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PEDIATRIC SURGERY UPDATE

VOLUME 04, 1995

VOL 04 NO 01 JANUARY 1995

TFS

Testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) is a genetic form of male pseudohermaphroditism (patient who is genetically 46 XY but has deficient masculinization of ex

complete or partial resistance of end organs to the peripheral effects of androgens. This androgenic insensitivity is caused by a mutation of the gene for androgen

linked recessive trait. In the complete form the external genitalia appear to be female with a rudimentary vagina, absent uterus and ovaries. The infant may prese

at surgery may contain testes. Axillary/pubic hair is sparse and primary amenorrhea is present. The incomplete form may represent undervirilized infertile men.

karyotype, hormonal assays, pelvic ultrasound, urethrovaginogram, gonadal biopsy and labial skin bx for androgen receptor assay. This patients will never menst

Malignant degeneration (germ cell tumors) of the gonads is increased (22-33%). Early gonadectomy is advised to: decrease the possible development of maligna

psychological trauma to the older child, and eliminate risk of los ing the pt during follow-up. Vaginal reconstruction is planned when the patient wishes to be sexual

References

1- Ch. Hecker Waldemar: Surgical Correction of Intersexual Genitalia and Female Genital Malformation. Springer-Verlag Ed. 1985

2- Ramirez F, Salazar S, Madurga B, Ibanez R, Baez Perea JM, Flores Gines J: [Complete tes ticular feminization syndrome. Report of a case] Arch Esp Urol 46(8):735-7, 19 93

3- Sultan C, Lumbroso S, Poujol N, Belon C, Boudon C, Lobaccaro JM: Mutations of androgen receptor gene in androgen insensitivity syndromes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 46(5):519-30, 1993

4- Shah R, Woolley MM, Costin G: Testicular feminization: the androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 27(6):757-60, 1992

5- Olson GP: Testicular feminization syndrome. Nurse Pract 13(2):27-32, 1 988

6- Griffin JE, Leshin M, Wilson JD: Androgen res istance s yndromes. Am J Physiol 24 3(2):E81-7, 19827- Griffin JE, Wils on JD: The syndromes of androgen res istance. N Engl J Med 302(4):198-209, 1980

8- Coulam CB: Testicular regress ion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 53(1):44-9, 1979

NEC and PPD

Complicated Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common neonatal surgical emergency of modern times, has diverse etiologies, significant mortality and

babies . The use of primary peritoneal drain (PPD) in the management of NEC dates from 1977. The technique is used in the very low birth weight premature infa

pneumoperitoneum, metabolic and hemodynamic instability. Consist of a right lower quadrant incision and placement of a drainage (penrose or catheter) under loc

subsequent irrigation performed bedside at the NICU. Initially used as a temporizing measure before formal laparotomy, some patient went to improvement witho

surgery(almost one-third). They e ither had an immature (fetal type) healing proces s or a focal perforation (not associated to NEC?) which healed spontaneously.

PPD either die (20%), go on to laparotomy and half die (20%) or develop complications (24%). Some suggestion made are: PPD should be an adjunct to preop st

drain be sure pt has NEC by X-rays, persiste nt metabolic acidosis means uncontrolled peritoneal sepsis, do not place drain in pts with inflammatory mass or rapid

intraperitoneal fluid, the longer the drainage the higher the need for laparotomy.

References

1- Ein SH, Marshall DG, Girvan D: Peritoneal drainage under l ocal anesthesia for perforations from necrotizing enterocolitis. J P ediatr Surg 12:963-967, 1 977

2- Cheu HW, Sukarochana K, Lloyd DA: Peritoneal drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis.

J Pediatr Surg 23(6): 557-561, 1988

3-Morgan LJ, Shochat SJ, Hartman GE: Peritoneal drainage as primary management of perforated NEC in the very low birth weight infant. J Pediatr Surg 29(2):30-4, 1994; discussion 314-5

4- Ein SH, Shandling B, Wes son D, Filler RM: A 13-year experience with peritoneal drainage under l ocal anesthesia for necrotizing enterocolitis perforation. J Pediatr S urg 25 (10): 1034 -1037, 19

5- Takamatsu H, Akiyama H, Ibara S, Seki S, Kuraya K, Ikenoue T :Treatment for necrotizing enterocolitis perforation in the extremely premature infant (weighing less than 1,000 g). J Pediatr Sur

