qarTuli istoriografia

qeTevan nadiraZe

qarTuli istoriografia

saleqcio kursi

gamomcemloba ùniversali~Tbilisi 2012

uak (UDC) 930(479.22)(042) n-162

naSromi gankuTvnilia humanitaruli fakultetis

studentebisa da saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebiT

dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

redaqtori: zaza abaSiZe recenzenti: nino kiRuUraZe

koreqtura: r. CinCalaZe

© q. nadiraZe, 2012

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2012

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, tel: 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-17-724-8

disciplinis miznebi da amocanebi

qarTuli istoriografiis kursis miznebi da amocanebi Tavad is-

toriografiis, rogorc istoriuli mecnierebis disciplinis speci-

fikidan da Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs.

termini ̀ istoriografia~ Sedgeba ori berZnuli sityvisagan: ̀ isto-

ria~ da`grafe~ (`vwer~) rac sityvasityviT niSnavs ìstoriuli movle-

nebis aRweras~, magram Tanamedroveoba istoriografiaSi gulisxmobs

ara istoriuli faqtebis, aramed ama Tu im epoqis istoriuli azris

gadmocemas. Tu istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis funqciaa `warmoad-

ginos~ saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba da kultura ise rogoradac isini

arsebobdnen istoriul sinamdvileSi, istoriografiis daniSnulebaa

gaanalizos Tu rogor swavlobdnen warsulLSi qveynis istorias, misi

amocanaa SexedulebaTa aRwera da analizi, istorikosTa ideebisa da

koncefciebis, istoriis meTodologiis Seswavla. istoriis meTodo-

logia amuUSavebs principebsa da meTodebs, TuU rogor unda iqnes mopo-

vebuli codna warsulis Sesaxeb.

marTalia, istoriografia, rogorc disciplina istoriul mec-

nierebas miekUuTvneba, magram mas aqvs Tavisi specifika, gaaCnNia kvlevis

gansakUuTrebuli xerxebi, flobs wyaroTa sakuTar bazas. mokled, is-

toriul mecnierebaSi mas avtonomiuri adgili ukavia. ra Tqma unda, av-

tonomiuroba ar niSnavs misi MmWidro kavSiris uaryofas iseT damxmare

istoriul disciplinebTan rogoricaa: qronologia, paleografia,

diplomatika, numizmatika, genealogia, toponimika, wyaroTmcodneoba

da sxv. SeuZlebelia warmovidginOoT ama Tu im epoqaSi istoriografiis

ganviTarebis done, istoriuli procesebis ganviTarebasTan kavSiris

garEeSe. agreTve, wyaroTmcodneobis bazis gafarToeba, arsebuli wyar-

oebis Rrma Seswavla da axali wyaroebis aRmoCena, wyaroTmcodneobiTi

analizis meToOdebis srulyofa, nawilobriv teqnikuri da sabunebism-

tyvelo [magaliTad, istoriuli azris ganviTarebaze XVII s. gavlenas

uak (UDC)...

naSromi gankuTvnilia humanitaruli fakultetis

studentebisa da saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebiT

dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

redaqtori: zaza abaSiZe recenzenti: nino kiRuUraZe

koreqtura: r. CinCalaZe

© q. nadiraZe, 2012

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2012



ISBN 978-9941-17-724-8

disciplinis miznebi da amocanebi

qarTuli istoriografiis kursis miznebi da amocanebi Tavad is-

toriografiis, rogorc istoriuli mecnierebis disciplinis speci-

fikidan da Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs.

termini ̀ istoriografia~ Sedgeba ori berZnuli sityvisagan: ̀ isto-

ria~ da`grafe~ (`vwer~) rac sityvasityviT niSnavs ìstoriuli movle-

nebis aRweras~, magram Tanamedroveoba istoriografiaSi gulisxmobs

ara istoriuli faqtebis, aramed ama Tu im epoqis istoriuli azris

gadmocemas. Tu istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis funqciaa `warmoad-

ginos~ saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba da kultura ise rogoradac isini

arsebobdnen istoriul sinamdvileSi, istoriografiis daniSnulebaa

gaanalizos Tu rogor swavlobdnen warsulLSi qveynis istorias, misi

amocanaa SexedulebaTa aRwera da analizi, istorikosTa ideebisa da

koncefciebis, istoriis meTodologiis Seswavla. istoriis meTodo-

logia amuUSavebs principebsa da meTodebs, TuU rogor unda iqnes mopo-

vebuli codna warsulis Sesaxeb.

marTalia, istoriografia, rogorc disciplina istoriul mec-

nierebas miekUuTvneba, magram mas aqvs Tavisi specifika, gaaCnNia kvlevis

gansakUuTrebuli xerxebi, flobs wyaroTa sakuTar bazas. mokled, is-

toriul mecnierebaSi mas avtonomiuri adgili ukavia. ra Tqma unda, av-

tonomiuroba ar niSnavs misi MmWidro kavSiris uaryofas iseT damxmare

istoriul disciplinebTan rogoricaa: qronologia, paleografia,

diplomatika, numizmatika, genealogia, toponimika, wyaroTmcodneoba

da sxv. SeuZlebelia warmovidginOoT ama Tu im epoqaSi istoriografiis

ganviTarebis done, istoriuli procesebis ganviTarebasTan kavSiris

garEeSe. agreTve, wyaroTmcodneobis bazis gafarToeba, arsebuli wyar-

oebis Rrma Seswavla da axali wyaroebis aRmoCena, wyaroTmcodneobiTi

analizis meToOdebis srulyofa, nawilobriv teqnikuri da sabunebism-

tyvelo [magaliTad, istoriuli azris ganviTarebaze XVII s. gavlenas

axdenda maTematika da fizika, XIXs. II nax. biologia da fsiqologia,

4 5

xolo XX s. maTematikuri meTodebi (Историография новой и новейшей истории стран Европы и Америки, M. 1977)] mecnierebaTa

meToOdebis gamoyeneba, konkretuli epoqis istoriuli azris

gamovlinebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saSualebaa, romelic

uSualod istoriografiis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens.

istoriografias, rogorc gansakUuTrebul disciplinas

aqvs wyaroTa specifikuri nakrebi, istoriografiis Studiebis

safuZvelTa safuZvelia Sromebi, romlebic aRweren istori-

ul procesebs, ikvleven ekonomikur, socialur, politikur,

kulturisa da religiis istorias, ZiriTad wyaroebTan er-

Tad aucilebelia im filosofosTa Sromebis gaTvaliswineba,

romlebic gavlenas axdenen istorikosTa Sromebze, calkeul

samecniero skolebze.

istoriografiuli analizis or ZiriTad mimarTule-

bas, radgan msoflmxedvelobrivi da meTodologiuri xa-

siaTis kvleva warmoadgens, istriografia, rogorc disci-

plina, metwilad damokidebulia im droisaTvis gabatonebul

filosofiur koncefciaze.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis nebismier etapze filosofia

gavlenas axdens istoriul azrovnebaze, istoriuli movleneb-

is Seswavlasa da gadmocemaze. magaliTad, hegelis filosofi-

urma ideebma gansazRvra XIX saukunis bevri istorikosis

gansakUuTrebuli midgoma masalebis interpretaciisa da isto-

riuli procesebis axsnis saqmeSi. XX saukunis istoriografi-

is xasiaTze gansakuUTrebiT gavlena iqonia filosofiam. amis

magaliTia sabWoTa istoriografia, romelic Camoyalibda

istoriuli materializmis safuZvelze, ufro sainteresoa

folosofiuri pluralizmi, anu ramdenime Teoriis erTdr-

ouli gavlena (mag. intuitivizmi, egzistencializmi, neopozi-

tivizmi, toinbis istoriografia), romelTa mimdevrebic ar-

ian calkeuli mkvlevrebi, calkeuli samecniero skolebi, an

zogjer mTeli nacionaliuri istoriografia (mag. rasistuli

istoriografia XX s. 30-40-iani wlebis germaniaSi).

istoriografiuli Ziebebis dros aucilebel pirobas

warmoadgens, saarqivo masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, ama Tu im

istorikosis cxovrebisa da mOoRvaweobis, samecniero memkv-

idreobis Seswavla, radgan istoriuli mecnierebis ganvi-

Tareba, istoriuli Semecnebis xarisxi, ver iqneba pirovnebis

gareESe procesi; am procesSi monawileoben gamoCenili mkv-

levrebi, romlebic, rogorc TavianTi epoqis warmomadgen-

lebi, ufro adekvaturad gadmoscemen epoqis im sazogadoe-

briv–kulturul sistemas, romelic ayalibebs konkretuli

mkvlevris SemoqmedebiT potencials.

istorikosis samecniero cxovrebaSi koncefcia warmoad-

gens Taviseburi xarisxis maCvenebels calkeuli elementebiT,

Sefasebis kriteriumebiT, sistemebiT. istorikosis cxovreb-

is TiToeuli epizodi xsnis mis damokidebulebas samecnieri

samyarosTan da mkiTxvelTan. masalebis mowodebis sistema,

ostatoba da talanti ganuyofeli nawilia istorikosis in-

dividualur koncefciasTan. axali wyaroebis aRmoOCena Oafar-

ToOebs korifeTa konceptualur horizonts.

maradiuli kiTxvebia: TUu raSi mdgomareobs istorikosis

xeloba, rogor xedavs igi mSobliur istorias. yoveli moma-

vali Taoba aanalizebs winaprebis adekvaturobisa da WeSmar-

itebasTan miaxloebis xarisxs.

istoriisadmi interess adamianSi iwvevs fsiqologiuri

komponenti. amboben, ar SeiZlLeba gaugo mecnierebas, Tu ver

gauge adamians. codna da rwmena imdenad mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi, rom SeuZlebelia gav-

lena ar moaxdinos istorikosis xelwerasa da mis Rvawlze

mecnierebaSi.

yoveli mniSvnelovani istorikosis cxovrebisa da Semoq-

medebis Seswavla, amave dros, warmoadgens da ganmartavs is-

toriuli mecnierebis magistraluri sakiTxebis ganviTarebis

procesebs.

5

istoriografiuli Ziebebis dros aucilebel pirobas

warmoadgens, saarqivo masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, ama Tu im

istorikosis cxovrebisa da mOoRvaweobis, samecniero memkv-

idreobis Seswavla, radgan istoriuli mecnierebis ganvi-

Tareba, istoriuli Semecnebis xarisxi, ver iqneba pirovnebis

gareESe procesi; am procesSi monawileoben gamoCenili mkv-

levrebi, romlebic, rogorc TavianTi epoqis warmomadgen-

lebi, ufro adekvaturad gadmoscemen epoqis im sazogadoe-

briv–kulturul sistemas, romelic ayalibebs konkretuli

mkvlevris SemoqmedebiT potencials.

istorikosis samecniero cxovrebaSi koncefcia warmoad-

gens Taviseburi xarisxis maCvenebels calkeuli elementebiT,

Sefasebis kriteriumebiT, sistemebiT. istorikosis cxovreb-

is TiToeuli epizodi xsnis mis damokidebulebas samecnieri

samyarosTan da mkiTxvelTan. masalebis mowodebis sistema,

ostatoba da talanti ganuyofeli nawilia istorikosis in-

dividualur koncefciasTan. axali wyaroebis aRmoOCena Oafar-

ToOebs korifeTa konceptualur horizonts.

maradiuli kiTxvebia: TUu raSi mdgomareobs istorikosis

xeloba, rogor xedavs igi mSobliur istorias. yoveli moma-

vali Taoba aanalizebs winaprebis adekvaturobisa da WeSmar-

itebasTan miaxloebis xarisxs.

istoriisadmi interess adamianSi iwvevs fsiqologiuri

komponenti. amboben, ar SeiZlLeba gaugo mecnierebas, Tu ver

gauge adamians. codna da rwmena imdenad mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi, rom SeuZlebelia gav-

lena ar moaxdinos istorikosis xelwerasa da mis Rvawlze

mecnierebaSi.

yoveli mniSvnelovani istorikosis cxovrebisa da Semoq-

medebis Seswavla, amave dros, warmoadgens da ganmartavs is-

toriuli mecnierebis magistraluri sakiTxebis ganviTarebis

procesebs.

6

mokled rom vTqvaT, pirovnebis memkvidreobisa da sakiTx-

is istoriografiis Seswavla saUSuaAlebas iZleva kargad war-

moCindes azris ganviTareba. azris ganviTarebis warmoCena au-

cilebelia, radgan mecnieruli kvleva mxolod gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli. kvlevis war-

matebuloba ki mecnierebis winsvlis garantiaa.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, gasagebia Tu ra

mniSvneloba eniWeba istoriografias, rogorc disciplinas

studentis profesiulad Camoiyalibebis procesSi. xolo

saleqcio kursis `qarTuUli istoriografiis~ mizans, amave

dros warmoadgens students Seaswavlos qarTuli istoriu-

li azris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi da qarTvel is-

torikosTa moRvaweoba, aCvenos maTOi roli qarTvelologi-

uri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. winamdebare kursi upirveles

yovlisa, bunebrivia, iTvaliswinebs drois im xangrZlivobas,

romelic mocemuli aqvs students am rTuli da mravlismom-

cveli sagnis Sesaswavlad.

Cven saleqcio kursSi istoriografiuli Ziebebis ganx-

ilva XX s-mde modis. XX saukuneSi istoriuli kvlevis pa-

litra mdidari da mravalferovani gaxda. gafarOTovda Tema-

tika, gaRrmavda Semecnebis meToOdebi. am saukunis istoriuli

mecnierebis gansakUuTrebul miRwevad iTvleba sakiTxebis

monografiulad Seswavlis tendencia. Seiqmna saintereso da

maRalmecnierul doneze Sesrulebuli calkeuli kulture-

bis, erebis, movlenebisa da problemebisadmi miZRvnili mono-

grafiebi. dasavleTSi udidesi yuradReba mieqca istoriuli

mecnierebis istoriis, anu istoriografiis Seswavlas. aqve

gvinda aRvniSNoT, rom samwuxarod, CvenSi dRemde istriogra-

fias xSirad ama TuU im sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli litera-

turis mimoxilvad aRiqvamen.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom XX saukunidan

istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis ganviTarebis Seswavla, da-

moukidebeli saleqcio kursis prerogativas warmoadgens.

7

winamdebare saleqcio kursi mTavrdeba TemiT: ìvane

javaxiSvili da qarTuli universiteti~, radgan Tu SeiZleba

ase iTqvas, es movlena mxolod XX saukunis kuTvnileba ar

gaxlavT, rasac vfiqrobT, Cven mier ganvlili masala kargad

dagvidasturebs. Tumca swored axali kursis gansakuUTrebuli

Seswavlis sagnad unda iqces ivane javaxiSvilis Semoqmedeba

da ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis mier istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi Set-

anili wvlili.

8

istoriis meTodologiis problemebis

genezisi da `qarTlis cxovreba~, rogorc

Suasaukunovani matianeebis tipuri nimuSi.

ZiriTadi:

1. lorTqifaniZe m., ra aris qarTlis cxovre-

ba, Tb. 1989.

2. nadiraZe q., istoriografia-istoriuli

mecnierebis istoria, Tb. 2007.

3. javaxiSvili iv., Zveli qarTuli saistorio

mwerloba, Txzulebani, t. VIII., Tb. 1977.

damatebiTi:

1. abaSiZe e., `qarTlis cxovrebis~ warmoqm-

nisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1993.

2. alasania g., `qarTlis cxovreba~ da himno-

grafia. konkretuli paralelebi, macne, enisa

da literaturis seria, 3. 1995.

3. axvlediani g., folklori `qarTlis

cxovrebaSi~ (XII-XVII ss.), macne, enisa da lit-

eraturis seria, 3, 1975.

4. baramiZe r., `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Seswav-

lis istoriidan, mski, nakv., 34,. Tb. 1962.

5. gamsaxurdia s., sazogadoebriv-istori-

uli azrovnebis ganviTareba XI saukunis

saqarTveloSi, saz. mecn. ganyofilebis

moambe, 1, 1961.

6. goilaZe v., vaxtang gorgasali da misi is-

torikosi, Tb. 1991.

kursis ZiriTadi Temebi da sarekomendacio lit-eratura

Tema I.

literatura:

9

7. grigolia k., isev leonti mrovelis av-

torobis Sesaxeb, saz. mecn. gany. moambe, 5(14),

Tb. 1963.

8. dondua v., `vefxistyaosani~ da Tamaris

istorikosebi, saistorio Ziebani, II, Tb. 1973.

9. Tofuria p., `qarTlis cxovrebis~ geo-

grafiuli nomenklaturidan (azerbaijani), kr.

axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, II, Tb. 1999.

10. ingoroyva p., qarTuli mwerlobis istori-

is mokle mimoxilva, `mnaTobi~, #10-11, 1939.

11. kakabaZe s., Zveli qarTuli matianeebi, sais-

torio Ziebani, Tb. 1924.

12. karbelaSvili m., ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani~, XII saukunis saqarTvelos

òqros xanis~ ideologia da misi Teologi-

ur-filosofiuri safuZvlebi, literatu-

ruli Ziebani, XXI. Tb. 2000.

13. kiknaZe r., simon yauxCiSvili - `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ mkvlevari, saqarTvelos istori-

is wyaroTmcodneobiTi sakiTxebi, I. Tb. 1982.

14. leonti mrovelis istoriuli koncefciis

sakiTxisaTvis, macne, istoriis... seria, 1.

1969.

15. marsagiSvili m., istoriuli wyaros maTema-

tikur-statistikuri meTodebiT kvlevis

cda, Tsu Sromebi, 310, istoriis seria, Tb.

1992.

16. nacvliSvili T., biblia _ JamTaaRmwerlis

istoriografiuli azrovnebis safuZveli,

kr. mwignobari – 97, Tb. 1997.

17. sanaZe m., `qarTlis cxovreba~ da saqarTve-

los istoriis uZvelesi periodi (qarT-

losidan mirianamde), Tb. 2006.

10

18. yauxCiSvili T., antikuri samyaro rusTve-

lis epoqis istoriografiaSi, macne, istoriis

seria, 4, 1973; 3, 1974.

19. yauxCiSvili T., antikuri samyaro qarTul

istoriografiaSi, JamTaaRmwereli, iv. javax-

iSvilisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli,

Tb. 1996.

20. xaxanaSvili a., kvali saero poeziisa `qar-

Tlis cxovrebaSi~, iveria, 1888, #135, 156, 214,

218, 242.

21. xoStaria-brose ed., leonti mroveli da

`qarTlis cxovreba~, mecniereba, Tb. 1996.

22. xoStaria-brose ed., `qarTlis cxovreba~

da misi istoriul-geografiuli Rirebuleba,

saqarTvelos respublika, #271, 1998.

23. Коллингвуд Р. Дж., Идея Истории, Автобиография, М. 1980.

24. Косминский Е. А., Историография средных веков, М. 1963.

qarTuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis kerebi

Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi

ZiriTadi:

1. menabde l., `Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ker-

ebi~, t. I. 1962; t. II. 1980.

2. papuaSvili T., kultura, Tavi VII. saqarTve-

los istoriis narkvevebi, t. III. Tb. 1979.

redaqtorebi: z. anCabaZe, v. guCua.

3. javaxiSvili iv., Zveli qarTuli saistorio

mwerloba, Txzulebani, t. VIII. Tb. 1977.

Tema II.

literatura:

11

damatebiTi:

1. goilaZe v., asurel mamaTa samSoblo da

saqarTvelo, Tb. 2002.

2. vaCnaZe n., qarTuli saazrovno sistema da qar-

Tuli sazogadoebis zneobrivi ideali V-X ss.

1998.

3. kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.

I. 1956., t. II. 1958.

4. lominaZe b., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri

eklesiis miwaTmflobeloba, Tb. 1977.

5. lorTqifaniZe m., adrefeodaluri xanis qarTu-

li saistorio mwerloba, Tb. 1976.

6. metreveli e., narkvevebi aTonis kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan, Tb. 1996.

7. mesxia S., xelosnuri warmoebisa da Sromis or-

ganizaciis sakiTxisaTvis X-XIII ss. qarTul monas-

trebSi, saistorio Ziebani, t. III. Tb, 1986.

8. nadiraZe e., nadiraZe T., udabno saRvTo

SemokrebulTa (qarTuli ber-monazvnobis is-

toriidan), Tb. 2001.

9. sabinini m., saqarTvelos samoTxe, Tb. 1982.

10. feraZe gr., ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi pales-

tinis qarTveli berebisa da qarTuli monastre-

bis Sesaxeb, gamosca g. jafariZem, Tb. 1995.

11. SaniZe a., qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da

misi tipikoni, Txzulebani, t. IX. Tb. 1986.

12. CaCaniZe v., petre iberieli da qarTuli monas-

tris gaTxrebi ierusalimSi, Tb. 1974.

13. Гарнак А., Монашество, его идеалы и его история, СПБ. 1908.

14. Казанский П., История православного монашества на востоке, М. 1854.

15. Натроев А., Иверский монастырь на Афоне, М. 1852.16. Успенский П., История Афона, Восток христианский,

ч. III, Киев 1877.

12 13

17. Чубинашвили Г. Н., Пещерные Монастиры Давид Гареджи, 1948.

qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi

1. gabaSvili v., vaxuSti batoniSvili, Tb.

1969.

2. grigolia k., narkvevebi saqarTvelos

istoriis wyaroTmcodneobidan, I, axali

qarTlis cxovreba, Tb. 1954.

3. xanTaZe S., qarTuli istoriografia XVIII

saukuneSi, Tb. 1985.

4. javaxiSvili iv., Zveli qarTuli saisto-

rio mwerloba, Txzulebani,. t. VIII., Tb.

1977.

istoriuli azris ganviTareba XIX sauku-

neSi da qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT

ZiriTadi:

1 kinwuraSvili v., aleqsandre cagareli,

Tb. 1971.

2. maxaTaZe n., qarTuli kulturis kera

peterburgSi, Tb. 1967.

3. mesxia S., Teimuraz batoniSvilis

cxovreba da moRvaweoba, masalebi

saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis

1939 , t. I.

4. xanTaZe S., mari brose, Tb. 1966.

5. xanTaZe S., narkvevebi evropuli

qarTvelologiis istoriidan, qarTuli

istoriografia, t. II. Tb. 1971. gv., 106-

150.

damatebiT:

1. SaraZe g., Teimuraz bagrationi, t. 1.2.

Tb. 1972-74.

2. Вайнштаин О. Л., Очерки развития буржуазной философии и методологии истории в XIX-XX вв. Л. 1979.

saganmanaTleblo-samecniero moZraoba

saqarTveloSi (XIX s-is me-2 naxevari – XX

s-is dasawyisi)

ZiriTadi:

1. goderiZe l., kulturul-saganmanaTleb-

lo moZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis

meore naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi,

Tb. 2005. (gv. 82-189; 236, 254).

2. metreveli r., saqarTvelos saistorio da

saeTnografio sazogadeba, Tb. 1982.

damatebiTi:

1. gogiaSvili o., ilia dRes, Tb. 2008.

XIX saukunis me-2 naxevris saqarTveloSi

– qarTuli istoriografiis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi

1. dumbaZe m., istorikosi dimitri baqraZe,

baTumi, 1950.

2. lomsaZe S., mixeil TamaraSvili, Tb. 1964.

3. nadiraZe g., narkvevebi XIX saukunis qar-

Tuli istoriografiidan, Tb. 2001 (sulxan

baraTaSvili, gv. 7- 287).

Tema IV.

literatura:

Tema V.

literatura:

Tema III.

literatura:

Tema VI.

literatura:

12 13

17. Чубинашвили Г. Н., Пещерные Монастиры Давид Гареджи, 1948.

qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi

1. gabaSvili v., vaxuSti batoniSvili, Tb.

1969.

2. grigolia k., narkvevebi saqarTvelos

istoriis wyaroTmcodneobidan, I, axali

qarTlis cxovreba, Tb. 1954.

3. xanTaZe S., qarTuli istoriografia XVIII

saukuneSi, Tb. 1985.

4. javaxiSvili iv., Zveli qarTuli saisto-

rio mwerloba, Txzulebani,. t. VIII., Tb.

1977.

istoriuli azris ganviTareba XIX sauku-

neSi da qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT

ZiriTadi:

1 kinwuraSvili v., aleqsandre cagareli,

Tb. 1971.

2. maxaTaZe n., qarTuli kulturis kera

peterburgSi, Tb. 1967.

3. mesxia S., Teimuraz batoniSvilis

cxovreba da moRvaweoba, masalebi

saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis

1939 , t. I.

4. xanTaZe S., mari brose, Tb. 1966.

5. xanTaZe S., narkvevebi evropuli

qarTvelologiis istoriidan, qarTuli

istoriografia, t. II. Tb. 1971. gv., 106-

150.

damatebiTi:

1. SaraZe g., Teimuraz bagrationi, t. 1.2.

Tb. 1972-74.

2. Вайнштаин О. Л., Очерки развития буржуазной философии и методологии истории в XIX-XX вв. Л. 1979.


saqarTveloSi (XIX s-is me-2 naxevari – XX

s-is dasawyisi)

ZiriTadi:

1. goderiZe l., kulturul-saganmanaTleb-

lo moZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis

meore naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi,

Tb. 2005. (gv. 82-189; 236, 254).

2. metreveli r., saqarTvelos saistorio da

saeTnografio sazogadeba, Tb. 1982.

damatebiTi:

1. gogiaSvili o., ilia dRes, Tb. 2008.

qarTuli istoriografiis ZiriTadi ten-

denciebi _ XIX saukunis me-2 naxevris

saqarTveloSi

1. dumbaZe m., istorikosi dimitri baqraZe,

baTumi, 1950.

2. lomsaZe S., mixeil TamaraSvili, Tb. 1964.

3. nadiraZe g., narkvevebi XIX saukunis qar-

Tuli istoriografiidan, Tb. 2001 (sulxan

baraTaSvili, gv. 7- 287).

Tema IV.

literatura:

Tema V.

literatura:

Tema III.

literatura:

Tema VI.

literatura:

14 15

Барамидзе А., Ватеишвили Д., П. И. Иоселиани. Очерк жизни и научно-общестенной деятельности, Тб. 1978.

istorikosi Tedo Jordania (1853-1916)

1. nadiraZe q., Tedo Jordania _ saqarTvelos

istoriis mkvlevari, Tb. 2004.

2. nadiraZe q., `Tedo Jordanias erTi werilis

gamo~, J. `ciskari~, 1991 w. #8, gv. 142-146. (aq

ganxilulia T. Jordanias kvlevebi socialur

istoriaSi).

v. Jordania T., Txzulebani, Tb. 2012(Sem-

dgeneli da redaqtori q. nadiraZe).

eqvTime TayaiSvilis samecniero memkvidreo-

ba (1863-1953)

1. akademikosi eqvTime TayaiSvili (cxovreba

da moRvaweoba), statiebis krebuli, Tb. 1966.

2. akademikos eqvTime TayaiSvilis arqivi, el.

kelenjeriZis gamoc. Tb. 1972.

3. megreliZe i., eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb. 1989 w.

4. metreveli r., badriZe S., eqvTime TayaiS-

vili, Tb. 1962.

5. surgulaZe ak. eqvTime TayaiSvili,. Tb. 1977.

ivane javaxiSvili da qarTuli universiteti

1. metreveli r., ivane javaxiSvili, iv. javax-

iSvili enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tb.

2002.

2. jorbenaZe s., cxovreba da Rvawli ivane

javaxiSvilisa, Tb. 1984 (gv. 184-400).

Tema IX.

literatura:

Tema VIII .

literatura:

Tema VII.

literatura:

Tema I

istoriis meTodologiis problemebis genezisi

da `qarTlis cxovreba~, rogorc Suasaukunovani

matianeebis tipuri nimuSi

kiTxvebi – Tu rogor unda iwerebodes istoria, sadamde

midis Tavisuflebis zRvari warsulis gaazrebisa da gadmoce-

mis dros, rogor aris SesaZlebeli Sefasdes gardasul dro-

Ta Sesaxeb monaTxrobis WeSmariteba – yovelTvis awuxebdaT

istoriul TxzulebaTa avtorebs da maT mkiTxvelebs. isto-

riuli codnis verifikaciisa da meTodologiis problemebi-

sadmi interesi gansakuTrebiT `pozitivisturi skolis~ (XIX s.

II nax.) warmoSobas ukavSirdeba. mas Semdeg es interesi ar Ses-

ustebula. istorikosebi mudmivad grZnoben kvlevis xerxebis

Teoriuli gaazrebis aucileblobas.

nebismieri mecnierebis ganviTarebis done ganisazRvreba

misi meTodologiis mdgomareobiT. pirveli warmodgenebi

istoriis meTodologiis Sesaxeb Cndeba Zvel berZnebSi. es

bunebrivia, radgan maTi principi iyo – ̀ vaz rov neb, ese igi

varsebob~ (Cogito ergo sum), (r. dekarti). miTologia TandaTan

adgils uTmobs istoriul Txrobas. aRmosavluri kulturis

safuZvelze berZnebma daiwyes sinamdvilis mecnierulad axs-

na. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom antikur samyaroSi

herodotedan (daaxl. Zv.w. aR-iT 485-42) moyolebuli istoria

ganixileba, rogorc warsulis racionaluri konstruqcia.

ra aris istoriuli kvlevis obieqti? rogoria kvlevis

meTodebi, anu rogor pasuxoben istorikosebi kiTxvebs – sad?

rodis? ra? ratom?

herodotesTvis istoria iyo msoflio kulturis kvleva.

misi damsaxurebaa istoriaSi mizezSedegobriobis problemis

ara mxolod praqtikaSi gamoyeneba, aramed misi mecnierulad

gadawyvetis erT-erTi pirveli cda (mag., berZen-sparselTa

omebis realuri mizezebis Zieba). man pirvelma Semoitana

15

Tema I

istoriis meTodologiis problemebis genezisi

da `qarTlis cxovreba~, rogorc Suasaukunovani

matianeebis tipuri nimuSi

kiTxvebi – Tu rogor unda iwerebodes istoria, sadamde

midis Tavisuflebis zRvari warsulis gaazrebisa da gadmoce-

mis dros, rogor aris SesaZlebeli Sefasdes gardasul dro-

Ta Sesaxeb monaTxrobis WeSmariteba – yovelTvis awuxebdaT

istoriul TxzulebaTa avtorebs da maT mkiTxvelebs. isto-

riuli codnis verifikaciisa da meTodologiis problemebi-

sadmi interesi gansakuTrebiT `pozitivisturi skolis~ (XIX s.

II nax.) warmoSobas ukavSirdeba. mas Semdeg es interesi ar Ses-

ustebula. istorikosebi mudmivad grZnoben kvlevis xerxebis

Teoriuli gaazrebis aucileblobas.

nebismieri mecnierebis ganviTarebis done ganisazRvreba

misi meTodologiis mdgomareobiT. pirveli warmodgenebi

istoriis meTodologiis Sesaxeb Cndeba Zvel berZnebSi. es

bunebrivia, radgan maTi principi iyo – ̀ vaz rov neb, ese igi

varsebob~ (Cogito ergo sum), (r. dekarti). miTologia TandaTan

adgils uTmobs istoriul Txrobas. aRmosavluri kulturis

safuZvelze berZnebma daiwyes sinamdvilis mecnierulad axs-

na. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom antikur samyaroSi

herodotedan (daaxl. Zv.w. aR-iT 485-42) moyolebuli istoria

ganixileba, rogorc warsulis racionaluri konstruqcia.

ra aris istoriuli kvlevis obieqti? rogoria kvlevis

meTodebi, anu rogor pasuxoben istorikosebi kiTxvebs – sad?

rodis? ra? ratom?

herodotesTvis istoria iyo msoflio kulturis kvleva.

misi damsaxurebaa istoriaSi mizezSedegobriobis problemis

ara mxolod praqtikaSi gamoyeneba, aramed misi mecnierulad

gadawyvetis erT-erTi pirveli cda (mag., berZen-sparselTa

omebis realuri mizezebis Zieba). man pirvelma Semoitana

16

geografiul-klimaturi garemos mimoxilva, rogorc istori-

uli faqtebisa da movlenebis axsnis aucilebeli piroba. man

pirvelma Seqmna TxrobiTi istoriuli nawarmoebis forma da

stili. man safuZveli Cauyara istoriuli kvleva-Ziebis `kri-

tikul meTods~.

herodotes umcrosma Tanamedrovem, Tukididem (daaxl.

Zv.w.aR-iT 465/60/55-400/395) herodotes Semdeg kidev ufro

gaaRrmava istoriuli kvlevis kritikuli xerxebi. igi gansa-

kuTrebiT Seecada istorikosis winaSe mdgari kiTxvisTvis – ratom? pasuxi gaeca. aexsna istoriuli faqtebisa da movle-

nebis gamomwvevi mizezebi da Sedegebi, Tumca aRniSnul kiTx-

vaze pasuxis gacemam imdenad gaitaca, rom faqtebisa da mov-

lenebis zustad dadgenis aucilebloba SedarebiT miaviwyda.

TukididesTvis istoria politikosTa moRvaweobaa. albaT,

amitomac masze weren, `Tu herodote istoriis mamaa, Tuki-

dide udavod fsiqologiuri istoriis mamad unda miviCnioT.~

qsenofontem (daaxl. Zv.w. 435 da 431 w. Soris – 355/354)

Tavis kvlevebSi didi adgili dauTmo socialur-ekonomikur

da sameurneo cxovrebis sakiTxebs, saxelmwifo finansebs, di-

daqtikas. misi TxzulebaTa mniSvneloba didia. igi werda mar-

tivad, naTlad, lamazad.

plutarqem (daax. 46/50-125/127) berZnul istoriografi-

aSi Semoitana da ganaviTara biografiuli Janri. mas istoria

zne-CveulebaTa gamosworebis saSualebad miaCnda. igi ar aris

didi istorikosi. plutarqe yuradRebas aqcevda ara isto-

riul faqtebs, aramed Tavisi gmiris moralur saxes. istoria

misTvis, uwinares yovlisa, moraluri srulyofisaTvis war-

sulis saxelovan saqmeTa WvretaSi CaRrmavebaa.

ZiriTadad, berZeni istorikosisTvis istoriul wyaros

TviTmxilvelis naambobi warmoadgens, istoriis meTods – TviTmxilvelTa gamovlena, xolo mkvlevris xelovneba gu-

lisxmobs mravalferovani kiTxvebis dasmiT, TviTmxilvels

daexmaros obieqturi suraTis aRdgenaSi.

17

romis imperiis Seqmnam Secvala istoriis Seswavlisadmi

moTxovnileba. istoria ufro masStaburi da siRrmiseuli

gaxda. amieridan iwereboda ara calkeuli qalaq-saxelmwi-

foebis an xalxebis istoriebi, aramed mTeli imperiisa da

masSi Semavali xalxebis saerTo istoria. Tu berZnebisTvis

saxelmwifo warmoadgenda materialur fundaments maRali

sulieri kulturis Sesaqmnelad da swored es kultura iyo

maTTvis sicocxlis umaRlesi mizani, romaelTaTvis romis

istoriis mTeli procesi iyo saxelmwifoebrivi siZlieris

miRweva, xalxebis dapyroba da sazRvrebis gafarToeba. ro-

maelma istorikosebma Tanamedroveobis aRwerasTan erTad

daiwyes warsulis gadmocemac. berZeni polibiosi (Zv.w. aR-iT

200/201- daaxl. 120) istorikosis movaleobad Tvlida, movle-

nebis ara mxolod aRweras, aramed axsnas. pirvelad swored mis

SromebSi Caisaxa msoflio istoriis cneba. igi aqcents akeTeb-

da samxedro da politikur istoriaze, did rols aniWebda be-

disweras, Tumca masTan brZolis saukeTeso saSualebad codna

miaCnda.

msoflio saxeli moipova romaeli istorikosis kornelius

tacitusis (daaxl. 58-117 ww. Semdeg) ìstoriam~ da ànalebma~.

misi, rogorc istorikosis yvelaze Zlieri mxarea fsiqolo-

giuri xedva da sakiTxisadmi kritikuli midgoma. tacitusis

Seswavlis ZiriTadi sagani imperatorTa da politikosTa moR-

vaweoba iyo. man imperatorTa brwyinvale daxasiaTeba mogvca.

tacitusis SefasebiT imperatorTa moRvaweoba progresu-

lia, radgan isini imperiis didebas ganamtkiceben. magram, amave

dros, igi maT sisxlian tiranebsac uwodebda, radgan miaCnda,

rom isini eyrdnobian daundobel samxedro Zalas, dambezReb-

lebs, moRalate moxeleebs da Rupaven qveynis saukeTeso Svi-

lebs.

Tavisi Txzulebebis weris dros tacitusi iyenebda mra-

vali saxeobis wyaros: sxdomis oqmebs, memuarebs, mogonebebs,

winamorbed da Tanamedrove istorikosTa Txzulebebs. igi

didi mondomebiT krebda masalas imaze, razec weras apirebda.

18

wyaroTa gamoyenebis mravalferovnebiTa da masalis SekrebiT

igi novatori iyo. amasTanave tacitusi kritikulad udgeboda

mopovebul wyaroebs; erTi wyaros cnobas meoresTan ajereb-

da, adarebda da kritikis safuZvelze arCevda ufro misaReb

masalebs. xSirad igi mis xelT arsebul wyaroebs amokleb-

da. aRsaniSnavia, rom tacitusi moTxrobilis mniSvnelovani

nawilis momswrea.

tacitusisTvis, rogorc mkvlevrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

istoriuli procesebis dialeqtikuri gageba. mas ekuTvnis

cnobili sityvebi `mrisxanebisa da mikerZoebis gareSe~ (Sine ira et Studio). am sityvebiT man istoriuli procesebis mkvlevrebs

Seaxsena – Tqveni upirvelesi movaleoba WeSmaritebis dadge-

naa.

aRniSnulma formulam Semdgomi ganviTareba spinozas gam-

onaTqvamSi pova – `mxolod gagebiT da ara siciliT, tiriliT,

siZulviliT~, romelic mTeli istoriuli mecnierebis devizi

gaxda.

berZnul-romauli istoriografiis ZiriTadi principia

humanizmi. misi Txrobis mTavari sagani adamianTa istoriaa,

adamianis qmedebis, miznis, marcxisa da warmatebis istoria.

istoriis msvlelobaSi RmerTebi mxolod maSin Cndebian,

rodesac adamians sakuTari survilisa da miznis misaRwevad

daxmareba sWirdeba. RmerTebs ar gaaCniaT kacobriobis is-

toriis ganviTarebis sakuTari gegma, isini mxolod adamianis

gegmebis warmatebasa Tu warumateblobaSi iReben monawileo-

bas. swored amitom nebismieri istoriuli movlena adamianTa

neba-survilis pirdapir Sedegad ganixileba. am epoqis isto-

rikosebisTvis mTavaria – adamianis arCevanis Tavisuflebis

idea.

adre Sua saukuneebSi dadga sakiTxi SeeqmnaT istoriis fi-

losofia, ganmsWvaluli RvTismetyveluri suliT. istoriis

Seswavla mTlianad damokidebuli gaxda filosofiis sakvanZo

sakiTxze – Semecnebis Teoriaze. Sua saukuneebSi gabatonda sa-

myaros Seqmnisa da sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis Teologiur-

19

idealisturi gaazreba, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia is-

toriuli procesebis mistikuri, simboluri da alegoriuli

ganmarteba. istoriis mTel ganviTarebas providencializmis

safuZvelze xsnidnen.

providencializmi aris obieqtur-idealisturi istori-

is filosofiis forma, romlis Tanaxmadac istorias gansaz-

Rvravs RvTis neba. xolo RvTis nebis ganxorcieleba adamianis

meSveobiT xdeba. igi yvela Teisturi (iudaizmi, qristianoba,

islami) religiis arsebiTi niSania.

qristianuli providencializmi eklesiasTan erTad war-

moiSva. misi zegavleniT, IV-V saukuneebidan moyolebuli, is-

toriis axleburi gageba Camoyalibda, romlis mixedviT is-

toriuli procesi ganixileba, rogorc RvTiuri nebis da ara

adamianuri miznebis Sedegi. Tumca RvTiuri neba xorcSesxmas

poulobs adamianTa qmedebebSi. RmerTi mxolod am qmedebebis

gansazRvriTa da adamianTa survilebis cvalebadobiT Semoi-

fargleba.

ras niSnavs es? yovelma adamianma icis – Tu ra surs da ro-

gor unda miaRwios mizans, oRond mis survils gansazRvravs

RmerTi. erTi mxriv, istoriis Semoqmedi aris adamiani, radgan

istorias qmnis adamianTa neba, meore mxriv, istoris erTader-

Ti Semoqmedi RmerTia, radgan adamianTa qmedeba, survilebi,

miznebi, miswrafebani da miRebuli Sedegebi winaswaraa Rmer-

Tis mier nakarnaxebi. erTi mxriv, RmerTi zrunavs adamianTa

keTildReobaze da RvTiuri mizani swored am keTildReo-

bis Seqmnaa, meore mxriv, RmerTs sakuTari miznebis ganxor-

cielebisTvis sWirdeba adamiani. sakiTxisadmi am axali mid-

gomiT aRiarebul iqna adamianis roli istoriis ganviTareba-

Si. swored esaa Tanamedrove istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis

qvakuTxedi.

qristianisTvis RvTis winaSe yvela erTia; misTvis ar ar-

sebobs rCeuli eri, sxvaze ufro mniSvnelovani bedis mqone

sazogadoeba. qristians sWirdeba samyaros istoria mTlianad,

msoflio istoria, romlis ZiriTadi Tema – adamianisTvis

20

RvTis gangebis aRsrulebaa. Sua saukuneebis istorikosebs am

obieqturi, anu RvTiuri gegmis axsna-ganmarteba evalebodaT.

providencializmis ideebi yvelaze safuZvlianad netari

avgustines (354-430) SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. istoriuli proce-

sebis miseulma gaazrebam safuZveli daudo Sua saukuneebis

mTel qristianul-saeklesio istoriografias. misi Sexedule-

bebis warmoCena mniSvnelovania ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis

istoriuli msoflmxedvelobis gasagebad, aramed mTli-

anad mTeli istoriografiis ganviTarebis daxasiaTebisTvis

dRemde, radgan TviT XIX-XX saukuneebis istoriografiaSi,

mravali istorikosis naazrevSi, mudmivad vawydebiT avgus-

tines ideebisa da konfesiuri msoflmxedvelobis seriozul

gavlenas.

netari avgustines kvlevis sagani iyo pirovnebis raoba,

samyarosa da RmerTis mimarTeba, dro da Tavisufleba. misT-

vis istoriis Sinaarsia moZraoba da ganviTareba droSi, radgan

samyaro RmerTma drosTan erTad Seqmna. amdenad, misTvis dro

da maradiuloba gansxvavebuli cnebebia. avgustinesTvis gon-

eba maSin iRebs WeSmarit mimarTulebas, Tu igi rwmenis gan-

mtkicebas emsaxureba. misTvis samyaro RmerTis mier ararao-

bisgan aris Seqmnili, amitomac codvebiT aris damZimebuli.

Sesabamisad, kacobriobis istoria borotisa da keTilis da-

pirispirebaa. maradiuli mxolod gankiTxvis Semdeg dgeba.

netari avgustine aris pirveli istorikosi, romelmac

bibliuri istoriografiis modeliT, istoriul procesTa

globaluri Teoria Seqmna. man istorias daakisra mxsnelis,

codvaTa monaniebis, damrigeblis misia, qaosur samyaroSi

gangebis saSualebiT wesrigis, kanonisa da saboloo miznis

gaazreba. mis naazrevSi didi adgili ukavia saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis urTierTobas, istoriaSi maTi rolisa da mniSvnelo-

bis gansazRvras.

radgan Sua saukuneebis istorikosTa mizani iyo aexsnaT da

warmoeCinaT RvTiuri gegma, romelic droSi viTardeboda da

misi ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro iyo garkveuli etapebis gav-

21

la, warmoiSva istoriis epoqebad dayofis koncefcia. yoveli

epoqa romelime mniSvnelovani movleniT iwyeboda. msoflio

istoriis periodizacia oTxi monarqiis – asureT-babilonis,

midia-sparseTis, aleqsandre makedonelisa da romis imperiis

epoqebad daiyo. istoriis epoqebad dayofis mcdeloba mom-

wifebuli istoriuli azrovnebis maCvenebelia. am azrovnebis

mizania ara mxolod faqtebis dadgena, aramed ganmartebac.

Suasaukunovani istoriografia feodaluri sazogadoebis,

mefeTa da did saxelmwifo moRvaweTa istorias mogviTxrobs.

am periodis istorikosebi saero da saeklesio feodalur wres

ekuTvnian. Sesabamisad isini gabatonebuli klasis interesebs

gamoxataven. maTi Sromebi sazogadoebis maRali wris, misi

ganaTlebuli da gabatonebuli nawilisTvis iyo gamiznuli.

maTi Txrobis ZiriTadi sagani mefeTa da gamoCenil adamianTa

cxovrebaa. amdenad, istorikosTa interesis sferos mSromeli

xalxi ar warmoadgens.

Sua saukuneebis qronografebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

gadaWarbebuli ricxvebis dasaxeleba (mag., omSi monawile-

Ta raodenoba), radgan Txrobis dros avtori faqtebis si-

zusteze metad mkiTxvelze STabeWdilebis moxdenisTvis

zrunavs. swored am TvisebaSi kargad Cans, rogorc bibliuri

hiperbolizebuli stilis, aseve romauli ritorikis gavlena.

matianeebSi xSiria bibliuri siuJetebis gamoyeneba, wonisa da

sigrZis erTeulebis bibliidan an antikuri mwerlobidan gad-

moReba. saerTod, Suasaukunovan kulturaze garkveul gav-

lenas axdenda antikuroba, xolo qronografTa erTi nawil-

isaTvis romaeli istorikosi – titus liviusi mibaZvis sagans

warmoadgenda.

mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom qronografebi xSirad erTsa

da imave Secdomas uSveben. magaliTad, klasikur avtorTa gad-

moweris dros teqstSi urTaven gamoTqmas: `wminda werili~,

`RmerTebis~ magivrad weren `RmerTs~ da sxv. Sua saukunee-

bis mematianeebi uxvad iyeneben bibliur terminebs, sityvebs,

epiTetebs da a.S., xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom Suasaukuno-

22

van istoriografiaze udidesi gavlena aqvs `wminda werils~,

romelic mis saazrovno sistemaSi dogmad iTvleba. qrono-

grafebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia istoriuli fantaziac.

ismis kiTxva – ramdenad zustia maT mier gadmocemuli

faqtebi? qronografTa mizani ar iyo faqtebis sizuste. mTa-

varia isini ganemartaT religiur an politikur WrilSi. kri-

tika maTTan Zalian mcire adgils ikavebda. am TvalsazrisiT

maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo niSani, romelsac germane-

li istorikosebi èrTi wyaros princips~ eZaxian. isini erTi

konkretuli movlenis Sesaxeb maT xelT arsebuli wyaroebidan

ZiriTads iReben, masze dayrdnobiT iwyeben Txrobas. sxva wy-

aroebis erTmaneTTan Sejereba kritikuli meTodiT ar xdeba.

danarCeni wyaroebidan mxolod imaT iyeneben, romlebic Ziri-

Tad wyaroSi mocemuli faqtebis gasamyareblad gamoadgebaT.

miuxedavad aRniSnuli faqtisa, qronografebs mainc hqon-

daT istoriuli wyaros kritikis elementebi. isini zogjer

miuTiTebdnen ama Tu im wyaros nakleb sandoobas, mkiTxv-

els aZlevdnen saSualebas, aerCia movlenis aRweris esa Tu

is varianti. wyaros kritikis amgvari elementebis saWiroeba

gaCnda Sua saukuneebis evropaSi mravalricxovani natyuari

sabuTebis arsebobis gamo. marTalia, matianeebSi iyo qro-

nologiis aRnusxvis tradicia, magram XVI-XVII saukuneebSic ki

TariRebs gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen, mrava-

li magaliTia, rodesac Sua saukuneebis matianeebi TariRebis

simwiriT gamoirCeva.

Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi istoria ar warmoadgenda mec-

nierebas. igi, rogorc filosofia da sxva sabunebismetyvelo

dargebi, RvTismetyvelebis samsaxurSi idga. imdroindeli

msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare, istoria ganixileboda,

rogorc meorexarisxovani movlena. magram gasaTvaliswine-

belia erTi – Sua saukuneebma kacobriobas aCuqa qronikebi,

istoriuli movlenebis qronologiuri aRnusxvis pirveli

gamocdileba da matianes tipis krebulebi.

23

Sua saukuneebis qarTulma istoriulma azrovnebam Seqmna

umniSvnelovanesi Zegli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ matianeTa kre-

buli, sadac saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi droidan XIV sau-

kunis dasawyisamde gadmocemulia erTiani, mTliani, mwyobrad

gamarTuli istoriis saxiT.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ es Zveli cikli warmoadgens saqa-

rTvelos istoriis umTavres wyaros, Sesabamisad, qarTul

istoriografiaSi da ara mxolod qarTulSi, mis Sesaxeb kvl-

evas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, romelic mudmivi procesia da

dRemde grZeldeba. amdenad, istoriografiaSi mravali Tval-

sazrisi arsebobs misi calkeuli Semadgeneli nawilebis mocu-

lobis, dasaTaurebisa Tu avtorebis vinaobis Sesaxeb. yvelaze

srulyofil gamocemad dRemde iTvleba s. yauxCiSvilis mier

gamocemuli `qarTlis cxovreba~ (arsebobs sxvadasxva gamo-

cema), xolo s. yauxCiSvils Zegli gamocemuli aqvs iv. javax-

iSvilis mier SemuSavebuli struqturis mixedviT. amdenad,

qvemoT TxzulebaTa dasaTaurebas da TiToeuli Txzulebis

qronologiur CarCos warmovadgenT iv. javaxiSvilis versiis

Tanaxmad.

1. leonti mroveli, `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa~.

2. leonti mroveli, `ninos mier qarTlis moqceva~.

3. juanSeri, `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~.

4. leonti mroveli, `mefe qarTlisa arCili~.

5. `matiane qarTlisa~.

6. `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~.

7. laSa-giorgis droindeli matiane (cxovreba demetre

mefisa, cxovreba giorgi mefisa, cxovreba didisa mefeT-me-

fisa Tamarisi, cxovreba giorgi mefisa, Tamaris Zisa).

8. sumbat daviTis-Ze, `cxovreba da uwyeba bagratoni-

anTa~.

9. ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~.

10. basili ezosmoZRuari, `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tama-

risi~.

11. JamTaaRmwereli.

24

leonti mroveli, ruisis mRvdelmTavari, miCneulia XI s-is

UII nax. moRvawed, romlis Sesaxebac mecnierTa nawili Tvlis,

rom igi TxzulebaTa avtoria, nawils ki redaqtor-gadamw-

erad miaCnia. misi pirveli ori Txzuleba gadmogvcems saqa-

rTvelos istorias uZvelesi droidan vidre ax. w. V s-mde,

xolo mesame Txzuleba exeba VIII saukunes. vaxtang gorgaslis

cxovrebis avtori mecnierTa garkveuli azriT, XI saukunis

istorikosia, nawili mas VIII saukunis avtorad, nawili ki vax-

tang gorgaslis (V s. II nax.) Tanamedroved miiCnevs. `matiane

qarTlisa~ gadmogvcems VIII-XI ss-is istorias, xolo Txzule-

ba dawerili unda iyos XI s- II naxevarSi. istoriuli Zeglis

`cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~ ucnobi avtori daviT aR-

maSeneblis Tanamedrovea, romelic 1072-1125 wlebis istorias

mogviTxrobs. sumbat daviTis Ze, ZiriTadad, VI-XI ss-is mov-

lenebs gadmogvcems, Tavad ki XI s-is I nax. istorikosad iTv-

leba. Tamar mefis (1184-1207/10) epoqis Sesaxeb ori Txzulebaa

warmodgenili: pirveli – ìstoriani da azmani Saravanded-

Tani~, romelic moicavs giorgi III-is (1156-84), Tamaris mamisa

da Tavad Tamaris drois istorias. avtori XII-XIII ss. mijnis

moRvawea. basili ezosmoRZRuars ki iv. javaxiSvili Tamaris

droindel saxelmwifo moRvawed miiCnevs. JamTaaRmwerlis

Txzuleba moicavs laSa-giorgis gamefebidan (1207/10) giorgi

V brwyinvales gamefebamde (1314/18) istorias, Tavad ki XIII s,

II nax. –XIV s. I nax. moRvawedaa miCneuli.

`qarTlis cxovrebas~, rogorc istoriul naSroms, aqvs

yvela is niSani, romelic damaxasiaTebelia, zogadad, Sua

saukuneebis matianeebisaTvis. igi Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT,

ideologiiT, amocanebiT Suasaukunovani istoriografiis ti-

puri nimuSia:

pirveli – `qarTlis cxovreba~ warmoadgens qarTuli feo-

daluri sazogadoebis istorias. igi mTlianad gamoxatavs da

icavs gabatonebuli klasis, socialur, ekonomikur da poli-

tikur interesebs. misi Txrobis upirvelesi sagania mefeTa

cxovreba. krebulSi Semavali matianeebi mogviTxroben far-

25

navazis, mirianis, vaxtang gorgaslis, daviT aRmaSeneblis,

Tamar mefisa da sxva qarTvel mefeTa cxovrebisa da moRvawe-

obis Sesaxeb.

Suasaukunovani istorikosis amocanas ar warmoadgenda

mwarmoebeli klasis istoriis gadmocema. amdenad, qarTveli

mematiane `ver gamoekideboda mdabio xalxis cxovrebis aRw-

eras~. aqedan gamomdinare, kritika (il. WavWavaZe), Tu ratom

ar aris Cvens matianeebSi asaxuli mwarmoebeli sazogadoebis

cxovreba da klasobrivi brZola – umarTebuloa.

meore – `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ aris tendencia saqarT-

velos istoria aRqmul iqnes msoflio istoriis konteqstSi.

am krebulSi Sesuli Txzulebebis avtorebi saqarTvelos is-

toriis umniSvnelovanes movlenebs msoflio istoriis cno-

bil faqtebTan akavSireben. magaliTad, qarTlis samefos Se-

qmna, farnavazianTa dinastiiT saTaveSi, iwyeba aleqsandre

makedonelis laSqrobebiT saqarTveloSi. sakiTxis amgvari

gaazreba ar aris SemTxveviTi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Sua

saukuneebis qristianisTvis misaRebia msoflio istoriis

mTlianobaSi aRqma. amitom qarTveli mematiane saqarTvelos

istorias warmoaCens, rogorc msoflio istoriis nawils,

xolo msoflio istoriis periodizacia, radgan oTxi monar-

qiis principiT iyofa da erT-erTi epoqa aleqsandre make-

doneliT iwyeba, qarTveli istorikosic saqarTvelos isto-

riis umniSvnelovanes movlenas – qarTlis samefos warmoSo-

bas, am mefis saxels ukavSirebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, ar aris aucilebeli `qarT-

lis cxovrebis~ qronologiur sayrdenad msoflio istoriuli

movlenebis aReba. xolo mematianis sandoobis garkvevisTvis

aleqsandre makedonelis saqarTveloSi laSqrobis realuro-

bis dadastureba (amgvari damokidebuleba qarTul istorio-

grafiaSi xSiria).

mesame – `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, rogorc, zogadad, Suasau-

kunovan matianeebSi, mravali problemis gaazreba bibliur

`Teoriaze~ dayrdnobiT xdeba. qarTveli da kavkasieli xalx-

26

is eTnogenezi, samefo xelisuflebisa da samefo dinastiebis

warmoSoba da sxv. magaliTad, qarTlosianni (qarTvelebi) da

kavkasiis mTeli xalxi bibliuri Targamosis (Targoma – noes

umcrosi Svilis, iafetis memkvidre) STamomavlebad arian ga-

mocxadebulni, xolo kavkasiel xalxTa istoriul samSoblo-

Si damkvidrebas `babilonis godolis~ legendas ukavSireben.

samefo dinastiis – bagrationTa winaprad bibliuri daviT wi-

naswarmetyveli iTvleba.

meoTxe – `qarTlis cxovrebis~ avtorTa da redaqtorTa

msoflmxedveloba Suasaukunovani providencializmiT xas-

iaTdeba. krebulSi mefeTa da gmirTa moRvaweoba aRwerilia,

rogorc brZola qristianuli rwmenis dasacavad, istoriuli

piris dadebiTad daxasiaTebisas win wamoweulia misi RvTis-

mosaoba, xolo stiqiuri ubedurebebi da omebi miCneulia

adamianTa urCobis, biwieri cxovrebisa da urwmunoebis Sede-

gad gamogzavnil RvTis risxvad. matianeebSi xSiria citireba

`wminda werilidan~, xolo adamianTa qceva Sefasebulia wminda

mamaTa dogmebis mixedviT. magaliTad, mefe daviT aRmaSeneb-

lis warmatebebi axsnilia, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc RvTi-

uri nebis gamovlineba – `TviT mamaman zecaTaman pova daviT,

mona Tvisi, da sacxebeli misi wmida scxo mas~; xolo saqarT-

veloSi arabTa gamanadgurebeli laSqrobebi sasjelia `gange-

biTa RmrTisaTa simravlisaTvis codvaTa CuenTasa~. istorio-

grafiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba XIV saukunis I nax. istoriis av-

toris Txzulebisa da netari avgustines naSromis – `wminda

qalaqis~ msgavsebis Sesaxeb. (g. joxaZe). `qarTlis cxovrebis~

krebulSi mravali saswauli, winaswarmetyveluri sizmari Tu

legendaa Setanili, rac, agreTve, Suasaukunovani matianeebi-

saTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da garkveul datvirTvas atarebs.

amgvari pasaJebis arseboba (farnavazisa da vaxtang gorgaslis

winaswarmetyveluri sizmrebi, vaxtang gorgaslis osebTan

brZolis detalebi da sxv.) ar SeiZleba mematianis naklad

CaiTvalos, radgan isini imdroindeli msoflmxedvelobidan

gamomdinare, moTxovnaTa aucilebeli atributia. magaliTad,

27

vaxtang gorgaslis Sesaxeb Txzulebis Sefaseba, masSi aseTi

pasaJebis Warbad arsebobis gamo, amgvarad, ìgi zRapars ufro

hgavs, vidre istorias, sagmiro saxalxo nawarmoebs ufro, vi-

dre utyuars da sando sabuTs~ (iv. javaxiSvili) – zedmetad

mkacria.

mexuTe – `qarTlis cxovrebis~ avtorebi kargad icnoben

antikur samyaros, berZen da romael mwerlebs. personaJTa

daxasiaTebisa da movlenaTa aRweris dros warmatebiT iyene-

ben SedarebiT meTods.

maTTvis samagaliTo saxea aleqsandre makedoneli da xSir-

ad qarTvel mefeebs mas adareben. am niSnebiT gansakuTrebiT

gamoirCevian daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis istor-

ikosebi.

antikuri istoriiT, filosofiiTa da literaturiT dain-

tereseba, zogadad, Suasaukunovani mematianeebisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli. TviT netari avgustines TxzulebebSi kar-

gad Cans antikuri kulturis brwyinvale codna da neopla-

tonizmiT gataceba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Sua saukuneebis matianeebs axa-

siaTebT TariRebis simwire, rac aseve `qarTlis cxovrebis~

krebulisaTvisaa niSandoblivi. am xarvezebis Sevsebas, Tavda-

pirvelad, vaxtang VI `swavlul kacTa komisia~ (XVIII s.) da vax-

uSti batoniSvili (XVIII s.) cdilobdnen. es procesi dResac

grZeldeba.

vfiqrobT, zemoT gadmocemulma faqtebma TvalnaTliv

daadastura, rom `qarTlis cxovreba~ yvela im niSans at-

arebs, romelic axasiaTebs Suasaukunovan matianeebs. igi im-

droindel moTxovnebs zedmiwevniT akmayofilebs da Tu es

moTxovnebi momdevno epoqebis istoriografiaSi kritikis

sagnad iqca, amiT `qarTlis cxovrebis~, rogorc saistorio

krebulis mniSvneloba ver Sesustdeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

im faqtsac, rom qarTuli matianeebi winaswar SemuSavebuli

gegmis mixedviT iwereboda da isini kompoziciurad kargad

awyobil Txzulebebs warmoadgenen, sadac mkveTrad aris

28

gamoyofili mniSvnelovani; agreTve, avtorebma kargad ician,

rogor da ra gziT unda iwerebodes samagaliTo Txzuleba;

Segnebuli aqvT, rom JamTaaRmwerloba, upirveles yovlisa,

`WeSmaritebis metyveleba ars~ – SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas: `qa-

rTlis cxovrebis~ saistorio krebuli ara mxolod qarTuli,

aramed mTeli Suasaukunovani istoriografiis saukeTesod

Sesrulebuli Zeglia.

rogorc n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavda – `qarTlis cxovre-

ba~ qarTveli feodaluri sazogadoebis aRiarebuli sax-

elmZRvanelo wignia, romliTac saqarTvelos Tavgadasavali

Seiswavleboda. saqarTvelos istoriis erTiani wignis Seqm-

na qarTuli feodaluri istoriuli azrovnebisaTvis Tavis

mobmas da amdenadve qarTuli istoriografiis ganviTarebis

mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens... ideur-politikurad feo-

daluri saqarTvelos civilizacia sam svets emyareboda – sax-

areba, `vefxistyaosani~ da `qarTli cxovreba~. gamarjvebuli

feodaluri urTierTobis sami `wminda wignia~. saxarebas im-

deni wili edo qarTuli feodaluri kulturis ganmtkicebis

saqmeSi, rom `qarTveli~ qristianobis sinonimad iqca. aranak-

lebi mniSvnelobisa iyo feodaluri saqarTvelos kulturuli

xanis gamokveTis saqmeSi `vefxistayaosani~, feodaluri saqa-

rTvelos es himni, qarTveli feodaluri zneobis es kodeqsi,

`qarTlis cxovreba~ ki feodaluri saqarTvelos mecnierul-

istoriul dafuZnebas emsaxureboda (qarTlis warmoSoba, zr-

da-ganviTareba, saqarTvelos erovnuli dadgineba, ayvaveba)~.

