Hng dn canh tctrn t dc

Tp 4

qun l trang tri

Sch xut bn theo tha thun ca

World Neighbors & Studio Driya Media

v c Quaker Service ti tr

Ngi dchNg S Hoi, n Th Phong

o Xun Trng, An Vn By

nh xut bn nng nghip

h ni 1995

2Pratical guide

to Dryland Farming

integratedfarm management

3Vi li ca t chc hng xm th gii gi n

bn c v b con nng dn Vit Nam

Chng ti rt ly lm vui mng l b sch " Hng dn canh tc trn t dc" c dch,in xong v ra mt vi bn c v b con nng dn Vit Nam

Chng ti xin by t lng cm n vi Quaker Service Vit Nam ti tr cho vic xutbn, v cm n Nh xut bn nng nghip t chc thnh cng vic bin tp, in n tp schny v gii thiu vi bn c.

B sch ny nguyn c vit trn c s kinh nghim v iu kin thc t ca Indonexia v c Yayasan Tananua, mt t chc do mt s nng dn Indonexia thnh lp, pht trinva thu kt qu tt p.

Chng ti khng c nh a ra mt mu hnh c th m ch gii thiu nhng kinh nghimthc t thu c Indonexia b con tham kho, phn tch, nh gi v tu theo tnhhnh c th ca a phong mnh tm ra nhng gii php thch hp v c hiu qu. Nhndn Vit Nam vn cn c lao ng, bit khc phc kh khn v c tinh thn sng to, chcchn b con nng dn ta s c cch gii quyt ring ca mnh. V vy chng ti cng s rthoan nghnh nu bn c v b con ta c nhng gp , ngh, nhn xt hoc kin trao iv ni dung tp sch ny, v xin gi v mt trong hai a ch sau:

Vn phng World Neighbors s 1B ng 202B, i Cn - H ni

Vn phng Quaker Service khch sn La Thnh, i Cn - H ni

Nng dn Vit Nam tng c cu tng kt ni ting trong vic canh tc: " Nht nc, nhphn, tam cn, t ging" . Cho php chng ti c thm hai na cho ph hp vi tnh hnhnng nghip hin nay:

Nht nc, nh phnTam cn, t ging

Phng chng bnh su

t mu phi gi

Chc cc bn thnh cng!

T chc hng xm th gii

World neighbors

4Li gii thiu

Vit Nam c ba phn t din tch t ai l i ni v cao nguyn. t sn xut nng lmnghip min ni v trung du phn ln l t dc, kh hn, phi c bin php canh tc thchhp s dng t c bn vng.B sch: " Hng dn canh tc trn t dc " gm 4 tp:- Cc gii php bo v t v nc .- Canh tc theo ng ng mc vi bng cy xanh.- K thut trng cy- Qun l trang tri.

Sch do World Neighbors ( T chc hng xm th gii), Studio Driya Media v YayasanTanaua xut bn v pht hnh rng ri ti Indonexia . Ni dung sch th hin ch yu bngcc tranh v km li gii thch ngn gn, d hiu, c ng o bn c hoan nghnhNhm phc v cho cng tc khuyn nng, khuyn lm, c s ng ca World Neighborsv Studio Driya Media, c Quaker Service ti tr, Nh xut bn Nng nghip cho xut bnb sch trn bng ting vit.

Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n:

- B Karin Eberhardt - i din World Neighbors, i din ca Studio Driya Media, cung cp nguyn bn ting Anh, bn dch ting Vit v cho php in b sch ny ti VitNam .

- B Lady Borton - i din Quaker Service h tr v ti chnh trong vic in n;- PTS Hong Xun T, Gim c " Trung tm sinh thi v mi trng rng" gip

chnh l ti liu cho ph hp vi Vit Nam.

Trn trng gii thiu vi bn c

nh xut bn nng nghip

5mc lc

Vi li ca t chc hng xm th gii gi nbn c v b con nng dn Vit Nam .................................................................3

Li gii thiu .........................................................................................................4

Gii thiu...............................................................................................................6

Bo v t v nc l c s canh tc tng hp ...............................................11

ph ca t .....................................................................................................12

Cc gii php m hnh canh tc ..........................................................................16

Vt nui...............................................................................................................23

Sn phm t cy ln ............................................................................................28

Tn che ................................................................................................................32

G ........................................................................................................................33

Kt lun ...............................................................................................................38

6Gii thiu

Nhn dn trn cc vng cao phi ng u vi nhiu kh khn. H thng xuyn phi canhtc trn nhng sn dc, t ai cn ci, ma khng u. Hn na nhiu bn lng vng cao rt xa xi ho lnh. Sn phm d tha rt kh bn. Nhng iu kin ny rt ph bin i vinng dn vng cao v nhng vng bn kh hn ti cc nc nhit i.

