Rb6002a03,Ankush Goyal,Chemistry

8/12/2019 Rb6002a03,Ankush Goyal,Chemistry

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SUBMITTED TO:

DR.HARMANJEET SINGH.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words are not enough to pay gratitude to them whohelped me in producing this pro ect! "till # would li$eto add %ew words %or the people who were a part o%this term paper in numerous ways& people whoga'e unending support right %rom the stage the idea

was concei'ed!

#n particular # wish to than$s our Teacher&D(!)A(MAN*EET& without whose support thispro ect would ha'e +een impossi+le! "he has not

only helped in gi'ing guidance +ut also re'iewedthis pro ect painsta$ing attention %or the details!

# would li$e to ta$e this opportunity to than$s all thesta%% mem+ers %or their unending support which theyha'e pro'ided in many ways!

Last +ut not the least # would li$e to than$s all myclassmates %or o'erwhelming support through outthe ma$ing term paper!

ANKUSH GOYAL


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TABLE OF FIGURES WHICH SHOWSSOMETHING:

Fig 1 Stickness of glue .

Fig 2 Type of glue th ough !hich !e stick so"ething.

Fig# $t is % type of glue gun use& in hot "elt %&hesi'es.

Fig ( $t is %&hesion th ough !hich )on&ing occu .


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INTRODUCTION :

,ig- An %&hesi'es * o glue* is % "i+tu e in % li,ui& o se"i- li,ui& st%te th%t %&he es o )on&s ite"s

togethe A&hesi'es "%y co"e f o" eithe n%tu %l o synthetic sou ces. The types of "%te i%ls th%tc%n )e )on&e& % e '%st )ut they % e especi%lly useful fo )on&ing thin "%te i%ls. A&hesi'es cu eh% &en/ )y eithe e'%po %ting % sol'ent o )y che"ic%l e%ctions th%t occu )et!een t!o o "o econstituents.

A&hesi'es "%y )e &efine& %s %ny su)st%nce c%p%)le of %tt%ching "%te i%ls togethe )y "e%ns ofsu f%ce %tt%ch"ent. This p ope ty is not necess% ily %n int insic ch% %cte istic of the su)st%nce itselfsince the %&hesi'e "%y )e "uch !e%ke th%n the "%te i%ls 0oine& togethe * )ut it is &e'elope& %sthe %&hesi'e inte %cts !ith the %&he en&s un&e ce t%in con&itions of te"pe %tu e %n& p essu e.

The te " %&hesi'e ce"ent is so"eti"es use& in pl%ce of %&hesi'e* especi%lly !hen efe ing to% synthetic %&hesi'e .An %&hesi'e* o glue* is %"i+tu e in %li,ui& o se"i-li,ui& st%te th%t %&he es o )on&s ite"s togethe . A&hesi'es "%y co"e f o" eithe n%tu %l o synthetic sou ces. The types of"%te i%ls th%t c%n )e )on&e& % e '%st )ut they % e especi%lly useful fo )on&ing thin "%te i%ls.A&hesi'es h% &en )y eithe e'%po %ting % sol'ent o )y che"ic%l e%ctions th%t occu )et!een t!o
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesis


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o "o e constituents. A&hesi'es % e %n %&'%nt%geous fo 0oining thin o &issi"il% "%te i%ls*"ini"i ing !eight* %n& !hen % 'i) %tion &%"pening 0oint is nee&e&. A &is%&'%nt%ge to %&hesi'esis th%t they &o not fo " %n inst%nt%neous 0oint* unlike "ost othe 0oining p ocesses* )ec%use the%&hesi'e nee&s ti"e to cu e. An %&hesi'e is % su)st%nce th%t sticks to the su f%ce of %n o)0ect suchth%t t!o su f%ces )eco"e )on&e&.

History ,Me !s Ori"i! O# A$%esi&es:

The %ncient gypti%ns kne! !ell the % t of 'enee ing %n& use& %&hesi'es to %tt%ch &eco %tionsto !oo& so"e #344 ye% s )efo e 5h ist. 6u&* &ung* %n& cl%y* %long !ith "i+tu es of thesesu)st%nces* "ust %lso )e eg% &e& %s %&hesi'es %n& h%'e )een use& fo centu ies to )uil& huts in"%ny p% ts of the !o l&. Th%tche& huts pl%ste e& !ith % "i+tu e of c%"el7s &ung %n& "u& % e stillegul% ly use& in south!este n S%u&i A %)i% .

