAZ

ELABORO: EDITH ESMERALDA CRUZ SANCHEZ

CARRERA: ING MECATRONICA

GRUPO: “U”

LUGAR Y FECHA: HEROICA CIUDAD DE TLAXIACO, CARRETERA A PUTLA, LLANO YOSOBE KM 56.

INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE TLAXIACO

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Tabla de contenido

1. Resumen ......................................................................................................3

2. Antecedentes ................................................................................................3

3. Marco teórico ................................................................................................4

4. Objetivos .......................................................................................................6

4.1 objetivo general .............................................................................................6

4.2 Objetivos específicos ....................................................................................6

5. Metas ............................................................................................................6

6. Metodología ..................................................................................................7

Fase 1: investigación .......................................................................................7

Fase 2: diseño .................................................................................................7

Fase 3: procesado ...........................................................................................7

7. Recursos .......................................................................................................8

8. Cronograma ..................................................................................................8

9. Referencias ...................................................................................................9

10. Anexos ....................................................................................................10

1. Resumen ..........................................................................3

2. Antecedentes ....................................................................3

3. Marco teórico ...................................................................4

4. Objetivos ..........................................................................6

4.1 objetivo general ................................................................6

4.2 Objetivos específicos .........................................................6

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5. Metas ...............................................................................6

6. Metodología .....................................................................7

Fase 1: investigación ............................................................7

Fase 2: diseño ......................................................................7

Fase 3: procesado ..............................................................18

7. Recursos .........................................................................19

1. Resumen

En el instituto tecnológico de Tlaxiaco se encuentra un Centro de Manufactura

integrado (CIM); en él se encuentran diferentes equipos, como son un brazo robótico,

fresadora CNC, entre otros. Actualmente el CIM no se encuentra en operación, debido

a falta de proyectos e investigación. Por tal motivo se pretende crear un molde que

servirá para la creación de veladoras decorativas, y así poder utilizar la fresadora

CNC, en base al código de procesado obtenido del software unigrafics Nx.

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2. Antecedentes

Uno de los elementos que ha jugado un papel fundamental en el desarrollo tecnológico

en el mundo ha sido la máquina herramienta y podemos decir, que ha afectado

directamente en el desarrollo industrial. Gracias a la utilización de la máquina

herramienta se ha podido realizar de forma práctica, maquinaria de todo tipo que

ayuda a la disminución de tiempos en la producción así como su optimización. Esta

necesidad sumada a numerosos y nuevos requerimientos que día a día aparecieron

forzó a la utilización de nuevas técnicas que remplazaron al operador humano. Así fue

como se introdujo el control numérico en los procesos de fabricación, impuesto por

varias razones:

Necesidad de fabricar productos que no se podían conseguir en cantidades y

calidad suficientes sin recurrir a la automatización del procesos de fabricación

Necesidad de obtener productos hasta entonces muy difíciles de fabricar, por

ser excesivamente complejos para ser controlados por un operador humano.

Necesidad de bajar costos de producción para ser competitivos y así

proporcionar productos a precios bajos.

El factor primordial que condiciono todo automatismo fue el aumento de productividad.

Posteriormente, debido a las nuevas necesidades de la industria aparecieron factores

como la precisión, rapidez y flexibilidad.

En 1801 Jacquard Loom ideó una maquina textil que podía realizar distintos tipos de

tejidos sin más que variar los programas de fabricación, que se introducían en la

unidad de control de la maquina a través de unas tarjetas perforadas.

En 1942 surgió lo que se podría llamar el primer control numérico (CN) verdadero,

derivado a una necesidad impuesta por la industria aeronáutica para la realización de

hélices de helicópteros de diferentes configuraciones, no fue hasta la década de los

70’s que se conoce como CNC por la aplicación de computadoras.

El nombre CN se le asignaba a maquinas programables que no iban equipadas a la

computadora

3. Marco teórico

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Un CN significa mando mediante números, con este sistema se consigue que las

maquinas realicen su trabajo de forma automática, mediante la introducción en la

memoria del CN de un programa en el que se encuentran definidas en clave toda las

operaciones del proceso.

