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R3 Endocrine disorders
Taweesak Wannachalee, MD
4th May 2019
Case presentation
• ผ ปวย หญงไทย ค อาย 45 ป โดยมอาการ มอสน ใจสน น าหนกลด 3 เดอน ตรวจเลอดเพมเตม พบ
T3 575 ng/dL (80-200)
FT4 5.3 ng/dL (0.93-1.7)
TSH <0.0001 uIU/mL (0.27-4.2)
• PE: HR 110/min regular, tremor positive
No lid lag, No lid retraction, No exophthalmos
No pretibial myxedema
CVS: no murmur
Case presentation
• PE:
• ขณะนรกษาโดยทานยา methimazole 15 mg, propranolol 60 mg มา 3 วน
• จงใหการซกประวต ตรวจรางกายและสงตรวจเพมเตม เพอใหไดการวนจยรวมทงวางแผนการรกษาในผ ปวยรายน
Definition
ThyrotoxicosisA clinical syndrome of hypermetabolism that results from increased serum concentrations of free T4, free T3 or both
HyperthyroidismA form of thyrotoxicosis due to inappropriately high synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone(s) by the thyroid gland
AACE, Endocr Pract. 2011
Causes of thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis with hyperthyroidism (High RAIU)
• Graves’ disease (60-90%)
• Toxic multinodular goiter
• Toxic adenoma
• TSH-producing pituitary adenoma
Thyrotoxicosis without hyperthyroidism (Low RAIU)
• Thyroiditis
• Thyrotoxicosis factitia
• Ectopic thyroid tissue (Low RAIU at neck)
Struma ovarii, Substernal thyroid goiter
AACE, Endocr Pract. 2011
Clinical manifestation of thyrotoxicosis
Symptoms
⚫ Hyperactivity
⚫ Tremor
⚫ Palpitations
⚫ Weight loss
⚫ Increased appetite
⚫ Heat intolerance
⚫ Menstrual disturbances
⚫ Weakness
Signs
⚫ Hyperactivity
⚫ Tremor
⚫ Tachycardia
⚫ Systolic HTN
⚫ Warm, moist, smooth skin
⚫ Hyperreflexia
⚫ Stare and eyelid retraction
⚫ Weakness
Hyperthyroidism⚫ Vital signs: BP, Pulse rate and rhythm
⚫ Body weight
⚫ GA: hyperactive tremor
⚫ Skin hair nail : fine and moist skin
Acropachy, onycholysis
Hyperthyroidism⚫ Skin hair nail : Dermopathy, vitiligo
Pretibial myxedema
Hyperthyroidism⚫ Eye signs in thyrotoxicosis
⚫Graves’ophthalmopathy (GO)
Accumulation of hyaluronic acid chondroitin sulfate and
lymphocytic infiltratation
Spare tendon
Eye signs in thyrotoxicosis
Exophthalmos Lid retraction Lid lag
Graves’ophthamopathy
⚫ Exophthalmos
Hyperthyroidism
⚫ Eye signs in thyrotoxicosis
⚫Graves’ophthalmopathy (GO)
✓Exophthalmos
✓Lid lag and retraction
✓EOM
✓Puffy and redness of eyelid, conjunctiva
Hyperthyroidism
⚫ Thyroid: size, surface, consistency, nodule, bruit, tenderness, mobility, pamberton’s sign : if lower pole can’t be palpated
⚫ Heart: Loud P2,PSM at apex
⚫ NS: Proximal muscle weakness, Reflex
Specific sign for Graves’disease
Graves’
ophthalmopathy
Graves’
dermopathy
Graves’
acropachy
Thyroid
bruit
Hyperthyroidism
Abnormal liver function test
CVS manfestations
Muscle weakness
Hyperthyroidism per se
Valvular lesion Thyrotoxicmyopathy
Complications of hyperthyroidism
Cardiomyopathy Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Associated with other autoimmune
diseases
Means-Lermanscratch
Associated with other autoimmune diseases : MG, PM