Fig 2

6%ny types of glue h%'e )een use& to )on& !oo& togethe * )ut until the ti"e of the Secon&8o l& 8% * essenti%lly %ll of the glues !e e of n%tu %l o igin. A&hesi'es )%se& on synthetic

poly"e s !e e int o&uce& 0ust )efo e 88$$ %n& no! su p%ss "ost of the ol&e n%tu %l glues ini"po t%nce fo !oo& )on&ing. These synthetic %&hesi'es % e use& in situ%tions !hich % e f% too&e"%n&ing fo %&hesi'es of n%tu %l o igin %n& s%tisfy "oistu e* &u %)ility* %n& st engthe,ui e"ents th%t !e e unthink%)le % fe! ye% s %go. At one ti"e* %&hesi'es )elonge& e+clusi'ely inthe e%l" of the c %fts"en9 to&%y* they h%'e )eco"e in&ispens%)le to the enginee %s !ell.

The ol&est kno!n %&hesi'e* &%te& to %pp o+i"%tely 244*444 :5* is f o" spe% stone fl%kesglue& to % !oo& !ith )i ch-)% k-t% * !hich !%s foun& in cent %l $t%ly .The use of co"poun& gluesto h%ft stone spe% s into !oo& &%tes )%ck to oun& ;4*444 :5. 'i&ence fo this h%s )een foun& inSi)u&u 5%'e* South Af ic% %n& the co"poun& glues use& !e e "%&e f o" pl%nt gu" %n& e& och e.The Ty ole%n $ce"%n h%& !e%pons fi+e& togethe !ith the %i& of glue.


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of the e%ste n Unite& St%tes use& % "i+tu e of sp uce gu" %n& f%t %s %&hesi'es to f%shion!%te p oof se%"s in thei )i ch)% k c%noes.

$n "e&ie'%l u ope* egg !hites !e e use& %s glue to &eco %te p% ch"ents !ith gol& le%f. Thefi st %ctu%l glue f%cto y !%s foun&e& in Holl%n& in the e% ly 1>th centu y. $n the 1;34s* the nglish

int o&uce& fish glue. As the "o&e n !o l& e'ol'e&* se'e %l othe p%tente& "%te i%ls* such %s )ones*st% ch* fish* %n& c%sein* !e e int o&uce& %s %lte n%ti'e "%te i%ls fo glue "%nuf%ctu e. 6o&e nglues h%'e i"p o'e& fle+i)ility* toughness* cu ing %te* %n& che"ic%l esist%nce.

TYPES OF ADHESIVES ?

The e % e % l% ge nu")e of %&hesi'e types fo '% ious %pplic%tions.They "%y )e cl%ssifie& in % '% iety of !%ys?

De'e!$i!" o! t%e (%e)istries po+ies %&hesi'es @olyu eth%nes %&hesi'es @olyi"i&es %&hesi'es De'e!$i!" o! t%eir #or) @%ste Li,ui& Fil" @ellets T%peDe'e!$i!" o! t%eir ty'e Hot "elt %&hesi'es = ying %&hesi'es e%cti'e hot "elt %&hesi'es The "osetting %&hesi'es @ essu e sensiti'e %&hesi'es 5ont%ct %&hesi'es De'e!$i!" o! t%eir *o $ ( rryi!" ( ' +i*ity St uctu %l %&hesi'es Se"i-st uctu %l %&hesi'es Non-st uctu %l %&hesi'es A!$ Ot%er Are: N%tu %l %&hesi'es Synthetic %&hesi'es


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= @ N=$NG ON 5A@$:$L$TY?Str (t r * $%esi&es efe to el%ti'ely st ong %&hesi'es th%t % e no "%lly use& !ell )elo!thei gl%ss t %nsition te"pe %tu e* %n i"po t%nt p ope ty fo poly"e ic "%te i%ls* %)o'e !hich

poly"e s % e u))e y %n& )elo! !hich they % e gl%ssy. 5o""on e+%"ples of st uctu %l

%&hesi'es inclu&e epo+ies* cy%no%c yl%tes* %n& ce t%in u eth%nes %n& %c ylic %&hesi'es. Such%&hesi'es c%n c% y signific%nt st esses* %n& len& the"sel'es to st uctu %l %pplic%tions.

Se)i-str (t r * %pplic%tions !he e f%ilu e !oul& )e less c itic%l/ %n& !o!-str (t r *%pplic%tions of f%c%&es* etc. fo %esthetic pu poses/ % e %lso of signific%nt inte est to the &esignenginee * %n& p o'i&e cost-effecti'e "e%ns e,ui e& fo %sse")ly of finishe& p o&ucts. Theseinclu&e cont%ct %&hesi'es !he e % solution o e"ulsion cont%ining %n el%sto"e ic %&hesi'e isco%te& onto )oth %&he en&s* the sol'ent is %llo!e& to e'%po %te* %n& then the t!o %&he en&s % e

) ought into cont%ct. +%"ples inclu&e u))e ce"ent %n& %&hesi'es use& to )on& l%"in%tes tocounte tops .

