QUIBOD liver

8/14/2019 QUIBOD liver

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what is a liver?

largest gland in the body

weighs about 1500 gm in adult

functions both exocrine gland and

endocrine gland

exocrine: secreting bile ducts into the duodenum

endocrine: synthesizing a variety of substances

that are released directly into the

bloodstream


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review on histology ofliver

sheets of connective tissue divide the liverinto thousands of small units (lobules)

lobule roughly hexagonal in shape

with portal triads at the vertices and a centralvein in the middle

structural unit of the liver


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hepatic acinus difficult to visualize

represents a unit that is of more relevance to

hepatic function oriented around the afferent vascular system


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hepatocytes parenchymal cells of the liver

polygonal cells

joined to one another in anastomosing plates,with borders that face either the sinusoids oradjacent hepatocytes


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sinusoids where hepatocytes make contact with blood

distensible vascular channels lined with highlyfenestrated endothelial cells and populated with

phagocytic Kupffer cells Space of Disse

space between endothelium and hepatocytes

which collects lymph for delivery to lymphaticcapillaries


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bile originates as secretions from the basalsurface of hepatocytes, which collect inchannels called canaliculi

these secretions flow toward the peripheryof lobules and into bile ductulesandinterlobular bile ducts, ultimatelycollecting in the hepatic duct outside theliver


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the hepatic duct is continuous with thecommon bile duct, which delivers bile intothe duodenum

portal triad

groups of three tubes

a branch of the portal vein, a branch of the

hepatic artery and a branch of the bile duct


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histochemistry

H t t t i d t d d h t li i t i


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Hepatocytes stained standard hematoxylin-eosin stain.


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Liver lobulein a

rabbit that's beeninjected withIndia

ink


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tissue treated withdiastase enzyme beforethe stain was applied. Thestaining reaction has been

abolished. The use ofenzymes of knownspecificities to establishcontrolled reactions is abasic technique in

histochemistry.

PAS reaction

PAS reaction

section of liver, stained toshow glycogen. The deep

magenta coloration of thecells is evident


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Oil Red O stained liver section. This dye stains fat droplets in bright red.


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Resident Macrophages "Kupffer Cellsstained with hematoxylin-eosin.


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Liver section with infiltrate stained forchloroacetate esterase activity (Leder

stain, in red). This enzyme is a marker for granulocytes such as neutrophils


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Histochemical detection ofOTC (ornithine carbamyltransferase) activity in liver.

Mice deficient in functional OTC received AAV vectors expressing this enzyme.

OTC activity was visualized by a histochemical procedure leading to the

deposition of lead sulfide within transduced hepatocytes.


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diseases of the liver

jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the

system

bilirubin results from the breakup of thehemoglobin of dead red blood cells

normally, the liver removes bilirubin from theblood and excretes it through bile


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hepatitis inflammation of the liver, caused mainly by

various viruses but also by some poisons,

autoimmunity or hereditary conditions.

cirrhosis formation of fibrous tissue in the liver, replacing

dead liver cells. The death of the liver cells can forexample be caused by viral hepatitis, alcoholismor contact with other liver-toxic chemicals.

haemochromatosis hereditary disease causing the accumulation of

iron in the body, eventually leading to liverdamage.

A l t i h f li i h i h i di i hi h


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An electron micrograph scan of liver cirrhosis, a chronic disease in which

cells of the liver are damaged and then replaced by scar tissue.


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cancer of the liver (primary hepatocellular carcinoma or

cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic cancers,

usually from other parts of the gastrointestinaltract).

Wilson's disease

a hereditary disease which causes the body toretain copper

primary sclerosing cholangitis

an inflammatory disease of the bile duct,autoimmune in nature

primary biliary cirrhosis autoimmune disease of small bile ducts


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Budd-Chiari syndrome obstruction of the hepatic vein

Gilbert's syndrome a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism, found

in about 5% of the population

glycogen storage disease type II build-up of glycogen causes progressive muscle

weakness (myopathy) throughout the body andaffects various body tissues, particularly in theheart, skeletal muscles, liver and nervous system


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other pediatric diseases associated withliver:

biliary atresia alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

alagille syndrome

progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis


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QUIBOD liver