6- Rowe MI, Reblock KK, Kurkchubasche AG, Healey PJ: Necrotizing enterocolitis in the extremely low birth weight infant. J Pediatr Surg 29(8): 987-991, 1994

7- Mintz AC, Applebaum H: Focal gastrointestinal perforations not associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr Surg 28(6): 857-860, 1993

8- Grosfeld JL, Cheu H, Schlatter M, West KW, Rescorla FJ: Changing trends in necrotizing enterocolitis . Experience with 302 cases in two decades.Ann Surg 214 (3): 300-307, 1991

9- Buchheit JQ, Stewart DL: Clinical comparison of localized intestinal perforation and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates [see comments] Pediatrics 93(1): 32 -37, 1994

10-Koslos ke AM: Indications for operation in necrotizing enterocolitis revisited. J Pediatr Surg 29(5): 663-666, 1 994

Pancreatic Pseudocysts

Pancreatic pseudocyst formation is an uncommon complication of pancreatic inflammatory disease (pancreatitis) or trauma in children. M ore than half cases are c

trauma. Ultrasound is the most effective and non-invasive way of diagnosing pancreatic pseudocysts. Acute pseudocysts are managed expectantly for 4-6 wk. unt

occurs. 25-50% will undergo s pontaneous resolution. Medical therapy consis ts of decreasing pancreatic s timulation and giving nutritional support. Rupture is the

conservative management. Chronic pseudocysts (> three mo.) will benefit from prompt operation and internal drainage s ince resolution is rare. Percutaneous cath

anesthesia using Ultrasound or CT guided te chnique is an appropriate method of first-line therapy for non-resolving (chronic) or enlarging pancreatic pseudocysts

transgastric or transcutaneous. Those cysts that fail to resolve with percutaneous drainage should go investigation of ductal anatomy to rule out disruption of the

need for further surgery (drainage or resectional) will depend on the status of the duct of Wirsung.

References

1- Sivit CJ, Eichelberger MR, Taylor GA, Bulas DI, Gotschall CS, Kushner DC : Blunt pancreatic trauma in children: CT diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158(5):1097-100, 1992

2- Jaffe RB, Arata JA Jr, Matlak ME: Percutaneous drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152(3):591-5, 1989

3- Ephgrave K, Hunt JL: Presentation of pancreatic pseudocysts: implications for timing of surgical intervention. Am J Surg 151(6):749-53, 1986

4- Laxson LC, Fromkes JJ, Cooperman M: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts. Am J Surg 150(6):683-6, 1985

5- Ford EG, Hardin WD Jr, Mahour GH, Woolley MM: Pseudocysts of the pancreas in children. Am Surg 56(6):384-7, 1990

6- Taghizadeh F, Bower RJ, Kiesewetter WB: Stapled cystograstrotomy. A method of treatment for pediatric

pancreatic pseudocyst. Ann Surg 190(2):166-9, 19 79

7- Kagan RJ, Reyes HM, Asokan S: Pseudocyst of the pancreas in childhood. Current advances in diagnosis. Arch Surg 116(9):1200-3, 1981

8- Burnweit C, Wess on D, Stringer D, Filler R: Percutaneous drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in children. J Trauma 30(10):1273-7, 19 90

9- Warner RL Jr, Othersen HB Jr, Smith CD: Traumatic pancreatitis and pseudocyst in children: current management. J Trauma 29(5):597-601, 1989

10- Rescorla FJ, Cory D, Vane DW, West KW, Grosfeld JL: Failure of percutaneous drainage in children with traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts. J Pediatr Surg 25(10):1038-42, 1990

11- Dahman B, Stephens CA: Pseudocysts of the pancreas after blunt abdominal trauma in children. J Pediatr Surg 16(1):17-21, 198112- Bass J, Di Lorenzo M, Desjardins JG, Grignon A, Ouimet A: Blunt pancreatic injuries in children: the role of percutaneous external drainage in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts. J Pedia

VOL 04 NO 02 FEBRUARY 1995

Wound Infections

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A surgical wound is considered infected if it develops pus four weeks after its creation. Wounds that heal by primary intention are not infected. Cellulitis of the su

seroma formation, and simple stitch abscess can be considered probable infected wounds. Factors associated to wound infections are: (1) degree of microbial cont

procedure, (2) res istance of the host (depends on age , primary medical condition, state of nutrition and immunological system), (3) initial condition of the wound (c

Prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of wound infection should consider that the host may have a series of medical conditions that predispose him to wound infectio

Cell, complement) or secondary (sepsis, trauma, shock, chemotherapy, radiation) immunological deficiencies along with a poor nutritional status. Bacterial conta

gastrointestinal procedures should be reduced using: mechanical cleansing of the bowel (golytely), oral and systemic antibiotics, and adequate skin preparation. O

an impact on wound infections are keeping hemostasis , manage tissue gently, avoid dead spaces and irrigate contaminated wounds with saline (mechanical cleans

either show an early (less than 48 hours) or late (after 60 hours) clinical presentation. This may consist of unduly pain, fever, edema, cellulitis, fever and leucocyto

are as sociated to gram positive organism with dramatic (gangrenous) presentation that will need e arly debridement, constant surveillance, and parenteral antibiot

are caused by gram positive, negative or polymicrobial flora with a localizing nature. They generally yield to drainage and local measures.

References

1- Lease JG: Office care of wounds. Pediatr Rev 13(7 ):257-61, 1992

2-Shenep JL: Antimicrobial prophylaxis of pediatric s urgical wound infections. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 5:157-82, 1990

3- Garvin G: Wound healing in pediatrics . Nurs Clin North Am 25(1 ):181-92, 1990

4- Mollitt DL: Pediatric surgi cal infection and antibiotic usage. Pediatr Infect Dis 4(3):326-9, 1985

Manometry in IA

Repaired cases of Imperforate Anus (IA) are evaluated clinically, manometrically and radiographically. Manometry will measure the anorectal pressure profile (

reflex (RAI). The APP permit to determine the length of the closing mechanism and pressure height of the anorectal muscles, and RAI detects the presence of re

upon distension of the rectal ampulla. Continent patient afte r repaired IA may show: marked high pressure zone, adequate length/pressure height of neo-anal can

difference, and positive RAI reflex. Incontinent children may show: no marked high pressure zone, decrease anal resting pressure, decrease anorectal pressure d

reflex. Causes of incontinence in these patients are: muscular deficiency (short sphincter complex), deficient motor/sensory innervation (not aware, no urge), men

trained, and chronic constipation (motility problems). Poor results after anorectal surgery are associated to: high anorectal defect (recto-vesical in males, cloaca i

segments, associated neurologic malformations, and poorly developed striated muscle complex.

References1- Rintala R, Lindahl H, Marttinen E, Sariola H: Constipation is a major functional complication after internal sphincter -saving posterior s agittal anorectoplasty for high and intermediate anorect

28(8):1054-8, 19 93

2- Doolin EJ, Black CT, Donaldson JS, Schwartz D, Raffensperger JG: Rectal manometry, computed tomography, and functional results of anal atresia surgery. J Pediatr Surg 28(2):195-8, 1993

3- Hedlund H, Pena A, Rodriguez G, Maza J: Long-term anorectal function in imperforate anus treated by a posterior sagittal anorectoplasty: manometric investigation. J Pediatr Surg 27(7):90 6-9,

4- Wang WL, Li Z, Wang HZ, Wang LY, Wang F, Kang EG: Comprehensive ass essment of long-term postoperative continence in pediatric imperforate anus. Clinical, manometric and contrast s t

104(11):949-53, 199 1

5- Mollard P, Meunier P, Mouriquand P, Bonnet JP: High and intermediate imperforate anus: functional results and postoperative manometric as sess ment. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1(5):282-6, 1991

6- Yokoyama J, Namba S, Ihara N, Matsufugi H, Kuroda T, Hirobe S, Katsumata K, Tamura K, Takahira H: Studies on the rectoanal reflex in children and in experimental animals : an evaluation

reflex. Prog Pediatr Surg 24:5-20, 1989

Esophageal Diverticulum

This is an extremely rare condition with a congenital or acquired etiology. Most are found in the mid-esophageal area. Initial symptoms are those of dysphagia an

Esophagogram is diagnostic and endoscopy corroborates its nature. It seems that the submucosa protrudes through the circular esophageal muscle layer carrying

significant evidence of inflammatory changes. Some cases are associated to a motor disturbances of the esophagus. Patients may be at risk of developing an esop

main bronchus during adult life. Acquired cases are associated to the use of myotomy procedures to lengthened the proximal esophageal pouch of esophageal atr

resection for symptomatic cases is curative.