7Tt nhin ngi nng dn bit r nhng him ha v nhng kh khn m h phi ng u.Khi gp tht bi trong ngh nng, th h bit phi lm th no b p nhng mt mt nhnhng hot ng thnh cng khc.

Th d: Trch nhng cy tht nt mc nhng vng kh cn ly mt thay th ng hay lakhi v ma b tht bt, lng thc d tr cn kit. Ngi dn cc lng bn thng s dngng cy tht nt khi thc phm khan him trong ma kh ko di. ng tht nt cngc th em bn khi cn c tin mt.

8 nhng vng khc, vt nui l ngun sinh k lm gim nh nhng kh khn do mt ma gyra. Gia sc c em bn i ly tin mua ng, go v nhng th cn thit khc, khi mtma hay khi sn lng thu hoch st km.

Nng dn vng cao tin hnh nhiu hot ng khc nhau trn rung ng ca mnh. Htrng nhiu loi cy khc nhau nh ng, la, u, sn v khoai lang. ng thi hu ht nngdn cn trng rau, chn nui gia cm, gia sc v trng cy tng thm ngun thu nhp.

9Tin hnh nhiu loi hot ng trang tri (nh c v hnh trn) gip cho ngi nngdn gim bt nhng mi lo mt ma do iu kin khc nhit v kh on trc vng cao.

S dng nhng gii php canh tc tng hp l cch nhm gim bt nhng ri ro trong hotng canh tc vng cao. Vic a dng ho hot ng trang tri c th p ng c nhiunhu cu thng ngy ca cc gia nh nng dn nh: thc n cao cp, ci un v g cho xydng, cng vi nhng nhu cu gia dng khc v tin mt mua sm mi th cn thit khc.

10

Do iu kin thin nhin khc nghit, din tch canh tc hn hp, ngi nng dn phi lp khoch s dng t mt cch cn thn, tt c nhng khong trng u c tn dng. Ttc cc yu t nh: nc, thi gian, sc lao ng phi c s dng mt cch thng minh, biv nhng yu t ny s quyt nh, liu thu hoch ma mng c p ng c nhng nhu cuca gia nh mnh hay khng.

Cun sch ny c th s dng nh mt ti liu hng dn tho lun v cch duy tr cc giiphp canh tc v tng nng sut cy trng lu di. iu ny c ngha l phi tin hnh cchot ng khc nhau, p ng c nhu cu ca gia nh vi t ri ro nht. Lao ng cn ccha gii quyt c ton b vn . Ngi nng dn phi bit cch kt hp cc hot ngkhc nhau lm cho trang tri c nng sut hn.

11

bo v t v nc l c s canh tc tng hp

Bo v t v nc trn sn i thng bao gm vic trng nhng hng cy mc nhanh trncc bc thang. Tin hnh nhng cng vic bo v t v nc c th lm gim bt " ximn", tng mu m ca t, v gi li nc ma s dng mt cch hiu qu hn.(Xem tp 1 Gii thiu cc gii php bo v t v nc ca b ti liu ny) .

Vic ci thin iu kin nong ry bng cch lm tng mu m v tng s thm nc cat c th lm tng sn lng hoa mu. Nu bo v t v nc mt cch hp l s c thtng nng sut cc loi hoa mu, vt nui v cy trng. Tt c nhng sn phm c linquan n nhau trong trang tri vng cao

12

ph ca t

Hu ht nng dn u nhn thy mt thc th: Vic trng cy nm ny qua nm khc, trncng mt m t cui cng s lm gim mu m ca t ti mc m nng sut canh tckhng tng xng vi cng sc lao ng. t ai lm nng ry mi ngy cng tr nnkhan him v vic m mang nng ry l rt vt v. V vy duy tr ph ca t canh tclu di l rt quan trng.

13

Cnh l cy trng trn rung bc thang c th c s dng nh lm " phn xanh" lmtng mu m ca t. Phn xanh ci to t, lm cho t ti xp d trng trt hn.

