quyết định làm việc tại DNNN

Science & Technology Development, Vol 13, No.Q1- 2010

Trang 44

CC NHN T NH HNG N QUYT NH LM VIC TI DOANH NGHIP NH NC

Trn Th Ngc Duyn, Cao Ho Thi Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, HQG-HCM

(Bi nhn ngy 11 thng 10 nm 2009, hon chnh sa cha ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2009)

TM TT: Nghin cu c thc hin nhm xc nh cc nhn t nh hng n quyt nh

lm vic ti doanh nghip nh nc (DNNN), trn c s cc nghin cu ca Timothy A. Judge v cc

cng s [3], [4, [5], [10] kt hp cc nghin cu ca David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto v Robert F.

Otondo [7] v Levon T. Esters v Blannie E. Bowen [8].D liu kho st trn 253 lao ng c trnh

cao ng, i hc v sau i hc ti TP. H Ch Minh. Kt qu cho thy c c 8 nhn t nh hng n

quyt nh lm vic ti DNNN bao gm c hi o to v thng tin, thng hiu v uy tn t chc, s

ph hp gia c nhn-t chc, mc tr cng, hnh thc tr cng, chnh sch v mi trng t chc,

chnh sch v thng tin tuyn dng, gia nh v bn b. Tt c tm nhn t ny u c quan h ng

bin vi quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN vi cc gi thuyt c ng h mc ngha 5%. M

hnh nghin cu gii thch c 47.9% cho tng th v s lin h ca 8 nhn t ni trn vi quyt nh

chn cng vic ti DNNN.

T kha: quyt nh lm vic, doanh nghip nh nc, ngi tm vic, TP. H Ch Minh.

1. GII THIU

L thuyt v qun tr nhn s cho rng lc

lng lao ng lun ng vai tr quyt nh

trong vic duy tr v pht trin t chc. Thu ht

cc c nhn cht lng vo lm vic l mc

tiu c nhiu t chc hng n (Highhouse

& Hoffman [1]; Rynes & Barber [2]). Tuy

nhin, thc t ang din ra ti cc DNNN TP.

HCM hin nay l s bin ng kh ln ca lc

lng lao ng. Thng k ca B Ni V v

B Lao ng-Thng binh-X hi cho thy

trong 5 nm tr li y (2003-2007), c nc

c hn 16.000 lao ng thuc khi doanh

nghip nh nc ri sang lm vic cho khu vc

t nhn. Mc d vy, s liu thng k ca Vin

Nghin cu pht trin TP. H Ch Minh cho

thy lao ng ti DNNN TP. H Ch Minh

trong cc nm gn y vn khng ngng tng

ln. D bo n nm 2010, s lao ng trong

cc DNNN c th t khong 579.488 lao ng,

chim 18,20% tng s lao ng ti TP. H Ch

Minh v tng 49.022 lao ng so vi nm 2005

[17]. iu ny cho thy mt thc t ang din

ra ti cc DNNN TP. HCM hin nay l s

bin ng kh ln ca lc lng lao ng. Nu

khng c nhng gii php thch hp, bin ng

nhn s c th khin DNNN phi tr gi rt cao

trong hot ng ca mnh. Do , vic xy

dng mt m hnh xc nh cc nhn t nh

hng n quyt nh lm vic ti DNNN qua

xut mt s gii php nhm thu ht v

duy tr ngun nhn lc l vic lm cn thit v

thit thc hin nay i vi cc DNNN.

Nghin cu c thc hin vi mc ch

xem xt cc nhn t chnh nh hng n quyt

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 13, S Q1 - 2010

Trang 45

nh chn cng vic ti DNNN ca lao ng c

trnh cao ng, i hc v sau i hc ti TP.

H Ch Minh. Phm vi nghin cu gii hn cho

cc cng ty nh nc, cng ty c phn nh

nc v DN c c phn, vn gp ca nh nc

t 51% tr ln. Kt qu ca nghin cu c th

c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho cc

DNNN trong qu trnh qun l v thu ht lao

ng c trnh vo DNNN, c s hoch

nh mt chng trnh nh hng nhn s

hiu qu.

2. C S L THUYT

Trn th gii, cc nghin cu v quyt nh

chn cng vic v la chn t chc c ch

nhiu trong cc nm gn y.

Timothy A. Judge v cng s [3] trong

nghin cu v nh hng ca h thng la

chn ln quyt nh tm vic nhn thy

quyt nh chn cng vic ph thuc vo nhn

thc ca ng vin v s cng bng ca quy

trnh la chn, mc tr cng, c hi thng tin,

s lun chuyn/thay i trong cng vic. Ngoi

ra, mt s yu t nh trnh hc vn, kinh

nghim lm vic, gii tnh cng c nh hng

n quyt nh chn cng vic ca ngi tm

vic.

Daniel M. Cable v Timothy A. Judge [4]

vi nghin cu v tm quan trng ca mc tr

cng v quyt nh tm vic: hnh nh cho s

ph hp gia con ngi v t chc, nhn thy

nhng t chc cung cp mc tr cng cao,

phc li linh hot, tr lng theo c nhn v

chnh sch tr cng c nh s thu ht c

nhiu ngi tm vic hn.

Timothy A. Judge v Robert D. Bretz [5]

cho rng mc tr cng, c hi thng tin, chnh

sch cng vic/gia nh, h thng phn thng-

phc li v h thng cc quy tc hot ng linh

hot nh hng n quyt nh nhn cng vic

ca ngi tm vic.

Christopher J. Collins [6] cho rng s hiu

bit v t chc, danh ting v hnh nh t chc

c nh hng ng k n d nh v hnh vi

xin vic ca ngi tm vic.

i vi David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto v

Robert F. Otondo [7] th d nh ng tuyn ca

ngi xin vic vo t chc chu nh hng bi

cc yu t hnh nh, thng tin v cng ty v

thng tin v cng vic.

Theo Levon T. Esters v Blannie E. Bowen

[8] th gia nh v bn b l cc c nhn nh

hng nhiu nht n quyt nh chn cng

vic ca sinh vin tt nghip ngnh nng

nghip. C hi ngh nghip, trnh hc vn,

kinh nghim lm vic, s thch ngh nghip,

cc li tc trong ngnh l cc yu t nh hng

n quyt nh chn hay khng chn vic lm

trong ngnh nng nghip.