References

1- Shimada T, Abo S, Kitamura M, Hashimoto M, Shikama T, Kimura Y: [A case of congenital esophago-bronchial fistula communicated between esophageal diverticulum and left main bronchus in t

Japanese literature] Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi 40(11):2100-6, 1992

2- Belio-Castillo C. Bracho-Blanchet E. Blanco-Rodriguez G: [Congenital esophageal diverticulum] Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 47(8):586-8, 1990

3- Borrie J, Wilson RL: Oesophageal diverticula: principles of management and appraisal of classification. Thorax 35(10):759-67, 1980

4- Sepe S, Fischetti G, Pisciotta R, de Vincentiis G: [Congenital pharyngo-oesophageal diverticulum in the newborn. Case report (author's transl)] Chir Pediatr 21(1):57-8, 1980

VOL 04 NO 03 MARCH 1995

Choledochal Cyst

Choledochal cyst is a rare dilatation of the common bile duct, prevalent in oriental patients (Japan). More than 60% of patients are less than 10 years old. The et

abnormal pancreatic-biliary junction (common channel theory) causing reflux of pancreatic enzymes into the common bile duct (trypsin and amylase). Symptoms a

obstructive jaundice, a palpable abdominal mass, cholangitis, and pancreatitis. Infants deve lop jaundice more frequently, causing diagnostic problems with Biliary

show abdominal pain and mass . Jaundice is less s eve re and intermittent. Diagnosis is confirmed with Ultrasound and corroborated with a HIDA (or DISIDA) Sca

class ified depending on morphology and localization. Management is surgical and consist of cys t excision and roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunostomy reconstruction. Cys

are: recurrent cholangitis, s tone formation, pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and malignancy. Long-term follow-up after surgery is advised.

References

1- Lugo-Vicente HL: Prenatally Diagnosed Choledochal Cyst: Observation or early surgery? Lugo-Vicente MD, Humberto L. J Pediatr Surg 30 ( 9): 1288 -1290, 1995

2- Morales Taon J, Lugo-Vicente HL: Quiste de Coldoco en Infantes y Nios. Mdico Interamericano 14(12): 41-548, 1995

Testicular Teratoma

Testicular neoplasm in children is rare. Yolk sac tumors are the most frequent one followed by teratomas that are usually benign tumors of non-germinal origin. T

present during infancy as unilateral testicular masses . Due to the characteristic at palpation and its eventual transillumination they can be confused with hydrocel

immature or malignant histopathological characteristics. Most are mature (cystic variety) with survival above 95%. Scrotal sonography constitutes the main diag

most commonly reveal a predominantly cystic lesion with echogenic component along its wall. Other times a complex mass occupying most of the testes with area

formation. Preop diagnosis is possible if characteristic features are recognized. Orchiectomy is adequate therapy for mature and immature testicular teratomas. Aorchiectomy is not an appropriate surgical procedure and testicular biopsy is detrimental to prognosis in most testicular tumors, sparing enucleation (tumorectom

nature (proven by instant frozen section) and absent intratubular germ cell neoplastic characteristics can be performed in some well delineate d and superficial tu

should be managed by orchiectomy, high spermatic cord ligation, multiagent chemotx, and at times radiotx. TT tumor markers are: alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and h

(HCG). Postop rise in AFP levels is a good indicator of malignant recurrence.

References

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1- Visfeldt J, Jorgensen N, Muller J, Moller H, Skakkebaek NE: Testicular germ cell tumours of childhood in Denmark, 1943-1989: incidence and evaluation of histology using immunohistochemic

47, 19942- Masih K, Bhalla S: Gonadal teratomas: a study of 206 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 36(4):495-8, 1993 3- Rushton HG, Belman AB: Testis -sparing surgery for benign lesi ons of the prepubertal testis . Urol Clin North Am 20(1):27-37, 19934- Liu P, Phillips MJ, Edwards VD, Ein S, Daneman A: Sonographic findings of testicular teratoma with pathologic correlation. Pediatr Radiol 22(2):99-101, 1992 5- Rushton HG, Belman AB, Ses terhenn I, Patterson K, Mostofi FK: Testicular sparing s urgery for prepubertal teratoma of the testis : a clinical and pathological s tudy. J Urol 144(3):726-30, 19 906- Kooijman CD: Immature teratomas in children. Histopathology 12(5):491-502, 1988