Associated with drug treatment
Arrhythmia
Previous liver diseases
Pulmonary HT
Symptoms and signs of thyrotoxicosis
FT3,FT4
TSH
Thyrotoxicosiswith
hyperthyroidism
Thyrotoxicosiswithout
hyperthyroidism
TSH
• TSHoma• Resistant to thyroid
hormone
• Graves’ disease• Toxic multinodular
goiter (MNG)• Toxic adenoma
• Thyroiditis• Thyroxine ingestion
Thyrotoxicosis with or without hyperthyroidism
Duration Goiter RAIU Serum Tg
With hyperthyroidism
Graves’disease > 3 months Diffuse/No High High
Toxic MNG > 3 months Multiple nodules
Normal to high
High
Toxic adenoma > 3 months Single nodule Normal High
Without hyperthyroidism
Thyroiditis < 3 months Diffuse/ firm to hard+/- pain
Low High
Exogenous T4 Variable Yes/No Low Low
Thyrotoxicosis with hyperthyroidism
Goiter Specific signs Thyroid scan TRAb
Graves’disease
Diffuse/No Ophthalmopathy
Dermopathy
Acropachy
Bruit
Positive
Toxic MNG Multiple nodules
No Negative
Toxic adenoma
Single nodule,size>3cm with
unable to
palpate other
part of thyroid
gland
No Negative
Anti TSH receptor (TRAb)
⚫ Positive 80-90% in active untreated Graves’disease
⚫ Indication for measuring TRAb
• Confirm the clinical diagnosis of Graves’disease
• Euthyroid with exophthalmos
• Pregnancy with Graves’disease
• Prognosis of pt with Graves’disease (treated with ATD)
Pathogenesis of hyperthyroidism
TRAb
Graves’disease
Stimulate growth and function
Toxic MNG
Toxic adenoma
TSH-R mutation
TSH-R mutation
Hyperthyroidism
No specific sign of
Graves’disease
Left single thyroid nodule 4 cm
Unable to palpate right side
Most likely
Toxic adenoma
GD with nodule
Thyroid scan
Rx hyperthyroidism
FNA cold nodule
Toxic adenoma
Thyroid scan
Rx hyperthyroidism
Management of hyperthyroidism
1) Antithyroid drugs
2) Ablative treatment
• Radioactive iodine ablative therapy
• Surgical ablative therapy
Management of hyperthyroidism
Initial Rx Definitive Rx
ATD
Ablative Rx
ATD
Ablative Rx
Ablative Rx
Antithyroid drugs
Methimazole(MMI; 5 mg/tab)
Propylthiouracil(PTU; 50 mg/tab)
Administration Once daily 2-3 times/day
Effect on 131I outcome No effect Decrease effect
Agranulocytosis Dose related(>30 mg/day)
Idiosyncracy
Liver injury Cholestasis Hepatocellular*liver transplantation
Transplacental passage High Low
Concentrations in breast milk
High Low
US FDA 2009 : PTU should not be used as a 1st line agent for hyperthyroidism
Antithyroid drugs
⚫Methimazole (MMI) first line agent for hyperthyroidism in adults
⚫ Propylthiouracil (PTU) preferred
• First trimester of pregnancy
• Thyroid storm
• Minor side effect from MMI
Adverse effect of anti-thyroid drugs
Minor
Common (1-5%)
• Skin reactions
• Arthralgia
• Fever
• Transient leukopenia
• Gastrointestinal
Rare
• Abnormal sense of taste or smell (MMI)
Major
Rare (0.1-0.5%)
• Agranulocytosis
• Immunoallergichepatitis
Very rare (<0.1%)
• ANCA-associated vasculitis
• Aplastic anemia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Hypoglycemia
N Engl J Med 2005;352:905-17.