Ngoi ra cn c mt s nghin cu lin

quan n quyt nh chn cng vic v la

chn t chc. Quinetta M. Roberson,

Christopher J. Collins v Shaul Oreg [9] cho

rng cc thng tin tuyn dng lm ni bt s

nhn bit v cc c trng ca t chc v s

ph hp gia con ngi-t chc nh hng tt

n d nh np n ca ng vin vo t chc.

Daniel M. Cable v Timothy A. Judge [10] ch

ra rng nhn thc v s ph hp gia con

ngi-t chc ca ngi tm vic c d bo


Trang 46

bi s ph hp gia gi tr ca c nhn vi

nhn thc ca h v gi tr ca t chc, nhn

thc ny d bo c d nh tm vic v thi

i vi cng vic ca h trong tng lai.

Nghin cu ca Scott Highhouse, Filip Lievens,

Evan F. Sinar [11] cho thy c ba thnh phn

chnh nh hng n s thu ht ca mt t

chc i vi ng vin, l s hp dn chung,

d nh lm vic cho t chc v uy tn cng ty.

Nguyn Ngc Khnh [12] cho rng c ba yu

t chnh nh hng n s hi lng ca quyt

nh lm vic ca k s ti cc cng ty khu

Cng Ngh Cao TP. HCM l c hi o

to/pht trin, i ng v ng nghip trong t

chc.

Tm li, kt qu cc nghin cu c trnh

by trn cp n cc yu t nh hng n

quyt nh chn cng vic v la chn t chc

ca ngi tm vic. c th l hnh nh, uy

tn t chc, chnh sch v mi trng lm vic

ca t chc, s ph hp gia c nhn v t

chc, mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng, c

hi o to v thng tin, s thch thc/a dng

trong cng vic, thng tin tuyn dng hay gia

nh, bn b, trnh hc vn, kinh nghim

lm vic, gii tnh,.. Mi nghin cu c th bao

gm mt, hai hay tt c cc yu t trn. Tng

hp cc nhm yu t ny l c s hnh thnh

m hnh nghin cu ca ti.

3. CC GI THUYT V M HNH

NGHIN CU

3.1. Cc gi thuyt nghin cu

Cn c vo cc nghin cu c thc

hin trc y , kt hp vi vic tm hiu thm

thng tin t bo ch, tp ch chuyn ngnh v

trong tnh hnh thc t ti Vit Nam, c bit l

ti DNNN, nghin cu xut 8 gi thuyt

vi 31 bin i din nh hng n quyt nh

chn cng vic ti DNNN.

3.1.1 Thng hiu v uy tn t chc

C hai thnh phn ca thng hiu t chc,

l s ph bin bao gm s tha nhn v ghi

nh t chc v hnh nh bao gm s nhn thc

v nh gi v t chc (Collins & Stevens,

2002; Keller, 1993) (trch t [7]). S ph bin

l kh nng ngi tm vic c th nh c tn

ca t chc trong tr nh ca h. Hnh nh lin

quan n nhn thc, thuc tnh v s lin tng

v thng hiu t chc trong tr nh ca ngi

tm vic (Keller, 1993) (trch t [7]).

Theo David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto v

Robert F. Otondo [7], hnh nh ca t chc c

nh hng n d nh ng tuyn ca ngi

xin vic vo t chc. Chapmen et al (2005)

(trch t [7]) cho rng hnh nh t chc l mt

trong s cc yu t quan trng nht ca s thu

ht ngi tm vic. Blamer v Gray (2003)

(trch t [7]) cng cho rng thng hiu t

chc nh hng n s thu ht ban u i vi

ngi tm vic. Theo Scott Highhouse, Filip

Lievens v Evan F. Sinar [11] th uy tn t chc,

biu hin qua danh ting t chc to dng

trong lng nhng ngi tng nghe v t

chc, c nh hng n s thu ht ca t chc

i vi ng vin. Christopher J. Collins [6]

cng cho rng s hiu bit v t chc, danh

ting v hnh nh t chc c nh hng ng

k n d nh v hnh vi xin vic ca ngi

tm vic.


Trang 47

Nh vy, cc nghin cu trn cho thy

cc c nhn thng thch v mong mun c

lm vic ti cc t chc c hnh nh v uy tn

tt. Do , gi thuyt H1 c pht biu nh

sau:

Gi thuyt H1: Cm nhn v thng hiu

v uy tn t chc ca ngi tm vic cng cao

th mong mun lm vic cho t chc cng cao.

3.1.2 S ph hp gia c nhn v t chc

S ph hp gia c nhn v t chc l nh

ngha chung v l kh nng tng thch gia

con ngi v t chc, din ra khi t nht mt

bn cung cp cc nhu cu ph hp vi bn cn

li (Kristof, 1996) (trch t [9]). Cable v Judge

(trch t [9]) cho rng nhn thc v s ph hp

c nhn-t chc l d bo quan trng cho d

nh la chn cng vic ca ngi tm vic.

Ngi tm vic c xu hng b thu ht, la

chn v li t chc, ni mi trng lm vic

ph hp nht vi cc c im ring ca bn

thn h. Daniel M. Cable v Timothy A. Judge

[10] nhn thy nhn thc v s ph hp gia

con ngi-t chc ca ngi tm vic c d

bo bi s ph hp gia gi tr ca c nhn vi

nhn thc ca h v gi tr ca t chc. Ngi

tm vic thch la chn t chc ni m cc c

im c nhn ca h tng ng vi cc c

im ca t chc (Cable & Judge 1994,

Chatman 1989, 1991, Judge & Brezt 1992)

(trch t [10]). Do , gi thuyt H2 c pht

biu nh sau:

Gi thuyt H2: Nhn thc v s ph hp

gia c nhn v t chc ca ngi tm vic

cng cao th quyt nh np n vo t chc

ca ngi tm vic cng cao.