XIV saukunis miwuruls evropuli azrovnebis mizani

gaxda istoriuli kvlevebis Secvla. didi Teologiuri da

filosofiuri sistemebi, romlebic iZleodnen safuZvels

istoriuli ganviTarebis winaswar gansazRvruli RvTiuri

gegmis arsebobis Sesaxeb, TandaTanobiT kargavs ndobas.

sanacvlod izrdeba humanisturi Sexedulebebi istoriaze,

romelic eyrdnoba antikur humanizms, antikuri kulturis

memkvidreobas – mis filosofias, mecnierebas, xelovnebas.

humanistebi antikurobaSi xedavdnen maradiul faseulo-

29

bebs da surdaT am memkvidreobis aRorZineba. amitom ewoda

maT epoqas `renesansi~. evropuli renesansis samSoblod iT-

vleba italia. aqedan iwyeba kacobriobis istoriaSi axali

xana, burJuaziuli azrovnebisa da msoflmxedvelobis Cam-

oyalibeba.

Tavisi SinaarsiT humanizmis msoflmxedveloba feoda-

lur-eklesiuri sistemis SexedulebaTa gamowvevas warmoad-

gens. igi mtruladaa ganwyobili samyaros Teologiurad axs-

nisadmi. Tumca, istorikos-humanistebma ise uaryves istoriis

ganviTarebaSi RvTiuri nebis mniSvneloba, rom aSkara polemi-

kaSi saeklesio msoflmxedvelobis warmomadgenlebTan ar Se-

sulan1. nawilobriv, es xdeboda imis gamo, rom maTi istori-

uli Txzulebebi jer kidev Sors idga WeSmariti mecnierebi-

sagan, nawilobriv ki imitom, rom am periodSi ar arsebobda

baza, romlis safuZvelzec moxdeboda mkveTri dapirispireba

mecnierebasa da religiur msoflmxedvelobas Soris, is baza,

romelsac qmnian zusti mecnierebebi.

Suasaukunovan dogmebs humanistebma daupirispires bunebi-

sa da sazogadoebrivi movlenebis axsnis saero ganmarteba. maT

win wamoswies adamiani-Semoqmedi, romelsac gaaCnia samyaros

Semecnebisa da Secvlis unari.

humanisturi istoriografiis ZiriTadi Rirsebaa isto-

riuli azris sekularizacia, anu misi gaTavisufleba Teo-

logiisagan. humanistebi uars amboben ra providencializmis

poziciidan istoriuli movlenebis ganmartebaze, iwyeben am

movlenaTa bunebrivi mizezebis Ziebas. cdiloben amoicnon is-

1. zemoT naTqvamTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos: zog qveyanaSi, magaliTad,

germaniaSi, humanisturi mimdinareoba daukavSirda saeklesio reformacias

(XVI s.), romelic moiTxovda kaTolikuri eklesiis Zireul gardaqmnas, romis

papis uflebebis SezRudvasa da erovnuli eklesiebis dafuZnebas; kerZod,

wirva-locvis erovnul enaze SemoRebas (Sua saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi

wirva-locva laTinurad sruldeboda). amdenad, humanistebis brZola

eklesiis winaaRmdeg, yovelTvis, miT ufro gvian aRorZinebis xanaSi, arc

Tu ise umtkivneulod midioda. Tumca amgvari agresia ufro mis formasa da

funqciebs exeboda, vidre Sinaarss.

30

toriuli ganviTarebis kanonebi. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

axsna xdeba ara zebunebrivi Zalebis moqmedebiT, aramed ga-

moCenil adamianTa moRvaweobiT, romelTa saqmianobac gavle-

nas axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. istoriisadmi amgvarma

midgomam warmoSva axali Sexedulebebi sazogadoebasa da mis

ganviTarebaze, saxelmwifosa da samarTalze, religiaze. aman

ganapiroba humanisturi istoriografiis Seqmna. misi gamoCe-

nili warmomadgenlebi (n. makiaveli – italia, J. bodeni – saf-

rangeTi) cdilobdnen istoriis Sinagani kanonzomierebebis

gamomzeurebas. isini istoriuli procesis mamoZravebel Za-

las politikur da socialur brZolaSi xedavdnen2.

marTalia, humanistebi ebrZodnen Suasaukunovan dogmebs,

mTlianad uaryves Suasaukunovani saswaulebi, xmarebidan

amoiRes qronografebis mier SemoRebuli terminebi, magram

Tavad ver ascdnen antikurobisadmi mimbaZvelobas, romelic

zogjer uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda maTze. radgan human-

istebisTvis Zveli drois istorikosebi Seuval avtoritetebs

2 gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom italiaSi humanistebis mier eklesiasTan aSkara dapirispirebisaTvis Tavis arideba gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom burJuazia XV-XVI ss. jer kidev fexs ikidebda da mas mwvave ideologiuri brZolis dawyebis SesaZlebloba eklesiis winaaRmdeg ar hqonda, rogorc es moxda XVII s-is inglisSi da XVIII s-is safrangeTSi, rodesac burJuazia, rogorc revoluciuri klasi, Riad gamovida feodalizmisa da misi dawesebulebebis likvidaciis moTxovniT.

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) – istorikosi, politikuri moazrovne, saxelmwifo moRvawe. italiaSi `politikuri skolis~ fuZemdebeli, romelmac humanistur istoriografiaSi yvelaze did warmatebas miaRwia. am skolam istoriis SeswavlaSi gamoiyena ganzogadoebis meTodi. Seecada istoriis Sinagani kanonzomierebebis aRmoCenas. n. maki-aveli iyo moazrovne, romelmac saxelmwifos ganviTarebis mizezebi Tavad saxelmwifoSive aRmoaCina.

Jan-bodeni (1530-1596) – politikuri moazrovne, iuristi, cnobili Teoretikosi istoriisa da politikis dargSi, gviani humanizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, romelic miiswrafoda aRmoeCina ̀ adamianis qmedebis zogadi principebi~; man wamoayena Tavisi droisTvis sruliad axali idea, romlis mixedviT istoria aris gansakuTrebuli mecniereba. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT kanonzomierebani, romelTa meSveobiTac SegviZlia ganvmartoT warsuli da awmyo, ganvsWvritoT momavali.

31

warmoadgendnen. amitom maT mier yvelaze daujerebel

monaTxrobsac ki kritikis gareSe iRebdnen.

humanistebma uaryves ra istoriis ganviTarebis Teo-

logiuri koncefcia, mogvces istoriis axali periodizacia:

`Zveli~, `Sua~ da àxali~ (kriteriumebad aiRes sulieri kul-

turis sxvaoba), romelmac mogvianebiT istoriografiaSi far-

Tod daimkvidra adgili.

humanist-istorikosebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia calkeuli

saxelmwifoebisa da xalxebis istoriisadmi interesi. amasTan

dakavSirebiT mkveTrad icvleba istoriuli Txzulebebis

xasiaTi. Suasaukunovani qronikebi, Cveulebriv, aerTianeben

regionis, qveynis, qalaqis istorias msoflio istoriis kon-

teqstSi. axla upiratesoba eniWeba calkeuli qveynebisa da qa-

laq-respublikebis (italia) istorias. istoriisadmi amgvari

damokidebuleba dakavSirebulia imperatorTa Zalauflebis

dacemasa da erovnuli saxelmwifoebis zrdasTan. es procesi

XIV-XVI saukuneebis evropaSi mkveTrad SeimCneva. Sedegad is-

toria adgilobriv xasiaTs iRebs da Sua saukuneebisTvis dam-

axasiaTebeli `msoflio istoriisadmi~ ltolva neldeba.

humanisti-istorikosebis interesTa sferos warmoadgen-

da politikuri da omebis istoria. maT mxedvelobis aredan

gamorCaT xalxTa istoria, upiratesoba gamoCenil adamianTa

nebisyofasa da miswrafebebs mianiWes.

humanistebs surdaT ra istoria gaeTavisuflebinaT

saRvTismetyvelo legendebisagan, did yuradRebas uTmobdnen

Suasaukunovani qronikebis kritikas. aqedan gamomdinare, maT-

Tvis damaxasiaTebelia istoriuli kriticizmis elementebi.

rogori primitiuli, uxeSi da miamituric ar unda iyos es

kritika, igi mainc mniSvnelovani nabijia istoriis mecnieru-

lad kvlevis gzaze.

humanisti-istorikosebi mniSvnelovnad afarToebdnen wy-

aroTa wres, dauRalavad iZiebdnen antikur da Suasaukuno-

van xelnawerebsa da sxva siZveleebs. bevri maTgani sakuTar

danazogs axali xelnawerebis mopovebaSi xarjavda. isini ara

32

mxolod agrovebdnen masalebs, aramed cdilobdnen maT siste-

matizaciasa da damuSavebas.

renesansis3 epoqaSi (XIV s. bolo – XVI s.) istoria, marTa-

lia, ganTavisuflda Suasaukunovani azrovnebis Secdomebisa-

gan, magram jer kidev ar iyo moZebnili istoriis Seswavlis

konkretuli sagani. istorias hqonda garkveuli programa – warsulis aRorZineba, magram ar flobda meTodebs, prin-

cipebs, romliTac ixelmZRvanelebda da ganaxorcielebda am

programas.

XVII saukuneSi msoflioSi axali inteleqtualuri talRa

daiZra. am periods istorikosTa nawili `geniosebis epoqas~

uwodebs. mecnierebis istoriaSi es saukune galileiTa da

bekoniT iwyeba da mTavrdeba niutoniT. XVII saukune zusti

mecnierebebis swrafi ganviTarebis aswleulad iqca. marTa-

lia, zusti mecnierebebi saTaves ufro adreuli saukuneebi-

dan iReben, magram aRniSnul epoqaSi maTi ganviTarebis mtkice

safuZveli evropis ekonomikurma aRmavlobam Seqmna.

XVII saukuneSi istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi ori

mimarTuleba gamoiyofa – pirveli, romelic emsaxureba is-

toriuli masalebis Segrovebas, sistematizacias, Seswavlas,

gamocemas. meore, romelic miiswrafvis daadginos istoriis

ganviTarebis saerTo kanonebi, Seqmnas sociologiis safuZv-

lebi, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis Seswavlisas gamoiyenos

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodika.

pirvel mimarTulebas safuZveli Cauyara sasuliero

sazogadoebam. rogorc cnobilia, renesansis epoqam Zlier

Searyia feodalur-eklesiuri sistemis SexedulebaTa safuZ-

3 dRes, Cvens mecnierebaSi, akad. S. nucubiZis aRmosavleTis renesansis Teoriis safuZvelze, laparakoben ara mxolod qarTul renesansze, romelic XII s. dasasruls daiwyo, aramed, zogadad, aRmosavlur renesansze; magram renesansis klasikuri nimuSi dasavleT evropis qveynebma, kerZod, italiam mogvca. aq aRorZinebis epoqis kulturam ganviTarebis yvela safexuri gaiara. Sedegad miviReT burJuaziuli epoqis filosofia, radgan XVI-XVII ss. msoflio mecnierebis revoluciis wyarod iqca evropuli da ara aRmosavluri renesansi, xolo Cven gvainteresebs ra, zogadad, istoriografiis ganviTarebis etapebi, amitom ganvixileT evropuli humanisturi istoriografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

33

vlebi. amdenad, miiRes gadawyvetileba istoriis dargSi isev

ganemtkicebinaT Teologiuri, providencialuri msoflmxed-

veloba. am gadawyvetilebis kerad iqca safrangeTi, kaToli-

kuri eklesiiT saTaveSi. xolo farTomasStabiani samuSaoebi,

ZiriTadad, gaiSala saeklesio organizaciebSi, gansakuTrebiT

monastrebSi. es bunebrivia, radgan Tavad monastrebi Suasau-

kunovan wyaroTa Zvirfas saganZurs flobdnen. didi raode-

nobiT sigel-gujrebi, sxvadasxva garigebaTa Canaweri, wyalo-

bis wignebi maT arqivebsa da biblioTekebSi inaxeboda. amave

dros, monastrebi tradiciulad mecnierebisa da kulturis

centrebs warmoadgendnen. safrangeTis monastrebSi Camoy-

alibda kongregacia (erTgvari wesdebis mqone monastrebis

gaerTianeba), romelmac miznad daisaxa samecniero muSaoba.

kongregaciis wevrebi warmoadgendnen eruditebs – adamianebs,

romlebsac hqondaT farTo ganaTleba da flobdnen uzarma-

zar faqtologiur masalas.

eruditebi awarmoebdnen miwer-moweras evropis qveynebT-

an, gansakuTrebiT italiasTan. iTxovdnen maT monastrebSi ar-

sebuli arqivebis Seswavlas, masalebis Tavmoyrasa da infor-

maciis mowodebas. amgvar samecniero muSaobas didZali Tanxe-

bi sWirdeboda. kongregaciis wevrebs amisTvis ganusazRvreli

raodenobis saxsrebi gaaCndaT. isini, erTi mxriv, dakaveb-

ulebi iyvnen wyaroebis SegrovebiT, kritikiTa da gamocemiT,

meore mxriv, mravaltomiani istoriuli naSromebis SedgeniT.

radgan istoriis mecnierulad Seswavlis upirveles pirobad

wyaroebis Segroveba, gamocema da kritika iTvleba, saeklesio

moRvaweebi swored am samuSaos asrulebdnen. TandaTanobiT

maT safuZveli Cauyares istoriis damxmare disciplinebs – paleografias, epigrafikas, diplomatikas, qronologias,

genealogias da sxv. eruditebma TavianT naSromebSi pirve-

lad gamoiyenes originalur wyaroTa citireba, rogorc WeS-

maritebis dasabuTebis utyuari saSualeba. maT TavianT naS-

romebSi gamoyves avtoris teqsti da sqolio, gamoyenebuli

wyaro da Txzuleba.

34

erudit-istorikosebma kolosaluri Sroma gaswies wy-

aroebis Segrovebis saqmeSi. eruditTa mcdelobiT es wyaroe-

bi sistemurad iqna Seswavlili da gamocemuli. maT Seqmnes

Suasaukunovan wyaroTa unikaluri baza, romelic dRemde

srulyofilad ar aris Seswavlili.

miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, eruditebs hqondaT didi na-

kli – maT ver SeZles im faqtologiuri masalis mecnieruli

ganzogadeba, romelsac flobdnen. maT mier Catarebuli sa-

muSaoebi wyaroTa kritikis saqmeSi zedapiruli darCa. maTi

kritikis ZiriTadi mizani iyo gaerCiaT natyuari dednisgan,

gaerkviaT Zeglis warmoSobis dro da adgili. isini wyaroe-

bis Sefasebas mxolod formis da ara Sinaarsis mixedviT ax-

dendnen. istorikos-eruditTa Sromebs ideuri TvalsazrisiT

araferi mouciaT, piriqiT, isini daubrundnen Suasaukunovan

providencialur msoflmxedvelobas, Sesabamisad, kategori-

ulad uaryves humanistTa miRweva – istoriis sekularizaciis

Sesaxeb.

evropaSi, eruditTa gverdiT, romelTa moRvaweoba em-

saxureboda feodalur-kaTolikuri msoflmxedvelobis

restavracias, mimdinareobda axali samecniero azrovnebis

ganviTarebis Seuqcevadi procesi, romelic dakavSirebuli

iyo kapitalistur urTierTobebTan. holandiisa da ingli-

sis burJuaziulma revoluciebma Zlieri biZgi misca mec-

nierebis ganviTarebas. swored es qveynebi gaxdnen axali

kulturis centrebi. maTi udidesi miRwevaa sabunebism-

etyvelo mecnierebaTa ganviTareba da racionalizmis fi-

losofia – Semecnebis Teoriis mimarTuleba, romelic gon-

ebas WeSmariti codnis erTaderT wyarod miiCnevs.

axali filosofiis dasawyisi kvlevis axali meTodis ZiebiT

aRiniSna. burJuazia, romelic ZalauflebisTvis ibrZoda,

Tvlida, rom misi interesebi mTeli sazogadoebis intere-

sebs gamoxatavda. im periodSi es marTlac ase iyo. adamianis

idealad miwaze myarad mdgari pirovneba iqca, romelic mec-

nieruli codniT aRWurvili, warmatebebs aRwevs. burJuazia

35

iTxovda mecnierebis usazRvro ganviTarebas, sanacvlod mis-

gan sasargeblo codnas eloda, romelic bunebaze gabatonebis

SesaZleblobas miscemda.

maTematikis, fizikis, anatomiisa da fiziologiis, gansa-

kuTrebiT meqanikis ganviTareba did gavlenas axdenda sazoga-

doebriv mecnierebebze. moazrovneebs surdaT sazogadoebri-

vi mecnierebebis Seswavla sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa

meTodebiT. miiswrafodnen SeeqmnaT iseTi mecnieruli az-

rovneba, romelic moicavda rogorc fizikis, aseve sazoga-

doebis sakiTxebs. maTi mizani iyo, sazogadoebriv mecniere-

baTa safuZveli sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa magaliTze

aegoT.

XVII saukune Teoriul sferoSi didi Ziebebis saukune iyo.

samwuxarod, es Ziebebi mimdinareobda istoriis gverdis av-

liT, radgan imdroindeli Teoriuli azrovneba naklebad

iyo dainteresebuli istoriiT. am dargSi moRvawe adamianebs

ainteresebdaT sazogadoebis ganviTarebis zogadi kanonebis

dadgena; isini eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen faqtologiur ma-

salaze damyarebul konkretul istorias. miuxedavad amisa,

istoriis meTodologiis ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad Seu-

wyo xeli f. bekonis, r. dekartisa da b. spinozas racional-

izmis filosofiam. racionalistebma daundobeli brZola

gamoucxades Teologiasa da sqolastikas.

f. bekonma (1561-1626) pirvelad mecnierebaSi SeimuSava

induqciis meTodi. filosofosi amtkicebda, rom Semec-

nebis procesSi amosavali unda iyos mizezobrivi kavSirebi,

calkeul elementTa analizi, movlenebi, radgan nebismieri

WeSmariteba, rac SeiZleba met faqts unda eyrdnobodes.

faqtebis Sejereba ki ganzogadebis saSualebas iZleva.

marTalia, r. dekarti (1596-1650) istoriul Semecnebas,

rogorc mecnierebas, ar ganixilavda, magram misi meTodolo-

giuri miTiTebebi – sicxade, swrafva martividan rTulisken,

kvlevis obieqtis Tanmimdevruli danawevreba, stimuls aZlev-

da istoriul mecnierebas.

36

dekarti iTxovda faqtologiuri suraTis srulyofas. igi

Tanamedrove istorikosebs adanaSaulebda, rom maT ar SeeZloT

faqtebis gadarCeva. igi werda: istorikosebs aqvT Zalian didi

fantazia da mcire kritikuli midgoma.

XVII saukuneSi racionalizmi srulfasovnad ver gax-

da mecnierebis sinonimi. istoriuli mecniereba jer kidev

agrZelebda omebis aRweras, monarqTa da mxedarTmTavarTa

moRvaweobis, diplomatiis Seswavlas. TumcaRa kvlevis kul-

tura sagrZnoblad gaizarda.

ganmanaTleblobis epoqad wodebulma XVIII saukunem nebism-

ieri samecniero dargis ganviTarebisaTvis bevri ram gaakeTa.

ganmanaTlebloba warmoadgenda XVIII saukunis filosofiuri

azrovnebis umTavres nawils, romelmac goneba yovelgvari rw-

menisa da moqmedebis safuZvlad aRiara. igi ganixilavda Rmer-

Tis, bunebisa da adamianis urTierTkavSirs. adamianis gonebi-

sadmi rwmena gaxda drois medroSe.

ganmanaTleblebs surdaT Tavisuflebis saSualebiT ada-

mianuri bednierebis miRweva.

burJuazia axali ideebis matareblad gamodioda, romelic

sakuTar Tavs eris WeSmarit warmomadgenlad Tvlida. ganmana-

Tlebloba feodalizmidan kapitalizmze gardamavali epoqis

ideaTa mTel sistemas warmoadgenda, romlis ZiriTadi Sinaar-

si SemdegSi mdgomareobs: feodalizmis epoqa bneliT moculia;

am sibnelis mTavari mizezi religiaa; kacobriobis sinaTleze

gamoyvanis aucilebeli piroba religiis daZlevaa; religiis da-

Zleva SesaZlebelia mxolod mecnieruli ganaTlebis gavrcele-

biT; mecnierul ganaTlebas Sedegad gonebisa da WeSmaritebis

gabatoneba mohyveba, am miznis misaRwevad aucilebelia politi-

kuri wyobilebis gardaqmna, romelic SesaZlebelia `ganaTle-

buli monarqis~ xelmZRvanelobiT moxdes; axali politikuri

wyoba unda emyarebodes demokratizmisa da liberalizmis prin-

cipebs. yovelive es niSnavs winsvlas im idealuri wyobisken, ro-

melic adamianTa srul uflebriv Tanasworobas moitans.

37

ganmanaTleblobis mniSvnelovani niSania rwmenis gonebiT

Canacvleba. am movlenas evropeli mecnierebi Semdegnairad

ganmartaven: `ganmanaTleblobis epoqa xasiaTdeboda pro-

gresisadmi rwmeniT, romelsac atarebda burJuazia. mis

rigebSi kvlav gaiRviZa adamianisa da gonebisadmi ndobam da

warmoiSva sekularizebuli `mesianuri~ tradicia, romelSic

saxarebis adgili gonebam daikava. am tradiciis Tanaxmad,

adamiani gonebis daxmarebiT sinamdvilis arss swvdeba da

materialuri progresisTvis aucilebel pirobebs qmnis.

adamianebi TandaTan damoukideblebi xdebian: isini iwyeben

zrunvas sakuTar Tavze, uaryofen cru avtoritetebisa da

Teologiis meurveobas. adamianis azrovneba Tavisufalia,

radgan is rwmundeba, rom bibliuri gamocxadebebisgan da-

moukidebeli xdeba~.

msoflioSi gabatonebulia azri, rom ganmanaTlebloba

es aris: evropisa da amerikis maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis

garkveuli epoqis (XVIII s.) filosofia da sazogadoebrivi az-

rovnebis mimarTuleba. amgvar azrovnebas safuZveli moumzada

XVI saukunis humanizmma da XVII saukunis racionalizmma.

XVII saukunis moazrovneebisgan gansxvavebiT, ganmanaTle-

blobam didi yuradReba dauTmo istorias. istoriuli mec-

nierebis saSualebiT maT surdaT daemtkicebinaT feodaliz-

mis ugunureba, eklesiis ideologiis siyalbe. isini istoriaSi

xedavdnen sakuTari politikuri da filosofiuri propagan-

dis saukeTeso saSualebas. miaCndaT, rom istoriuli mec-

nierebiT SesaZlebelia aCvenon feodaluri wyobis usamarT-

loba: tirania, adamianTa Cagvra; maT udidesi mniSvneloba

mianiWes istoriis didaqtikur daniSnulebas – mis rols samo-

qalaqo azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.

am periodSi daiwyo manamde ucnobi istoriuli masalebis

gamovlena, gaRvivda interesi naklebad cnobili periodebisa

da evropelebisaTvis ucxo geografiuli regionebis mimarT.

am dros midis muSaoba wyaroebis Segrovebisa da siste-

matizaciisaTvis. mowmdeba qronologia; mecnierulad fas-

38

deba warsulis Zeglebi; Rrmavdeba literaturuli wyaroebis

kritika, interesdebian xalxuri yofiT; aRiareben adamianTa

modgmis `bedis erTianobas~, ris safuZvelzec gaCnda kaco-

briobis msoflio istoriis Seqmnis idea.

ganmanaTleblebisTvis istoria gaxda feodalur-RvTisme-

tyveluri msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdeg brZolis iaraRi. is-

torias ixilavdnen, rogorc `moralisa da politikis skolas~.

maTTvis mTavari iyo istoriidan sabolood ganedevnaT isto-

riuli movlenebis Teologiurad axsnis meTodi. maT mkveTrad

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqondaT Sua saukuneebisadmi da

qeds ixridnen antikurobis winaSe. Sua saukuneebis istori-

isadmi dauRalavma kritikam warmoSva medievistika, rogorc

disciplina.

safrangeTSi enciklopedistebma4 daiwyes brZola, raTa

sauniversiteto ganaTlebis sistemaSi istoria damoukidebel

disciplinad SeetanaT.

ganmanaTleblobis epoqam msoflio-istoriuli proce-

sebis axleburi gageba Semoitana. is, rom istoriuli mec-

niereba swavlobs sazogadoebas, eWvs aRar iwvevda. magram

Riad rCeboda kiTxva, adamianis moRvaweobis romeli aspeqti

unda SeeswavlaT da rogori profesiuli xerxebiT. istoriis

meTodologiaSi axali ideebi gaCnda.

volterma (1694-1778) safuZveli daudo kulturis isto-

riis Seswavlas. man Tavis istoriul TxzulebebSi, istoriuli

masalebi qronologiurad ki ara, rogorc es miRebuli iyo (ma-

tianuri stili), aramed sistemurad daalaga, gamoyo ZiriTadi

Temebi: saSinao politika, finansebi, religia, xelovneba... igi

Tanmimdevrulad atarebda ideas, rom RvTiuri Canafiqri ar

warmoadgens istoriis fundaments. igi Tvlida, rom istori-4 enciklopedistebi – XVII s. winarevoluciuri safrangeTis burJuaziis

ideologebi, romlebic gaerTianebuli iyvnen ̀ enciklopediis an mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da xelosnobis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~ – gamocemis irgvliv, ènciklopedistebis~ – saTaveSi idga didi ganmanaTlebeli d. didro. isini moiToxvdnen vaWrobis, manufaqturis, soflis meurneonis Tavisufal ganviTarebas; eweodnen kapital-fermeruli sistemis propagandas; xels uwyobdnen teqnikis, xelosnobis, mecnierebis ganviTarebas. did yuradRebas uTmobdnen ganaTlebasa da aRzrdis sakiTxebs.

39

uli faqtis zusti gansazRvra SeuZlebelia; amitom istori-

uli mecnierebis srulyofisaTvis saWiroa misi Sesaswavli sa-

gnis Secvla. am ukanasknelSi gulisxmobda kulturas, kerZod

ki, adamianis miRwevebs gonisa da moralis sferoSi. amitom,

rodesac man miiRo SekveTa, daewera msoflio istoriis mokle

kursi, nawarmoebs daarqva – `cdebi xalxTa zne-Cveulebebisa

da sulierebis Sesaxeb~. am TxzulebaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti kul-

turis istoriaze gaakeTa.

S. l. monteskies, J. J. rusosa da sxva ganmanaTleblebs Se-

eqmnaT Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom politikuri reJimisa da

kulturis Camoyalibebaze gavlenas axdens geografiuli da

socialuri garemo.

S. l. monteskies (1689-1755) konceptualuri midgoma is-

toriis gaazrebisTvis mdgomareobda sami faqtoris gamoyo-

faSi: 1. mmarTvelobis forma; 2. fizikuri faqtorebi (klima-

ti, geografiuli garemo); 3. socialuri faqtorebi (vaWroba,

fuladi sistema, mosaxleobis raodenoba, religia).

J. J. ruso (1712-1778) istoriis meTodologiis mraval-

ferovan gaazrebas gvTavazobs. magaliTad, misi azriT, isto-

rikosTa mier gadmocemuli faqtebi, sinamdvileSi momxdaris

realur suraTs ar warmoadgenen. isini formas icvlian isto-

rikosTa gonebaSi da eqvemdebarebian maT interesebs. misTvis

cudi istorikosi aris is, vinc gansjis faqtebs. rusos idee-

bis gavlena naTlad gasdevs kulturis mTel istorias. misma

Sromebma xeli Seuwyo adamianis Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis,

pirovnebis, rogorc Seucvleli Rirebulebis, ideaTa da-

fuZnebasa da gavrcelebas.

i. kantisTvis (1724-1804) istoria eTikis nawils warmoad-

genda, amitom igi Tvlida, rom mas ar SeeZlo obieqturobaze

pretenzia hqonoda. Selings ki miaCnda, rom istoriis Semec-

nebis mTavari saSualeba intuiciaa. giboni istoriis mamoZ-

ravebel Zalas kacobriobis iracionalizmSi xedavda.

40

ganmanaTleblebi qmnidnen ra istoriis sakuTar sqemebs,

isini, ZiriTadad, mainc literaturul wyaroebs eyrdnobod-

nen.

miuxedavad imisa, rom, sakmaod mokled ganvixileT is-

toriografiis ganviTarebis etapebi, zemoTqmulidanac

kargad Cans, Tu raoden xangrZliv da mtkivneul process

warmoadgenda istoriuli codnis istoriul mecnierebad

gadaqceva; rogor icvleboda istoriis Seswavlis miznebi

da meTodebi msoflmxedvelobis cvalebadobasTan erTad;

rogor rTulad,magram Tanmimdevrulad ikavebda igi sa-

kuTar adgils mecnierebaSi da yalibdeboda damoukidebel

disciplinad.

41

Tema II

qarTuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis kerebi Sua-

saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva qveyneb-

Si swavla-ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, mwerlobis, xelovnebis, da

saerTod, kulturis centrebs eklesia-monastrebi warmoad-

gendnen. aq qarTveli berebis mier iwereboda originaluri

Txzulebebi, iTargmneboda ucxouri Zeglebi, mravldeboda

xelnawerebi, mdidrdeboda erovnuli kulturis saganZuri.

monastrebTan arsebobda skolebi, sadac monastris axlos

mcxovrebi bavSvebi swavlobdnen. `giorgi mTawmindelis

cxovrebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom monasterSi

kargad momzadebuli `moZRuarni~ eweodnen pedagogiur moR-

vaweobas. aq iswavleboda Teologia, himnografia, galoba,

literatura, qarTuli mwignobroba. savaraudod, am sagnebs

saSualo asakis (12-13 wlis) moswavleebi swavlobdnen. XI-XIII

ss-is saqarTveloSi saskolo ganaTlebis dawinaurebas xeli

Seuwyo im garemoebamac, rom am periodSi qarTvelebi saswav-

leblad bizantiaSi midiodnen da kargad gaicnes bizantiuri

skola. mag. giorgi mTawmindelma bizantiaSi saswavleblad

waiyvana 80 ymawvili, xolo somexi istorikosis vardan di-

dis cnobiT – daviT aRmaSenebelma saberZneTSi gagzavna 40

axalgazrda iqaur skolebSi swavlis misaRebad. bunebrivia

vifiqroT, rom maTgan garkveuli nawili mainc dabrunde-

boda saqarTveloSi da aq skolebs isini bizantiis mibaZviT

moawyobdnen. adreuli xanis did monastrebs (oSks, opizas,

Satberds, xanZTas) xSirad axlavs farTo moculobis mqone

Senobebi, romlebic eq. TayaiSvilis dakvirvebiT seminariebi-

sTvis unda yofiliyo gankuTvnili. monastrebis aseTi mniSvn-

elobis gamo, mtrebisgan Seviwroebul saqarTveloSi saekle-

sio-samonastro mSeneblobas qarTvelebis gadarCenisTvis

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. amis saukeTeso magaliTia

42

tao-klarjeTSi cnobili saxelmwifo da saeklesio moRvawis

grigol xanZTelis winamZRolobiT gaCaRebuli farTomasSta-

biani samonastro mSenebloba.

monasteri – berZnuli sityvaa da `gandegilis senaks~ niS-

navs. pirveli qristianuli monastrebi III-IV saukuneebSi si-

riasa da palestinaSi daarsda da mTel qristianul samyaros

moedo. samonastro moZraobam qristianTa is nawili moicva,

romelsac miaCnda, rom RmerTTan miaxloebisTvis saWiro iyo

saero cxovrebaze uaris Tqma da cxovrebis mxolod RvTi-

saTvis miZRvna. monasterSi morCilebi da monazvnebi cxov-

robdnen. morCili ramdenime weli emzadeboda monazvnobisT-

vis, raTa darwmunebuliyo, rom SeZlebda im gzis gavlas,

romelsac irCevda. monazvnad aRkvecis win sagangebo rituali

sruldeboda. aRsakvecad momzadebul pirs simbolurad Tmas

sWridnen, saero samoss xdidnen da samonazvno, Savi CoxiT

mosavdnen, saero saxels ucvlidnen, rac adasturebda Zveli

cxovrebis uaryofas da axlis dawyebas. monazvnebi cal-calke

senakebSi cxovrobdnen. wirva-locvisaTvis maT saerTo ekle-

sia hqondaT, saerTo hqondaT satrapezoc. isini asketurad

cxovrobdnen, hyavdaT winamZRvari, yvela monasters sakuTari

wesdeba – `tipikoni~ gaaCnda.

saeklesio miwaTmflobelobis sistema Zlier da daxvewil

erTeuls warmoadgenda. es iyo saxelmwifos didi feodi, misT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli struqturiT. eklesia flobda didZal

miwas, romlis damuSavebaSi CarTuli iyo uamravi yma-glexi.

Camoyalibebuli hqondaT sameurneo produqtebis warmoebisa

da miwodebis organizaciis formebi, mkacrad gansazRvruli

TiToeuli pirisa Tu komlis movaleobebiT, rac aucileb-

el pirobas warmoadgenda saeklesio-samonastro cxovrebis

warmarTvisaTvis. am pirobebis regulirebas axdenda saxelm-

wifo.

samwuxarod, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos amgvari urTier-

Toba ar iyo mtkice, radgan igi xSirad irRveoda qveyanaSi

permanentulad arastabiluri viTarebis gamo; ganuwyvete-

43

li omianoba, Sinafeodaluri brZola da mwarmoebeli masis

ganadgureba, pirdapir ukavSirdeboda mamulebSi marTva-

gamgeobis moSlas, iqidan Semosavlis miRebas da saeklesio

saqmianobis normalur warmarTvas. aseT pirobebSi monastris

xelmZRvaneloba adgilobriv lavrebsa Tu sazRvargareT,

aucileblobad miiCnevda sakuTari meurneobis ganviTarebas,

romelic ZiriTad saarsebo wyarod iqceoda manamde mainc, vi-

dre sistema kvlav ar aRsdgeboda. amdenad, samonastro kom-

pleqss gaaCnda sakuTari xodabunebi, zRvrebi, xexilis baRebi.

berebi awarmoebdnen meurneobas, dakavebulebi iyvnen xelos-

nobiTac.

amrigad, miwaTmoqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli sameur-

neo saqmianoba warmoadgenda erT-erT xelisSemwyob pirobas

samonastro kompleqsis arsebobis gaxangrZlivebisaTvis.

asketuri da wminda cxovrebis gamo monazvnebi qristianeb-

Si didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen, didi gavlena hqondaT

mefe-mTavarTa karze.

samonastro mSenebloba saqarTveloSi adre daiwyo. uZve-

lesi qarTuli wyaros `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, mefe

vaxtang gorgaslis (V s. me-2 nax.) brZanebiT artanujis maxlo-

blad, opizaSi monasteri dauarsebiaT. magram saqarTveloSi

didi samonastro mSenebloba siriidan, imave asureTidan, VI

saukuneSi, ioane zedaznelis winamZRolobiT wminda mamebis

mosvlas ukavSirdeba.

istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, isini cametni iyvnen,

sinamdvileSi ki bevrad meti unda yofiliyvnen. maTi saxelebi

istoriam Semogvinaxa: Sio mRvimeli, daviT garejeli, anton

martyofeli, zenon iyalToeli da sxv. mRvimeli, garejeli ,

martyofeli, maT ewodaT im adgilebis mixedviT, sadac isini

cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen. miCneulia, rom asureli mam-

ebi, siriis monastrebSi moRvawe qarTveli berebi iyvnen, rom-

lebic samSobloSi qristianobis gansamtkiceblad dabrund-

nen. marTlac, isini did religiur-kulturul moRvaweobas

eweodnen.

44

Cveni garjis mTavar mizans, amjerad, warmoadgens Sua sau-

kuneebis qarTuli kulturis kerebis im mcire nawilis gac-

noba, romlebic umTavres centrebs warmoadgendnen, rogorc

saqarTvelos, aseve mis farglebs gareT da, sadac xdeboda

qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba.

xanZTa. xanZTis monasteri, rogorc erT-erTi umniS-

vnelovanesi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kera, daarsda

klarjeTSi VIII s-Si, 782 wlis axlo xanebSi, didi qarTveli

saeklesio moRvawis, wm. grigol xanZTelis (xancTelis) – (759-

861) mier.

xanZTis istoriis pirvelwyaroa adgilobrivi moRvawis,

SesaniSnavi mwerlis, giorgi merCules mier, xanZTaSive, 951

wels dawerili qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zegli

– `grigol xancTelis cxovreba~. garda grigol xanZTelisa,

romlis iniciativiTac daarsda ori umniSvnelovanesi monas-

teri (xanZTa da Satberdi), samonastro mSeneblobaSi Cabmulni

iyvnen misi mowafeebi – Teodore da qristefore. maT daaars-

es ramdenime monasteri borjomis xeobaSi. garda samonastro

mSeneblobisa (aaSenes mamaTa xuTi da dedaTa ori monasteri)

grigol xanZTeli avtoria miqael modrekilis sagaloblebis

krebulSi CarTuli mTeli rigi sagaloblebisa.

xanZTaSi SemdegSic ar Sewyvetila literaturuli saqmi-

anoba – xelnawerTa gadawera. cnobilia aq moRvawe ramdenime

piri: mose xancTeli, stefane; xanZTel moRvawed miiCneven

vinme giorgisac, romelsac gamousyidia gatacebuli XI s-is

Zvirfasi xelnaweri – e. w. alaverdis saxareba da igi xanZTisT-

vis Seuwiravs.

Satberdi. Satberdi daaarsa grigol xanZTelma IX s-is

I naxevarSi. aq Camoyalibda mZlavri literaturuli skola,

mniSvnelovani skriptoriumiT, romelic metad nayofieri

iyo. aqaur moRvaweTa Semoqmedeba marto adgilobrivi monas-

trebiT an saqarTveloTi ar Semoifargleboda da sazRvarga-

reTis qarTuli kulturis kerebsac mravlad aRwevda. iSvia-

Tia qarTuli monasteri, romlis saxelsac amdeni mwignobari

45

ukavSirdebodes: sofron Satberdeli, iovane beraY, grigol

vaCeZoreli, stefane Satberdeli, giorgi mTawmindeli da sxv.

aseve iSviaTia monasteri, saidanac amdeni uZvelesi da umniS-

vnelovanesi xelnaweri iyos Cvenamde moRweuli.

am xelnawerebs Soris, rogorc Tavisi siZveliT, ise

mniSvnelobiT gamorCeulia e. w. adiSis saxareba – oTxTavi,

gadawerili 897 wels, romelsac es saxeli ewoda daculobis

bolo adgilis mixedviT (zemo svaneTi). igi dawerilia so-

fron Satberdelis dakveTiT, miqaelis mier. adiSis saxareba

rogorc cnobilia, metad Zvirfasia rogorc qarTuli enis,

qarTuli mwerlobis Zegli, radgan aq warmodgenili qarTuli

saxarebis redaqcia gansxvavebulia yvela sxva redaqciisagan.

SatberdSia gadawerili e. w. jruWis I oTxTavi 936 wlisa da

973 wlis parxlis oTxTavi. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive xelnawer-

Si saxarebis teqsti erTi redaqciisaa, radgan isini erTsa da

imave skriptoriumSia gadawerili, Tumca maTi teqstebi gan-

sxvavdeba sxva qarTuli saxarebis teqstis redaqciebisagan. es

faqtebi, Tavis mxriv, SatberdSi calke, adgilobrivi liter-

aturuli skolis arsebobis maCvenebelia, romlis saqmianoba

mxolod xelnawerTa gadaweriT ar Semoifargleboda da aq

gansxvavebuli literaturuli redaqciis teqstebsac qmnid-

nen.

Satberdis skolas gansakuTrebulad saxeli gauTqva Sat-

berdis krebulma. xelnaweri gadawerilia iovane beras mier,

romelsac exmarebdonen biZa - miqaeli da Zma daviTi, krebuli

973-76w.w. TariRdeba. Satberdis krebuli pirvel rigSi fas-

daudebelia Tavisi Sedgenilobisa da masSi Sesuli Txzule-

bebis mixedviT. am mxriv igi unikaluria da enciklopediuri

Sinaarsisaa, aq Sesulia mravali originaluri da Targmnili

Txzuleba – 14 Zegli.

Satberdis literaturul skolas ukavSirdeba Cvenamde

moRweuli sxva xelnawerebi: basili kesarielis `TargmanebaY

fsalmunTaY~, basili didis èqusTa dReTaY~, grigol noselis

`dabadebisaTUs kacisa~ da a. S.

46

oSki. daviT III kurapalatisa (g. 1001 w.) da misi Zmis, bagrat

erisTavTerisTavis mier samxreT saqarTveloSi, taoSi 970-

ian wlebSi agebul grandiozul sagvareulo monasterTan ar-

sebobda skriptoriumi, sadac 977, 978 da 979 wlebSi Seiqmna

SesaniSnavi xelnawerebi – oSkis biblia, `samoTxe~, ìovane

oqropiris cxovreba~ da sxv., romlebic aTonze gaigzavna da

dResac iq inaxeba.

intensiuri literaturuli saqmianoba mimdinareobda,

agreTve, parxalsa da tbeTSi.

SiomRvime. qarTul monastrebs Soris erT-erTi uZvele-

sia, romelic VI saukuneSi daaarsa erT-erTma sirielma mamam

– Sio mRvimelma.

SiomRvimeSi imTaviTve xdeboda xelnawerebis Tavmoyra,

adgilze damzadeba da originaluri nawarmoebebis Seqmna.

saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi SiomRvimeSi imdeni xelnaweri dag-

rovda, rom 1804 wlisTvis aq maTi saerTo raodenoba, gadmo-

cemiT, aT uremze ver daeteoda. es maSin, rodesac monasterma

araerTgzis ganicada mtrebisgan darbeva-awiokeba, qonebis

dataceba da xelnawerTa ganadgureba.

SiomRvimis monasterSi Tavisi bolo wlebi gaatara arsen

iyalToelma (XI s-is 60-iani – XII s-is 30-iani). igi mravalmxrivi

moRvawe iyo – Teologi, mTargmneli, mwerali, gramatikosi,

filosofosi. misi filosofiuri naSromi – `doRmatikosi~

dawerilia SiomRvimis monasterSi moRvaweobis dros. manamde

igi moRvaweobda Savi mTis monasterSi, daviT aRmaSeneblis

mowveviT – gelaTSi, romlis Semdeg – iyalTos monasterTan,

mefe daviTis xelSewyobiT akademia daaarsa.

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis

iuridiuli aqtebis, SiomRvimuri koleqciis Sesaxeb. ded-

nebis saxiT moRweuli am sabuTebis umniSvnelovanes jgufze

moTavsebulia giorgi II-is, daviT aRmaSeneblis, giorgi III-is,

Tamar mefis, laSa-giorgis da sxvaTa avtografiuli xelrT-

vebi, rac, cxadia, qarTuli kulturis Zvirfasi relikviebia.

amave sabuTebze moTavsebulia saqarTvelos araerTi gamoCe-

47

nili politikuri moRvawis, umaRlesi sasuliero xelisuflis,

saxelmwifos maRali rangis moxeleTa, calkeul feodalTa

da sxvaTa xelnawerebi; xolo erT-erT sabuTze gakeTebuli

erTi samstriqoniani xelrTva-damtkiceba, arc Tu usafuZ-

vlod, SoTa rusTavelis avtografad iTvleba. dabolos, am

sabuTebidan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi – anderZi daviT aR-

maSeneblisa SiomRvimisadmi, SiomRvimis lavraSia Sedgenil-

dawerili.

gelaTi. XII s-is dasawyisSi, ukve damoukidebeli da eko-

nomikurad momZlavrebuli saqarTvelos mefem – daviT IV aR-

maSenebelma (1089-1125) gadawyvita dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

quTaisis maxloblad aeSenebina gamorCeuli qristianuli taZ-

ari. gelaTSi 1106 wels daiwyo taZris mSenebloba, romelic

1130 wels misi vaJis, demetre I-is (1125-56) zeobis dros das-

rulda.

arsebiTi da umniSvnelovanesia is faqti, rom daviT aR-

maSenebelma gelaTis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebis parale-

lurad amave ww-Si daaarsa umaRlesi skola, universite-

tis tipis dawesebuleba, romelic pirobiTad samecniero

literaturaSi,àkademiad~ iwodeba. es ar warmoadgenda Sem-

TxveviTobas, radgan ukve Seqmnili iyo realuri winapiro-

ba, maRali donis umaRlesi ganaTlebis centris, umaRlesi

skolis daarsebisTvis. es winapiroba aseuli wlebis manZilze

yalibdeboda. tao-klarjeTSi gaSlili kulturuli saqmi-

anoba, sazRvargareT arsebuli qarTuli kulturis kerebi,

ganaTlebuli qarTveli moRvaweebi da saqarTveloSi Seqmnili

mtkice ekonomikuri Tu politikurad mdgradi viTareba re-

alur safuZvels qmnida kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmi-

anobis axali etapis dawyebisaTvis, romelic daviT IV-m itvir-

Ta. mefem sagangebod SearCia adgili samonastro kompleqsis

asagebad – `saxeli misi gelaTi~.

daviTis mier axlad daarsebuli saganmanaTleblo centri

unda gamxdariyo `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa meored ierusali-

mad~ da `sxuad aTinad, friad uaRres missa saRmrToTa Sina

48

wesTa~. gelaTi unda yofiliyo maRali donis kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo da saswavlo-samecniero centri. akademia

daarsda, savaraudod, 1106-1110 wlebSi.

akademiis warmatebisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa maRalkval-

ificiuri kadrebis arseboba. daviTma gelaTSi moiwvia qar-

Tuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi, romelnic im dros aTonis,

petriwonis, agreTve, konstantinopolisa da bizantiis sxva

akademiebSi moRvaweobdnen. XII s-is aTian wlebSi gelaTis aka-

demiaSi moRvaweobas iwyeben ioane petriwi, arsen iyalToeli,

(romelic 1114 wels Camovida bizantiidan), efrem mcire, Teo-

file xucesmonazoni da sxv.

akademias marTavda `moZRuarT-moZRuari~ (reqtori). igi

sazRvargareT arsebuli akademiebis, gansakuTrebiT konstan-

tinopolis manganis akademiis principze iyo agebuli. gelaTis

akademiaSi Svidi sagani iswavleboda: geometria, ariTmetika,

musika, ritorika, gramatika, filosofia, astronomia. para-

lelurad viTardeboda literatura (nikoloz gulaberisZe,

grigol CaxruxaZe), eweodnen mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.

didi adgili hqonda daTmobili xelnaweri wignebis gaforme-

bas, miniaturul mxatvrobas, saxviT xelovnebas.

XVI s-is pirveli naxevris Semdeg gelaTis akademiam fun-

qcionireba Sewyvita, xolo misi sicocxle ganaxlda saqarT-

velos kaTolikos-patriarqis – ilia II-is TaosnobiT 1995

wels.

qarTuli mwignobrobisa da kulturis ganviTarebisTvis

udidesi roli Seasrules saqarTvelos gareT arsebulma qar-

Tulma monastrebma. Zveli qarTuli kulturis sazRvargareT-

uli kerebis mniSvneloba saukeTesod gansazRvra akademikosma

ivane javaxiSvilma. igi werda: `sazRvargareT myof qarTvelTa

savaneebis kulturuli mniSvneloba friad didi iyo, im didi

kulturuli memkvidreobis garda, romelic saqarTvelos

warsuli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daunjebuli hqonda,

ucxoeTSi myofi monastrebis wyalobiT saqarTvelos SeeZlo

maSindeli ganaTlebuli qveynebis kulturuli ganviTarebis

49

yoveli warmatebisaTvis Tvalyuri edevnebina. yvelaferi,

rac ki iq axali da mniSvnelovani iwereboda, anda keTdeboda,

ucxoeTSi daarsebul qarTvelTa savaneebSi momuSave qarTve-

li moRvaweebis, mwerlebisa da xelovanTa wyalobiT, saqarT-

velosac saSualeba hqonda scodnoda: saukeTeso Txzulebani,

an iTargmneboda, anda gadmoqarTulebuli iyo~.

qristianobisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon-

da ierusalims, saerTod palestinas, qveyanas, sadac ieso

daibada da cxovrobda. yvela WeSmariti qristianis ocneba

iyo am wminda miwaze stumroba, gamonakliss arc qarTvelebi

warmoadgendnen. saerTod, qarTvelebs didi da intensiuri

urTierToba hqondaT axlo aRmosavleTTan. egviptis, pal-

estinisa da siriis bevri udabno qarTvel moRvaweTa saimedo

TavSesafrad iqca.

saukuneebis manZilze axlo aRmosavleTi qristianuli mw-

erlobis umTavresi centri da gamoCenil mwignobarTa samo-

Rvaweo asparezi iyo. ierusalimi, sabawminda, palavra, sina,

antioqia, Savi mTa – am mwerlobis mniSvnelovani kerebia. qa-

rTveli moRvaweebi – iCendnen ra did interess qristianuli

literaturisadmi am centrebSi midiodnen samoRvaweod. jer

ukve arsebul monastrebSi cxovrobdnen, xolo Semdeg Tan-

daTanobiT sakuTari savaneebi daaarses. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb

mravali cnobaa daculi Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi, saisto-

rio nawarmoebebSi, hagiografiul TxzulebebSi, mogzaurTa

CanawerebSi, xelnawerTa anderZ-minawerebSi, aRapebsa da sul-

Ta matianeebSi, epigrafikul ZeglebSi.

Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebma palestinis samonastro kol-

onizacia daiwyes, romlis fuZemdebelia V saukunis moRvawe –

petre iberi. petrem da misma moZRvarma – ioane lazma ierusa-

limSi ori qarTuli monasteri ìberTa monasteri~ da `lazTa

monasteri~ daaarses. 1946 wels italielma arqeologma vir-

jinio korbom gaTxara lazTa monasteri, sadac qarTuli dam-

werlobiT Sesrulebuli yvelaze adreuli nimuSebi aRmoCnda.

es warwera monastris eklesiis mozaikur iatakze iyo. am xu-

50

roTmoZRvrulma Zeglma warmoaCina qarTlis samefos eko-

nomikuri Zliereba, naTlad gamoavlina petre iberis wvlili

palestinis samonastro kolonizaciaSi.

axlo aRmosavleTis qarTuli kulturis kerebs Soris gan-

sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia sabawminda, sina, jvari da Savi mTa.

sabawminda berZnebis mier daarsebuli monasteri iyo,

sadac qarTvelebic moRvaweobdnen. VI s-is 30-ian wlebSi am

monasterSi qarTvelebs sakuTari eklesiac hqondaT, sadac

mRvdelmsaxurebas qarTulad asrulebdnen. aq moRvaweobda

cnobili himnografi basili, sinas mravalTavis Semdgeneli

makar leTeli, ucxouri hagiografiuli mwerlobis erT-er-

Ti pirveli mTargmneli seiTi. sabawmindaSi Seiqmna bibliis

wignebis VIII-IX saukuneebis qarTuli Targmani, romelic CvenSi

XI saukunemde gamoiyeneboda.

sinas mTa qarTvelebis yvelaze Soreuli samoRvaweo ad-

gilia axlo aRmosavleTSi. igi aRmarTulia egviptis arabTa

respublikaSi.

sinas mTaze qarTvelTa mravalricxovani krebuli cxov-

robda, rasac adasturebs aq ramdenime qarTuli eklesiis ar-

sebobac. iqaur qarTvelebs uSurvelad exmarebodnen saqarT-

velos mefeebi, didebulebi da sasuliero moRvaweebi.

qarTveli mefeebi mudmiv Tanadgomas ucxadebdnen qarT-

vel mwerlebs, sasuliero moRvaweebs; maT kargad icodnen,

rom sazRvargareT arsebuli monastrebi, warmoadgendnen ara

mxolod sakulto, aramed samecniero centrebs, romlebic qa-

rTuli feodaluri xelisuflebis yuradRebasa da mfarvelo-

bas moiTxovdnen.

qarTuli kulturis Zlier kerad sina gadaiqca X saukune-

Si. varaudobdnen, rom am periodSi Txzavda himnebs gamoCeni-

li mwerali – ioane minCxi; aq gamovlinda ioane-zosimes Semo-

qmedebiTi niWi. man Seadgina krebulebi, daamzada xelnawerebi,

aRadgina da ganaaxla Zveli nusxebi, gadawera saxarebebi, Se-

mosa asketuri krebuli, saxarebis sakiTxavebi, `svimon mesve-

tis cxovreba~, `mamaTa cxovreba~ da mravali sxv.

51

sinaze moRvawe qarTvel mwignobarTa mravalricxovan

jgufebSi Sediodnen mwerlebi, kaligrafebi, xelnawerTa da-

mamzadeblebi, wignebis mmosvelebi. maTi Tavdadebuli SromiT

aq Seiqmna umdidresi biblioTeka, romelsac hqonda saku-

Tari samkiTxvelo darbazi, guldasmiT Sedgenili xelnaweri

wignebis katalogi. swored aq Senaxulma koleqciam gadaarCina

qarTuli originaluri da sasuliero-saeklesio xasiaTis mra-

vali Zegli.

IX saukunis Sua wlebidan palestinaSi gaCnda saWiroeba

Seqmniliyo mZlavri centri, romelic uxelmZRvanelebda

palestinis savaneebSi mravlad gafantul qarTvelobas, or-

ganizebulad warmarTavda maT kulturul moRvaweobas. aseTi

centris arseboba aucilebeli iyo, Tundac winaparTa Rvaw-

lis warmosaCenad da qarTvelTa uflebebis dasacavad wminda

adgilebze. swored am mizniT, daaarsa XI saukunis 50-ian wleb-

Si, SavSelma moRvawem, giorgi-proxorem ierusalimis jvris

monasteri.

axlad daarsebul savaneSi Tavi moiyara qarTvel moweseTa

mravalricxovanma jgufma, Seiqmna mozrdili qarTuli kolo-

nia, romelic ierusalimSi mahmadianTa batonobisa Tu XIII sau-

kunidan saqarTvelos samefos dasustebis gamo, ekonomikuri

daxmarebis Semcirebisa da berZeni samRvdeloebis mier Cveni

kuTvnili adgilebisa da siZveleTa mitacebis miuxedavad XIX

saukunemde agrZelebda arsebobas.

qarTveli mecnierebis mier aq aRmoCenili da Seswavlili

masala uflebas iZleva iTqvas: ierusalimis jvris monasteri

saukuneTa manZilze warmoadgenda qarTvelTa sasuliero kul-

turis umZlavres keras. aq daiwera originaluri Txzulebani:

`proxores cxovreba~, `lukas wameba~, Sedga krebulebi, gam-

ravlda xelnawerebi, Seiqmna mdidari wignTsacavebi, romelTa

ZiriTadi nawili axla ierusalimis sapatriarqoSia daculi.

qarTvelTa samonastro kolonizacia farTod gaiSala si-

riaSi – Sav mTaze, rodesac iq dasaxlda samxreT saqarTvelo-

dan wasuli bevri moRvawe. qarTvelebi TandaTan momravld-

52

nen Savi mTis savaneebSi: svimeonis lavraSi, kalipsoSi, kas-

tanaSi, romanwmindaSi, barlaamwmindaSi da sxvagan.

Savi mTis savaneebSi moRvaweobdnen cnobili mwignobarni:

giorgi Seyenebuli – giorgi aTonelis aRmzrdeli, romelmac

pirvelma SeniSna misi niWi da saswavleblad aTons gaagzavna,

gabrieli da ioane safareli, arsen iyalToeli, anton tbe-

li da sxv. magram Savi mTis literaturuli skolis yvelaze

saxelovani warmomadgenelia gamoCenili qarTveli mecnieri

– efrem mcire, 1091 wlidan kastanis winamZRvari, romelmac

qarTul mwerlobaSi Seqmna mTeli epoqa da warmatebiT daag-

virgvina eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis samwerlobo Rvaw-

li. efremma daamkvidra mTargmnelobiTi sakuTari stili, ro-

melic sam ZiriTad princips emyareba: 1. Txzulebis uSualod

dednidan Targmani; 2. Targmanis zedmiwevniT Tanmimdevroba

dedanTan; 3. TargmanisTvis, dednis teqstis gagebisaTvis ko-

mentarebis darTva.

Tu adre qarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTisaken iswrafod-

nen da nayofierad moRvaweobdnen aq arsebul samecniero

centrebSi, IX saukunidan maT dasavleTisaken aiRes gezi.

IX-X saukuneebSi aRmavlobis gzas adga bizantiuri kultura.

SemoqmedebiT asparezze gamovidnen gamoCenili mwerlebi,

romelTac qristianuli literaturis istoriaSi mTeli ep-

oqa Seqmnes. bizantia qristianuli mwerlobis centrad iqca.

bizantiaSi amaRlda ganaTlebis done, ganviTarda filosofi-

uri azrovneba, ayvavda filologiuri skola, TandaTanobiT

momzadda is niadagi, romelic evropuli renesansis safuZv-

lad iqca.

yovelive amas xedavdnen da afasebdnen qarTvelebi. qarT-

velma moRvaweebma aucileblad miiCnies bizantiuri kultu-

ris safuZvliani gacnoba, Seswavla da qarTul sinamdvileSi

danergva. aqedan gamomdinare maT gadawyvites bizantiis kul-

turul-saganmanaTleblo centrSi dasaxleba, raTa aqtiurad

Cabmuliyvnen samecniero-saganmanaTleblo procesSi da mo-

exerxebinaT yovelgvari siaxlis droulad gacnoba. Sede-

53

gad IX-XI saukuneebSi bizantiis sxvadasxva kulturis keraSi

– olimpze, aTonze, petriwonSi, romanaSi, konstantinop-

olSi safuZveli Caeyara qarTuli kulturis centrebs, zogan

Camoyalibda qarTuli literaturuli skolebi.

dasavleTSi aRmocenebulma qarTulma koloniebma Rir-

seulad gaarTves Tavi rTul amocanas; maT mier Seqmnil

kulturul-literaturul memkvidreobas udidesi mniSvn-

eloba hqonda erovnuli mwignobrobis ganviTarebisaTvis.

amave dros moRvawe qarTvelma mwerlebma garkveuli wvlili

Seitanes bizantiuri literaturis ganviTarebaSi.

Zveli qarTuli kulturis sazRvargareTul keraTa Soris

yvelaze didi mniSvneloba hqonda aTonis savanes, `romelic

gadaiqca im wyarod, saidanac CvenSi uxvad modioda mowinave

kulturis nakadi~.

aTonis savane mdebareobs saberZneTSi, qalkedonis nax-

evarkunZulis aRmosavleT Sverilze – aTonis viwro, grZeli

da mTagoriani naxevarkunZulis aRmosavleT nawilSi, egeosis

zRvis piras.

870 wels ioane kologum aq daaarsa pirveli savane, xolo

momavalSi ise gamravldnen monastrebi, rom male aTonis mTas

`mTawminda~ ewoda. qarTvelebma aTonze dasaxleba daiwyes.

jer berZenTa savanes Seafares Tavi, xolo Semdeg qarTuli

savanec daaarses.

aTonis qarTuli monastris daarseba ukavSirdeba ori

taoeli warCinebulis – ioanesa da Tornikes saxelebs. eris-

kacobaSi orive taos mefis, daviT kurapalatis daaxloebuli

piri da mxedarTmTavari iyo. jer ioane aRikveca berad da

sabolood damkvidrda aTonze, sadac Tavisi Svili – eqvTimec

waiyvana. mogvianebiT maTTan Cavida Tornike. male ioanesa da

Tornikes moRvaweobam aTonze farTod gaiTqva saxeli da maT-

Tan bevrma qarTvelma miaSura. saWiro Seiqna damoukidebeli

monastris daarseba. qarTvelma berebma ioane maxareblis sax-

elze aages eklesia senakebiT da aq dasaxldnen. es 969 wlis

winare xanebSi moxda. ase gaCnda aTonze pirveli qarTuli

54

savane, xolo aTonze didi, yovelmxriv gamarTuli qarTuli

monastris aRmoceneba dakavSirebulia erT politikur mov-

lenasTan.

976 wels bizantiis mcirewlovan imperatorebs aujanyda

sardali – barda skliarosi. maT xelisuflebas didi saSiS-

roeba Seeqmna. daxmarebisTvis taos mefes – daviT kurapalats

mimarTes. daviTma 12 000 kaciani armia gaugzavna, romelsac

Tornike erisTavi sardlobda. mas, droebiT, beris samoselis

gaxda mouwia. ajanyeba CaaxSves da madlierma dedofalma Teo-

fanem, barda skliarosis mTeli nadavli Tornikes gadasca. es

simdidre qarTvelebma swored lavris dasaarseblad gamoiy-

enes. SearCies mTawmindaze adgili, SeiZines miwa, aages ekle-

siebi, samonastro Senobebi, Seisyides mamulebi. monastris

mSenebloba 985 wels daasrules, xolo winamZRvrad ioane qa-

rTveli airCies.

ioanem, upirveles yovlisa, daiwyo zrunva saeklesio

wignebis Targmna-gamravlebis organizaciaze. ioanesa da

Tornikes SewevniT iwyeba berZnuli saRvTismetyvelo lit-

eraturis qarTulad Targmna da gamravleba.

ioanes Semdeg lavris winamZRoli xdeba misi vaJi – eqvTime

aToneli, romelic mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo. igi sasuliero

mwerlobis yvela dargSi muSaobda, qarTulad Targmnida da

amkvidrebda am dargebs qarTul literaturaSi. es dargebia:

bibliografia, egzegetika, dogmatika-polemika, asketika-mis-

tika, homiletika, agiografia, liturgika da saeklesio samar-

Tali. eqvTime ara mxolod Targmnida berZnulidan, aramed

axdenda maT gadamuSaveba-redaqtirebas, Seqonda ganmarte-

bebi, uxamebda qarTveli mkiTxvelis momzadebis dones. mniS-

vnelovania, rom eqvTimem qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna

`balavariani~, romelic budas cxovrebas Seicavs. es Txzule-

ba berZnul samyaroSi, swored qarTulidan gavrcelda.

eqvTimes Semdeg, XI s. 50-ian wlebSi aTonis winamZRvari iyo

giorgi mTawmindeli (1009-1065), romelmac ganagrZo, gaafar-

Tova da gaaRrmava eqvTimes dawyebuli saqme. giorgi origi-

55

nalur YTxzulebebsac qmnida. misi Txzulebaa `cxorebaY iova-

nesi da efTUimesi~. igi aqtiurad exmaureboda maSindeli qarT-

velobis winaSe wamoWril yvela aqtualur problemas. giorgi

mTawmindeli Caeba antioqiis patriarq TeodosTan polemikaSi

qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobis sakiTxze da, Tavisi far-

To erudiciisa da ganaTlebis wyalobiT, warmatebiT daicva

qarTuli eklesiis uflebebi.

giorgis hyavda warmatebuli mowafeebi da mimdevrebi, maT

Soris aRsaniSnavia giorgis cxovrebis aRmweri giorgi mcire,

anu xucesmonazoni.