Management of hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease Toxic MNGToxic adenoma
Antithyroid drugsAblative therapy
Radioactive iodine RxSurgical treatment
Graves’ disease treatmentModality Considerations C/I
Antithyroiddrugs
1. Likelihood of remission (female, mild disease, small goiters, low titer TRAb)
2. High risk for Surgery3. Limit life expectancy4. Moderate to severe GO
Majoradversereactionsto ATDs
Radioactive iodine treatment
1. Contraindication to ATDs2. Plan pregnancy (>4-6 months)3. Not candidate for surgery4. Previously operated or RT at neck
PregnancyLactation
Mod/severeactive GO
Surgery 1. Large goiters >80gm2. Low RAIU3. Suspected thyroid malignancy4. Plan pregnancy (<4-6 months)5. Moderate to severe GO
CV disease end-stagecancer
ATA/AACE Guideline 2016
Management of hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease Toxic MNGToxic adenoma
Antithyroid drugs Ablative therapyRadioactive iodine Rx
Surgical treatment
Graves’diseasepreferred check CBC & LFT before
start antithyroid drugs
MMI 10-30 mg/day (OD or divided dose) PTU 50-100 mg TID (divided dose)
(preferred MMI)
Clinical (BW, goiter, HR, symptoms)Biochemical (T3, FT4) status
4-6 weeks after initiation of therapy
Advice compliance and side effects
Appropriate monitoring intervals are every 4–8 weeks until euthyroid level
Clinical improve
Gradually decrease dose of ATD when clinical improve
biochemical testing and clinical evaluation q 2–3 months
Discontinue ATD after 12-18 months (T3,FT4, TSH must be normal before stop ATD)
biochemical testing and clinical evaluation q 2–3 months for 1 yr
Remission
Monitor TFT q 6-12 months
Relapsed
Ablative treatment
2nd course of ATD
Management of hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease Toxic MNGToxic adenoma
Antithyroid drugsAblative therapy
Radioactive iodine RxSurgical treatment
Symptomatic treatment
Drug Dosage Frequency Considerations
Propranolol 10-40mg TID-QID • Non-selective• High dose (>160mg)
may block T4--->T3
• Preferred in nursing mother
Atenolol 25-100mg OD or BID • Relative Beta1
selective• Increased compliance
ATA/AACE Guideline 2011
Surgery
⚫ Patients should be rendered euthyroid before surgery
⚫ Near total thyroidectomy is the procedure of choice
⚫ Preoperative KI should be used before surgery (decreases thyroid blood flow and blood loss)
⚫ Complications of surgery
• Hypocalcemia <2%,
• Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve injury <1%
• Reoperation due to bleeding 0.3-0.7%
• Hypothyroid 100%
Radioactive Iodine (131I)
⚫ Extremely symptomatic or FT4 >2-3xUNL should be treated with beta-blockers (+MMI) before 131I
⚫ Usually normalize TFT and clinical within 4-8 weeks (TSH may remain suppressed for a month or longer)
⚫ Repeat 131I Rx when GD persists after 6 months or minimal response at 3 months
⚫ Lifelong annual thyroid function testing is recommended
Most likely
Toxic adenoma
Thyroid scan
FNA
Rx: ATD
Ablative Rx
Monitor SE
Pregnancy?
Case presentation 2
• ผ ปวย หญงไทย ค อาย 65 ป เปน Post I131 hypothyroidism
รกษาโดย LT4 (100 mcg) 1 tab oral OD เชา ผลเลอดอยในเกณฑปกตมาตลอด วนนมาตรวจตามนด อาการปกตด
FT4 0.6 ng/dL (0.93-1.7)
TSH 32 uIU/mL (0.27-4.2)
• จงซกประวตเพอหาสาเหตความผดปกตรวมทงวางแผนการรกษาในผ ปวยรายน
Hypothyroidism
• Treatment– Goals of treatment
• Provide resolution of the hypothyroid symptoms and signs
• Avoid overtreatment, especially in elderly
– Targets
• Primary hypothyroidism: normalized TSH and FT4
– Raise TSH target to 4-6 µIU/ml in patients aged > 70-80 yr
• Secondary hypothyroidism: FT4 in upper half of normal range
– Target may be reduced in older patients or patients with comorbidities.
ATA Guidelines for Treatment of Hypothyroidism, 2014.
Hypothyroidism• Treatment: levothyroxine
– Factors should be considered when starting LT4
• Patient’s age
• General clinical context including presence of cardiac
disease
• Degree of TSH elevation
• Serum TSH goal
• Patient’s weight, lean body mass
• Pregnancy status
• Etiology of hypothyroidism
ATA Guidelines for Treatment of Hypothyroidism, 2014.
