qarTuli ena da literatura

VI klasis saxelmZRvanelo

avtor-Semdgenlebi: vaxtang rodonaia nino nakudaSvili avTandil arabuli marine xuciSvili engur qurcikiZe

2011

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qarTuli ena da literatura

VI klasis saxelmZRvanelo

avtor-Semdgenlebi: vaxtang rodonaia nino nakudaSvili avTandil arabuli marine xuciSvili engur qurcikiZe

mxatvari: mariam jandieri

kompiuteruli

uzrunvelyofa qeTevan gogava

Yydis garekanze gamoyenebulia esma onianis ferweruli namuSevari.

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Sinaarsi

I Tavi. wigni

moZRvari _ nawyveti ilia WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobidan~ ..................................................... 9

qvis dedaena _ levan goTuasi .......................................... 22vefxistyaosans _ giorgi leoniZis .................................. 30Cemi soflis samkiTxvelo _ nugzar SataiZis .................. 36rogor uyvardaT wigni saqarTveloSi _ eqvTime TayaiSvilis `mogonebebidan~ ................................................................. 41

enis samyaroSi

sityvis mniSvneloba .......................................................... 19sityvis pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvneloba ................. 20mravalmniSvnelobiani sityvebi da omonimebi ................. 34sinonimia da sityvis ganmarteba ....................................... 46frazeologizmebi ............................................................. 47

II Tavi. Tqveni Tanatolebis cxovrebidan

biWi da ZaRli _ arCil sulakauris .................................. 51bardnala _ lado asaTianis ............................................. 71SeSaze _ revaz inaniSvilis .............................................. 76 cxrakara _ mirza gelovanis ............................................ 92suraTaebiani wigni _ rezo WeiSvilis .............................. 96xazarula _ nodar dumbaZis ........................................... 103

enis samyaroSi

winadadebis mTavari da aramTavari wevrebi ...................... 68zmnasaTan dakavSirebul mTavar wevrTa brunvebi ............. 70Sesityveba da misi saxeebi .................................................. 90winadadebis Sinaarsis nairgvaroba .................................. 101winadadeba, intonacia da sasveni niSnebi ......................... 102sxvaTa sityva: pirdapiri da iribi naTqvami ..................... 116

III Tavi. saxelovani winaprebi

vinc iyo, igi rom ara _ muxran maWavarianis .................... 119farnavazis cxovreba _ leonti mrovelis ....................... 123farnaozi _ nawyveti grigol orbelianis poemidan `sadRegrZelo~ ................................................................. 128

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vaxtangma wyali isurva _ muxran maWavarianis ................ 131didi Tamari _ vaJa-fSavelasi .......................................... 139cotne dadianis Tavganwirva _ vaxtang WeliZis wignidan `qarTlis cxovrebis qronikebi~ ...................................... 144qarTvelebis gasagonad _ SoTa niSnianiZis ..................... 147erekle mefe da ingilo qali _ iakob gogebaSvilis ........ 149

enis samyaroSi

gavixsenoT bruneba .......................................................... 122TanxmovniT daboloebuli fuZe da misi kumSva ............... 129xmovniT daboloebuli fuZe da kveca .............................. 138ricxviTi saxelebis sami jgufi ....................................... 142ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera ....................................... 148zedsarTav saxelTa ori jgufi ........................................ 157zedsarTavi saxeli xarisxis formebi .............................. 158

IV Tavi. SoTa, saba da daviTi

vefxistyaosani _ SoTa rusTavelisnaxva arabTa mefisagan mis ymisa vefxistyaosnisa ........... 161TinaTinisagan avTandilis gagzavna mis ymis saZebrad .................................................................... 163sibrZne-sicruisa _ sulxan-saba orbelianisigav-arakebi:ukan midevnebuli lampari ............................................... 170moxerxebuli arabi ........................................................... 172ori Zma .............................................................................. 173aqlemi da viri .................................................................. 174swavla moswavleTa _ daviT guramiSvils ........................ 179

enis samyaroSi

nacvalsaxeli ................................................................... 182kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli .................................................... 183

V Tavi. xalxuri sityviereba

mumli muxasao _ leqsi ..................................................... 187jarji _ balada ................................................................ 189ori Zma _ zRapari ............................................................. 193fxoveli da Savaneli _ balada ........................................ 196solomon brZeni da berikaci _ zRapari ........................... 198

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enis samyaroSi

zmnizeda da misi kavSiri zmnasTan ................................... 192calke mdgomi Tandebulebi .............................................. 195zmna da pirebis Sewyoba masTan ......................................... 203

VI Tavi. yuri miugdeT bunebas

ia _ vaJa-fSavelasi .......................................................... 207mTis wyaro _ vaJa-fSavelasi ............................................ 211mwuxris suraTi _ ilia WavWavaZis ................................... 215qarma budidan yvavis baxala _ galaktion tabiZis .......... 220Rrublebi _ ana kalandaZis ............................................. 223foTlebi... foTlebi... ana kalandaZis .............................. 224nekerCxlis wiTeli foToli _ revaz inaniSvilis ........... 227

enis samyaroSi

piri mxolobiTsa da mravlobiTSi da maTi niSnebi .......... 234zmnis kilo ........................................................................ 235

VII Tavi. rac mtrobas daungrevia...