Splenoptosis

Splenoptosis (Wandering spleen) is a rare congenital fusion anomaly of the dorsal mesogastrium of the spleen that results in failure and laxity of its normal attac

retroperitoneum and colon. Relatively more common in children than adults, and females outnumber males . The child prese nts with an asymptomatic mass (splen

gastrointestinal complaints or with acute abdominal symptoms. These are the result of torsion of the pedicle, ischemia and splenic sequestration. 50% of spleens

from torsion. Other complications are: pancreatitis, hypersplenism and cyst formation. Lab tests are nonspecific, but may occasionally reveal evidence of hypersp

Diagnosis needs a high index of suspicion, and is achieved with: Ultrasound, CT, and Scintigram. Management consists of splenectomy for frank splenic infarct, o

organs. Splenopexy is achieved by creating an extraperitoneal pocket or wrapping the spleen in absorbable mesh and anchoring to the retroperitoneum (splenic n

References

1- Balik E, Yazici M, Taneli C, Ulman I, Genc K: Splenoptosis (wandering spleen). Eur J Pediatr Surg 3(3):174 -5, 1993

2- Swischuk LE, Will iams JB, John SD: Torsion of wandering s pleen: the whorled appearance of the splenic pedicle on CT.Pediatr Radiol 23(6 ):476-7, 1993

3- Allen KB, Gay BB Jr, Skandalakis JE: Wandering spleen: anatomic and radiologic considerations. South Med J 85(10):976-84, 1992

4- Schmidt SP, Andrews HG, White JJ: The splenic snood: an improved approach for the management of the wandering spleen. J Pediatr Surg 27(8):1043-4, 1992

5- Bollinger B, Lorentzen T: Torsion of a wandering spleen: ultrasonographic findings . J Clin Ultrasound 18(6):510-1, 1990

6- Seashore JH, McIntosh S: Elective splenopexy for wandering spleen. J Pediatr Surg 25(2 ):270-2, 1990

7- Allen KB, Andrews G, Pediatric wandering spleen--the case for splenopexy: review of 35 reported cases in the literature. J Pediatr Surg 24(5):432 -5, 1989

8- Stringe l G, Soucy P, Mercer S: Torsion of the wandering s pleen: splenectomy or splenopexy. J Pediatr Surg 17(4):373-5, 19 82

VOL 04 NO 04 APRIL 1995

Mesenteric Cysts

Cystic lesions of the mesentery are rare. One-third of patients with these lesions are children with approximately 700 cases reported in the world literature. Mese

cystic lymphangiomas or mesotheliomas. They are commonly found in the small bowel mese ntery (2/3), followed by the mesocolon (1/3). Most are multilocular va

In children cystic lymphangioma is the predominant mese nteric les ion. Lymphangioma is a more invasive and larger lesion that sometimes requires concomitant b

lined with endothelium, containing smooth muscle fiber or lymphoid tissue. Mesotheliomas are simple mesothelial cell layer cysts amenable to excision. Clinical p

abdominal pain (crampy in nature), a growing mass, acute bowel obstruction, or hemorrhage into the cyst. US is the initial imaging modality to evaluate a child wit

can show extent of cyst involvement. Management consists of resection or marsupialization. Long-term follow-up is advised due to the possibility of recurrence.

References

1- Sanchez RE, Gordon HE, Passaro E: Mesenteric Cysts: A Review and Report of Four Cases. American Surgeon 378-382, 1970

2- Kurzweg FT, Daron PB, Wil liamson JW, et al: Mesenteric Cysts . American Surgeon 462-467 ,1974

3- Mollit DL, Ballantine TV, Grosfeld JL: Mesenteric Cysts in Infancy and Childhood. Surg Obstr & Gyn 147:182-184, 1978

4- Haller JO, Schneider M, Kassner EG, et al: Sonographic Evaluation of Mesenteric And Omental Masses in Children. Am J Roentgenol 130:269-274, 1978

5- Hebra A, Brown MF, Mc Geehin KM, Ross AJ: Mesenteric, omental and retroperitoneal cysts in children: a clinical study of 22 cases South Med J 86:173-176, 1993

6- Blis s DP, Coffin CM, Bower RJ, et al: Mesenteric Cysts in Children. Surgery 115:571 -577, 1994