Hypothyroidism
• Treatment: levothyroxine
*Not “go slow” in
– Patients rendered profoundly hypothyroid for RAI treatment
– Patients become hypothyroid after treatment of
hyperthyroidism
ATA Guidelines for Treatment of Hypothyroidism, 2014.
PopulationRecommended
initial LT4 dosage
Normal 1.6 µg/kg/day
Mild hypothyroidism (TSH ≤ 10 µIU/ml)
Subclinical hypothyroidism25-50 µg/day
Patients older than 50-60 years 25-50 µg/day
Patients with known CAD12.5-25 µg/day
start low, go slow*
Hypothyroidism
• Treatment: levothyroxine
– Administration
• Co-administration with food impairs absorption.
– 60 minutes before breakfast or 3 hour after dinner
• 4-hour separation from interfering medications
– Drugs: Ca carbonate, FeSO4 , PPI, bile acid
sequestrants, phosphate binders, aluminum hydroxide,
sucralfate
• Diseases affecting LT4 absorption: H pylori related
gastritis, atrophic gastritis, celiac disease
ATA Guidelines for Treatment of Hypothyroidism, 2014.
Hypothyroidism
• Treatment: levothyroxine
– Diseases or medications affecting LT4 metabolism
• Increased conjugation with glucuronates and sulfates:
phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin,
sertraline, imatinib
• Activation of D3: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors – imatinib,
metasanib, sorafenib, sunitinib, vandetanib
• Increased peripheral deiodination of T4: growth
hormone therapy
• Overexpression of D3 (consumptive hypothyroidism):
hemangioma, vascular tumor, fibroblastic tumor, GIST
• Increased TBG: estrogen
• Decreased TBG: androgen
ATA Guidelines for Treatment of Hypothyroidism, 2014.
Hypothyroidism
• Treatment: levothyroxine
– Follow-up: TSH and FT4 (only FT4 in central hypothyroidism) at
4-6 weeks after start or adjust dose of LT4
• Dose adjustment of LT4: 12.5-25 µg/day up or down in
patients with TSH high or low, respectively.
ATA Guidelines for Treatment of Hypothyroidism, 2014.
Patients taking levothyroxine > 200 µg/day:
check compliance
Hypothyroidism– A 45 year-old women with primary hypothyroidism from
total thyroidectomy came to your office for routine follow-up. She had no hypothyroid symptoms. Her medication was levothyroxine 100 µg/day. Her TFT was as the following.
– What is the most appropriate management?
TSH
(0.27-4.2
mIU/L)
FT4
(0.9-1.7 ng/ml)Management
2.1 1.3
8.3 1.0
25.2 0.7
3.4 1.9
12 1.8
Hypothyroidism– A 45 year-old women with primary hypothyroidism from
total thyroidectomy came to your office for routine follow-up. She had no hypothyroid symptoms. Her medication was levothyroxine 100 µg/day. Her TFT was as the following.
– What is the most appropriate management?
TSH
(0.27-4.2 mIU/L)
FT4
(0.9-1.7 ng/ml)Management
2.1 1.3 • Continue LT4 100 µg/day
8.3 1.0• Check compliance, drug interaction
• Add LT4 12.5-25 µg/day
25.2 0.7• Check compliance, drug interaction
• Add LT4 12.5-25 µg/day
3.4 1.9 • Avoid taking LT4 on the day of the test
12 1.8
• Check compliance, drug interaction
• Add LT4 12.5-25 µg/day
• Avoid taking LT4 on the day of the test
Hypothyroidism
• Treatment: levothyroxine
– Adverse effects
• Overtreatment
– Atrial fibrillation
– Osteoporosis
• Inadequate treatment
– Dyslipidemia
– Progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
– Congestive heart failure
ATA Guidelines for Treatment of Hypothyroidism, 2014.