Ciriki da Cikotela _ giorgi leoniZis .......................... 239gebralebodes, nu hrisxav _ ilia WavWavaZis ................... 254

enis samyaroSi

dro da zmnis formebi ...................................................... 255zmniswinis sami ZiriTadi funqcia ................................... 256zmnis aspeqti .................................................................... 257qceva ................................................................................. 257

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gavixsenoT kiTxvis strategiebi

kiTxvis strategiebi

strategia moqmedebis gegmaa, romelic unda gamoiyeno kiTxvis dawyebamde, kiTxvis dros da kiTxvis damTavrebis Semdeg.

kiTxvis dawyebamde

� gadaaTvaliere teqsti, waikiTxe saTauri, avtoris gvari da saxeli, daakvirdi ilustraciebs;

� scade gamoicno, ris Sesaxeb iqneba masSi saubari;

� gaixsene, ra ici msgavsi teqstebis, mocemuli Temis an avtoris Sesaxeb;

� gansazRvre kiTxvis mizani (ra mizniT kiTxulob te­qsts: ubralod gainteresebs, misi mokle Sinaarsi unda gadmosce, raRacis gageba gsurs, raRac unda iswavlo teqstidan da sxv.).

kiTxvis dros

ifiqre imaze, ra aris teqstSi SenTvis gasagebi da ra _ gaugebari. gamoiyene gagebis strategiebi, kerZod:

� Seajame wakiTxuli. dro da dro SeCerdi da dafiqrdi, ra iTqva an ra moxda mniSvnelovani teqstis mocemul monakveTSi;

� dasvi kiTxvebi. dausvi kiTxvebi sakuTar Tavs wakiT­xulis Sesaxeb da scade maTze pasuxis gacema;

� Seamowme gageba. Tu ver gaige, rasac kiTxulob, xe­laxla gadaikiTxe teqstis bundovani monakveTi an gaagrZele kiTxva, iqneb Semdgomma Txrobam mohfinos naTeli SenTvis gaugebar adgils.

kiTxvis damTavrebis Semdeg

imsjele TanaklaselebTan wakiTxulis Sesaxeb. ganmar­te, romeli strategiebi gamoiyene da ratom?

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waikiTxeT nawarmoebis saTauri da qvesaTauri. ra Se­iZleba iTqvas maTze dayrdnobiT warmodgenili teqs tis, misi avtoris, mTavari personaJisa da ambis mTxro belis Sesaxeb?

ilia WavWavaZe

moZRvari(nawyveti moTxrobidan `glaxis naambobi~)

I

mRvdeli SuaSi idga, xalxi buziviT ireoda mis garSemo, zogs elaparakeboda, zogic dauzareblad pasuxs aZlevda, zogi exum­reboda, zogs TviTon gauxumrebda da maSin unda genaxaT guliani xar xari erisa; zogi kidev sulganabuli Sescqeroda, TiTqos da­jerebulia1, imis piridan oqro gadmovardeba da SiSobs, xelidan ar wamivideso. bevri sikeTe unda daeTesos kacs, romelsac egre siyvaruliT gars artyia xalxi! kacic is aris, Seni Wirime, da qudic imas xuravs, albaT kai kacsac Tafli acxia, rom didi da patara buziviT zed exveva!.. dedamiwis zurgs bevri ar utarebia imisTana.

swored kacs rom wyali moswyurdeba, ise momwyurda imis si­tyvebis gageba. gadavixare Tavi, rom damenaxa da gamego rame. win edga erTi patara biWi TavCaRunuli.

_ yvela, yvela da Sen ratom CemTan aRar dadixar? _ ubrZana mRvdelma, _ mogwyinda gana, Se cuRluto, wignis kiTxva?

_ me ra vici? _ uTxra biWma, _ mamaCemi ar miSvebs.mRvdeli TiTqo SekrTao, ise ewyina es pasuxi._ ratom ar giSvebs?_ geyofa, rac iswavleo, _ meubneba._ aq xom ar aris mamaSeni?_ ai, iqiTa zis._ aba, aq dauZaxe!patara biWi cibrutiviT motrialda da gaiqca mamis dasaZaxe­

blad._ ver uyurebT petres!.. _ Tqva TavisTvis mRvdelma da Cafiqr­

da..._ eg aris da!.. _ daiZaxa viRacam, _ avi ZaRli arc TviTon Wams,

arc sxvas aWmevso.xalxma gaicina, mRvdelsac Rimili moeria, magram mardad Sei­

kava sicili.