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) has become the procedure of choice for the removal of the disease gallbladder of children. The benefit of this procedure in c

effective, well tolerated, it produces a short hospital stay, early return to activity and reduced hospital bill. Several technical differences between the pediatric an

intrabdominal insufflation pressure, s maller trocar size and more lateral position of placement. Complications are related to the initial trocar entrance as vascular

related to the procedure itself; bile duct injury or leak. Three 5 mm ports and one 10 mm umbilical port is use d. Pneumoperitoneum is obtained with Veress needle

insertion of blunt trocar and cannula. Cholangiography before any diss ection of the triangle of Calot using a Kumar clamp is advised by some workers to avoid iat

injuries during dissection due to anomalous anatomy, it also remains the best method to detect common bile ducts stones. Treatment may consist of: (1) endoscop

or laparoscopic choledochotomy, or (3) transcystic choledochoscopy and stone extraction. Children with hemolytic disorders, i.e. Sickle cell disease, have a high i

benefit from LC with a shorter length of postop stay and reduced morbidity.

References1- Lugo-Vicente HL: Impact of Minimal Invasive Surgery in Children. Boletin Asoc Med PR 89 (1-2-3): 25-30, 1997

2- Lugo-Vicente HL: Trends in Management of Gallbladder Disorders in Children. Pediatr Surg Int 12 (5-6): 348-352, 1997

Hemangiopericytoma

This rare vascular tumor first described in 1942 arises from the contractile cells normally found around capillaries and venules known as pericytes. Roughly 1% o

In infants it has a different gross, histologic and biologic behavior recognize as congenital or infantile hemangiopericytoma. The congenital variant is most commo

tissue, head and neck, the extremity and trunk. The tumor is multilobulated, partially encapsulated, soft, spongy, and hypervascular. Usually a solitary and non-te

shows branching vascular spaces lined by normal endothelium and elongated, irregular pericytes . Focal necrosis, calcifications and mitotic activity may be found.

atypia and mitotic activity is crucial in the anticipation of indolent or aggress ive behavior. The uniform behavior of the tumor is benign, but a few cases of recurre

spread have been reported in infants. Criteria for malignancy are rapid growth of the primary lesion, the appearance of metastatic lesion in subcutaneous tissue o

greater cellularity and pleomorphism. The treatment of choice is complete excision with a margin of normal tissue if possible. Spontaneous regression of the remn

Longterm follow-up is essential for early detection of metastatic disease.

References1- Isaacs H, Jr: Tumors of the Newborn and Infant. Mosby Year Book, pags 197-200, 1991

2- Dehner LP: Pediatric Surgical Pathology, Williams and Wilkins , pags 882-883, 198 7

3- Bailey PV, Weber TR, Tracy TF, et al: Congenital hemangiopericytoma: An unusual vascular neoplasm of infancy. Surgery 114(5):936-941, 1993

4- Ensinger F: Soft Tissue Tumor. Mosby Year Book, pags 477 -479, 1990

VOL 04 NO 05 MAY 1995

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Laparoscopic Appendectomy

Semm, a gynecologist, is credited with inventing Laparoscopic Appendectomy (LA) in 1982. With the arrival of video-endoscopic procedures the role of LA in the

appendicitis in children has been studied and compared with the conventional open appendectomy (OA). General advantages of LA identified are: e ase and rapid

ability to explore and lavage the entire abdominal cavity, les s cutaneous scarring, more pleasing cosmetically, and a rapid return of intestinal function and full act

expensive instrumentation, time-consuming and tedious credentialing, and the major benefit is in the postop period. Analyzing the results of several series that co

management of acute appendicitis we can conclude that LA: produces no difference with OA in respect to OR complications and postop morbidity, has a longer op

higher hospital costs, a shorter length of stay, less postop pain, less pain medication requirement, and shorter convalescence. One series warned that complicated

by LA could increase the postop infectious rate requiring readmission. Otherwise, they all favored LA in the management of appendicitis. Still, unresolved issues

reduces postop adhesions?, Is it necessary to remove a normal looking appendix during a negative diagnostic laparoscopy performed for acute abdominal pain?,

intrabdominal pressure alters the diaphragmatic lymphatic translocation of bacteria favoring higher se ptic rates in complicated cas es?