3.1.3 Chnh sch v mi trng t chc

Chnh sch l nhng chun tc c th

thc hin ng li, nhim v; c thc hin

trong mt thi gian nht nh, trn nhng lnh

vc c th no . Timothy A. Judge v Robert

D. Bretz [5], cho rng c mi lin kt tch cc

gia chnh sch ca t chc v quyt nh nhn

cng vic. Greenberg (trch t[5]) cho rng cc

chnh sch v i ng, phc li, bo him v

cc li tc trong ngnh l yu t quan trng

gip gn kt ngi lao ng vi t chc v

cng l mt trong nhng yu t thu ht ngi

tm vic np n vo t chc.

Mi trng lm vic l nhng vn lin

quan n nhn thc ca nhn vin v an ton

v sinh ni lm vic nh vn phng lm vic,

bn gh lm vic, phng hp, phng y t m

bo v sinh, my mc, trang thit b h tr

cng vic c m bo an ton (Trn Kim Dung,

2005) (trch t [12]). Khi ngi tm vic cm

nhn mi trng lm vic c v sinh, an ton,

trang thit b lm vic y th h c xu

hng mong mun c lm vic trong mi

trng hn.

Da vo nhm yu t v chnh sch v mi

trng t chc trn, gi thuyt H3 c pht

biu nh sau:

Gi thuyt H3: Chnh sch t chc v mi

trng lm vic ca t chc cng tt th mong

mun lm vic cho t chc ca ngi tm vic

cng cao.

3.1.4 Mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng

Mc tr cng l nhng g lin quan n

nhn thc ca ngi kim vic v khon thu


Trang 48

nhp m h nhn c t t chc bao gm:

lng, thng, ph cp. Ngi kim vic lun

mong mun c bit r nhng thnh phn lin

quan n mc tr cng trong t chc.

Daniel M. Cable v Timothy A. Judge [4]

cho rng mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng c

nh hng n quyt nh chn cng vic.

Nhng t chc cung cp mc tr cng cao,

phc li linh hot, tr lng theo c nhn v

chnh sch tr cng c nh s thu ht c

nhiu ngi tm vic hn.

Theo Lakhani (1988 )v Yellen (1984)

(trch t [4]), cc c nhn thng thch chn

cng vic c mc tr cng cao v mc tr cng

cao s thu ht s lng cc ng vin nhiu hn.

Tng t, Gerhart v Melkovich (1990) (trch

t [4]) cho rng mc tr cng l yu t nh

hng trc tip nht n s thu ht i vi

ngi tm vic. Theo nhn thc ca ngi tm

vic th h mong mun nhn c s chi tr

cng bng, tng xng vi nhng g h ng

nhn c. Do , gi thuyt H4 c pht

biu nh sau:

Gi thuyt H4: Mc tr cng ca t chc

cng cao v hnh thc tr cng cng tng

xng th cng thu ht c nhiu ngi tm

vic hn.

3.1.5 C hi o to v c hi thng tin

C hi o to v c hi thng tin l

nhng g lin quan n nhn thc ca ngi

tm vic v c hi pht trin, thng tin trong t

chc. Theo cc nghin cu ca Rynes (1992),

Rynes v Lawer (1983), Rynes, Schwab v

Heneman (1983), Schwab, Rynes v Aldag

(1987) (trch t [3]), mc tr cng v c hi

thng tin nh hng n s la chn cng

vic. Judge v Bretz (1992), Jurgensen (1978)

(trch t[5]), cng cho thy nhn thc v mc

tr cng v c hi thng tin nh hng n s

thu ht ca t chc i vi ngi tm vic. C

hi thng tin, o to, pht trin cng c nhiu

theo nhn thc ca ngi tm vic th kh nng

mong mun lm vic cho t chc ca h cng

cao. Do , gi thuyt H5 c pht biu nh

sau:

Gi thuyt H5: Nhn thc v c hi o

to, pht trin v thng tin trong cng vic

cng cao th quyt nh chn cng vic ca

ngi tm vic cng cao.

3.1.6 S thch thc/thay i trong cng vic

Theo Timothy A. Judge, Donna Blancero,

Daniel M. Cable & Daniel E. Johnson [3], s

thch thc/thay i trong cng vic c nh

hng trc tip n quyt nh chn cng vic

ca ngi tm vic. Ngi tm vic lun mong

mun thay i cng vic hin ti tm n

mt cng vic mi mang li nhng thch thc,

th v v ph hp hn v kh nng v tnh cch

theo nhn thc ca h. Bi thng thng, cc

nhn vin c trnh lun cn c kch thch

bi cc thch thc trong cc cng vic mang

tnh sng to, hoc h mong mun s c th

n nhng ni c s kch thch , c th l

mt b phn khc, ngnh cng nghip khc

hoc cng ty khc. Do , gi thuyt H6 c

a ra l:

H6: Nhn thc ca ngi tm vic v mc

thch thc, th v v a dng trong cng


Trang 49

vic cng cao th quyt nh chn cng vic

ca h cng cao.

3.1.7 Thng tin tuyn dng

Theo Belt v Paolillo (1982), Rynes (1991)

( trch t [9]), quyt nh np n vo t chc

ca ngi tm vic thng da trn n tng v

s thu ht ca t chc. c bit, vi mt lng

nh cc thng tin ban u, cc ng vin thng

c xu hng da trn cm nhn v thi i

vi t chc np n (Rynes, 1991) ( trch t

[9]). Mc chi tit ca thng tin tuyn dng

cung cp, nh hng n d nh ng tuyn

ca ngi tm vic vo t chc (Barber v

Roehling 1993, Gatewood et al 1993, Herriot

v Rothwell 1981) (trch t [9]). iu ny cng

ph hp vi nghin cu ca David G. Allen,

Raj V. Mahto v Robert F. Otondo [7], d nh

ng tuyn ca ngi xin vic chu nh hng

bi cc yu t hnh nh, thng tin v cng ty v

thng tin v cng vic. Do , gi thuyt H7

c pht biu nh sau:

Gi thuyt H7: Thng tin tuyn dng cng

lm ni bt cc c tnh ca t chc v cng

vic th cng thu ht c nhiu ngi tm vic

hn.

3.1.8 Gia nh v bn b

Theo ngin cu ca Levon T. Esters v

Blannie E. Bowen [8] th b m v bn b l

cc c nhn nh hng nhiu nht n quyt

nh chn cng vic. Do , gi thuyt H8

c pht biu nh sau:

Gi thuyt H8: nh gi ca gia nh v

bn b v t chc cng tt th mong mun lm

vic cho t chc ca ngi tm vic cng cao.