1. TiTqos dajerebulia _ TiTqos sjera, darwmunebulia.

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_ mamas ar uswavlia da papas, Svils rad aswavlis? _ Tqva meo­rem, _ SeCveuli Wiri urCevnia magisTana Tavxed kacsa SeuCvevar lxinsa.

_ goniersa mwvrTneli1 uyvars, ugunursa gulsa hgmirdeso2, ma gisTana kacze aris naTqvami, _ wamoiZaxa mesamem.

iqneba kidev bevri elazRandaraT, rom TviTon petre ar mos­wrebodaT.

_ kaco! _ ubrZana mRvdelma, _ marTalia, Sens Svils Sen uSli swavlas?

_ marTali gaxlavT. ra magis saqmea? ara Sejda mwyeri xesa, ara iyo gvari misi, Seni Wirime! _ upasuxa Tamamad petrem.

_ rogor Tu ara iyo gvari misi?_ ese, Seni Wirime! Cven glexkacebs gveZaxian. dRedaRam ofli

unda viwuroT da puri ise vWamoT. RmerTs egre ubrZanebia: `ofliT TqveniTa moipoveT puri Tqvenio~, _ es RvTis brZaneba

1. mwvrTneli _ is, vinc wvrTnis, aswavlis.

2. hgmirdes _ ugmiravdes; gulsa hgmirdes _ guls uklavdes.

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marto Cven dagvawva kiserze da veweviT kidec. wigni ra Cveni saqmea? is Cven damSeul kuWs ver gagviZRobs. Cveni wigni dedami­waa, venacvale imis madls! roca dedamiwas mwvane xaverdiviT je­jilis yda gadaekvreba, maSin imazeda vkiTxulobT Cvens bedsaca. Cveni kalami dauRalavi guTania, melani kidev gul­RviZlidan gamowuruli Cveni oflia. amovawebT oflSi guTansa, gadavuxsniT xolme dedamiwas madlian gulsa, CavayriT Sig Teslsa; roca dro mova, mivalT da is dalocvili miwa Tavis dReSi ar daiRleba, ise ar gaZunwdeba, rom mibarebuli erTiorad mainc ar dagvibru­nos. tyuilad ki ar eZaxian miwas `dedao~, is gvawovebs Cven Zu­Zusa, imas davxariT dRedaRam, Cveni Wiric da lxinic is aris, Seni kvnesame! wigni kargia, vin ar icis? bevri sxva ramea kargi am qvey­anaze, Cven iqamde xeli ar migviwvdeba... gagibedavT, Seni Wirime, da getyviT, jer kuWi unda gaviZRoT, kuWi! Cveni Tavdapirveli gulis tkivili es aris!..

_ marTals ambobs, me da Cemma RmerTma! _ gaixmaura xalxma, ro melic wuTis winaT ise Tavxedurad dascinoda petres.

_ ras brZanebT? _ wamoiZaxa xalxis xmiT gulgakeTebulma pe­trem, _ welSi ver gavsworebulvarT, pirutyviviT maRla ver ag­vixedia, sul dedamiwas davyurebT, TiTqos Cveni bedi iq dakargu­la da veZebTo, vin Cven da vin wigni!..

_ me mesmis, Wkviano petrev, Seni gulis viTareba, _ ubrZana daRonebiT mRvdelma, _ me moziare var Seni gulistkivilisa!.. Sen guTani girCevnia wignsa imitom, rom guTani dRes purs gaWmevs.

_ marTali brZanebaa, Seni Wirime! _ miugo petrem._ axla Sen erTi es miTxar: rom ar gcodnoda, cecxlSi rkina

rbildeba, saidan gaakeTebdi bar­sakveTs, culsa, eCosa1, romli­Tac guTnis xesa Tli? rom ar gcodnoda, rom egre unda gamoyvana guTansa, riT moxnavdi miwas? rom ar gcodnoda, romel miwas ro­gor unda moxvna, _ Rrmad CaSveba bar­sakveTisa, Tu Txlad, ra geSveleboda?

_ Seni mteri iqneboda, me viqnebodi._ saidan ici es yvelaferi?_ rogor Tu saidan? mama­papiT, Seni Wirime! madloba RmerTsa,

Tvali mqonia _ minaxavs, yuri mqonia _ msmenia, gulisyuri mqonia _ mivxvedrilvar, xsovna mqonia _ gonebaSi CamrCenia.