JamTa siavem aTonis monasterze qarTvelebs TandaTan daa-

kargvina uflebebi, xolo XIX s. igi berZnebma daisakuTres.

iverTa am didebidan darCa saxeli da umdidresi wignTsacavi,

Semcveli mravali unikaluri xelnawerisa, romelic Seqmnes

da Seagroves ioanem, Tornikem, eqvTimem, giorgi mTawmindelma

da mravalma Tavdadebulma mamuliSvilma.

sazRvargareT qarTuli kulturis kidev erT umniS-

vnelovanes keras warmoadgens petriwonis, anu baCkovos mon-

asteri, romelic mTel bulgareTSi sididiT meore savanea.

petriwonis savanes didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli

kulturis istoriaSi. man usazRvro gavlena moaxdina qarTu-

li filosofiisa da literaturis ganviTarebaze. petriwonma

didi roli Seasrula bulgareTis istoriaSic. petriwonis

monasteri 1083 wels daaarsa grigol bakurianis Zem, romelic

bagratovanTa gvars ekuTvnoda. igi msaxurobda bizantiaSi da

ekava aRmosavleTis didi domestikosis adgili. umdidresi

adamiani iyo da mraval mamuls flobda. swored Tavis mamul-

Si amoarCia saukeTeso adgili da daaarsa monasteri. Seswira

mravali mamuli, cixe-qalaqi, uboZa wisqvilebi, saavadmyo-

foebi, sastumroebi, saeklesio Zvirfaseuloba. monasteri

Tavisufali iyo gadasaxadebisagan, nebismieri Tanamdebobis

pirs – saeros Tu saeklesios ekrZaleboda mis saqmeebSi Ca-

reva da monastris qonebidan raime wilis moTxovna. TviTonve

Seadgina monastris wesdeba – tipikoni. tipikonis mixedviT mx-

56

olod qarTvelebs hqondaT aq cxovrebis ufleba. monasterSi

yofna ekrZalebodaT berZnebs; es is periodia, rodesac aTo-

nis iverTa monasters berZnebi aviwroeben, amitom grigolma

es gaiTvaliswina.

petriwonis savane aerTianebs sam taZars; gancalkevebiT

dgas orsarTuliani saZvale akldama, sadac dakrZalulni

arian grigoli da misi Zma – abasi.

petriwonis savaneSi arsebobda seminaria, sadac qarTve-

lebs kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobisaTvis zrdid-

nen. am seminarias TiTqmis oci weli xelmZRvanelobda cno-

bili qarTveli moazrovne ioane petriwi.

ioane petriwma datova mravali mecnierul-literatu-

ruli Txzuleba. man saqarTveloSi safuZveli Cauyara neo-

platonur filosofiur skolas; man da misma mowafeebma Sei-

muSaves qarTuli samecniero ena, terminologia da didad

Seuwyves xeli qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTare-

bas. ioane petriwi, mogvianebiT daviT aRmaSenebelma, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, gelaTis akademiis reqtorad moiwvia.

sazRvargareTis qarTul lavrebSi XI saukunis cnobilma

moRvaweebma – giorgi aTonelma, giorgi mcirem, anu xuces-

monazonma, efrem mcirem ganaviTares biografiul-istori-

uli Janris mwerloba, gaafarToves istoriuli wyaroebis

wre da garkveuli doziT gamoiyenes istoriuli kritika. mag.

giorgi aTonelis TxzulebaSi (`cxovrebaY netarisa mamisa

Cuenisa ioanesi da efTUmesi da uwyebaY Rirsisa mis moqalaqo-

bisa maTisaY~) damowmebulia samive rigis wyaros gamoyenebis

faqti: werilobiTis, nivTierisa da zepiris. igi uxvad sarge-

blobs werilobiTi sabuTebiTa da `sarwmuno kacTa~ zepiri

cnobebiT. mas `WeSmarit~ da ùtyuar~ masalad sabuTis dedani

miaCnia. giorgi mcires Txzuleba (`cxovrebaY da moqalaqeo-

baY wmidisa netarisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi mTawmindelisaY~)

ganmsWvalulia samSoblosadmi Rrma da gulwrfeli siyvaru-

liT, gamoirCeva istoriul-literaturuli masalis siuxviT.

efrem mcire (ùwyebaY mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa~) ki os-

57

taturad flobs analogiis meTods, axdens teqstebis rTul

filologiur interpretacias. mis gamokvlevebSic gvxvdeba

istoriuli kritikis elementebi da mravali sxva.

ganusazRvrelia is wvlili, romelic sazRvargareTis qa-

rTulma savaneebma qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi Seitanes.

isini garkveul rols TamaSobdnen im qveynis kulturis is-

toriaSic, romel qveyanaSic arsebobda es savaneebi; magram

mainc maTi upirvelesi mizani iyo saqarTveloSi xeli Seewy-

oT xelovnebis, mecnierebis, ganaTlebis ganviTarebis im do-

nisaTvis, romelic imdroindeli msoflios inteleqtualuri

cxovrebis Tanaswori iqneboda.

58

Tema III

qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba XVII-XVIII

saukuneebSi

XIV saukunisa da Semdgomi periodis saqarTveloSi, isto-

riuli azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod rTuli

viTareba Seiqmna, romelic dampyrobelTa xangrZlivi Semos-

evebis Sedegad miviReT.

evropaSi, rodesac, ZiriTadad, mimdinareobs Sidapoli-

tikuri uTanxmoebani, brZola axali ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bebis, axali ideologiisa da azrovnebis damkvidrebisaTvis

da es yvelaferi sabolood xels uwyobs qveynis ganviTarebas,

gaZlierebasa da kulturis aRmavlobas, saqarTvelo am dros

ibrZvis fizikuri gadarCenisTvis. mravalricxovani mtris

(monRolebi, sparselebi, osmalebi...) daundobelma Semos-

evebma gamoiwvia ekonomikis dacema, saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-

bis dasusteba, politikuri aSliloba da qveynis mTlianobis

darRveva, romelic mis teritoriaze sami samefos – qarTlis,

kaxeTis, imereTis CamoyalibebiT damTavrda. Tavis mxriv,

yvelaferma aman mecnierebisa da kulturis ganviTarebis Se-

ferxeba gamoiwvia. mxolod XVII saukunis 30-iani wlebis qarT-

lis samefodan iwyeba ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRmavloba.

`90 wlis manZilze (1632-1722) qarTli ucxoelTa msxvil Semo-

sevas ar Seuwuxebia. qveyana moSenda, ekonomikurad moRoni-

erda, Soreulsa Tu axlo qveynebTan savaWro urTierToba

gacxovelda. TandaTan gaiSala kulturuli muSaoba. amave

dros dawinaurebulma da ucxo bazrebis maZiebelma evropam

Semoixeda didi xnis win `daviwyebul~ qveyanaSi da qarTveli

sazogadoeba xarbad daewafa `frangul swavlas~, – wers akad.

n. berZeniSvili.

XVII saukune qarTuli kulturis istoriis axali periodis

dasawyisia, romelic qarTul literaturaSi ̀ aRorZinebis~ sax-

59

eliT aris cnobili. Tavisi SinaarsiT qarTuli kulturis es

axali periodi ar warmoadgenda evropuli humanizmisa da, miT

ufro, racionalizmis xanas da SeuZlebelic iyo warmoedgina,

radgan, socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo

tipuri feodaluri qveyana iyo. jer kidev myarad arsebobda

Suasaukuneobrivi ierarqia (TavadaznaurTa klasis mraval-

fenianoba) da mwarmoebeli sazogadoeba mTlianad batonymur

sistemas ekuTvnoda. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda is burJuazi-

ul-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, romelic evropaSi axali az-

rovnebis Camoyalibebis sayrdenad iqca. gasaTvaliswinebelia

isic, rom saqarTvelo iranisa da TurqeTis Zlier politikur

da ideologiur gavlenas ganicdida. vaxuSti bagrationis

TqmiT, XVII saukunis meore naxevridan `SeeriaT qarTvelTa~

yizilbaSuri ùgvano~ wes-Cveulebani. qarTuli sazogadoeba

kargad xedavda am saSiSroebas. maT esmodaT, rom erovnuli

saxis SenarCunebisTvis aucilebeli iyo ara mxolod fizikur

arsebobaze, aramed kulturasa da ideologiaze zrunvac. qa-

rTuli kulturis dacvisa da ganviTarebisaTvis brZolaSi

udidesi roli Seasrula vaxtang VI-m. mis irgvliv Semoikriba

mTeli dasi qarTveli mowinave sazogadoebisa, romelmac Ses-

aZleblobaTa maqsimumi gaakeTa qarTuli enis, literaturis,

kulturisa da mecnierebis asaRorZineblad. bunebrivia, am

mimarTulebiT ganviTarda qarTuli istoriografiac. ìm-

droindeli moRvawis azri da goneba im fiqrisaken iyo mimar-

Tuli, rom qarTveli xalxis SemoqmedebiTi niWis mravali

saukunis namuSevari da naWirnaxulevi SeekribaT, SeeswavlaT

da CamomavlobisTvis damTavrebuli, yovelmxrivi warmodgena

da codna gadaecaT~, – wers iv. javaxiSvili. xazgasmiT unda

iTqvas, XVIII s-is saqarTvelos istoriaSi ori mniSvnelovani

periodi gamoiyofa: pirveli meoTxedi vaxtang VI-is (1703-14;

1716-24) xana da saukunis meore naxevari – erekle II-is (1744-

62; 1762-98) xana.

vaxtang VI-m TanamoazreebTan (sulxan-saba orbeliani, vax-

uSti batoniSvili, beri egnataSvili da sxv.) erTad saxelm-

60

wifo yofa-cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela dargs sasikeToO kvali

daamCnia. akad. n. berZeniSvilis TqmiT, `qarTlis sazogadoe-

brivi TuU saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis arc erTi mxare ar dar-

Cenila, romelsac vaxtangi ar Sexebodes~.

vaxtangma Seqmna `mcvelTa jari~, didi yuradReba miaqcia

meurneobis aRdgenas. xelaxla daasaxla qarTlis gaukacri-

elebuli adgilebi; gaiyvanes da gaanaxles didi xnis winaT

moSlili sarwyavi arxebi, moawesriges savaWro-samimosvlo

gzebi, aages xidebi da qarvaslebi, gaaumjobeses fulis moW-

ris saqme. dangrevas gadaarCines Tbilisis sioni, nariyalas

wm. nikolozis eklesia, sveticxoveli, urbnisis, sadgeris

taZrebi da sxv. 1709 wels TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli stam-

ba daarsda. am mamuliSvilur saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZRvis

vlaxeTSi (rumineTSi) moRvawe gamoCenil qarTvel sasuliero

pirs, vlaxeTis mitropolits – anTimoz iveriels (1650-1716

ww.), romelmac stambis gasamarTavad qarTlSi Tavisi mowafe

– mixai iStvanoviCi gamogzavna. am stambaSi imave 1709 wels,

daibeWda `saxareba~, `daviTni~ da `samociqulo~. aq gamoce-

muli wignebis beWdvis xarisxi ar Camouvardeboda evropul

stambebSi dastambul wignebs. 1712 w. aq vaxtang VI-is redaq-

ciiT daibeWda `vefxistyaosani~. vaxtang mefis saxelTanaa da-

kavSirebuli ganaTlebul mecnierTa dasis – `swavlul kacTa~

komisis didi kulturuli saqmianobac.

metad mniSvnelovani iyo, agreTve, saxelmwifo moxelee-

bis uflebebisa da funqciebis gansazRvra, rac vaxtang VI-is

mier Sedgenil `dasturlamalSi~ aisaxa. igi awesrigebda qvey-

nis marTva-gamgeobis, samefo karis etiketisa Tu saxelmwi-

foebrivi cxovrebis sxva praqtikul mxareebs. 1705-1708 ww-

Si vaxtangis brZanebiT daarsebulma sakodifikacio komisiam

Seqmna samarTlis wignTa krebuli, romelic mis mierve iyo

redaqtirebuli. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa krebulis

ZiriTadi nawili – `samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa~. ris

gamoc mas `sjulmdebeli~ uwodes.

61

vaxtang VI-m sulxan-sabasTan erTad qarTul enaze Targm-

na msoflio didaqtikuri literaturis saukeTeso nimuSebi:

`qilila da damana~, àmir-nasariani~ da sxv. rac Seexeba Tavad

sulxan-saba orbelianis (1658-1725) moRvaweobas, mis memkvi-

dreobaSi umniSvnelovanesia 31 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1685-1716)

Sedgenili qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni `sityvis

kona~. qarTul enaSi iWreboda osmalur-sparsuli sityvebi.

aucilebeli gaxda qarTuli enis gawmenda, misi leqsikuri

normebis dadgena da praqtikaSi damkvidreba, rasac sulxan-

sabam warmartebiT gaarTva Tavi. sulxan-sabas Txzulebebi-

dan, agreTve, uaRresad mniSvnelovania `sibrZne sicruisa~

da `mogzauroba evropaSi~, romelic dRiurebis formiTaa

dawerili.

vaxtang VI-m Targmna `zijis~, anu `varskvlavTa katalo-

gi~, rasac daurTo mis mierve Sedgenili sparsul-qarTuli

astronomiul-astrologiuri leqsikoni. igi amiT cdilob-

da mecnieruli terminologiis qarTul enaze Seqmnas. man,

agreTve, qarTul enaze Seadgina qimiis saxelmZRvanelo. mis-

ive redaqtorobiT gamoica zaza fanaskertelis `karabadini~.

didi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo muSaoba, romelic ase

nayofierad mimdinareobda saqarTveloSi, mTlianad Cakvda

1724 wels vaxtang VI-is ruseTSi gadaxvewis gamo. mas Tan gahyva

kulturisa da mecnierebis moRvaweTa mravalricxovani dasi,

romelmac moskovSi ganagrZo nayofieri saqmianoba: moskovis

qarTul koloniaSi iqmneboda samecniero da literaturuli

naSromebi, ucxo enebidan iTargmneboda samecniero da sas-

wavlo wignebi da sxv. Tumca umjobesi iqneboda, rom saqarT-

veloSive aRdgeniliyo Sewyvetili kulturuli moRvaweoba.

aRniSnul saqmes didi yuradReba dauTmo mefe erekle II-m,

romelsac mxarSi edga misi mamidaSvili, aRmosavleT saqarT-

velos kaTolikos-patriarqi, mwerali, filosofosi, istor-

ikosi, mTargmneli da diplomati anton I (1720-88 ww. eriska-

cobaSi – Teimuraz ieses Ze bagrationi). akad. n. berZeniSvilis

62

sityviT, `ganaTlebis saqmis mTavari xelmZRvaneli erekles

dros anton kaTalikoso iyo~.

anton I-ma moamzada `qarTuli Rramatika~ - qarTuli enis

pirveli saskolo saxelmZRvanelo, Seadgina saqarTvelos is-

toriis mokle kursi, `RvTismetyvelebis~ 4 tomi, dawera `wyo-

bilsityvaoba~ – filosofiur-Teologiuri xasiaTis saxelmZ-

Rvanelo, romelic warmoadgenda Zveli qarTuli sasuliero

mwerlobis istoriis Seqmnis pirvel cdas; Targmna XVIII s-is

gamoCenili germaneli ganmanaTlebeli filosofosis, qris-

tian volfis `fizika~, baumaisteris `logika~, `metafizika~ da

èTika~. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa misi enciklopediuri

xasiaTis Txzuleba `spekali~, romelic warmoadgens XVIII s-is

samecniero codnis sistemuri gadmocemis erT-erT pirvel

cdas. naSromSi aRwerilia aristoteles, platonisa da anti-

kuri xanis sxva moazrovneTa filosofiuri sistemebi, ganxi-

lulia ioane petriwis naazrevi. antonma Seadgina qarTveli

wmindanebis cxovrebaTa krebuli `martirika~. igi warmoad-

gens `sakiTxavebs~ wmindanTa dResaswaulebze.

1749 wels TbilisSi aRsdga XVIII s-is 20-ian wlebSi gauqme-

buli qarTuli stamba. wignebi amjeradac ibeWdeboda sakmaod

maRal poligrafiul doneze. 1782-94 ww. stamba xelmeored

ganaxlda. Seicvala moZvelebuli iaraRebi da Srifti. kon-

stantinopolidan Camosulma ostatma qarTuli stambisaTvis

nusxuri da mxedruli Srifti Camoasxa.

1755 wels TbilisSi daarsda sasuliero seminaria, ro-

melic anCisxatis taZris ezoSi mdebareobda. misi pirveli

reqtori iyo filipe yaiTmazaSvili, Tavis droze uaRresad

ganaTlebuli pirovneba. sasuliero seminariaSi iswavleboda

RvTismetyveleba, qarTuli ena, gramatika, filosofia, logi-

ka, fizika, maTematika, galoba.

1758 wels sasuliero saswavlebeli Seiqmna TelavSic, ro-

melic 1782 wels filosofiur seminariad gadakeTda. misi

pirveli reqtori iyo gaioz arqimandriti (1782-1783). 1790-

1802 ww-Si Telavis seminarias daviT mesxiSvili xelmZRvan-

63

elobda. seminaria saxelmwifos xarjze arsebobda, sadac yve-

la wodebis warmomadgeneli swavlobda. swavleba leqciur xa-

siaTs atarebda da pedagogebi moswavleTa codnas gamocdebis

gziT amowmebdnen. erekle II cdilobda niWieri axalgazrdebi

swavlis gasagrZeleblad ucxoeTSi gaegzavna.

frangi misionrebi saqarTveloSi eweodnen evropuli lit-

eraturis popularizaciasa da swavlebis dasavluri sistemis

danergvas. qarTveli mecnierebi dainteresdnen frangi gan-

manaTleblebis naSromebiT. `saswavlos~ saxels atarebs 1774

w. Sedgenili krebuli, romelic, sxvaTa Soris Seicavs frangi

ganmanaTleblis, Jan-Jak rusos Sexedulebebs swavla-aRzrdis

sakiTxebze. am kuTxiT, agreTve, sainteresoa aleqsandre ami-

laxvris (1750-1802) naazrevi (`brZeni aRmosavleTisa~, `geor-

gianuli istoria~).

yvelaferma zemoTqmulma, bunebrivia, qarTuli istori-

uli azris ganviTarebaze garkveuli gavlena iqonia. magram

xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom msoflmxedveloba isev feoda-

lur-eklesiuri darCa. es bunebrivicaa, radgan, garda imisa,

rom eklesia TavisTavad warmoadgenda feodaluri sistemis

nawils, rogorc es dasavleTSi iyo, dasavleTisgan gansxvave-

biT, eklesia da saero xelisufleba, saqarTveloSi, erTad

ibrZoda qarTuli saxelmwifos gadasarCenad. qarTveli er-

isTvis erovnuli identoba mis rwmenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

qristianoba qarTvelobas niSnavda da, piriqiT, `qristiani qa-

rTveli~ agresiuli muslimuri samyaroTi iyo garemoculi da

mas sakuTari erovnebis SesanarCuneblad brZola sWirdeboda.

amaSi ki gansakuTrebul Tanadgomas eklesia uwevda.

amdenad, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli istoriuli azris

Sefaseba imdroindeli epoqis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT

unda moxdes. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma ufro metad war-

moaCens am periodis istorikosTa damsaxurebas qarTuli is-

toriuli azris ganviTarebaSi.

farsadan gorgijaniZe (1626-1696 ww. axlo xana) XVII sau-

kunis qarTuli istoriografiis TvalsaCino warmomadgene-

64 65

lia. igi aRizarda qarTlis mefis – rostomis15 karze, sadac,

safiqrebelia, miiRo ufro metad aRmosavluri ganaTleba.

kargad Seiswavla sparsuli ena, xolo Semdeg iranSi xangrZli-

vi cxovrebis periodSi (40 wlis ganmavlobaSi iranis Sahebis – abas II-isa da suleimanis samsaxurSi idga), safuZvlianad

gaecno aRmosavlur, kerZod, sparsul saistorio mwerlobas,

romlis tradiciebi farTod gamoiyena samecniero muSaobaSi.

igi aRmosavlur yaidaze ganswavluli pirveli qarTveli is-

torikosia, romelmac dawera mniSvnelovani istoriuli Tx-

zuleba – `saqarTvelos istoria~, sadac gadmocemulia Cveni

qveynis istoria gaqristianebidan XVII saukunis miwurulamde.

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi Txzuleba oTx nawilad

aris dayofili; pirveli nawili moicavs gaqristianebidan

Tamaris gamefebamde dros, meore nawili – Tamaris gamefebi-

dan XIV saukunis damdegamde, mesame – Temurlengis Semoseve-

bidan XVII saukunis 60-ian wlebamde, meoTxe – 60-iani wlebidan

1696 wlamde. pirveli sami nawili kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa.

maT dasawerad zepir gadmocemebTan erTad, avtorma gamoiyena

qarTuli, somxuri da sparsuli Txzulebebi, saidanac misTvis

saWiro cnobebi amokrifa.

amdenad, gorgijaniZis Txzulebis pirveli sami nawili is-

toriografiuli Zeglia da ara saistorio wyaro. rac Seexeba

meoTxe nawils, aq aRwerili istoria TviTmxilvelis mier aris

gadmocemuli, bevri saintereso sparsuli wyaroa gamoyenebu-

li da mas pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba eniWeba.

kompilaciuri Txzulebebis Sedgena farTod iyo gavrcele-

buli Suasaukunovan maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi.

xSirad am wess sparsuli istoriografiis warmomadgenlebic

mimarTavdnen. zogjer avtors Tavis TxzulebaSi winamorbed

istorikosTa Sromebi TiTqmis sityvasityviT Sehqonda, na-

1 rostom mefe (1632-1658) – igive xosro-mirza, simon I-is umcrosi Zmis,

daviTis (daud-xani) ukanono Svili, romelic iranSi daibada da iq sicocxlis

didi nawili gaatara. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi Camovida saqarTveloSi,

amitom ìyo wessa zeda yizilbaSisasa da gaariga rigi saxlisa Tvisisa

yizilbaSurad da ganawesa moxeleni da gamrigeni TaTarni.~ beri egnataSvili.

klul adgilebs avsebda; `gadasabmel~ nakveTebs CarTavda,

TviTon ki mxolod Tavisi drois istorias werda; am meTodis

wyalobiT kompilatorTa SromebSi Semoinaxa winare xanis mniS-

vnelovani cnobebis mqone Txzulebebi, romelTa xelnawerebi

amJamadac dakargulia an jer ar aris mikvleuli.

am mxriv, farsadan gorgijaniZis Txzuleba, sakmaod sain-

teresoa da mis oTxive nawils garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs

qarTuli istoriografiisTvis. pirveli ori nawili azustebs

da avsebs qarTul wyaroebs. isini SeiZleba warmatebiT iqnes

gamoyenebuli Tamaris pirveli istorikosisa da XIV sauku-

nis istoriis avtoris kritikuli teqstebis dasadgenad. f.

gorgijaniZem, mesame nawilSi, vaxtang VI-s `swavlul kacTa~

komisiaze bevrad adre, scada sparsuli wyaroebis safuZvel-

ze aRedgina XV-XVI saukuneebisa da XVII saukunis pirveli nax-

evris saqarTvelos istoria. am TvalsazrisiT, igi vaxtangis

komisiis winamorbedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba misi

naSromis meoTxe nawils, ivane javaxiSvilis SefasebiT, `Tx-

zulebis am ukanasknel nawils saqarTvelos istoriis Seswav-

lisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs da Zvirfas cnobebs gvaZlevs~.

amrigad, farsadan gorgijaniZe aRmosavluri istorio-

grafiis tradiciebis pirveli mimdevaria saqarTveloSi. igi

XVI-XVII saukuneebis sparsuli saistorio mwerlobis tipuri

warmomadgenelia, xolo Tavisi piruTvnelobis26, pirdapiro-

bisa da obieqturobis gamo maT Soris saukeTesod SeiZleba

CaiTvalos.

XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli istoriografiis ganvi-

Tarebis istoriaSi ori mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba aRiniSneba:

1. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sevseba-redaqtireba; 2. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ gagrZeleba (XIV saukunidan).

2 magaliTad, igi batonis Sesaxeb wers: `yoveli mepatroneni warTmeulis

saqonliT gazrdilan~; `gankiTxvaSi patronymoba ra iqnebis, garduwevaT

samarTals iq iqmen, sikeTisTvis samoTxes miscemen da didis qebiT aqeben da

siavis magier jojoxeTs miscemen~, igi arc mefeebs indobs. misi SefasebiT

iranis Sahi da qarTveli mefe àmayni da moZaladeni arian~ da sxv. (s. kakabaZe,

farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria, saistorio moambe, II, 1925, gv. 297, 298).

65

klul adgilebs avsebda; `gadasabmel~ nakveTebs CarTavda,

TviTon ki mxolod Tavisi drois istorias werda; am meTodis

wyalobiT kompilatorTa SromebSi Semoinaxa winare xanis mniS-

vnelovani cnobebis mqone Txzulebebi, romelTa xelnawerebi

amJamadac dakargulia an jer ar aris mikvleuli.

am mxriv, farsadan gorgijaniZis Txzuleba, sakmaod sain-

teresoa da mis oTxive nawils garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs

qarTuli istoriografiisTvis. pirveli ori nawili azustebs

da avsebs qarTul wyaroebs. isini SeiZleba warmatebiT iqnes

gamoyenebuli Tamaris pirveli istorikosisa da XIV sauku-

nis istoriis avtoris kritikuli teqstebis dasadgenad. f.

gorgijaniZem, mesame nawilSi, vaxtang VI-s `swavlul kacTa~

komisiaze bevrad adre, scada sparsuli wyaroebis safuZvel-

ze aRedgina XV-XVI saukuneebisa da XVII saukunis pirveli nax-

evris saqarTvelos istoria. am TvalsazrisiT, igi vaxtangis

komisiis winamorbedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba misi

naSromis meoTxe nawils, ivane javaxiSvilis SefasebiT, `Tx-

zulebis am ukanasknel nawils saqarTvelos istoriis Seswav-

lisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs da Zvirfas cnobebs gvaZlevs~.

amrigad, farsadan gorgijaniZe aRmosavluri istorio-

grafiis tradiciebis pirveli mimdevaria saqarTveloSi. igi

XVI-XVII saukuneebis sparsuli saistorio mwerlobis tipuri

warmomadgenelia, xolo Tavisi piruTvnelobis26, pirdapiro-

bisa da obieqturobis gamo maT Soris saukeTesod SeiZleba

CaiTvalos.

XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli istoriografiis ganvi-

Tarebis istoriaSi ori mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba aRiniSneba:

1. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sevseba-redaqtireba; 2. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ gagrZeleba (XIV saukunidan).

2 magaliTad, igi batonis Sesaxeb wers: `yoveli mepatroneni warTmeulis saqonliT gazrdilan~; `gankiTxvaSi patronymoba ra iqnebis, garduwevaT samarTals iq iqmen, sikeTisTvis samoTxes miscemen da didis qebiT aqeben da siavis magier jojoxeTs miscemen~, igi arc mefeebs indobs. misi SefasebiT iranis Sahi da qarTveli mefe àmayni da moZaladeni arian~ da sxv. (s. kakabaZe, farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria, saistorio moambe, II, 1925, gv. 297, 298).

66

qarTul sazogadoebas miaCnda, rom `qarTlis cxovre-

ba~ saukuneTa manZilze `garyvnili iyo romelime mweralTa

mier~. es Suasaukunovani umniSvnelovanesi Zegli gamarTvasa

da Sevsebas moiTxovda. vaxtang VI-is mier mowveulma `swavlul

kacTa~ komisiam am saqmes safuZvlianad mohkida xeli. vaxtang

VI-is winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT Catarda Zeglis

saredaqcio cvlilebani rogorc garegnuli, ise Sinaarsobrivi

TvalsazrisiT. teqsti daiyo nakveTebad, Tavebad, qveTavebad.

gakeTda saZieblebi, teqstis maCveneblebi da sxv. aRniSnulma

cvlilebebma gaaumjobesa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ garegani saxe,

gaaadvila Zeglis gacnoba da Seswavla, srulyofili gaxda

misi kompoziciuri struqtura da mTlianoba. yvelaferi es

pasuxobda im meTodologiur moTxovnebs, romelsac am epo-

qis istoriul Txzulebebs uyenebdnen. istoriuli Txzulebis

dayofa nawilebad, wignebad, Tavebad – siaxled iTvleba, ro-

melic istoriografiuli Semoqmedebis praqtikaSi axali

drois istorikosebma Seitanes.

teqsti Sinaarsobrivad gamdidrebul iqna sasuliero

moRvaweTa cxovrebebiT, rac niSnavs saqarTvelos istoriis

wyaroTa wris gafarToebas. teqstis Sevseba sxva xasiaTis ma-

salebiTac moxerxda: kerZod, am Zeglis sxvadasxva nusxaSi

Semonaxuli nawarmoebebis Serwymis safuZvelze. amave dros,

teqstis bundovani adgilebi gaimarTa, gamotovebuli sityve-

bi aRdga, mcdari adgilebi gasworda, zogierTi cnoba Seivso.

`swavlul kacTa~ komisiis Sroma warmatebuli aRmoCnda.

bunebrivia, es ar niSnavs, rom am redaqcias nakli ar gaaCnda,

romlis Sesaxebac jer kidev vaxuSti batoniSvili miuTiTeb-

da. unda iTqvas, rom komisia gvevlineba `qarTlis cxovrebis~

kritikis pirveli, redaqciuli etapis damwyebad da Semsrule-

blad. am mimarTulebiT muSaoba dResac grZeldeba.

istoriografiuli muSaobis meore mimarTulebas, rogorc

aRvniSneT, warmoadgenda `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZelebis

dawera, romlis mizani iyo gamoekvliaT saqarTvelos XIV-

XVII saukuneebis istoria da pasuxi gaecaT epoqis aqtual-

67

uri sakiTxebisaTvis: rogor da ratom daiSala saqarTvelos

samefo, vis ra Rvawli miuZRoda iran-osmaleTis agresiis wi-

naaRmdeg saukunovan brZolaSi, raSi mdgomareobda marcxisa

da warmatebis mizezebi. amis safuZvelze qarTveli xalxi Sem-

dgomi brZolis gzebs saxavda.

dRes, saxeze gvaqvs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ sami gagrZele-

ba: 1. vaxtang VI-is `swavlul kacTa~ komisiis mier Sedgenili XIV-XVII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoria, romlis gamocemac

komisiis erT-erTi wevris, beri egnataSvilis saxeliT aris

cnobili; 2. ucnobi avtoris – giorgi brwyinvales winare xanis

istoriiT dawyebuli, vidre 1605 wlamde, romelic moipoveba

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ ramdenime xelnawerSi: dadianiseuli,

baraTaSviliseuli, falavandiSviliseuli, sxvitoruli; 3.

e. w. `parizis qronika~, romelic daculia parizis yofili

samefo biblioTekis xelnawerTa ganyofilebaSi, igi moicavs

XIV saukunis II naxevridan – 1703 wlamde istorias.

am periodisaTvis qarTul saistorio SemoqmedebaSi gamov-

linda evropuli istoriografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niS-

nebi, gansakuTrebiT meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, kerZod,

wyaroebisadmi damokidebulebaSi.

wyaroebisadmi kritikuli damokidebuleba, wyaroTa wris

gafarToeba, maTi avkargianobis gamorkveva, kargad Cans `swav-

lul kacTa~ istoriul TxzulebaSi. istoriografiaSi sru-

lyofilad aris Seswavlili maT mier gamoyenebuli qarTuli

da ucxouri wyaroebi, naratiuli Tu dokumenturi masala,

naCvenebia am wesTa mravalferovneba da simravle.

`swavlul kacTa~ komisia wyaroebis kritikul midgomas

maTi urTierTSejerebiT axdens. Tu wyaroTa Soris Tanxmoba

ar aris, sagangebod aRniSnaven, Tu erTsa da imave movlenaze

gansxvavebuli cnobebi arsebobs, SeZlebisdagvarad miuTiTe-

ben; wyaroebis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxs Riad toveben.

rogorc Cans, pirvelwyaros gamoyeneba maTTvis aucilebel

pirobas warmoadgens. `swavlul kacTa~ ZiriTadi wyaroebi

werilobiTi Zeglebia. iv. javaxiSvili miuTiTebs, rom `gu-

68

jrebis saSualebiT (roca sxva araferi gaaCndaT) zogierTi

mefis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis istoriis aRdgena, maSin

srulebiT ucnobi da axali meTodi da saSualeba iyo da `swav-

lul kacTa~ Rvawlad am meTodis SemoReba unda CaiTvalos~.

gagrZelebis avtorebi werilobiTi wyaroebis garda, imow-

meben nivTier naSTebs, xalxuri zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs,

xalxur wes-Cveulebebs.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ anonim gamgrZelebelsa da `parizis

qronikis~ avtors sagangebo msjeloba, gamoyenebuli wyaroe-

bis Sesaxeb ara aqvT; isini wyaroebis zogadi miTiTebiT kmayo-

fildebian. Tumca damowmebul wyaroTa wre maTTanac igivea.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ samive gagrZeleba qarTuli feoda-

luri istoriografiuli Zeglia. maTi Txrobis obieqti isev

gabatonebuli klasia. maTi interesis sferos, rogorc bur-

Juaziul istoriografiaSi – omebis, politikisa da gmirebis

istoriebi warmoadgens.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZelebaTa avtorebis Sexeduleba

istoriuli procesebis Sesaxeb, isev providencialuria, ro-

gorc es XVI saukunis eruditi-istorikosebisaTvisaa miRe-

buli. gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac istoriul movlenebs

Soris mizezSedegobriv damokidebulebas xedaven; RvTis

gangebis nacvlad, ama Tu im movlenis axsnisas, obieqtur pi-

robebs iSvelieben, rac humanistebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebe-

li. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli avtorebi movlenebs

Soris umetesad meqanikur kavSirs xedaven.

samive gagrZelebaSi kargad Cans gansakuTrebuli mowiweba

eklesiisa da sasuliero samyarosadmi. gagrZelebebis ZiriTa-

di politikuri tendencia samefo xelisuflebis gandidebasa

da maTi poziciebis dacvaSi mdgomareobs.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZelebebis saxiT XVIII sau-

kunis qarTul istoriografiaSi saqme gvaqvs axali eta-

pis dasawyisTan... feodaluri istoriuli azrovnebisa da

meTodologiis wiaRSi isaxeba axali, burJuaziuli istori-

uli azrovnebis da meTodologiis calkeuli elementebi~.

69

`batoniSvili vaxuSti erT udidebules qarTvel mecnier

istorikosTagani, sworupovari mkvlevari da aRmweri saqarT-

velos miwa-wylisa. saxelovan vaxtang VI-is Svili... ganTqmuli

da dauWknobel RvawlTa momxveWeli saxelmwifo asparezze

ki ara, aramed mecnierebis maRal sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT vi-

Tarca istorikosi da samSoblo qveynis aRmweri~, – ase iwyebs

Tavis narkvevs vaxuSti bagrationis Sesaxeb Tbilisis univer-

sitetis damaarsebeli, akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili.

vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696 Tbilisi – 1757 moskovi) – qa-

rTveli istorikosi, geografi da kartografi, mTargmneli,

leqsikografi, teqstologi, komentatori, redaqtor-koreq-

tori. mis SemoqmedebaSi meTodologiuri da msoflmxedvelo-

brivi TvalsazrisiT XVIII saukunis qarTuli istoriografia

ganviTarebis umaRles dones aRwevs. Tavis monumentur naS-

romSi – àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, `man erTgvarad

Seajama winare xanis ganviTarebis Sedegebi, istoriuli cod-

na mecnierul doneze aiyvana da TiTqmis gauTanaswora igi

Tanadrouli evropuli da rusuli istoriuli mecnierebis

simaRleebs~ (S. xanTaZe).

àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebi-

sagan:

1. winasityvaoba, sadac mokled da zogadad aris aRniSnu-

li naSromis mizani da daniSnuleba;

2. Sesavali, `zneni da Cveulebani saqarTvelosa~;

3. àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~;

4. `saqarTvelos cxovreba~;

wigni mTavrdeba saZieblebiT, romelsac ewodeba: ànbansa

zeda qmnuli ama wignsa Sina werilni saxelni adgilTa da qveya-

naTa da mefeTa~. naSroms boloSi darTuli aqvs bibliografia

(`saxelni wignisani~, sadac Setanilia avtoris mier gamoyeneb-

uli wyaroebi da literatura).

mTeli naSromis damoukidebel, magram masTan organulad

dakavSirebul nawils warmoadgens atlasebi, sadac Sesulia

70

erTiani saqarTvelos, calkeuli samefo-samTavroebisa da

mezobeli qveynebis rukebi.

naSromi Tavisi struqturuli agebulebiT saukeTeso ni-

muSia, ara mxolod XVIII saukunis samecniero naSromebisa, ar-

amed dRevandeli TvalsazrisiTac.

vaxuStis Semoqmedeba aRmocenda Zveli qarTuli isto-

riografiisa da filosofiuri azrovnebis tradiciebze,

xolo am tradiciebis gaSla da gamdidreba mouxda evropul

garemocvaSi, romelSic aRmoCnda igi ruseTSi gadasaxlebis

(1724) Semdeg. ruseTSi am dros evropel mecnierTa mozRvave-

ba iyo. rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis imperatorma petre I-ma

(1689-1725), romelic aqtiurad zrunavda mecnierebis ganvi-

Tarebaze, 1725 wels daaarsa mecnierebaTa akademia. akademi-

is dasaarseblad saWiro iyo samecniero kadrebi. germaniaSi

gaigzavna diplomatiuri misia, romelsac daevala germaneli

mecnierebis mozidva. ucxoel akademikosTa daxmarebaSi ru-

seTis saxelmwifo did fuls ixdida, magram TiToeul maT-

gans evaleboda èrTi-ori~ slavuri warmoSobis studentis

Camoyvana, romlebic Seiswavlidnen rusul enas da rusuli

mecnierebis samsaxurSi Cadgebodnen. akademiis proeqtis de-

bulebis mixedviT, mis `mesame klasSi~ unda yofiliyo `Zveli

da Tanamedrove istoriis~ erTi akademikosi. es Tanamdeboba

pirvel xanebSi ucxoelebs ekavaT. am politikis Sedegad ru-

seTSi moRvaweoba daiwyes iseTma cnobilma mecnierebma, ro-

gorebic iyvnen: i. koli, g. baieri, g. mileri, a. Sleceri da

sxv. ruseTSi maT safuZveli Cauyares evropuli mecnierebis

meTodologiur miRwevebs, ucxouri literaturis Targmansa

da popularizacias. saerTod, samecniero sistema agebul iqna

evropul yaidaze. swored aseT garemoSi aRmoCnda vaxuSti

batoniSvili. igi samecniero sazogadoebis imdenad aqtiuri

wevri gaxda, rom man moskovis universitetis daarsebaSic mi-

iRo monawileoba (1755 w.). XX saukunis dasawyisSi moskovis

universitetis Zveli Senobis saaqto darbazSi daculi iyo

vaxuStis biusti da memorialuri dafa.

71

vaxuSti batoniSvilis Semoqmedeba mravalferovania, mra-

valmniSvnelovani da mas istoriografiaSi mravali naSromi

mieZRvna. Cvens mizans mxolod misi meTodologiuri da mso-

flmxedvelobrivi aspeqtis mokled ganxilva warmoadgens.

vaxuSti batoniSvilma qarTul istoriografiaSi safuZve-

li Cauyara mniSvnelovan damxmare istoriul disciplinebs:

qronologias, genealogias, istoriul geografias, nawilo-

briv diplomatikas, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs is-

toriuli kvlevis meTodebis gaumjobesebasa da istoriuli

mecnierebis warmatebas. swored am disciplinebis SeqmniT

iwyeba istoriuli codnis istoriul mecnierebad gadaqceva.

vaxuStis mizans warmoadgenda saqarTvelos istoriis

qronologiuri cnobebiT Sevseba. man saqarTvelos isto-

ria TariRebiT gaamdidra, Seqmna Taviseburi qronolo-

giuri sistema, romelic arsebuli welTaRricxvebis sis-

temebs daafuZna. amiT qarTuli welTaRricxvis wesi (532-

iani cikliT) daukavSira Semdeg welTaRricxvebs: ro-

mauls, romelic qveynis gaCenidan qristes dabadebamde 3949

wels angariSobs, berZnuls – dasabamidan qristeSobamde

5 508 wels iTvlis da qristianul welTaRricxvas. Seadgina spe-

cialuri narkvevi qarTuli 532- wliani welTaRricxvis siste-

mis Sesaxeb, riTac safuZveli Caeyara am sistemis Teoriulad

Seswavlis saqmes. vaxuStis gviani xanis saqarTvelos istoriis

qronologiur sqemas Tanamedrove istoriografiac iziarebs.

vaxuStis damsaxurebaa, agreTve: `kinklosis~, welTaRricxvis

sxvadasxva sistemaSi TariRebis gadayvanis cxrilis Sedgena da

kalendris axsna.

genealogiis dargSi vaxuStim Seqmna samefo dinastiebis

genealogiuri tabulebi, romelic Sesulia mis geografiul

atlasSi. am dargSi mas aqvs narkvevebi bagrationTa warmo-

mavlobis Sesaxeb, sxva mniSvnelovan sagvareuloTa genealo-

giuri monacemebi. maTi istoriis gadmocemisas igi iSveliebs

dokumentur masalas, zepir gadmocemebs.

72

qveynis geografiuli aRwera, vaxuStis TvalsazrisiT

warmoadgens istoriis (istoriuli Txzulebis) aucilebel

da ganuyofel nawils. swored amitom man Tavisi Txzulebis

meore nawilSi CarTo yvela im qveynis geografiuli aRwera,

romelTa istoriis gadmocemasac iwyebda. am aRweraSi geo-

grafiuli cnobebi Serwymulia istoriul cnobebTan ama Tu

im Zeglis Sesaxeb. vaxuStis àRweras~ swored amitom ewodeba

istoriul-geografiuli.

vaxuStisaTvis cnobili iyo mecnieruli diplomatikis

mTavari kanonebi: dokumentebis saxeobaTa da Semadgeneli

nawilebis mniSvneloba. igi asaxelebs brZanebas, gujars, si-

gels... brZanebas asxvavebs sigelisa da gujrisagan; erTmane-

Tisgan gamoyofs erTiani da politikurad daSlili saqarT-

velos samdivanmwignobroTa dokumentebs, iZleva maT kla-

sifikacias da gvesaubreba maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis Sesaxeb

da sxv. misi mokle, magram uaRresad Sinaarsiani dakvirvebani

faqtobrivad warmoadgens qarTuli sigelTmcodneobis, anu

diplomatikis pirvel zogad mimoxilvas.

evropul istoriografiaSi zemoT CamoTvlili disci-

plinebis fuZemdeblebi, razec ukve pirvel leqciaze visau-

breT, arian eruditi-istorikosebi (XVII s.). swored eruditTa

skolis gavlenas ganicdis vaxutSi Tavisi meTodologiuri

kvlevebis dros, saidanac kargad Cans misi ganswavluloba

evropul mecnierebaSi da mizani, swored am mecnierul meTo-

debze aagos Tavisi kvlevebi, rasac warmatebiT aRwevs. gansa-

kuTrebiT es exeba wyaroebisadmi damokidebulebas, wyaroTa

gamoyenebis wessa da maT mravalferovnebas.

vaxuStis istoriuli wyaroebisadmi kritika moicavs – wy-

aroTa ubralo Sejerebidan dawyebuli, sagnobrivi kritikiT

damTavrebuli, ra Tqma unda, rogorc es im droisaTvis miRe-

buli iyo (eruditTa meTodika); mecnieri Semoifargleba mx-

olod wyaros garegani kritikiT, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTe-

belia wyaros sinamdvilis Tu natyuarobis dadgena, avtoris,

TariRis garkveva da sxv.

73

wyaroTa kritika TavisTavad iTxovs wyaroTa wris gafar-

Toebas., marTalia, qarTul istoriografiaSi amis tradicia

arsebobda (mag., `swavluli kacebi~), magram mas fragmentuli

xasiaTi hqonda. vaxuStim wyaros moxmobisa da gamoyenebis wesi

savaldebulod aqcia da farTo xasiaTi SesZina. igi iyenebs,

rogorc naratiul wyaroebs, aseve dokumentebs, sabuTebs,

gujrebs, epigrafikul masalas (`xatTa, quaTa da juarTa

zedwerilebiT~). man kritikuli meTodi yvela saxis wyaroze

gaavrcela. igi moiTxovda naTqvamisa Tu aRniSnulis dasab-

uTebas, damtkicebas, risTvisac aucilebeli iyo `mowmobis

moxseneba~, e.i. gamoyenebuli wyaros damowmeba-citireba.

qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad vaxuSti batoniSvil-

ma gamoyo avtoris teqsti (àvtoris sityva~) da sqolio (`sxo-

lio~). igi xazs usvams TvalsaCino (`saCino~) Txrobas, aRniS-

navs avtoriseul remarkebs (àvtoris sityva~), sxvis naTqvams

(`visime Tqmuli~), xolo komentarebi da Sesabamisi damowme-

bebi gaadaqvs sqolioSi.

vaxuStim qarTuli samecniero metyveleba gaamdidra evro-

puli mecnieruli terminologiiT, magaliTad: qronologia

(xronologia), genealogia, istoriografia (istorioRrafia),

etimologia, akademia (akadimia), politika (poletika), bib-

lioTeka, katalogi, tomi (`Tomi~ – nawili wignisa), traqtati,

fizika, qimia (ximia), metafizika, maTematika da sxv.

vaxuStis meTodologiuri arsenali mravalferovania. igi

iyenebs analogiis, Sedarebis, ganzogadebisa da sxva meTodebs.

vaxuStim sagangebo kvlevis obieqtad iseTi sakiTxebi air-

Cia, romelTac manamde naklebi yuradReba eqceoda, an saer-

Tod ugulebelyofili iyo. am sakiTxebs Soris yvelaze mniS-

vnelovania politikuri da socialuri wyobis, saxelmwifo,

sasamarTlo, administraciuli institutebi, religiis, xalx-

is yofis, wes-Cveulebebisa da sxva sakiTxebi. problemisadmi

aseTi midgomiT man gaafarTova istoriuli mecnierebis prob-

lematika da mecnieruli xasiaTi SesZina am dargs.

74

vaxuStis msoflmxedvelobaSi yvelaze did faseulobas

swavla, codna da mecniereba warmoadgens. swavlasa da cod-

nas igi iseTi kategoriebis safuZvlad Tvlis, rogoricaa: si-

brZne, Tavisufleba, samyaros Secnoba, Semoqmedeba, humanu-

roba. misi azriT, codna sZens adamians yvelaze mniSvnelovans – azrovnebis Tavisuflebas. magram codna warmavalia, saWiroa

misi `daunjeba~. amis saukeTeso saSualebaa `werili~ (wigni...),

romelic àra warwymdebis, aramed hdies ukunisamde~. es aris

mudmivi kategoria, romelic uzrunvelyofs codnisa da si-

brZnis Senaxva-gadmocemas. wigni ki TavisTavad Sedegia mec-

nieruli kvlevisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaxuSti, am Tvalsaz-

risiT, racionalizmis filosofiis mimdevaria. vaxuStisTvis,

rogorc istoriografiaSi aRniSnaven, damaxasiaTebelia Rrma

istorizmi, anu movlenebis ganxilva da Sefaseba cvalebado-

baSi, ganviTarebaSi, sxva movlenebTan da garemo pirobebTan

kavSirSi. misTvis movlenaTa axsnis erTaderT principad

mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri da movlenaTa urTierToba rCeba.

vaxuStis azriT, samyaros cvalebadoba, misi ganaxleba dro-

Si, obieqturi (Cvengan damoukidebeli) da Seuqcevadi proce-

sia. amasTan, es procesi ar warmoadgens RmerTis moqmedebis

Sedegs. swored zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, miaCniaT, rom

vaxuSti batoniSvilma moaxdina istoriis sekularizacia. is-

toriis sekularizacia ki istoriuli codnis istoriul mec-

nierebad gadaqcevis gzaze aucilebeli safexuria.

zemoT ganxiluli masalidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTq-

vas, rom vaxuSti batoniSvili kargad icnobs humanistebis,

eruditi-istorikosebisa da racionalistebis ideebs, maTi

kvlevis meTodebsa da miznebs. igi Tavisi samecniero muS-

aobis dros eruditTa skolis miRwevebs eyrdnoba, xolo

msoflmxedvelobiT humanistebisa da nawilobriv racio-

nalistebis ideebs iziarebs. mas istoriuli movlenebis

axsnisadmi humanisturi damokidebuleba gaaCnia.

XVIII saukunis mniSvnelovani istorikosebi arian ,agreTve:

sexnia CxeiZe (dax. 1670-1745), papuna orbeliani da oman xe-

rxeuliZe.

75

sexnia CxeiZis istoriuli Txzuleba – `cxovreba mefeTa~,

moicavs 1653-1739 wlebis istorias, sadac gadmocemulia qa-

rTl-kaxeTis mefeTa Tavgadasavali da iranis saxelmwifoSi

mimdinare ambebi. papuna orbelianis naSromi – àmbavi qar-

Tlisani~ – mogviTxrobs 1739-1758 wlebis saqarTvelos isto-

rias da warmoadgens sexnia CxeiZis Txzulebis gagrZelebas,

magram, Tu s. CxeiZesTan mxolod mefeTa cxovrebaa aRwerili,

aq mTeli qarTlis istoriaa gadmocemuli; XVIII saukunis II nax-

evris istorikosis oman xerxeuliZis naSromSi – `mefoba irak-

li meorisa, mefis Teimurazis Zisa~ aRwerilia saqarTvelos

istoria 1722 wlidan 1782 wlamde. marTalia, es naSromi ufro

adreul xanasac exeba, magram igi mainc warmoadgens papuna or-

belianis Txzulebis gagrZelebas da, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili

aRniSnavs, am TxzulebaSi swored is nawilia faseuli, saidanac

iwyeba misi winamorbedi istorikosis Txrobis gagrZeleba.

samive istorikosi TavianT Txzulebebs matianur stilSi

(TariRebi, movlenebi...) aRweren, amitom isini istoriografi-

aSi mematiane-istorikosebad moixseniebian. maTi àmbavTa gad-

mocema qronologiur rigzea dalagebuli da ara logikurze~.

miuxedavad Txrobis matianuri stilisa, avtorebi xSir SemTx-

vevaSi movlenebis mniSvnelobaze msjeloben da am movlenaTa

Tavisebur Sejamebebs iZlevian.

mematiane-istorikosebi Tavadaznauruli ideologiis

matareblebi arian, maTi politikuri mimarTuleba mefeTa

gadaWarbebul qebasa da qveSevrdomTa erTgulebis qadagebaSi

gamoixateba. maT TxzulebebSi aris cnobebi glexTa social-

uri fenis (papuna orbeliani), iranis moxeleTa daniSvnis, le-

kianobisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb, rac sakiTxTa interesis mraval-

ferovnebaze metyvelebs.

mematiane-istorikosTa Txzulebebi kompoziciurad kar-

gad aris gamarTuli, Txroba lakonuria da siuJetis ZiriTad

xazs misdevs. isini, garda imisa, rom aRsaweri ambebis TviTmx-

ilvelni arian, warmatebiT iyeneben zepir gadmocemebsac.

76 77

zemoT warmodgenil istorikosTa Soris saukeTesod papu-

na orbeliani iTvleba. igi iZleva movlenaTa racionalur ax-

snas, uTiTebs maT Soris mizezSedegobriv kavSirs, mimarTavs

Sedarebebs da iyenebs analogiebs.

sakiTxebi, romelTac exebian istorikosebi TavianTi sau-

kunis istoriuli Tavgadasavlebis gadmocemis dros, metad

mravalmxrivia da mravalferovani, problematika farTo, es

upirveles yovlisa papuna orbelianis damsaxurebaa, swored

misi Txzuleba gansazRvravs qarTuli istoriografiis xas-

iaTsa da Sinaarss XVIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis.

politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare es istorikosebi ar

ifarglebian sakuTriv saqarTvelos istoriuli movlenebis

aRweriT, maTi Txroba exeba iranis, TurqeTisa da saqarT-

velos sxva mezobeli qveynebis ambebis aRweras.

miuxedavad imisa, rom samive istorikosis Txzulebebs sak-

maod mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria saqarTvelos warsulis

Seswavlis saqmeSi, isini ver aRmoCndnen vaxuSti batoniSvilis

tradiciebis mimdevarni. samwuxarod, samSoblodan mowyvetil

vaxuStis ar SeeZlo aqtiurad Seewyo xeli saqarTveloSi ax-

ali istoriografiuli tendenciebis damkvidrebisa da ganvi-

TarebisaTvis. es funqcia XIX saukunis qarTulma istoriogra-

fiam itvirTa.

Tema IVTema IV

istoriuli azris ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi da istoriuli azris ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi da

qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba saqarTvelos qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba saqarTvelos

farglebs gareTfarglebs gareT

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania istoriuli mecnierebis

srulyofisaTvis XIX saukune, romelsac ìstoriuli revolu-

ciis epoqasac~ uwodeben.

XIX saukuneSi ganmanaTlebelTa istoriografiisa da misi

ideebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres Tavadaznauruli romantiz-

mis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic uaryofdnen istoriaSi ga-

datrialebaTa arsebobas (aqtiurad Seuties safrangeTis rev-

olucias), aidialebdnen Sua saukuneebs, miuReblad miaCndaT

racionalizmis poziciebidan istoriis axsna, cdilobdnen

aRedginaT providencialuri koncefciebi. miuxedavad amisa,

romantikosebma istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi pro-

gresuli ideebi Semoitanes. aRiarebdnen ra epoqaTa Sinagan ka-

vSirs, ama Tu im eris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba misi xangrZli-

vi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad miaCndaT. swored am kon-

cefciidan gamomdinare, daZleul iqna ganmanaTleblobisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli kategoriuloba, romelic gamoixateboda mx-

olod awmyosa da uaxlesi warsulis mniSvnelobis aRiarebaSi.

TandaTanobiT mkvidrdeboda azri, rom warsuli imsaxurebs

Rirseul Seswavlas da awmyo aucileblad gaazrebul unda

iqnes warsulTan mimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, istori-

uli azrovnebis diapazoni ganuzomlad gafarTovda; istor-

ikosebma kacobriobis istoriis warmodgena daiwyes, rogorc

mTliani, erTiani ganviTarebis procesi, dawyebuli – veluri,

damTavrebuli – racionaluri, civilizebuli sazogadoebiT.

XIX saukunis I naxevarSi istoriuli azrovnebis ganviTa-

rebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia utopiuri socializmis,

kerZod, didi frangi filosofisis, a. sen-simonis, (1760-1825)

filosofiur-istoriulma koncefciebma. sen-simons miaCnda,

77

Tema IV

istoriuli azris ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi da

qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba saqarTvelos

farglebs gareT

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania istoriuli mecnierebis

srulyofisaTvis XIX saukune, romelsac ìstoriuli revolu-

ciis epoqasac~ uwodeben.

XIX saukuneSi ganmanaTlebelTa istoriografiisa da misi

ideebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres Tavadaznauruli romantiz-

mis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic uaryofdnen istoriaSi ga-

datrialebaTa arsebobas (aqtiurad Seuties safrangeTis rev-

olucias), aidialebdnen Sua saukuneebs, miuReblad miaCndaT

racionalizmis poziciebidan istoriis axsna, cdilobdnen

aRedginaT providencialuri koncefciebi. miuxedavad amisa,

romantikosebma istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi pro-

gresuli ideebi Semoitanes. aRiarebdnen ra epoqaTa Sinagan ka-

vSirs, ama Tu im eris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba misi xangrZli-

vi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad miaCndaT. swored am kon-

cefciidan gamomdinare, daZleul iqna ganmanaTleblobisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli kategoriuloba, romelic gamoixateboda mx-

olod awmyosa da uaxlesi warsulis mniSvnelobis aRiarebaSi.

TandaTanobiT mkvidrdeboda azri, rom warsuli imsaxurebs

Rirseul Seswavlas da awmyo aucileblad gaazrebul unda

iqnes warsulTan mimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, istori-

uli azrovnebis diapazoni ganuzomlad gafarTovda; istor-

ikosebma kacobriobis istoriis warmodgena daiwyes, rogorc

mTliani, erTiani ganviTarebis procesi, dawyebuli – veluri,

damTavrebuli – racionaluri, civilizebuli sazogadoebiT.

XIX saukunis I naxevarSi istoriuli azrovnebis ganviTa-

rebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia utopiuri socializmis,

kerZod, didi frangi filosofisis, a. sen-simonis, (1760-1825)

filosofiur-istoriulma koncefciebma. sen-simons miaCnda,

78

rom kacobriobis progresi mudmivia; man pirvelma wamoayena

klasTa brZolis idea, rogorc evropis istoriis sayrdeni.

Tumca klasTa Camoyalibebis process igi `rasebs~ Soris br-

ZolaSi xedavda (mag., frankebi da galebi).

a. sen-simonis idea, istoriis ganviTarebaSi klasTa brZo-

lis rolis Sesaxeb, gaiziares restavraciis epoqis frangma

liberalur-burJuaziuli istoriografiis warmomadgenleb-

ma – f. gizom da o. terim. maT daiwyes wera klasebisa da klas-

Tan brZolis Sesaxeb. maT miaCndaT, rom brZola mimdinareobs

or klass – privilegirebul Tavadaznaurobasa da `mesame

wodebas~ (farTo gagebiT) Soris. aRniSnuli mimdinareobis

ZiriTad ideas warmoadgenda is, rom istoriis Sinaarsi aris

socialuri da ara politikuri problemebi. Tumca sazoga-

doebis `socialuri mdgomareobis~ mniSvneloba naTlad ar

esmodaT.

germaneli filosofosis g. hegelis (1770-1831) idealis-

turma filosofiam gansazRvra XIX saukunis mravali istor-

ikosis gansakuTrebuli midgoma masalebis interpretaciisa

da istoriuli procesebis axsnis saqmeSi. ufro metic, mag-

aliTad, rusi istorikosi s. platonovi amtkicebda, rom ìs-

toria mecnierebad mxolod XIX saukunis dasawyisSi gadaiqca,

rodesac germaniidan franguli racionalizmis winaaRmdeg

ganviTarda idealizmi; rodesac frangul kosmopolitizms

daupirispirda nacionalizmis idea da daiwyes nacionaluri

siZveleebis Seswavla~.

hegelisTvis istoria – es aris kanonzomieri procesi; man

pirvelma warmoadgina istoriuli, sulieri da bunebis samya-

ro, rogorc procesi, Seuwyveteli moZraoba, cvalebadoba,

gardaqmna. igi Seecada amoexsna am moZraobisa da ganviTarebis

kavSirebi. hegeli ganviTarebaSi mxolod sulier da logikur

mizezebs xedavda da ara obieqturs. amitom igi, xan politi-

kuri liberalizmis, xan ki konservatizmis poziciebze idga.

hegelma istoria sam kategoriad dayo: TviTmxilvelTa

mier dawerili `pirvandeli istoria~, `refleqsuri istoria~,

79

rodesac mTavar amocanas istoriuli masalis damuSaveba war-

moadgens da ìstoriis filosofia~.

cnobilma ingliselma sociologma da filosofosma

h. spenserma (1820-1903) istoriis socialuri problemebiT

dainteresebis aucileblobaze gaamaxvila yuradReba. is wer-

da: àdreul istoriebSi mefis moRvaweoba avsebda mTel su-

raTs, xolo xalxis cxovreba warmoadgenda suraTis muq fons.

mefe iyo yvelaferi, xalxi araferi. mxolod bolo wlebSi

daiwyes istorikosebma faseuli cnobebis mowodeba, rodesac

xalxTa keTildReobam daikava maTi azrovneba da dainteres-

dnen socialuri progresis koncefciiT~.

XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan safuZveli eyreba marqsis-

tul filosofias. rogorc aRniSnaven, k. marqsis (1818-1883)

mTeli moZRvreba ganmsWvalulia istoriis Rrma codniT. misi

mecnieruli kvlevis meTodisTvis damaxasiaTebelia istori-

uli eqskursebis gamoyeneba. misTvis kvlevis universalur

meTods istoriuli meTodi warmoadgens. mas miaCnia, rom is-

toriuli codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia ekonomikur, samarT-

lebriv, filosofiur da sxva Teoriul cnebaTa gaazreba.

istoriis materialisturi interpretaciis safuZvel-

ze marqsma mecnierebaSi Seqmna warmodgena sazogadoebriv-

ekonomikuri formaciis Sesaxeb. man istoriuli mecniereba

socialur-ekonomikuri analizis meTodiT gaamdidra. mniS-

vnelovani adgili dauTmo klasTa brZolas, subieqturi faq-

torebis aqtiur rols; masebis, klasebis, sazogadoebrivi

jgufebis, partiebis, organizaciebisa da pirovnebebis isto-

riis Seswavlas.

marqsizmis paralelurad, istoriuli kvlevis meTodo-

logiaze didi gavlena iqonia p. sen-simonis mowafis o. kon-

tis (1798-1857) pozitivizmis filosofiam. misi moZRvreba

ganmsWvalulia `gonebisa da pozitiuri mecnierebis~ Zleva-

mosilebis rwmeniT: misi azriT, mecnierebaTa dargebi unda

eyrdnobodes realur faqtebsa da gamocdilebas. istoriuli

procesi, kontis mier Seqmnil sistemaSi, ganixileba, rogorc

80

moZraoba, mSvidobiani evolucia. igi uaryofs klasobrivi

brZolisa da revoluciis dadebiT rols sazogadoebis gan-

viTarebaSi, mniSvnelobas aniWebs masebs da ara pirovnebebs.