Fo str (t r * ''*i( tio!s * %&hesi'es % e %'%il%)le %s p%stes* li,ui&s* fil"s* %n& suppo te&fil"s. The l%tte % e suppo te& on loose knit o "%t sc i" cloth to i"p o'e the h%n&ling

p ope ties %n& %lso to offe so"e "e%su e of thickness cont ol. 6%ny of these %&hesi'es p o&uce little o no out-g%ssing !hen cu e&* signific%ntly e&ucing the likelihoo& of 'oi&s!ithin the %&hesi'e. $t is i"po t%nt th%t these %&hesi'es )e kept & y* %s %)so )e& "oistu e c%nc e%te signific%nt 'oi& p o)le"s.

DEPENDING ON CHEMISTRIES:

These % e %lso c%lle& Synthetic %&hesi'es.Cy !o (ry* tes:5y%no%c yl%te %&hesi'es cu e th ough e%ction !ith "oistu e hel& on the su f%ce to )e )on&e&.They nee& close fitting 0oints %n& usu%lly soli&ify in secon&s. 5y%no%c yl%tes % e suite& to s"%ll

pl%stic p% ts %n& to u))e . They % e % speci%l type of %c ylic esin.

To "%e!e$ A(ry*i(s:Toughene& %c ylics % e f%st cu ing %n& offe high st ength %n& toughness. :oth one %n& t!o

p% t syste"s % e %'%il%)le. $n t!o p% t syste"s* no "i+ing is e,ui e& )ec%use the %&hesi'e is%pplie& to one su)st %te* the %cti'%to to the secon& su)st %te* %n& the su)st %tes 0oine&. Theytole %te "ini"%l su f%ce p ep% %tion %n& )on& !ell to % !i&e %nge of "%te i%ls.

E'o.ies:po+y %&hesi'es consist of %n epo+y esin plus % h% &ene . They %llo! g e%t 'e s%tility info "ul%tion since the e % e "%ny esins %n& "%ny &iffe ent h% &ene s. po+y %&hesi'es c%n )euse& to 0oin "ost "%te i%ls. These "%te i%ls h%'e goo& st ength* &o not p o&uce 'ol%tiles &u ingcu ing* %n& h%'e lo! sh ink%ge. Ho!e'e * epo+ies c%n h%'e lo! peel st ength %n& fle+i)ility


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%n& c%n )e ) ittle. po+y %&hesi'es % e %'%il%)le in one p% t* t!o p% t %n& fil" fo " %n& p o&uce e+t e"ely st ong &u %)le )on&s !ith "ost "%te i%ls.

Po*y ret% !es:@olyu eth%ne %&hesi'es % e che"ic%lly e%cti'e fo "ul%tions th%t "%y )e one o t!o p% tsyste"s %n& % e usu%lly f%st cu ing. They p o'i&e st ong esilient 0oints !hich % e i"p%ctesist%nt %n& h%'e )ette lo! te"pe %tu e st ength th%n %ny othe %&hesi'e. @olyu eth%nes % euseful fo )on&ing gl%ss fi) e einfo ce& pl%stics G @/. The f%st cu e usu%lly necessit%tes%pplying the %&hesi'es )y "%chine. They % e often use& !ith p i"e s.

Si*i(o!es:Silicones % e not 'e y st ong %&hesi'es* )ut % e kno!n fo thei fle+i)ility %n& high te"pe %tu eesist%nce. They % e %'%il%)le in single o t!o p% t fo "s. The l%tte function like the t!o p% t

epo+ies* the fo "e like the single p% t polyu eth%nes. 8hen the single p% t %&hesi'es cu e theyli)e %te eithe %lcohol o %cetic %ci& the f%"ili% s"ell of 'ineg% /. They % e often use& %s )%th%n& sho!e se%l%nts. Thei %&hesion to su f%ces is only f%i )ut like thei fle+i)ility* thei&u %)ility is e+cellent. The t!o p% t 'e sions nee& % h% &ening %gent to )e "i+e& into the esin.T!o fo "s % e %'%il%)le* those !hich li)e %te %ci& on cu ing %n& those th%t &o not. As "ight )e%nticip%te& the t!o p% t %&hesi'e syste"s gi'e % )ette cu e in thick sections th%n &o the single

p% t types.

P%e!o*i(:@henolics !e e the fi st %&hesi'es fo "et%ls %n& h%'e % long histo y of successful use fo

0oining "et%l to "et%l %n& "et%l to !oo&. They e,ui e he%t %n& p essu e fo the cu ing p ocess.

Po*yi)i$es:@olyi"i&e %&hesi'es % e )%se& on synthetic o g%nic ch%ins. They % e %'%il%)le %s li,ui&s ofil"s* )ut % e e+pensi'e %n& &ifficult to h%n&le. @olyi"i&es % e supe io to "ost othe %&hesi'etypes !ith eg% & to long te " st ength etention %t ele'%te& te"pe %tu es.