Case presentation 2
• ผ ปวย หญงไทย ค อาย 65 ป เปน Post I131 hypothyroidism
รกษาโดย LT4 (100 mcg) 1 tab oral OD เชา ผลเลอดอยในเกณฑปกตมาตลอด วนนมาตรวจตามนด อาการปกตด
FT4 0.6 ng/dL (0.93-1.7)
TSH 32 uIU/mL (0.27-4.2)
• จงซกประวตเพอหาสาเหตความผดปกตรวมทงวางแผนการรกษาในผ ปวยรายน Adherence, Drug-interaction
Disease (malabsorption)
Time of administration
Case presentation 3
• ผ ปวย ชายไทย ค อาย 65 ป เปน Post transphenoidal Sx
hypopituitarism, OA knee
รกษาโดย LT4 100 mcg, prednisolone 5 mg
ม plan TKA วนพรงน ทาง surgeon ไดตรวจเลอด pre-operation
Case presentation 3
จงใหการวางแผน pre-operative
hormonal treatment and
post-operative treatment
Hormone Reference Result
IGF1 82.9-160.9 ng/ml
50 ng/ml
Prolactin 1.79-23.3 ng/ml
15
Testosterone 2.73-8.16 ng/ml
1.05
LH 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml
0.02
FSH 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml
0.62
Morning cortisol
6.2-19.4 mcg/dl
6.5
T3 80-200 ng/dl 110.9
FT4 0.92-1.7 ng/dl 0.87
TSH 0.27-4.20 uIU/mL
3.5
Normal electrolyte
Pre-operative evaluation
Hormone Reference Result
IGF1 82.9-160.9 ng/ml
50 ng/ml
Prolactin 1.79-23.3 ng/ml
15
Testosterone 2.73-8.16 ng/ml
1.05
LH 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml
0.02
FSH 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml
0.62
Morning cortisol
6.2-19.4 mcg/dl
6.5
T3 80-200 ng/dl 110.9
FT4 0.92-1.7 ng/dl 0.87
TSH 0.27-4.20 uIU/mL
3.5
Chronic 2 AI
Management
• Long term replacement therapy
• Glucocorticoid replacement
• Mineralocorticoid replacement (only in primary AI)
• Adrenal androgen replacement
Melmed S, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology: 13th edition, 2016.Endocrine Society CPG Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, 2015.
Management
Long term replacement therapy
• Glucocorticoid replacement
- Hydrocortisone 15-25 mg/d in two or three divided dose
- Prednisolone 3-5 mg/d (alternatives)
- Dexamethasone is not recommended.
Clinical monitoring: well-being, BW, PR, BP, edema
– Over-replacement: weight gain, insomnia, peripheral
edema
– Under-replacement: nausea, poor appetite, weight loss,
lethargy, hyperpigmentation
Biochemical monitoring: not recommended
Melmed S, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology: 13th edition, 2016.Endocrine Society CPG Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, 2015.
Management
Long term replacement therapy
• Mineralocorticoid replacement
- Fludrocortisone 0.05-0.2 mg/d once in the morning
- Liberal salt intake
• Clinical monitoring: salt-craving, light-headedness,
BP in sitting and standing position, peripheral edema
• Biochemical monitoring:
– Electrolyte: normal range
– PRA: upper reference range
• DHEA replacement: in female patients with low libido,
depressive symptoms or low energy level
Melmed S, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology: 13th edition, 2016.Endocrine Society CPG Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, 2015.
Management
• Prevention of adrenal crisis
Melmed S, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology: 13th edition, 2016.Endocrine Society CPG Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, 2015.
Conditions Suggested action
Minor procedures:
LA, most radiologic
studies
• No extra supplementation is needed.
Moderately stressful
procedures:
Ba enema, endoscopy,
arteriography
• Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV before the procedure
Major surgery:
GA, trauma, delivery
• Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV before the procedure
then 200 mg IV drip in 24 hr (50 mg IV/IM q 6
hr)
• Taper dose rapidly to maintenance dose
by half every day
Management
• Prevention of adrenal crisis
Melmed S, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology: 13th edition, 2016.Endocrine Society CPG Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, 2015.