References

1- Lugo-Vicente HL: Impact of Minimal Invasive Surgery in Children. Boletin Asoc Med PR 89 (1-2-3): 25-30, 1997

Pyocele

Infected hydroceles (pyoceles) are extremely rare in infants and children, but they should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a tender suspicious te

caused by intraperitoneal infection (perforated appendicitis) that extends into the scrotum through a patent processus vaginalis, the few reported cases in the liter

cause (idiopathic) and the most plausible explanation is hematogenous route of infection. Tes ticular scan will show adequate vascular flow and Ultrasound Dopple

complex mass with internal echoes separated from the testis (paratesticular) suggesting a tumor at times. Management consist of exploration of the scrotum thro

evacuation of the hydrocele , high ligation, and culture routine. Patient is placed on antibiotherapy during the postop period.

References

1- Kutin ND,Schwartz DL,So HB,Becker JM: Idiopathic infant pyoceles. J Pediatr Surg 21(5):441-2, 1986

CDH- Delayed Presentation

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) associated with pulmonary hypoplasia is a common cause of severe respiratory distress in the newborn. Delayed prese

period is rare, estimated to occur in 4-6% of case s. Infants and children will present with either respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms s uch as: chronic respirat

intermittent intestinal obstruction, and feeding difficulty. Occasionally the child is asymptomatic. The small size of the defect protected by either the spleen or the

hernial sac may delay the intestinal herniation into the chest. A rise intrabdominal pressure by coughing or vomiting transmitted to any defect of the diaphragm m

more likely. Diagnosis is confirmed by chest or gastrointestinal contrast imaging. Management consists of immediate surgery after preop stabilization. Most defe

through an abdominal approach. Chest-tube placement in the non-hypoplastic lung is of help. Surgical results are generally exce llent. A fe w deaths have res ulted

respiratory compromise due to visceral herniation causing mediastinal and pulmonary compress ion.

References

1-Weber TR, Tracy T Jr, Bail ey PV, Lewis JE, Westfall S: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia beyond infancy. Am J Surg 162(6):643-6, 1991

2- Amirav I, Kramer SS, Schramm CM: Radiological cases of the month. Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148(2):203-204, 1994

3- Schimpl G, Fotter R, Sauer H: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia presenting after the newborn period. Eur J Pediatr 152(9):765-768, 1993

4- Miller BJ, Martin IJ: Bochdalek hernia with hemorrhage in an adult.Can J Surg 36(5):476-478 , 1993

5- Ehren H, Frenckner B, Palmer K: Diaphragmatic hernia in infancy and childhood--20 years experience. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2(6):327-331, 1992

6- Heaton ND, Adam G, Howard ER: The late pres entation of postero-lateral congenital diaphragmatic hernias .

Postgrad Med J 68(800):445-448, 19927- Nitecki S, Bar-Maor JA: Late presentation of Bochdalek hernia: our experience and review of the literature.

Isr J Med Sci 28(10):711-714, 1992

8- Fotter R, Schimpl G, Sorantin E, Fritz K, Landler U: Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Pediatr Radiol 22(3):187-191, 1992

9- Byard RW, Bohn DJ, Wilson G, Smith CR, Ein SH: Unsuspected diaphragmatic hernia: a potential cause of sudden and unexpected death in infancy and early childhood. J Pediatr Surg 25(11):116

10- D'Alessio A, Mirabile L, Bernardi M, Camozzi L, Locatelli G: [Delayed presentation of left-side congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Personal experience] Pediatr Med Chir 11(5):547-550, 1989

11- Malone PS, Brain AJ, Kiely EM, Spitz L: Congenital diaphragmatic defects that present late. Arch Dis Child 64(1):1542-1544, 1989

VOL 04 NO 06 JUNE 1995

Congenital Torticollis

Congenital muscular torticollis is a disorder characterize by shortening of the cervical muscles , most commonly the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, and tilting

side. This is the result of endomysial fibrosis of the SCM muscle. There is a relationship between birth position and the side affected by the contracture. Congenit

plagiocephaly (a craniofacial deformity), fascial as ymmetry (hemihypoplasia), scolios is and atrophy of the ipsilateral trapezius muscle if not corrected. Torticollisalthough is more common during the first six months of life. The SCM muscle can be a fibrous mass, or a palpable tumor 1-3 cm in diamete r within the substance

two to three weeks of age. Management is conservative in most cases using early physiotherapy exercises' a mean duration of three months to achieve full passi

severity of restriction of motion is the s tronges t predictor of treatment duration. Those children with failed medical therapy or the deve lopment of fascial hemihyp

surgical transection of the SCM muscle.