_ rac ginaxavs, gsmenia, mixvedrilxar, gonebaSi CagrCenia, _ amas sul erTianad ras eZaxi?

petre jer Cafiqrda, TiTqos ar icis, ra Tqvaso, mere ki ise, WoWmanobiT2 wamoiZaxa:

_ ra vici, Seni Wirime, ras veZaxi?_ mainc?

1. eCo _ xis saTleli iaraRi, pirbrtyeli da ToxiviT moxrili.

2. WoWmanoba _ yoymani, daeWveba.

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_ Cems gamocdilebas, Wirnaxulobas, Cems codnasa, Seni Wirime!_ kuWs giZRobs eg Seni codna?_ magas raRa pasuxi unda, Seni kvnesame! TviTon Sen kargad ici,

rom umagisod wyalSi gadasagdebi viqnebodi._ axla erTi es miTxari kidev: ramdeni Senze da Cemze ufro

mcodne kacia qveyanaze?_ ra vici, Se dalocvilo! mgoni, Tavze amodena balanic1 ara

mqondes: mjobs mjobi ar daeleva._ im mcodne kacebis Wirnaxuloba, gamocdileba, codna rom

Sensas zed daematos, kargi iqneba? ufro advilad ar gaiZRob kuWs, ufro cota ofliT bevrs ar moimki?

_ RvTis wyaloba gqondeT, rom kargi is iqneba, magram xaTa­bala2 es aris, rom Tvali imaTamde ar mimiwvdeba da yuri, saidan sadao, wmindao sabao? amodena dedamiwis zurgze sad veZebo me isini, rom gamovkiTxo rame?

_ me rom gaCveno imisTana ram, mTeli qveynis ostatoba, Wkviani kacebis nacadi, codna, Tu moindomeb, sul mudam xelTa gqondes, erTi sityviT, romel Wkvian kacTanac ginda, Soridanve dagala­parako, _ ras ityvi?

_ imas vityvi _ rasac mTeli qveyana ambobs: eg xom misnoba3 iqneba.

_ aba, magisTana misania wigni.me rom es gavigone, swored mogaxsenoT, Tavidan fexebamde Jr­

Jolam gamiara, ar vici ki, rad. es ki vici, rom Cem garda sxvasac eg daemarTa. xalxs, TiTqos mzem dahkrao, saxe gaunaTlda. petre ki ise saxtad TvalebdaWyetili darCa, TiTqos Tavbru daesxao. ise atacebulsaviT didxans iqneboda, rom mRvdlis sityvebs ar gamoefxizlebina.

_ axla ras ityvi, wigni giSvelis rames, Tu ara?_ neba momeci, _ uTxra gulamomjdarma petrem, _ eg muxlebi

gadagikocno. Cemi tuCebi bevrjer mihkarebia sxvis muxlsa da SenisTanas ki arc erTxel.

mRvdelma ar miuSva muxlebamde. maSin petrem pirnaTlad Sexe­da da gonebagaxurebulma wamoiZaxa:

_ dailoca Seni enis pirwylianoba!..4 RmerTi maRlidan giyure­bs, RvTisagan kurTxeulo adamiano, rom me sulis wawymedisagan damixsen. weRan gelaparakebodi brma; Svilis codvaSi vdgebodi. exla, Seni madliani eniT Tvalxiluli, geubnebi: is mama Svilis damRupavi yofila, romelsac SenisTana RvTis kaci gamouCndeba

1. balani _ aq: Tma.

2. xaTabala _ ubedureba.

3. misnoba _ jadoqroba (misani _ jadoqari).

4. pirwylianoba _ enawylianoba, mSvenivrad laparaki.

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Svilis gasawurTvnelad da ar gaawurTvninebs1. nu Sejdeba mwyeri xesa, nu iqneba gvari misi, Cemma Svilma ki wigni unda icodes, Seni Wirime! momeci xeli, Seni kvnesame!.. erTi gemTxvio!..

gulmolbobili petre mivarda xelze sakocnelad, mRvdelma akurTxa2 da ar amTxvevina ki.

_ maS damiloce mainc mamiserTa Svili! _ uTxra petrem da Svili win wamouyena, mRvdelma akurTxa is bavSvi da Tavze akoca gaRimebulma.

_ Svilo! es dRe daixsome, _ uTxra Svils petrem: _ es dRe me da SenTvis mziani dRea.

mRvdeli airia. vnaxe, rom moenama3 Tvalebica. uecrad moaSora Tvali gulamomjdar petres da imis TavCaRunul Svilsa, TiTqos Tavisi gulis madlianoba4 unda daumalos mamasac da Svilsaco.