Khi lm t, phn xanh phi c vi vo t. Khi gieo trng cy, l cy phn hu v ci tokt cu ca t lm cho r cy pht trin tt hn. iu ny lm cho cy trng sinh trngmnh hn v sn lng s ln hn.

14

Ngoi phn xanh t l cy, c th dng nhiu loi vt liu tng ph ca t nh phnn, cnh ngn cy, cc loi ph thi thc vt khc v phn gia sc.

Cc loi phn ho hc nh m v NPK cng c th s dng bn cho cy trng. Nurung ng c bo v bng nhng bin php bo v t v nc tt cc loi phn ho hct tin ny cng s khng b ma ra tri.

15

Tuy nhin, khi s dng phn ho hc, iu quan trng l phi tun theo ch dn mt cch cnthn, nn s dng bao nhiu, s dng u v thi gian thch hp s dng vo lc no.Nu nhng iu ch dn c tun th cht ch, th cc loi phn bn t tin ny c thmang li li ch tng xng vi chi ph.

16

Cc gii php m hnh canh tc

S dng cc gii php canh tc tt trn nhng vng ng rung mu m v ti xp c th tngsn lng hoa mu mt cch rt ng k. Vic trng cy vi mt ph hp cn c th lmgia tng sn lng cy trng khi t ai c tn dng tt.

17

Trng cy theo hng cho php s dng khng gian hiu qu hn, chm sc theo hng cngthun tin hn. C th tit kim c thi gian lm c, bn phn, phun thuc tr su.

nhng sn i dc, ni m nng vn c ci to bng cc gii php bo v t vnc, cn canh tc theo " ng ng mc" nhm tip tc hn ch xi mn. ( Canh tc theong ng mc c ngha l tt c cc cy trng mt hng cng mt cao trn sn i).

18

iu quan trng l phi suy ngh cn thn v s lng ht ging cho mi hc. Gieo ht qudy, hay gieo ht qu tha s lm lng ph mu m ln din tch t. Mt khc, gieo qudy hay qu nhiu trong mt hc ( k c khi gieo vi mt ng u) cng s lm cho cysinh trng km.

Tt hn l mi hc nn trng ch mt t cy, sau trng li nhng im m cy khng mc.Nh vy s tit kim c ht ging v bo m s sinh trng ca cy trng tt hn.

19

Vi mu m ca t c gia tng v s iu tit ca nc ma tt hn, nhng trang tritrc y ch gieo trng c mt v trong 1 nm, th nay c th to ra v th hai nh ng,u hoc thm ch c th lm thm mt v chnh na.,

Nhng m hnh trng trt c th c thay i nhm tn dng th mnh ca t v nc c ci to trn ng rung. Th d: lc hay u c th c trng v th sau khi thu hochng, la.

20

Hoc khi mu m ca t c ci thin v nc ma c s dng hiu qu hn, th snc th c trng xen gia cc loi ng cc trong ma gieo trng u tin. Khi trng xen nhvy th c th thu hoch c cc loi sn phm khc nhau ti cc thi im khc nhau trongnm.

21

Mi m hnh canh tc mi, trc ht cn phi c th nghim pht hin xem liu mhnh c ph hp iu kin lp a hay khng. Ch sau khi th nghim nhiu m hnh cytrng khc nhau, ngi nng dn mi bit c tp on cy no ph hp nht vi iu kint ai ca a phng, li t su bnh to ra nhiu nng sn p ng nhu cu gia nhmnh.

22

Nhng k thut c bn khc m bo thu hoch tt v lin tc c ch ra nh sau:1. Ging tt

2. Lm t

3. iu tit ngun nc4. Bo v t

5. Tr su bnh

23

Vt nui

Tng nng sut nng nghip cng c ngha l phi tng vt nui bng cc gii php tt hn.V rung bc thang c kh nng bo v t trn sn i, c th cung cp ngun thc nquanh nm cho vt nui. C s lng v cht lng ca n gia sc u c th tng ln.

24

Khi c ngun thu nhp thc n cho gia sc th gia sc c th c nui trong chung thayth cho th rng. Nui gia sc trong chung tri c rt nhiu u im.

Trc ht vt nui n ung u n vi nhng thc n tt ca l v c to iu kin chochng chng ln .