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi gamoyofs sam elements: material-

isturs, suliersa da zneobrivs, romelsac warmoadgens sami

`dawesebulebiT~: saxelmwifo, eklesia, ojaxi.

o. kontis gardacvalebis Semdeg, rodesac misi moZRvre-

ba gaTavisuflda reaqciul-klerikaluri tendenciebisagan,

pozitivizmi liberaluri burJuaziis ideologiis gamomx-

atveli gaxda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukunis II naxevarSi pozitivizmi

batonobda rogorc sabunebismetyvelo, aseve sazogadoebaTm-

codneobiT mecnierebebSi.

istorikos-pozitivistebis wvlili istoriis meTodolo-

giis ganviTarebaSi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: maT didi mniS-

vneloba mianiWes faqtografias, myar safuZvelze daayenes

wyaroebis kritika, ganamtkices zusti kvlevis meTodebi

(statistikuri, SedarebiT-istoriuli).

mkvlevrebs TavianT amocanad miaCndaT faqtebis gul-

modgine Segroveba. isini darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom wyaro-

Ta sandoobis damtkicebiT am wyaroSi aRnusxuli movlenebis

utyuarobac dasturdeboda. maTTvis istoriuli meTodi wy-

aroTa analizis sinonims warmoadgenda. amave dros, sjero-

daT profesionali istorikosis miukerZoebloba.

pozitivistebi iswrafodnen istoriis meTodologia aegoT

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa magaliTze (es miswrafeba,

sabolood, kraxiT damTavrda); amdenad, gazardes istoriuli

faqtebis Ziebis mniSvneloba, rogorc codnis mtkice garanti;

samecniero brunvaSi Semoitanes faqtebis didi seria: poli-

tikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri.

istoriis statusis amaRlebas Zalian uwyobda xels wy-

aroTa sistemuri kritika, romelic gamowveuli iyo is-

eTi damxmare disciplinis gaCeniT, rogoric aris wy-

aroTmcodneoba. germaneli mecnierebis b. niburis,

81

l. rankesa da T. momzenis naSromebi warmoadgenda calkeu-

li wyaroTmcodneobiTi meTodebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis

magaliTs. Tavdapirvelad amgvari kritika aRmocenda Zveli

msofliosa da Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavlis bazaze.

am droidan istoriis meTodologiis sakiTxebi aqtiurad

muSavdeba mraval qveyanaSi.

i. droizenma da e. brenhaimma mogvces istoriuli kvlevis

meTodebis klasikuri dayofa: 1. evristika (wyaroebis kvleva);

2. kritika da ganmarteba (faqtebis mniSvnelobis gansazRvra

da maT Soris kavSiri); 3. gadmocema, anu istoriuli rekon-

struqcia.

pozitivisturi skolis gavleniT istoriografiaSi Camoy-

alibda werilobiTi dokumentis kulti, rogorc istoriuli

bazis erTaderTi sando wyaro. cnobili ingliseli istoriko-

si e. karis sityvebiT: `XIX saukunis aswleuli iyo faqtebis

didi epoqa~.

marTalia, istoriul-pozitivisturma skolam warmate-

buli naxtomi gaakeTa wyaros Semowmebasa da masSi Semavali

faqtebis dazustebaSi, magram igi skeptikurad uyurebda

Teoriul ganzogadebebs da zRudavda kvlevebSi Teoriul

daskvnebs. swored amis gamo, igive kari, pozitivistebis kri-

tikis dros werda: istoria mainc warmoadgens interpreta-

cias. cnobili rusi filosofosi v. soloviovi (1853-1900)

xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom pozitivizms surs gaanadguros

gansxvaveba mizezsa da movlenas Soris da upiratesoba mov-

lenas mianiWos.

`pozitivisturi Teoriis~ winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen

cnobili germaneli mecnierebic l. ranke, i. droizeni

da e. maieri. maieri werda: `pozitivizmi istoriidan dev-

nis sam umniSvnelovanes faqtors – SemTxveviTobas, ne-

bis Tavisuflebas, ideasa da adamianTa warmodgenebs.

uar yofs pirovnebaTa rols istoriis ganviTarebaSi~.

i. droizeni mTeli kategoriulobiT gamodioda ingliseli

pozitivistis h. boklis winaaRmdeg, romelsac miaCnda, rom

82

istoria unda ayvanil iqnes sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa

rangSi.

saerTod, germaneli istorikosebi idealisturi ideebis

matareblebi iyvnen. isini Tvlidnen, rom istorikosisTvis

mTavari adamianis qmedebis Sefasebaa. maTTvis istoria àda-

mianis zneobriv samyaros~ warmoadgens.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, pozitivisturi meTodologiis

Sedegad XIX saukunis II naxevris burJuaziul istoriul mec-

nierebas didi warmatebebi hqonda faqtebis dagrovebisa da

damuSavebis, sakvlevi samuSaoebis donis amaRlebis, damxmare

istoriuli disciplinebis ganviTarebis, istoriuli wyaroe-

bis publikaciis dargSi.

zogadad ganxiluli periodis istoriis meTodologia-

Si, rogorc akademikosi e. tarle aRniSnavda, SeimCneva ori

ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: `subieqturi~ da òbieqturi~. pirve-

li amtkicebs, rom istoriul koliziebSi mniSvnelovani roli

pirovnebas ekisreba, meore ki Tvlis, rom istoriis mamoZ-

ravebel Zalas xalxTa masebi warmoadgens.

XIX saukunis qarTuli istoriografiis ganviTarebaSi

ori mxare SeiZleba gamovyoT: qarTvelologiuri keris Cam-

oyalibeba saqarTvelos farglebs gareT da saqarTveloSi

moRvawe mecnierTa Tavmoyra `TergdaleulTa~ ideebis ir-

gvliv. qarTveli samocianelebi TavgamodebiT ilaSqrebdnen

carizmis politikis winaaRmdeg. maTi marTebuli azriT, aseT

pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeboda saistorio mec-

nierebis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac xalxis gaTviTcnobiere-

bas didad uwyobda xels sakuTari istoriis Seswavla-Sefase-

ba. ilia WavWavaZis TvalsazrisiT, eris istoriis SeswavliT

SesaZlebelia ara marto mocemuli eris warsulis an awmyos

Semecneba, aramed momavlis gaTvaliswineba. amdenad, saqarT-

velos istorias, rogorc dargis ganviTarebas XIX saukunis

II naxevris saqarTveloSi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, erovnuli

Rirsebis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolis funqcia mieniWa. qarTve-

83

li istorikosebi dauRalavad Sromobdnen, xSir SemTxvevaSi

enTuziazmze, am dargis ganviTarebisaTvis.

1801 wels, rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis imperiam qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos dapyrobiT daiwyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifos

sruli gauqmeba. Seudga qveynis kolonizaciis kargad gaazre-

buli gegmis ganxorcielebas. qarTveli eris asimilacia war-

moadgenda ruseTis koloniuri politikis umTavres mizans,

romlis misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo erovnuli cnobierebis

mospoba.

bunebrivia, ruseTis imperia kargad xedavda, rom am mizni-

saken mimarTul qmedebebs qarTveli eris mxridan didi winaaR-

mdegobebi mohyveboda, xolo am winaaRmdegobaTa upirvelesi

moTave bagrationTa samefo saxli iqneboda. amitom ruseTma

maTi saqarTvelodan mTlianad gadasaxleba gadawyvita. ase aR-

moCndnen ruseTSi mefe giorgi XII-s (1798-1800) vaJebi: daviTi

(1767-1819), ioane (1772-1830), bagrati (1776-1841) da Teimurazi

(1782-1846). politikur asparezs moklebulma batoniSvilebma

aqtiurad daiwyes samecniero-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba,

ramac xeli Seuwyo qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Ziebis gaSlas

peterburgSi, 1805 wels daviTma rusul enaze peterburgSi

gamoaqveyna saqarTvelos mokle istoria. igi qarTvel volt-

erianelTa pirveli warmomadgenelia, romelmac Tavis nawar-

moebebSi frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi axsna. sayuradReboa

daviTis speciluri naSromi `Обозрение Грузии по части права и законоведения~, romelSic mocemulia erekles II-isa da giorgi

XII-is droindeli qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo wyobis da kanon-

mdeblobis Sesaxeb Zvirfasi masala. gasagebia, rom daviTi me-

fis ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aneqsiaSi absolutur

borotebas xedavda. aq danergil rusul marTvelobasTan Se-

darebiT mas qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi upiratesobis swamda.

rogorc epoqis Tanamedrovem, daviT batoniSvilma dagvi-

tova metad saintereso istoriuli xasiaTis sxva masalebic,

romelTac saqarTvelos XIX s. istoriis SeswavlaSi seriuzuli

mniSvneloba eniWebaT.

84

bagrat batoniSvilma, Tavisi àxali moTxroba~ miuZRvna,

ZiriTadad erekle -Teimurazis mefobis periods da XIX s-is

damdegis ambebs. Txzuleba daistamba peterburgSi 1819 wels.

bagrati Tavisi moTxrobis SesavalSi asaxelebs mis mier gamoy-

enebul wyaroebs. igi Tavisi msoflmxevelobiT romantikosia,

xolo misi Txzuleba qronikalur stilSia dawerili.

peterburgSi did leqsikologiur da istoriul-filolo-

giur muSaobas eweoda ioane batoniSvili. man TxuTmetwliani

dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad Seqmna pirveli qarTuli mecnieru-

li enciklopedia – `kalmasoba~.

qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi didi Rvaw-

li miuZRvis ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio wevrs

(1837) Teimuraz batoniSvils. mas ekuTvnis naSromi ìveriis

istoria~ (aq istoria ganxilulia axlo aRmosavleTis isto-

riis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoyenebulia berZnul-romauli da

somxuri istoriografia) da gamokvlevebi rusTvelologiis

dargSi. igi, agreTve, eweoda mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.

Targmna tacitusis, volteris, puSkinis da sxv. nawarmoebebi.

iyo parizis da kopenhagenis samefo antikvarTa sazogadoe-

bis wevri. Teimuraz batoniSvils `mTeli arsebiT Segnebuli

hqonda ama Tu im eris istoriis aRweris siZnele, wyaroebis

gamoyenebis da wesierad moTxrobis pasuxismgeblobac~ – wer-

da S. mesxia. Teimurazis ZiriTadi wyaro `qarTlis cxovre-

baa~. amave dros igi iyenebs vaxuSti batoniSvilis istorias,

ùZveles werilobiT Zeglebs~, Tqmulebebs, zepirgadmoce-

mebs, xalxSi darCenil zne-Cveulebebs. sayuradReboa, rom

misTvis pirvelwyaros cnoba yovelTvis misaRebi ar aris.

zogjer igi sxvadasxva wyarois moSveliebiT asworebs cnobas,

iZleva wyaros kritikas da sxv.

Teimurazma pirvelma scada berZnul-romauli wyaroe-

bis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi, igi

pirveli Seecada iber-kolxTa warsulis gasaSuqebald gamoey-

enebina miTebi. da a. S. man saqarTvelos istoriis bevri axali

sakiTxis Seswavla daayena dRis wesrigSi. misma Sromebma xeli

85

Seuwyo saqarTvelos istoriisadmi interesis gaRvivebas, igi

Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT romantikosi iyo. unda aRiniSnos,

rom 1983 wels saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis (saqa-

rTvelos istoriis wyaroebi) egidiT, al. miqiaSvilis redaq-

ciiT, daistamba wigni Teimuraz bagrationi, àxali istoria~.

es nawarmoebi samecniero literaturaSi cnobili iyo, rogor

daviT bagrationis Txzuleba. Seicavs saqarTvelos istoriis

masalebs 1744 w-dan 1819 w-mde.

Teimuraz batoniSvils aqtiuri urTierToba hqonda frang ori-

entalistTan mari brosesTan, romelsac saqarTvelos istoriis

Sesaxeb uxv masalas awvdida da, romelic mis moswavled Tvlida

Tavs. mari broses saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli qarTvelolo-

giis mecnierul disciplinad Camoyalibeba evropaSi.

marTalia, evropaSi qarTvelologias ramdenime saukunis

istoria aqvs, magram rogorc mecnierul dargs, XIX sauku-

neSi Caeyara safuZveli. es ar iyo SemTxveviTi. am droisaTvis

evropis burJuazias ukve aRar akmayofilebda zedapiruli,

mkrTali aRwerilobiTi cnobebi aRmosavleTis qveynebis Ses-

axeb, igi moiTxovda am qveynebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswav-

las, mecnierul gamokvlevebs maTi istoriisa da kulturis

Sesaxeb.

1795 wels parizSi gaixsna specialuri saswavlebeli, sa-

dac aswavlidnen aRmosavlur enebsa da literaturas, gan-

sakuTrebiT dawinaurda indoevropuli enebis Seswavla aR-

mosavlur enebTan mimarTebaSi, orientalistikis ganviTare-

baSi didi Rvawli miuZRvis ruseTsac. mis mTel rig univer-

sitetebSi gaixsna aRmosavluri enebis kaTedrebi (xarkovi,

yazani, moskovi).

1818 wels peterburgSi daarsda aziuri muzeumi, romel-

mac daiwyo aRmosavluri, maT Soris qarTuli xelnawerebis

Segroveba. didi interesi gaCnda kavkasiis, kerZod, saqarT-

velos istoriis Seswavlisadmi, saqarTvelos siZveleebs aqti-

urad swavlobdnen cnobili orientalistebi: butkovi, freni,

Segreni da sxv. am process batoniSvilebma sakmaod seriozu-

86 87

li safuZveli moumzades, rogorc samecniero, ise nivTieri

TvalsazrisiT.

XIX saukunis damdegs qarTvel batoniSvilTa ruseTSi ga-

dasaxlebas Sedegad mohyva qarTul xelnawerTa axali didi

èmigracia~, romelic daiwyo XVIII s-Si da dakavSirebulia jer

arCil II-is, xolo Semdeg vaxtangs VI-is ruseTSi gamgzavre-

basTan. mdidari, piradi biblioTekebi waiRes peterburgsa da

moskovSi daviT, ioane, bagrat da Teimuraz batoniSvilebma.

qarTuli xelnawerebi hqondaT ruseTSi gadasaxlebul sxva

qarTvelbsac (g. avaliSvili, n. CubinaSvili da sxv.).

garda xelnawerebisa, qarTvelebma ruseTSi gaitanes sxva

qarTuli siZveleebi: xatebi, Zveli WurWeli, saeklesio nivTe-

bi da sxva. qarTuli wignebiT, xelnawerebiTa da sxva siZvelee-

biT gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, ruseTi evro-

paSi am mxriv yvelaze mdidari qveyana Seiqna. qarTvelologi-

uri muSaobisaTvis iq gacilebiT ukeTesi pirobebi iyo, vidre

dasavleTSi.

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mravali werili ibeWdeboda rusul

Jurnal-gazeTebSic. `Вестник Европы~, `Северная почта~, `Север-ный архив~ da sxva. Jurnalebi aqveyneben saqarTveloSi mog-

zaurobaTa nawyvetebs, aq moRvawe samxedro pirTa mogonebebs,

Canawerebsa da sxva masalebs.

evropaSi orientalistikis da, kerZod, qarTvelologiis

ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda aziuri sazoga-

doebis daarsebas. parizSi aseTi sazogadoeba daarsda 1822 w.,

londonSi – 1823 w., germaniaSi – 1844 w.

parizis aziurma sazogadoebam samuSao programaSi sa-

gangebod Seitana qarTuli enisa da literaturis Seswavla.

sazogadoebas hqonda sakuTari Jurnali: `Jour hal asistique~,

romlis furclebze CvenTvis sayuradRebo mravali narkvevi

gamoqveynda. am narkvevTa avtorebi iyvnen cnobili orien-

talistebi J. sen-marteni da h. i. klaproti. gansakuTrebuli

wvlili qarTvelologiis ganviTarebaSi miuZRvis hainrix

klaprots. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 20-iani wlebisaTvis evro-

pul qarTvelologiaSi ukve moipoveboda didZali aRweri-

lobiTi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, [goties (XI s.), anselu-

sis, raind debuas (XIII s.), orderiki vitalis (XII s.) vilhelm

tvirelis (XIII s.), Jak de vitris (XIII s.), iakob rogsanelis (XIII

s.) , ivane florencielis (XIV s.), ioane Siltbergeris (XV s.),

ambrozio kontarinis (XV s.), marko polos (XV s.), plano karpi-

nis (XIII s.), arqanjelo lambertis, pietro dela vales, kaste-

lis, Jan Sardenis (XVII s.), rainegsis, giuldenStedtis (XVIII

s.) da sxvaTa cnobebi Tu aRwerilobebi]. evropis sxvadasxva

dawesebulebaSi Tavmoyrili iyo qarTuli siZveleebi, [vati-

kanis, parizisa da venis samefo biblioTekebi, britaneTis

muzeumi], xolo calkeul sakiTxebze arsebobda mecnieruli

gamokvlevebi, `specialisti – qarTvelologis gamoCenisaTvis

niadagi yovelmriv Semzadebuli iyo~.

es adgili mari brosem daikava. mari broses dawyebuli

saqme gaagrZeles da-Zma uordropebma, xolo peterburgis qa-

rTvelologiuri skolis memkvidreebad gvevlinebian d. Cubi-

naSvili, a. cagareli da sxvebi.

mari felisite brose (1802-1888) 1826 wlidan Tavisi

ufrosi kolegisa da megobris, J. sen-martenis rCeviT iwyebs

qarTuli enisa da literaturis safuZvlian Seswavlas, man

gadawvetileba miiRo, gamxdariyo qarTvelologi.

qarTvelologiuri moRvaweoba mari brosem winamorbed

mkvlevarTa naSromebis kritikuli ganxilviTa da SefasebiT

daiwyo. umTavresi yuradReba man qarTuli enis arsebul le-

qsikonebs (paolinis, firalovis, klaprotis) da gramatikul

naSromebs (majiosis, gaiozis, firalovis, fateris) miaqcia.

misi azriT, verc erTi maTgani ver akmayofilebda Tanamedrove

moTxovnebs da maT seriozuli naklovanebebi gaaCndaT. gansa-

kuTrebiT brosem gaakritika klaprotis qarTuli gramatika.

man Tavisi azri, rom klaproti qarTuli enis srulfasovan

gramatikas ver Seqmnida, moaxsena àziur sazogadoebas~. amas

mohyva cxare kamaTi brosesa da klaprots Soris, rasac prin-

cipuli mniSvneloba hqonda. rogorc m. broses Semoqmedebis

87

pul qarTvelologiaSi ukve moipoveboda didZali aRweri-

lobiTi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, [goties (XI s.), anselu-

sis, raind debuas (XIII s.), orderiki vitalis (XII s.) vilhelm

tvirelis (XIII s.), Jak de vitris (XIII s.), iakob rogsanelis (XIII

s.) , ivane florencielis (XIV s.), ioane Siltbergeris (XV s.),

ambrozio kontarinis (XV s.), marko polos (XV s.), plano karpi-

nis (XIII s.), arqanjelo lambertis, pietro dela vales, kaste-

lis, Jan Sardenis (XVII s.), rainegsis, giuldenStedtis (XVIII

s.) da sxvaTa cnobebi Tu aRwerilobebi]. evropis sxvadasxva

dawesebulebaSi Tavmoyrili iyo qarTuli siZveleebi, [vati-

kanis, parizisa da venis samefo biblioTekebi, britaneTis

muzeumi], xolo calkeul sakiTxebze arsebobda mecnieruli

gamokvlevebi, `specialisti – qarTvelologis gamoCenisaTvis

niadagi yovelmriv Semzadebuli iyo~.

es adgili mari brosem daikava. mari broses dawyebuli

saqme gaagrZeles da-Zma uordropebma, xolo peterburgis qa-

rTvelologiuri skolis memkvidreebad gvevlinebian d. Cubi-

naSvili, a. cagareli da sxvebi.

mari felisite brose (1802-1888) 1826 wlidan Tavisi

ufrosi kolegisa da megobris, J. sen-martenis rCeviT iwyebs

qarTuli enisa da literaturis safuZvlian Seswavlas, man

gadawvetileba miiRo, gamxdariyo qarTvelologi.

qarTvelologiuri moRvaweoba mari brosem winamorbed

mkvlevarTa naSromebis kritikuli ganxilviTa da SefasebiT

daiwyo. umTavresi yuradReba man qarTuli enis arsebul le-

qsikonebs (paolinis, firalovis, klaprotis) da gramatikul

naSromebs (majiosis, gaiozis, firalovis, fateris) miaqcia.

misi azriT, verc erTi maTgani ver akmayofilebda Tanamedrove

moTxovnebs da maT seriozuli naklovanebebi gaaCndaT. gansa-

kuTrebiT brosem gaakritika klaprotis qarTuli gramatika.

man Tavisi azri, rom klaproti qarTuli enis srulfasovan

gramatikas ver Seqmnida, moaxsena àziur sazogadoebas~. amas

mohyva cxare kamaTi brosesa da klaprots Soris, rasac prin-

cipuli mniSvneloba hqonda. rogorc m. broses Semoqmedebis

88

mkvlevari S. xanTaZe aRniSnavs: àq erTmaneTs daupirispirda

muSaobis ori sxvadasxva stili, ori sxvadasxva meTodi. kla-

protis muSaoba qarTulis dargSi ar scildeboda diletan-

tizmis farglebs, mas SesaZleblad da dasaSvebad miaCnda

meore da mesame pirTa xelidan gamosul masalebze dayrdno-

ba, uSualod pirvelwyaroebis Seswavlas da maTze damyarebas

igi aucileblobad ar Tvlida... brose umTavres mniSvnelobas

aniWebda pirvelwyaroebis Seswavlas, enis safuZvlian cod-

nas, mTeli msjelobis damyarebas Semowmebul da kritikulad

ganxilul masalebze... mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda qarTvelo-

logia gascileboda diletantizmis bWeebsa da namdvil mec-

nierul safuZvelze damdgariyo~

mari broses arqivi naTel warmodgenas qmnis Tu ra kolo-

saluro Sroma gaswia man qarTulis SeswavlisaTvis. broses

sakuTari xeliT gadmouweria parizis biblioTekebSi daculi

qarTuli xelnawerebis mniSvnelovani nawili (vaxtang VI-is

kanonTa krebuli, vefxistyaosani, qarTuli istoriuli qron-

ika, nawyvetebi axali aRTqmis wignebidan da svinaqsaridan),

Seudgenia qarTuli enis vrceli leqsikoni sityvaTa Zirebis

mixedviT, frangulad uTargmnia am masalebis udidesi nawili

da a. S. am didi muSaobis Sedegad igi qarTuls kargad daeufla

da gaerkva qarTvelologiis sxvadasxva sakiTxSi.

evropuli qarTvelologiis winaSe broses xanaSi mwvaved

idga qarTuli masalebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi, amis gareSe wins-

vla qarTvelologiaSi warmoudgeneli iyo. im dros yvelaze

mniSvnelovan publikacias warmoadgenda qarTuli istori-

uli qronikis gamoqveyneba, romelic Cvens istoriografiaSi

`parizis qronikis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. igi Seicavs qarTlis

cxovrebis gagrZelebis erT-erT gadakeTebul variants da

gadmogvcems saqarTvelos istorias 1373 wlidan 1703 wlamde.

am Zeglis xelnaweri saqarTvelodan parizSi Caitana 1826 wels

viqtor leteliem. 1829 wels brosem es qronika liTografi-

ulad gamosca, xolo momdevno wels stamburad gamoaqveyna

misi franguli Targmani. es iyo, qarTuli istoriuli Tx-

89

zulebis pirveli publikacia evropaSi. `parizis qronikas~

brosem daurTo sayuradRebo Sesavali, narkvevi da komentar-

ebi. mas mravalricxovan SeniSvnebsa da komentarebSi mohyavs

qronikis cnobebis sakontrolo masala sxvadasxva wyarodan

(Sardeni, pesioneli, giuldenStedti da sxv.) wigns boloSi

erTvis qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa ramdenime nusxa, Sedgenili

gamomcemlis mier.

m. brosem pirvelma gaxada cnobili evropel mkvlevarTaT-

vis vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli da gamoaqveyna

sulxan-saba orbelianis evropaSi elCobis Sesaxeb arsebuli

franguli masalebi.

m. brose qarTvelologiaSi Semdgomi muSaobis gagrZelebi-

saTvis 1830 wels, xolo Semdeg 1834 wels iTxovs mivlinebebs

saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi, Tumca uSedegod. gaWirvebaSi Ca-

vardnili brose Tavis megobars f. Sarmuas meSveobiT ukav-

Sirdeba qarTvel swavlul batoniSvils – Teimuraz bagra-

tions. swored am droidan iwyeba mis samecniero muSaobaSi

axali etapi.

Teimuraz batoniSvili broses ugzavnis qarTul masalebs.

brosem 1833 wels gamosca qarTuli masalebis axali krebuli,

romelSic Sevida Teimurazis sami Txzuleba, nawyeti qarTuli

xelnawerebidan da sxv.

Teimurazi sistematurad usworebda broses qarTul enaSi

daSvebul Secdomebs, uxsnida qarTuli zmnis formebs, sxva

gramatikul kategoriebs. Teimurazi amxnevebda mas, aqezebda

Semdgomi muSaobisaTvis, dauRalavad uxsnida qarTvelolo-

giis ama Tu im sakiTxs.

am ori piris miwer-moweridan kargad Cans, rom broses

Teimurazisagan miuRia pasuxi TiTqmis yvela sakiTxze, ro-

melic ki mas imxanad ainteresebda da sWirdeboda muSaobis

warsamarTavad. Teimurazi misgan moiTxovda mecnierul si-

frTxiles. `tyuilebi ar CavweroT – werda YTeimurazi – Torem

sircxvili iqneba, mere qarTvelebi me damcineben: ai, amisTana

Segirdi gyavso~. es TanamSromloba kidev ufro gaaqtiurda,

90

rodesac brose Cavida peterburgSi da piradad gaicno swav-

luli batoniSvili.

1836 wels sruliad moulodnelad ruseTis mecnierebaTa

akademiam broses SesTavaza daekavebina swored im xanebSi ru-

seTidan d. Sarmuas wasvliT ganTavisuflebuli adgili da

emuSava qarTuli da somxuri filologiis xaziT. am saqmis mo-

Tave iyo akademiis prezidenti s. uvarovi, romelic daintere-

sebuli iyo ruseTSi aRmosavlur enaTa Seswavlis ganviTare-

biT. 1836 w. 14 dekembers brose airCies ruseTis mecnierebaTa

akademiis adiunqtad. 1837 wlis 4 aprils imperatorma daamt-

kica da 18 ivniss igi ojaxiT Cavida peterburgSi.

ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiaSi arCevisa da peterburgSi

gadasvlis Semdeg mari broses pirobebi gaumjobesda. garda

imisa, rom igi materialurad uzrunvelyofili gaxda, mis gan-

kargulebaSi aRmoCnda didi raodenoba qarTuli istoriuli

masalebisa – xelnawerebi, monetebi, epigrafikuli Zeglebi da

sxv. gafarTovda samuSao asparezi, ganmtkicda dokumenturi

baza. realuri gaxda saqarTveloSi samecniero mivlinebiT

Camosvlis SesaZlebloba.

broses muSaoba warmatebuli aRmoCnda rusuli oriental-

istikis ganviTarebisaTvis. misi garjiT peterburgi gadaiqca

qarTvelologiisa da armenologiis erT-erT umZlavres cen-

trad. brosem ruseTis qarTvelogias msoflio aRiareba mou-

pova.

broses ruseTSi SesaZlebloba mieca gascnoboda qarTuli

istoriografiis umTavres Zegls `qarTlis cxovrebas~, mniS-

vnelovan miRwevas – vaxuStis istoriul-geografiul naS-

roms da brwyinvale swavluls Teimuraz bagrations. brose

amiT gaecno qarTuli istoriografiis ZiriTad amocanebs da

mimarTulebas.

brose Tavisi moRvaweobis umTavres amocanad Tvlida qar-

Tuli istoriuli matianeebis krebulis kritikul, mecnierul

gamocemas. misi TqmiT – aseT SemTxvevaSi ganaTlebuli ev-

ropa miiRebda umdidres istoriul krebuls, romelic Tama-

91

mad gausworebda Tvals aziis sxva xalxTa istoriul qroni-

kebs, amisTvis ki saWiro iyo Sesamowmebeli masalis rogorc

erovnuli (qarTuli sigel-gujrebi, warwerebi, literatu-

ruli Zeglebi), aseve ucxouris (somxuri, arabuli, Turquli,

sparsuli, bizantiuri, rusuli) moZieba, Seswavla da publika-

cia. am mimarTulebiT gaweuli Sromis Sedegad 1844 wlisTvis

ruseTis akademiis aziur muzeums oTxmocdaaTamde xelnaweri

hqonda, xolo 1846 wlisTvis, Teimuraz batoniSvilis bib-

lioTekis akademiisaTvis gadacemis Sedegad qarTul xelnaw-

erTa ricxvma ramdenime aseuls miaRwia. 1844 wlisaTvis daviT

CubinaSvilma Seadgina aziuri muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa

pirveli katalogi, romelic brosem frangulad Targmna da

dornis mier gamocemul krebulSi gamoaqveyna.

dokumenturi masalebis Ziebam brose miiyvana ruseTis

arqivsacavebSi, sadac igi gaecno didZal masalas ruseT-

saqarTvelos diplomatiuri urTierTobis istoriidan. gan-

sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda sagareo saqmeTa samin-

istros arqivi moskovSi. Sedegad, mas SesaZlebloba mieca

gadmoeca ruseT-saqarTvelos diplomatiuri urTierTobebis

istoria XV saukunidan XVIII saukunis damdegamde.

1842 wels brosem gamosca vaxuStis geografiuli naSromi,

xolo 1847 wels moipova ministrTa komitetis nebarTva erT-

wliani samecniero mivlinebisa.

mari broses saqarTveloSi samecniero mogzaurobas far-

To xasiaTi hqonda. pirveli, man mniSvnelovnad Seavso da gaaf-

arTova mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli qarTuli istoriuli

masalebi, sigel-gujrebi; meore, igi gaecno qveyanas, mis geo-

grafiul saxes, mTebsa da mdinareebs, soflebsa da qalaqebs,

rasac unda gaeadvilebina misTvis rigi istoriul-geografi-

uli sakiTxis gamokvleva; mesame, gafarTovda broses qarT-

vel nacnobTa wre, mas gauCndnen axali xelSemwyobi pirebi,

korespodentebi, rafiel erisTavi, iakob ciskariSvili da sxv.

broses arqeologiuri mogzauroba saqarTveloSi Tavisi masS-

92

tabebiTa da SedegebiT bevrad aRemateboda ruseTis akademiis

mier adre ganxorcielebul analogiur eqspediciebs.

saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis Sedegebi brosem gamoaqveyna

1849-1851 wlebSi sam wignad, 12 moxsenebis saxiT.

mari brosem rTuli da xangrZlivi Sromis Sedegad 1849-

1858 wlebSi Svid wignad gamosca `qarTlis cxovreba~. es ar

iyo mxolod `qarTlis cxovrebis~ publikacia. arsebiTad man

am saxelwodebis qveS gaaerTiana rigi qarTuli matianeebisa,

masSi Sevida: `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqsti, vaxuSti bagratio-

nis istoriuli Txzulebis meore nawili, misive `qronikone-

bi~, sexnia CxeiZis, papuna orbelianis da oman xerxeuliZis Tx-

zulebebi da farsadan gorgijaniZis saqarTvelos istoriis

nawili. garda amisa, `somxuri qronikis~ (`qarTlis cxovrebis~

mokle somxuri Targmani) franguli Targmani da Zmebis – da-

viT, ioane da Teimuraz batoniSvilebis istoriuli masalebi

(XVIII-XIX s-s. Sesaxeb). bunebrivia am gamocemas mxolod piro-

biTad SeiZleba ewodos `qarTlis cxovreba~, xolo sakuTriv

`qarTlis cxovreba~, anu Zveli qarTuli matianeebis krebuli

Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: dednis enaze dabeWdili Zeglebi-

sagan, maTi fragmentuli Targmanisa da gamomcemlis mier

darTuli damatebebisa da ganmartebebisagan. es ukanaskneli

warmoadgens broses xangrZlivi originaluri kvleva-Ziebi-

Ti muSaobis nayofs, sadac avtorma Tavi mouyara uamrav sa-

kontrolo da damatebiT masalas, daajgufa isini calkeuli

sakiTxebis mixedviT, kritikulad ganixila da ganmarta.

m. brosem aseve didi Sroma gaswia qarTuli epigrafikuli

masalisa da xelnawerebis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

udavod Seufasebelia mari broses Rvawli qarTvelologi-

uri mecnierebis ganviTarebisa da qarTvelologiuri skolis

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.

gamoCenilma britanelma diplomatma, mweralma, mTargm-

nelma da sazogado moRvawem, oliver uordropma (1864-1948)

da misma dam, cnobilma mTargmnelma da sazogado moRvawem,

marjori uordropma (1869-1909), TavianTi moRvaweoba saqa-

93

rTvelos istoriisa da kulturis Seswavlas miuZRvnes da

samecniero mimoqcevaSi Seiyvanes umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli

mwerlobis Zeglebi.

oliver uordropi pirvelad 1887 wels estumra saqarT-

velos. momewona romi, magram aRfrTovanebuli var saqarT-

veloTi – wers igi Tavis mSoblebs. olivers sicocxlis bo-

lomde saqarTvelosadmi interesi ar ganelebia. igi agroveb-

da masalas saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, iwerda qarTul zRaprebs,

andazebs, qarTuli legendebis ucnob variantebs, xvdeboda

qarTvelebs, qarTuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs. dau-

megobrda i. WavWavaZes, a. wereTels, i. maCabels, gabriel epis-

koposs, ruseTSi yofnis dros – a. cagarelsa da a. xaxanaSvils.

man gamosca wigni `saqarTvelos samefo~. igi aRniSnavda, rom

`saqarTvelo, praqtikulad ucnobia britanuli sazogadoebi-

sTvis. saqarTvelos warsuli ki iseTia, rom SeuZlia daamSve-

nos dideba TviT romisa da saberZneTis~.

1892 wels oliver uordropi dainiSna britaneTis elCis

pirad mdivnad da konsulad sanqt-peterburgSi. mas Tan axlda

marjori, romelic olivers exmareboda diplomatiuri misiis

SesrulebaSi.

uordropebma erToblivad daiwyes muSaoba qarTuli sity-

vakazmuli mwerlobis Seswavlaze, isini Targmnidnen qarTul

literaturas. maT mier iqna Targmnili da gamocemuli: sulx-

an-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~, `qarTuli xalxuri

zRaprebi~, i. WavWavaZis `gandegili~, `wminda ninos cxovreba~

cnobili ingliseli armenologisa da Teologis f. k. konibris

komentarebiT, a. cagarelis mier momzadebuli qarTuli xel-

nawerebis katalogi jvris monastridan da mravali sxva.

uordropebis didi ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna yvelaze mdidari

qarTvelologiuri biblioTeka evropaSi. maTve ekuTvniT saqa-

rTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Taobaze peticiis

Sedgenis iniciativa, saprotesto komitetis Seqmna qarTveli

glexobis dasacavad kazakTa represiebisagan da sxv.

94 95

marjoris gardacvalebis Semdeg (1909 wels, buqarestSi)

oliverma datova diplomatiuri samsaxuri, dabrunda lon-

donSi, gaagrZela qarTuli wignebisa da xelnawerebis SeZena da

Sevseba, romelic gadasca bodlis biblioTekas, oqsfordSi.

oliverma 1909 wels oqsfordis universtetSi daaarsa

marjoris saxelobis saqvelmoqmedo fondi. am fondis Seqmnis

mizani iyo oqsfordSi qarTuli enis kaTedris dafuZneba da

qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Ziebis xelSewyoba. fondma gamosca

e. CerqeziSvilis mier momzadebuli `qarTul-inglisuri le-

qsikoni~, oliveris `svanuri enis leqsikoni~, samefo aziur

sazogadoebasTan erTad 1912 wels gamosca marjoriseuli `ve-

fxistyaosnis~ arasruli inglisuri Targmani. masze muSaobaSi

marjoris exmareboda peterburgis universitetis profesori

a. cagareli.

cnobil inglisel istorikos u. alenTan erTad oliverma

inglisSi daaarsa `saqarTvelos saistorio sazogadoeba~ (1930

w.), gamosca Jurnali `Georgian~. igi materialurad exmareboda

kavkasiis istoriisa da arqeologiis instituts TbilisSi.

fondi xels uwyobda qarTvelologiur kvleva-Ziebas kem-

brijis universitetSi, afinansebda cnobili mecnieris r. sti-

vensonis qarTvelologiur kvlevas da mravali sxv.

o. uordropis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1948 w.) fondma

gamosca g. baretis mier momzadebuli inglisSi daculi qar-

Tuli wignebisa da xelnawerebis katalogi.

fondi dResac nayofier muSaobas eweva.

XIX saukunis qarTuli mecnierebisa da kulturis ganviTa-

rebaSi rogorc aRiniSna, udidesi roli Seasrula peterbur-

gis qarTvelologiurma skolam. swored am skolis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenelia aleqsandre cagareli.

al. cagarelma daviT CubinaSvilTan erTad (1814-1891 w.w.)

safuZveli Cauyara peterburgis aRmosavlur enaTa fakulte-

tze qarTuli sityvierebis kaTedras, qarTuli mwerlobisa da

saqarTvelos istoriis sauniversiteto kursis SemoRebas.

al. cagarelis upirvelesi mizani iyo, Zveli qarTuli

kulturuli memkvidreobis Rrma, safuZvliani mecnieruli

SeswavliT, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis SeqmniT, is-

toriul-literaturuli nawarmoebebis publikaciebiT, saer-

TaSoriso kongresebsa da arqeologiur yrilobebze monaw-

ileobiT sazogadoebisaTvis gaecno qarTveli eris mdidari

istoriuli warsuli. yvelaferi es ki, misi Rrma rwmeniT xels

Seuwyobda saintereso, TviTmyofadi, mdidari kulturuli

memkvidreobis saerTaSoriso asparezze gatanasa da qarTuli

filologiuri mecnierebis evropul doneze ganviTarebas.

am miznebis ganxorcielebaSi al. cagarels daexmara misi

samecniero avtoriteti da im periodSi Seqmnili viTareba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, evropis burJuazia, ekonomikuri da

politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, seriozulad dain-

teresda aRmosavleTis qveynebiT. gaCnda moTxovnileba am

periodSi istoriisa da kulturis mecnieruli gamokvlevebi-

sadmi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo aRniSnul tendencias aqtiurad

gamoexmaura ruseTi, ramac xeli Seuwyo aq orientalistikis

mniSvnelovan ganviTarebas.

al. cagareli, Tavdapirvelad, XVIII s-is ruseT-saqarT-

velos diplomatiuri urTierTobebiT dainteresda. igi Tv-

lida, rom sakiTxis dokumenturad Seswavla xels Seuwyobda

ori qveynis urTierTobaTa istoriis sworad gaazrebas. mos-

kovis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivSi man mravali do-

kumenti moiZia, ris Sedegadac misi redaqtorobiT daibeWda

naSromi – `XVIII saukuneSi qarTveli mefeebisa da mTavrebis

mimowera ruseTis xelmwifesTan~. diplomatiuri aqtebis Sem-

dgomi gamocemis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo 1891 wels

dabeWdili krebuli – XVIII s-is sigelebi da sxva istoriuli

dokumentebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelSic sxvadasxva so-

cialuri, politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis Sinaarsis

Semcveli dokumentis garda Sevida mefeTa xelSekrulebebi.

maT Soris, 1783 wlis traqtatis teqsti qarTul enaze.

95

al. cagarelis upirvelesi mizani iyo, Zveli qarTuli

kulturuli memkvidreobis Rrma, safuZvliani mecnieruli

SeswavliT, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis SeqmniT, is-

toriul-literaturuli nawarmoebebis publikaciebiT, saer-

TaSoriso kongresebsa da arqeologiur yrilobebze monaw-

ileobiT sazogadoebisaTvis gaecno qarTveli eris mdidari

istoriuli warsuli. yvelaferi es ki, misi Rrma rwmeniT xels

Seuwyobda saintereso, TviTmyofadi, mdidari kulturuli

memkvidreobis saerTaSoriso asparezze gatanasa da qarTuli

filologiuri mecnierebis evropul doneze ganviTarebas.

am miznebis ganxorcielebaSi al. cagarels daexmara misi

samecniero avtoriteti da im periodSi Seqmnili viTareba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, evropis burJuazia, ekonomikuri da

politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, seriozulad dain-

teresda aRmosavleTis qveynebiT. gaCnda moTxovnileba am

periodSi istoriisa da kulturis mecnieruli gamokvlevebi-

sadmi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo aRniSnul tendencias aqtiurad

gamoexmaura ruseTi, ramac xeli Seuwyo aq orientalistikis

mniSvnelovan ganviTarebas.

al. cagareli, Tavdapirvelad, XVIII s-is ruseT-saqarT-

velos diplomatiuri urTierTobebiT dainteresda. igi Tv-

lida, rom sakiTxis dokumenturad Seswavla xels Seuwyobda

ori qveynis urTierTobaTa istoriis sworad gaazrebas. mos-

kovis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivSi man mravali do-

kumenti moiZia, ris Sedegadac misi redaqtorobiT daibeWda

naSromi – `XVIII saukuneSi qarTveli mefeebisa da mTavrebis

mimowera ruseTis xelmwifesTan~. diplomatiuri aqtebis Sem-

dgomi gamocemis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo 1891 wels

dabeWdili krebuli – XVIII s-is sigelebi da sxva istoriuli

dokumentebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelSic sxvadasxva so-

cialuri, politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis Sinaarsis

Semcveli dokumentis garda Sevida mefeTa xelSekrulebebi.

maT Soris, 1783 wlis traqtatis teqsti qarTul enaze.

96

1876-1878 ww-Si a. cagarelma aRwera da mecnierulad

Seiswavla sof. gordSi daviT dadianis qarTul xelnawerTa

mdidari koleqcia, sadac aRmoCnda ̀ qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli

nusxa, 1880 wels – ivane gruzinskis qarTuli xelnawerebisa da

nabeWdi wignebis cnobili koleqcia. 1882 wels gaecno parizis

nacionaluri biblioTekis qarTul xelnawerebs. 1890 wels,

oTxi Tvis manZilze, romSi, veneciasa da krakovSi Caatara kv-

leviTi samuSaoebi, romlis drosac XII s-is qarTuli siZvelee-

bi Seiswavla. 1892-1894 ww-Si orjer gaemgzavra italiaSi

wignTsacavebSi samuSaod. vatikanis biblioTekaSi aRmoaCina

qarTuli oTxTavi. magram gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani da

nayofieri iyo misi mogzauroba 1883 wels, roca man pirvelma

miakvlia da im drois kvalobaze mecnierulad daamuSava si-

nas mTaze, aTonis iverTa da iesusalimis jvris monasterSi

daculi qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglTa mniSvnelovani nawili.

Seadgina 332 qarTuli xelnaweris katalogi, Sekriba cnobebi

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb, gadmoiRo ormocze meti

warwera da ormocdaaTze meti wmindanisa Tu istoriul pir-

Ta portreti (maT Soris, SoTa rusTavelis portreti), raSic

Zalian daexmara xatvis niWi. am unikaluri koleqciis meSveo-

biT sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili gaxda X s-is qarTveli himno-

grafis, ioane-zosimes nawarmoebi – `qebaY qarTulisa enisaY~

da uZvelesi qarTuli xelnaweri (864 w.), e. w. sinuri mraval-

Tavi. mecnieris Sromas gazeTma ìveriam~ vrceli werili miuZ-

Rvna, sadac Sefasda misi didi mamuliSviluri saqme.

mkvlevarma mxolod garkveuli drois Semdeg moaxerxa

gamoeca am didi Sromis Sedegi. 1886-1894 ww-Si sam wignad

daibeWda `cnobebi qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglTa Sesaxeb~ (`Све-дения о памятниках грузинской письменности~), xolo 1888 wels

`qarTuli siZveleTa Zeglebi wminda miwasa da sinaze~ (`Па-мятники грузинской старины в святой земле и на Сине~). aq Sesulia

mecnieris istoriuli narkvevi wminda miwisa da sinasTan saqa-

rTvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb, qarTuli koloniis cxovreba

palestinaSi da sxv. Segrovili masalis analizis safuZvelze,

97

man gamoTqva mosazreba qarTuli mwerlobis periodebad day-

ofis Taobaze.

al. cagarelis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis mniSvnelovani

nawilia kvlevebi qarTul da qarTvelur enaTa struqturisa

da urTierTobis Sesaxeb. akad. iv. javaxiSvili werda: qarT-

velTmcodneobis wminda saenaTmecniero dargis Taosnoba

prof. al. cagarelis Rvawls Seadgens. XX s-is 50-ian ww.-Si ki

mis Sromebs ase afasebdnen: al. cagarelma pirvelma moimarjva

qarTvelur enaTa mimarT istoriuli da SedarebiTi meTodi;

pirvelma Cauyara safuZveli qarTvelur enaTa mecnierul

Seswavlas, pirvelma misca dasabami qarTuli enis mecnieruli

Seswavlis istorias. es sworad aRebuli gezi Semdeg ar Secv-

lila: momdevno mkvlevrebs mouxdaT cagarelis wamowyebuli

saqmis Ziebis Sevseba, gagrZeleba, gaRrmaveba da ara Tavidan

dawyeba.

1872 wels gamocemul naSromSi, – `kavkasiur enaTa iberi-

uli jgufis morfoligiis SedarebiTi mimoxilva~ – mecnieri

wers: megrul-Wanur-svanuris bunebis analizi gasaRebia sa-

kuTriv qarTuli enis Sedgenilobis gamosarkvevad, xolo

1873 wels gamocemul sadisertacio naSromSi – `qarTuli enis

gramatikuli literaturis Sesaxeb~ (kritikuli narkvevi)~,

romelSic ganxiluli aqvs qarTuli enis fonetika da morfo-

logia, akeTebs daskvnas – qarTul enas enaTa Soris gankerZoe-

buli adgili ukavia. mis mniSvnelovan Sromas warmoadgens 1880

wels or wignad dabeWdili `megruli etiudebi~, romelzec

niko mari (1864-1934 ww.) ambobda: Segrovili masaliT man Tval-

saCinod daamtkica, rom megruli ena Tumca monaTesavea qar-

Tulis, mis kilos ar Seadgens. Tumca moklebulia mwerlobiT

NganviTarebas, misi, qarTulis fardi, lingvisturad Tanaswo-

ri Zma enaa da ara garyvnili qarTuli.

`megruli etiudebi~, samwuxarod, enaTmecnierebaSi al.

cagarelis bolo naSromi aRmoCnda. saqarTveloSi ruseTis

imperiuli manqana qmnida politikur aminds: megrelebsa da

svanebs araqarTvelebad acxadebda, risi saboloo mizani

98

maTi danarCeni saqarTvelosagan CamoSoreba iyo. Seqmnili

viTarebis fonze, qarTulma sazogadoebam mecnieris Sromebi

udrood miiCnia da misi misamarTiT mkacri Sefasebebi gakeTda,

al. cagarelma am mimarTulebiT kvlevebis Sewyveta gadawvita.

al. cagareli aqtiurad iRebda monawileobas saerTaSor-

iso kongresebze, arqeologiur yrilobebze, TanamSromlobda

sxvadasxva samecniero sazogadoebasTan. misi Sromebi iTargm-

na frangul, germanul, inglisur enebze. cnobili mecnieri,

safrangeTis preistoriuli sazogadoebis damaarsebeli, emil

rivieri mas evropis saukeTeso mkvlevarTa Soris moiazrebda.

mecniers ekiTxebodnen rCevebs aRmosavleTmcodneTa kongre-

sis Catarebis adgilisa da pirobebis Sesaxeb. misi gadawvetile-

biT, 1885 wels aRmosavleTmcodneTa saerTaSoriso kongress

londonma umaspinZla.

al. cagarelTan TanamSromlobdnen da megobrobdnen cno-

bili qarTveli moRvaweebi: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli,

niko nikolaZe, iakob gogebaSvili, dimitri baqaraZe, mose

janaSvili da sxvani. qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa misamar-

TiT gagzavnil mis pirad werilebSi dasmulia `vefxistyaos-

nis~ germanulad Targmnis, qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis

Sekrebis aucileblobis, TbilisSi qarTuli muzeumis mSene-

blobis, istoriul ZeglTa movla-patronobis, momavali Tao-

bis aRzrdisa da sxva aqtualuri sakiTxebi. i. gogebaSvilis

`deda ena~ da `bunebis kari~ misi mecadineobiT SemoiRes sam-

revlo skolebSi. igi aqtiur daxmarebas uwevda saeklesio

muzeums, monawileobda kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvarulTa

sazogadoebis muSaobaSi. misi TaosnobiT TbilisSi Catarda

arqeologTa V yriloba (1881 w.).

al. cagareli didi mondomebiT Caeba brZolaSi, romelic

1905-1906 ww-Si qarTulma sazogadoebam, samRvdeloebasTan

erTad, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad daiwyo.

igi ruseTis umaRles samRvdeloebasTan molaparakebebis

dros mecnierulad, wyaroebze dayrdnobiT icavda qarTuli

99

eklesiis uflebebs, es brZola maSin uSedegod damTavrda.

al. cagarelma 1912 wels calke wignad gamosca `narkvevebi

qarTuli eklesiis istoriidan~ (Статьи и заметки по грузинскому церковному вопросу). 1919 wels saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT al. cagarelma gamosca broSura –

`saqarTvelos ucilobeli uflebebi misi damoukideblobis

cnobaze da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis aRdgenaze~, romelSic 1801

wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul

aqts ukanono da Zalismieri uwoda.

al. cagareli daibada 1844 wels 27 noembers sof. kaspSi,

mRvdlis ojaxSi, daamTavra jer Tbilisis sasuliero seminar-

ia (1805 w.) Semdeg vaJTa klasikuri gimnazia. gimnaziaSi swav-

lis periodSi TanamSromlobda Jurnal `ciskarTan~. qarTul

presasTan urTierTobas igi sazRvargareT swavlis period-

Sic agrZelebda. aqveynebda werilebs qarTuli literaturis,

Teatris, sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi movlenis Sesaxeb. man n.

barTaSvili bairons Seadara, xolo al. WavWavaZes XVIII s-is

qarTuli poeziis elCi uwoda. qarTuli literaturis ganvi-

Tarebis aucilebel pirobad al. cagarels xalxuri poeziis

Seswavla miaCnda. g. erisTavisa da z. antonovis piesebs igi

`qarTuli cxovrebis sarkes~ uwodebs.

al. cagareli 1867 wels swavlas ganagrZobs peterburgis

samedicino qirurgiul akademiaSi, magram or kviraSi gada-

dis universitetis istoria-filologiis fakultetze. aq igi

eswreba peterburgis universitetis pirveli qarTveli pro-

fesoris, daviT CubinaSvilis leqciebs qarTul enasa da lit-

eraturaSi, eufleba evropul enebs. 1868 wlidan swavlobs

miunxenis, tiubingenis, laifcigis, venis universitetebSi.

iRrmavebs codnas enaTmecnierebaSi. eufleba arabuls, spar-

suls, Turquls, somxurs. tiubingenSi swavlis dros adgens

somxur-inglisur, inglisur-arabul, Turqul-rusul mokle

leqsikonebs. 1871 wels brundeba peterburgSi. amave wels

prof. d. CubinaSvili gadis pensiaSi da mis adgils, qarTuli

100

enisa da sityvierebis kaTedris gamgis Tanamdebobas, misi

rekomendaciiT al. cagereli ikavebs. aqedan iwyeba mecnieris

moRvaweoba peterburgis universitetSi qarTuli enis, mw-

erlobis, saqarTvelos istoriis sauniversiteto swavlebis

SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis.

1884 wels axali wesdebis mixedviT somxuri da qarTuli

enebis kaTedrebi gaerTianda. am gaerTianebam qarTuli enis

swavlebis pirobebi SezRuda. al. cagarelma didi brZolis

Sedegad 1902 wels kaTedris aRdgenas miaRwia, moipova stu-

denturi stipendiebi, ganaaxla saswavlo programebi.

peterburgis universitetis profesori al. cagareli 1920

wels airCies Tbilisis axlad daarsebuli universitetis sa-

patio profesorad da sibrZnismetyvelebis fakulteteze

leqciebis wasakiTxad miiwvies. igi didi sixaruliT Camovi-

da saqarTveloSi. cota xniT kiTxulobda leqciebs qarTul

literaturasa da saqarTvelos politikuri urTierTobebis

istoriaSi. mas mudam xalxmravali auditoria hyavda. pro-

fesorma Tavisi mdidari biblioTeka universitets saCuqrad

gadasca. Tbilisis universitetma 1922 wels al. cagarels

a. SaniZis, k. kekeliZis, S. nucubiZis TaosnobiT samecniero

moRvaweobis 50 wlis iubile gadauxada. konstantine gamsax-

urdia iubilesadmi miRZvnil werilSi werda: àl. cagarels

yvelaferi hqonda, magram igi mudam fiqrobda Tavis patara

saqarTveloze. 50 wlis moRvaweobis iubiles dRes swored

am didi siyvarulisaTvis akocebs saqarTvelo Tavisi Svilis

naoWebian Subls~. akad. iv. javaxiSvilma saiubileo sityvaSi

Tqva: àl. cagarelis damsaxureba epoqaluria da mis Sromebze

Taobebi iswavlian~.

saiubileo saRamoze prof. al. cagarelma dafasebisTvis

madloba gadaixada da mokrZalebiT ganacxada: `me kargad vici,

rom es pativsicema ar Seexeba marto Cems pirovnebas, aramed

– im sagansac, romelsac me didxans vemsaxurebodi ucxoeTSi:

rogorc samSoblo enas, ise qarTul literaturas, istorias

101

da qarTul siZveleT... ra gavakeTe, ra movagvare, am xnis gan-

mavlobaSi? – is, rac Cvens mecnierebas da saqarTvelos... Seef-

ereboda!~ es gaxldaT misi ukanaskneli sajaro gamosvla.

1929 wlis 15 noembers qarTulma sazogadoebam aleqsandre

cagarelis neSti mTawmindis miwas miabara. es misi Rvawlis

udavod didi dafasebaa.

102

Tema V


saqarTveloSi (XIX s-is me-2 naxevari –

XX s-is dasawyisi)

ruseTis imperatoris, aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 se-

qtembris manifestiT gauqmda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo. qar-

Tulma samefom arseboba Sewyvita da igi ruseTis guberniad

gamocxadda. am aqtma safuZveli daudo ara mxolod mTeli

saqarTvelos, aramed mTlianad amierkavkasiis damoukide-

blobis dasasruls.

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba didi erovnuli

tragedia iyo. Sedegad, saqarTvelo umZimes mdgomareobaSi

aRmoCnda. qveyanaSi antirusulma ganwyobilebam mwvaved iCina

Tavi. XIX saukunis dasawyisidanve, saxelmwifoebriobis aRd-

genisaTvis brZolaSi Caeba mTeli eri.

damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis pirveli etapi

saqarTveloSi gamosvlebma da ajanyebebma moicva. saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi xuTi farTo masStabiani ajanyeba moewyo.

yvela ajanyeba marcxiT dasrulda. sabolood, ruseTis impe-

riam erovnuli moZraoba sisxlSi CaaxSo. ruseTma xelT igdo

ekonomika. ucxotomelTa Camosaxlebis Sedegad Seiqmna Zl-

ieri socialuri dasayrdeni, qarTvelTa sazianod Seicvala

demografiuli viTareba. kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi

ruseTis eqspansiis sawinaaRmdego Zala aRar Canda.

saqarTveloSi mkveTrad fexmokidebuli ruseTi XIX sau-

kunis II naxevridan Seudga Tavisi yvelaze mzakvruli gegmis

ganxorcielebas. ruseTis koloniuri politikis umTavres

mizans qarTveli eris asimilacia warmoadgenda. am miznis mis-

aRwevad aucilebeli iyo qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis mo-

spoba. amisaTvis ki saWiro Seiqna im garemos moSla, romelSic

yalibdeba amgvari cnobiereba. umTavresi dasayrdeni – qar-

Tuli eklesia ukve gauqmebuli iyo da igi ruseTis saegzar-

103

qosos emorCileboda. wirva-locva midioda rusul enaze, ga-

naTlebis sistemaSi daiwyes koloniuri politikis gatareba.

saxalxo ganaTlebas, mTel amierkavkasiaSi (1878-1899 w.w.) sa-

TaveSi edga kirile petres Ze ianovski, erTi im `veSapTagani~,

romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen carizmis koloniuri poli-

tikis gatarebas saqarTveloSi. ianovskis gegma Semdegi iyo:

aqtiurad daenerga TviTmpyrobelobis politika swavla-ga-

naTlebis dargSi, raSic upirvelesad igulisxmeboda skolis

gadaqceva adgilobrivi erebis gadagvarebisa da garusebis

mZlavr iaraRad. misi survili iyo axali Taobis saxiT xe-

lisuflebisaTvis mieca `gonebiT dakninebuli da suliT da-

monebuli~ moxele Cinovniki. ianovskis mtkiced swamda, rom

skola unda iqnes rusuli yofis damnergavi imperiis gana-

pira qveynebSi. bunebrivia, am miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli

iyo sabolood ganedevnaT skolebidan qarTuli ena. swored

amitom 1881 wels miiRes saswavlo gegma, romlis meSveobiT-

ac saqarTvelos skolebidan qarTuli ganidevna da dawyebiT

skolebSic ki swavla rusul enaze SemoiRes. ruseTis xelisu-

fleba ufro Sors wavida. man miznad daisaxa erovnuli TviT-

Segnebis daZabuneba qarTveli xalxis gaTiSviTa da maT Soris

SuRlis CamogdebiT. megrelebi da svanebi araqarTvelebad ga-

moacxades. ianovskis aqtiurobiT, 1885 wels gamoica brZaneba

samegrelos skolebSi qarTuli enis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. rusuli

enis swavleba `megruli enis~ saSualebiT daiwyes, TiTqosda

megruli enis interesebis dasacavad. 1889 wels vaTa aSordiam

rusuli alfabetis safuZvelze Seqmna `megruli anbani~, xolo

1892 wels quTaisis saxalxo skolebis direqtorma, levickim,

peterburgel `mecnier~ grenTan erTad, megruli skolebisaT-

vis rusuli enis saxelmZRvanelo Seadgina, egzarqosma scada

samegrelos eklesiaSi wirva-locvis megrul enaze SemoReba.

samegrelos skolebSi daiwyes locvebisa da bibliis calkeu-

li adgilebis megrulad Targmna, aikrZala qarTul enaze Ju-

rnal-gazeTebis gamocema. xelisufleba did winaaRmdegobas

uwevda istoriuli codnis gavrcelebas sazogadoebaSi, gan-

104

sakuTrebiT afrTxobda istoriis erovnul-aRmzdelobiTi

mniSvneloba. saqarTvelos istoria panikur SiSs iwvevda masSi.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis istoriaSi

daiwyo meore etapi, qarTulma sazogadoebam ruseTis impe-

rias ideologiuri da inteleqtualuri brZola gamoucxada.

swored am sazogadoebis saxes warmoadgendnen ilia WavWavaZis

winamZRolobiT 60-ian wlebSi samoRvaweo asparezze gamosuli

Tergdaleulebi; am did erovnul saqmeSi ilias mxarSi edga

moRvaweTa mTeli dasi: akaki wereTeli, dimitri yifiani, niko

nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, vaJa-fSavela,

sergei mesxi da sxvebi.

ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi didi antiimperi-

uli moZraobis dawyeba ise, rom mas ar mieRoO eqstremistu-

li xasiaTi da ar gadazrdiliyo ruseTTan damRupvel omSi,

did diplomatiur moqnilobas saWiroebda. Tergdaleulebma

es moaxerxes. sainteresoa, ras wers amgvari brZolis Sesaxeb

istorikosi Tedo Jordania: `Cven qarTvelebs oriaTasi wlis

brZola gagvivlia, uwin xmliT vigeriebdiT gakadnierebul

moZaladeebs, dRes sxvagvari brZola gvmarTebs – brZola

kulturuli, CvenTvis uCveulo, Zneli, magram Cveni simarTle

gvargunebs gamarjvebas, am uCveulo brZolaSi~. SeiZleba iTq-

vas, rom qarTulma sazogadoebam brZola erovnulobis Sesan-

arCuneblad warmatebiT daagvirgvina.

erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebma moipoves nebarT-

va, daearsebinaT qarTuli perioduli gamocemebi: `saqarT-

velos gazeTi~, `tfilisis uwyebani~, Jurnali `ciskari~, `saqa-

rTvelos moambe~, `droeba~, ìveria~ (1877-78 ww-Si gamodioda

perioduli gazeTis saxiT, 1879-86 ww-Si yovelTviur Jur-

nalad, xolo 1886 wlidan yoveldRiur gazeTad gadakeTda).

am periodis presis daniSnuleba da mizani zustad gansazRvra

iliam: `Jurnal-gazeToba azrisa da codnis gamavrcelebelia.