Sexvedra mweralTan

ilia WavWavaZe(1837­1907)

`iqneb arc erTs msoflio genioss ar hqondes imodena mniSvneloba Tavi­si erisaTvis, ramdenic aqvs ilia Wav­WavaZes saqarTvelosaTvis~.

iakob gogebaSvili

ilia WavWavaZe daibada yvarel­Si. WavWavaZeebis ojaxSi did pativs scemdnen qarTul kulturas, mama­

papur tradiciebs. ilias deda didad ganaTlebuli qali iyo, man Seayvara ilias da mis da­Zmebs qarTuli mwerloba, gansakuTrebiT, `vefxistya osani~. bavSvobis dros ojaxSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebi ilia WavWavaZem Semdgom gaacocx­la moTxrobaSi `nikoloz gostabaSvili~.

saskolo ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg ilia WavWavaZe 1857 wels swavlis gasagrZeleblad peterburgs miemgzavreba. am

1. gasawurTvnelad _ gasawvrTnelad, aRsazrdelad; gaawurTvninebs _ gaawvrTnevinebs, aRazrdevinebs.

2. akurTxa _ daloca, pirjvari gardasaxa.

3. moenama _ daenama, aucremlianda.

4. madli _ sikeTe, qveloba, mowyaleba, keTili saqme.

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dros daiwera cnobili leqsi `yvarlis mTebs~. oci wlis Wabuks Rrmada aqvs Segnebuli, rom mas `wuTisoflis vali~ marTebs. es vali samSoblos samsaxuria.

1861 wels ilia saqarTveloSi brundeba.`ras vetyvi me Cems qveyanas axals da ras metyvis igi me?~

_ es kiTxva ar asvenebs samSoblosken momaval ocdaoTxi wlis axalgazrdas.

dabrunebisTanave ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi qveynis cxovrebis SuagulSi aRmoCnda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebriv cxovrebas ilia warmarTavda. qarTveloba mas Tavis winamZ­Rolad miiCnevda, misgan elodnen rCevas, Semweobas, gamxneve­bas.

ilia WavWavaZem bevr sasikeTo saqmes Cauyara safuZveli, man daaarsa Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~, Semdeg _ gazeTi `iveria~, romlis garSemoc moiyares Tavi saukeTeso qarT­velma mwerlebma, sazogado moRvaweebma. `qarTvelTa So­ris wera­kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ erT­erTi sulisCamdgmeli ilia WavWavaZe iyo. manve izruna qarTuli bankis Camosayalibeblad, qarTuli Teatris aRsadgenad... yvelafris CamoTvla SeuZlebelia.

1907 wlis 30 agvistos Cvens qveyanas umZimesi dRe gauTen­da. saqarTvelos Zveli sataxto qalaqis, mcxeTis siaxloves, wiwamurSi, mokles ilia WavWavaZe. saubedurod, saqarTvelos mtrebis nebis aRmsrulebelni Cvenive Tanamemamuleebi aR­moCndnen.

amaze didi borotebis warmodgena SeuZlebelia.wiwamurTan momxdarma tragediam SeZra mTeli saqarTvelo.`ilias mkvlelebs rom SeeZloT, saqarTvelosac mokla­

vdnen~, _ Tqva SeZrwunebulma vaJa­fSavelam.`Tu saqarTvelos sikvdili ar uweria, maSin masTan erTad

Senc ukvdavi iqnebi~, _ ase mimarTa ilias gamosaTxovar si­tyvaSi akaki wereTelma.

ilia WavWavaZis neSti mTawmindis kurTxeul miwas miabares.1913 wels ilias saflavze daidga cnobili qarTveli mo­

qandakis iakob nikolaZis mier Seqmnili Zegli `mwuxare saqa­rTvelo~, romelic erovnuli glovis gamoxatulebaa.

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teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg

wavikiTxoT, davfiqrdeT, visaubroT:

ilia WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobSi~ usamarTlobisagan daCagru­li kacis, nayaCaRari gabrielis, Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili. am­bavs TviTon gabrieli hyveba.

roca mebatonis Svils, daTikos, saswavleblad qalaqSi daupi­res gagzavna, man TanSezrdili ymis gabrielis gareSe wasvla ar isurva. ase aRmoCnda glexis biWi qalaqSi, sadac RvTis msaxur wminda kacs Sexvda.

1. mRvdels RvTismsaxurebis dasrulebis Semdeg vecnobiT. ro­gor damokidebulebas amJRavneben mis mimarT adamianebi?

2. ratom uxmo TavisTan mRvdelma petres?3. romel brZnul gamonaTqvamebs moiSvelieben iq myofni petres

gasakilavad?4. marTalia, petre Svils swavlaSi xels uSlida, magram Tavisi

ga dawyvetilebis gasamarTleblad iseTi gonivruli sabuTi mo­ixmo, rom mRvdelma mas `Wkviani~ uwoda.saubrisas raze gadah­qonda petres yuradReba?