3.1.9 Bin nhn khu hc

Timothy A. Judge v cng s [3] nhn thy

cc bin nhn khu hc nh trnh hc vn,

kinh nghim lm vic v gii tnh c nh

hng n quyt nh chn cng vic ca

ngi tm vic. Levon T. Esters v Blannie E.

Bowen [8] cho rng trnh hc vn v kinh

nghim lm vic l cc yu t nh hng n

quyt nh chn hay khng chn vic lm trong

ngnh nng nghip. Tng t, Daniel M. Cable

v Timothy A. Judge [4] cng kt lun tui tc,

chng tc v gii tnh l cc yu t nhn khu

nh hng ng k n quyt nh chn cng

vic.

Da vo nhm yu t v nhn khu hc

trn, cc bin nhn khu nh tui tc, gii tnh,

trnh hc vn, kinh nghim lm vic c

s dng lm cc bin iu khin trong m hnh

nghin cu. Ngoi ra, phn tch s khc bit

trong hnh vi la chn cng vic ca tng lp

ngi lao ng thuc cc thnh phn doanh

nghip khc nhau, bin loi hnh doanh nghip

ang lm vic c a thm vo phn loi.

3.2. M hnh nghin cu

Da trn c s 8 nhm nhn t nh hng

n quyt nh chn cng vic v la chn t

chc cng 7 bin nhn khu hc nu trn, m

hnh nghin cu cc nhn t nh hng n

quyt nh lm vic ti DNNN vi 8 gi thuyt

tng ng trn c xut Hnh 1 nh

sau:


Trang 50

Hnh 1. M hnh nghin cu

M hnh nghin cu Hnh 1 c xy

dng da trn m hnh nghin cu ca

Timothy A. Judge v cc cng s [3], [4], [5],

[10] bao gm cc nhn t s ph hp gia c

nhn-t chc; chnh sch v mi trng t

chc; mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng; c

hi o to v thng tin; s thch thc trong

cng vic kt hp vi cc nhn t uy tn v

thng hiu t chc, thng tin tuyn dng t

nghin cu ca David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto

v Robert F. Otondo [7] v yu t gia nh &

bn b t nghin cu ca Levon T. Esters v

Blannie E. Bowen [8] trn c s c tm hiu v

tham kho thm thng tin t bo ch, tp ch

chuyn ngnh v internet trong tnh hnh thc

t ti Vit Nam, c bit l ti DNNN.

Ngoi ra, m hnh nghin cu cng a

vo 7 bin nhn khu nhm mc ch phn tch

s khc bit ca hnh vi la chn cng vic ti

DNNN gia cc nhm ngi lao ng theo tui,

gii tnh, kinh nghim lm vic, trnh hc

vn, tnh trng hn nhn, loi hnh DN ang

lm vic v hnh thc DNNN mong mun lm

vic nht.

4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

Nghin cu c thc hin qua hai bc

nh tnh v nh lng. Nghin cu nh tnh

dng k thut phng vn su vi 25 ngi lao

ng ti TP.HCM nhm kim tra mc r

rng ca t ng v kh nng hiu cc pht biu

cng nh tnh trng lp ca cc pht biu trong

thang o. Ni dung da vo thang o ca cc

H8+

H2+

Quyt nh

chn cng vic

ti DNNN

Mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng

Uy tn v thng hiu t chc

S ph hp gia c nhn-t chc

Chnh sch v mi trng t chc

C hi o to v thng tin

Thch thc trong cng vic

Thng tin tuyn dng

Gia nh v bn b

H1+

H3+

H4+

H5+

H6+

H7+

Nhm yu t nhn khu hc: - Gii tnh - Tui - Trnh hc vn - Kinh nghim lm vic - Tnh trng hn nhn - Loi hnh DN hoc ang lm vic - Loi hnh DNNN mong mun lm vic


Trang 51

nghin cu trc [3], [4], [6], [8], [9], [11],

[12]. Da trn nhng thng tin trong nghin

cu nh tnh, nghin cu nh lng c

thc hin thng qua phng vn bng bng cu

hi.

Mc ch ca nghin cu l nhm xc nh

cc nhn t nh hng n quyt nh chn

cng vic ti DNNN, v th khi thit k bng

cu hi, tc gi c mt ch cho ngi c

hi ngay u bng cu hi l: ng/B hy lin

tng n mt DNNN c th, c th l DNNN

ng/B ang lm vic hoc mong mun s lm

vic trong tng lai ngi tr li ch tp

trung vo DNNN v c mt nim chung v

DNNN trc khi bt u tr li. V th, vi cc

i tng khng c mong mun lm vic cho

DNNN, ngay t u s khng tr li bng cu

hi ny.

Mu c ly theo phng php thun tin,

phm vi ly mu l lao ng ti TP. H Ch

Minh c trnh cao ng, i hc v sau i

hc ang lm vic ti DNNN hoc ang xin

vic v c d nh tm kim mt cng vic ti

DNNN trong tng lai. Theo , 550 bng cu

hi c pht i bao gm 200 mu pht

bng giy v 350 mu bng email. S mu thu

hi c l 266 mu, t t l 48%. Sau khi

kim tra c 15 mu khng t yu cu ch yu

do thng tin tr li khng y hoc ni dung

tr li b trng lp, mu cui cng c chn

a vo kho st l 253.

D liu thu thp c s dng nh gi

thang o v kim nh cc gi thuyt. Thang o

v tin cy ca cc bin quan st c nh

gi bng h s Cronbachs Alpha v phng

php phn tch nhn t khm ph. Yu cu

thang o c chp nhn l loi b cc bin c

tng quan bin tng nh hn 0.3 v h s

Cronbachs Alpha nh hn 0.6. Bc cui

cng l kim nh m hnh bng phng php

hi quy a bin vi mc ngha 5%. Cc phn

tch trn c thc hin vi s h tr ca phn

mm Excel, Eviews v SPSS.

Cu trc bng cu hi bao gm 2 phn.