Jurnal-gazeToba warmoadgens erTs udides saswavlebels,

romlis meoxebiTac unda aRorZindes, aRizardos, dafuZndes

da gamSvenierdes sazogadoebis azri da rwmena, grZnoba da ge-

105

movneba... Jurnal-gazeToba sazomia cxovrebis moTxovnilebi-

sa da saWiroebisa~. am amonarididanac kargad Cans, Tu ra

mniSvneloba eniWeboda presas qarTuli sazogadoebis mier

dawyebul did erovnul moZraobaSi. qarTulma sazogadoebam

moipova ufleba, gaexsna Tbilissa da quTaisSi saTavadazn-

auro-saadgilmamulo bankebi, romelmac ixsna saqarTvelo

da qarTuli miwa gasxvisebisagan. batonymobis gauqmebisa da

axali ekonomikuri urTierTobebis fonze usaxsrod darCe-

nil qarTvel aristokratias SeeZlo miwis giraos sanacvlod

fuli saadgilmamulo bankisagan mieRo Osesxad da ara somexi

burJuaziisagan. TuU fulis msesxebeli vals ver daabruneb-

da, misi mamuli bankis da ara ucxotomelTa sakuTreba xde-

boda. amasTan erTad, bankis mflobelobaSi gadasuli mamuli

SeiZleboda Zvel mepatrones ukan daebrunebina, Tuki miwis

Rirebulebas gadaixdida. qarTulma sazogadoebam SeZlo

daefuZnebina `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcele-

beli sazogadoeba~. mTavrobis mier daarsebuli saqarTvelos

saegzarqosos muzeumis TanamSromlebma daiwyes saqarTvelos

eklesia-monastrebSi Semonaxuli siZveleebis moZieba, Sekre-

ba, Senaxva da Seswavla. XX s-is 10-ian wlebSi daarsda saaka-

demio saqmianobis fuZisCamyreli `saqarTvelos saistorio da

saeTnografio sazogadoeba~ da mravali sxva.

qarTveli inteligenciis ltolvas kulturul-saganmana-

Tleblo sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi gaerTianebisaken

biZgs aZlevda, agreTve, XIX s-nis 60-70 wlebSi evropasa da

ruseTSi kerZo TaosnobiT gaCaRebuli farTomasStabiani moZ-

raoba saxalxo ganaTlebis dargSi. am periodSi kerZo inicia-

tivis safuZvelze Seiqmna mravali TviTmoqmedi, kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba inglisSi, safrangeTSi, CexeT-

Si, slovakiaSi, moraviaSi, ruseTSi da sxvagan.

1811 wels inglissa da uelsSi andriu belis iniciativiT

Camoyalibda `Rarib mowafeTa aRzrdis nacionaluri sazoga-

doeba~, romelmac farTo propaganda daiwyo provinciebSi

ufaso swavlis SemoRebisaTvis. 1832 wels parlamentis qveda

106

palatam yovelwliurad 20 aTasi girvanqa sterlingi daawesa

saxalxo skolebis gasavrceleblad da 10 aTasi – pedagogTa

mosamzadeblad. am droidan kerZo pirebi da komitetebi moed-

vnen mTel ingliss, romlebic agitacias eweodnen ganaTlebis

aucileblobis Sesaxeb. agrovebdnen Semowirulobebs, xsnid-

nen ufaso skolebsa da biblioTekebs. kerZo iniciativiT daw-

yebulma saqmem iseTi masStabebi miiRo, rom 1879 wels inglisSi

SemoiRes savaldebulo swavleba, xolo 90-ian wlebSi saxalxo

universitetebi gaixsna. 1870 wels parizSi Seiqmna `safrange-

Tis ganaTlebis liga~. ligis mizans warmoadgenda swavla-gana-

Tlebis gavrceleba safrangeTis mosaxleobis farTo wreebSi.

`liga~ xsnida ufaso skolebs da biblioTeka-samkiTxveloebs,

muzeumebs, awyobda sajaro leqciebs sxvadasxva aqtualur

sakiTxze. 1876 wlisTvis `ligis~ wevrTa ricxvi 300 aTass

aRemateboda, aerTianebda 210 kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

sazogadoebas, gaxsnili hqonda 200-ze meti filiali, eqvem-

debareboda 600-ze meti biblioTeka da sxv. ruseTSi saxalxo

ganaTlebis dargSi kerZo iniciativis gafarToebas xeli Seu-

wyo 60-70-iani wlebis liberalurma reformebma (erobebis

Camoyalibeba..) progresulad moazrovne rusuli sazogadoe-

ba Tvlida, rom xalxis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad mxolod

batonymobis gauqmeba ar iyo sakmarisi, aucileblobas war-

moadgenda xalxis `gonebrivi sibnelidan ganTavisufleba~.

am mizniT daarsda: `sasargeblo wignebis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoeba~ (1861 w.), `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli peter-

burgis komiteti~ (1861 w.), `moskovis komerciuli ganaTlebis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ (1878 w.) da sxva. maT garda ar-

sebobda specialuri samecniero sazogadoebebic, romlebic

TanamSromlobdnen saganmanaTleblo organizaciebTan. mag.

`moskovis universitetTan arsebuli bunebismetyvelebis,

anTropologiisa da eTnologiis moyvarulTa sazogadoeba~

(daarsda 1863 wels). am sazogadoebebTan TanamSromlobdnen

cnobili pedagogebi, mecnierebi, mwerlebi da inteligenciis

sxva dargis warmomadgenlebi. kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

107

sazogadoebebi `maticas~ saxelwodebiT moqmedebdnen gali-

ciaSi, moraviaSi, serbeTSi, sloveniaSi, xorvatiasa da CexeT-

Si. `matica~ materialurad exmareboda mwerlebs, studentebs,

avrcelebda wignebs, xsnida biblioTeka-samkiTxveloebs. aR-

saniSnavia erTi, `maticas~ sazogadoebebis mizans, mag. safr-

angeTisa da inglisis TviTmoqmedi saganmanaTleblo sazoga-

doebebisagan gansxvavebiT, gasagebi viTarebis gamo, warmoad-

genda erovnuli mecnierebis, kulturis, literaturis, de-

daenis ganviTareba, rac xels uwyobda nacionalurad Cagrul

xalxebSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebas, erovnuli

ideologiis damkvidrebas. swored es iyo is umniSvnelovane-

si mizani, im saganmanaTleblo-kulturuli farTomasStabiani

moZraobisa, romelic XIX saukunis me-2 naxevarSi, qarTvelma

samocianelebma daiwyes didi ilias xelmZRvanelobiT.

ilias, SeiZleba iTqvas – arc erT problemaze imdeni ar

ufiqria, umsjelia, ukamaTia, uweria, ramdenic ganaTlebaze,

codnaze, mecnierebaze. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi,

rogorc namdvil liberals, ilias sjeroda, rom codnis Tan-

daTanobiTi gafarToebis Sedegad yoveli Taoba, ganviTarebiT,

winamorbeds uswrebs. codnis miRebiT adamians sakuTari Ta-

vis srulyofa da cxovrebis gaumjobeseba SeuZlia. ganaTleba

liberalTa SexedulebebiT pirovnebis TviTganviTarebisa da

zogadad, istoriuli progresis miRwevis aucilebeli piro-

baa. ilias saganmanaTleblo koncefciaSi mSobliuri enis ro-

lisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb, ilias argumentacia mTlianad ev-

ropeli pedagogebisa da mecnierebis Sromebs da gamocdile-

bas eyrdnoboda: `ymawvil-kacoba unda momzaddes bejiTisa da

zedmiwevnil codniTa, unda ramdenadac SesaZloa, Zireulad

Seiswavlos evropuli mecniereba, win gaimZRvaros evropis ga-

mocdileba da am Tof-iaraRiT Seudges Cvenis qveynis saqmes~.

ilias umTavres wuxils warmoadgenda is, rom yoveldRiuri

duxWiri yofiT, mZime problemebiT datvirTuli umecari ada-

miani, ver gaacnobierebda sazogadoebrivi interesebis qonis

aucileblobas da, rac mTavaria, ver mixdveboda zogadsaka-

108

cobrio da erovnuli idealebisaken ltolvis mniSvnelobas:

ùmecar kacs rogor STaagoneb, rom misi sakuTari interesebi

moiTxovs, rom Tavis mezobelTan kargi ganwyobileba hqondes,

rom mezoblis ubedureba da SeuZlebloba mas bednierebas da

SeZlebas ver SesZens, rom mxolod urTierTobrivi Tanxmoba,

Sewevna hbadebs bednierebas da simdidres, rogorc mTeli

xalxisas, ise kerZo kacisas~. mxolod interesTa erTianobis

gacnobierebis safuZvelze miaCnda ilias SesaZleblad e. w.

`saerTo niadagze~ dafuZnebuli ideologiis ganxorcieleba.

misi azriT ki, interesTa erTianoba (socialur, erovnul,

politikur Tu kulturul sferoSi) SimSilsa da umecrebas

ver daefuZneboda, umecrebis winaaRmdeg brZola – werda igi

– `,mxolod mecnierebas SeuZlia~, romelic yovel mxriv unda

ganviTardes, radgan saqarTvelos sWirdeba `maswavlebeli,

eqimi, teqniki da sxva~. umecrebis winaaRmdeg brZola, ilias

eris `fexze dadgomis~, `welSi gamarTvis~ yvelaze efeqtur

saSualebad miaCda. im periodisaTvis SeZlebisadagvarad far-

TomasStabiani swavleba yvela socialuri fenis axalgazrdo-

bisaTvis iyo is, razec unda dafuZnebuliyo suliereba. bune-

brivia, koloniuri uRlis pirobebSi myofi qveynis saxelmwifo

skolebi amgvari miznisTvis ar gamodgeboda. es funqcia kerZo

iniciativiT daarsebul skolebs unda aeRoT sakuTar Tavze.

rogorc cnobilia, ena da eri, ilias moZRvrebaSi ganuy-

ofelia. `qarTvelobis~ identoba enaze gadioda da mis dacvas

emyareboda. iliasa da misi TanamebrZolis – iakob gogebaS-

vilis SexedulebiT – enas Tu ganaTlebis funqcia ara aqvs,

is ver iqneba srulyofilad mSobliuri ena. mSobliuria is

ena, romlis gamoyenebiT xdeba mozardis adaptireba gare sa-

myarosTan, misi cnobierebis ganviTareba. eris gadagvarebac

maSin iwyeba, roca mSobliuri ena kargavs fuqncias. ilia da i.

gogebaSvili erT-erTi pirvelebi iyvnen, romlebmac qarTul

enaze zrunva erovnuli cnobierebis, da zogadad, qarTvelo-

bis gadarCenas daukavSires; ruseTis imperiis rusifikator-

uli politikis pirobebSi erovnuli enis sakuTar uflebebSi

109

aRdgena nebismieri mamuliSvilis umTavresi zrunvis sagani

gaxda. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT: ìakob gogebaSvilis pedagogi-

uri moRvaweoba iyo didi sazogadebrivi da politikuri mniS-

vnelobis movlena, xolo misi `qarTuli enis anbani da pirveli

sakiTxavi wigni moswavleTaTvis~ (1865) da `deda ena~ (1876)

qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis aRzrdis saxelmZRvanelo

gaxda~.

ilias azriT, codna, mecniereba is safuZvelia, romelic

ganapirobebs qveynis progress. mecnierebi, misi TqmiT, mo-

saxleobis is `naRebia~, romlebic pirvelni igeben cxovrebis

majiscemas, gaiazreben cvlilebebis saWiroebas da SeuZli-

aT am cvlilebebis sasikeTo mimarTulebis gansazRvra. mec-

nierebi, `xalxis dawinaurebuli Taoba, maSinve mixvdeba, rom

dro icvleba, hgrZnobs, rom eca suli axalis gazafxulisa,

ganaxlebisa,.. rom Zveli cxovreba aivso, damwifda da axla am

nayofidan unda gamoikribos axali Tesli axali cxovrebis

gamosakvanZad~. swored am ideebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis sa-

Sualebad iqca is sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, romelTa

Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-

doeba: iakob gogebaSvilis gadmocemiT, 1864 wlis pirvel

naxevarSi qarTveli inteligenciis erT kerZo wreSi, ro-

melic ikribeboda ioseb mamacaSvilis ojaxSi, daibada azri

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTხvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis

daarsebis Sesaxeb. am wreSi Sediodnen: i. mamacaSvili, i, goge-

baSvili, a. furcelaZe, d. baqraZe, d. musxeliSvili, v. TulaS-

vili, k. mamacaSvili da sxvebi.

qarTvel xalxSi swavla-ganaTlebis survili didi iyo. im-

droindeli presis mixedviT, ukanaskneli asi wlis manZilze

qarTvel sazogadoebaSi àrc erT sagans ar miuqcevia iseTi

didi yuradReba, rogorc swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxma miiq-

cia~. presaSi xSirad SexvdebodiT inteligenciis Civils imis

Sesaxeb, rom arc erT ganaTlebul erSi wera-kiTxva ise nak-

lebad arsad ar iyo gavrcelebuli, rogorc saqarTveloSi.

110

saxalxo skolebisa da biblioTekebis daarseba, iaffa-

siani wignebis gavrceleba da, saerTod, saxalxo ganaTlebas-

Tan dakavSirebuli mTeli simZime qarTveli inteligenciis

pasuxismgeblobis qveS unda yofiliyo, radgan saqarTveloSi

XIX s-nis me-2 naxevarSi sxva Zala ar arsebobda, romelic iz-

runebda saxalxo ganaTlebaze.

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-

doebis debulebis proeqti SeimuSaves dimitri yifianma, ilia

WavWavaZem, iakob gogebaSvilma, vaxtang TulaSvilma da niko

cxvedaZem. debulebis proeqti mzad iyo 1878 wlis ivnisisT-

vis, romelsac xels awerda 126 kaci. proeqti damtkicda 1879

wlis 31 marts.

sazogadoebis mizans warmoadgenda: `wignisa da codnis

Tavdapirveli gavrceleba~ kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi mosax-

le qarTvelebs Soris. am miznis misaRwevad, rogorc debule-

baSi weria, sazogadoeba: `sadac skolebi aris gaxsnili, imaT

xels umarTavs, sadac saWiro iqneba axali skolebis gaxsnas

exmareba, an TviTona xsnis Tavisi xarjiT; saxalxo wignebis

kiTxvas marTavs da sakiTxavsa (biblioTeka-samkiTxveloebs)

xsnis; beWdavs saswavleblisaTvis saxelmZRvaneloebs da sxva

wignebs saxalxo sakiTxavad; Seadgens Tavis samwignobros (wign-

sacavs), rogorc TavisTvis, ise xalxisTvis sakiTxavad, gaiCens

wignebisa da sxva saswavlo nivTebis sawyobs, rac muqTad Tu

fasiT iqneba dasarigebeli; yovelgvari saSualebiT moamza-

debs saxalxo maswavlebels an im saswavlebelSi, rac aqamde

aris gamarTuli, an ara da TviTon Tavisi xarjiT gamarTavs

amisaTvis calke saswavlebels~. debulebis me-3 paragrafSi

naTqvamia, rom dawyebiT skolebSi swavleba mSobliur enaze

warimarTeba, xolo rusuli ena iswavleba, rogorc sagani.

1879 wlis 15 maiss Sedga qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis wevrTa damfuZnebeli kreba.

krebis mizani iyo arCevnebi. sazogadoebisa da gamgeobis Tavm-

jdomared krebam daasaxela grigol orbeliani, romelmac xan-

dazmulobisa da avadmyofobis gamo uari Tqva. sazogadoebis

111

Tavmjdomared erTxmad airCies dimitri yifiani. sazogadoe-

bis gamgeobis wevrebad airCies: ilia WavWavaZe, niko cxvedaZe,

iakob gogebaSvili, ivane maCabeli, aleqsandre sarajiSvili,

rafiel erisTavi, xolo kandidatebad; n. qananovi, d. avaliS-

vili, g. uTurgauli. sazogadoebis gamgeobam Tavmjdomaris

amxanagad airCia ilia WavWavaZe, xolo mdivnad aleqsandre

sarajiSvili. 1880 wlis 20 ianvars sazogadoebis saerTo kre-

bam Seavso gamgeobis Semadgenloba, wevrebad airCies: giorgi

wereTeli, Tedo Jordania, ivane gamyreliZe, iona meunargia,

giorgi TumaniSvili, giorgi uTurgauli, xolo 1885 wels

sazogadoebis Tavmjdomared airCies ilia WavWavaZe, romelic

am movaleobas gardacvalebamde (1907 w.) asrulebda. mogviano

xanaSi sazogadoebas fasdaudebeli Rvawli dasdes: eqvTime

TayaiSvilma, daviT kariWaSvilma, giorgi yazbegma (1907 wli-

dan sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare), luarsab bocvaZem da sxvebma.

1896 wlisTvis sazogadoebis gamgeobas warmomadgenelebi hy-

avda TelavSi, quTaisSi, axalsenakSi, saCxereSi, foTSi, leCx-

umSi, zugdidSi, siRnaRSi, axalgorSi, borjomSi, SorapanSi,

gorSi, yarsSi, saingiloSi, baqoSi da sxvagan.

1907 wels SemuSavda sazogadoebis axali debuleba, rom-

liTac mas uZravi qonebis SeZenis ufleba mieca. gamgeobas-

Tan daarsda administraciuli, saskolo, sagamomcemlo, bib-

lioTekisa da saxalxo kiTxvis, samuzeumo seqciebi. seqciebs

xelmZRvanelobdnen gamgeobis wevrebi.

1909 wlidan Camoyalibda sazogadoebis adgilobrivi gan-

yofilebebi farTo avtonomiuri uflebebiT. maT sakuTari

gamgeobebi hyavdaT. 1913 wels sazogadoebis aseTi ganyofile-

bebi moqmedebda: quTaisSi, zestafonSi, axalcixeSi, baTum-

Si, borjomSi, gorSi, gudauTaSi, duSeTSi, vanSi, zugdidSi,

TelavSi, lixaurSi, onSi, oCamCireSi, samtrediaSi, siRnaRSi,

senakSi, soxumSi, foTSi, soWSi, cxinvalSi, WiaTuraSi, aseve

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT. tuafseSi, alagirSi, baqoSi,

ganjaSi, erevanSi, kavkavSi, zogierTi ganyofileba did kul-

turul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas eweoda. quTaisSi gam-

112

geobam stamba SeiZina da wignebs beWdavda. baTumSi, soxumSi,

kavkavsa da baqoSi gaxsnes qarTuli skolebi, romelTac ad-

gilobrivi ganyofilebebi xelmZRvanelobdnen da inaxavdnen.

maT saskolo Senobebic aages sakuTari saxsrebiT.

sazogadoebis mudmivi da saimedo Semosavali, debulebis

mixedviT, sawevro gadasaxadi unda yofiliyo, magram am Tanx-

iT raime mniSvnelovani saqmis gakeTeba ar xerxdeboda. 1879

wels 11 000 maneTi sazogadoebas gadasca Tbilisis guberniis

saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankma, saidanac 8 000 maneTi

unda moxmareboda quTaisis axladdaarsebul saTavadaznauro

skolas. 1885 wels sazogadoebas gamgeobam Seuqmna komisia

ilias, giorgi qarTveliSvilisa da aleqsnadre ColoyaSvi-

lis SemadgenlobiT, romelsac daevala fulis Segroveba da

sazogadoebis nivTierad gaZliereba. 1888 wels gamgeobam

gaxsna wignis maRazia, romelic vaWrobda sazogadoebis mier

gamocemuli da sakomisios wignebiT. Zmebma zubalaSvilebma

1904 wels sazogadoebas Seswires 10 000 maneTi, xeluxlebeli

Tanxa, romelsac is wera-kiTxvis gavrcelebis saqmeze xarja-

vda. zubalaSvilebma 3000 maneTiT daafinanses leqsikonis Sed-

gena. 1908 wlidan isini oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebas

yovelwliurad uricxavdnen 6 000 maneTs stipendiebis dasawe-

seblad da sxva. 1911 wels gardaicvala nikoloz RoRoberiZe,

romelmac sazogadoebas uanderZa 45 000 maneTi sxvadasxva

saWiroebisaTvis: stipendiebisaTvis, wignebis gamosacemad,

dawyebiTi ganaTlebisaTvis; 1912 wels q. samaraSi gardaicva-

la prof. aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, romelmac sazogadoebas 45

000 maneTi uanderZa. daviT sarajiSvilma, 1910 wels Sedgeni-

li anderZiT, sazogadoebas didZali Tanxa dautova muzeumis

asagebad da stipendiebisaTvis. iakob gogebaSvilis anderZiT,

sazogadoebam miiRoO mis wignebze gamocemis ufleba. ilia da

olRa WavWavaZeebis qoneba saguramoSi (saxli, venaxi, tye da

sayane), saxli TbilisSi, ilias mier 1905 wels Sedgenili an-

derZiT sazogadoebas gadaeca. garda amisa sazogadoebis sa-

kuTrebaSi iyo saskolo Senobebi. kavkavis, soxumis, yalmaSiis,

113

baqos, baTumis, winarexis, gomareTis, gergetis; quTaisis gan-

yofilebis stamba; skolebis aveji, wignebi, samkiTxveloebis

qoneba da sxva.

sazogadoeba gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas aqcevda im re-

gionebs da iq xsnida skolebs, sadac qarTul enas gaqroba

emuqreboda. aWaraSi, osmaleTis gavlenis Sesamsubuqeblad,

samegreloSi, rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg, kavka-

vSi, romlis Senaxvac ikisra mixeil yifianma. gansakuTrebiT

aRniSvnis Rirsia, sazogadoebis mcdeloba gaexsnaT fere-

idanSi qarTuli skola. iranidan Camoiyvanes ori axalgazrda

– hosein onikaSvili da reza xuciSvili. Seaswavles qarTuli

ena. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTulma sazogadoebam sakmao

Tanxa Seagrova, skolis gaxsna iranSi ar moxerxda, Tumca

hosein onikaSvili individualurad aswavlida fereidnel qa-

rTvelebs qarTul wera-kiTxvas.

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba Tavis umniS-

vnelovanes daniSnulebad miiCnevda biblioTekebis gaxsnas.

1914 wlisTvis sazogadoebis saxelze iricxeboda 66 bib-

lioTeka-samkiTxvelo.

did mamuliSvilur saqmed iTvleboda wera-kiTxvis gama-

vrcelebeli sazogadoebis wignsacav-muzeumis daarseba. am

muzeumis daarsebis idea ekuTvnis cnobil moRvawes iona

meunargias. rusifikatoruli politikis pirobebSi eris

kulturuli memkvidroebis movla-patronobas didi mniSvn-

eloba eniWeboda, rogorc misi mecnieruli Rirebulebis, ise

erovnul-politikuri TvalsazrisiT. upatronobiT nadgur-

deboda qarTuli kulturis SesaniSnavi Zeglebi, ikargeboda

xelovnebis Zvirfasi nimuSebi, unikaluri manuskriptebi,

ikonografiuli Zeglebi; nadgurdeboda Zveli qarTuli xel-

nawerebis umdidresi koleqciebi sazRvargareTis qarTuli

kulturis centrebSic. saWiro iyo maTi moZieba, Segroveba da

Senaxva. swored am saqmes emsaxureboda sazogadoebis wignT-

sacav-muzeumi. 1915 wlisTvis am muzeumSi inaxeboda: 1965

114

xelnaweri, 4058 nabeWdi wigni, 1341 sigel-gujari, 975 cali

samuzeumo nivTi, 5340 numizmaturi koleqcia da sxv.

saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg (1921 w.) sazogadoeba

iwodeboda `wignebis gamomcemel da gamavrcelebel qarTul

sazogadoebad~, romlis likvidaciis Taobaze 1927 wlis 21-23

ivniss Sedga aqti. ase dasrulda qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTx-

vis gamavrcelebli sazogadoebis arseboba.

saeklesio muzeumi: istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebas,

garda rusifikatoruli politikis arsebobisa saqarTveloSi,

xels uSlida Sesabamisi samecniero-kvleviTi dawesebule-

bebis ar arseboba. ìstoriis kvlevasa da Ziebas muyaiTi, dam-

jdari da gamudmebuli mSvidi kabineturi Sroma unda, aseTi

SromisaTvis ki Cveni cxovreba rodia mowyobili, amisaTvis arc

SeZleba, arc garemoeba da arc nivTieri mdgomareoba xels ar

gviwyobs, Cven gvmarTebs mxolod im imediT visuldgmuloT,M

imitom viSromoT da vijafoT, rom piruTvneli istoriis Sem-

dgenels niadagi movumzadoT~ – werda i. fancxava. miuxedavad

am garemoebisa, XIX s-is me-2 naxevris moRvawe istorikosebma

seriozuli Sroma gaswies istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTa-

rebisaTvis. bunebrivia, am saqmis warmatebisTvis aucilebeli

iyo praqtikuli nabijebi. samecniero perioduli gamocemebis

daarseba da dawesebuleba, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda isto-

riuli mecnierebis kvlevisaTvis saWiro masalebis Tavmoyra.

mose janaSvili werda ra samecniero Jurnalebis saWiroe-

bis Sesaxeb, mas miaCnda, rom JurnalebSi unda dabeWdiliyo qa-

rTvel da ucxoel istorikosTa Sromebi, moxsenebebi, axali

wyaroebi, sxvadasxva saistorio cnoba. istorikosis azriT,

aseTi gamocemebis naklebobiT ferxdeboda sazogadoebaSi

istoriuli codnis gavrceleba.

XIX saukunis bolosTvis saqarTveloSi gamodioda ramden-

ime samecniero Jurnali: ìstoriuli~ – d. baqraZis redaqto-

robiT, `saimperio geografiuli~ – l. p. zagurskis redaqto-

robiT, kavkasiis kalendari da sxv.

115

1888 wlis 15 ivliss sionis taZarTan daarsda saqarTvelos

saegzarqosos saeklesio muzeumi. muzeumis uSualo daniS-

nuleba iyo saqarTvelos eklesia-monastrebSi Semonaxuli

werilobiTi Zeglebis moZieba, Sekreba, Senaxva da Seswavla.

ilia WavWavaZe muzeumis daarsebis Sesaxeb gazeT ìveriaSi~

werda: `Tu am muzeumis gamgebelTa sakmarisi gulmodgineba

gamoiCines, ar gava oTxi-xuTi weliwadi, rom es axlad dawye-

buli saqme ar gaZlierdes da iseTi ram ar Seiqmnas, rom sxvisi

yuradRebac miizidos, rogorc nivTTa da nawerTa simravli-

Ta, egrec RirsebiTa da gamosadegobiTa~. marTlac, es dawe-

sebuleba Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis mdidar saganZurad iqca.

rogorc eq. TayaiSvili aRniSnavda, romelic d. baqraZesTan

erTad muzeumis daarsebis iniciatori iyo, `saeklesio muzeu-

mi warmoadgenda erTaderT dawesebulebas, sadac legalurad

SegveZlo Sekreba, msjeloba, xelnawerTa mowesrigeba, kvleva,

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis Sedgena da sxva amisTanebi~.

muzeumisaTvis sionis taZris ezoSi miiRes oTaxi, moawyves

biblioTeka da gamged dainiSna Tedo Jordania, romelsac

daevala, agreTve, fondis aRwerilobis Sedgena. muzeumis

gamgeoba SemdgomSi T. Jordaniam mose janaSvils gadauloca.

saeklesio muzeumis oficialur programas (1889 w.) safuZ-

vlad daedo d. baqraZis mier Sedgenili wesdebis debulebebi,

romlis mizanic iyo istoriul siZveleTa Sekreba, raSic igu-

lisxmeboda: à) Zveli xelnawerebi, Zvelad dabeWdili wignebi

da gujarebi, anu monastrebisa. b) saeklesio avejeuloba da

sxv. g) yvela Zveli saeklesio naSTebi, romelnic aRmoipove-

bian saqarTvelos saegzarqosos monaster-eklesiaTa nan-

grevebSi~.

samuzeumo eqsponatTa gamravleba intensiur saZiebo sa-

muSaoebs moiTxovda. d. baqraZem mcxeTisa da martyofis taZ-

rebSi asamde manuskripti moiZia. Zveli qarTuli xelnaweri

wignebi aRmoCnda yarsis olqis monastrebSi da sxv.

116

muzeumis xelmZRvaneloba periodulad awyobda regionebis

siZveleTa kompleqsur Seswavlas. mag. 1898 wels qarTl-kaxe-

Tis eklesia-monastrebis SeswavlisTvis Seiqmna sami komisia.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda muzeumSi Tavmoyri-

li eqsponatebis aRwerilobasa da sistematizacias, romelic

katalogebis saxiT gamoicemoda da Tan erTvoda mecnierTa

komentarebi. am saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZRviT d. baqraZes, T.

Jor danias (1902 w, gamosca 2 tomad 800 xelnaweris aRwerilo-

ba), m. janaSvils (1908 w. gamosca 240 xelnaweris aRweriloba).

muzeumSi 1908 wlis Semdeg Semosuli xelnawerebi kvlav aRi-

wera 1921-28 wlebSi. saeklesio muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi

1921 wels Tbilisis universitets gadaeca, 1830 wels ki sxva

siZveleTsacavebis fondebTan erTad – saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifo muzeumis xelnawerTa ganyofilebas.

saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoeba:

1907 wlis 20 seqtembers Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa

sadeputacio sakrebulos darbazSi gaimarTa saistorio da

saeTnografio sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli kreba. arCeuli

iqna sazogadoebis sabWo da sarevizio komisia. sabWos Tavm-

jdomared daadgines eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tavmjdomaris amx-

anagad – daviT kariWaSvili, xazinadarad – aleqsandre sara-

jiSvili, muzeumisa da biblioTekis mcvelad – ilia feraZe,

mdivnad – sergi gorgaZe; wevrebi: aleqsandre yifSiZe, po-

lievqtos karbelaSvili, mose janaSvili, iustine abulaZe;

wevrobis kandidatebi: kalistrate cincaZe, aleqsandre

mdivani, korneli kekeliZe; sarevizio komisia: ivane afxazi,

grigol yifSiZe, kote mayaSvili. SeiZleba iTqvas, sazoga-

doebis, irgvliv Semoikriba imdroindeli qarTuli mowinave

sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa OSoris upirvelesad

iyvnen istoriis mkvlevrebi, calkeuli SeZlebuli adamianebi,

sasuliero da samxedro pirebi.

krebam daamtkica sazogadoebis wesdeba, romelSic iyo

dasaxuli miznebi da amocanebi. sazogadoeba miznad isaxavda

Seegrovebina, Seeswavla da Seenaxa istoriuli, arqeologiuri,

117

anTropologiuri, literaturuli da eTnografiuli naSTebi.

rogorc, kerZod, saqarTvelosi, aseve mTeli kavkasiisa da

misi mosazRvre qveynebis. sazogadoebas unda gaexsna muzeumi,

romelSic Tavs moiyrida da daculi iqneboda nivTieri masala

da xelnawerebi, kavkasiaTmcodneobaSi dastambuli wignebi.

dagegmili iyo Jurnalebis, krebulebis, wignebis, atlasebis,

leqsikonebis, rukebis, naxatebis, notebis gamocema qarTul

da rusul enebze, samecniero eqspediciebis mowyoba da sxv.

sazogadoebas unda ewarmoebina arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, dax-

mareboda mecnierebas da samecniero sazogadoebebs kavkasiisa

da misi mezobeli qveynebis istoriis SeswavlaSi. sazogadoe-

bis mizans warmoadgenda siZveleTa dacva – SeZlebisdagvarad

daecva, ganeaxlebina da aRedgina Zveli xuroTmoZRvrebis

Zeglebi. periodulad unda gaemarTaT eTnografiuli da

siZveleTa koleqciebis gamofenebi, CaetarebinaT saeTnogra-

fio da samusiko saRamoebi.

sazogadoebas hyavda sxvadasxva kategoriis wevri: mz-

runavni – wesdebis mixedviT is pirebi iyvnen, vinc sazoga-

doebis sasargeblod yovelwliurad gadaixdidnen aranakleb

600 maneTs an erTdroulad Seitandnen 6000 maneTs; sapationi

– sapatio wevrebad im pirebs irCevdnen, vinc mniSvnelovani

samecniero gamokvlevebiT an sxva gansakuTrebuli samsaxu-

riT gamoiCenda Tavs; namdvilni – namdvili wevrebi kavkasiis

istoriis kvleva-Ziebas eweodnen da sxva samsaxurs uwevdnen

sazogadoebas; korespodentni – korespodentebi, ZiriTadad,

dedaqalaqis gareT cxovrobdnen da awodebdnen sxvadasxva

masalas.

saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis saqmianobas ga-

nagebda sazogadoebis kreba da sabWo. sazogadoebis kreba iyo

Cveulebrivi, araCveulebrivi da wliuri. Cveulebriv krebas

iwvevda Tavmjdomare saWiroebisamebr, aranakleb TveSi erTx-

el. krebis Sesaxeb informacias beWdavdnen gazeTebSi. am kre-

bas yvela msurveli eswreboda. araCveulebriv, anu daxurul

krebas niSnavdnen aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, Tavmjdomaris

118

an sazogadoebis xuTi wevris moTxovniT. krebas eswrebodnen

mzrunvelni, sapationi da namdvili wevrebi. wliuri kreba

weliwadSi erTxel imarTeboda sajarod da ismenda sazoga-

doebis saqmianobis wliur angariSs.

sazogadoebis Seqmnas didi rezonansi mohyva saqarTvelos

farglebs gareTac. 1907 wlis 20 seqtembers sazogadoebas hy-

avda 238 wevri. amave wlis 8 noembers igi 207 kaciT gaizarda.

axal wevrTa Soris iyvnen mecnierebi: niko mari, vasil pe-

triaSvili, aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, ivane javaxiSvili, zurab

avaliSvili, petre meliqiSvili, ivane TarxniSvili da sxvani.

mwerlebi: akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, ekaterine gabaSvi-

li, vasil barnovi, daviT kldiaSvili, nino nakaSiZe, anasta-

sia erisTav-xoStaria; xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi: dimitri

arayiSvili, zaqaria faliaSvili, sasuliero pirebi: episkop-

osebi – aleqsandre, leonide, kirioni da sxv.

sazogadoebas mravalmxrivma samecniero saqmianobam didi

avtoriteti Seuqmna, amitomac igi oficialur dokumentebSi

ixsenieba, rogorc èrTaderTi dawesebuleba, romelic sa-

mecniero akademiis miznebs axorcielebs~. sazogadoeba did

yuradRebas uTmobda sxvadasxva saxis eqpediciis mowyobas.

dRidan daarsebisa, igi saSualebas aZlevda Tavis wevrebs

mravlad moewyoT eqspedicia-eqskursiebi, romelTa mizani

iyo arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli nivTebis Segroveba, is-

toriuli Zeglebis Seswavla, xalxuri sityvierebis masalis

Sekreba.

sazogadoebis upirvelesi mizani gaxda qarTuli muzeu-

misa da biblioTekis Seqmna, sadac Tavi moeyreboda `nivTiers

da nawers naSTebs, romelnic exebian rogorc umTavresad

uwindelis saqarTvelos da axlandeli qarTveli tomebis,

ise mTeli kavkasiisa da misi mosazRvre qveynebis istorias,

arqeologias, literaturas, anTropologias, eTnografias da

kulturas, da agreTve dabeWdils wignebs umTavresad kavka-

siis codnis Sesaxeb~.

119

samuzeumod sazogadeobam jer erTi oTaxi miiRo saTa-

vadaznauro gimnaziis meore sarTulze, ufro gvian, am Seno-

bis mesame sarTulis mTeli marjvena mxare daikava. sazoga-

doeba kargad xedavda muzeum-wignTsacavis mniSvnelobas.

farTo perspeqtivisaTvis ki saWiro iyo sagangebo Senobis

ageba, romelsac didZali Tanxa sWirdeboda. daiwyo muSaoba

Tanxebis mosazidad. am mizniT 1909 wels Seiqmna samuzeumo

komisia, romlis Tavmjdomared eqvTime TayaiSvili airCies.

saxsrebis garda muzeum-wignsacavis daarsebas mTavrobis

nebarTva sWirdeboda. xangrZlivi mecadineobis Sedegad,

sazogadoebam biblioTekis daarsebis oficialuri nebarTva

1911 wels miiRo, xolo muzeumisa – 1912 wlis 24 ianvars.

muzeum-wignTsacavis daarsebis sakiTxis gadawyvetamde

samuzeumo eqsponatebi TandaTan grovdeboda: 1917 wlisTvis

sazogadoebas gaaCnda 9875 wigni, 160 albomi, 1427 xelnaweri

da 8000-ze meti sigel-gujari. uZvelesi xelnaweri X s-s gane-

kuTneboda. sigel-gujarTa Soris uZvelesi XII s-is iyo, xolo

uaxlesi – XIX s-is dasawyisisa. sazogadoebas, agreTve, gaaCnda

2432 sxvadasxva saarqeologio da saeTnografio nivTi, 550

naqsov-nakeri eqsponati, 62 qandakeba, 585 mxatvruli nawar-

moebi.

1912 wlidan sazogadoebam daiwyo eklesia-monastrebis

kedlebidan freskebis gadmoRebis organizeba. 1917 wlisTvis

73 Zveli freskis piri moepoveboda sazogadoebas da muzeumis

calke ganyofilebas Seadgenda. aq iyo: beTaniis, safaris, mcx-

eTis, yinwvisis, garejis, berTubnis, xaxulis, oSkis, iSxnis da

sxva taZarTa freskebi.

Segrovda saistorio numizmatikuri koleqcia. qarTuli

monetebis koleqcia Sedga iakob medvedevisagan Sesyiduli

monetebis, eq. TayaiSvilisa da kirion II-is koleqciebisgan.

sazogadoebam saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi gamoyo

agentebi, romlebic did muSaobas eweodnen mosaxleobaSi.

krebdnen sawevro gadasaxads da agrovebdnen arqeologiur da

eTnografiul masalas. aseTi agentebi iyvnen: quTaisSi – ioseb

120

ocxeli, baTumSi – ilia feraZe, arTvinSi – nikoloz erisTav-

SarvaSiZe, kavkavSi – ioseb lorTqifaniZe, moskovSi – aleqsan-

dre javaxiSvili, baqoSi – ivane eliaSvili da sxva.

sazogadoebaSi daviT kariWaSvilis mecadineobiT daarsda

lingvisturi ganyofileba, daiwyo enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebis

kvleva. sazogadoeba did mniSvnelobas aniWebda leqsikolo-

giis sakiTxebs, 1917-24 wlebSi intensiurad ikiTxeboda samec-

neiro moxsenebebi, imarTeboda eqskursiebi,

sazogadoebas didi materialuri damxareba gauwies: daviT

sarajiSvilma, nikoloz RoRoberiZem, pavle TumaniSvilma,

akaki xoStariam da sxvebma.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan sazogadoeba saqarTvelos gas-

abWoebis Semdegac agrZelebda saqmianobas.

rogorc cnobilia, menSevikuri mTavrobis gankargule-

biT mTeli samuzeumo qonebis safrangeTSi waReba gadawyda.

samuzeumo Zvirfaseulobis mcvelad damfuZnebeli krebis

mier eqvTime TayaiSvili dainiSna. 1921 wlis 11 marts eqvTimem

meuRlesTan, nino poltorackaiasTan erTad datova saqarT-

velo.

1922 wlidan saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebas

saTaveSi ivane javaxiSvili Caudga. sazogadoebas TandaTan

axali, mZlavri mecnieruli Zalebi emateboda.

1924 wlis TebervalSi Seiqmna sazogadoebis arqeologiuri

seqcia, romlis mizani iyo, zedamxevdlobis gareSe datovebu-

li siZveleebis aRnusxva. saarqeologio seqciis TvalsawierSi

moeqca saqarTveloSi arsebuli TiTqmis yvela mniSvenelovani

Zegli.

sazogadoebis dafuZnebisTanave daarsda periodul ga-

mocemaTa ori seria: `Zveli saqarTvelo~ da `saqarTvelis

siZveleni~. pirvelSi ibeWdeboda referatebi, gamokvlevebi,

sxvadasxva saistorio, saarqeologio da saerTnografio ma-

sala, meoreSi – sigel-gujrebi, istoriuli aslebi da sxva

Zeglebi.

121

ganuzomelia saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoe-

bis roli Tbilisis universitetis daarsebaSi. igi mZlavr

sauniversiteto bazas warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi. korneli

kekeliZe sazogadoebis Sesaxeb werda: èrTaderTi akademiuri

dawesebuleba, es iyo maSin CvenSi universitetic, akademiac da

samecniero-kvleviTi institutic~. 1932 wlisTvis sazogadoe-

bam saqmianoba Sewyvita, radgan misi funqciebi universitetma

da axlad daarsebulma institutebma gadainawiles.

122

Tema VI

qarTuli istoriografiis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi – XIX saukunis me-2 naxevris

saqarTveloSi

XIX saukunis istoriografiis ganviTarebaSi ZiriTa-

dad, rogorc ukve aRniSnuli gvqonda, ori mxare SeiZleba

gamovyoT: qarTvelologiuri keris Camoyalibeba saqarT-

velos farglebs gareT, ris Sesaxebac Cven ukve visaubreT da

saqarTveloSi moRvawe mecnierTa Tavmoyra `TergdaleulTa~

ideebis irgvliv. qarTveli samocianelebi TavgamodebiT il-

aSqrebdnen carizmis politikis winaaRmdeg. maTi marTebu-

li azriT, aseT pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeboda

saistorio mecnierebis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac xalxis

gaTviTcnobierebas didad uwyobda xels sakuTari istoriis

Seswavla-Sefaseba. ilia WavWavaZis TvalsazrisiT, eris isto-

riis SeswavliT SesaZlebelia ara marto mocemuli eris war-

sulis an awmyos Semecneba, aramed momavlis gaTvaliswineba.

amdenad, saqarTvelos istorias, rogorc dargis ganviTare-

bas, XIX saukunis II naxevris saqarTveloSi, Tu SeiZleba ase

iTqvas, erovnuli Rirsebis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolis funq-

cia mieniWa. qarTveli istorikosebi dauRalavad Sromobdnen,

xSir SemTxvevaSi enTuziazmze, am dargis ganviTarebisaTvis.

XIX saukunis qarTuli samecniero azri kargad icnobda

dasavluri meTodologiis yvela mimarTulebas. es bunebrivi-

caa, radgan am epoqaSi moRvawe mkvlevrebi ganaTlebas iRebdnen

umeteswilad ruseTisa da, agreTve, evropis sxvadasxva umaR-

les saswavlebelSi. isini ecnobodnen Tanamedrove msoflio

istoriul, sociologiur, filosofiur moZRvrebebs, isto-

riografiis miznebsa da kvlevis meTodebs, rac, bunebrivia,

xels uwyobda qarTuli istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTare-

bas. magram xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom qarTuli istoriuli

123

azrovneba, upirveles yovlisa, sazrdoobda erovnuli isto-

riografiis mdidari tradiciebiT.

imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri ilaSqrebda

providencialuri poziciebidan istoriis gaazrebis winaaRm-

deg. `fatalistur~ Teoriebs isini istoriis logikur gagebas

upirispirebdnen _ Tvlidnen, rom sazogadoebis ganviTareba

da winsvla missave Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli. qarTveli

mkvlevrebi aRniSnavdnen, rom istorikosi ar flobs movle-

nis mizezebis amomwurav codnas, amitom miseuli axsna ar

SeiZleba iyos srulyofili, xolo srulyofisaTvis aucile-

belia mudmivi kvleva. isini gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

aniWebdnen `SedarebiTi meTodis~ gamoyenebas kvlevebSi. ilia

WavWavaZe miuTiTebda, rom istorikosma, movlenaTa Seswavli-

sas upirvelesad unda gaiTvaliswinos Tavisi sakvlevi sagnis

uSualo specifika, xolo sagnis Sesaxeb saboloo daskvnebis

gasakeTeblad aucilebelia ìgive sagani gamoiZios sxva qvey-

nebSic, sxva qveynebis istoriac moiSvelios~. qarTvel isto-

rikosebs miaCndaT, rom werilobiTi masalebis Seswavla unda

momxdariyo `kritikul-istoriuli~ meTodis gamoyenebiT.

im droindeli qarTuli saistorio azri kargad icnobda

arqeologiuri, lingvisturi, epigrafikuli, eTnografiuli,

zepirsityvieri da sxva saxis masalebis damuSavebis mec-

nierul meTodebs, Tumca saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda sru-

lyofilad kvlevebis amgvari saxiT warmoebis SesaZlebloba,

myari wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis uqonlobis gamo, razec qve-

moT gveqneba saubari.

aRsaniSnavia erTic, qarTvel mkvlevrebs istoriuli mov-

lenebis xasiaTis garkvevisaTvis, aucilebel pirobad miaC-

ndaT Sesabamisi epoqis maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswineba. ilia

kargad gamoxatavda kvlevisadmi aseTi midgomis mniSvnelobas:

`WeSmariti meistorie, viTarca gamkiTxveli, jer im droebis

qerqSi unda Cajdes mere ganikiTxos TviT droebis Svilnica.

ase rom ar iyos kaci verc sabuTs upovis, verc azrs, Tundac

124

mTels jvarosnobis omebs, romelsac mTelma evropam kinaRam

Tavi ar Seakla~.

vfiqrobT, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinarec kargad Cans, rom

XIX saukunis qarTuli istoriuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis

srulyofili Seswavla, istoriografiis sagangebo kvlevas

moiTxovs [XIX saukunis me-2 naxevris qarTuli istoriografi-

is Sesaxeb ori ganmazogadebuli naSromia Seqmnili: erTi _

arCil baramiZis `narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli istorio-

grafiidan~ (1979), meore _ daviT malazonias `qarTuli is-

toriografiuli azrovneba XIX s. me-2 naxevarSi~ (2001). orive

TavisTavad sainteresoa, magram d. malazonias Tavis naSromSi

am periodis sazogado moRvaweTa farTo speqtri aqvs war-

modgenili, amitom monografia, vfiqrobT, sqematurobiT xa-

siaTdeba, rac Seexeba a. baramiZis naSroms, gasagebi mizezebis

gamo (daistamba 1979 wels) garkveul ideologiur CarCoeb-

Sia moqceuli]. XIX saukune, rogorc cnobilia, ìstoriuli

mecnierebis revoluciis epoqadaa~ miCneuli. Sesabamisad,

sainteresoa, XIX saukunis qarTuli istoriografiis donis

gansazRvra. gansakuTrebiT aRniSnuli epoqis me-2 naxevris is-

torikosTa naazrevis analizi, radgan migvaCnia, rom maT mier

datovebuli samecniero memkvidreoba ufro metad dafasebu-

li da gamoyenebuli rom yofiliyo, XX saukunis Tvisobrivad

axal saistorio samecniero kvlevebSi, Cveni saistorio mec-

niereba ufro swrafad miaRwevda sasurvel Sedegs. ratom

moxda ase? vfiqrobT, XX saukunis didi qarTveli istoriko-

sis ivane javaxiSvilis avtoritetma gadafara, faqtobrivad

daCrdila mTeli misi winamorbedi axali drois istorikosebi

(ra Tqma unda, es procesi iv. javaxiSvilisgan damoukideblad

ganviTarda). am mizeziT, TviT specialistebsac ki xSirad

bundovani warmodgena aqvT iv. javaxiSvilis winare periodis

qarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebze da arc ki cdiloben

gaiTvaliswinon is monapovrebi, romlebic uxvad fiqsirdeba

aRniSnuli xanis istorikosTa naSromebSi. marTalia, am peri-

odis istorikosTa erTi nawilis cxovrebasa da samecniero

125

memkvidrobas monografiebi mieZRvna, romlebSic maTi Rvaw-

lis Sefasebaa warmodgenili, magram, samwuxarod, praqtikul

kvlevebSi am periodis mecnierTa miRwevebis gaTvaliswineba

naklebad xdeba. ara da, SedarebiTma analizma aCvena, rom ama

Tu im sakiTxis irgvliv maT mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi

Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi miRebul daskvnebs ufro me-

tad exmianeba, vidre maTi Semdgomi periodis istorikosTa

naazrevs, rac XIX s. me-2 naxevris istorikosTa kvlevebis

aqtualobaze miuTiTebs. axla ki gvinda ganvmartoT, Tu ra

SeiZleba vigulisxmoT `XIX saukunis meore naxevris qar-

Tul istoriografiaSi~. gasagebia, rom epoqis samecniero

donis gansazRvra, ZiriTadad, istorikosTa samecniero mem-

kvidreobis Seswavlis safuZvelze xdeba, radgan istoriuli

mecnierebis ganviTareba, istoriuli Semecnebis xarisxi, ver

iqneba pirovnebis gareSe procesi; am procesSi monawileoben

gamoCenili mkvlevrebi, romlebic rogorc TavianTi epoqis

warmomadgenlebi, ufro adekvaturad gadmoscemen epoqis im

sazogadoebriv-kulturul sistemas, romelic ayalibebs

konkretuli mkvlevris SemoqmedebiT potencials.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli epoqis

istoriografias ar miekuTvnebian mxolod is istorikosebi,

romelTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis wlebi qronologiurad

am epoqis CarCoebSi Tavsdeba. amitom vfiqrobT, kargi iqneba

Tu zemoT aRniSnuli fraza samecniero terminis funqcias

SeiZens, romlis egidiT gavaerTianebT istorkosTa yvela im

pleadas, romelTa mizans warmoadgenda im axali istorio-

grafiuli tendenciebis damkvidreba da ganviTareba, romelic

XIX saukunem istoriul mecnierebas moutana. SesaZlebelia am

axali tendenciebis damkvidrebisaTvis moRvawe istorikosebs

`XIX saukunis axali Taobis istorikosebic~ vuwodoT. magali-

Tad, miuxedavad imisa, rom eq. TayaiSvili 1953 wels garda-

icvala, xolo iv. javaxiSvili 1940 wels, pirveli _ Tavisi

kvlevis meTodebiT, amocanebiTa da SedegebiT `XIX saukunis

axali Taobis istorikosTa~ pleadas miekuTvneba da ara meo-

126

ris samecniero memkvidreobis Tanamoazred warmogvidgeba.

ufro metic, am pleadis istorikosTa sia SesaZlebelia s. ba-

raTaSviliT daviwyoT, romlis cxovreba da moRvaweoba 1821-

1866 wlebs moicavs.

amitom saintereso da mniSvnelovania imis garkveva qarTv-

el istorikosTa kvlevebSi, ra masStaburobiT aisaxa XIX sauku-

neSi arsebuli Semdegi mimdinareobebi: hegelis idealisturi

filosofia, romantizmi, marqsizmi, pozitivizmi, romelTac

sakuTari xedvebi da moTxovnebi daamkvidres, mniSvnelovani

gavlena iqonies samecniero samyaros saazrovno sistemis Cam-

oyalibebaze, mravalferovani gaxades istorikosTa amocanebi

da kvlevis meTodebi. amis gaanalizeba vfiqrobT, saSualebas

mogvcems ganvsazRvroT am istorikosTa miznebi, amcoanebi da

kvlevis meTodebi; rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebels gaxdis XIX

s. meore naxevris qarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebis obi-

eqtur Sefasebas. SevZlebT garkvevas, ramdenad samarTliania

iv. javaxiSvilis (1938 w.) amgvari damokidebuleba: warsuli

saukunis 90-iani wlebis damlevamde da Semdegac arsebiTad

ugegmo, SemTxveviTi xasiaTis istoriografia batonobda an

am periodis istoriografiis àdvokatur _ gamosarClebiTi~

xasiaTiT gansazRvra. es azri Tanamedrove istoriografiaSic

mkvidrad aris fexmokidebuli. bunebrivia, Cven Sors varT im

azrisagan, rom XIX s. me-2 naxevris qarTuli istoriografia

warmoadgens saqarTvelos istoriis sistemur gamokvlevas,

romlis Camoyalibebis saavtoro ufleba udavod iv. javaxiS-

vils ekuTvnis, aseve misi damsaxurebaa damxmare disciplinebis

mkvidr niadagze dayeneba; magram, rodesac mecnierTa memkvi-

dreobis Seswavlasa da Sefasebas viwyebT, aucileblad unda

iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli Tu ra daxvdaT maT ama Tu im sakiTxis

kvlevis TvalsazrisiT; ra gaakeTes Tavad da ramdenad mniS-

vnelovania momavali TaobebisaTvis maTi monapovari.

am mxriv ki SeiZleba iTqvas, XIX s. axali Taobis istor-

ikosebs _ d. CubinaSvils, d. baqraZes, al. cagarels, m. janaS-

vils, T. Jordanias, eq. TayaiSvils da sxv. sakmaod arasaxar-

126 127

ris samecniero memkvidreobis Tanamoazred warmogvidgeba.

ufro metic, am pleadis istorikosTa sia SesaZlebelia s. ba-

raTaSviliT daviwyoT, romlis cxovreba da moRvaweoba 1821-

1866 wlebs moicavs.

amitom saintereso da mniSvnelovania imis garkveva qarTv-

el istorikosTa kvlevebSi, ra masStaburobiT aisaxa XIX sauku-

neSi arsebuli Semdegi mimdinareobebi: hegelis idealisturi

filosofia, romantizmi, marqsizmi, pozitivizmi, romelTac

sakuTari xedvebi da moTxovnebi daamkvidres, mniSvnelovani

gavlena iqonies samecniero samyaros saazrovno sistemis Cam-

oyalibebaze, mravalferovani gaxades istorikosTa amocanebi

da kvlevis meTodebi. amis gaanalizeba vfiqrobT, saSualebas

mogvcems ganvsazRvroT am istorikosTa miznebi, amcoanebi da

kvlevis meTodebi; rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebels gaxdis XIX

s. meore naxevris qarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebis obi-

eqtur Sefasebas. SevZlebT garkvevas, ramdenad samarTliania

iv. javaxiSvilis (1938 w.) amgvari damokidebuleba: warsuli

saukunis 90-iani wlebis damlevamde da Semdegac arsebiTad

ugegmo, SemTxveviTi xasiaTis istoriografia batonobda an

am periodis istoriografiis àdvokatur _ gamosarClebiTi~

xasiaTiT gansazRvra. es azri Tanamedrove istoriografiaSic

mkvidrad aris fexmokidebuli. bunebrivia, Cven Sors varT im

azrisagan, rom XIX s. me-2 naxevris qarTuli istoriografia

warmoadgens saqarTvelos istoriis sistemur gamokvlevas,

romlis Camoyalibebis saavtoro ufleba udavod iv. javaxiS-

vils ekuTvnis, aseve misi damsaxurebaa damxmare disciplinebis

mkvidr niadagze dayeneba; magram, rodesac mecnierTa memkvi-

dreobis Seswavlasa da Sefasebas viwyebT, aucileblad unda

iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli Tu ra daxvdaT maT ama Tu im sakiTxis

kvlevis TvalsazrisiT; ra gaakeTes Tavad da ramdenad mniS-

vnelovania momavali TaobebisaTvis maTi monapovari.

am mxriv ki SeiZleba iTqvas, XIX s. axali Taobis istor-

ikosebs _ d. CubinaSvils, d. baqraZes, al. cagarels, m. janaS-

vils, T. Jordanias, eq. TayaiSvils da sxv. sakmaod arasaxar-

bielo viTareba hqondaT. elementarulad ar arsebobda myari,

wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza, rac aucilebeli pirobaa qveynis

warsulis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli gaazrebisTvis. maT

miznad daisaxes qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis SeqmniT,

Zveli qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Rrma, safuZvliani

SeswavliT, istoriul-literaturuli nawarmoebebis pub-

likaciebiTa da ucxo enaze TargmniT (ZiriTadad rusulad),

saerTaSoriso kongresebsa da arqeologiur yrilobebze

monawileobiT, popularizacia gaewiaT da saerTaSoriso sa-

mecniero sazogadoebisaTvis gaecnoT qarTveli eris mdidari

istoriuli warsuli. yvelaferi es ki, maTi Rrma rwmeniT, xels

Seuwyobda saxelmwifoebriobadakarguli eris saintereso,

TviTmyofadi, mdidari kulturuli memkvireobis saerTaSor-

iso asparezze gatanasa da qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis ev-

ropul doneze ganviTarebas. miznebi keTilSobiluria da Ses-

rulebis SemTxvevaSi seriozuli Sedegebis momtani. swored es

aris mniSvnelovani, gairkves _ Tu ramdenad gegmazomierad

Sromobdnen isini amisTvis, ras miaRwies, sad dauSves Secdoma,

risi keTeba SeeZloT da ar gamouvidaT. vfiqrobT, momavalSi

am mxriv sakmaod vrceli da rTuli samuSaoa Casatarebeli.

axla ki SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas: XIX s-is me-2 naxevris

istorikosebma axleburad gaiazres saqarTvelos istoriis

mTeli rigi problemebi, qarTvelologiis winaSe daayenes

saqarTvelos istoriis sistemurad Seswavlis aucilebloba;

Seecadnen epoqis Sesabamisad ganesazRvraT saqarTvelos is-

toriis Seswavlis naklovanebebi, eCvenebinaT misi srulyofis

gzebi da amiT safuZveli CaeyaraT saqarTvelos istoriis ax-

ali skolisaTvis; Seqmnes mdidari wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza,

risTvisac kolosaluri Sroma gaswies.

saqarTveloSi moRvawe mecnierTa dakvirvebisa da Seswav-

lis sagani iyo damwerlobis, numizmatikis, paleografiis, qa-

rTuli enisa da mwerlobis sakiTxebi. saqarTvelos politi-

kuri, socialuri, saeklesio istoriis problemebi.

128

marTalia, am periodSi moRvawe qarTveli istorikosebi

mravalmxrivi interesiT gamoirCeodnen, magram maT ZiriTad

mizans mainc saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroTmcodneobiTi ba-

zis Seqmna warmoadgenda. maT mier am dargSi gamoqveynebuli

Sromebi dResac fasdaudebel samsaxurs uwevs Tanamedrove is-

toriografias (mag. T. Jordanias `qronikebi~). isini didi mon-

domebiT cdilobdnen saqarTvelos istoriis mravalferovani

wyaroebis moZebnas, maT damuSavebasa da publikacias. Tavi-

anT upirveles movaleobad miaCndaT saqarTvelos istoriis

wyaroebis dauRalavi Zieba da gamomzeureba, radgan kargad

icodnen, rom saistorio mecnierebis ZiriTad dasayrdens wy-

arodan amokrefili faqtebi warmoadgens.

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom rogorc evropaSi, aseve Cven-

Tanac, ZiriTadad, imdroindeli mecnierebi dakavebule-

bi iyvnen konkretul-praqtikuli saqmianobiT, e. i. wyaros

moZiebiTa da misi kritikuli SeswavliT. bunebrivia, kriti-

kuli Seswavlis meTodSi igulisxmeba garegani kritika – Ze-

glis sandoobis, cnobebis siuxvisa da mniSvnelobis, gamoy-

enebuli wyaroebisa da TariRis dadgena. aseve arqeografiuli

aRwera _ xelnawerebis dasaxeleba, formatis, moculobis,

striqonebis raodenobis aRwera da sxv. da ara analizuri

meTodika, radgan es ukanaskneli XX saukunis dasawyisSi Sei-

muSaves evropelma mecnierebma S. langluam, S. seniobosma da

p. lapo-danilevskim.

gansakuTrebiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, is, rom XIX s-is 40-iani

wlebidan safuZveli Caeyara saqarTvelos eklesiis istori-

is ganmazogadebeli naSromebis Seqmnas. pirveli mkvlevrebi

iyvnen XIX saukunis istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi, rom-

lebmac daiwyes saeklesio cxovrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli wy-

aroebis Tavmoyra da maTze dayrdnobiT saqarTvelos ekle-

siis istoriis Tanmimdevruli gadmocema.

qarTuli eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb pirveli monografia

cnobilma istorikosma platon ioselianma gamoaqveyna 1843

wels, peterburgSi, rusul enaze, saxelwodebiT ̀ Краткая история

129

Грузинской церквы~, romelSic qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis

gamoyenebiT gadmocemulia qarTuli eklesiis mokle istoria.

grZeldeboda jer kidev vaxtang VI-is (1703-1724) mier dawyeb-

uli saqme, saqarTvelos istorias amdidrebdnen saeklesio is-

toriiT. amis damadasturebelia ioane (1772-1836), daviT (1768-

1819) da Teimuraz (1782-1846) batoniSvilebis Txzulebebi. se-

riozuli wvlili Seitana eklesiis istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi

miqael sabibinma (1845-1900), romelmac 1877 wels, aseve rusul

enaze gamosca monografia _ `saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria~

(1877), romelSic Txroba VI s. bolomde modis, xolo mis wigns

_ `saqarTvelos samoTxe~ (1882 w.), sadac Setanilia qarTvel

wmindanTa cxovrebebi, dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba.

didi yuradReba dauTmo am sakiTxis Seswavlas mose janaS-

vilma, romelmac pirvelad qarTul enaze, 1886 wels, Tbilis-

Si gamosca `saqarTvelos saeklesio istoria~, romelSic,

agreTve, mokled aris gadmocemuli eklesiis mTeli istoria

daarsebidan avtokefaliis gauqmebamde. didi wvlili miuZR-

vis mixeil TamaraSvils (1858-1911) eklesiis istoriis Seswav-

laSi. man Tavisi cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawili ucxoeTSi gaatara

(konstantinopoli, parizi, vatikani), sadac miiRo brwyinvale

kaTolikuri ganaTleba. igi intensiurad muSaobda vatikanis,

safrangeTis, italiis, TurqeTis, aleqsandriis, moskovisa da

londonis arqivebSi. TamaraSvilma gamoavlina saqarTvelos

istoriis amsaxveli didZali dokumenturi masala. aqedan man

moaswro saqarTvelo-evropis urTierTobis da, kerZod, saqa-

rTveloSi kaTolikuri saswavleblebis gavrcelebasTan daka-

vSirebuli masalebis damuSaveba da gamocema (ìstoria kaTo-

likobisa qarTvelTa Soris~, 1902. `pasuxad somxis mwerlebs,

romelnic uaryofen qarTvelTa kaTolikobas~, 1904). misma

wignma `saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria~ (romi, 1910, frangul

enaze) didi gamoxmaureba pova evropis samecniero wreebSi. am

gamocemas vatikanis specialuri premia mieniWa. man aRmoaCina

siciliaSi kristoforo de kastelis suraTebis albomi, mas

didi wvlili miuZRvis s. s. orbelianis evropaSi mogzaurobis

130

Sesaxeb masalebis moZiebaSi. man erT-erTma pirvelma aziara

evropeli mkiTxveli saqarTvelos istoriasa da kulturas.

saeklesio istoriis zemoT aRniSnuli yvela monografia,

marTalia, sqematurobiT xasiaTdeba da mecnierebis Taname-

drove donis moTxovnebs aRar Seesabameba, magram isini Seqmnis

droisaTvis mizans amarTlebdnen. jer erTi, am wignebiT popu-

larizacia gaewia qarTuli eklesiis istorias, meore – daiwyo

istoriografiuli bazis Seqmna, rac aucilebel pirobas war-

moadgenda am dargis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.

qarTuli eklesiis istoriis kvleva gansakuTrebiT aqtua-

luri gaxda 1904-1905 wlebSi, rodesac qarTulma sazogadoe-

bam ruseTis saimperatoro karisa da wminda sinodis winaSe

dasva sakiTxi, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Ses-

axeb. am dros Seiqmna k. cincaZis, n. durnovos, m. kelenjer-

iZis, n maris, al. cagarelis, al. xaxanaSvilis gamokvlevebi,

romelTa mizani iyo mecnierulad, yvela arsebuli wyaros

gamoyenebiT, moeTxroT qarTuli eklesiis mier avtokefaliis

mopovebis istoria da daesabuTebinaT misi aRdgenis kanon-

iereba, radgan am moTxovnas ruseTi kategoriul winaaRmde-

gobas uwevda. marTalia, avtokefaliis aRdgenis mcdeloba

im xanad marcxiT damTavrda, magram istoriografias SemorCa

am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili araCveulebrivad saintereso da

saWiro naSromebi.