5. petres Tandayolili goniereba mis xatovan saubarSi vlinde­ba. daakvirdiT, ra warmoidgina man glexkacis wignad, am wignis ydad? ra aRmoCnda glexkacis kalami, melani? `wigni kargia, vin ar icis?~ _ acxadebs petre. maS, ra aris is Tavdapirveli satkivari, ris gamoc ambobs igi uars wignze?

6. rogor moiqca mRvdeli _ grZel, ganyenebul Segonebebs mo­hyva, Tu sxarti, gasagebi kiTxvebiT gamoiwvia glexkaci sasau­brod, misi gulistkivili gaiziara da ase, TandaTan gaagebina Tavisi saTqmeli?

7. daakvirdiT, rogori gameorebebiT aris gajerebuli mRvdlis kiTxvebi: `rom ar gcodnoda... saidan gaakeTebdi?~, `rom ar gcodnoda... riT moxnavdi?~, `rom ar gcodnoda... ra geSvele­boda?~ _ amgvarad gameorebuli kiTxvebiT raze maxvildeba yu­radReba?

8. mRvdlis SemweobiT glexkaci gzis gagnebas iwyebs. mas Tavisi `gamocdileba, Wirnaxuloba, codna~ abadia, magram yovelive es, cxadia, bevr sxvasac moepoveba. ra aris Turme imisTvis sa­Wiro, rom `cota ofliT~ bevri moimko?

9. kuWis gaZRomaze fiqriT mocul glexs uceb Tvalwin codnis ukidegano sivrce gadaeSala. ris meSveobiT SeiZleba Turme `mTeli qveynis ostatobis, Wkviani kacebis nacadis, codnis~ moxelTeba? saubris bolos ra ewoda wigns?

10. ra Sedegi gamoiRo mRvdlisa da glexkacis saubarma? rogor

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gamoxata petrem mis sulSi momxdari mkveTri cvlileba? ro­gor gadaasxvafera man adre moxmobili xalxuri andaza?

11. Tqveni azriT, ratom eubneba petre Svils: `es dRe me da SenT­vis mziani dRea~?

12. ratom moaSora mRvdelma Tvali mama­Svils?

damatebiTi amocanebi

weriTi savarjiSo:

waikiTxeT cnobili adamianebis gamonaTqvamebi wignze. amo­arCieT erT­erTi maTgani da ganavrceT, anu imsjeleT da daasabuTeT gamoTqmuli azri.

1. `adamiani kargi wigniT xelSi arasodes marto ar iqneba~.karlo goldoni

2. `adamianis xasiaTze da gonebaze Tavisuflad SeiZleba vim­sjeloT mis mier amorCeuli wignebisa da megobrebis mixed­viT~.

klod adrian helveciusi

3. `visac wignis kiTxva uyvars, mas mudam gverdiT hyavs erT­guli megobari, mxiaruli Tanamosaubre, brZeni mrCeveli da damrigebeli~.

isidor barou

4. `yoveli kargi wigni Tvalwin gviSlis axal samyaros~.jordano bruno

5. `wignebTan urTierToba siymawviles kvebavs, siberes amxia­rulebs, bednierebas amSvenebs, ubedurebaSi TavSesafarsa da damSvidebas iZleva~.

ciceron mark tuliusi

6. `wignebi azris xomaldebia, JamTa talRebSi rom micuraven da zrunviT gadascemen Zvirfas tvirTs Taobidan Taobas~.

frensis bekoni

7. wignebi saukeTeso megobrebi arian. cxovrebis yovel gansacdelSi SegiZliaT maT mimarToT. wignebi arasodes gi­Ralateben.~

alfons dode

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gaxsovdeT!msjelobis tipis teqsti, anu raimes ganxilva­dasabuTeba, sami

nawilisagan Sedgeba: pirvelia Tavad debuleba, azri, romlis dasabuTeba an uaryofaa saWiro; meore _ am debulebis damadas­turebeli an uarmyofeli magaliTebi, anu sabuTebi (sxvanairad maT argumentebsac uwodeben) da mesame _ daskvna, anu msjelobis Sejameba.

Txzulebis CarCoI. pirveli nawili daiwyeT sityvebiT: amboben, naTqvamia... amas

moayoleT Tqven mier SerCeuli gamonaTqvami brWyalebiT an mis gareSe.