Con el avance de la tecnología, la miniaturización y abaratamiento de los

microprocesadores, se ha podido generalizar su instalación en todas las máquinas de

CN. A estas máquinas se les denomina CNC (control numérico computarizado).

Ventajas del CNC

Reduce la intervención del operador en la producción de piezas dejando al

operador tiempo libre para hacer demás tareas. Trayendo beneficios como

reducción de fatiga al operador, disminución de errores humanos, disminución

de tiempos estimados para el maquinado de cada pieza, se reducen tiempos

muertos.

Exactitud y repetitividad de especificaciones.

Se permite la fabricación de piezas con superficies tridimensionales, como

moldes para la inyección de plástico y en construcciones aeronáuticas.

Desventajas del CNC

Alto costo de la maquinaria

La planificación del trabajo debe ser más detallada y rigurosa, es necesario

programar en forma correctamente la selección de las herramientas de corte y

la secuencia de operación para un eficiente funcionamientos

Los costos de mantenimiento aumentan, ya que es necesario capacitar al

personal de servicio y operación.

El CNC tiene como finalidad ofrecer una alternativa más rápida y eficiente para

diferentes procesos de manufactura, y en muchas ocasiones interactuainteractúa con

otros procesos, como son el barrenado de una pieza.

La velocidad de corte (Vc) implica que tan rápido puede cortar avanzar cortando el

material, se puede decir que es la distancia que una herramienta corta en un minuto.

Para determinar la velocidad de corte se requiere de la tabla que proporciona el

fabricando de la fresadora.

Vc= π*D*n

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Vc=velocidad de corte D= diámetro de material o herramienta n=revoluciones

Velocidad de giro (rpm)

La velocidad de giro óptima de la herramienta depende, en cada caso del material de

la herramienta, así como de su diámetro. Esta se introduce directamente y sin cálculos

en base a la experiencia. El cálculo de n se hace a partir de la siguiente formula.

N= Vc*1000

4. Objetivos

4.1 objetivo general Crear un molde para la elaboración de veladoras decorativas, utilizando el centro de

manufactura integrada que se encuentra en el Centro Integrado de Manufactura (CIM)

que se encuentra en del Instituto Tecnológico de Tlaxiaco

4.2 Objetivos específicos Crear el diseño en el software unigrafics

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Simular el procesado de manufactura en dicho software

Crear el código de procesado

Elaborar el molde con el centro de manufactura integrada

5. Metas

Dicha investigación seria conveniente realizar con el fin de fortalecer los conocimientos

obtenidos previamente, y así mismo poder utilizar las maquinas que se encuentran en

el CIM.

Con la presente investigación se pretende reforzar los conocimientos obtenidos

durante los semestres ya cursados, así mismo poner en uso las maquinas dentro del

CIM, con ello se pretende poder realizar un molde cerrado que posteriormente será

utilizado para la elaboración de veladoras decorativas, se pretenden vender en época

de semana santa

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6. Metodología

Fase 1: investigación

En esta etapa se realizó la investigación, de cómo es el proceso de elaboración de las

veladoras, así como el uso adecuada de la fresadora automática. Para la elaboración

de veladoras dice que debemos fundir la cera, posteriormente verter la cera liquida a

dicho molde para su posterior enfriamiento.

Fase 2: diseño

Crear Se creó el diseño del molde en unigrafics, con sus respectivos planos.

(anexo 1

)

E

n s

amblar Se ensamblo el molde para verificar que al momento de realizar dicho

molde no haiga errores en su elaboración, asíi como evitar la fuga de cera en

el proceso de vaciado.

Crear Se creó el código de maquinado con ayuda del software.