References

1- Emery C: The determinants of treatment duration for congenital muscular torticol lis . Phys Ther 74(10):921-9, 1994

2- Singer C, Green BA, Bruce JH, Bowen BC, Weiner WJ: Late pres entation of congenital muscular torticoll is: Use of MR imaging and CT scan in diagnosis . Mov Disord 9(1):100-3, 1994

3- Akazawa H, Nakatsuk a Y, Miyake Y, Takahashi Y: Congenital muscular torticolli s: long-term follow-up of thirty-eight partial res ections of the sternocle idomastoid musc le. Arch Orthop Traum

4- Chan YL, Cheng JC, Metreweli C: Ultrasonography of congenital muscular torticoll is . Pediatr Radiol 22(5 ):356-60, 1992

5- Binder H, Eng GD, Gaiser JF, Koch B: Congenital muscular torticolli s: results of conservative management with long-term follow-up in 85 cases . Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68(4):22 2-5, 19 87

TDC

Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is the most common congenital anterior midline neck mass usually (2/3 of cases) presenting before the second decade of life. Sympt

age of four with the sudden appearance of a cystic mass at the angle of neck level moving with tongue protrusion and swallowing. Males are more commonly affecembryologic anomaly arising from epithelial remnant left after descent of the developing thyroid from the foramen cecum. The lining is cuboidal, columnar or pse

is as sociated to discomfort, infection and a slight probability of malignancy. A le gally protective requirement is to document that the mass is not ectopic thyroid gl

Sonograms will show a cyst between 0.4 and 4 cm in diameter, with variable sonographic appearance and no correlation with pathological findings of infection or i

surgical excision is more difficult and recurrence will increase. Management is Sistrunk's operation: Excision of cyst with resection of duct along with the central

minimum of 10-15 mm of hyoid bone should be removed) and some muscle surrounding the proximal ductules (the length of single duct above the hyoid bone spre

approach the foramen cecum). Extensive dissection can cause pharyngodynia. The greatest opportunity for cure is surgery at initial noninflamed presentation. In

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factor for further recurrence.

References

1- Wadsworth DT, Siegel MJ: Thyroglossal duct cysts: variability of sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 163(6):1475-7, 1994

2- Roback SA, Telander RL: Thyrogloss al duct cysts and branchial cleft anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg 3(3):142-6, 1994

3- Sturgis EM, Miller RH: Thyroglossal duct cysts. J La State Med Soc 145 (11):459-61, 1993

4- Horisawa M, Niinomi N, Ito T: What is the optimal depth for core-out toward the foramen cecum in a thyroglossal duct cyst operation? J Pediatr Surg 27(6):710-3, 1992

BCF

Branchial cleft fistulas (BCF) originate from the 1st to 3rd branchial apparatus during embryogenesis of the head and neck. Anomalies of the 2nd branchial cleft a

found. They can be a cyst, a sinus tract or fistulas. Fistulas (or sinus tract if they end blindly) display themselves as small cutaneous opening along the anterior lo

sternocleidomastoid muscle, communicates proximally with the tonsillar fossae, and can drain saliva or a mucoid secretion. Management consists of excision sinclead to infection. I have found that dissection along the tract (up to the tonsillar fossa!) can be safely and easily accomplished after probing the tract with a small

prevent injury to nerves, vessels and accomplish a pleasantly smaller scar. Occasionally a second stepladder incision in the neck will be required. 1st BCF are un

of the mandible, and communicating with the exte rnal auditory canal. They have a close association with the fascial nerve. 3rd BCF are very rare, run into the piri

cause of acute thyroiditis or recurrent neck infections.References

References

1- Har-el G: Persis tent third branchial apparatus [letter; comment] Comment on: J Pediatr Surg 26(6):663-5, 19 91 J Pediatr Surg 28(11):1525-6, 1993

2- Garabedian EN, Roelly P, Denoyelle F, Tashjian G: [Cervicofacial cysts and fistulas in children] Ann Pediatr (Paris)38(10):707-10, 1991

3- Queizan A, Martinez Urrutia MJ,: [Branchial cysts and fistulas] An Esp Pediatr 22(8):596-600 , 1985

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