XIX s-nis I naxevris qarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebs

Cven ukve gavecaniT TemiT: ìstoriuli azris ganviTareba XIX

saukuneSi da qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba saqarTvelos

farglebs gareT~. vfiqrobT, daviT, ioane, bagrat da Teimu-

raz batoniSvilebiT mTavrdeba erTi etapi XIX saukunis qar-

Tuli istoriuli azris ganviTarebaSi da momdevno periodze

gardamaval etapad SeiZleba miviCnioOT platon ioselianis

(1809-1876) moRvaweoba. sasuliero akademiis kursdamTavre-

buli p. ioseliani religiur-monarqistuli aRzrdis tipuri

warmomadgenelia. niWieri Teologi, RvTismetyvelebis kandi-

dati, mefis mTavrobis erTguli moxele, rusofiluri ori-

131

entaciis, umTavresad qarTuli eklesiis istoriis sakiTxebs

swavlobda. 1845-56 wlebSi redaqtorobda `zakavkaski vest-

niks~, romelic TbilisSi gamodioda. aq igi aqveynebda Tavis

gamokvlevebs istoriasa da arqeologiaSi, werda eTnografi-

ul werilebs. 1849 wels imogzaura saberZneTSi, moinaxula

aTonis iverTa monasteri, Seiswavla qarTuli kulturis Ze-

glebi. igi iyo aTenis arqeologiuri sazogadoebis namdvili

wevri. mis pirad arqivSi inaxeba werilebi, romlebic gamogzav-

nilia aTonis iverTa monasterSi moRvawe berebisagan. ZiriTa-

dad, werilebSi moTxrobilia, Tu rogor xdeba qarTvelebis

Seviwroeba berZnebis mier monasterSi da daxmarebas iTxoven

platonisagan. rogorc materialurs, asev sityviers, raSic

igulisxmeba ruseTis maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa Tanadgomis

mopoveba berebisaTvis. man 1860-1875 wlebSi gamosca qarTu-

li problematikisadmi miZRvnili mravali aTeuli naSromi.

msoflmxedvelobiT igi idealisti iyo. misi azriT, istoriis

process warmarTavda uzenaesi gangeba. kacobriobis istorias

sam periodad yofda: gvarovnuli, feodaluri da kapitalis-

turi. mas didi wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli literaturis Ze-

glebis gamocemaSi: CaxruxaZis `Tamariani~ (1838), ioane SavTe-

lis àbdulmesiani~ (1838), ioseb Tbilelis `didmouraviani~

(1853) da sxv.

sainteresoa p. ioselianis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

kuTxeSi mogzaurobaTa Sedegad Sekrebili cnobebi. am mxriv,

igi pirveli qarTveli mecnieria, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara,

saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis axali masalebis Ziebis saqmes.

p. ioseliani qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelia, romel-

mac sagangebo naSromi miuZRvna qarTul siZveleTa Zeglebis

Seswavlas. mis naSroms – Òописание древностей Тифлиса~ _ Tavisi

mniSvneloba dResac ar daukargavs.

mniSvnelovan monografias warmoadgens p. ioselianis

`cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~. ak. gawerelia naSromis Ses-

axeb aRniSnavs, rom igi saukeTesod gamoxatavs avtoris mso-

flmxedvelobas. p. ioseliani naSroms ruseTis oficialuri

132

istoriografiis moTxovnebs uxamebs. mas miaCnia, rom saqarT-

velos xsna ruseTTan SeerTebaSi iyo, Tumca `nacionalistu-

ri~ grZnobebiTac aris gamsWvaluli. amgvari damokidebule-

ba gaaCnda imdroindeli aristokratiis garkveul nawilsac,

isini àTavsebdnen erTmaneTTan patriotizmsa da politikur

renegatobas~. platoni Zalian subueqturia giorgi XII-s moR-

vaweobis Sefasebisas, rac mkvlevars arcTu saukeTesod axa-

siaTebs.

XIX saukunis me-2 naxevris qarTvel istorikosTa galereaSi

mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sulxan baraTaSvils (1821-1866).

s. baraTaSvilma 1848 wlidan 1857 wlamde moqmed armiasa da

brZolis velze gaatara, magram Tavisi sayvareli saqmisaTvis

arasodes uRalatia. saqarTvelos istoriis kvleva misTvis

iyo didi movaleoba Tavisi xalxisa da samSoblos winaSe.

s. baraTaSvilis yvela naSromi istoriis sakiTxebis Ses-

axeb SesrulebuliaA mxolod rusul enaze, albaT, im dasabuTe-

buli motiviT, rom rusulad daweril saqarTvelos istorias

ufro masStaburi xasiaTi eqneboda. Torem man, miuxedavad

rusuli ganaTlebisa, SesaniSnavad icoda qarTuli ena. isto-

riis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb s. baraTaSvilis Sromebi gabneulia

imdroindeli perioduli literaturis sxvadasxva gamoce-

maSi. misi mTavari naSromia `saqarTvelos istoria~ (`История Грузий~), romelic xelnaweridan iTargmna (aris varaudi, rom

Targmna ilia WavWavaZem) 1863 wels da daibeWda `saqarTvelos

moambeSi~. saqarTvelos istoria mas dawerili aqvs xuT rveu-

lad (wignad), romelic moicavs istorias uZvelesi dridan

rusudanis (1223-1245) mefobamde. avtoris sicocxleSi, 1863

wels daistamba mxolod erTi rveuli, xolo danarCeni oTxi

_ misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. es naSromi qarTulad Targmnes

quTaisSi da sam rveulad (1895, 1896, 1913 ww.) gamosces.

am naSromis Sesaxeb dimitri baqraZe sulxan baraTaSvils

werda: ìmedi maqvs pirmoTneobad ar CamomarTmevT, rom

giTxraT Cemi azri Tqvens vrcels saqarTveloze istoriulis

ganxilvaze: rodesac is vnaxe pirvelad rusul enaze, Cemi gak-

133

virveba didi iyo. imedi ar mqonda, Tu CvenTagani saqarTvelos

SvilTagani, awindel droSi aseTs Sromas daudebda Tavsa da

an Tu vinme ase momzadebuli iqneboda~.

s. baraTaSvilma kargad icoda evropuli enebi, rac mas saSu-

alebas aZlevda dedanSi gascnoboda dasavleTis istorikosTa

Sromebs, safuZvlianad Seeswavla istoriuli literatura; mas

hqonda mecnieruli analizis unari, icnobda evropuli kvle-

vis meTodebs. misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevars g. na diraZes miaCnia,

rom `s. baraTaSvilis saqarTvelos istoria qarTul istorio-

grafiaSi aris pirveli naSromi, romelic agebulia msoflio

istoriis principze~. s. baraTaSvili kargad icnobda Zvel

berZen istorikosTa Txzulebebs, axali drois evropel mkv-

levarTa naSromebs. bunebrivia, am faqtma didi roli iTamaSa

misi, rogorc moazrovnis CamoyalibebaSi.

s. baraTaSvili adamianis sulier da fizikur formire-

baSi gadaWarbebul rols aniWebda geografiul garemos. man,

rogorc istorikosma gamoamJRavna istoriuli wyaroebisad-

mi kritikuli damokidebulebis unari. igi sagangebod Seexo

vaxtang VI-is (1703-1724) `swavlul kacTa~ saqmianobas, `qar-

Tlis cxovrebis~ gamdidrebis sasargeblod an piriqiT. igi

jer kidev 1865 wels werda, rom `qarTlis cxovreba~ ukve XIII

saukuneSi iyo cnobili amave saxelwodebiT, xolo XVIII sauku-

neSi is Sesworebul iqna vaxtang VI-is komisiis mier. es azri

mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac mkvlevari ver moeswro

vaxtangis winadroindeli nusxis aRmoCenas. magram aseT daskv-

namde sxvadasxva werilobiTi wyaroTi da TviT vaxtangiseuli

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ analizis safuZvelze mivida.

rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romlis irgvli-

vac Tavdapirvelad trialebda mkvlevarTa azri, `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Seqmnis TariRi iyo, radgan krebulis Zveli xel-

nawerebi dakarguli iyo da maT gankargulebaSi mxolod XVIII

saukunis vaxtang VI-isa da mis `swavlul kacTa~ xelSi re-

daqtirebuli Semdegdroindeli nusxebi aRmoCnda. amitom `qa-

rTlis cxovreba~ mkvlevarTa nawilis mier miCneul iqna XVIII

134

saukunis Zeglad [am saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen: ru-

suli orientalistikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, peterburgis

mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, profesori iosip

ivanes Ze senkovski, romelic uaryofda `qarTlis cxovrebis~,

rogorc samecniero wyaros mniSvnelobas, Seupovrad icavda

qarTuli mwerlobis dabali Rirsebis `faqts~, uaryofda qa-

rTvelebisa da iberielebis igiveobas da sxv. msgavs Tvalsaz-

riss mogvianebiT didi `mecnieruli~ azartiT icavda aseve

peterburgis universitetis profesori, ruseTis akademiis

wevr-korespondenti qerobe petrosis Ze patkanovi]. ase gvian

xanaSi SeTxzuli Zegli ki ver iqneboda sando wyaro qveynis

Zveli istoriisaTvis. amasTanave iqmneboda safuZveli Tval-

sazrisisaTvis, rom CvenSi XVIII s-mde saerTod ar arsebobda

saistorio mwerloba.

mecnieruli analizis safuZvelze pirvelad m. brose mivi-

da daskvnamde, rom vaxtangamde arsebobda qarTuli matianeebi

da calke matiane, romelsac ewodeboda `qarTlis cxovreba~.

es Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro ganmtkicda e. w. `somxuri qroni-

kis~ (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Targmani mokle redaqiiT) sami

nusxis aRmoCenis Semdeg. erT-erTi maTgani brosem 1279-1311

wlebiT daaTariRa, xolo sabolood dadasturda, rodesac

dimitri baqraZem 1884 wels miakvlia `qarTlis cxovrebis~

mariam dedofliseul (qarTlis mefis, rostomis meuRle)

nusxas, romelic daTariRda 1633-1645 wlebiT.

s. baraTaSvilma, pirvelma qarTul istoriografiaSi,

aRniSna, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis (1084-1125) zogierTi refor-

ma, giorgi mTawmindelis ideebis matarebeli iyo, romelic

daadastura iv. javaxiSvilma. igi pirveli qarTveli istor-

ikosi iyo, romelmac XI saukunis saqarTveloSi mimdinare so-

cialur procesebs analogi evropaSi mouZebna. man pirvelma

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo jvarosnuli moZraobis

momzadebis istorias da am mxriv didi roli mianiWa kler-

monis saeklesio krebis gadawvetilebebs. igi iyo mkvlevari,

romelmac aRniSna, rom aRmaSeneblis zogierT mcdelobas

135

momavali ar eqneboda, radgan man `feodaluri uflebebi kv-

lav Zveli formiT datova~. igi zogjer daviT aRmaSeneblis

RonisZiebebs uaryofiTad afasebs. magaliTad, mas miaCnda,

rom aRmaSeneblis mier saqarTveloSi somxebis Camosaxlebam

da maTTvis farTo uflebebis miniWebam sasurveli Sedegi ver

gamoiRo. `Sedegebma daamtkica, rom man iseTive Secdoma dauS-

va, rogorc... didma kazimirma poloneTSi ebraelebis damkvi-

drebiT~ _ wers igi. s. baraTaSvili iyo pirveli qarTveli

istorikosi, romelic Seecada Tamarisdroindeli sazogadoe-

brivi cxovrebis bevri Tavisebureba socialur-ekonomikur

safuZvelze dayrdnobiT aexsna da mravali sxva, romliTac

moculia misi `saqarTvelos istoria~.

s. baraSaTvili sagangebod warmoaCens Crdilo kavkasiis

xalxebisa da XII saukunis saqarTvelos urTierTobas, ra-

sac dResac garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTveli da ka-

vkasieli xalxebis momavali urTierTobisaTvis.

s. baraTaSvili aris pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac aucile-

beli yuradRebis sagnad aqcia miTridate pontoelis eTnikuri

vinaobis Seswavla. saTanado mecnieruli logikis safuZvelze

man wamoayena versia miTridates qarTuli eTnikuri warmomav-

lobis Sesaxeb. es versia dResac inarCunebs arsebobis ufle-

bas. 1847 wels gazeT `kavkazSi~ daibeWda s. baraTaSvilis Sro-

ma `qarTul-megruli tomis xalxTa religiuri yofis mokle

mimoxilva msoflio warmarTobis epoqaSi~. man didi yuradRe-

ba gamoiCina damwerlobis uqoneli kavkasiuri enebis mimarT.

Seiswavla yabardouli ena da Seadgina am enis leqsikonebi,

romelTac didi Sefaseba misca petre uslarma. igi mecni-

eruli argumentebis moSveliebiT cdilobda ganemtkicebina

azri imis Taobaze, rom kavkasiis umwerlo xalxebis anbanis

Sedgenisas gamoyenebuli yofiliyo qarTuli asomTavruli.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs s. baraTaSvilis

cda saqarTvelos istoriis axleburi periodizaciis Sesaqm-

nelad, romelic samecniero literaturaSi Semdegnairad Se-

fasda: `saqarTvelos istoriis umTavresi epoqebis gamoyofa

136

da misi danawileba Zvel, Sua saukuneebisa da axali xanis isto-

riad, aseve Sua saukuneebSi calkeuli periodebis aRniSvna, e.

i. s. barTaSvilis mier mocemuli periodizacia, mniSvnelovani

da savsebiT axali sityva iyo qarTul istoriografiaSi~.

sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas: sulxan baraTaSvilma, qarT-

vel istorikosTagan pirvelma mogvca msoflio istoriis

cnobebis gamoyenebiT saqarTvelos istoriis mecnieruli gaS-

uqebis, zogierTi istoriuli movlenis, kerZod, qristianobis

gavrcelebis msoflio-istoriul fonze warmodgenis cdebi.

mis mier gamoyenebuli wyaroTa speqtri farToa, rac isto-

riografiis winsvlis maCvenebelia.

g. anCabaZe dimitri baqraZis (1826-1890) Sesaxeb Sesaval

werils iwyebs Semdegnairad: `XIX saukunis qarTul istorio-

grafiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravsA gamoCenil qarTvel

mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes dimitri baqraZes, romelmac

misi drois qarTuli istoriografia axal safexurze aiyvana

da Tavis mravalricxovan naSromebSi pasuxi gasca saqarT-

velos istoriis araerT metad mniSvnelovan da saWirboroto

sakiTxs~.

dimitri baqraZe iyo peterburgis akademiis wevr-kore-

spnodenti (1879), daamTavra Tbilisis sasuliero saswavle-

beli, Semdeg moskovis sasuliero akademia (1850 w.). 1851 wels

saqarTveloSi dabrunda. 1852-57 wlebSi muSaobda goris samaz-

ro skolaSi, 1858-61 wlebSi msaxurobda quTaisis gubernato-

ris kancelariaSi. 1861 wlidan gardacvalebamde cxovrobda

TbilisSi, TanamSromlobda kavkasiis arqeologiur komisia-

sTan. iyo qarTuli gamocemebis cenzori, Tavmjdomareobda

saadgilmamulo komisiebs. misi iniciativiT daarsda kavkasiis

arqeologTa moyvaruli sazogadoeba (1873 w.), romlis bazaze

misive TavmjdomareobiT Seiqmna kavkasiisa da arqeologiis

sazogadoeba (1881-1860 w.) _ aseTia d. baqraZis biografiis

enciklopediuri monacemebi, romlis ukan dgas pirovneba,

romelmac mTeli Tavisi dro, niWi da Zalisxmeva saqarTvelos

warsulis Ziebasa da Seswavlas moaxmara.

137

1858 wels dimitri baqraZem ruseTis geografiuli sazoga-

doebis davalebiT svaneTSi imogzaura. am mogzaurobis dros

man mdidari epigrafikuli masala Seagrova. eklesiis kedle-

bidan, xatebidan, jvrebidan, zarebidan da wignebidan 120-ze

meti warwera Sekriba, svaneTis yofis, soflis meurneobisa

da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. Sekrebili warwerebi ekuTvnis XI-XVIII s.s.

warwerebSi ixseniebian: bagrat IV, rusudani, daviT narini,

imereTis mefe giorgi, kaxTa mefe aleqsandre da sxv.

d. baqraZes ainteresebda svaneTis cxovrebis Tavisubure-

baTa Seswavla. mas swamda istoriuli procesis progresi da

miaCnda, rom saWiro iyo Tanamedrove svaneTis yofis aRwera.

igi dainteresebuli iyo svanTa tomebis qarTveluri warmo-

Sobis mecnierulad dasabuTebis sakiTxiT. `wignSi svaneTis

Sesaxeb _ wers akad. g. CubinaSvili _ baqraZe iZleva saerTo

mimoxilvas qveynis istoriis, geografiisa da eTnografiis

Sesaxeb... Sesrulebis sizustis wyalobiT baqraZis naSromi vi-

dre dRemdis rCeba svaneTis epigrafikisa da siZvelTa garSe-

mo ZiriTad naSromad~.

d. baqraZis TaosnobiT 1861 wels gamoica ioane bagratio-

nis enciklopediuri xasiaTis Txzuleba `kalmasoba~. 1873

wels igi isev ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis iniciativiT

mecnieruli mivlinebiT midis aWara-guriaSi. am mogzaurobis

Sesaxeb aRwerilia mis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso naSrom-

Si àrqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi~. am naS-

romiT man dagvitova aWara-guriisa da WaneTis aRweriloba,

mniSvnelovani eTnografiuli masala, arqiteqturuli da ar-

qeologiuri Zeglebis aRweriloba da sxv. wignSi mocemulia

Zvirfasi cnobebi qobuleTis ubnisa da baTumis Sesaxeb. gan-

sakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva baTumis midamoebSi myof Zvel

Zeglebs. aqvea cnobebi lazeb-Wanebis Sesaxeb.

mkvlevarma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia Woroxis

auzis, rogorc Zveli qarTuli raionis Seswavlas. igi argu-

mentirebulad ekamaTeboda somexi mecnierebis usafuZvlo

138

mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos Woroxis auzi da mtkvris

zemo welis ubnebi somxeTs ekuTvnoda.

siZveleTa Seswavlis gverdiT, naSromSi mocemulia aWaris

saerTo mdgomareobis daxasiaTebac (mosaxleobis raodenoba,

soflebi, gzebi da sxv), aWaris zogadi istoriul-topografi-

uli mimoxilva, romelic Sedgenilia qarTul-rusuli da

ucxouri wyaroebis safuZvelze.

d. baqraZem TiTqmis mTlianad Seiswavla guriis qris-

tianuli Zeglebi. mis mier Segrovili masala dalagebulia

soflebis mixedviT. rogorc yovelTvis, igi ara mxolod

agrovebs masalebs, aramed iZleva maT Tavisebur mecnierul

analizs. sabuTebs axlavs anotaciebi, SeniSvnebi da dalage-

bulia qronologiurad.

naSromSi didi sizustiTaa motanili mdidari epigrafiku-

li masala. TiTqmis yvela warwera gamoqveynebulia original-

uri formiT-asomTavruli, nusxuri Tu mxedruli asoebiT.

amave dros mocemulia yvela warweris zusti rusuli Targ-

mani da mravali sxva. am naSromis Sesaxeb m. brosem ruseTis

mecnierabaTa akademiis erT-erT sxdomaze ganacxada, rom d.

baqraZem daamtkica masze dakisrebuli `saqmis Rrma codna~,

gauwia mecnierebas didi samsaxuri~. 1873-75 wlebSi d. baqra-

Zem kavkasiis saarqeografio komisiaSi TanamSromlobis dros

monawileoba miiRo àqtebis~ xuTi tomis gamocemaSi. am pe-

riodSi daasrula man Tavisi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani naS-

romi _ `kavkasia qristianobis Zvel ZeglebSi~, rusul enaze,

romelSic Sekrebilia cnobebi kavkasiis qarTuli da somxuri

eklesiebis Sesaxeb, naCvenebia maTi mdebareoba, mocemulia iq

daculi nivTebisa da warwerebis aRwera, am Zeglebis Sesaxeb

arsebuli literatura da sxva. eklesia-monastrebi aq anbanur

rigzea dalagebuli. aRwerilobaSi Sesulia TurqeTis mier

mitacebuli qarTuli raionebis Zeglebic. yoveli Zeglis aR-

werilobas axlavs samecniero aparati, miTiTebulia naSromSi

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi. rogorc Tavad avtori wers, aRniSnu-

li Zeglebis Sesaxeb cnobebi man amoiRo àdgilobrivi qroni-

139

kebidan~, Zveli saeklesio da `saero qartiebidan~, saarqeo-

grafio komisiis àqtebidan~, evropel mogzaurTa naSromebi-

dan da sxv. ZiriTadi masala ki Tavad Seagrova `qveyanaSi mis

ganuwyvetel mogzaurobaTa Sedegad~.

1881 wels baqraZis iniciativiT TbilisSi Catarda ruseTis

V arqeologiuri yriloba, romlis muSaobaSi monawileoba mi-

iRes ara marto ruseTis, aramed evropis cnobilma mecniereb-

mac, rac mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda imdroindel qa-

rTul samecniero sivrceSi. Tavad baqraZem waikiTxa moxseneba

Temaze _ `qarTuli paleografia~.

1887 wels dimitri baqraZe mivlinebiT imyofeboda stam-

bulSi. mas iq unda gaesinja 1878 wels SemoerTebuli baTumisa

da yarsis olqebis samiwaTmflobelo davTrebi. am droisaT-

vis igi ukve cnobili mecnieri iyo da daxvedra mas TurqeTSi

samTavropo doneze mouwyves. stambulSi yofnisas man gad-

moiRo aslebi yarsis, arTvinis, SavSeTis sanjayebis samiwaT-

mflobelo aqtebidan. manve Seadgina aqtebisa da davTrebis

zusti sia olqebis, soflebisa da sabuTebis gacemis wlebis

miTiTebiT. man am mivlinebis periodSi moaxerxa aTonis mTaze

mogzauroba da iq qarTuli monastris daTvaliereba, saidanac

ramdenime warwera gadmoiRo. Canawerebi am mogzaurobis Ses-

axeb daculia baqraZis ubis wignakebSi, romelic mis saarqivo

fondSi inaxeba. stambulSi yofnis Sedegad man dawera naSromi

miwaTmflobelobis Turquli sistemis Sesaxeb (`Исторический очерк – турецкой системы землевладения~, 1889). rogorc d. baqra-

Zis samecniero memkvidreobis mkvlevari _ m. dumbaZe aRniS-

navs, naSromi `sayuradReboa aramarto imiT, rom avtori si-

zustiT ganixilavs Turquli miwismflobelobis kategoriebs,

aramed imiT, rom masSi mocemulia cda am kategoriebis daka-

vSirebisa qarTuli samamulo mflobelobis formebTan. naS-

roms originalurs xdis isic, rom avtorma daasabuTa Zveli

qarTuli urTierTobis gamZleobasTan erTad Seusabamoba os-

maleTis mTavrobis kanonmdeblobasa da faqtiurad arsebul

mdgomareobas Soris.

140

SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom d. baqraZis aRniS-

nuli naSromi TurqeTis mflobelobis qveS namyofi da aw myo-

fi qarTuli provinciebis samamulo mflobelobis istoriis

garSemo dReisTvisac Cvens istoriul literaturaSi erTi

seriozuli naSromia~.

dimitri baqraZes, rogorc wyaroTmcodnes, uxdeboda ara

mxolod mravalricxovani qarTuli wyaroebis moZieba, Seg-

roveba, Seswavla da samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotana, aramed

brZola maT dasacavad. rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, qar-

Tuli wyaroebisadmi skeptikuri ganwyoba sufevda peterbur-

gel profesorebs Soris. dimitri baqraZem qerope patkanovs

(1833-1889) dauwera sagangebo naSromi `profesori patkanovi

da qarTuli istoriis wyaroebi~ (1884 w.), romelSic werda:

`Cvenis fiqriT, b. patkanovi ar aris gulwrfeli maZiebeli is-

toriulis simarTlisa. is ver iTvisebs verc erTs cxovels da

ueWvel faqtebze damyarebuls azrs qarTuli istoriisas, Tu

es azri ewinaaRmdegeba imis azrs somxurs istoriaze. CvenT-

vis erTgvar Zvirfasia rogoraTac somxuri, agreTve qarTuli

wyaroebi: Cvenis fiqriT, erTma meore unda Seasworos da Seav-

sos. asec fiqrobdnen sen-marteni da brose. am programas ar

adgas b. patkanovi. is daskvnils qarTul azrs an uCumdeba, an

Tu mohyavs, imgvarad, rom bindi dasdos mis winaaRmdeg azrs,

qarTuls istoriuls wyaros, TviT Cven winaparTa xasiaTs~.

profesorma patkanovma qarTul saistorio mwerlobas

gansakuTrebiT Seutia werilSi `Zveli qarTuli qronikis Ses-

axeb~. misi azriT, qarTul enaze pirveli saistorio Txzuleba

daiwera XI-XII ss-is mijnaze, rodesac qarTvelebma sakuTari

istoriis saWiroeba icnes da es istoria dawera maTTvis erTma

umecarma da uswavlelma somexma berma. d. baqraZe amis Sesaxeb

aRSfoTebuli wers: `ram afiqrebina patkanovs, rom qarTvelma

erma ver SeZlo sakuTari istoria TviTonve Seedgina. is eri,

romelsac straboni pirvelis saukunis damdegs ayvavebul

mdgomareobaSi gviCvenebs, romelmac gasaocari xelovnebis

eklesiebiT da monastrebiT mohfina Zvelis droidanve Tavis

141

mxare, romelmac gaavso rogorc saqarTvelo, agreTve saber-

ZneTi da palestina qarTulis samkaulebiT da manuskriptebiT

da romelmac iseTi cnobismoyvareoba aRmoiCina, rom Zveladve

am cnobismoyvareobis dasakmayofileblad iTargmna qarTu-

lad fahlaurs enaze Sedgenili sanskrituli zRaparT-kreb-

uli `qilila da damana...~ `visramiani~ da TviT qarTul enaze

daiwera didebuli poema `vefxistyaosani~, romelic Tavis Ta-

vad uCvenebs ara marto enovnobis ganviTarebul warmatebas,

aramed poeturi xelovnebis ayvavebul mdgomareobasac~.

d. baqraZem seriozuli Sroma gaswia `qarTlis cxovrebis~

SeswavlisaTvis. rogorc aRvniSneT, misi damsaxurebaa mari-

amiseuli nusxis aRmoCena. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ uZveles, `ma-

tiane qarTlisaYYsamdel~ nawils igi sando wyarod miiCnevda.

man saintereso Tvalsazrisi gamoTqva krebulis struqturis

Sesaxeb: `mometebuli nawili `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ mirianis

mefis droidam TiTqmis Tav-Tavis dros iwereboda. amas adg-

il-adgil `qarTlis cxovrebave~ gviCvenebs. zogierTTa eWvi

SehqondaT da SeaqvT kidec `qarTlis cxovrebaze~ im garemoe-

baTa gamoca, rom `qarTlis cxovreba~ ar ixseniebso, romeli

moTxroba rodis da visgan ariso Sedgenili (aq igulisxmeba

patkanovi _ q. n.). es marTalia, magram umTavresi amis mizezi,

romlis ganxilvaSi aravin Sesula, imiT aixsneba, rom `qarTlis

cxovreba~ Seadgenda sxvadasxva vrcelTa kerZo xronikaTagan

SemoklebiT gamonawers sazogado sakiTxav wigns... mxolod

ori sami SemTxveva viciT, rodesac `qarTlis cxovreba~ moix-

seniebs avtorebs~. aq d. baqraZe CamoTvlis juanSers, leonti

mrovels, ioane dekanozs, sumbat daviTis Zes da aRniSnavs:

`ra ekuTvnis `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ anu mrovels, anu juanS-

ers, anu ioane dekanozs – ar viciT. ar vicodiT agreTve aqa-

momde, ra ekuTvnoda sumbats, radgan imaze mxolod SeniSvnaa

miwerili Zvelis akademiis variantSi, magram, rodesac mariam

dedofliseuli varianti gamovCxrikeT, vnaxeT, rom aq sumba-

tis qronika mTlad calkea Setanili `qarTlis cxovrebis~ te-

qstSi... da sxva dednebSi ki daglejilia da aqa-iq gafantuli~.

142

`qarTlis cxovrebisadmi~ rogorc istoriuli matianisad-

mi ndobis miuxedavad d. baqraZe sakmaod kritikulad udgeba

sakiTxs. magaliTad, man uaryo moTxroba aleqsandre make-

donelis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sesaxeb; Tumca dasaS-

vebad miiCnia, rom qarTli daelaSqra makedonelTa armiis

romelime nawils. kritikulad uyurebs igi farnavazis mier

qarTuli damwerlobis SemoRebis ambavsac. mas matianis erT-

erT sust mxared qronologia miaCnia da sxv.

d. baqraZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebda agiografias, ro-

gorc saistorio wyaros, aseve qarTul dokumentur masalas

(sigel-gujrebi, politikuri aqtebi...), romelic, misi TqmiT

avsebs an adasturebs naratiuli Zeglebis monacemebs. misTvis

mniSvnelovania epigrafikuli xasiaTis wyaroebi. mas miaCnda,

rom isini Seicaven cnobebs bevr iseT moRvaweze, romelTa Ses-

axeb masalebi naratiul wyaroebSi an Zalian cotaa, an sul ar

aris SemorCenili. igi farTod iyenebda maT Tavis konkretul

kvlevebSi. ukve aRvniSneT, rom d. baqraZem ruseTis V arqe-

ologiur yrilobaze waikiTxa moxseneba – `qarTuli paleo-

grafia~, romelic Semdeg daibeWda da romlis Sesaxebac mose

janaSvili werda: `dRevandlamde qarTuli paleografia ar

arsebobda... b-n d. baqraZis sapaleografio Sromis gamoqvey-

nebis Semdeg ki qarTuli paleografia mkvidrs saZirkvelze

damyarebuli unda CavTvalod~.

dimitri baqraZis mniSvnelovan Sromas warmoadgens ìs-

toria saqarTvelosi~. mecnieruli moRvaweobis mTel man-

Zilze igi dauRalavad Sromobda, raTa niadagi moemzadebina,

saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelos SeqmnisaTvis. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom mecnierma Tavisi ìs-

toriis~ pirveli nawili sicocxlis bolo wels gamoaqveyna

(1889), SeiZleba mTeli misi moRvaweoba ganvixiloT, rogorc

saqarTvelos istoriis masalebis SegrovebisaTvis zrunva.

d. baqraZes, istoriis saxelmZRvanelos SeqmnisaTvis, ro-

melic garkveulwilad daakmayofilebda imdroindeli qar-

Tuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebs, saTanado momzadeba hqonda.

142 143

`qarTlis cxovrebisadmi~ rogorc istoriuli matianisad-

mi ndobis miuxedavad d. baqraZe sakmaod kritikulad udgeba

sakiTxs. magaliTad, man uaryo moTxroba aleqsandre make-

donelis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sesaxeb; Tumca dasaS-

vebad miiCnia, rom qarTli daelaSqra makedonelTa armiis

romelime nawils. kritikulad uyurebs igi farnavazis mier

qarTuli damwerlobis SemoRebis ambavsac. mas matianis erT-

erT sust mxared qronologia miaCnia da sxv.

d. baqraZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebda agiografias, ro-

gorc saistorio wyaros, aseve qarTul dokumentur masalas

(sigel-gujrebi, politikuri aqtebi...), romelic, misi TqmiT

avsebs an adasturebs naratiuli Zeglebis monacemebs. misTvis

mniSvnelovania epigrafikuli xasiaTis wyaroebi. mas miaCnda,

rom isini Seicaven cnobebs bevr iseT moRvaweze, romelTa Ses-

axeb masalebi naratiul wyaroebSi an Zalian cotaa, an sul ar

aris SemorCenili. igi farTod iyenebda maT Tavis konkretul

kvlevebSi. ukve aRvniSneT, rom d. baqraZem ruseTis V arqe-

ologiur yrilobaze waikiTxa moxseneba – `qarTuli paleo-

grafia~, romelic Semdeg daibeWda da romlis Sesaxebac mose

janaSvili werda: `dRevandlamde qarTuli paleografia ar

arsebobda... b-n d. baqraZis sapaleografio Sromis gamoqvey-

nebis Semdeg ki qarTuli paleografia mkvidrs saZirkvelze

damyarebuli unda CavTvalod~.

dimitri baqraZis mniSvnelovan Sromas warmoadgens ìs-

toria saqarTvelosi~. mecnieruli moRvaweobis mTel man-

Zilze igi dauRalavad Sromobda, raTa niadagi moemzadebina,

saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelos SeqmnisaTvis. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom mecnierma Tavisi ìs-

toriis~ pirveli nawili sicocxlis bolo wels gamoaqveyna

(1889), SeiZleba mTeli misi moRvaweoba ganvixiloT, rogorc

saqarTvelos istoriis masalebis SegrovebisaTvis zrunva.

d. baqraZes, istoriis saxelmZRvanelos SeqmnisaTvis, ro-

melic garkveulwilad daakmayofilebda imdroindeli qar-

Tuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebs, saTanado momzadeba hqonda.

igi flobda qarTul, rusul da frangul enebs. sargeblobda

berZnuli, laTinuri, germanuli wyaroebiT. icnobda broses,

diubuas, gateriasis, langluas, lebos, lenormanis, masperos,

mileris Sromebs. magram baqraZis ìstoria~ gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa yvela im masalis gamoyenebis gamo, romelsac

igi Tavad agrovebda. man TiTqmis mTlianad isargebla is-

toriisaTvis arsebuli werilobiTi masaliT, Seiswavla da

naSromebSi daimowma mdidari epigrafikuli masala, mravali

sigel-gujari, hagiografiuli literatura, arqeologiuri

Zeglebi da sxv. ama Tu im sakiTxis ganxilvisas moSveliebuli

aqvs msoflio-istoriuli cnobebi, saqarTvelo-amierkavkasi-

is Sesaxeb im dros gamoqveynebuli literatura da a. S. igi

miCneulia pirvel istorikosad, romelic gamovida `qarTlis

cxovrebiseuli~ sqemidan da axal Tanamedrove sistemaze aago

Tavisi ìstoria~.

dimitri baqraZis Semoqmedebis mkvlevari m. dumbaZe askv-

nis: `d. baqraZis ìstoria saqarTvelosi~ qarTuli istorio-

grafiis ganviTarebis axal safexurs warmoadgens. avtorma

upirveles yovlisa wyaroTmcodneobis problema dasva da

mis gadasawyvetad garkveuli nabiji gadadga. qarTuli weri-

lobiTi Zeglebi man specialurad ganixila, da, rogorc mec-

nierul-kritikuli azrovnebis seriozulma warmomadgenelma,

saTanadod daafasa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ istoriuli Rireb-

uleba. man Seiswavla da saTanadod gamoiyena istoriisaTvis

qarTuli materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, romlebSic xalxis

socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis Sesaxebi cnobebi dainaxa.

d. baqraZem istoriis gasaSuqeblad garkveuli sisruliT

gamoiyena istoriisave damxmare da momijnave disciplinebi:

arqeologia, eTnografia, paleografia, epigrafika, geogra-

fia, lingvistika, geologia da sxv. igi pirveli Seecada gaev-

lo paralelebi arqeologiur monacemebsa da strabonis cno-

bebs Soris. amasTanave baqraZem safuZveli Cauyara istoriis

damxmare disciplinebs: qarTul paleografiasa da wyaroTm-

codneobas~.

144

zemoT Cven vaxseneT mose janaSvili, romelzedac ar Sei-Zleba oriode sityva ar iTqvas, radgan mas d. baqraZis Sem-dgomdroindel istorikosTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. samwuxarod, misi mecnieruli memkvidreoba qarTul istoriografiaSi sqematurdaa warmodgenili.

samoqalaqo da saeklesio istoria, arqeologia, eTnogra-fia, Zveli qarTuli mwerloba, gramatika, dialeqtologia da leqsikologia aris is dargebi, romlebSic muSaobda Tbilisis universitetis profesori mose giorgis Ze janaSvili (1855-1934). igi iyo saingilodan, 1865 wlidan swavlobda kaxis sam-revlo skolaSi, 1868-72 wlebSi zaqaTalis samazro saswav-lebelSi, Semdeg Tbilisis seminariaSi. 1878 wels quTaisis gimnaziaSi Caabara gamocdebi da maswavleblis mowmoba miiRo. 1875-1920 wlebSi pedagogad muSaobda quTaissa da TbilisSi, aswavlida qarTul enasa da saqarTvels istorias. 1897-1926 wlebSi iyo saeklesio muzeumis gamge. man didi wvlili Seitana qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoe-bis wignTsacavis, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis koleqciebis, saeklesio muzeumis SeqmnaSi.

m. janaSvili, rogorc arqeografi, 1898 wels beWdavs wigns, romelic Seicavs saeklesio muzeumis istorias, mis wesde-bas da xelnawerTa da nivTTa katalogs (Тифлисское церковное древнехранилище). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi `Описание рукописей церковного музея духовeнства Грузинской Епархии~-is mesa-me wigni (1908). pirveli - ori wigni T. Jordaniam gamosca. m. janaSvilma, agreTve, aRwera wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis fon-dis 5 263 xelnaweri (1928-29 ww) man aRmoaCina da gamosca iseTi mniSvnelovani Zegli, rogoricaa basili zarzmelis cxovreba, aRmoaCina da dabeWda `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZelebis is friad sayuradRebo varianti, romelic vaxtang VI-is `swav-lul kacTa~ komisias ekuTvnis,. mniSvnelovania mis mier mop-ovebuli farsadan gorgijaniZis Txzulebani (`farsadan gor-gijaniZe da misni Sromani~ tf. 1896).

zemoT aRniSnul yvela gamocemas darTuli aqvs winas-ityvaoba da komentari, sadac teqstTan, avtoris vinaobasa

145

da nawarmoebis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebia

garkveuli. TviT Zeglebi gamoqveynebulia im principuli mo-

sazrebis Tanaxmad, rom Zveli qarTuli teqstebi unda ibeWd-

ebodes ucvlelad, dedanTan maqsimaluri siaxlovis dacviT.

1884 wels gamovida misi `saqarTvelos mokle istoria~,

romelSic `qarTlis cxovrebis~ sqemis mixedviT aris moTxro-

bili saqarTvelos istoria. es iyo pirveli saxelmZRvanelo

saqarTvelos istoriaSi. Semdeg gamocemebSi (1894 w; 1906 w.)

avtori eyrdnoba farToO wyaroTmcodneobiT bazas da met yu-

radRebas uTmobs saqarTvelos Sina cxovrebas, istoriuli

faqtebis axsnas da sxv. rogorc aRniSnaven, naSromSi Tavs

iCens garkveuli tendencia ama Tu im movlenisadmi mizez-

Sedegobrivi urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad. es Seexeba, ker-

Zod, iseT mniSvnelovan problemas, rogoricaa saqarTveloSi

saxelmwifos daarsebis sakiTxi. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtors

sakmaod lakonurad da sqematurad aqvs aRniSnuli saxelmwi-

fos daarsebis Sinagani da sagareo faqtorebi, misi xedva am

movlenaze axleburia. misi azriT, saxelmwifos gaCenisaTvis`

saWiroa ori ZiriTadi faqtoris arseboba: sagareo, romelic

gamowveuli iyo calkeuli Temebis gaerTianebiT saerTo

mtris winaaRmdeg omSi; Sinagani tendenciiT, romelic nakar-

naxevi unda yofiliyo qarTvel tomTa socialur-ekonomikuri

konsolidaciiT. pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi orga-

nizacia m. janaSvilis azriT, feodaluria da es politikuri

instituti farnavazis dros oTxi socialuri kategoriisagan

Sedgeba: `TavadTa, aznaurTa, moqalaqeTa da glexTa~. aqedan

kargad Cans avtoris Tvalsazrisi qarTuli saxelmwifos Sina-

gan bunebaze.

akademikosi simon janaSia mose janaSvilis 75 wlisTavisad-

mi miZRvnil werilSi werda: `dRevandeli dRis daniSnulebaa

sajaro gancxadeba, rom mose janaSvilis damsaxureba Segnebu-

lia da dafasebuli moqmed qarTuli kulturuli dawesebule-

baTa mier, xolo misi naRvawi Sesulia, rogorc miucilebeli

nawili, im saqmeSi, romlis amocana aris qarTuli mecnierebis

sistemis Seqmna~.

146

Tema VII

istorikosi Tedo Jordania (1853-1916)

XIX s-nis me-2 naxevris qarTvel istorikosTa Soris Rir-

seuli adgili ukavia Tevdore daviTis Ze Jordanias. igi Tavi-

si moRvaweobiT xels uwyobda erovnul-ganmanaTavisuflebe-

li moZraobis aRorZinebas. ilia WavWavaZe didad afasebda mis

Tavdadebul Sromas. T. Jordania nayofierad TanamSromlobda

ilias redaqtorobiT gamomaval ìveriaSi~. misi yvelaze maRa-

li ideali samSoblos interesebia, romlis dasacavadac saku-

Tari programa gaaCnia, sadac werda: `Cven qarTvelebs oria-

Tasi wlis brZola gagvivlia... uwin xmliT vigeriebdiT gakad-

nierebul moZaladeebs, dRes sxvagvari brZola gvmarTebs –

brZola kulturuli, CvenTvis uCveulo, Zneli, magram Cveni

simarTle gvargunebs gamarjvebas am uCveulo brZolaSi~.

Tedo Jordanias moRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom

Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobis Rrma, safuZvliani mecnieruli

SeswavliT popularizacia gaewia qarTveli eris mdidari isto-

riuli warsulisaTvis da daecva igi, rasac didi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebasa da SenarCune-

baSi. samwuxarod, im droisaTvis ar arsebobda myari wyaroT-

mcodneobiTi baza, rac aucilebeli pirobaa qveynis warsulis

mecnierulad dasabuTebuli gaazrebisaTvis. amitom man uaR-

resad didi Sroma gaswia qarTuli sabuTebis, sigel-gujrebis,

sxvadasxva xelnawerisa da Txzulebis Segroveba-gamocemis

saqmeSi.

T. Jordanias dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis sagani iyo damw-

erlobis, numizmatikis, paleografiis, qarTuli enisa da mw-

erlobis sakiTxebi; saqarTvelos politikuri, socialuri,

saeklesio istoriis problemebi.

Tevdore (Tedo) daviTis Ze Jordania daibada 1853 wlis

20 ivliss mRvdlis ojaxSi. dabadebis adgilad, marTalia,

147

xSir SemTxvevaSi asaxeleben sof. moqvs (afxazeTi), magram

rig werilebSi, mis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT dabeWdil

statiebSi, gansakuTrebiT rusul gazeTebSi, miTiTebulia

sof. martvili, senakis mazra (quTaisis gubernia). Tedos mama,

daviTi, sof. martvilis mkvidri, afxazeTSi mRvdlad msaxu-

robda. meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg aTanases saxeliT be-

rad aRikveca (Tedo maSin ori wlis iyo). igi qristianobis sa-

sargeblod misionerul moRvaweobas eweoda afxaz mosaxleo-

baSi. amis gamo mahmadiani samRvdeloeba gadaemtera da mowam-

les. Tedos papa – oqropiric, sasuliero wres ekuTvnoda da

sof. martvilSi dekanozad iyo.

T. Jordaniam dawyebiTi ganaTleba sof. moqvis samrevlo

skolaSi miiRo. Semdeg ZmasTan, iosebTan erTad swavla ga-

nagrZo quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi, gvian ki orivem

Tbilisis sasulero seminariSi Caabara. T. Jordania sasuliero

seminariaSi swavlis dros gansakuTrebuli niWiT gamoirCeo-

da. ai, ras wers amis Taobaze istorikosi mose janaSvili: `me

rom seminariis pirvel klasSi Sevedi (1873 w.), T. Jordania

meoTxe klasSi iyo. maSin seminariis ufrosklaselebs Soris

imarTeboda paeqroba sxvadasxva Temaze. kamaTis sagnad gax-

deboda xolme romelime filosofosis an gamoCenili kacis

nawarmoebi. gacxoveldeboda ra baasi da paeqroba, erTisa da

meoris mxridan gadmodioda kanti, fixte, darvini, spenseri,

aristotele, CerniSevski, dobroliubovi... ilia, akaki,, SoTa

da sxva. mozardTa Seyola swewavda da pentavda amisTana did-

did saxelebs, avtoritetebs. am paeqrobis dros Soridan gavi-

cani Tedo. igi iSviaTad paeqrobda, magram yovelTvis simxniT,

gabedulad, yvelani aqebdnen mas, rogorc araCveulebrivad

ganviTarebuls axalgazrdas, da karg mopaeqres~.

1875 wels, Tbilisis seminariis damTavrebis Semdeg iosebi

mRvdlad ekurTxa, xolo Tedo saxelmwifo xarjiT, rogorc

warCinebuli moswavle moskovis sasuliero akademiaSi gae-

mgzavra saswavleblad. man akademia 1879 wels daamTavra –

RvTismetyvelebis kandidatis xarisxiT – `и правом получить

148

степень магистра~. igi studentobis dros nayofierad muSao-

bda. misi samecniero naSromi pirvelad moskovSi daibeWda –

`Государственные сановники при вселенских соборах~.

sasuliero akademiaSi T. Jordanias samecniero xelmZR-

vaneli iyo cnobili istorikosi v. o. kluCevski (1841-1911 ww.).

Tedo, rogorc niWieri studenti, misi gansakuTrebuli mzrun-

velobiT sargeblobda. xelmZRvanelma mas moskovSi darCena

da samecniero muSaobis gagrZeleba SesTavaza, razec man uari

ganacxada da samSobloSi dabrunda. kluCevski Tedos Sesaxeb

ambobda: igi dauokeblad iltvoda samSoblosaken. kluCevs-

kim cnobili istorikosis, soloviovisadmi miZRvnil sityvaSi

mecnieris cxovrebiseuli kredo Semdegi sityvebiT gamoxata:

mTavari biografiuli faqtebi wignebi, mniSvnelovani movlena

– azrebi. am azriT icxovra TviTon da, rogorc Cans, aseTive

suliskveTebiT aRzarda studentebi, radgan Tedo Jorda-

nia, miuxedavad mZime cxovrebiseuli pirobebisa, Tavisi saq-

mis Tavdadebuli muSaki iyo. avadmyofi mecnieri 1913 wels

Svils – giorgis swers: èrTi Tvea rac mousvenrad vmuSaob

istoriaze da ukeT gavxdi _ Sroma margebs. egeb Cemi avadmyo-

foba gaaqros Cemma trfialobam qarTuli istoriisadmi. egeb

mis gamoc avad var, rom guli mtkiva usaqmurobiT, rom gare-

moebam gamomaklo saistorio Sromidan, romelic Cemi sferoa,

Cemi stiqia, Cemi sulTqma~.

T. Jordania, wminda sinodis gankargulebiT, 1879 wels

dainiSna Tbilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi geografiisa da

ariTmetikis maswavleblad, xolo 1880 wels amave saswavleb-

lis zedamxedvelad gadaiyvanes. am Tanamdebobaze dasaniSnad

Tbilisis guberniis samRvdeloebis krebaze kenWisyra Cat-

arda. krebas eswreboda 14 mRvdeli. warmodgenili iyo eqvsi

kandidati. T. Jordaniam 12 xma miiRo da gaimarjva. gazeTi

`droeba~ sixaruliT Sexvda am faqts da imeds gamoTqvamda,

rom axlad arCeuli zedamxedveli am `SavbediTi~ saswavleb-

lis mdgomareobas ukeTesobisaken warmarTavda. sazogadoebis

mxridan T. Jordanias kandidaturas mxari dauWires iona meu-

149

nargiam da niko nikolaZem. T. Jordaniam molodini gaamarTla.

1882 wels mas saqarTvelos egzarqosma, pavlem, proeqtis Sed-

gena daavala _ `Об измененни постановки учебного дела в духовних училищах Грузинского экзархата~.

T. Jordania, bunebrivia, rogorc `Cinovniki~, SezRuduli

iqneboda Tavis qmedebaSi da mainc egzarqosis davaleba kar-

gad gamoiyena qarTuli interesebis sasargeblod. man Seadgina

proeqti, romlis safuZvelze yvela sasuliero saswavlebel-

Si daarsda qarTuli enis kaTedra. am faqts didi mniSvneloba

hqonda, radgan saswavlebelSi swavleba rusul enaze mimdin-

areobda da mSobliuri ena da literatura StatgareSe dis-

ciplinebad iTvleboda, kaTedris gaxsniT ki maTi swavlebis

mniSvneloba gaizarda; magram amis gamo 1893 wels T. Jordania

zedamxedvelis Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles da misi Txov-

nis safuZvelze Tbilisis sasulieri seminariis rigiT maswav-

leblad gadaiyvanes, sadac eklesiis istoriis zogad kurssa

da ruseTis eklesiis istorias kiTxulobda. amave wels igi

daqorwinda gadamdgari polkovnikis, Tavad daviT tarsaiZis

asul eleneze. mowmed iona meunargia eswreboda.

seminariaSi saqarTvelos istoria da qarTuli eklesiis

istoria ar ikiTxeboda, amitom Tedo Jordaniam gadawvita

eklesiis istoriis zogadi kursis programebSi saqarTvelos

istoriis sakiTxebis CarTva. amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs mis

pirad arqivSi Semonaxuli gegmebi, sadac Setanilia sakiTxebi;

1. qristianobis miReba mefe mirianis dros, ninos cxovreba; 2.

qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis istoria; 3. axali aRTqmis qarTuli

Targmani; 4. kaTalikos anton I-is moRvaweoba da sxv. T. Jorda-

nia amiT ar dakmayofilda. man daiwyo brZola seminariaSi qar-

Tuli enisa da qarTuli eklesiis istoriis kaTedris Sesaqmne-

lad. Tavdapirvelad SemoaRebina qarTul enaSi Svidi gakveTi-

li saxelmwifo xarjiT da savaldebulo sagnad aqcia, Semdeg

gakveTilebi 11-mde gaazrdevina, xolo 11 gakveTilis safuZ-

velze, kaTedris gaxsna moiTxova. 1885 wels aseTi kaTedra

marTlac daarsda, romlis xelmZRvanelic TviTonve gaxda.

150

amis Semdeg qarTuli enis maswavlebels Tanaswori uflebebi

mieniWa da sruli jamagiri daeniSna. man seminariaSi muSaobis

dros daasrula `qarTuli enis gramatika~. T. Jor danias meca-

dineobiT mTavrobam daadgina, kavkasiis olqis yvela saSualo

saswavlebelSi exelmZRvanelaT am wigniT. qarTuli gramatikis

Sedgenas sxva dadebiTi mxarec gaaCnda. rusi moxeleebis mier

mSobliur enaze swavlebis SezRudvis erT-erTi sababi qarTul

enaze saxelmZRvaneloebis simwire iyo.

T. Jordania seminariaSi aswavlida SemdgomSi cnobil moR-

vaweebs: arqimandrit leonides, daviT da anton episkoposebs,

noe Jordanias, Tedo saxokias, ipolite varTagavas, sergi gor-

gaZes, filipe gogiCaiSvils da sxv. T. Jordanias Sesaxeb misi

namowafari i. varTagava wers: `man Tavisi moswavleebis ndoba

da siyvaruli daimsaxura. guli erTbaSad gadauSala moswav-

leebs, Tavisi keTili grZnoba daanaxa, moswavleebi advilad

darwmundnen, rom Turme SesaZlebeli yofila maswavlebelic

kargi kaci iyves, kargi megobari da kargi aRmzrdeli...~

T. Jordania mxolod leqciebis kiTxviT ar ifargleboda.

rogorc aRvniSneT, igi aqtiurad TanamSromlobda i. WavWava-

Zis ìveriaSi~, ègris~ fsevdonimiT aqveynebda werilebs is-

toriul Temebze. qveynis istoriis SeswavlaSi xedavda axali

Taobis patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdis saukeTeso saSu-

alebas. es ki imdroindeli axalgazrdobisaTvis did fufu-

nebas warmoadgenda, qveyanaSi arsebuli koloniuri reJimis

gamo.

T. Jordania erTnairi gatacebiT wers daviT aRmaSebelsa

da Tevdore mRvdelze, erekle II-ze, daTuki qvepiriSvilze,

cotne dadianze; erTnairi rudunebiT gadmoscems im adami-

anTa cxovrebas, romelTac qveynis keTildReobas moaxmares

da Seswires sicocxle. T. Jordania ar aris fantazias ayo-

lili mwerali da zustad aRwers im istoriul faqtebs, rom-

lebsac flobs ama Tu im sakiTxis gadmocemisas. T. Jordanias

msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvreli mSobliuri niadagia. mis

naRvaws did zemoqmedebiT Zalas aniWebs samSoblos warsuli

151

istoriis, Tavisi xalxis tradiciebis codna. misTvis ucxoa

partiuloba. misi yvelaze maRali ideali samSoblos intere-

sebia, romlis dasacavad sakuTari programa gaaCnia. igi wers:

`rodesac Cvens Tvalwin saSineli tragedia swarmoebs, Cveni

erovneba iRupeba, miwa-wyali Cvens mtrebs miaqvT da saqarT-

velos ukeTesi teritoria sxva sjulis xelSi gadadis, rode-

sac Cvens enas da kulturas aTasnairi maxe dauges, amasac rom

ar jerdebian da istoriul uflebasac gvarTmeven ra dros

partiobaa... da das-dasad daSla. Cvens ers mxolod gaerTiane-

ba ixsnis...~

T. Jordania erovnuli TviTSegnebis, erovnuli kulturis

SesanarCuneblad erT-erT upirveles pirobad zne-Cveule-

bebis dacva-gafrTxilebas miiCnevs da ambobs: èris zne-

Cveulebebis dakargva niSania eris dadgomisa gadagvarebis

gzaze~.

T. Jordania winaaRmdegi iyo ucxouridan saqarTvelos

sinamdvilisaTvis Seuferebeli sazogadoebrivi movlenebis

meqanikurad gadmotana _ SemoRebisa. misi azriT, `raRac

gaugebari mizezis gamo im dros yvelaferi, rasac ruseTis sax-

eli erqva, saqarTveloSi modaT iyo SemoRebuli da pativisce-

miT miRebuli maSindel sazogadoebaSi. amis gamo rusTavelis

maRal kulturam, samwuxarod, ramdenadme adgili dauTmo

`saldaTebis dabal kulturas~.

T. Jordania did rols aniWebda kritikas. es miT ufro

sainteresoa, rom imdroindeli samwerlobo kritika CamorCe-

nili iyo. i. WavWavaZem sagangebo werili gamoaqveyna saTau-

riT - `ra mizezia rom kritika ar gvaqvs?~. T. Jordania umal

dainteresda am sakiTxiT. igi werda; ìciT ra aris kritika?

kritika mwerlobisaTvis igive marilia, uromlisodac TviT

utkbilesi sazrdo umwaresad gveCveneba... vai im mwerlobas,

romelsac es gonierebis aRviri ar marTavs, romelsac Wkuis

maTraxi ar moxvedria~.

T. Jordania 1880 wels qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gama-

vrcelebeli sazogadoebis wevrad airCies, 1886 wels – amave

152

sazogadoebis sakatalogo komisiis wevrad. man didi wvlili

Seitana am fondis Sevseba-gamdidrebaSi.

1888 wlis 15 ivliss saqarTvelos saegzarqosos saeklesio

muzeumi gaixsna, romlis gamged T. Jordania daniSnes, radgan

mis daarsebaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo. muzeumis uSualo

daniSnuleba iyo saqarTvelos eklesia-monastrebSi Semonax-

uli werilobiTi Zeglebis moZieba, Sekreba, Senaxva da Seswav-

la. am saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili T. Jordaniasac edo. igi,

rogorc eparqiuli saswavlo sabWos wevri (1889 w.), skolebis

Semowmebis mizniT xSirad mogzaurobda saqarTvelos sx-

vadasxva kuTxeSi da am saSualebas iyenebda, raTa Seegrove-

bina mravalgvari istoriuli sabuTi. mkvlevari ganumartav-

da xalxs maT mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlis

saqmeSi da daxmarebas sTxovda. am gziT mravali sabuTi Sea-

grova. mag. marto 1901 wels muzeums 100-ze meti xelnaweri

gadasca, romelTa Soris erTi palimfsesti iyo. amis garda,

igi iwerda lapidarul, Wedur da freskul warwerebs, eZebda

miviwyebul da ucnob eklesiebs, aRwerda maT. amis damadas-

turebelia Segrovebuli masalis Sesaxeb imdroindeli peri-

oduli presis furclebze dabeWdili werilebi. T. Jordanias

pirad arqivSi inaxeba ubis wignakebi, romlebSic aRwerilia

misi àrqeologiuri mogzaurobani~ qarTlSi, guriaSi, imer-

eTSi, samegrelosa da kaxeTSi. ubis wignakebSi Setanilia xel-

nawerebi, xelnawerebis qronikaluri minawerebi, genialogi-

uri cnobebi, gujrebi, eklesiebis siZveleTa aRwerilobebi,

saflavis qvebis warwerebi da sxv. CamoTvlili masala mas

Seswavlili aqvs eklesia-monatrebSi, ojaxebSi, wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasa da Tbilisis saeklesio muzu-

emis sacavebSi.

swored amgvarma samuSaom daudo safuZveli im didi da

Sromatevadi saqmis Sesrulebas, rasac `qronikebi da sxva ma-

sala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa~ (sam wignad) ga-

mocema hqvia. aRniSnuli Sroma dResac fasdaudebel samsax-

urs uwevs qarTul istoriografias. `qronikebis~ I wigni (1892

153

w., xelmeore gamocema 2004 w.) moicavs istoriul masalas _

uZvelesi droidan 1213 wlamde, II wigni (1894 w.) _ 1211 wlidan

1699 wlamde, xolo III wigni (1967 w.) _ 1700 wlidan XIX s-nis

60-ian wlebamde.

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT: mravali eWvi da Seuracxmyofeli

azri gamoiTqva `qronikebis~ mimarT, romlis mnSivneloba

dRes saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevaSi sayovelTaod aRiareb-

ulia. T. Jordanias gansakuTrebiT ebrZoda gaz. `kvali~, `mesa-

me dasis~ lideris, g. wereTlis redaqtorobiT. TiTqmis yvela

mis naSroms uaryofiTad afasebda. T. Jordanias damcveli da

Semfasebeli ilias ìveria~ iyo. ìyo kaci, romelsac esmoda

Tedo Jordanias gulisZgera, icoda misi fasi da mniSvneloba.

es iyo brZeni, yvelafris gamgebi ilia WavWavaZe; igi bolomde

Tanmimdevrulad icavda da uWerda mxars mas~ (sol. caiSvili).

`qronikebi~ avtoris sicocxleSi or tomad iqna gamoce-

muli romlis ganxorcielebaSic mkvelevars ilia WavWavaZis

ìveriam~ didi Tanadgoma gauwia, radgan am wignis mniSvnelo-

ba saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobis Seswavlis saqmeSi,

imTaviTve sworad Seafasa. qronikebis gamosacemad saWiro

iyo fuli. T. Jordania ìveriis~ furclebidan sazogadoebas

sTavazobda SeekveTaT, winaswari Tanxis gadaxdiT maTTvis sa-

surveli raodenobis wigni da amgvarad uzrunveleyoT `qron-

ikebis~ gamocema. mkvlevari honorarze uars ambobda.

ìveria~ intensiurad aSuqebda da mkiTxvels ganumartav-

da T. Jordanias mier gaweuli Sromis mniSvnelobas. ìveriis~

amgvarma poziciam sazogadoebaSi `qronikebisadmi~ didi in-

teresi gamoiwvia. redaqciaSi midioda werilebi. xalxi agzavn-

ida fuls wignebis dasabeWdad. Tu ramdenad farTo iyo `qron-

ikebze~ moTxovna, kargad Cans, T. Jordanias erTi gancxadebis

fragmentidan: `valad vracx uguliTadesi madloba vuZRvna

yvela xelis momwerT, romelTac winda _ winve daikveTes Cveni

wigni da vugzavni TiTo cals~. Semdeg CamoTvlilia qalaqebi:

vladikavkazi, axalqalaqi, yvirila, ozurgeTi, axalbaizeTi,

154

Telavi, baqo, daba oCamCire, soxumi, axalsenaki, moskovi da

im pirTa gvarebi, sadac iqna dagzavnili aRniSnuli Sroma.

sazogadeobas magaliTi Tavad ilia WavWavaZem misca. ìver-

ia~ iuwyeboda, `Cvenis gazeTis redaqtorma b-nma ilia WavWava-

Zem gadmogvca Cven 6 maneTi b-n T. Jordanias wignis dasakve-

Tad~.

ase rom, T. Jordaniam ilia WavWavaZis ìveriis~ Zalisxmevi-

sa da sazogadoebis Tanadgomis Sedegad moaxerxa `qronikebis~

gamocema.

gaz. `kvali~ am Sromas sakmaod agresiulad Sexvda.