Conditions Suggested action
Home management
of illness with fever
• BT > 38oC: doubled dose of GC
• BT > 39oC: tripled dose of GC
• Increased consumption of electrolyte-containing fluid
as tolerated (primary AI)
• Contact physician if illness worsens or persists
for ≥ 3 days or if vomiting develops
Unable to tolerate
oral meds due to
gastroenteritis or
trauma
• Hydrocortisone 100 mg IM or SC
Moderate illness • Hydrocortisone 50 mg IV/PO BID
• Taper rapidly to maintenance dose as pt recovers
Severe illness • Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV q 8 hr
• Taper to maintenance level by half every day
Management• Prevention of adrenal crisis
Melmed S, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology: 13th edition, 2016.Endocrine Society CPG Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, 2015.
They need to understand
✓ the importance of life-long replacement therapy
✓ the need to increase the usual glucocorticoid dose
during stress
✓ the need to notify medical staff if the patients are to
undergo any surgical procedure
Education of the patient and his or her family
✓Patients should carry a medical alert bracelet and a card
stating that they are on long-term steroid treatment
Pre-operative evaluation
Hormone Reference Result
IGF1 82.9-160.9 ng/ml
50 ng/ml
Prolactin 1.79-23.3 ng/ml
15
Testosterone 2.73-8.16 ng/ml
1.05
LH 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml
0.02
FSH 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml
0.62
Morning cortisol
6.2-19.4 mcg/dl
6.5
T3 80-200 ng/dl 110.9
FT4 0.92-1.7 ng/dl 0.87
TSH 0.27-4.20 uIU/mL
3.5
No testing
HC 300 mg/d
Hypothyroidism and Surgical risk
• Greater risk in overt hypothyroidism
• Risk for
- Hypoventilation
- Prolonged intubation
- Decreased drug metabolism
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Bleeding disorders
Pre-operative evaluation
Hormone Reference Result
IGF1 82.9-160.9 ng/ml
50 ng/ml
Prolactin 1.79-23.3 ng/ml
15
Testosterone 2.73-8.16 ng/ml
1.05
LH 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml
0.02
FSH 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml
0.62
Morning cortisol
6.2-19.4 mcg/dl
6.5
T3 80-200 ng/dl 110.9
FT4 0.92-1.7 ng/dl 0.87
TSH 0.27-4.20 uIU/mL
3.5
No testing
HC 300 mg/d
Go on surgery
+/- increase LT4 dosage
Acknowledgement : My family &
Endocrine oncology and
adrenal team
Prof. Richard J Auchus
Prof. William E Rainey
Assist. Prof. Adina F Turcu
Assist. Prof. Tobias Else
M 35 Y : Acromegalic features
Film skullSella view
IGF-1 = 212 ng/mL (90-250)IGF-1 = 1526 ng/mL (82-160)
M 35 Y : Acromegalic features
Hormone Reference Result
IGF1 82.9-160.9 ng/ml
1526 ng/ml
Prolactin 1.79-23.3 ng/ml
15
Testosterone 2.73-8.16 ng/ml
1.05
LH 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml
0.02
FSH 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml
0.62
Morning cortisol
6.2-19.4 mcg/dl
6.5
T3 80-200 ng/dl 110.9
T4 5.1-14.1 mcg/dl
7.37
TSH 0.27-4.20 uIU/mL
3.5
140
Differential diagnosis
✓ Stalk effect✓Co-secretion
Prolactin level
Serial dilution of samples
Dopamine
Especially inPitu macroadenoma
Dopamine = prolactin inhibiting factor
PRL
STALK EFFECT
HOOK EFFECT
M 35 Y : Acromegalic features
Hormone Reference Result
IGF1 82.9-160.9 ng/ml
1526 ng/ml
Prolactin 1.79-23.3 ng/ml
15
Testosterone 2.73-8.16 ng/ml
1.05
LH 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml
0.02
FSH 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml
0.62
Morning cortisol
6.2-19.4 mcg/dl
6.5
T3 80-200 ng/dl 110.9
T4 5.1-14.1 mcg/dl
7.37
TSH 0.27-4.20 uIU/mL
3.5
Hypogonadotrophichypogonadism
2.45
3.3
M 35 Y : Acromegalic features
Hormone Reference Result
IGF1 82.9-160.9 ng/ml
1526 ng/ml
Prolactin 1.79-23.3 ng/ml