25

Khng lng ph thi gian chn th gia sc, cn bn thn vt nui nht trong chung tri thkhng phi tn sc tm kim thc n khi tri nng nng.

Gia sc c nui nht trong cc chung tri sch s v vng chc thng kho mnh hn, tb mc bnh giun sn v cc bnh khc. Cn nhng con vt b bnh c th c chm sc tthn khi nht trong chung tri. Ngoi ra, vic gim st dch bnh cng d hn so vi thrng.

26

Nui gia sc trong chung tri gip ly phn d dng hn. Phn chung l ngun phn bnquan trng cho cy cng nghip v vn rau gia nh cng nh nhng cy trng chnh ngoing rung.

u im quan trng nht ca chung tri l gi cho gia sc khng ph hoi hoa mu. Gia scth rng ph hoi ma mng thng l nguyn nhn gy ra ci v v mu thun trong lngxm.

27

Mc d hu ht cc bn lng u c nhng lut l gi cho gia sc khng ph hoi hoa mu.Tuy vy, nhng con vt i thng ln sang cc cnh ng ca cc thn khc. Khi mi ngitrong lng bn bit chuyn th hoa mu b gia sc ph hoi c th gy tranh ci thm chgy u .

Nhng l do nui nht gia sc trong chung tri l: ng vt kho mnh cho thu nhpnhiu hn, ly phn bn rung d dng hn, tru b, cn l ngun sc ko quan trng cyrung.

28

sn phm t cy ln

Duy tr v tng nng sut cy lu nin cn l hot ng canh tc quan trng. Sn phm thuhoch t cy lu nin c s dng trc tip cho gia nh cng nh to ngun thu nhp png nhng nhu cu khc ca gia nh.

29

Cy lu nin c trng xen vi cy ngn ngy thng lm cho nng sut cao hn. Cy lunin c th s dng mu m ca t v nc tng su hn bi v r ca chng n su hnnhiu so vi r ca hu ht cc loi cy lng thc. Cy lu nin cng c thu hoch v bnti nhiu thi im khc nhau ch khng phi ch c nhng v thu hoch nht nh nh la,ng. iu ny gip ngi nng dn c thm tin.

Chnh v vy, khng c g ngc nhin khi ngi nng dn ngy cng quan tm nhiu hn nvic trng cy lu nin nh da, c ph, ca cao v nhiu loi cy qu khc.

30

Cy lu nin phi c trng kt hp vi nhng cy ngn ngy theo m hnh trng trt phhp vi nhng iu kin a phng v nhu cu ca ngi nng dn. Tt nht l nn trngcy lu nin t 1/3 n 1/4 din tch rung bc thang hu ht din tch nng c th cdng trng cy lng thc.

Nn trng cy lu nin gia bc thang theo nhng khong cch c nh. Nhng khongcch phi c vch ra c th va s dng tt nht khong trng, va phi m bo nhng cylu nm khng che bng cy trng chnh trong nhng nm sau.

31

Khi cy lu nin cn nh th nhng cy hng nm c th c trng st vi cy lu nin.iu ny cho php s dng khong trng xung quanh cy lu nin mt cch hiu qu hn khicy cn nh cha cho thu hoch v cha che mt cy lng thc trng bn cnh.

Vic chm sc tt nhng cy non l rt quan trng chng pht trin tt. Nhng cy gingv cy non phi c ti nc cn thn, phi c bn phn v ta m bo pht trin ttnht. t xung quanh cy ln cng phi clm c v xi xo tt.

32

Tn che

Ngay c khi cy lu nin ang sinh trng tt, t xung quanh gc cy cng phi c bo vkhi xi mn v nh nng mu m ca t khng b mt. Mt s loi cy c tn rmph t rt tt. Mt loi cy che ph t tt c th bo v t khi nh nng gay gt, xi mnv gi cho t lun m, ngn cn c di pht trin v thng xuyn lm tng thm mu mca t. Mt s cy c tn, cng c th n c nh rau, v lm thc n cho gia sc.

Cy to tn c la chn theo nhng iu kin a phng v ngun ging hin c.

33

G

Ngun g ci n nh nu n v si m cho mi gia nh l mt trong nhng nhu cuhng ngy quan trng nht. Nu c chm sc tt, nhng cy lu nm trn nhng rung bcthang c kh nng bo tn t c th cung cp gn s ci un cho gia nh.

iu ny s tit kim c v thi gian v cng sc ca ph n, tr em nhng ngi phi i rtxa kim ci rng. Tht d dng hn nhiu, khi ch vic thu hi ci trong vn hay trnnng.