`kvalelebma~ jer kidev daubeWdavi `qronikebi~ da ìveriis~

gancxadebebi, `mola-masradinis~ erT araks Seadares, xalxs

rom moatyua, saruxana karg flavs akeTebs da ufasod iZl-

evao. `kvali~ werda: ìveriam Sehkivla: T. Jordanias Tormetis

wlis ganmavlobaSi Tvali ar mouxuWavs da daumzadebia iseTi

istoriuli saWmeli, rom WamiT ver gaZRebi, suli da guli

gaginaTdebao da Sig sarkesaviT dainaxavT Cveni xalxis war-

suls, aw-mdgoms da momavalso. am saocari saWmlis dasakveTad

msurveli unda gamoeSuros Cvens redaqciisken da moarbeni-

nos sam-sami maneTio. fxizelma adamianebma upasuxes: Tqveni

Tavic mogityuebiaToO... cundrukebma ki daujeres.. ayva xalxi

fexis xmas... bolos gawyra RmerTi da daiZra TviTon is... vin?

daiZra burji, udinjesi, miabota redaqciaSi da gamoacxada

Tavis sakuTars gazeTSi. `Cven gazeTis ìveriis~ redaqtorma

miviReT ìveriis~ redaqtorisaganve orkeci Sesawiravi Jor-

danias saistorio flavis or kerZis `dasakveTado~. marcxena

jibidan amoiRo eqvsi maneTi da Caido marjvena jibeSi... elian

axla damkveTebi Jordanis flavsa... magram uimedod~.

`kvalisa~da ìveriis~ furclebze T. Jordaniasa da g. were-

Tels Soris mimdinareobda polemika `qronikebSi~ aRZruli

saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis irgvliv. Cven ar Sevudge-

biT msjelobas, Tu am paeqrobaSi vin ufro argumentirebulad

icavda Tavis mosazrebebs, radgan faqti udavoa: `qronikebi~

155

gamocemidan erTi saukunis Semdegac mkvlevarTaTvis samagi-

do wignad rCeba.

vfiqrobT, moyvanili mciredi masalidanac kargad Cans:

`qronikebisadmi~ amgvari damokidebuleba, ilia WavWava-

Zis ìveriisadmi~ galaSqrebis surviliTac unda yofiliyo

gamowveuli.

muzeumSi muSaobis periodSi T. Jordaniam aq arsebuli

xelnawerebi Seiswavla, qronologiurad daalaga da aRwera.

mogvianebiT, 1902 wels gamoaqveyna `saeklesio muzeumis xel-

nawerTa mokle aRweriloba~ or tomad, romelSic 800-mde

xelnaweria Setanili.

T. Jordaniam popularizaciis mizniT rusulad (qarTuli

teqtis TanxlebiT) komentarebiT calke wignebad gamosca

qarTuli sabuTebi: `Завешание Давида Возабнавителя~ (1895),

«К материалам по истории Грузии XI-XII вв. », «Пять Грузинских истиоричесских хроник», «Хроника Абхазских царей» (1902).

T. Jordania 1889 wels pedagogiuri moRvaweobisaTvis wm.

stanislavis mesame xarisxis ordeniT daajilodoves. saer-

Tod, T. Jordania aqtiur monawileobas iRebda ganaTlebis

sistemaSi mimdinare procesebSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

1882 wels misi saswavlo proeqtis safuZvelze yvela sasuli-

ero saswavlebelSi Seiqmna qarTuli enis kaTedra. 1885 wels

Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi man daaarsa qarTuli enisa

da qarTuli eklesiis istoriis kaTedra. igi 1894 wels dain-

iSna komisiis wevrad, romelsac saeklesio-samrevlo skolebi-

saTvis unda SeemuSavebina saswavlo programebi. T. Jordaniam

Seadgina saswavlo gegma, romelSic qarTul enas TiToeul

ganyofilebaSi daTmobili hqonda 12 gakveTili, rusul enas

_ 6. misi mondomebiT sinodma aRniSnuli gegma daamtkica. 1896

wels T. Jordania daniSnes guria-samegrelos eparqiis samrev-

lo skolebis meTvalyured.

1902 wels SemuSavda axali saswavlo gegma, romlis mixed-

viTac samrevlo skolebi kategoriebad daiyo. pirveli kat-

egoriis skolebSi qarTuli enis gakveTilebs 18 sT. daeTmo,

156

xolo meore kategoriaSi araqarTuli skolebi Sevida da Se-

sabamisad, qarTul enas ar aswavlidnen. foTis sabWos mier

mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil siebSi samegrelos regioni meore

kategoriaSi aRmoCnda. am faqts win aRudga guria-samegrelos

saeparqio sabWo da samegrelos mTeli mosaxleoba. saeparqio-

samrevlo skolebis meTvalyure T. Jordania piradad Sevida

TxovniT egzarqosTan. samegrelos skolebSi qarTul enaze

swavlis dacvis sakiTxs mieZRvna am regionis samRvdeloe-

bis kreba. saerTo Zalisxmevis Sedegad samegrelos skolebi

qarTl-kaxeT-imereTis skolebis siaSi Caricxes, ase rom, iq

SeinarCunes qarTuli enis swavleba.

T. Jordania did mzrunvelobas iCenda gansakuTrebul

siRaribeSi myofi moswavleebis mimarT. igi materialuri

TanadgomisaTvis TxovniT mimarTavda sxvadasxva sazogadoe-

bas, raTa maTTvis saswavlo nivTebi da wignebi SeeZina. Tavad

ucxoeTSi mcxovreb studentebs SeZlebisdagvarad usasyid-

lod ugzavnida qarTul wignebs. imdroindel presaSi mrava-

li werilia dabeWdili, sadac studentebi da organizaciebi

uSurveli daxmarebisaTvis mas madlobas uxdian. igi ruseTSi

myof studentebs samecniero muSaobaSi exmareboda. mis pi-

rad arqivSi inaxeba peterburgidan da kievidan gamogzavnili

werilebi daxmarebis TxovniT sakandidato disertaciis da-

muSavebaSi. SemdgomSi cnobili mecnieri k. kekeliZe T. Jorda-

nias wers: ùaRres madlobas giZRvniT, rom Cemi Txovna uyu-

radRebod ar dastoveT da Sesaferi rCeva-pasuxi miboZeT...

Tqveni meorejer Sewuxeba ar mindoda, magram CvenSi ar meg-

uleba sxva vinme, romelic Cven saeklesio xelT-nawerebs ise

icnobdes, rogorc Tqven...~

T. Jordania, agreTve, TanamSromlobda ruseTSi moRvawe

mecnierebTan: m. sabininTan, n. marTan, m. brosesTan, ep. k. saZa-

gliSvilTan. maTTvis saWiro qarTul masalas agrovebda da

uzgavnida. igi didi pativiscemiT iyo ganmsaWvaluli am cno-

bili mecnierebis mimarT, romelTac saqarTvelos istoriis

kvlevasa da popularizaciaSi mniSvnelovani roli ekisraT.

157

T. Jordania qarTul sasuliero wreebSi didi ndobiTa da

pativiscemiT sargeblobda. amis saukeTeso magaliTia Semde-

gi faqti: qarTul sasuliero sazogadoebas survili hqonda

sankt-peterburgis saeklesio akademiaSi daarsebuliyo qar-

Tuli eklesiis istoriis kaTedra. T. Jordanias pirad fondSi

inaxeba guria-samegrelos episkoposis _ aleqsandres, imere-

Tis epikoposis _ besarionis, guriis episkoposis _ leonides

da alaverdis episkoposis - kirionis1 1900 wliT daTariRebu-

li moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos egzarqosis – flavianes

saxelze. isini qarTuli eklesiis damsaxurebis safuZvelze

iTxoven, Suamdgomloba aRiZras uwmindesi sinodis winaSe,

raTa daarsdes qarTuli eklesiis istoriis kaTedra. bar-

aTSi weria: `kaTedris xelmZRvanelad migvaCnia davniSnoT...

RvTismetyvelebis kandidati T. Jordania, romelmac mravali,

sakmaod faseuli kvlevebi Caatara saqarTvelos saeklesio is-

toriaSi. ase rom, axal ampluaSi igi aucileblad aRmoCndeba

Sesafer adgilze da Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi muSaoba

keTil nayofs gamoiRebs~. kaTedris gaxsnas gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba hqonda, rac kargad Cans aRniSnuli baraTidan:

`kaTedris gaxsna aucilebelia, radgan ukve didi xania midis

damuSaveba samxreT-dasavleTis saeklesio istoriis Seswav-

lisa (slavebi, bulgarelebi,. serbebi da sxv.), qarTuls ki,

romelsac amxela roli ekuTvnis marTlmadidebel rwmenaSi,

araviTari adgili ara aqvs gamoyofili~. imxanad es saqme ver

gadawyda.

T. Jordania 1904 wels wminda sinodis brZanebiT imereTis

episkoposis samrevlo skolebis zedamxedvelad gadaiyvanes.

1905 wels dainiSna komisiis Tavmjdomared, romelsac daev-

ala saegzarqosos skolebis gardaqmnisaTvis axali proeqtis

SemuSaveba. T. Jordaniam waradgina gegma, romlis mixedviTac

imereTis samrevlo skolebSi mSobliuri ena sruli programiT

iswavleboda. svaneTis skolebSi aRadgenes qarTuli enis swav-

leba (gaauqmes 1903 wels).1 episk. leonide – kaTolikos – patriarqi 1918-1921 w.w.-Si, episk. kirioni

– kaTolikos-patriarqi 1917-1918 w.w-Si.

158 159

sainteresoa, rogor afasebs erT-erTi skolis winamZRvari,

mRvdeli b. vaSaZe Tedo Jordanias moRvaweobas am Tanadebo-

baze: ìmereTSi gansvenebuls Tavisi madliani da brZnuli

sityviT da moqmedebiT mravali nayofieri Tesli uTesia

qristes yanaSi~; xolo ozurgeTis mkvidri p. wulaZe iqauri

sazogadoebis saxeliT wers: `Tevdores samrevlo skolebis

meTvalyureobis dros guriaSi gaixsna samrevlo skolebi da

ise gamravldnen, rom dRes guriaSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinari

aRaravin rCeba~.

1911 wels T. Jordania imereTis saeparqio skolebis

zedamxedvelis Tanamdebobidan avadmyofobis mizeziT gadad-

ga. mas egzarqosma pitirim episkoposoba SesTavaza, razec uari

ganacxada. igi dasaxlda q. gorSi, Semdeg ki sof. kaspSi. misi

survili iyo mTeli dro samecniero moRvaweobisTvis daeTmo.

marTlac, didi TavdadebiT Seudga muSaobas. daiwyo Sromis

– `matianeebis kritikuli garCeva~ - gamosacemad momzadeba,

surda daewera gamokvleva XIV-XVI saukuneebis saqarTvelos

istoriis Sesaxeb da sxva. samwuxarod, dawyebuli saqme bo-

lomde ver miiyvana. igi mZime avadmyofobis Sedegad garda-

icvala 1916 wels.

Tedo Jordania dakrZales didubis panTeonSi qarTveli

sazogadoebis xarjiT. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ werda: `xalxi

auarebeli daeswro gasvenebas. qvaSveTis wm. giorgis eklesia

da misi galavani ver itevda gansvenebulis pativsacemad mo-

sulebs da erTi nawili sazogadoebis galavnis gareT quCaSi

idga... anderZis agebis Semdeg eklesiidan kubo gamoasvenes

gansvenebulis namowafarT da xeliTve waasvenes Zvel sasule-

ro seminariasTan, aqac panaSvidi gadaixades. samgloviaro

procesia golovinis prospeqtze vrclad gaiSala da gaemarTa

pirdapir didubisaken~.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tedo Jordanias samecniero mem-

kvidroba mravalferovania. misi, rogorc istorikosis samec-

niero kvlevis meTodebi sainteresoa. T. Jordanias wyaroTm-

codneobiTi kvleva (Zeglis sandoobis, cnobebis siuxvisa da

mniSvnelobis, gamoyenebuli wyaroebisa da TariRis dadgena)

mWidro kavSiriSia mis arqeografiul miRvaweobasTan (xel-

nawerebis dasaxeleba, formatis, moculobis, striqonebis

raodenobis aRwera da sxv.), es ukanaskneli – mkvlevris mier

Zeglebis moZieba-gamomzeurebasTan. vfiqrobT, swored am

mimarTulebiT unda moxdes T. Jordanias memkvidreobis war-

moCena da Sefaseba.

T. Jordanias sakuTari Sexedulebebi gaaCnia Zeglis gamo-

sacemad momzadebis Taobaze. igi am samuSaoSi gamoarCevs ori

tipis `mokle katalogis~ da `samecniero katalogis~ Sedge-

nas. pirvelSi gulisxmobs iseT gamocemas, romelSic Catare-

bulia Zeglis mxolod garegani, anu formatis, moculobis,

striqonebis aRweriloba. am kategoriis naSromad mas miaCnia

Tavisi `Описание рукописей Тифлисского церковного музея карталино-кахетинского духовенства~ (1902 w.), sadac gadmocemulia xel-

nawerebis aRweriloba da mokle Sinaarsebi; xolo meore ti-

pis gamocemas mraval moTxovnas uyenebs, maT Soris; – `samec-

neiro katalogma usaTuod unda ganmartos arqeologiuri da

umetesad samecniero Rirseba xelnawerisa. erTic da meorec

marTlac, rom moiTxovs mcodne kacs mainc, Tu ar sruls

mecniers, radgan uTariRod xelnawerebis siZvele gamoirCe-

va wvrilis xasiaTiT da SeCveuli kaci unda; xSirad TariRis

siyalbis gamoCenac mxolod mcodne kacs SeuZlia. xolo ker-

Zod samecniero mniSvneloba xelnawerisa unda dafasdes misi

Sinaarsis RirsebiT~...

mkvlevari wyaros gamocemis dros cdilobs ar daamaxin-

jos teqsti, masSi cvlilebebi ar Seitanos da SeinarCunos

pirvandeli saxe. xolo Tavis kritikul SeniSvnebs, ganmarte-

bebs da daskvnebs aTavsebs calke, sqolioSi, rac miuTiTebs

rogorc publikatoris valdebulebebze mkiTxvelis winaSe.

T. Jordaniam daayena sakiTxi agiografiuli Txzulebebis

saistorio wyarod gamoyenebisa, es ki TavisTavad gulisx-

mobda garkvevas, Tu ramdenad sizustiT iyo am TxzulebebSi

aRwerili da gadmocemuli istoriuli sinamdvile. amis dasa-

159

mniSvnelobis, gamoyenebuli wyaroebisa da TariRis dadgena)

mWidro kavSiriSia mis arqeografiul miRvaweobasTan (xel-

nawerebis dasaxeleba, formatis, moculobis, striqonebis

raodenobis aRwera da sxv.), es ukanaskneli – mkvlevris mier

Zeglebis moZieba-gamomzeurebasTan. vfiqrobT, swored am

mimarTulebiT unda moxdes T. Jordanias memkvidreobis war-

moCena da Sefaseba.

T. Jordanias sakuTari Sexedulebebi gaaCnia Zeglis gamo-

sacemad momzadebis Taobaze. igi am samuSaoSi gamoarCevs ori

tipis `mokle katalogis~ da `samecniero katalogis~ Sedge-

nas. pirvelSi gulisxmobs iseT gamocemas, romelSic Catare-

bulia Zeglis mxolod garegani, anu formatis, moculobis,

striqonebis aRweriloba. am kategoriis naSromad mas miaCnia

Tavisi `Описание рукописей Тифлисского церковного музея карталино-кахетинского духовенства~ (1902 w.), sadac gadmocemulia xel-

nawerebis aRweriloba da mokle Sinaarsebi; xolo meore ti-

pis gamocemas mraval moTxovnas uyenebs, maT Soris; – `samec-

neiro katalogma usaTuod unda ganmartos arqeologiuri da

umetesad samecniero Rirseba xelnawerisa. erTic da meorec

marTlac, rom moiTxovs mcodne kacs mainc, Tu ar sruls

mecniers, radgan uTariRod xelnawerebis siZvele gamoirCe-

va wvrilis xasiaTiT da SeCveuli kaci unda; xSirad TariRis

siyalbis gamoCenac mxolod mcodne kacs SeuZlia. xolo ker-

Zod samecniero mniSvneloba xelnawerisa unda dafasdes misi

Sinaarsis RirsebiT~...

mkvlevari wyaros gamocemis dros cdilobs ar daamaxin-

jos teqsti, masSi cvlilebebi ar Seitanos da SeinarCunos

pirvandeli saxe. xolo Tavis kritikul SeniSvnebs, ganmarte-

bebs da daskvnebs aTavsebs calke, sqolioSi, rac miuTiTebs

rogorc publikatoris valdebulebebze mkiTxvelis winaSe.

T. Jordaniam daayena sakiTxi agiografiuli Txzulebebis

saistorio wyarod gamoyenebisa, es ki TavisTavad gulisx-

mobda garkvevas, Tu ramdenad sizustiT iyo am TxzulebebSi

aRwerili da gadmocemuli istoriuli sinamdvile. amis dasa-

160

dgenad ki, upirveles yovlisa, saWiro iyo maTi daTariReba,

xelnaweris uZvelesi redaqciis garkveva, avtoris vinaobis

dadgena. marTalia, T. Jordanias ar Seuswavlia qarTuli agio-

grafiis ganviTarebis etapebi, magram agiografiuli Zeglebis

mravali nimuSi ganixila da saintereso cnobebi mogvawoda

maT Sesaxeb; ecada daedgina wm. SuSanikis, abibos nekreselis,

evstaTi mcxeTelis, abo Tbilelis `cxovrebis~ Seqmnis Tari-

Rebi, maTi avtorebis vinaoba; Sekriba da aRwera saintereso

cnobebi efrem mciris, ioane petriwis, arsen iyalToelis,

arsen tariWisZis da sxvaTa biografiebidan; yuradReba miaq-

cia qarTvel himnografebs. saintereso mosazrebebi gamoTqva

miqael modrekilis mier Sedgenil sagalobelTa krebulis ir-

gvliv da mravali sxva. mogvawoda cnobebi `bibliis~ qarTuli

Targmanisa da beWdvis istoriis Sesaxeb. saerTod mas miaCnda,

rom qarTulad saRmrTo wignebis Targmna daiwyes V saukuneSi.

T. Jordania matianeebs Soris gamoarCevs ori saxis Zegls.

pirveli, romelic Tanamedrovis mier aris dawerili. avtore-

bi yoveldRiurad, yovelTviurad an yovelwliurad aRweren

movlenebs da miuTiTeben TariRs. aseTi matiane Sedgeba frag-

mentebisagan. es fragmentebi Seicaven mniSvnelovan movlenebs

da erTmaneTs mxolod qronologiurad ukavSirdebian. misi

yvelaze didi Rirseba qronologiis siuxvea. meore saxis Zeg-

li aris TxrobiTi. iwereba aRsaweri ambidan garkveuli drois

Semdeg, sadac gaanalizebulia momxdari movlenebi da moTx-

orbilia warsuli cxovrebis sruli suraTi. aseTi Zeglebi

TariRebiT mwiria.

mkvlevari XV s. istoriul Zegls, romelic daasaTaura

saxelwodebiT – `Zegli erisTavTa~, aZlevs `sagvareulo is-

toriis~ ganmartebas. sagvareulo istoriad Tvlis, agreTve,

`jayelTa matianes~, romelsac `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semava-

li XIV saukunis anonimi mwerlis (CvenTvis cnobilia JamTaRm-

werlis saxeliT) TxzulebaSi gamoyofs.

igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs Txzulebis Janrobriv xas-

iaTzec, mag. daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis Sesaxeb Tx-

161

zulebebs, (`qarTlis cxovreba~) `xotbis~ JanrSi Sesrulebu-

lad miiCnevs; axasiaTebs mematianeebis weris maneras, aCvenebs

maT damokidebulebas aRsaweri movlenebis mimarT, riTac

cdilobs aCvenos matianis avtoris msoflmxedveloba.

T. Jordanias wyaroebis Sesaxeb zemoT warmodgenili

Sexedulebebi sistemaSi moyvanili ara aqvs. isini gafantu-

lia mis SromebSi da wyaroebze praqtikuli muSaobis gamoc-

dilebis Sedegad aris miRebuli. Cven es Sexedulebebi sa-

gangebod moviZieT da mTlianobaSi warmovadgineT, radgan

TvalnaTliv davinaxoT misi wyaroTmcodnebiTi muSaoba. ar

SeiZleba mokled mainc ar ganvixiloT T. Jordanias mier `qa-

rTlis cxovrebis~ Seswavlis saqmeSi gaweuli Sroma, miT ufro

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom iv. javaxiSvilamde mxolod mas aqvs

Seswavlili am mniSvnelovani Zeglis struqtura.

OT. Jordanias naSromi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirveli

nawilis kritikuli garCeva, romelic modis Tamar mefis moR-

vaweobis CaTvliT, daibeWda mis mier 1892 wels gamocemul

krebulSi `qronikebi~. meore nawilis garCevis dabeWdvas (XIII-

XIV ss.) apirebda `qronikebis~ meore wignSi (gam. 1897 w.), magram,

rogorc TviTon werda, sididis gamo ver CaurTo da mesame

wignisTvis Semoinaxa. samwuxarod, igi ise gardaicvala, rom

am ukanasknelis gamocema ver moaxerxa. mesame wigni gamoica

1967 wels, sadac Setanil iqna es daubeWdavi naSromi.

T. Jordania uZvelesi droidan Tamar mefis gardacvale-

bamde istorias or nawilad yofs: qarTvelTa warmomavlobi-

dan arCil mefis wamebamde da aqedan moyolebuli - Tamar me-

fis gardacvalebamde. pirveli nawilis daboloeba _ wigni ese

qarTvelTa vaxtangisamde aRewereboda, ... JamiTi-Jamad, xolo

vaxtang mefisagan vidre aqamomde, aRwera juanSer juanSerian-

ma~, mkvlevrisTvis im azris damadasturebelia, rom `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ pirveli nawili iwereboda JamiTi-Jamad e. i. sx-

vadasxva dros, sxvadasxva qronikiT movlenaTa Tanamedrovis

mier. igi `qarTlis cxovrebas~ Tamaris mefobis CaTvliT cxra

saistorio Txzulebad hyofs, xolo vaxtang gorgaslamde pe-

162

riodSi sam damoukidebel matianes gamoarCevs. sainteresoa,

is faqti, rom Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi gaCnda Semdegi

Sexeduleba: aSkaraa, sruliad umizezod iyo aqamde ugulve-

beluyofili `qarTlis cxovrebis~ anderZ-minaweri (igi, ro-

gorc Cans, T. Jordanias Sexedulebas ar icnobs _ q. n.), ro-

melic gvauwyebs rom: wigni ese qarTvelTa cxovrebis vidre

vaxtangamde aRiwereboda JamiTi-Jamad; marTlac, rogorc

davrwmundiT: `qarTlis cxovrebis~ vaxtang gorgaslamdeli

nawili Sedgeboda calkeuli qronikebisa da `cxovrebisagan~,

romlebic ueWvelia, sxvadasxva dros daiwera, sxvadasxva av-

torTa mier _ wers m. sanaZe (2001 w.)

T. Jordania Semdeg axdens cxra matianis teqstis kri-

tikul Seswavlas da sayuradRebo daskvnebamde midis. mag.

misi azriT, meore matiane moicavs aleqsandre makedonelis,

azosa da farnavazis mefobis istorias da Tvlis, rom mefe-

Ta cxovreba, romelic mirianis mefobamde modis, aRwerilia

TanamedroveTagan. m. sanaZis azriT, aRniSnul monakveTs `qa-

rTlis cxovrebaSi~ safuZvlad udevs TanamedroveTa mier

dawerili qronikebi. T. Jordanias azriT, mefe mirianis gan-

dideba qristianma mwerlebma moindomes, am mizeziT mokle ma-

tianes cnoba mirianis levis Svilobaze (misi farnavaz-arSaku-

nianoba) amoiRes da vrclad daweres mirianis xosroianobis

ambavi. mkvlevris es mosazreba l. janaSiadan (1973 w.) gamom-

dinare ukve gavrcelebul Sexedulebad iTvleba.

T. JordaniasaTvis `qarTlis cxovrebis~ meoTxe matiane

aris `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, romelic aRwerilia

miqael mTavarepiskoposis gankveTis Semdeg, vaxtangis Taname-

drovis mier. marTalia, matianeSi aris frazebi, wers igi,

romlebic eWvqveS ayeneben am Txzulebis, rogorc V saukunis

kuTvnilebas, magram isini mogviano xanaSia Camatebuli. aqedan

yvelaze mniSvnelovani cnobaa _ rameTu maSin iyo paWanigni..

da warvides paWanigni dasavleT kerZsa... es cnoba Txzule-

baSi albaT im pirs Seutania, romelic saqarTvelos istorias

kargad icnobs da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ SedgenaSi monawileoba

163

miuRia. igi an juanSeria (VIII s.), an arseni (XI s.), magram drois

zusti dadgena rTuldeba, radgan ar viciT paWanigebis ga-

dasaxlebis dro. iv. javixiSvili swored zemoT moyvanil fra-

zas – paWanigebis Sesaxeb iyenebs dasamtkiceblad imisa, rom

am Txzulebis avtori (iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, juanSeri) XI

saukunis moRvawea, radgan paWanigebis gadasaxleba dnestri-

spireTSi am droisaTvis unda momxadariyo.

Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva Tval-

sazrisi, _ rom is ZiriTadi plasti, romelic vaxtangis moR-

vaweobas exeba... V s-Si Seqmnili nawarmoebidan momdinareobs.

am nawarmoebis saxiT, vfiqrobT, Cven xelTaa V s-Si vaxtangis

Tanamedrove avtoris mier dawerili `cxovrebis~ gadakeTeb-

uli versia _ wers v. goilaZe (1991 w.) xolo g. anCabaZis (1987

w.), m. sanaZis (1991 w.) azriT, zemoT moyvanili fraza paWani-

gebis Sesaxeb XI s-is redaqciis Sedegia. T. Jordania vaxtangis

cxovrebisa da daCidan arCilamde periods sxvadasxva avtoris

mier dawerilad miiCnevs. am Tvalsazrisze dgas e. xoStaria-

brose (1996w.)

istoriografiaSi T. Jordaniam pirvelad dasva sakiTxi

imis Tabaze, Tu ra ekuTvnis `qarTlis cxovrebis~ biblio-

grafiul minawerebSi dasaxelebul juanSers da ra – leon-

ti mrovels. pirveli man miiCnia VI-VIII s. istoriis avtorad,

meore ki ùZvelesi saeklesio istoriis~ gadamwerad. leon-

ti mrovelis, rogorc istorikosis SemoqmedebiTi aqtivo-

bis sakiTxi, mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs,

rac arsebiTad ganpirobebulia mis saxelTan dakavSirebuli

Txzulebebis teqstis CamoyalibebaSi, wyaroebis rolis sx-

vadasxvagvari gaazrebiT. mkvlevarTa erTi nawilisaTvis (v.

goilaZe, S. badriZe...) leonti mroveli gadamweri, redaqtori

an redaqtor-gadamkeTeblia.

T. Jordaniam teqstobrivi Sedarebis safuZvelze isto-

riografiaSi pirvelad dasva sakiTxi, misTvis meSvide matia-

nis, xolo iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT – `matiane qarTlisaY~ da

`cxovrebaYY da uwyebaY bagratonianTas~ msgavsebis Sesaxeb. es

164

ukanaskneli man meSvide matianis wyarod miiCnia, Tvalsazrisi

`matiane qarTlisaY~-s avtoris mier, sumbat daviTis Zis wyarod

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi

wamoayena g. gelaSvilma (1960 w.). gaiziares m. lorTqifaniZem,

m wulaiam.

Zalian bevri sayuradRebo azri aqvs gamoTqmuli T. Jor-

danias daviTis, Tamarisa da Semdgomi periodis mematianeebis

Sesaxeb, romelTa umetesi nawili dRes qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi gavrcelebulia. amis Sesaxeb sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT

(ix. q. nadiraZe), radgan vfiqrobT, rom zemoT ganxiluli ma-

salidanac kargad Cans, rom T. Jordanias naazrevi Seqmnis

droidan erTi saukunis Semdegac samecniero TvalsazrisiT

aqtualobas ar kargavs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom gamokvlevis avtors mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana SeeZ-

lo `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Seswavlis saqmeSi, momdevno Taobebs

Zeglisadmi miseuli midgoma rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT.

T. Jordanias gamokvlevis Seswavlis Sedegad `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas: istorikosma sagangebo

adgili dauTmo `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ aRwerili movlenebis

Seswavlas, gamoiyena sxvadasxva wyaro aq aRniSnuli faqtebis

dasazusteblad, ecada TiToeuli matianis daTariRebas da

sandoobis warmoCenas, izruna matianeTa Janrobrivi xasiaTis

gansazRvrasa da maTi avtorebis vinaobis dadgenaze, imsjela

matianeebis krebulSi Setanis drois Sesaxeb da Seecada, dae-

dgina krebulis Sedgenis dro. aqedan gamomdinare, Tamamad

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: T. Jordania, rogorc wyaroTmcodne, ar

kmayofildeba Zeglis garegani kritikiT. igi iyenebs meTo-

debs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs, Caataros wyaros Sinagani,

anu analizuri kritika.

amrigad, T. Jordanias moRvaweobis periodSi, rodesac Se-

muSavebuli ar iyo werilobiTi wyaroebis mecnieruli anal-

izis meTodika, Zeglis SeswavlisaTvis amgvari xerxebis gamoy-

eneba udavod win gadadgmul nabijad unda miviCnioT.

165

T. Jordaniam qarTuli eklesiis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis

sakmaod seriozuli Sroma gaswia. Seqmna rogorc wyaroTmcod-

neobiTi baza, aseve sayuradRebo naSromebi avtokefaliisa da

afxazTa kaTolikosebis Sesaxeb. mas gamoqveynebuli aqvs jru-

Wis, mRvimevis, kacxis, martvilis, SiomRvimis monastrebis, ge-

laTis, xonis, qvaTaxevis, caiSis eklesiebis biblioTekebisa

da siZveleTa sacavebis, siwmindeebis aRwerilobebi. bevri

sigel-gujari, saxareba, gulani da sxva xelnaweri mis mier

aris Seswavlili da daTariRebuli.

mecnierma saintereso mosazrebebi gamoTqva qarTlis

gaqristianebis, qarTlis eklesiis ierarqiuli mdgomareobisa

da avtokefaliis mopovebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Tavmoyrilia

naSromSi: `Краткiя историческiя сведенiя об автокефалии Грузинской церкви~ (1905).

T. Jordania Tvlis, rom qristianobis gamocxadeba saxelm-

wifo religiad ganpirobebuli iyo sagareo-politikuri ori-

entaciiTac. es Tvalsazrisi gaziarebulia qarTul istorio-

grafiaSi. qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi arsebuli cnobebisa

da msoflio istoriaSi dadgenili faqtebis urTierTSejere-

biT mkvlevarma mefisa da xalxis moqceva qristes sjulze

gansazRvra 323 wliT, xolo samRvdeloebis Camosvla imperi-

idan saeklesio mmarTvelobis Camosayalibeblad – 326 wliT.

es TariRebi inarCuneben arsebobis uflebas, radgan istorio-

grafiaSi maT dRemde hyavs mxardamWerebi.

T. Jordaniam wyaroTa analizis safuZvelze aCvena, rom

dRidan daarsebisa, qarTuli eklesia ierarqiulad eqvemde-

bareboda antioqiis sapatriarqos da Semdeg am ukanasknelis-

agan miiRo avtokefalia. am Tvalsazriss dRes qarTvel da

ucxoel istorikosTa umravlesobac iziarebs.

T. Jordania avtokefaliis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arse-

buli wyaroebis ganxilvis safuZvelze mivida daskvnamde, rom

qarTlis eklesiam V saukuneSi (488 w.) moipova arasruli av-

tokefalia, xolo VIII saukuneSi sruli damoukdiebloba, nomi-

naluri valdebulebebis SenarCunebiT IX saukunemde, antio-

166

qiis sapatriarqos mimarT. aseTivea istorikosTa garkveuli

jgufis (ev. nikolaZe, s. gorgaZe, episkoposi zosime da sxv.)

damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi.

T. Jordania m. broses Semdeg iyo pirveli, romelmac

calke naSromi miuZRvna afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos)

sakaTolikosos sakiTxs, romelic 1893 wels wignad gamosca,

stavropolSi, saTauriT – `Абхазскiе Каталикосы~. Tema dRe-

sac mniSvnelovania, rogorc mecnieruli, aseve politikuri

TvalsazrisiT.

gamokvlevaSi gadmocemulia afxazTa sakaTolikosos war-

moqmnis mokle istoria, Sedgenilia XIII-XVIII s.s. afxazeTis

kaTolikosebis qronologiuri rigi, mokle anotaciebiT. naS-

romSi warmodgenili qronologiuri rigi, marTalia, ZiriTa-

dad emTxveva m. broses kaTolikosTa sias, magram aq Tavmoy-

rili da gaanalizebulia axali monacemebi (ZiriTadad wignis

minawerebi), ris safuZvelzec mkvlevari kaTolikosTa zeobis

wlebis dazustebas axdens. man moZiebuli sabuTebis mixedviT

daadgina sami manamde ucnobi kaTolikosis saxeli da moRvawe-

obis periodi, eseni arian svimoni (XI-XII s. mijna), nikolozi

(XIII s. 80-iani wlebi) da efvTime (XVII-XVIII mijna).

ganvixileT ra Tedo Jordanias mier Seswavlili sakiTxebis

istoriografia perspeqtivaSi, mivediT daskvnamde: mecnieri

saeklesio istoriis wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis erT-erTi

fuZemdebelia. man Sesaswavlad eklesiis istoriis iseTi

sakiTxebi airCia, romlebic Tanamedrove istoriografiisaT-

visac friad aqtualuria. am sakiTxebis irgvliv mis mier

gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi

miRebul daskvnebs ufro metad exmianeba, vidre T. Jordanias

Semdgomi periodis istorikosTa naazrevs, rac misi kvlevis

meTodebis sisworesa da mecnierul alRoze miuTiTebs.

XIX saukunis qarTul istoriografiaSi T. Jordania, Sei-

Zleba iTqvas, iyo pirveli istorikosi, vinc dainteresda

qarTvel moRvaweTa cxovrebis da Semoqmedebis SeswavliT,

romelTac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules qarTuli kul-

167

turisa da erovnuli azrovnebis ganviTarebasa da Camoyali-

bebaSi. misi mizania warmoaCinos, Tu ra MmZime politikur da

socialur pirobebSi uxdebodaT maT moRvaweoba da mainc, ro-

gori TavdadebiT iRwvodnen sakuTari qveynis sakeTildReod.

mkvlevari Tvlis, rom pirovnebis portretis srulad war-

modgenisTvis aucilebelia im epoqis politikuri viTarebis

gaTvaliswineba, romelsac igi ekuTvnis. amdenad, is Tavis

naSromebSi daviT guramiSvilis, ioseb samebelisa da anton

pirvelis Sesaxeb gvevlineba rogorc XVIII saukunis politi-

kuri istoriis sakiTxebiT daintersebuli mkvlevari. radgan

misi `personaJebis~ umetesobam cxovrebis garkveuli nawili

emigraciaSi gaatara, T. Jordania gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

uTmobs saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri urTierTobebis

istoriis Seswavlas. mis naSromebSi naCvenebia Cveni qveynis

samxreT-aRmosavleT mezoblebTan da ruseTTan urTierTo-

bebi, wamoyenebulia araerTi saintereso debuleba.

T. Jordania Tavisi Taobis istorikosebs Soris iyo erT-

erTi pirveli, romelmac saqarTvelos politikuri kavSiri

(XVIII s.) ruseTTan uaryofiTad Seafasa da miiCnia, rom ru-

seTis politikam saqarTvelos momavalze damRupveli zegav-

lena iqonia.

T. Jordaniam qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad Seiswav-

la daviT guramiSvilis, ioseb samebelis, anton I kaTaliko-

sis cxovreba da moRvaweoba [`daviT guramiSvili da misi

dro~, mTvarepiskoposi ioseb samebeli da qarTuli stambis

saqme XVIII saukuneSi~, `Антонии I, каталикос Грузии и архиепископ Владимирскии и Яропольский~, (anton I, saqarTvelos kaTolikosi

da mTavarepiskoposi vladimirisa da ieropolisa~)] mis mier

gamotanili daskvnebi xSir SemTxvevaSi dResac gaziarebulia,

magram maT, rogorc Jordaniaseulma Sexedulebebma, qarTul

istoriografiaSi adgili ver daimkvidres. igi iyo pirveli is-

torikosi, romelmac daayena sakiTxi qarTuli wignis beWdvis

istoriis Seswavlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.

168

T. Jordanias mecnieruli memkvidreobis Seswavlis safuZ-

velze SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna: igi, rogorc istorikosi

– ara mxolod aRwers, mogviTxrobs istorias, aramed faqte-

bze dayrdnobiT erkveva movlenebSi, maT Soris eZebs mizez-

Sedegobriv kavSirebs, axdens mis xelT arsebuli wyaroebis

gaanalizebiT faqtebis dazustebas da imdroindeli poli-

tikuri gadawyvetilebebis rekonstruirebas. yvelaferi es

mas XIX saukunis axali Taobis im istorikosTa rigSi ayenebs,

romelTac xeli Seuwyves istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis wins-

vlasa da ganviTarebas.

169

Tema VIII

eqvTime TayaiSvilis samecniero memkvidreoba

(1863-1953)

eqvTime TayaiSvili _ wyaroTmcodne da arqeografi, ar-

qeologi, qarTuli mwerlobisa da xalxuri sityvierebis, epi-

grafikis, istoriuli geografiisa da samarTlis istoriis

mkvlevari. misi samecniero interesebi mravalmxrivia, ro-

gorc yvela imdroindeli mkvlevrisa, romelic XIX s-is me-2

naxevarSi moRvaweobda.

eqvTime TayaiSvili daibada 1863 wlis 3 ianvars ozurgeTis

mazris sof. lixaurSi. igi 7 wlis asakSi ozurgeTis samazro

saswavlebelSi Seiyvanes, sadac gaicno SemdgomSi cnobili

mecnieri niko mari, romelTanac mTeli sicocxlis manZilze

didi megobroba akavSirebda. eqvTimem 1883 wels warCinebiT

daamTavra quTaisis gimnazia da peterburgis universtet-

Si saswavleblad gaemgzavra, sadac istoria-filologiis

fakultetze Tavisufal msmenelad Cairicxa. 1887 wels uni-

versiteti mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxiT daamTavra da

saqarTveloSi dabrunda. 1887-1894 wlebSi igi Tbilisis sa-

Tavadaznauro skolasa da klasikur gimnaziaSi aswavlida

beZrnul da laTinur enebs, istoriasa da geografias. roca

saTavadaznauro skolis direqtori p. WiWinaZe vladikavka-

zSi gadavida, Tavadaznaurobis krebam direqtoris Tanamde-

bobaze eqvTime daasaxela. man Tanxmoba, mxolod garkveuli

pirobebis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi ganacxada. igi iTxovda:

skolisaTvis yovel wels TiTo klasis momatebas, raTa srul

gimnaziad gadaqceuliyo; pedagogiur sakiTxebSi Tavadaznau-

robis Caurevlobas, maswavlebelTa xelfasis saxelmwifo gim-

naziis maswavleblis xelfasTan gaTanabrebas, skolis sameur-

neo saqmeebis srul wesrigSi moyvanasa da buRalteris ayvanas.

misi pirobebi miiRes. eqvTime saswavlebels xelmZRvanelobda

1894-1905 wlebSi. man saukeTeso pedagogebi miiyvana saswav-

170

lebelSi da swavleba moawesriga. `saTavadaznauro ki erqva,

magram glexTa da sxvaTa Svilebsac xSirad viRebdiT, Tuki

vargodnen... bevrs swavla mowyurebuls, niWiersa da kargi mo-

mavlis mqone, magram xelmokle axalgazrdas SevuwyveT xeli

saSualo swavlis miRebaSi, `wilad mxvda saswavleblis rvak-

lasian gimnaziad gadakeTeba~ _ werda eq. TayaiSvili. eqvTime

1895 wels ilia WavWavaZis CareviT daqorwinda ilias gimnaziis

megobris, Tbiliseli iuristis _ ivane poltorackis asul

ninoze, romelic misi cxovrebis erTguli Tanamgzavri gaxda.

ilia eqvTimem jer kidev peterburgSi swavlis dros gaicno

da mas Semdeg ilias igi mxedvelobis aredan ar daukargavs.

eqvTime studentobidanve eweoda aqtiur sazogadoebriv

moRvaweobas. amitomac, jer kidev studenti, iakob gogebaS-

vilis winadadebiT, 1889 wels airCies qarTvelTa Soris wera-

kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis komitetis wevrad.

agreTve: saqarTvelos muzeumis komitetis (1889 w. 13 Teber-

vali), qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis (1889 w.), qarTuli

wignebis gamomcemeli amxanagobis sarevizio komisis (1892 w.),

kavkasiis studentTa gamgeobis (1892 w.), peterburgisa (1894

w.) da moskovis (1905 w.) rusuli arqeologiuri sazogadoebis

kavkasiis ganyofilebis, rusuli geografiuli sazogadoebis

kavkasiis ganyofilebis (1901 w.), ruseTis aRmosavleTmcod-

neTa sazogadoebis Tbilisis ganyofilebis (1908 w.), frang

numizmatTa sazogadoebis (1922 w.), saazio sazogadoebis (1925

w.) da sxva sazogadoebaTa wevrad iqna arCeuli.

eqvTime TayaiSvili Tavad aris damaarsebeli: Jurnal

`moambis~ (1894-1905 w.), `saqarTvelos istoriisa da lit-

eraturis moyvarulTa wris~ (1900 w.), romlis mizanic iyo

mSobliuri istoriisa Tu literaturis masalebis Segroveba,

Seswavla da popularizacia; da, rac mniSvnelovania, igi aris

`saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis~

damaarsebeli da ucvleli Tavmjdomare 1907-1921 wlebSi.

didia misi Rvawli qarTuli universitetis daarsebaSi. igi Ta-

vidanve airCies `qarTuli universitetis damxmare sazogadoe-

171

bis~ komisiis wevrad. 1918 wlis 21 maiss Tbilisis universite-

tis profesorTa sabWom mas doqtoris xarisxi mianiWa. 1920

wlisTvis eqvTime universitetSi kiTxulobda Semdeg sale-

qcio kursebs: 1. saqarTvelos siZveleebis Sesavali – qvis,

brinjaosa da rkinis xana zogadad da, kerZod saqarTveloSi;

2. epigrafika; 3. eklesia-monastrebis istoria. agreTve, ga-

nagebda arqeologiis kaTedras.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisu-

flebis damyarebis Sedegad safrangeTSi evakuirebulma menSe-

vikurma mTavrobam, gankarguleba gasca mTeli samuzeumo

qoneba yuTebSi CaewyoT da ucxoeTSi gaetanaT. samuzeumo

ganZis meTvalyured damfuZnebelma krebam eqvTime TayaiSvili

daniSna. 1921 wlis 11 marts eqvTime TayaiSvilma meuRlesTan

_ nino poltorackaiasTan erTad datova samSoblo da saqa-

rTvelos Zvirfas saganZurs mcvelad gahyva. ganZis patronad

formalurad menSevikuri mTavroba iTvleboda. `ganZi auwere-

li faseulobisagan Sedgeboda. aq iyo Tbilisis muzeumebis

Zvirfaseuloba: oqro-vercxlisa da Tval-margalitis nivTe-

bi, Zvirfasi xelnawerebi, suraTebi erovnuli galereadan,

zugdidis dadianiseuli sasaxlis ganZeuloba, gelaTisa da

martvilis samonastro qoneba, Tbilisis sasaxlis ganZeulo-

ba, rusuli eklesiebis qoneba, saxazino qoneba, borjomis sa-

saxlis qoneba (mdidari biblioTekebiT) da sxva mravali...

safrangeTis mTavrobis sruluflebianma ministrma da

uzenaesma komisarma amierkavkasiaSi abel Sevaliem saqarT-

velos ganZeuloba frangul kreiser èrnes renanze~ moaT-

avsebina da, amasTan, imdeni moaxerxa, rom es kreiseri dan-

iSnul droze adre gavida da eqvTime TayaiSvili da misi

meuRle nino... mas CamorCnen. eqvTime daqiravebuli katarRiT

daedevna frangul kreisers, romelic konstantinopolisaken

miemarTeboda. konstantinopolSi ganZeuloba samgzavro gem

`bien hoaze~ gadaitanes da 20 marts marselisaken gaemarTnen.

ormocdarva dRis damqancveli mogzaurobis Semdeg, 1921 wlis

10 aprils marselSi Casulan. mas Semdeg, rac ganZi marselis

172 173

banks Caabara, eqvTime TayaiSvili meuRliTurT parizSi Cavida

da erTxans iq cxovrobda, Semdeg ki levilSi gadavida...

safrangeTSi saqarTvelos ganZis Catanis ambavi farTod

gaxmaurda da misi SeZenis bevri msurvelic gamoCnda. niu-

iorkisa da britaneTis muzeumebi cdilobdnen xelSi Caeg-

doT ganZis Tundac mcire nawili. frangi istorikosi mile

nivTebis fotografiulad gadaRebis nebarTvas iTxovda. eqv-

Time TayaiSvili... kategoriul uars eubneboda yvelas, vinc

ki ganZTan dakavSirebiT raimes iTxovda. xedavda ra udides

interess ganZisadmi, eqvTimes awuxebda misi momavali bedi.

mas SeuCivlia 1928 wels parizSi Casuli akaki SaniZisa da

giorgi axvledianisaTvis: `moaxerxeT rogorme, es siZveleebi

daubrundes saqarTvelos. es rom ase ar moxdes, Cemi meore

sikvdili iqnebao~.

eqvTime TayaiSvils didi mcdeloba dasWirda imisaTvis,

rom sasamarTlos wesiT uareyo graf aleqsandre obolenskis

qvrivis, samegrelos ukanaskneli mTavris, nikoloz dadianis

asulis _ salome obolenskaias saCivari, romelsac pretenzia

hqonda samegrelos mTavris ojaxidan gatanil ganZeulobaze~

[obolenskaias damarcxebis mTavari sabuTi iyo damfuZnebeli

krebis 1920 wlis 21 dekembris dekreti Tavad nikoloz min-

grelskis, qonebis patronis TanxmobiT gasaxelmwifoebriobis

Sesaxeb _ q. n.], (r. metreveli, wgn. `didni saqmeni~, gv. 460-

61). marTalia, salome obolenskaiam sarCeli waago, magram

sasamarTlom dadgenileba gamoitana: radgan am ganZis mepa-

trone saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavroba aRar arsebobs, gan-

Zi gadaeces p. doJons, romelsac àbaria mefis ruseTis qoneba

safrangeTSi~. Tan es qoneba surdaT, rom luvris sakuTreba

gamxdariyo. mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimda, rodesac meo-

re msoflio omis dros germanelebi safrangeTSi Sevidnen.

safrangeTis okupaciis periodSi nacistebi eq. TayaiSvilTan

mividnen siZveleebis CamosarTmevad. amisTvis Seiqmna komis-

ia, sadac zurab avaliSvilic (saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis aqtiuri politikuri moRvawe, iuristi, isto-

rikosi. 1921 wlidan imyofeboda emigraciaSi) Seiyvanes. man

sicocxlis riskis fasad dawera daskvna, rom es siZveleebi

materialuri da msoflio kulturis TvalsazrisiT araviTar

faseulobas ar warmoadgenda, ramac gadaarCina saqarTvelos

istoriuli kulturis didi saganZuri.

ganZma 25 weli dahyo safrangeTSi. mxolod meore msoflio

omSi sabWoTa kavSiris warmatebebma gaxada SesaZlebeli ganZis

dabruneba. 1944 wlis noemberSi eqvTime TayaiSvili Sexvda ssr

kavSiris elCs safrangeTSi al. bogomolovs, romelsac Sem-

weoba sTxova da Tan moxseneba gadasca general de golis sax-

elze. ganZis sabolood saqarTveloSi dabruneba i. stalinisa

da safrangeTis mTavrobis meTauris de golis moskovSi Sex-

vedram (1944 wlis 2-10 dekemberi) gadawyvita. de golis gan-

kargulebiT ganZeuloba saqarTveloSi uklebliv dabrunda.

1945 wlis 5 aprils safrangeTidan ori amerikuli TviTm-

frinaviT ganZTan erTad gamofrinda eq. TayaiSvili, romelsac

Tan axldnen: xelovnebaTmcodne, akademikosi Salva amiranaS-

vili, sabWoTa saqarTvelos cekas mdivani petre Saria da sa-

gangebod ganZTa mcvelebi p. melaZe da T. Savdia. SemovliTi

gziT isini TbilisSi 11 aprils Camofrindnen. roca Tavisi

qveynis didma patriotma samSoblo miwaze fexi daadga akakis

leqsi waukiTxavs: `ca-firuz, xmeleT-zurmuxto...~ da Salva

amiranaSvilisTvis miumarTavs: àxla SemiZlia vTqva, rom

Sevasrule Cemi vali samSoblosa da xalxis winaSe~.

eq. TayaiSvili 1945 wlis 10 maiss Tbilisis universitetis

profesorad airCies, xolo 1946 wels saqarTvelos mecniere-

baTa akademiis akademikosad man amave wels universitetSi sa-

jaro moxseneba waikiTxa: èvropaSi naxuli qarTuli Zeglebi

da iqve Sekrebili cnobebi qarTuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb~.

eqvTime TayaiSvili gardaicvala 1953 wlis 21 Tebervals.

Seqmnili politikuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare mis cxe-

dars mxolod ormocamde kacisagan Semdgari procesia mi-

hyveboda. igi dakrZales didubis mweralTa da moRvaweTa pan-

TeonSi, xolo Semdeg gadaasvenes mTawmindaze. saqarTvelos

173

rikosi. 1921 wlidan imyofeboda emigraciaSi) Seiyvanes. man

sicocxlis riskis fasad dawera daskvna, rom es siZveleebi

materialuri da msoflio kulturis TvalsazrisiT araviTar

faseulobas ar warmoadgenda, ramac gadaarCina saqarTvelos

istoriuli kulturis didi saganZuri.

ganZma 25 weli dahyo safrangeTSi. mxolod meore msoflio

omSi sabWoTa kavSiris warmatebebma gaxada SesaZlebeli ganZis

dabruneba. 1944 wlis noemberSi eqvTime TayaiSvili Sexvda ssr

kavSiris elCs safrangeTSi al. bogomolovs, romelsac Sem-

weoba sTxova da Tan moxseneba gadasca general de golis sax-

elze. ganZis sabolood saqarTveloSi dabruneba i. stalinisa

da safrangeTis mTavrobis meTauris de golis moskovSi Sex-

vedram (1944 wlis 2-10 dekemberi) gadawyvita. de golis gan-

kargulebiT ganZeuloba saqarTveloSi uklebliv dabrunda.

1945 wlis 5 aprils safrangeTidan ori amerikuli TviTm-

frinaviT ganZTan erTad gamofrinda eq. TayaiSvili, romelsac

Tan axldnen: xelovnebaTmcodne, akademikosi Salva amiranaS-

vili, sabWoTa saqarTvelos cekas mdivani petre Saria da sa-

gangebod ganZTa mcvelebi p. melaZe da T. Savdia. SemovliTi

gziT isini TbilisSi 11 aprils Camofrindnen. roca Tavisi

qveynis didma patriotma samSoblo miwaze fexi daadga akakis

leqsi waukiTxavs: `ca-firuz, xmeleT-zurmuxto...~ da Salva

amiranaSvilisTvis miumarTavs: àxla SemiZlia vTqva, rom

Sevasrule Cemi vali samSoblosa da xalxis winaSe~.

eq. TayaiSvili 1945 wlis 10 maiss Tbilisis universitetis

profesorad airCies, xolo 1946 wels saqarTvelos mecniere-

baTa akademiis akademikosad man amave wels universitetSi sa-

jaro moxseneba waikiTxa: èvropaSi naxuli qarTuli Zeglebi

da iqve Sekrebili cnobebi qarTuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb~.

eqvTime TayaiSvili gardaicvala 1953 wlis 21 Tebervals.

Seqmnili politikuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare mis cxe-

dars mxolod ormocamde kacisagan Semdgari procesia mi-

hyveboda. igi dakrZales didubis mweralTa da moRvaweTa pan-

TeonSi, xolo Semdeg gadaasvenes mTawmindaze. saqarTvelos

174

eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa _ `wmida eqvTime RvTiskacis~

saxeliT.

eqvTime TayaiSvilma sakmaod mniSvnelovani da mravalmxri-

vi samecniero memkvidreoba datova. jer kidev axalgazrda

mecniers, 1890 wlisTvis ukve garkveuli aqvs Tavisi samuSao

programa, saidanac kargad Cans, Tu rogor hqonda mas warmod-

genili Tavisi adgili saqarTvelos istoriis mecnierulad

Seswavlis saqmeSi.

`sami istoriuli xronikis~, romelic moicavs `qarTlis

moqcevas~, sumbatis qronikas da `mesxuri daviTnis~ matianes,

erT-erT winasityvaobaSi 1890 wels TayaiSvili aRniSnavda:

àseTi xronikebis gamoqveyneba, maTi Sedareba sxva xronikebTan

da istoriul cnobebTan, sxvadasxva manuskriptebis sistemaSi

moyvana da maTi istoriuli cnobebis ganmarteba, gujrebis

Segroveba da gamoqveyneba, sxvadasxva istoriuli warwerebis

garCeva, agreTve ganmarteba, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs da ra

axal masalas gvaZlevs TiToeuli amgvari wyaro da sazoga-

dod aseTi masalebis SeZlebisamebr kritikulad Seswavla _

ai, ra migvaCnia Cven, jer xanad mainc, yvelaze usaWiroesad

Cveni istoriisaTvis. Cveni istoriografiis axlandeli mdgo-

mareoba aseT Sromas Txoulobs Cvengan~. rodesac mecnieri

Tavis ganvlil gzas afasebda, igi werda: `saqarTvelo daviare

da davinaxe, Tu ra uzarmazari masalaa gawiruli daviwyebisa

da xSirad daRupisTvisac... im xanad ukve garkveuli mqonda

muSaobis mTavari mizani: ramdenadac SeiZleboda da garemoeba

nebas maZlevda, Semekriba masala saqarTvelos istoria-arqe-

ologiisaTvis; yoveli ZalRone mexmara ZeglTa daRupvisa da

dakargvisagan gadasarCenad; rac SeiZleba meti gamomemzeure-

bina da misawvdomi gamexada mkvlevarTaTvis. es mimaCnda Cveni

kulturis istoriisaTvis umniSvnelovanes saqmed am period-

Si im rwmeniT, rom rodesac aseTi masala sakmaod dagrovde-

boda, gamoCndebodnen CvenSi mecnierebi, romlebic jerovnad

Segvidgendnen saqarTvelos istorias, gagviSuqebdnen im mar-

Tlacda did kulturas, romelsac qarTvelma erma miaRwia

175

jer kidev Soreul warsulSi~. vfiqrobT, am amonaridebidan

kargad Cans eq. TayaiSvilis samecniero miznebi, romelic man

pirnaTlad Seasrula.

eq. TayaiSvils miaCnda, rom XIX s-nis 80-iani wlebisaTvis

ukve arsebulma istoriulma masalebma saukeTeso asaxva hpo-

va d. baqraZis ìstoria saqarTvelosi~, xolo kvlevis axal

safexurze asayvanad saWiro iyo axali wyaroebis kritikuli

Seswavla da gamoqveyneba.

sainteresoa, rogor hqonda warmodgenili saqarTvelos

istoriis masalebis dajgufeba eq. TayaiSvils, radgan aqedan

gamomdinare kargad Cans misi, rogorc istorikosis damokide-

buleba Sesaswavli sagnisadmi.

mecnierma saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi Semdeg

jgufebad warmoadgina: 1. werilobiTi wyaroebi _ saistorio

da sityvakazmuli mwerloba, samarTlis Zeglebi, qronikebi,

kvinklosebi, minawerebi, sigel-gujrebi, mosaxleobis aRwer-

is davTrebi; warwerebi: magar masalaze, xatebze, freskebze,

saflavis qvebze; onomastika da toponimika; 2. nivTieri kul-

turis Zeglebi: Zveli naqalaqarebi, nasoflarebi, cixeebi,

sasaxleebi, eklesia-monastrebi, iaraRebi; samosi, samkauli,

fuli da sxv. 3. eTnografiuli masala; 4. xalxuri sityviereba:

legendebi, zRaprebi, leqsebi da sxv.

eq. TayaiSvili Tavad, marTalia, ZiriTadad, werilobiTi

wyaroebisa da nivTieri kulturis ZeglTa Seswavla-gamoce-

maze muSaobda, magram sxva jgufTa masalebis Tavmoyra-gamo-

cemaSic iRebda monawileobas. eq. TayaiSvili, rogorc TviTon

miuTiTebda, misi, rogorc mkvlevris, naazrevi mxolod ama Tu

im Zeglis gamocemisas darTul umTavresad Sesavalsa da komen-

tarebSi mJRavndeboda. mkvlevari, ZiriTadad, Sua saukuneebis

qronologiisa da calkeul gvarTa genealogiis sakiTxebs exe-

boda, radgan igi irkvevda wyaros SeswavlasTan dakavSirebul

problemebs, magram mxolod im doziT, rac aucilebelia ama

YTu im Zeglis gamocemisaTvis. mis naazrevSi kargad Cans kvle-

vis obieqtebi: `qarTlis cxovrebis~ wyaroebi, qarTuli gana-

176

Tlebis centrebi, bagrationTa genealogia-qronologia, af-

xazTa (dasavleT saqarTvelo) mefeebi, politikuri istoriis

esa Tu is sakiTxi, samoxeleo wyoba da samarTali, qalaquri

yofis calkeuli sakiTxebi da sxv.

eqvTime TayaiSvilis `SromaTa bibliografia~ Seicavs 278

dasaxelebas. mis mier gaweuli kolosaluri Sroma saukeTe-

sod vlindeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Seswavlisadmi damokide-

bulebaSi.

eq. TayaiSvils mniSvnelovani Rvawli miuZRvis `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Seswavlis saqmeSi. igi TavdadebiT agrZelebda

adre cnobili variantebis kvlevas, maTi Sinaarsis, gadam-

werelTa xelis, minawerebis, TariRebis an dasaTariRebeli

arapirdapiri monacemebis, kiTxva-sxvaobaTa analizs, arse-

biTad pirvelad ikvlevda mariamiseul variants sxva varian-

tebTan Tu nusxebTan analizuri Sedarebis safuZvelze. man

mariamiseuli variantis garda, araerTi `qarTlis cxovrebis~

varianti aRwera da aRweriTi saxiT dabeWda Tavisi kapitaluri

ortomeulis àRweraSi~: baraTaSviliseuli, dadianiseuli,

Teimuraziseuli, rumianceviseuli, janaSviliseuli (saxele-

bi, rogorc cnobilia, variantebs darqmeuli aqvT pirovnebis

kuTvnilebis mixedviT). garda amisa, aRweriTi TvalsazrisiT

igi gzadagza swavlobda axlad aRmoCenil masalebs.

rogorc cnobilia, imdroisaTvis xelnawerze uSualo muS-

aoba, maTi Seswavla-publikacia mWidro kavSirSia saTanado

Zeglebis gamovlinebasTan siZveleTsacavebSi. eq. TayaiSvil-

ma mraval fasdaudebel xelnawers miakvlia da gamoaqveyna:

àfxazeTis istoria bagratisa~. teqsti gamoqveynda vrceli

gamokvlevis darTviT. gamokvlevaSi garkveulia, rom bagrati

aris bagrat III (975-1014) da Zegli aris àqti, manifesti~. is-

toriografiuli xasiaTis ZeglTagan eqvTimes mier aris da-

beWdili `mokle cnobebi saqarTvelos istoriidan~. aq mkvle-

vars mocemuli aqvs qarTuli welTaRricxvis sakiTxebis axle-

burad gaSuqebis mcdelobac. fasdaudebeli mniSvnelobisaa

misi redaqtorobiTa da gamokvlevebiT gamocemuli qroni-

177

kebi, kvinklosebis istoriuli minawerebi; gvianfeodaluri

saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri istoriis SeswavlisaT-

vis saWiro masalebs warmoadgens qarTl-kaxeTis sxvadasxva

kuTxeSi mopovebuli statistikuri cnobebi. gansakuTrebu-

lad yuradRebis Rirsia mis mier gamocemuli `saqarTvelos

siZveleni~ _ sam tomad. naSromSi Setanilia saqarTvelos

mefeebis, gamgeblebis, dedoflebis, mTavrebis, batoniS-

vilebis, kaTolikos-patriarqebis, episkoposebisaq da sxva

warCinebul pirTa wyalobis wignebi, sagvareulo da sasisxlo

sigelebi, gujrebi, Sewirulobis wignebi, arzebi, brZanebebi

da gankargulebebi, mediatorTa ganCinebani, ganqorwinebis

oqmebi, istoriul pirTa werilebi, genealogiuri cnobebi da

mravali sxva.

eq. TayaiSvilis sanimuSod Sesrulebul publikaciaTa

Soris fasdaudebelia `xelmwifis karis garigeba~ (XIV s.),

romelic warmoadgens sxvadasxva mefis mier dawesebul sax-

elmwifos marTva-gamgeobis kanonTa krebuls. aRniSnuli Ze-

gli mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos weswyobilebis, saxelmwifo

yofa-cxovrebisa da Sinagani organizaciis Sesaswavlad. mec-

nierma mis mierve aRmoCenili Zegli daaTariRa `sinqronikuli

meTodis momarjvebiT~, Sig moxsenebul istoriul pirTa vi-

naobis dazustebiT man gamoikvlia Zeglis daweris adgilic

(gelaTi) da mravali sxv. mniSvnelovania, agreTve, eq. TayaiS-

vilis mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba. sakmarisia davasaxeloT

rusulad Targmnili misive `sami istoriuli xronika~.

v. dundua eq. TayaiSvilis wyaroTmcodneobiTi moRvaweo-

bis Sesaxeb miZRvnil statiaSi aRniSnavs: `vecnobiT ra Cven

mier asaxuli mimarTulebiT TayaiSvilis Semoqmedebas, misi

didi samecniero gamocdilebis, mravalmxrivi meTodikuri

Tu `meTodologiuri~ dakvirvebebis xasiaTs, mis uamrav spe-

cialur SeniSvnebs, miTiTebebs, vaskvniT, rom marTalia, mas

ar ukisria _ erTi rame saTanado daniSnulebis saxelmZR-

vanelo Seedgina, ar ucdia _ daewera, rogorc amas hqonda

adgili, kerZod, mis Tanamedrove ruseTis saistorio mec-

178

nierebis sferoSi, Semajamebeli `meTodologia~, magram mis

Semoqmedebas uTuod kargad udgeba is daxasiaTeba, romelic

Tavis droze presniakovma misca cnobil wyaroTmcodnes la-

po-danilevskis Semdegi sityvebiT: rom es mecnieri ibrZoda

srulyofili mecnierebis maRali idealiT aRZruli. ara im-

denad konkretuli saistorio kvlevis gziT, ramdenadac mec-

nierebis safuZvlebis da misi meTodoligiisa da wyaroTa kri-

tikaSi misamarTi _ teqnikis Seswavlis gziT~.