Phn 1 l phn thng tin v cc nhn t trong

m hnh nghin cu, d liu c thu thp

thng qua cm nhn ca ngi c phng vn

v cc nhn t c cho l c nh hng n

quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN theo

thang o Likert 7. Phn 2 l thng tin c nhn

nh: gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, kinh

nghim lm vic, tnh trng hn nhn, loi hnh

DN hoc ang lm vic, loi hnh DNNN

mong mun lm vic, tt c c o bng

thang o ch danh.

5. PHN TCH V THO LUN KT

QU

5.1 Thng k m t

Mu nghin cu c chn cui cng bao

gm 253 lao ng ti TP. H Ch Minh, trong

gm 153 nam (60.5%) v 100 n (39.5%).

V tui, c 40 ngi tr li tui 20-25

(15.8%), 162 ngi tui 26-30 (64%), 40

ngi tui 31-40 (15.8%) v 11 ngi trn

40 tui (4.3%). V trnh hc vn, 69%

ngi c phng vn c trnh i hc (176

ngi), 20.9% c trnh sau i hc (53

ngi), 9.5% cn li c trnh cao ng (24

ngi). V kinh nghim lm vic, trong tng s


Trang 52

253 i tng c phng vn, 116 ngi c

kinh nghim lm vic t 3-5 nm, chim 45.8%

mu thu c, 54,2% cn li ca mu bao gm

53 ngi c kinh nghim lm vic di 3 nm

(20.9%), 51 ngi kinh nghim lm vic t 5-

10 nm (20.2%), 20 ngi c kinh nghim lm

vic trn 10 nm (7.9%) v 13 ngi l sinh

vin mi tt nghip t cc trng cao ng, i

hc (5.1%). V trnh chuyn mn, 124

ngi c hi ang lm vic trong cc ngnh

k thut, chim t l 49%, 103 ngi ang lm

vic trong cc lnh vc kinh t, qun tr, chim

t l 40.7% v 10.3% cn li (26 ngi) ang

lm vic trong cc lnh vc nh gio dc, y

dc, nng nghip. V tnh trng hn nhn,

66% mu kho st tng ng vi 167 ngi

c phng vn cha lp gia nh.

Trong tng s 253 kt qu, 55,7% (141

ngi) ang lm vic trong khu vc kinh t nh

nc (gm 63 ngi hoc ang lm vic ti

cng ty 100% vn nh nc v 78 ngi

hoc ang lm vic ti cng ty c c phn/vn

gp nh nc ) v 44,3% (112 ngi) ang xin

vic c mong mun c lm vic ti mt

DNNN trong tng lai (bao gm 13 ngi l

sinh vin mi tt nghip v 99 ngi ang hoc

tng lm vic ti cng ty t nhn/c vn u

t nc ngoi).

Cui cng, khi c hi v loi hnh

DNNN mong mun lm vic nht trong s ba

loi hnh DNNN nghin cu cp l cng ty

nh nc, cng ty c phn nh nc v DN c

c phn/vn gp nh nc (t 51% tr ln),

43.9% ngi tr li mong mun c lm vic

cho cng ty c phn nh nc (111 ngi),

41.5% ngi tr li thch lm vic cho DN c

c phn/vn gp nh nc (105 ngi), v

14.6% cn li tr li thch lm vic cho cng ty

nh nc nht (37 ngi).

Phn tch tng quan gia cc bin c lp

v bin ph thuc cho thy phn ln cc bin

c lp u c tng quan vi bin ph thuc

vi ngha mc chp nhn (p < 0.01 hoc p

< 0.05). Kt qu ny chng t mc ph hp

ca cc nhm yu t ny vi cng tc phn tch

nhn t s c thc hin phn tip theo.

5.2 Phn tch nhn t

Kt qu phn tch nhn t c tng hp

v trnh by Bng 1.


Trang 53

Bng 1. Kt qu phn tch nhn t khm ph tng hp

Thnh phn nhn t

Tn cc bin quan st c lp C hi

o to,

thng

tin

Thng

hiu v

uy tn t

chc

S ph

hp c

nhn-t

chc

Mc tr

cng

Chnh

sch v

mi

trng

t chc

Chnh

sch v

thng

tin

tuyn

dng

Hnh

thc tr

cng

Gia

nh v

bn b

- Ngi lm vic t ho khi l nhn vin ti

DNNN .703

- Hu nh c nhiu ngi mun lm vic cho

DNNN .613

- DNNN l t chc c uy tn lm vic .744

- DNNN c tim nng pht trin tt .678

- Trch nhim x hi ca DNNN i vi cng

ng l tt .567

- DNNN ph hp vi ti trong vic tm kim 1

ni lm vic tim nng .730

- Gi tr v vn ho DNNN ph hp vi gi tr

v nhn cch c nhn .720

- Tnh cch ph hp vi cc nhim v ca cng

vic ti DNNN .809

- Mi trng lm vic thn thin .804

- Mi trng lm vic m bo cc tiu chun

an ton lao ng. .734

- Phc li (bo him x hi, y t, tht nghip,

tr cp x hi) tt .678

- Cng vic c mc lng cao .721

- Cng vic c mc thng cao .845

- Cng vic c ph cp a dng .754

- Mc tr cng da trn nh gi hiu qu cng

vic c nhn .475


Trang 54

- Mc tr cng th hin gi tr v tr cng vic

trong t chc .743

- Mc tr cng gia tng theo k nng v bng

cp yu cu .829

- Cung cp c hi lm vic v tr mong mun .591

- C nhng c hi tt cho vic pht trin ngh

nghip .801

- C nhiu c hi o to tt cho vic nng cao

k nng v kin thc .761

- To c hi nhn vin hc hi nhiu iu

mi phc v cng vic .783

- Cng vic c nhiu thch thc .624

- Thng tin tuyn dng cung cp y thng

tin v cng vic .778

- Thng tin tuyn dng cung cp y thng

tin v t chc .879

- Quy trnh tuyn chn cng bng .473

- Ngi thn(b/m/v/chng/anh em) nh gi

cao vic lm ti DNNN .861

- Bn b nh gi cao vic lm ti DNNN .758

Cronbachs Alpha 0.850 0.803 0.846 0.770 0.735 0.755 0.730 0.763

Eigenvalues 8.704 2.145 1.974 1.604 1.362 1.158 1.011 1.004

bin thin c gii thch (%) 32.237 7.944 7.311 5.941 5.043 4.289 3.743 3.717

bin thin c gii thch tch ly (%) 32.237 40.181 47.492 53.433 58.476 62.766 66.509 70.226

M hnh nghin cu ban u bao gm 8

nhm nhn t c lp vi 31 bin quan st

c cho l c nh hng n quyt nh lm

vic ti DNNN, sau khi loi b bin tt27 ca

thang o v s thch thc/a dng trong cng

vic giai on nh gi tin cy cc thang

o, 30 bin cn li ca cc thnh phn c lp

c a vo phn tch nhn t.