15
Testosterone 2.73-8.16 ng/ml
1.05
LH 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml
0.02
FSH 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml
0.62
Morning cortisol
6.2-19.4 mcg/dl
6.5
T3 80-200 ng/dl 110.9
T4 5.1-14.1 mcg/dl
7.37
TSH 0.27-4.20 uIU/mL
3.5
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
To confirm inappropriately low cortisol secretion
1) 8 am. Basal serum cortisol
Diurnal variation
Drug interference :WithdrawalHydrocortisone 24 hrPrednisolone 3 daysDexamethasone 5 days
Non-Emergency setting
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
To confirm inappropriately low cortisol secretion
1) 8 am. Basal serum cortisol
Interpretation:
<3 µg/dL strongly suggest adrenal insuff
>14.5 µg/dL intact HPA axis
Caution: Cortisol binding globulin
CBG cortisolex. Pills
CBG cortisolex. Hypoalbuminemia
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
To confirm inappropriately low cortisol secretion
2) 250 µg ACTH stimulation test
Serum cortisol0 min
250 µg ACTH IV
Serum cortisol30 min
Serum cortisol60 min
✓ The test can be performed without time constraints✓ this test can’t differentiate type of adrenal insuff
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
To confirm inappropriately low cortisol secretion
2) 250 µg ACTH stimulation test
Interpretation:
Peak cortisol >18 µg/dL intact HPA axis
Caution: Recent secondary adrenal insuff
✓ the adrenal cortex might still respond to exogenous corticotropin administration adequately
Serum cortisol0 min
Serum cortisol20 min
Serum cortisol30 min
Serum cortisol40 min
1 µg ACTH IV
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
To confirm inappropriately low cortisol secretion
3) Insulin tolerance test (ITT)
Basis : Counterregulatory hormones
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Severe stress✓ Hypoglycemia✓ Shock✓ High grade fever
cortisol >18 µg/dL
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
To confirm inappropriately low cortisol secretion
3) Insulin tolerance test (ITT)
Interpretation: When hypoglycemia (BS<40)
cortisol >18 µg/dL intact HPA axis
Caution: High risk for patient with
✓ Cardiovascular disease
✓ Seizure
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
To find out whether the adrenal insufficiency is primary or central
Basal ACTH level
ACTH level > 100 pg/mL ACTH level normal or low
M 35 Y : Acromegalic features
Hormone Reference Result
IGF1 82.9-160.9 ng/ml
1526 ng/ml
Prolactin 1.79-23.3 ng/ml
15
Testosterone 2.73-8.16 ng/ml
1.05
LH 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml
0.02
FSH 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml
0.62
Morning cortisol
6.2-19.4 mcg/dl
6.5
T3 80-200 ng/dl 50
T4 5.1-14.1 mcg/dl
2.4
TSH 0.27-4.20 uIU/mL
0.5
110
2.5
6
Evaluation of thyroid function
T3, freeT3 T4, freeT4 TSH
Primary hypothyroidism
TSH
T3 and T4
Evaluation of thyroid function
T3, freeT3 T4, freeT4 TSH
Normal
Secondaryhypothyroidism
TSH
T3 and T4
Causes of hypothyroidism
Primary hypothyroidism
Secondary hypothyroidism
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
Pituitary diseases
Post I131 treatment Hypothalamic diseases
Post subtotal and total thyroidectomy
Iodine deficiency
Drugs with antithyroidaction
Infiltrative disease of thyroid
History & PE
Anti TgAnti TPO
VF defectOther pituitary hormones
MRI pituitary
M 35 Y : Acromegalic features
Pituitary tumour in younger patients
Final diagnosis :
Acromegaly from pituitary
macroadenoma
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
MEN 1 MEN 2A MEN 2B
Acknowledgement : My family &
Endocrine oncology and
adrenal team
Prof. Richard J Auchus
Prof. William E Rainey
Assist. Prof. Adina F Turcu
Assist. Prof. Tobias Else