II. gadasvla I nawilidan II­ze SeiZleba sityvebiT: es marTlac asea, vinaidan...

III. msjelobis dros SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT sityvebi: jer erTi, meorec... garda amisa...

IV. naTqvamis Sejameba anu daskvna SegiZliaT ase daiwyoT: amgvarad, ase rom, swored amitom...

gadaikiTxeT Tqveni Txzuleba da daakvirdiT:• sworad mihyeviT Tu ara Txzulebis CarCos;• damajerebelia Tu ara Tqven mier moxmobili magaliTebi

(anu asabuTeben Tu ara isini gamonaTqvamis azrs);• sworad gaqvT Tu ara gamoyenebuli sasveni niSnebi.

da kidev:ar dagaviwydeT Txzulebis dasaTaureba.

bolos gadaaTeTreT naweri da waikiTxeT klasSi. yuradRebiT moismi­

neT da gaiTvaliswineT maswavleblisa da Tanaklaselebis rCevebi.

es sainteresoa!

leqsikoni da enciklopedia

ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobis personaJi kiTxvis swavlis auci­leblobaSi maSin darwmunda, roca mixvda, rom wigni codnis wy­aroa. es yvela wignze erTnairad iTqmis, Tumca arsebobs wig nebi, romlebSic marTlac `mTeli qveynis ostatoba~, `Wkviani kacebis codna da gamocdilebaa~ Tavmoyrili. aseTi wignebia sxvadasxva saxis leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi.

Tqven ukve iciT, rom leqsikonSi anbanze gawyobili sityvebia axsnili, ganmartebuli an Targmnili. V klasSi sulxan­saba orbe­lianis mier Sedgenil qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonze _

18

`sityvis konaze~ gqondaT saubari da sakuTari leqsikons Sed­genac scadeT.

enciklopediaSi ki Tavmoyrilia cnobebi codnis yvela an rome­lime erTi dargidan da dalagebulia leqsikonis principiT (anu Temebi anbanis rigzea gawyobili).

leqsikonis gamoyeneba Tqven ukve iciT. enciklopediis Sesaxeb ki zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsebobs dargobrivi (vTqvaT, xelovnebis, mecnierebis an Tundac cnobil adamianTa enciklope­dia) da mravaldargobrivi, anu e. w. didi enciklopediebi. amas­Tan erTad, enciklopedia SeiZleba gamocemuli iyos rogorc erT tomad (erT wignad), ise mravaltomeulis saxiT (ramdenime wig­nad). erT wignad gamocemuli enciklopediebi SeiZleba iyofodes Tavebad, Tavebi ki Temebad. mravali tomisagan Sedgenili encik­lopediis TiToeuli wigni danomrilia da ydaze nomris aRmniS­vnel cifrTan erTad is aso­niSanic aweria, romelze dawyebul Temebsac aerTianebs es wigni. magaliTad, I tomi SeiZleba iyos _ abgd asoebis masala; II _ evzT da a.S.

ganaTlebul adamians leqsikonebisa da enciklopediebis gamo­yeneba unda SeeZlos.

savarajiSo 1: sad unda veZeboT qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi sityva Tarazo?

a. sityva TaRliTis win Tu mis Semdeg?b. sityvebs: Tarsa da Targs Tu Teatrsa da Tebervals Soris?

savarjiSo 2: waikiTxeT amonaridi qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leq sikonidan da upasuxeT kiTxvebs.

Teatri [berZn.] 1. xelovnebis dargi _ dramatul nawarmoebTa scenaze warmodgena­gansaxiereba. qarTuli T. 2. dawesebuleba,romelic aseT warmodgenebs dgams. Teatris Senoba _ rusTave­lis saxelobis T.

a. sadauri warmomavlobis sityva yofila Teatri?b. ra da ra mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba es sityva?

savarjiSo 3: romel wigns mimarTavdiT qvemoT mocemul kiTx­vebze pasuxis mosaZieblad?

enciklopedia, leqsikoni, geografiuli atlasi.

19

a. ra manZilia qalaq Tbilissa da foTs Soris?b. rodis daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi?g. ras niSnavs sityva arqaizmi?d. rogor gamoigones avtomobili?e. sad mdebareobs indonezia?v. sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa Teoria?

savarjiSo 4: vTqvaT, gsurT ufro meti SeityoT vulkanebis war moqmnisa da miwisZvris Sesaxeb da xelSi CagivardaT sabavSvo en ciklopedia, romelic Semdegi Tavebisagan Sedgeba:

I. adamianis sxeuli; II. mcenareebi da cxovelebi; III. dedamiwa;IV. planetebi da varskvlavebi; V. mecniereba da teqnika; VI. xelovneba; VII. sazogadoeba; VIII. istoria; IX. qveynebi.

romel TavSi daiwyebdiT TqvenTvis sasurveli informaciis mo Ziebas?

savarjiSo 5: moZebneT enciklopediis tomi (daasaxeleT no­meri), romelSic SeiZleba iyos informacia qvemoT CamoTvlili Te mebis Sesaxeb.