34

nhng vng phi mua ci th c th tit kim c tin bng cch s dng ci ly t hngro sng trn rung bc thang.

Mt tc dng m con ngi t nht thy l pht trin trng cy t tc ci chnh l bo vnhng din tch rng cn li, v chng thng hay b ph hoi bi nhng ngi i kim ci.V lu di vic bo tn nhng khu rng ny s c hiu qu hn nhiu.

35

Mt s nng dn khng ta cnh cy lm hng ro (ca cao, keo du, keo caliandra trong makh. Nu s sinh trng kh tt th tn cy trn cc rung bc thang s giao nhau.

Ngoi vic to thm ci un, t gia cc hng ro sng c bo v v gi c m. Tncy s lm gim bt c mc, trong khi , l rng xung t cc hng ro cy lm tng thm mu m cho t v lm cho t khng b chai cng.

36

Nu c iu kin th nn cha li mt phn din tch t khng canh tc. Cho php mt phnt c " ngh Cng c ngha l nhng hng ro cy sng trn bc thang c th pht trinm khng b cht ct. Ngun l cy s tng thm mu m cho t, cn g th sau ny cth dng lm ci hoc vt liu xy dng. Din tch b hoang cn phi c lun phin sdng sau mt s nm.

Mt s nng dn khng cht n tt c cc cy hng ro ca rung bc thang khi canh tc,m c 3-5 m h cha li mt cy. Khi c khong trng gia cc cy khng b n th tnche ca cy khng c tc dng xu n cc loi hoa mu.

37

Ngoi vic cung cp cht t, g t nhng cy khng cht n c th lm than, hng ro hoclm chung tri. Nhng cy g ln c th c s dng cho xy dng nh ca hoc cccng trnh xy dng khc.

Mt s nng dn c nhu cu ln hn v g dnh ring mt phn din tch nht nh cho mcnh trng cy ly g. Ni tt nht xy dng" Vn rng" l cc phn t nm ngay phatrn din tch trng trt hoc phn nh i. Vn rng ny cn to ngun thu nhp cho nngdn trong tng lai.

38

Kt lun

R rng l cc gii php bo v t v nc to c s m bo thu hoch tt v lu di. pdng thnh cng nhng k thut bo v t v nc cn lm cho nhng hot ng khc catrang tri thu c kt qu tt hn.

39

S a dng ho cy trng v nhng hot ng canh tc khc cng vi s s dng thng minhngun ti nguyn thin nhin, s gip m bo cho ngi nng dn p ng c nhng nhucu c bn ca h.

Tng hp nhng hot ng ny c th lm tng thm sc sn xut ca trang tri: S dngrung bc thang bo v t c th tng sn lng cy trng cung cp thc n cho vt nui,ng thi tng vt nui c ngha l tng phn bn v trong nhiu trng hp c th tng scko pht trin sn xut nng nghip. Sn xut tng c ngha l tng thm thu nhp.

40

Tt c nhng kin ny cn phi c xem xt v tho lun k cng vi nhau c c tmnhn rng ln hn kh nng ca tng trang tri. Sau , cn bt tay ngay vo cng vic bo m cho mt tng lai thnh vng, cho mi gia nh nng dn, cng nh cho nhng thh mai sau.

Mi m hnh mi cn phi th nghim trn mt phn nh ca trang tri, xem liu n ccho kt qu tt hay khng. Nu k thut hay hot ng qu thc l c ch, th c th sau tin hnh trn qui m ln hn.

41

Mt trong nhng th thch quan trng nht m ngi nng dn phi ng u l tng hp va dng ho nhng hot ng canh tc ca h nhm tho mn cc nhu cu gia nh mnh.Tin hnh cc hot ng ny theo cch c th bo v c ti nguyn thin nhin (khu rngt nhin hin cn) s m bo s pht trin thnh vng cho cc th h tng lai.

Vi li ca t chc hng xm th gii gi T chc hng xm th giiLi gii thiuGii thiubo v t v nc l c s canh tc t ph ca tCc gii php m hnh canh tcVt nuisn phm t cy lnTn cheGKt lun