Sau khi tri qua mt s bc phn tch

trung gian vi nhng bin c h s ti nhn t

nh hn 0.45 b loi, kt qu phn tch nhn t

cc bin quan st thuc cc thnh phn c lp

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.


Trang 55

sau cng cn li 27 bin quan st vi h s ti

nhn t t 0.473 n 0.879 c trch thnh 8

nhm nhn t (xem Bng 1) bao gm c hi

o to v thng tin, thng hiu v uy tn t

chc, s ph hp gia c nhn-t chc, mc tr

cng, hnh thc tr cng, chnh sch v mi

trng t chc, chnh sch v thng tin tuyn

dng, gia nh v bn b. Trong , nhn t

mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng c tch

thnh hai nhn t mi l nhn t mc tr cng

v nhn t hnh thc tr cng; hai nhn t c

hi o to, thng tin v nhn t s thch

thc/a dng trong cng vic gp chung vo v

c gi li tn l c hi o to v thng tin.

Ni dung cc bin quan st trong thang o s

thch thc/a dng trong cng vic lin quan

n vic ngi tm vic mong mun c vo

lm vic cho t chc ni cung cp cho h cc

cng vic mang li nhng thch thc, th v,

ph hp v kh nng v tnh cch, cng nh to

nhiu c hi h hc hi thm nhiu iu

mi phc v cng vic. y cng c xem l

cc c hi o to m h mong mun c c

khi np n vo t chc.

Tng t, phn tch nhn t cng c

thc hin vi 5 bin quan st ca nhn t ph

thuc Quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN.

Kt qu phn tch nhn t Bng 2 cho thy

ch c mt nhn t duy nht c to ra i

din cho cc bin quan st thuc thang o

Quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN.

Bng 2. Kt qu phn tch nhn t ca bin ph thuc

Nhn t Tn bin quan st

1

- DNNN l mt trong cc t chc c la chn u tin trong qu trnh tm vic

- Nhn li tham gia phng vn cng vic nu c DNNN mi

- N lc nhiu c vo lm vic ti DNNN

- Gii thiu DNNN n nhng ngi bn ang tm vic

- Chp nhn 1 cng vic c cung cp t DNNN

.801

.638

.817

.680

.797

Initial Eigenvalues 2.814

Cumulative % Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings: 56.276%

5.3. Hi quy a bin

Nghin cu pht trin c 2 m hnh

hi quy. M hnh 1 bao gm 8 nhn t thu

c t phn tch nhn t khm ph phn

trn. M hnh 2 c pht trin t m hnh 1

bng cch thm cc bin tui, gii tnh, trnh

hc vn, kinh nghim lm vic v trnh

chuyn mn ln lt vo m hnh 1, qua kim

tra ch c bin trnh chuyn mn c l

ngha thng k nn c gi li trong m hnh.

Kt qu phn tch hi quy ca cc m hnh ni

trn c trnh by tm tt Bng 3.


Trang 72

Bng 3. Kt qu phn tch hi quy a bin

M hnh 1 M hnh 2

Bin Beta Sig. Beta Sig.

C hi o to v thng tin .335 .000 .335 .000Thng hiu v uy tn t chc .368 .000 .365 .000S ph hp gia c nhn-t chc .303 .000 .305 .000Mc tr cng .113 .014 .115 .011Chnh sch v mi trng t chc .166 .000 .168 .000Chnh sch v thng tin tuyn dng .204 .000 .214 .000Hnh thc tr cng .154 .001 .143 .002Gia nh v bn b .225 .000 .225 .000Chuyn mn ngnh k thut -.069 .380Chuyn mn ngnh kinh t -.183 .019R2-value .495 .513Adjusted R2-value .479 .493

Kt qu M hnh 1 ch ra rng tt c cc

bin c lp tc ng n quyt nh chn cng

vic ti DNNN nh c hi o to v thng

tin, thng hiu v uy tn t chc, s ph hp

gia c nhn-t chc, mc tr cng, chnh sch

v mi trng t chc, chnh sch v thng tin

tuyn dng, hnh thc tr cng, gia nh v bn

b u c quan h ng bin vi quyt nh

chn cng vic ti DNNN, cc h s hi quy

u c ngha thng k mc 1% v 5% ph

hp vi gi thuyt t ra. M hnh 2 vi vic

a thm bin thuc tnh trnh chuyn mn

vo, cc bin c lp trn vn c ngha v

mt thng k v ph hp vi gi thuyt ban u,

bin thuc tnh a vo cng c ngha v mt

thng k. Kt qu kim nh Wald khng nh

vic a 2 bin chuyn mn ngnh k thut v

chuyn mn ngnh kinh t vo phng trnh

hi quy l c ngha v mt thng k (Sig. <

0.05). iu ny cho thy bin trnh chuyn

mn c tc ng n quyt nh chn cng vic

ti DNNN.

Cc h s hi quy trong hai m hnh ch ra

mc tc ng ring phn ca cc nhn t nu

trn n quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN.

Theo , thng hiu v uy tn t chc c nh

hng ln nht n quyt nh chn cng vic

ti DNNN, k l c hi o to v thng tin,

s ph hp c nhn-t chc, gia nh v bn b,

chnh sch v thng tin tuyn dng, chnh sch

v mi trng t chc, hnh thc tr cng v

mc tr cng. Gi tr R2 hiu chnh ch ra rng

M hnh 1 c th gii thch c 47.9% cho

tng th v s lin h ca 8 nhn t c lp ni

trn vi quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN

v M hnh 2 c th gii thch c 49.3% cho

tng th v s lin h ca 8 nhn t ni trn

cng thm nhn t trnh chuyn mn vi

quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN.

