Upload
vandung
View
243
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
• Pengertian barang publik
• Tipe-tipe barang publik
• Problem barang publik
Barang Publik
• Barang yang bersifat non-rivaled
dan non-excludable.
untuk mengkonsumsi barang
publik orang tidak harus bersaing
dan orang tidak bisa membuat
pembatasan atau larangan untuk
mengkonsumsinya (no one can be
excluded from using the good).
Example : udara = barang bebas
Barang Privat
• Bersifat rivaled dan excludable
• example, if one individual eats a cake, there is no cake left for anyone else, and it is possible to exclude others from consuming the cake private good
Barang Publik :
• Inge Kaul (1999) :
– Barang Publik Murni
– Barang Publik Tidak Murni
• Barang publik murni
– Non-rivalry : penggunaannya
tidak bersaingan
– Non-excludable : tidak dapat
diterapkan prinsip perkecualian
(impossible to exclude individuals
from consumption) TV, radio,dsb
• Barang yang
penggunaannya tidak
bersaing dan tidak ada
perkecualian (siapapun
bisa menggunakan/
mengkonsumsi)
Barang Publik Murni
Contoh : jalan raya,
lampu lalu lintas,
keamanan, kebersihan
lingkungan,dsb
Barang Publik Tidak Murni
• Barang yang tidak sepenuhnya publik maupun sepenuhnya privat atau barang yang hanya sebagian yang bersifat tidak bersaingan (non-rivalry) ataupun tidak ada perkecualian (non-excludable).
Contoh : pendidikan , kesehatan , makanan bergizi, internet, dsb
Excludable Non-excludable
Rivalrous Private goods :
makanan, pakaian,
mobil,dsb
Common goods /
(Common-pool
resources)
air, ikan, pasir, kayu
hutan,dsb
Non-
Rivalrous
Club goods :
TV kabel, internet
Public goods :
udara, keamanan,
TV nonkabel,
jalan raya, taman
kota,dsb
Terminology, and types of public goods
Barang Publik Tidak Murni:
Common Pool Resources
• Barang yg bersifat
“rivalrous but non-
excludable “ problem
barang publik = tragedy of
the commons.
• For example, sea fishing =
non-excludable resource,
but one which is finite and
diminishing.
Barang Publik Tidak Murni :
Club Goods • Club goods atau toll goods bersifat
non-rivalrous but excludable
• could be delivered as private goods, but are usually delivered by the government (finances from public funds like taxes).
Note : • public good = non-excludable pure
public goods.
• Club goods = excludable public goods .
Problem “Free Riders”
• Konsumer ikut menikmati atau
memanfatkan barang publik
tanpa perlu ikut andil dalam
proses penciptaannya = free
rider problem”, atau "easy rider
problem"
Free Riders
• Adanya „free rider‟ market
failure Why ?
• sulit mengkalkulasi cost dan
benefits dari barang publik yg
diproduksi tidak ada insentif
untuk memproduksi barang
publik secara sukarela
• hardly anyone is willing to pay
for the invention/goods if they can
benefit from it for free
Barang Publik: Market Failure
• Non-rivalness and non-excludability may cause problems for the production of such goods.
market failure = markets are unable to provide these goods in desired quantities
Barang Publik: Market Failure
Adam Smith :
• Market alone unable to
provide necessary public
goods.
• the collective must do
something together to
provide these goods.
Public sector
Sektor Publik :
• Definisi sektor
publik
• Pentingnya sektor
publik
• Peran Sektor
Publik
Public Sector
• The public sector, sometimes referred to as the
state sector is a part of the state that deals with either the production, delivery and allocation of goods and services
by and for the government or
its citizens, whether
national, regional or local/municipal
(wikipedia).
Public Sector http://www.investorwords.com :
• The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services as the police, military, public roads, public transit, primary education and healthcare for the poor
The public sector might provide services that non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service (such as public education), and services that encourage equal opportunity
Public Sector
Hicks (dalam Hughes,1994):
• Sektor publik menyediakan barang dan pelayanan/jasa (services) yang cakupan dan jenisnya tidak ditentukan oleh keinginan langsung konsumer, tapi oleh keputusan badan-badan pemerintah ataupun badan perwakilan rakyat.
Public Sector Hicks (lanjut)
• Sektor publik : hasil dari pengambilan keputusan politik/publik tidak melibatkan proses pasar
command based : memaksa orang untuk patuh
Misal : KTP,SIM, pajak, dsb
Bisnis : voluntary (baju,elektronik, makanan, mobil,perhiasan, dsb)
Individual Decisions :
I can choose, alone &
without interference
Collective Decisions : Choices are made by
the community & are
binding on all
Private Decisions
My choice has no
consequence for your
welfare
Liberty of the individual :
- What socks should I
wear?
- Religion
- Whom should I marry?
Tyranny of the Majority:
- Should we have a right
to die? Suicide?
- Should we restrict what
people can read ?
Public Decisions
My choices affect
your welfare
Theft by the Minority :
- Number of children
Liberty of the Group:
-How much should we
spend on defense?
- Smoking in public places?
- What do we do about the
homeless?
Sumber : wikipedia