1. arqeologia2. mtkvari3. giorgi leoniZe4. biblia5. udabno6. ieroglifi7. qristeSobis dResaswauli

enis samyaroSi

viswavloT sainformacio teqstis wakiTxva da gadmocema

1. sityvis mniSvneloba

yoveli sityva raRacas aRniSnavs: an sagans (wigni), an Tvisebas (tkbili), an raodenobas (bevri), an adgils (aq), an dros (xval), an moqmedebas (mReris) da sxv.

Tumca arsebobs iseTi sityvebic, romelTac aseTi Sinaarsi ara aqvs, anu mniSvnelobis armqone sityvebia (da, ki, xolo, Turme...).

mniSvnelobis mqone da armqone sityvebis erTmaneTisagan gar­Ceva sakmaod advilia: Tu sityvas kiTxva daesmis, mniSvnelobis mqonea, Tu kiTxva ar daesmis _ armqone.

a-g d-v z-i k-m n-p

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

J-s t-f q-y S-W x-h

enciklopedia

20

aba, dausviT kiTxvebi ukve dasaxelebul sityvebs da amaSi Tvi­Tonve darwmundebiT. imasac uTuod mixvdebiT, rom mniSvnelobi­ani sityvac nairgvaria da mniSvnelobis armqonec.

aq ki aucilebelia gavixsenoT sityvaTa klasebi; kerZod: ratom iyo sityvebi dayofili klasebad da ramdeni aseTi jgufi gamo­aCina sityvebze dakvirvebam?

savarajiSo 1: dausviT kiTxva da gaarkvieT, romelia mniSvn­elobis mqone da romeli _ ara Semdeg sityvaTagan:

vin? ra? sad? rodis? rogori? saidan? ra qna?

ras Svreba? ras izams?

brZaneba, dagvawva, kiseri, wigni, ara, saqme, Cven, kuWi, ver, de damiwa, mwvane, xaverdi, jejili, yda, gadaekvreba, bedi, kalami, guTani, kidev, melani, mova, ofli, xolme, guli, madliani, dro, daiRleba, ki, xeli, jer, xalxi, wuTi, bedi, iq, RmerTi, maRlidan, giyurebs, adamiani.

savarajiSo 2: aiReT moTxroba `moZRvris~ pirveli abzaci da kiTxvebis dasmiT gaarkvieT: romelia mniSvnelobis mqone da armqone sityvebi; Semdeg gadaixazeT rveulSi qvemoT mocemuli cxrili da SeavseT (anu mouZebneT jgufi mniSvnelobis mqone si­tyvebs):

sagani (vin? ra?)

Tviseba raodenoba adgili dro moqmedeba

2. sityvis pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvneloba

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari sityva uSualod asaxavs mis aRsaniSn sagansa Tu movlenas, anu am SemTxvevaSi mze mzea, mTvare _ mTvare, qva _ qva da xe _ xe... daakvirdiT: mze amovida; mTvare Rrublebs moefara; xe aSrialda.

21

magram metyvelebaSi sityvebi gamudmebiT icvlian Sinaarss da sxvadasxvagvari gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebian.

magaliTad: `vefxistyaosanSi~ rostevan mefe rom ityvis _ `mze Cagvisvenda, bnelsa vWvretT, Ramesa umTenarosa~, _ marTla mzis Casvlasa da Ramis dadgomas ki ar Civis, aramed amiT sakuTar si­beres gvisuraTxatebs.

anda, roca Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi amboben, _ `mkerdSi qva udevso~, gana marTla qvas gulisxmoben?

Tu daukvirdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi xSirad iyeneben sityvebs gadataniTi (arapirdapiri) mniSvnelo­biT. xom gsmeniaT: `dro mirbis, garbis, miqriso~. gana dros Seu­Zlia gaiqces? yru niSnavs smenadaqveiTebul an smenadakargul adamians, magram yru kedeli xom gagigoniaT? aseve vityviT `yru adgils~ _ mivardnili, ukacrieli adgilis aRsaniSnavad.

savarajiSo 1: rogori (pirdapiri Tu gadataniTi) mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli sityva `naTeli~ Semdeg frazaSi:

`wigni ki ara _ dila xar,qarTveli xalxis naTeli~.

savarajiSo 2: gamoarkvieT, rogori mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyeneb­uli xazgasmuli sityvebi mocemul winadadebebSi.

1. kacs rom wyali moswyurdeba, ise momwyurda imis sityvebis gageba.

2. bevri sikeTe unda daeTesos kacs, romelsac egre siyvaru­liT gars artyia xalxi.

3. yvelas gulSi... RvTisagan anTebuli cecxli anTia.4. mogwyinda gana, Se cuRluto, wignis kiTxva?5. roca dedamiwas mwvane xaverdiviT jejilis yda gadaekvre­

ba, maSin imazeda vkiTxulobT Cvens bedsaca.6. albaT kai kacsac Tafli acxia, rom didi da patara buziviT

zed exveva.