... eqvTime TayaiSvilis SromebSi uxvadaa mocemuli wy-

aroTmcodneobiTi interesis Semcveli masala, kritikulad

aTvisebuli, romelic uTuod warmoadgens karg safuZvlebs

meTodikuri da meTodologiuri specialuri saxelmZRvanelo

kursis Sesaqmnelad~. eqvTime TayaiSvilis mravalxriv samec-

niero moRvaweobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia epigrafi-

kas. mas kargad esmoda epigrafikuli Zeglebis (warwerebis)

samecniero mniSvneloba. icoda, rom `zogjer erT sityvaZvir

warweras ufro meti SeuZlia gviTxras xalxis, qveynis warsu-

lis Sesaxeb, vidre sxva romelime naratiuli wyaros aTeulma

foliantebma~. epigrafikuli Zeglebis gamovlena-Sekrebisa

da Seswavla-gamoqveynebis saqme saqarTveloSi àravis dauy-

enebia ise farTe da namdvilad mecnierul niadagze, rogorc

es man gaakeTa. verc Seswavlil ZeglTa raodenobiT da verc

Seswavlis meTodologiuri xerxebis sisruliT wina Taobis

mkvelevarTagan veravin Seedreba mas~.

sainteresoa is meTodi, romliTac mecnieri epigrafikul

Zeglebs ikvlevda. warweras is arasodes calke ar ganixilavda,

aramed yovelTvis im ZeglebTan erTad swavlobda, romelze-

dac amokveTili iyo an romelSic is saukuneebis manZilze

inaxeboda. misi azriT, warwera da Zegli erTmaneTis warmo-

Sobis mauwyebeli iyvnen. amdenad Zegli gansazRvravda ara

mxolod warweris adgilsamyofels, aramed misi istoriis wy-

arosac warmoadgenda. zogjer Zeglis meSveobiT vlindeboda

warweris TariRi, misi mniSvneloba qveynis istoriaSi. swored

amitom mkvlevari warweris Seswavlas im arqiteqturuli Zeg-

179

lis SeswavliT iwyebda, romelzedac igi iyo amokveTili. am-

denad eqvTime TayaiSvilma mravali arqiteqturuli Zeglis

aRwerilobac dagvitova. igi warwerebs daeZebda ara mxolod

monumentur Zeglebze, aramed yvelaferze, `razec qarTveli

kacis kalmisa Tu andamatis frCxilis nakvalkevi aRmoCnde-

boda~. am mxriv sayuradReboa, rom mas waukiTxavi ar dautove-

bia kavkasiis muzeumSi sxvadasxva dros Semosul siZveleTa

warwerebic: mag. opizis bareliefi, focxovidan da xunZaxidan

Camotanili qvebi da sxv. rogorc k. grigolia wers: èq. Ta-

yaiSvilma Caayena istoriuli mecnierebis samsaxurSi qarTul

epigrafikul ZeglTa maqsimaluri raodenoba. Tu manamde am

Zvirfas da utyuar masalas qarTvel istorikosTagan cota

Tu vinme iyenebda, misi wyalobiT igi xelidan moucilebel

wyarod iqca saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis~.

es masalebi eq. TayaiSvils gamoqveynebuli aqvs Semdeg ga-

mocemebSi: àrqeologiuri eqspedicia raWa-leCxumSi~ (1910),

`somxiT-saorbelos Zeglebis warwerebi (2 wignad), àrqeolo-

giuri eqpedicia kola-olTisSi da CanglSi 1907 wels~, `kax-

eTSi mogzauroba arqeolgiuris mizniT~ da sxva.

istoriografiaSi maRali Sefaseba mieca eq. TayaiSvilis

moRvaweobas istoriul-geografiaSi. d. musxeliSvilis Sexed-

ulebiT: eq. TayaiSvilis gankargulebaSi iyo mTeli is masala,

romelic saWiroa qveynis istoriuli geografiis aRsadgenad.

(materialuri Zeglebi, toponomika, epigrafika, istoriuli

wyaroebi). eq. TayaiSvilis kvlevas axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela

is elementi, romelic aucilebelia am dargSi warmatebis mis-

aRwevad: geografiuli punqtebis identifikacia, fizikur-

geografiuli dakvirveba, sameurneo da kulturuli aspeqtis

gaTvaliswineba, mosaxleobis migraciis mxedvelobaSi miReba

da, rac mTavaria, mas hqonda is didi upiratesoba, rasac war-

moadgens: praqtikuli Ziebis gamocdileba. Tumca, am dargis,

Tanamedrove moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, misi kvlevebi

bevr nakls Seicavs.

180

eq. TayaiSvilis yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila qarTuli

samarTlis sakiTxebis kvleva, rac kargad Cans mis naSromSi

`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ Sesaxeb. igi pirveli mecnieria,

romelmac didi masStabis Sroma Caatara qarTuli iuridiuli

terminebis garkveva-dadgenis saqmeSi. mag. man gamoiyena ter-

minebi: ganCinebis wigni, mibarebis wigni, wyalobis wigni, piro-

bis wigni da sxv.

eq. TayaiSvili n. maris Semdeg aris pirveli qarTveli mec-

nieri, romelmac daiwyo arqeologiuri gaTxrebis warmoeba.

1894 wels man pirvelad gaTxara sof. vornakSi da aRmoaCina

brinjaos xanis samarxebi. mas didi Rvawli miuZRvis àxalgo-

ris ganZis~ Segrovebasa da dacvaSi. man 1912 wels imogzaura

borjomis xeobaSi, Seiswavla banisxevis mtkvarTan SesarTa-

vis midamoebis siZveleebi, iqve gaTxara ramdenime saflavi da

ipova ìSviaTi brinjaos nivTebi~.

eTnografias eq. TayaiSvili Tvlida, rogorc ukve aRniS-

nuli gvqonda, saqarTvelos istoriis mesame wyarod. mas mi-

aCda, rom unda aRiweros èTnografiuli monacemebi: dabade-

basTan, qorwinebasTan, mosavlis moyvanasTan, gardacvalebasa

da datirebasTan Tu adamianis cxovrebis sxva mxareebTan da-

kavSirebuli ritualebi da qcevis wesebi, dReoba-dResas-

waulebi, saadaTo samarTlis normebi~ da a. S. eTnografiuli

masalis Seswavlas igi iTxovda werilobiTi wyaroebis gaT-

valiswinebiTac. saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis

egidiT man saingiloSi miavlina mose janaSvili, romelmac

Sedegad dawera eTnografiuli naSromi `saingilo~, vaJa-

fSavela miavlina fSavSi, ris Sedegadac miviReT `fSaveli da

misi wuTisofeli~, xolo niko CimakaZes aRawerina svaneTi.

eq. TayaiSvilma miznad daisaxa numizmaturi masalis mo-

groveba. igi werda: `Tavmiznad davisaxeT qarTlisa da saqa-

rTveloSi moWrili fulebis koleqciebis Sedgena~. mkvleva-

ri, ZiriTadad, zrunavda samSobloSi napovni yoveli ucxouri

monetis moZiebas. 1917 wels, saeTnografio sazogadoebis 10

wlisTavze igi werda: `Cveni qarTuli fulebis koleqcia axla

181

erTi ukeTesTagania cnobilTa Soris~. man i. sonRulaSvilTan

erTad Seadgina _ `saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio

sazogadoebis rusul-qarTuli fulebis koleqcia~. man erTma

pirvelTaganma aRniSna, rom saqarTveloSi `fulis aRsaniSna-

vad zogad terminad ixmareboda _ safase~. eqvTimes Seudge-

nia, agreTve, `medlebisa da brelokebis sia~, qarTul, rusul

da inglisur enebze.

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba eq. TayaiSvilis mier aRmoCe-

nil `vefxistyaosnis~ Zvel xelnawerebs. man Tavi mouyara 17

xelnawers, romelTa Soris uZvelesi 1646 wlisaa.

eq. TayaiSvilisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi vkiTxulobT: eq.

TayaiSvilis damsaxureba qarTveli xalxisa da qarTuli is-

toriuli mecnierebis winaSe SeuZlebelia raRac sazomiT Se-

fasdes... wyaroebis ase gulmodgined da marjved gamovlena,

maTi mniSvnelobis mecnieruli Sefaseba, maRal mecnierul

doneze gamocema mxolod iseT mkvlevars SeeZlo, romelsac

istorikosis safuZvliani momzadeba gaaCnda da SeiaraRe-

buli iyo qarTvelmcodneobiTi dargebis _ lingvistikis,

arqeolologiis, eTnografiis, wyaroTmcodneobis, epigrafi-

kis, numizmatikis, folkloristikis monacemTa Rrma codniT.

swored aseT mkvlevar-istorikosad, farTo masStabis qarT-

velologad warmogvidgeba Cven akademikosi eq. TayaiSvili,

romlis naRvawiT qarTveli eri mudam madlieri, xolo qar-

Tuli mecniereba mudam davalebuli iqneba.

182

Tema IX

ivane javaxiSvili da qarTuli universiteti

ivane javaxiSvili narkvevSi `mamuliSviloba da mecniere-

ba~, romelic 1904 wels daistamba, wers: ìstorikosi movalea

mxolod mecnierulad Seiswavlos da gamoikvlios ama Tu im

eris warsuli, gamoirkvios ra da ra pirobebsa da mizezebze

iyo damokidebuli saxelmwifo. misi sazogadoebrivi da zneo-

briv-gonebrivi ganviTareba Tu warmatebis mimdinareoba. is

mecnieri, romelic mecnierebis winaSe Tavis movaleobas pir-

naTlad asrulebs, ueWvelia, imave dros qarTul sazogadoe-

basac sargeblobas moutans, imitom, rom yoveli ganaTle-

buli erovnebisaTvis, romelsac TviTSemecneba moepoveba,

aucileblad saWiroa icodes Tavisi warsuli sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis istoria; unda icodes, rasakvirvelia, utyuari,

WeSmariti istoria da ara gazviadebuli, yalbi.

magram saqarTvelos istoriis piruTvneli, mecnieruli

codna marto qarTvelebisaTvis ki ar aris saWiro, sxva erTa

warmomadgenlebisTvisac: ra Camomavlobisac unda gaxldeT

mecnieri, germaneli iqneba igi, Tu frangi, rusi, Tu qarTveli,

yvelani erTnairad, Tu isini marTla mecnierebas emsaxurebian

dainteresebulni arian, rom saqarTvelos warsuli safuZvli-

anad da piruTvnelad iyos Seswavlili, imitom, rom TiToeuli

xalxis istoriis Seswavlazea damokidebuli bevris mxriv is

mecniereba, romelsac istoriis filosofias eZaxian da ro-

melic Seadgens Cveni mecnierebis uzenaes mizans...

... qarTvelma istorikosma sruliad piruTvnelad unda

warudginos Tavis samSoblos warsuli, Tanamedroveebsac da

ucxoelebsac, radgan mas ar unda daaviwydes, ra didi Rvaw-

lic unda miuZRodes erovnebas warsulSi, Tu igi awmyoSi aras

warmoadgens, brwyinvale warsuli veras uSvelis... aSkaraa,

didebul warsuls saerTaSoriso politikasa da cxovrebaSi

183

didi gasavali ar unda hqondes, awmyoa mxolod mxedvelobaSi

miRebuli, awmyo kulturuli...

... mecnieri istorikosebi movaleni arian upirvelesad

kritikulad ganixilon yvela is cnoba, romelzedac damyareb-

ulia Cveulebrivi warmodgena warsul cxovrebaze. cxadia, vi-

dre amgvari pirvel dawyebiTi masalaTa ganxilva gaTavebuli

ar iqneba, manamdisin SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos samecniero

istoria daiweros... rac ufro meti dro gaivlis, ufro uke-

Tesad SemuSavebuli da ganxiluli iqneba qarTuli mwerloba

da samoqalaqo istoria...

marto istoriaSi ki ara, mecnierebis yvela dargSi saWiroa

kritikulma mimarTulebam CvenSi iCinos Tavi...~

vfiqrobT, Cven mier moyvanili amonarididan kargad Cans

mecnieris kredo, is faseulobebi, romelzedac dgas misi sa-

mecniero memkvdireoba da is qarTvelologiuri skola, rom-

lis CamoyalibebisaTvis iv. javaxiSvilma uzarmazari Sroma

gaswia. misi mecnieruli moRvaweoba, maRali moqalaqeobrivi

pasuxismgebloba, aris warmatebuli brZola siaxlis dasamkv-

direblad, rogorc mecnierebaSi, aseve imdroindel sazoga-

doebriv cxovrebaSi.

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas: iv. javaxiSvilis samoRvaweo as-

parezze gamosvliT iwyeba sruliad axali epoqa, rogorc

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, romlis dadasturebacaa qar-

Tuli universitetis daarseba, aseve qarTvelologiuri mec-

nierebis ganviTarebaSi, rasac safuZveli Cauyara iv. javaxiS-

vilis samecniero memkvidreobam.

vfiqrobT, aRsaniSnavia erTic: didi garjis Sedegad, XIX

saukuneSi moRvawe qarTvelologebma xeli Seuwyves mec-

nierebis winsvlasa da ganviTarebas, ramac, Tavis mxriv, mec-

nierebis axal etapze ayvanis SesaZlebloba misca momaval

Taobas, romlis saxesac warmoadgens swored iv. javaxiSvili.

XX saukuneSi istoriuli kvlevis palitra mdidari da

mravalferovani gaxda. gafarTovda Tematika, gaRrmavda Sem-

ecnebis meTodebi, gaxSirda ekonomikuri da socialuri is-

184

toriiT daintereseba. `msoflio istoriam~, romelsac XIX

saukuneSi jer kidev evrocentrizmi axasiaTebda, universal-

izmi SeiZina. axla ukve misi interesis sferos dedamiwis yvela

kontinenti Seicavda.

mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciebma, gansakuTrebiT

masobrivi informaciebis saSualebebma, istoriul codnas

farTo masStabi SesZina. Sedegad, istoriuli mecniereba

diferencirebuli gaxda da kvlevis axali obieqtebi SeiZina.

magaliTad, ideis ganviTarebis, kulturis, teqnikisa da mec-

nierebis istoriebi. maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTSi

udidesi yuradReba mieqca istoriuli mecnierebis istoriis

Seswavlas.

XX saukunis istoriuli mecnierebis gansakuTrebul miR-

wevad iTvleba sakiTxebis monografiulad Seswavlis tenden-

cia. Seiqmna saintereso da maRalmecnierul doneze Sesrule-

buli calkeuli kulturebis, erebis, movlenebisa da proble-

mebisadmi miZRvnili monografiebi.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom XX saukunis

istoriuli mecnierebis istoriisa da ganviTarebis Seswavla,

axali saleqcio kursis prerogativas warmoadgens.

Cveni saleqcio kursi mTavrdeba TemiT: ìvane javaxiSvili

da qarTuli universiteti~, radgan Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,

es movlena mxolod XX saukunis kuTvnileba ar gaxlavT, ra-

sac vfiqrobT, Cven mier ganvlili masala kargad adasturebs.

Tumca swored axali kursis gansakuTrebuli Seswavlis sagnad

unda iqces ivane javaxiSvilis Semoqmedeba da ivane javaxiS-

vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mier

istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi Setanili wvlili.

iv. javaxiSvilis, rogorc mecnierisa da sazogado moR-

vawis damsaxureba qarTveli eris winaSe ganuzomelia.

iv. javaxiSvilma Seqmna fuZemdebluri naSromi ìstoriis

mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla~, romelic oTx

wignad daibeWda: 1. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-

XVIII s.s.); 2. qarTuli safas-sazomTmcodneoba, anu numizma-

185

tika – metrologia; 3. qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba, anu

paleografia; 4. qarTuli sigelTmcodneoba, anu diplomati-

ka. am naSromiT man safuZveli Cauyara qarTuli istoriuli

mecnierebis rig specialobasa Tu damxmare dargs: wyaroTm-

codneobas, diplomatikas, numizmatika-metrologias, paleo-

grafias... iv. javaxiSvilma dawera fundamenturi Sroma – `qa-

rTveli eris istoria~ xuT wignad. man sagangebod gamoikvlia

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria, romelic gamovida sam

wignad. didi amagi dasdo qarTuli samarTlis istoriis Ses-

wavlas, romelic warmoadgina monografiiT `qarTuli samar-

Tlis istoria~. iv. javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom istoriis Seswav-

la SeuZlebelia, Tu Sesabamisi periodis geografia ar iqna

gamokvleuli. misi naSromi istoriul-geografiaSi – `saqarT-

velos sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT

ganxiluli~ – fundamenturi gamokvlevaa. gansakuTrebulad

mniSvnelovania mis mier Sedgenili da gamocemuli saqarT-

velos ruka. esaa erTiani saqarTvelo, `nikofsiidan daruban-

damde da oseTidan aregawamde~. niSandoblivia, rom rukaze

saqarTvelos yvela sofelia datanili. iv. javaxiSvilma

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia istoriis filosofiis

sakiTxebis Seswavlas. man aseTi gansazRvreba misca istori-

is filosofias: `dargi, romelic egreTwodebul saistorio

kanonebs, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warmatebasa da sxva kidev

mraval ZiriTad kiTxvebs ikvlevs~. man qarTvel mkvlevarTa-

gan pirvelma ganixila da gaanaliza istoriis filosofiis

erT-erTi sfero – formaluri istoriis filosofia; wyaroe-

bis kritikuli SeswavliT aCvena, rodis da rogor SeiZleba

istoria gaxdes mecniereba, iyos obieqturi Semecnebis forma.

iv. javaxiSvilma didi amagi dasdo Zveli somxuri saistorio

mwerlobis Seswavlas, did yuradRebas uTmobda qarTuli enis

uZvelesi agebulebisa da naTesaobis sakiTxebis damuSavebas,

qarTuli musikis istoriis sistemuri kvlevac iv. javaxiSvi-

lis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli.

186

1976 wels aRiniSna 100 weli ivane javaxiSvilis (1876-1940)

dabadebidan. am TariRTan dakavSirebiT imdroindeli mTavro-

bis gadawvetilebiT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiasa da

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets daevala iv. javaxiSvilis

TxzulebaTa Tormettomeulis akademiuri momzadeba. daist-

amba 1979-1998 wlebSi.

iv. javaxiSvili mWidrod TanamSromlobda wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan, 1922-1927 wlebSi Tavmjdo-

mareobda saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebas, aqtiuri

monawileoba miiRo konservatoriis wesdebis CamoyalibebaSi.

misi azriT, konservatoria unda yofiliyo, erTi mxriv, musi-

kaluri Semoqmedebisa da kvleva-Ziebis kera, meore mxriv,

saukeTeso umaRlesi saswavlebeli. sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damyarebis Semdeg, TbilisSi arsebuli `kavkasiis muzeumi~

saqarTvelos muzeumad gadakeTda. muzeumi TandaTan ga-

farTovda – mas SeuerTda qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis, saistorio da saeTnografio

sazogadoebisa da saeklesio muzeumis qoneba. Sedegad saqa-

rTvelos muzeumi mTel qveyanaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan sa-

mecniero da saganmanaTleblo centrad iqca. 1931 wels iv.

javaxiSvili muzeumis mecnier-konsultantad dainiSna. misi

dabejiTebuli da dasabuTebuli moTxovnis safuZvelze muze-

umSi Seiqmna istoriis ganyofileba, romlis gamgec 1936-1940

wlebSi Tavadve iyo. man Seadgina muzeumis muSaobis gardaqm-

nis proeqti, romelSic samuzeumo mecnier-muSakTa momzade-

basac didi adgili dauTmo. magram yvelaze didi Zalisxmeva da

mondomeba iv. javaxiSvilma qarTuli universitetis daarsebas

moaxmara.

qarTuli universiteti: universitetis daarseba, rogorc

umaRlesi saswavlo-samecniero dawesebulebis, romelic amza-

debs kadrebs fundamentur mecnierebaTa dargebSi, qarTveli

xalxis didi xnis survili iyo. XIX saukunis manZilze qarTve-

li mowinave inteligencia ar wyvetda brZolas qarTuli umaR-

lesi saswavleblis daarsebisaTvis. 1871 wels TbilisSi unda

187

Camosuliyo ruseTis imperatori – aleqsandre II. gadawyda

imperatorisaTvis eTxovaT universitetis gaxsnis nebarTva.

moulodnelad es Txovna kadetTa korpusis gaxnis moTxovniT

Seicvala. am faqts mowinave qarTveli sazogadoebis didi aRS-

foTeba mohyva.

meoce saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli universitetis Seqm-

nis sakiTxi isev didi simZafriT daisva. am saqmis moTave iyo

imJamad peterburgis universitetis privat-docenti – iv.

javaxiSvili. mis mizans warmoadgenda erovnuli universite-

tis daarseba. am ideis ganxorcielebas realuri safuZveli

SesZina 1914 wels mefis mTavrobis mier iZulebiT miRebulma

kanonma – ruseTis imperiaSi ararusul enaze kerZo xasiaTis

umaRlesi saswavleblebis daarsebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa,

mTavroba qarTvel patriotebs isev did winaaRmdegobas uwev-

da. 1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis burJuaziulma revoluciam

isev gaaCina imedi. iv. javaxiSvilma peterburgSi, laxtinis

quCaze, Tavis binaSi Sekriba universitetis daarsebiT dain-

teresebuli qarTveli mecnierebi: ioseb yifSiZe, akaki SaniZe,

Salva nucubiZe da sxv. am Sekrebaze gadawyda, rom moqmedeba

ori mimarTulebiT unda ganviTarebuliyo. jer erTi, unda

gaSliliyo saxalxo moZraoba sauniversiteto ideisaTvis

saqarTveloSi, meore ki, centrSi, peterburgSi, raTa nebarT-

va aeRoT erovnuli umaRlesi skolis gaxsnisaTvis. Semdegi

Sekreba Catarda peterburgis kinoTeatr èlitSi~, sadac

krebas farTo sazogadoeba daeswro. kreba mihyavda z. aval-

iSvils, xolo moxseneba waikiTxa iv. javaxiSvilma. moxsenebaSi

detalurad iqna gadmocemuli universitetis daarsebis gze-

bi. sazogadoeba erTsulovani iyo.

1917 wlis gazafxulze iv. javaxiSvili Camodis TbilisSi

da iwyebs saorganizacio saqmianobas. daibeWda mosawvevi bara-

Ti, sadac ewera, rom 1917 wlis 12 maiss mowveulia kreba, rom-

lis sagania qarTuli Tavisufali universitetis daarsebis

sakiTxi. sxdoma Sedgeba TavadaznaurTa deputatebis sakrebu-

loSi. mosawvevi gaegzavna yvela qarTul samecniero sazoga-

188

do-politikur, kulturul da sakredito dawesebulebas,

aseve periodul gamocemaTa redaqciebs. sxdomis Tavmjdo-

mared airCies eqvTime TayaiSvili, xolo mdivnad – ilia zura-

baSvili. iv. javaxiSvili gamovida moxsenebiT – `qarTuli uni-

versitetis daarsebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb~, romelic Sem-

deg gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ daibeWda.

moxsenabaSi naTqvamia: `Cveni xalxi mezobel dawinaurebul

did saxelmwifoebsa da erebs – berZen-bizantielebs, sparse-

lebsa da arabebs – ganaTlebiTa da SemoqmedebiTi samwerlo

moRvaweobiT kvaldakval misdevda. iyo dro meTormete sau-

kuneSi, mag. rodesac Cvenma winaprebma mcire aziasa da maxlo-

bel aRmosavleTSi am mxriv umaRles xarisxs miaRwies... Cven

winaparTa daucxromelma mxneobam da sulieri ganviTarebisa

da codnismoyvareobisadmi Seuferxebelma miswrafebam qa-

rTvelobas sazRvargareTac iseTi dawesebulebani Seuqmna,

romelTa wyalobiT saqarTvelos saSualeba hqonda mezobelTa

samecniero samwerlobo da sakulto warmatebisaTvis Tvaly-

uri edevnebina da rac misTvis saWiro iyo, droze SeeTvisebina

kidec... Tu Cven gvsurs Cveni eris gonebrivsa da kulturuls

norCs aRorZinebas fesvebi gavumagroT, mTeli Cveni Zal-

RoniT qarTuli mecnierebis Seqmnas da ayvavebas unda xeli

SevuwyoT~... mas amisaTvis aucilebel pirobad miaCnda swored

universitetis daarseba. `qarTuli universiteti erTsa da

imave dros samecniero kvleva-Ziebis da cdis dawesebule-

bac unda iyos da umaRlesi samecniero saswavlebelic, sadac

mecnierebis Seswavla da samecniero muSaobis meTodebisa da

praqtikis SeTviseba SesaZlebeli iqneba~.

krebaze xangrZlivi kamaTis Semdeg, erTi nawili special-

uri umaRlesi saswavleblis daarsebas uWerda mxars, gadawy-

da, rom daarsebuliyo qarTuli Tavisufali universiteti.

Tavdapirvelad gaixsneboda sibrZnismetyvelebis fakulte-

ti. iv. javaxiSvilis winadadebiT Seiqmna komisia (iv. javaxiS-

vili, eq. TayaiSvili, f. gogiCaiSvili, k. afxazi, v. yifiani, i.

lorqifaniZe, g. Juruli), romelsac daevala saWiro saxsrebis

189

moZieba-Segroveba da xarjTaRricxvis Sedgena. aseve Seiqmna

qarTuli Tavisufali universitetis gansakuTrebuli sazoga-

doeba. 17 maiss aseTive kreba gaimarTa quTaisSi, krebas eswre-

bodnen cnobili moRvaweebi: i. ocxeli, k. lorTqifaniZe, i.

baqraZe, m. TaqTaqiSvili, m. faRava, i. quTaTelaZe, i. Ciqovani

da sxvebi. airCies komiteti TerTmeti kacis SemadgenlobiT,

romelsac TbilisSi arCeul komitetTan erTad unda gaetare-

bina sxvadasxva RonisZieba.

samwuxarod, am faqtiT garegnulad aRfrTovanebuli

sazogadoebis erTi nawili, realurad ganze gadga da saqmis-

admi nihilisturi damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna. Sedegad sa-

organizacio komisiis sxdomebi, wevrTa gamoucxadeblobis

gamo iSleboda.

iv. javaxiSvilis TaosnobiT 1917 wlis 3 ivniss mainc Sedga

sazogadoebis kreba, romelsac daeswrnen: k, afxazi, i. lorTq-

ifaniZe, v. yifiani, g. Juruli, g. abaSiZe, f. gogiCaiSvili.

msjeloba, ZiriTadad, exeboda Tanxebis mozidvis gzebs. kote

afxazis azriT, kargi iqneboda sajaro momgebiani latariis

gamarTva, an qarTvelTa Soris ùwyebul gadasaxadis gawerva

Semosavalis kvalobazed~, an kooperatorebisagan daxmarebis

miReba.

ivane javaxiSvili mTeli kategoriulobiT iTxovda: àm

saqmis daxaneba meti ar SeiZleba, saWiroa gamorkveuli iqnes

sabolood, SeiZleba Tu ara momavali wlidan universitetis

gaxsna. mxolod winadve darwmunebuli unda viyoT, rom usaxs-

robis gamo universitetis arseboba ucbad ar Sewydeba. am Sem-

TxvevaSi gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi CavayenebT mowveul pro-

fesorebs, romelnic axla uzrunvelyofilni arian ruseTis

universitetebSi da mxolod erovnuli ideis gamo mzad arian

dasTmon axlandeli TavianTi adgilebi, oRond ki samSoblo

mecnierebas emsaxuron. qarTvel profesorTa kontigenti

srul saSualebas gvaZlevs amTaviTve ori fakulteti davaar-

soT, sibrZnismetyvelebisa da sabunebismetyvelo, oRond niv-

Tieri saxsari iyos~ (amonaweri sxdomis oqmidan).

190

gadawyda, iv. javaxiSvils moemzadebina `qarTuli Tavi-

sufali universitetis damxmare sazogadoebis proeqti~, ro-

melic unda waredginaT mTavrobaSi dasamtkiceblad.

1917 wlis 15 ivniss saorganizacio komisiam ukve ganixila

wesdebis proeqti. iv. javaxiSvilis winadadebiT universite-

tis saxelwodebidan amoiRes sityva Tavisufali, radgan es si-

tyva misi TqmiT `kerZobiT xasiaTs aZlevda am dawesebulebas~.

22 ivniss Sedga morigi sxdoma, romelzec iv. javaxiSvilma war-

moadgina saboloo redaqcia universitetis damxmare sazoga-

doebis wesdebis proeqtisa da TviT universitetis ZiriTadi

debulebani. 3 agvistos mowveul sxdomaze damswre sazoga-

doebam erTxmad miiRo aRniSnuli proeqti da gadaegzavna

amierkavkasiis sagangebo komitets, dasamtkiceblad. sazoga-

doebis wesdeba daamtkices, magram iqidan amoiRes uflebis

miRebis moTxovna sajaro latariis mowyobis Sesaxeb, radgan

es mxolod umaRlesi mTavrobis uflebad iTvleboda. rac Se-

exeba ZiriTad debulebas, igi unda gadagzavniliyo peterbur-

gis saxalxo ganaTlebis saministroSi. am ukanasknelis pasuxs

iv. javaxiSvili ar daeloda da daiwyo gamalebuli muSaoba

damxmare sazogadoebis popularizaciisaTvis.

1917 wlis 20 oqtombers universitetis damxmare sazoga-

doebis saorganizacio krebam gadawvetileba miiRo gamoeqvey-

nebina presaSi – SemuSavebuli wesdeba, universitetis ZiriTa-

di debulebani da iv. javaxiSvilis moxseneba universitetis

daarsebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. presis mxardaWeras didi

mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan am ideis yvelaze saSiSi mteri, sam-

wuxarod, qarTveli inteligenciis sagrZnobi nawilis urwmu-

noeba aRmoCnda. isini Tvlidnen, rom erovnuli universiteti

ver SeZlebda mecnierebis àmetyvelebas~ qarTul enaze, ver

gauZlebda msoflios universitetebis konkurencias da pro-

vinciuli universtetis gaxsnas, sjobda saerTod uari eTqvaT

am ideaze. qarTveli inteligenciis es nihilizmi obieqtiurad

im Zalas ukavSirdeboda, romelmac dainaxa ra qarTuli uni-

versitetis gaxsnis `saSiSroeba~, jer varSavis universitetis

191

gadmotanas apirebda TbilisSi, Semdeg ki tartus universite-

tis an politikuri institutis gaxsnas.

qarTveli inteligenciis mebrZoli nawilis suliskveTe-

bas gamoxatavda konstantine gamsaxurdia. igi presaSi am

sakiTxis Sesaxeb xSirad beWdavda werilebs. mwerali werda:

`TaobaTa mTeli rigis muyaiTi Sromaa saWiro Cven winapar-

Tagan naanderZev kulturul saunjis mecnierulad Sesas-

wavlad~; da, rom amisaTvis sruliad arasakmarisia romelime

sxva qveynis universitetSi qarTvelologiis kaTedrebis Se-

qmna. saWiroa erovnuli umaRlesi saswavlebeli, amitom droa

`ruseTis sxvadasxva universitetebSi gabneulma qarTvelma

profesorebma exlave izrunon amaze~. `saWiroa mamulis moma-

vlisaTvis mzrunvelma xelma daaCqaros gawamebuli eris didi

xniT nazraxi gulisnadebis sisruleSi moyvana~. k. gamsaxur-

dias mier `STagonebiT dawerili es werilebi yvelaze droul,

saWiro, gabedul da sasargeblo mxardaWeras warmoadgenda.

metad didi iyo maTi zemoqmedebiTi Zala~. qarTul presaSi

universitetis mxardasaWerad mravali werilis beWdva dai-

wyes, rac xalxSi sauniversiteto ideis mxardaWeras aRviZe-

bda. ivane javaxiSvilma winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis mixed-

viT mTeli aqcenti gadaitana erovnuli universitetis ideis

xalxSi propagandaze. amas xelmZRvanelobda ùniversitetis

damxmare sazogadoeba~. 1917 wlis 3 oqtombers TbilisSi

Sedga am sazogadoebis pirveli kreba; krebis msvlelobidan

kargad Cans:

roca arsebobs neba da xalxis mxardaWera, nebismier gare-

moSi, nebismieri winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva SeiZleba miznis

misaRwevad. Tumca erTi kia, aucilebelia xalxis ndobis mop-

oveba. es ki iv. javaxiSvilma da misma TanamebrZolebma Tavi-

anTi didi Tavdadebis Sedegad namdvilad SeZles.

swored zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare moviyvan am krebis Ses-

axeb amonarids s. jorbenaZis wignidan – `cxovreba da Rvawli

ivane javaxiSvilisa~ (1987, gv, 200-206): `sxdomas daeswro dam-

fuZnebeli krebis monawileTa umTavresi nawili, 20 piri, sax-

192

eldobr: i. javaxiSvili, e. TayaiSvili, g. yazbegi, k. kekeliZe,

maRalaSvili, v. yifiani,. f. gogiCaiSvili, i. m. lorTqifaniZe,

g. qurdiani, l. bocvaZe, seiT iaSvili, i. b. lorTqifaniZe, p.

meliqiSvili, k. mayaSvili, i. imedaSvili, a. SaniZe gr. veSapiZe,

a. wereTeli, d. suliaSvili da il. zurabiSvili, ormocamde

qali da kaci, romelTac ukve sazogadoebis wevrobis fulic

Semoitanes...

kreba saRamos 9 saaTze gaxsna ivane javaxiSvilma. Tavmj-

domared dasaxelda eq. TayaiSvili, xolo sapatio Tavmjdo-

mared damsaxurebuli profesori – petre meliqiSvili.

ivane javaxiSvilma waikiTxa vrceli moxseneba erovnuli

umaRlesi saswavleblis daarsebis mniSvnelobasa da im saqmi-

anobaze, rac gakeTebulia universitetis gaxnisaTvis. Tavisi

sityvis dasrulebisas man auwya damswreT wesdebisa da mTa-

var debulebaTa damtkicebis saqmis viTareba. iv. javaxiSvili

vrclad Seexo sakiTxs erovnuli universitetis upirateso-

bisa kavkasiis saerTo universitetTan SedarebiT da mravlis

mosazrebiT daadastura Tavisi azri am upiratesobis Sesaxeb.

`moxseneba sazogadoebam didi taSiskvriT miiRo~. Tavmjdo-

maris TanxmobiT moxsenebis dros darbazSi Semodis amerike-

li profesori rosi, romelic salams uZRvnis sazogadoebis

pirvel krebas da iTxovs daswrebis nebas. kreba taSiskvriT da

fexze adgomiT esalmeba stumars. moxsenebis mosmenis Semdeg

Tavmjdomarem kreba Sewyvita da mimarTa darbazs: `visac sur-

vili gaqvT wevrobisa, gTxovT axlave CaeweroT da gadasaxadi

SemoitanoT~.

bevri gaxda am dRes sazogadobis wevri, kreba ganaxlda.

waikiTxes sia axladCawerili pirebisa. am siaSi iyvnen Salva

dadiani, konstantine gamsaxurdia, sergo kldiaSvili, dimi-

tri uznaZe, niko lomouri, Tamar javaxiSvili,... (sul 94 xel-

mowera). ... quTaisis saorganizacio komisiis warmomadgenelma

meqi faRavam ganacxada, rom xsenebul komisiasac hyavs Cawer-

ili wevrebi...

193

8 oqtombers gagrZelda sazogadoebis saerTo krebis sx-

doma prof. p. meliqiSvilis sapatio TavmjdomareobiTa da eq.

TayaiSvilis TavmjdomareobiT. mas orasamde damfuZnebeli

da damxmare wevri da mravali gareSe piri daeswro. krebam

bevri axali wevri miiRo, airCia gamgeobis wevrebi da wevro-

bis kandidatebi, sakontrolo sabWo da safinanso komisia, amis

Semdeg iv. javaxiSvilma waikiTxa moxseneba samoqmedo gegmis

Sesaxeb.

moxsenebis pirveli nawili exeboda universitetis arsebo-

bisaTvis saWiro saxsrebs, meore nawili Seexo universitetis

saswavlo saqmis dayenebis sakiTxs... gr. diasamiZis winadadeb-

iT krebam madloba gamoucxada ivane javaxiSvils, rogorc am

saqmis TaosnobisaTvis, agreTve, dauRalavi nayofieri samec-

niero moRvaweobisaTvis... sxdomis msvlelobis dros darbaz-

Si Semovida yaraman kiknaveliZe da ivane javaxiSvils konverti

gadasca, ris Semdeg igi krebidan wavida.

konvertSi aRmoCnda asi Tumani fuli da Semdegi Sinaarsis

werili:

`mecniers iv. javaxiSvils

Rrmad pativcemulo batono ivane! qarTuli universite-

tis daarsebis azrma uzomod gamaxara, vinaidan vgrZnob, rom

am azris ganxorcielebiT Cvens qveyanas aRorZinebis axali

xana udgeba. neba miboZeT me, rogorc Cveni eris winmsvlelo-

bis monatre erTma qarTvelTaganma erTdroul daxmarebad

mogarTvaT asi Tumani (aTasi maneTi) qarTuli universitetis

dasaarsebeli Tanxis gasaZliereblad. imedia, Tqvenis Cveu-

lebrivi muyaiTobiT Cvens samSoblos male eRirseba sakuTari

umaRlesi saswavlebeli Cvens dedaqalaq TbilisSi. davSvrebi

maradis Tqveni pativismcemeli yaraman solomonis Ze kikna-

veliZe. RvinobisTvis 8, 1917 w~.

universitetis damfuZnebeli sazogadoebis misamarTiT

daiwyo dena fulad Tanxebma SemowirulobaTa saxiT.

gamogzavnil fulad Tanxas TiTqmis yovelTvis axlda si-

yvaruliTa da rwmeniT savse werilebi.., erT-erTi pirvelia

194

1917 wlis 2 oqtombers baqodan gamogzavnili amanaTi – Sem-

degi warweriT: `me, eqimi raJden ivanes Ze naneiSvili da Cemi

coli natalia zaqros asuli naneiSvili gaaxlebT xuT Tumans

da gTxovT CagvricxoT orive qarTuli universitetis dam-

fuZnebel wevrad. roca saqme ganxorcielebis gzas daadgeba,

valad videbT, bevrad, meti vagzavnoT, aranakleb 20-30 Tum-

nisa weliwadSi~.

4 oqtombers e. a. WoRoSvili, erevnis vaJTa gimnaziis di-

reqtori, agzavnis 25 maneTs Semdegi warweriT: `didad pa-

tivcemulo batono eqvTime! (TayaiSvili – q.n. ) gigzavniT

25 maneTs da gTxovT CamweroT qarTuli universitetis dam-

fuZnebelTa wevrad~.

27 oqtombers qimiis inJineri, doqtori m. s. beqia baqodan

agzavnis amanaTs: `mowyaleo xelmwifev! gigzavniT ocdaxuT

maneTs da gTxovT CagvricxoT wevrTa siaSi qarTuli univer-

sitetisa...~

svimon abaSiZe 15 noemebrs saCxeredan, sofel savanedan

iwereboda: àr SeiZleba ar gaaxaros yvela Segnebuli qarTve-

li qarTuli universitetis daarsebam. qarTuli universite-

ti tfilisSi... ranair perspeqtivas gviqadis. didi sixaruliT

gaaxlebT xuT Tumans... gTxovT mimiRoT damfuZnebel wevrad~.

quTaisis samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo bankis gamge-

obis Tavmjdomare v. WilaZe qarTuli universitetis gamgeo-

bas acnobebda, rom giorgi simonis Ze svaniZem, Seswira saqarT-

velos universitets 4 aTasi maneTi, romlis Tanxa Setanilia

bankSi universitetis saxelze mimdinare angariSiT.

saqarTvelos yvela kuTxidan modioda amgvari amanaTebi,

universitetis Seqmnam udidesi sixaruli gamoiwvia samSob-

los gareT mcxovreb qarTvelebSic. 1917 wlis 17 ivniss uni-

versitetis profesorTa sabWo ecnoba a. i. ToiZis werils:

sadgur manjuriaSi qarTuli universitetis sasargeblod

gamarTul saRamos Semosavali darCa 6870 maneTi da am fuls

igi Seitans xarbinis rusul-aziur bankSi...

taSkentis qarTvelTa sazogadoeba gzavnis 100 maneTs.

195

Segrovil Tanxebs Soris erTi maneTic ar yofila im saxs-

rebidan, rac Semowirulobis saxiT wlobiT grovdeboda kavka-

siis universitetis (politeqnikuris) gasaxsnelad.

universitetis moaxloebuli gaxsna marto qarTvelo-

baSi rodi iwvevda sixarulsa da siamayes. Cveni yvela mokeTe

xarobda qarTuli erovnuli universitetis SeqmniT... didma

somexma mweralma ovanes Tumaninma universitets Semowira 100

maneTi oqroTi. igi werda: `mxolod mecnierebas, literatu-

ras da xelovnebas SeuZlia amoavsos is ufskruli, romelic

acalkevebs xalxebs, da mxolod maT SeuZliaT, Seqmnan moma-

vali cxovreba da namdvili adamiani...~

1917 wlis 7 noembers moskovidan Sio quCukaSvilis xeliT

m. n. genkini gzavnis 500 maneTs universitetis sazogadoebi-

saTvis. universitetis fondisaTvis quTaisel ebraelTa So-

ris Segrovda 200 maneTi...

universitetis fondis SeqmnaSi aqtiur monawileobas

Rebuloben qarTuli sazogadoebebi... gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovani iyo qarTuli koperativebis roli fuladi sax-

srebis SegrovebaSi. bevr maTgans marto erTdrouli Sena-

tanebi ki ar Semohqonda, aramed gansazRvruli donis zemoT

miRebuli mogebis sistematur gadaricxvas hpirdebodnen...

`gaumarjos qarTul universitets!~ depeSas xels awerda

gamgeobis Tavmjdomare – iason gabelaia. depeSa iuwyeboda,

rom qarTuli gimnaziis korporacia qarTuli universite-

tisTvis gimnaziis Senobisa (Tsu-s dRevandeli I korpusi) da

navTis sabados nakveTebis momgebiani bileTebis gadacemas

apirebda. es didi patriotuli saqme iyo. saqarTvelos yvela

kuTxeSi imarTeboda saRamoebi, romelTa Semosavali univer-

sitetis fondSi iricxeboda. fuladi Semowiruloba igzavne-

boda soflebidan. mag. sofel norios sazogadoebam univer-

sitets 25 maneTi gamougzavna~.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo arqivSi, sauniversiteto fondSi

inaxeba siebi, sadac glexebi, romlebic sakuTari gvaris gas-

wvriv jvars svamen, universitets swiraven SeZlebisdagvarad:

196

erT, or an sam kapiks. aqedanac kargad Cans, rom universite-

tis daarseba qarTveli xalxisTvis erovnuli Rirsebis saqmed

iqca.

1917 wlis 9 oqtombers, universitetis damxmare sazoga-

doebis gamgeobam da safinanso komisiam Tavis pirvel gaer-

Tianebul krebaze daadgina: miendoT novorosiis univer-

sitetis profesoris – petre meliqiSvilisTvis, peterburgis

universitetis docentis – ivane javaxiSvilisa da moskovis

universitetis docentis andria razmaZisTvis qarTuli uni-

versitetis profesorebis mowveva da profesorTa kolegiis

Sedgena.

ufro adre, 1917 wlis 3 agvistos, universitetis debuleba,

romelic gadaigzavna peterburgSi, ganaTlebis saministroSi

dasamtkiceblad ar daamtkices. droebiT mTavrobasaTan daax-

loebuli qarTveli menSevikebi ganze gadgnen, arc droebiTi

mTavrobis meTauris – kerenskis qarTveli megobrebis gav-

lenam gaWra. saministrom dokumenti gadaugzavna umaRlesi

skolebis reformebis komisias. komisiis sxdomebze qarTuli

universitetis daarsebis winaaRmdeg moxsenebiT gamodioda

niko mari. mxolod oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis

Semdeg axalma mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba, kavkasiaSi ram-

denime universitetis daarsebisa. Tumca qarTuli univer-

siteti pirveli umaRlesi skolaa, romelic yofili ruseTis

imperiaSi Semavalma dapyrobilma xalxma TviTonve Seqmna.

1917 wlis 26 noembris sxdomaze gadawyda daarsebuliyo

sibrZnismetyvelebis fakulteti sami ganyofilebiT: humani-

tarul mecnierebaTa (filosofia, istoria, literatura,

enaTmecniereba, socialuri mecnierebani, pedagogika), sa-

maTematiko da sabunebismetyvelo.

1917 wlis dekemberSi daamtkices universitetis ZiriTadi

debuleba – dekembris damlevs presaSi gamoqveynda gancxade-

ba qarTul universitetSi studentebis miRebis Taobaze. qa-

rTuli universitetis profesorTa kolegiis pirveli ofi-

cialuri sxdoma 1918 wlis 13 ianvars Sedga. am istoriul

197

sxdomas eswrebodnen: p. meliqiSvili, iv. javaxiSvili, a. San-

iZe, f. gogiCaiSvili, eq. TayaiSvili, S. nucubiZe, i. yifSiZe.

Tavmjdomare – p. meliqiSvili, mdivani a. SaniZe. airCies uni-

versitetis gamgeoba. am sxdomaze universitetis reqtoroba

bunebrivia, sTxoves ivane javaxiSvils. ivane javaxiSvilma

SemoTavazebaze uari ganacxada da man reqtorad petre meli-

qiSvili daasaxela, romelic, rogorc TviTon batoni ivane

aRniSnavda: `didad cnobili mecnieria rogorc ruseTSi, ise

sazRvargareT da misi arCeva did prestiJs Seuqmnis Cvens uni-

versitets~. universitetis reqtorad petre meliqiSvili air-

Cies, sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetis dekanad iv. javaxiSvi-

li, xolo profesorTa sabWos mdivnad – ioseb yifSiZe. ivane

javaxiSvilis winadadebiT universitetis gaxsnis drod mefe

daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRe, 26 ianvari dasaxelda – me-

fis, romelmac daarsa gelaTis akademia. bunebrivia, am faqts

simboluri datvirTva hqonda.

universitetis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebuli saorganizacio

sakiTxebi iv. javaxiSvilma ikisra. amis Sesaxeb mose janaSvili

werda: ìv. javaxiSvilma ikisra yvelaze didi tvirTi – guT-

nisdedoba TviT qarTuli mZime Rrmadmxvneli guTnisa... ja-

vaxiSvilis gamgeobam yovelive dabrkoleba dasZlia da axali

lampari agvinTo, qarTuli gimnaziis Senoba gviqcia erovnuli

didebis taZrad, misi pirveli universitetis savaned~.

1918 wlis 26 ianvars, wyneTis quCis 40 nomerSi mdebare

gimnaziis SenobaSi, gaixsna pirveli qarTuli umaRlesi sas-

wavlebeli – qarTuli universiteti. am WeSmaritad erovnul

zeims uamravi xalxi daeswro. Sesavali sityva warmosTqva

universitetis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomarem – akaki Cxen-

kelma. universitetis reqtorma – petre meliqiSvilma Tavis

sityvaSi Tqva: `vafuZnebT qarTul universitets imisaTvis,

rom saSualeba mivceT Cvens xalxs mSobliur enaze gaecnos

da aiTvisos mecnieruli WeSmaritebis sawyisebi da agreTve

saSualeba mivceT Cvens mecnierul Zalebs Seiswavlon Cveni

samSoblo – saqarTvelo da kavkasia~. ioseb yifSiZem waikiTxa

198

moxseneba qarTuli universitetis daarsebis istoriis Ses-

axeb. axlad daarsebul qarTul universitets miesalmnen

sxvadasxva (rusuli, somxuri, azerbaijanuli, polonuri da

sxv.). kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis warmomad-

genlebi. movida mosaloci depeSebi. sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqma – kirion II-m am dRes sagangebo para-

klisi gadaixada.

zeimis dasasruls iv. javaxiSvils unda waekiTxa leqcia,

magram xalxis simravlis gamo es ver moxerxda. man pirveli

leqcia – àdamianis pirovneba da misi mniSvneloba Zvel qar-

Tul saistorio-safilosofio mwerlobaSi~ 1918 wlis 30 ian-

vars waikiTxa.

gaxsnisas universitetSi 369 studenti da 89 Tavisufali

msmeneli iyo. mas 7 profesori (p. meliqiSvili, iv. javaxiSvili,

i. yifSiZe, and. benaSvili, korn. kekeliZe, d. uznaZe, f. gogiC-

aiSvili) , 5 profesoris moadgile (and. razmaZe, sv. avaliani,

S. nucubiZe, g. axvlediani, ak. SaniZe), 2 mecnier-xelmZRvaneli

(eq. TayaiSvili, ius. abulaZe) da 4 leqtori (el. orbelianisa

– franguli ena, art. laisti, il. yifSiZe – germanuli ena, v.

RambaSiZe – inglisuri ena) hyavda.

ase daiwyo qarTuli universitetiT Cveni sazogadoebis

inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi axali epoqa.

universitetis pirvel reqtors – petre meliqiSvils

uaRresad mZime pirobebSi uxdeboda moRvaweoba, magram igi

maRali mecnieruli RirsebiT asrulebda dakisrebul mova-

leobas. mTeli Tavisi sareqtoro moRvaweobis manZilze p.

meliqiSvili emyareboda princips, rom reqtori universite-

tis Tanaswor profesorTa Soris pirvelia. igi reqtoris

movaleobas usasyidlod asrulebda. 1919 wlis 11 oqtombers

eq. TayaiSvilis gadmocemiT, p. meliqiSvilma erT-erT profe-

sorTan momxdari sityvieri incindentis gamo reqtorobidan

gadadgoma iTxova. 12 oqtombers universitetis profesor-

Ta sabWom misi moTxovna daakmayofila. dadga sakiTxi axali

reqtoris arCevisa. iv. javaxiSvilma, romelic ori Tvis man-

199

Zilze reqtoris movaleobas asrulebda, werilobiT mimarTa

profesorTa sabWos, sadac uars ambobda reqtoris arCevnebSi

monawileobis miRebaze. ufro metic, samecnieri muSaobisTvis

darCenili drois simcirisa da daRlilobis mizeziT iTxov-

da dekanis Tanamdebobis datovebas. profesorTa sabWom, ar

gaiTvaliswina misi Txovna da igi 1919 wlis 24 dekembers air-

Cia universitetis reqtorad. iv. javaxiSvilis reqtorobis

periodSi universiteti TandaTan izrdeboda, farTovdeboda

da saerTaSoriso asparezze sakuTar saxels imkvidrebda.

bevri sirTule Sexvda ivane javaxiSvils universitet-

Si moRvaweobisas, rac upirveles yovlisa im viTarebiT iyo

gamowveuli, romelic Seiqmna bolSevikur saqarTveloSi.

sabWoTa sistema ramdenime niSniT xasiaTdeboda. am ni-

SanTa nawilobrivi CamoTvlac ki naTels xdis am sistemis

arss: kosmopolitizmi Tavisi yvelaze uaryofiTi kuTxiT,

mebrZoli aTeizmi, opoziciuri azris devna da opoziciuri

Zalis fizikuri ganadgureba, populizmi da demagogia, ara-

rusi erebis asimilacia, politikuri lideris gaRmerTeba,

kerZo sakuTrebis sruli mospoba da sxv. bunebrivia, aseTi

ideologiis matarebeli sabWoTa wyobilebis momxre, univer-

sitetis profesuris absoluturi umravlesoba, reqtoriT

saTaveSi, ver iqneboda. ivane javaxiSvili Tavisi samecniero

memkvidreobiTac miuRebeli Seiqna arsebuli reJimisaTvis.

maTi mizani iyo àxali adamianis~ Seqmna, romlis saazrovno

sistema damyarebuli iqneboda kosmopolitimze, demagogiasa

da Zalmomreobaze. erTi sityviT, ivane javaxiSvili sabWoTa

xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli moRvawe aRmoCnda.

1925 wels xelisuflebam gadawyvita universitetis av-

tonomiis gauqmeba, rasac iv. javaxiSvilma winaaRmdegoba

gauwia. am motiviT igi 1926 wels reqtorobidan gadaayenes

da sruliad CamoaSores saswavlo process. mis magivrad req-

torad daniSnes Tevdore Rlonti, Tavis droze socialist-

federalistTa partiis erT-erTi lideri, xolo 1924 wlidan

komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) wevri.

200

misi reqtorad daniSvnis mizani iyo, universitetSi im

tradiciebis moSla, romelic misma damaarseblebma daamkvi-

dres da im garemos Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobda àxali

adamianis~ aRzrdas.

imdroindeli reJimisaTvis esec ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi.

ufro Sors wavidnen: maT iv. javaxiSvili, rogorc mecnieri,

misi kolegebis, mowafeebisa Tu aspirantTa xeliT unda gae-

nadgurebinaT, radgan igi did avtoritets warmoadgenda.

uSiSroebis samsaxuris ufrosis – lavrenti berias erT-erT

moxsenebiT baraTSi weria: `Професор Джавахишвили Буквално бо-готворится – это настаящий кумир студенчества~

1930 wlis 13 dekembers pedagogiur institutSi dainiSna

sxdoma, romelic ivane javaxiSvilisa da misi Tanamoazreebis

samecniero moRvaweobis Sesaxeb diskusiebi unda gamarTuli-

yo. Tavad mecnieri sxdomas ar daswrebia. mTavari `mbralmde-

beli~ iyo institutis reqtori ivane vaSaymaZe. misi moxsenebi-

dan amonaridi aseTia: `Tu gadavavlebT Cven Tvals kulturul

fronts, gansakuTrebiT ki mecnierebas, Cven davinaxavT, rom

araviTar RirsSesaniSnav mecnierul kvleva-Ziebas ar qonia

adgili, ara Tu kvleva-Ziebas, aramed progresul-mecnierul

Zalebsac ar aZlevdnen saSualebas aq Camosvlisa. magaliTi-

saTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT qarTvel mecnierTa mier n. maris

winaaRmdeg kampaniis warmoeba da TiTqmis boikotis gamocxade-

bac ki. mecnierebas saqarTveloSi daepatrona pirwavardnili

nacionalizmi (iv. javaxiSvili im mosazrebiT, rom daemtkice-

bina somxeT-saqarTvelos omis samarTlianoba, wignsac wers:

`saqarTvelos istoriuli da geografiuli sazRvrebi~). mec-

nierebaSi yvelaferi is, rac ar uwyobda xels nacionalizms,

nacionalisturi sulis ganmtkicebas – devnili iyo~. vaSay-

maZem Tavisi moxsenebiT faqtobrivad gawira ara mxolod iv.

javaxiSvili, aramed grigol wereTeli, korneli kekeliZe,

vaxtang kotetiSvili da sxvebi. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT: vaSay-

maZe saubrobs im niko marze, romelic iv. javaxiSvilma Tavis

narkvevSi `mamuliSviloba da mecniereba~, rogorc Rirseulma

201

mowafem saxelovani mecnieri TavgamodebiT daicva, rodesac

mas qarTuli sazogadoebis saxeliT, arcTu usafuZvlod ia-

kob gogebaSvili daupirispirda, im niko marze, romelic kate-

goriuli winaaRmdegi iyo qarTuli universitetis daarsebisa

da mainc iv. javaxiSvils masTan urTierToba ar Seuwyvetia.

ivane javaxiSvilis samecniero da sazogadoebrivi moR-

vaweobis `SefasebisTvis~ gamarTuli diskusiebi mimdinareob-

da 1930 wels, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pedagogiur institut-

Si, mTeli dekemberis manZilze, xolo 1936 wlis mart-aprilSi

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. es masalebi gamoqveyne-

bulia wignSi – ìvane javaxiSvili tiraniis samsjavros winaSe~

(gamosacemad moamzades m. vaCnaZem, v. gurulma, Tb. 2004), ro-

melic TiTqmis 500 gverds moicavs. Cven mxolod or mcire

amonarids movitanT. pirveli – romelic aCvenebs, rogor

daundoblad gaiwira didi mecnieri da meore – sakuTari Tavis

gadarCenis fonze, mcdeloba misi dacvisa, rac mainc migvaCnia,

rom im totaluri Zalmomreobis Sedegia, rasac bolSevikebi

Tesavdnen: Tucma pirvel SemTxvevaSi sxvis ubedurebaze xe-

lis moTbobis survilic gamosWvivis.

pirveli: `yaliCava: ras warmoadgens wereTeli da javaxiS-

vili. me vici erTi faqti. rodesac ruseTma, sabWoTa xelisu-

flebam dakarga lenini, maSvin Cveni gr. wereTeli da javax-

iSvili mogrovdnen da laparakobdnen, rom gavkeTdiT xalxi,

lenini mokvtao. es aris kontrevolucioneri, is meTaurobs

imas, vinc Cvens winaaRmdeg modis, daskvna Cemi aseTi aris, rom

ivane javaxiSvili da wereTeli aris aSkara mavneblebi~.

meore:

`simon janaSia: me unda ganvacxado, rom iv. javaxiSvilis

udidesi pativiscema maqvs, man didi STabeWdileba datova qa-

rTul istoriul materializmSi. me pativs vcem mas, rogorc

karg, niWier mecniers, magram me araviTari saerTo ara maqvs

am jgufTan da maTi interesebi Cven ar gvaqvs. Cveni sazoga-

doebrivi urTierToba gansazRvruli aris im faqtiT mxolod,

202

rom Cven gvixdeba muSaoba erT da imave institutSi saqarT-

velos kaTedris~.

1930 wels universiteti saerTod gaauqmes, mis bazaze oTxi

instituti aRmocenda, xolo 1933 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti isev aRadgines. 1938 wels universitetis oci

wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili sesia ivane javaxiSvils, rogorc

universitetis damaarsebels sagangebod miesalma. 1940 wlis

18 noembers orSabaTs, saRamos, leqciis kiTxvis dros, Temaze

`qarTuli filosofia da Zveli mxatvruli mwerlobis isto-

riis amocanebi~, akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili gardaicvala.

igi dakrZalulia ivane jvaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sax-

elmwifo universitetis baRSi.

202 203

rom Cven gvixdeba muSaoba erT da imave institutSi saqarT-

velos kaTedris~.

1930 wels universiteti saerTod gaauqmes, mis bazaze oTxi

instituti aRmocenda, xolo 1933 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti isev aRadgines. 1938 wels universitetis oci

wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili sesia ivane javaxiSvils, rogorc

universitetis damaarsebels sagangebod miesalma. 1940 wlis

18 noembers orSabaTs, saRamos, leqciis kiTxvis dros, Temaze

`qarTuli filosofia da Zveli mxatvruli mwerlobis isto-

riis amocanebi~, akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili gardaicvala.

igi dakrZalulia ivane jvaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sax-

elmwifo universitetis baRSi.

Sinaarsi

disciplinis miznebi da amocanebi ............................................. 3

kursis ZiriTadi Temebi da sarekomendacio

literatura ...................................................................................... 8

Tema I

istoriis meTodologiis problemebis genezisi da

`qarTlis cxovreba~, rogorc Suasaukunovani

matianeebis tipuri nimuSi ............................................................ 15

Tema II

qarTuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis kerebi

Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi ..................................................... 41

Tema III

qarTuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba XVII-XVIII

saukuneebSi ........................................................................................ 58

Tema IVTema IV

istoriuli azris ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi da istoriuli azris ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi da

qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba saqarTvelos qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba saqarTvelos

farglebs gareTfarglebs gareT ............................................................................... ............................................................................... 7777

Tema VTema V

saganmanaTleblo-samecniero moZraoba saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo-samecniero moZraoba saqarTveloSi

(XIX s-is me-2 naxevari –XX s-is dasawyisi)(XIX s-is me-2 naxevari –XX s-is dasawyisi) ............................... ............................... 102102

Tema VITema VI

qarTuli istoriografiis ZiriTadi tendenciebi – qarTuli istoriografiis ZiriTadi tendenciebi –

XIX saukunis me-2 naxevris saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis me-2 naxevris saqarTveloSi .............................. .............................. 122122

Tema VII

istorikosi Tedo Jordania (1853-1916) ................................... ................................... 146146

Tema VIII

eqvTime TayaiSvilis samecniero memkvidreoba

(1863-1953) ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 169169

Tema IX

ivane javaxiSvili da qarTuli universiteti ........................ ........................ 182182

gamomcemloba ùniversali~



Documents

qarTuli istoriografia