Ngoi ra, phn tch s khc bit ca

hnh vi la chn cng vic ti DNNN gia hai

nhm ngi lao ng, th nht ang lm vic

ti DNNN, th hai ang xin vic v c mong

mun c lm vic ti DNNN trong tng lai,

bin nhn khu hc hnh thc s hu doanh


Trang 57

nghip ang lm vic c a vo m hnh

hi quy (pht trin t m hnh 1) di hnh

thc bin gi (dummy).

Tin hnh phn tch hi quy khi thm bin

hnh thc s hu DN lm vic gn nht vo

phng trnh hi quy ban u. Bin hnh thc

s hu DN lm vic gn nht c 4 thuc tnh l

DNNN, DN c c phn/vn gp nh nc, DN

t nhn/c vn u t nc ngoi v cha tng

i lm. Bin ny c phn li theo 2 hnh thc

chnh l ang lm vic ti khu vc kinh t nh

nc (cng ty nh nc, cng ty c c

phn/vn gp nh nc) v ang c mong

mun lm vic ti DNNN(DN t nhn/c vn

u t nc ngoi, cha tng i lm). V bin

ny ch c 2 thuc tnh nn khi a vo phn

tch hi quy ch cn dng 1 bin gi l i

tng kho st, trong : i tng kho st

= 1 nu ang lm vic trong khu vc kinh t

nh nc, 0 nu ang c mong mun lm vic

ti DNNN (ang lm vic ngoi khu vc kinh

t nh nc/cha tng i lm v c d nh

lm vic ti DNNN trong tng lai).

Kt qu phn tch hi quy Bng 4 cho

thy vic a bin i tng kho st vo m

hnh nghin cu l khng c ngha v mt

thng k (sig > 0.05) nn m hnh 3 khng

c la chn. iu ny cho thy khng c s

khc bit trong quyt nh chn cng vic ti

DNNN gia hai nhm i tng ny

Bng 4. Kt qu phn tch hi quy a bin khi xem xt n i tng kho st M hnh 3

Bin Beta Sig.

C hi o to v thng tin .335 .000 Thng hiu v uy tn t chc .362 .000 S ph hp gia c nhn-t chc .299 .000 Mc tr cng .115 .011 Chnh sch v mi trng t chc .167 .000 Chnh sch v thng tin tuyn dng .205 .000 Hnh thc tr cng .172 .000 Gia nh v bn b .224 .000 i tng kho st .066 R2-value .502 Adjusted R2-value .484

6. KT LUN V KIN NGH

6.1. Kt lun

Nghin cu xy dng v kim chng

m hnh cc nhn t nh hng n quyt nh

lm vic ti DNNN vi 8 nhn t i din l c

hi o to v thng tin, thng hiu v uy tn

t chc, s ph hp gia c nhn-t chc, mc

tr cng, hnh thc tr cng, chnh sch v mi

trng t chc, chnh sch v thng tin tuyn

dng, gia nh v bn b. Kt qu cho thy c

mi quan h ng bin gia 8 nhn t i din

trn vi quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN,

cc h s hi quy u c ngha thng k

mc 1% v ph hp vi cc gi thuyt t ra.

Kt qu cng ch ra rng khng c s khc bit

trong quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN

gia nhm ngi ang lm vic ti DNNN v


Trang 58

nhm ngi cha tng lm vic ti DNNN,

ang c d nh tm kim mt cng vic ti

DNNN trong tng lai. Ngoi ra, kt qu

nghin cu cng cho thy trnh chuyn mn

c nh hng n quyt nh chn cng vic

ti DNNN. Theo , cc c nhn c trnh

chuyn mn thuc lnh vc kinh t v qun tr

t c xu hng vo lm vic ti DNNN hn so

vi cc c nhn thuc cc ngnh cn li trong

nn kinh t.

M hnh nghin cu cng cho thy cc

nhn t nh hng n quyt nh lm vic ti

DNNN gii thch c 47.9% s bin ng

ca bin ph thuc quyt nh chn cng vic

ti DNNN ng thi khng nh mi quan h

gia cc nhn t nu trn vi quyt nh chn

cng vic ti DNNN.

6.2. Kin ngh

Kt qu ca nghin cu em li mt s

hm cho nh qun tr ti DNNN trong vic

thu ht v qun l ngun nhn s c trnh

ca mnh.

Da vo kt qu phn tch, c th thy c

n 8 nhn t tc ng trc tip n quyt nh

chn cng vic ti DNNN hin nay. Trong ,

cc nhn t quan trng tc ng n quyt nh

chn cng vic ti DNNN l thng hiu, uy

tn t chc, c hi o to, thng tin, s ph

hp gia c nhn- t chc, chnh sch, mi

trng t chc, gia nh v bn b. V vy,

thu ht v duy tr lao ng c trnh vo lm

vic cho DNNN, cc nh qun l ti DNNN

cn ch n mt s vn nh sau:

Khng ngng qung b, nng cao hnh

hnh nh, uy tn DNNN trn th trng thng

qua cc hot ng th hin trch nhim ca DN

i vi x hi v cng ng,

Thit lp mi trng lm vic tch cc, vi

s cng bng v minh bch trong mi hot

ng ca t chc, phn chia trch nhim v

thit lp quy trnh lm vic r rng, trnh tnh

trng chng cho trch nhim. Cc chng

trnh pht trin ngh nghip v thng tin cn

th hin c tnh cnh tranh v minh bch.

Chng trnh o to, hun luyn v pht trin

hp l nhm gip nhn vin c th nh hng

ngh nghip tt hn, hon thin bn thn,

khuyn khch nhn vin sng to/i mi trong

nhiu vn , to iu kin cho nhn vin pht

huy nng lc v kh nng qua nhng cng vic

mang tnh thch thc hay nhiu cng vic

khc nhau. xo b cm gic ang lm mt

cng vic khng c tng lai ca nhn vin,

nh qun l DNNN nn c mt k hoch pht

trin ring cho tt c cc cng vic.

To mi trng lm vic thn thin, nng

ng, vn ho doanh nghip vng mnh, qua

nng cao uy tn v thng hiu ca DNNN

trn th trng v to dng trong lng ngi

lao ng v mt DN vi cc gi tr vn ho c

trng, ph hp vi cc gi tr ca x hi.