(código de maquinado)

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Página 15

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Página 16

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Página 17

N4950 X-2.8217 Y4.2295N4960 X-3.0793 Y4.125N4970 X-3.092 Y4.1118N4980 G3 X-3.125 Y4.0768 I2.1304 J-2.0389N4990 G1 X-3.5 Y2.4987N5000 X-3.1302 Y2.4367N5010 G3 X-2.4163 Y.424 I2.1686 J-.3638N5020 G2 X-1.4244 Y-1.3687 I-2.0174 J-2.287N5030 G3 X0.0 Y-2.8542 I1.3853 J-.0973N5040 X1.4244 Y-1.3687 I.0391 J1.3882N5050 G2 X2.4163 Y.424 I3.0093 J-.4943N5060 G3 X2.5502 Y3.5932 I-1.4547 J1.6489N5070 X.7175 Y4.5407 I-2.2986 J-2.1999N5080 G1 X.4691 Y4.4535N5090 X.7175 Y4.5407N5100 X1.0518 Y4.875N5110 X3.875N5120 Y2.4987N5130 X3.5N5140 G3 X2.8211 Y3.8525 I-2.5384 J-.4258N5150 X1.9832 Y4.5 I-2.5695 J-2.4592N5160 G1 X1.6339 Y4.5814N5170 X1.9832 Y4.5N5180 X3.5N5190 Y2.4987N5200 X3.125 Y4.0768N5210 G3 X3.092 Y4.1118 I-2.1634 J-2.0039N5220 G1 X3.0793 Y4.125N5230 X2.8217 Y4.2295N5240 X3.0793 Y4.125N5250 X3.125N5260 Y4.0768N5270 X3.5 Y2.4987N5280 X3.875N5290 Y-3.875N5300 X-3.875N5310 Y-1.8403N5320 X-3.5N5330 Y1.6471N5340 G3 X-2.6643 Y.1428 I2.5384 J.4258N5350 G2 X-1.8012 Y-1.3903 I-1.7694 J-2.0058N5360 G3 X0.0 Y-3.2293 I1.7621 J-.0757N5370 X1.8012 Y-1.3903 I.0391 J1.7633N5380 G2 X2.6643 Y.1428 I2.6325 J-.4727N5390 G3 X3.5 Y1.6471 I-1.7027 J1.9301N5400 G1 X3.5179 Y2.0729N5410 X3.5 Y1.6471N5420 Y-3.5N5430 X1.3889N5440 Y-3.125N5450 G3 X2.1773 Y-1.4192 I-1.3498 J1.659N5460 G2 X2.9124 Y-.1384 I2.2564 J-.4438N5470 G3 X3.125 Y.069 I-1.9508 J2.2113N5480 G1 X3.2245 Y.3407N5490 X3.125 Y.069

Página 18

N5500 Y-3.125N5510 X1.3889N5520 X1.0942 Y-3.2185N5530 X1.3889 Y-3.125N5540 X2.2002 Y-2.75N5550 G3 X2.5528 Y-1.4551 I-2.1611 J1.284N5560 G2 X2.75 Y-.9306 I1.8809 J-.4079N5570 G1 X2.837 Y-.6383N5580 X2.75 Y-.9306N5590 Y-2.75N5600 X2.2002N5610 X1.3889 Y-3.125N5620 Y-3.5N5630 X-3.5N5640 Y-1.8403N5650 X-3.125N5660 Y.069N5670 X-3.2245 Y.3407N5680 X-3.125 Y.069N5690 G3 X-2.9124 Y-.1384 I2.1634 J2.0039N5700 G2 X-2.1773 Y-1.4192 I-1.5213 J-1.7246N5710 G3 X-1.3889 Y-3.125 I2.1382 J-.0468N5720 G1 X-1.0942 Y-3.2185N5730 X-1.3889 Y-3.125N5740 X-3.125N5750 Y-1.8403N5760 X-2.75N5770 Y-.9306N5780 X-2.837 Y-.6383N5790 X-2.75 Y-.9306N5800 G2 X-2.5528 Y-1.4551 I-1.6837 J-.9324N5810 G3 X-2.2002 Y-2.75 I2.5137 J-.0109N5820 G1 X-1.9762 Y-2.8709N5830 X-2.2002 Y-2.75N5840 X-2.75N5850 Y-1.8403N5860 X-3.N5870 Z4.1N5880 G0 Z4.6N5890 M02%

Dicho código será introducido a la fresadora automática, con ayuda de un dispositivo

extraíble especialmente para dicha máquina.