Hoch nh mt chng trnh nh hng

nhn s hiu qu vi chnh sch tuyn dng

cng bng, thng tin tuyn dng m bo minh

bch, r rng, gip ngi lao ng c ci nhn

y v ton din ban u v t chc, qua

gia tng mc hp dn ca DN trn th

trng lao ng.


Trang 59

Mt im cng ng lu l mc d kt

qu nghin cho thy hai nhn t mc tr cng

v hnh thc tr cng c tc ng thp nht

trong cc nhn t c nh hng n quyt nh

chn cng vic ti DNNN, nhng phn ln

ngi lao ng u mong mun nhn c s

chi tr cng bng, tng xng vi nhng g h

ng nhn c. Do , nh qun tr cng cn

lu to ra mi trng lm vic thu nhp

v b tr cng vic phi ph hp vi nng lc

ca nhn vin. C ch lng, thng linh ng,

hp l, xng ng vi cng vic v nh gi

ng hiu qu cng tc ca nhn vin. Bi tin

v li ch c th thu ht c nhn vin i vo

ca trc nhng cn c nhng th khc nu

gi cho h khng i ra ca sau. Nhn vin c

mt nhu cu mang tnh c bn ca con ngi

l c coi trng v t ho v cng vic ca

h. Cc chng trnh cng nhn v khuyn

khch gp phn p ng nhu cu ny. Mt

chng trnh cng nhn v thng thnh cng

khng cn phi phc tp hay xa x th mi c

hiu qu. Vic ny gp phn to dng mt

nhm mnh hn, on kt v ci thin mi

quan h trong cng ty.

Cui cng, kt qu nghin cu cho thy ch

c nhm yu t gia nh v bn b l nh qun

tr khng th tc ng trc tip ln c. Tuy

nhin, vic to dng, nng cao hnh nh, uy tn

DNNN trong lng nhng ngi tng nghe

v t chc, s nh hng n nhn thc tt ca

nhm yu t ny i vi DNNN, qua cng

gp phn nng cao s thu ht ca t chc i

vi ng vin.

Tm li, trn y ch l mt s kin ngh

trong qu trnh nghin cu rt ra c, c th

s khng ng cho tt c cc DNNN, song

phn no cng to nn mt ci nhn c th hn

cho cc nh qun tr ti DNNN vi cc gii

php nhm thu ht v qun l ngun nhn s

c trnh ti DNNN trong tnh hnh hin nay.

6.3. Gii hn ca nghin cu

Nghin cu s dng mu thun tin nn

hn ch kh nng tng qut ha. Nghin cu

ch gii thch c 47.9% vn nghin cu

khi nhn rng ra tng th. Nguyn nhn c th

do cn mt s yu t khc cha c a vo

m hnh nghin cu, kch thc mu cn nh

v phm vi nghin cu cn hp. Nghin cu

ch xem xt DNNN ni chung m cha ch

ti mt loi hnh DNNN hay thng hiu

DNNN c th. Hng nghin cu tip theo c

th m rng sang nghin cu cc nhn t nh

hng ln quyt nh chn cng vic ti mt

trong ba loi hnh DNNN k trn hoc cho mt

thng hiu DNNN c th. y cng l hng

m ra cho cc nghin cu tip theo v quyt

nh chn cng vic v la chn t chc. M

hnh nghin cu ny khng ch c p dng

i vi cc DN thuc khu vc kinh t nh nc

m cn c th pht trin ng dng vo cc loi

hnh DN thuc cc thnh phn kinh t khc

trong nn kinh t hin nay.

FACTORS INFLUENCING JOB CHOICE DECISIONS


Trang 60

IN STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES

Tran Thi Ngoc Duyen, Cao Hao Thi University of Technology, VNU-HCM

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to identify factors influencing job choice decisions in

state-owned enterprises (SOEs), basing on researches developed by Timothy A. Judge and colleagues [3,

[4], [5], [10] , David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto and Robert F. Otondo [7], Levon T. Esters and Blannie E.

Bowen [8]. Results are based on data surveyed on 253 job-seeker participants who graduated from

junior colleges, universities or postgraduate programs in HCM City and have the intention to pursue

employment in a state-owned company. The results indicated 8 main factors influencing job choice

decisions in the state-owned enterprises including training and promotional opportunities,

organizational prestige and brand, person-organisation fit, pay levels, pay systems, policies and

working environment, policies and information recruitment, parents and friends. All key factors had

significant positive relationship with job choice decisions in state-owned enterprises at the statistically

significant level of 5%. Research models accounted for 47,9% for the overall dependence of the eight

above-mentioned factors on job choice decisions in state-owned enterprises.

Keywords: job choice decisions, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), job-seeker, Ho Chi Minh City

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Highhouse, S. & Hoffman, J. R.,

Organizational attraction and job choice,

In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (eds.)

International Review of Industrial and

Organizational Psychology, Manchester,

U.K.: Wiley, pp. 37-64, (2001).

[2]. Rynes, S. L. & Barber, A. E., Applicant

attraction strategies: An organizational

perspective, Academy of Management

Review, 15,pp 286-310, (1990).

[3]. Timothy A. Judge, Donna Blancero,

Daniel M. Cable & Daniel E. Johnson,

Effect of Selection Systems on Job

Search Decisions, Center for Advanced

Human Resource Studies, USA. CAHRS

Working Paper Series, pp 94-15, (1994).

[4]. Daniel M. Cable & Timothy A. Judge.

Pay Preferences and Job Search

Decisions: A person-Organization Fit

Perspective, Center for Advanced

Human Resource Studies, Cornell

University, Personnel Psychology Inc,

(1994).

[5]. Timothy A. Judge & Robert D. Bretz.

The Role of Human Resource Systems in

Job Choice Decision, CAHRS Working

Paper Series, pp 92-30, (1992).

[6]. Christopher J. Collins. The Interactive

Effects of Recruitment Practices and

product Awareness on Job Seekers

Employer Knowledge and Application

Behaviors, In Press at the Journal of

Applied Psychology, (2006).


Trang 61

[7]. David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto v Robert

F. Otond, Web-Based Recruitment:

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