Fase 3: procesado

[7.] Se utilizutilizóa el sistema de control de posición, para colocar correctamente la

pieza a maquilar y evitar daños a la pieza. Cuidando las medidas en los

respectivos ejes (x, y, z).

Página 19

[8.] Colocar Así mismo se colocó la broca de 1/8 in en el taladro de banco.

[9.] Se aseguraseguróa la correcta sujeción.

[10.] Posteriormente se introdujoSeleccionar la velocidad de rotación.

[11.] Se Coloccolocóar la pieza a maquinar.

[12.] Así comenzóSe inicia el maquinado cuidando que la fresa no trabaje trabajara

fuera del área de la pieza de trabajo.

[13.] Retirar Se retiró la herramienta

[14.] Limpiamos Se limpió la fresadora CNC.

7. Recursos

Software (unigrafics )

Diseño (calavera)

Fresadora CNC

Producto Cantidad Descripción PrecioNailamit 1 placa de

2’’*20’’*30’’HDPE (polietileno de alta densidad)

1 placa de 2’’*20’’*30’’

Cera natural de abeja

2 placas de aluminio de 15in x15in, grosor de 10 in

RESULTADOS.

Página 20

Semana

8. Cronograma

Actividad1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Investigación X

Diseño del molde

X X

Simulación del maquinado

X X X

Código de maquinado

X X

Conseguir los materiales

X X X X X X

Elaboración del molde

X X X

9. Referencias

Página web

SIEMENS México

http://www.siemens.com.mx/en-7home.html/

Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

http://UHMW-PLASTICOS

Página 21

10. Anexos

1. Fotografías del diseño

Página 22

2. Código de maquinado

% N0010 G40 G17 G90 G70N0020 G91 G28 Z0.0:0030 T01 M06N0040 G0 G90 X-4.5 Y-1.8403 S0 M03N0050 G43 Z4.6 H01N0060 Z4.175N0070 G1 Z4.075 F10. M08N0080 X-4.25N0090 Y5.25N0100 X-.8964N0110 X-.153 Y4.5066N0120 X-.2671 Y4.2046N0130 X-.4282 Y4.1945N0140 G3 X-2.2793 Y3.3339 I.1766 J-2.8012N0150 X-2.1682 Y.7052 I1.3177 J-1.261N0160 G2 X-1.0518 Y-1.3241 I-2.2655 J-2.5682N0170 G1 Y-1.3242N0180 X-1.047 Y-1.3537N0190 X-1.0495 Y-1.3836N0200 Y-1.3838N0210 G3 X-.0077 Y-2.4793 I1.0104 J-.0822N0220 G1 X0.0 Y-2.479N0230 X.0077 Y-2.4793N0240 G3 X1.0495 Y-1.3837 I.0314 J1.0133N0250 G1 X1.047 Y-1.3537N0260 X1.0518 Y-1.324N0270 G2 X2.1682 Y.7052 I3.3819 J-.539N0280 G3 X2.2793 Y3.3339 I-1.2066 J1.3677N0290 X.4282 Y4.1945 I-2.0277 J-1.9406N0300 G1 X.2671 Y4.2046N0310 X.153 Y4.5066N0320 X.8964 Y5.25N0330 X4.25N0340 Y-4.25N0350 X-4.25N0360 Y-1.8403N0370 X-3.875N0380 Y4.875N0390 X-1.0518N0400 X-.7175 Y4.5407N0410 X-.4691 Y4.4535N0420 X-.7175 Y4.5407N0430 G3 X-2.5502 Y3.5932 I.4659 J-3.1474N0440 X-3.1302 Y2.4367 I1.5886 J-1.5203N0450 G1 X-3.5 Y2.4987N0460 Y4.5N0470 X-1.9832N0480 X-1.6339 Y4.5814N0490 X-1.9832 Y4.5N0500 G3 X-2.8211 Y3.8525 I1.7316 J-3.1067N0510 X-3.5 Y2.4987 I1.8595 J-1.7796

Página 23

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Página 24

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