= @ N=$NG ON TY@ ?Hot )e*t $%esi&es:


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Fi" /

Hot "elts % e )%se& on "o&e n the "opl%stics %n& % e use& fo f%st %sse")ly of st uctu es&esigne& to )e only lightly lo%&e&!Gene %lly these % e in "olten fo " !hich soli&ify on coolingto fo " st ong )on&s )et!een % !i&e %nge of "%te i%ls. These %&hesi'es % e popul% fo c %fts

)ec%use of thei e%se of use %n& the !i&e %nge of co""on "%te i%ls they c%n 0oin. Hot "elts )eco"e li,ui& !hen he%te&* !etting the su f%ces %n& then cooling into % soli& poly"e . These"%te i%ls % e inc e%sing use& in % !i&e % %y of enginee ing %pplic%tions using "o e

sophistic%te& 'e sions of the glue guns !i&ely use& )y consu"e s.

Press re se!siti&e $%esi&es:@ essu e sensiti'e %&hesi'es % e 'e y lo! "o&ulus el%sto"e s !hich &efo " e%sily un&e s"%ll

p essu es* pe "itting the" to !et su f%ces. 8hen the su)st %te %n& %&hesi'e % e ) ought intointi"%te cont%ct* '%n &e 8%%ls fo ces % e sufficient to "%int%in the cont%ct %n& c%n p o'i&eel%ti'ely &u %)le )on&s fo lightly lo%&e& %pplic%tions. @ essu e sensiti'e %&hesi'es % eno "%lly pu ch%se& %s t%pes o l%)els fo non-st uctu %l %pplic%tions* %lthough c%n %lso co"e %s&ou)le-si&e& fo%" t%pes !hich c%n )e use& in se"i-st uctu %l %pplic%tions.

They % e &esigne& !ith % )%l%nce )et!een flo! %n& esist%nce to flo!. The )on& fo "s )ec%usethe %&hesi'e is soft enough to flo! i.e. B!etB/ the %&he en&. The )on& h%s st ength )ec%use the%&hesi'e is h% & enough to esist flo! !hen st ess is %pplie& to the )on&. @SAs % e &esigne& foeithe pe "%nent o e"o'%)le %pplic%tions. e"o'%)le %&hesi'es % e &esigne& to fo " %te"po % y )on&* %n& i&e%lly c%n )e e"o'e& %fte "onths o ye% s !ithout le%'ing esi&ue onthe %&he en&. e"o'%)le %&hesi'es % e use& in %pplic%tions such %s su f%ce p otection fil"s*"%sking t%pes* )ook"% k %n& note p%pe s* p ice "% king l%)els* p o"otion%l g %phics

"%te i%ls* %n& fo skin cont%ct.

Co!t (t $%esi&es:5ont%ct %&hesi'es % e use& in st ong )on&s !ith high she% - esist%nce like l%"in%tes* such %s

)on&ing Fo "ic% to % !oo&en counte * %n& in foot!e% * %s in %tt%ching outsoles to uppe s. N%tu %l u))e %n& polychlo op ene Neop ene/ % e co""only use& cont%ct %&hesi'es. :oth ofthese el%sto"e s un&e go st %in c yst%lli %tion.


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5ont%ct %&hesi'es "ust )e %pplie& to )oth su f%ces %n& %llo!e& so"e ti"e to & y )efo e thet!o su f%ces % e pushe& togethe . So"e cont%ct %&hesi'es e,ui e %s long %s 2( hou s to & y

)efo e the su f%ces % e to )e hel& togethe . Once the su f%ces % e pushe& togethe * the )on&fo "s 'e y ,uickly.$t is usu%lly not necess% y to %pply p essu e fo % long ti"e* so the e is lessnee& fo cl%"ps.

Dryi!" $%esi&es:The e % e t!o types of %&hesi'es th%t h% &en )y & ying? sol'ent )%se& %&hesi'es %n& poly"e&ispe sion %&hesi'es* %lso kno!n %s e"ulsion %&hesi'es.Sol'ent )%se& %&hesi'es % e % "i+tu e of ing e&ients typic%lly poly"e s/ &issol'e& in %sol'ent. 8hite glue* cont%ct %&hesi'es %n& u))e ce"ents % e "e")e s of the & ying %&hesi'ef%"ily. As the sol'ent e'%po %tes* the %&hesi'e h% &ens. =epen&ing on the che"ic%lco"position of the %&hesi'e* they !ill %&he e to &iffe ent "%te i%ls to g e%te o lesse &eg ees.

@oly"e &ispe sion %&hesi'es % e "ilky-!hite &ispe sions often )%se& on poly'inyl %cet%te@CA/. Use& e+tensi'ely in the !oo&!o king %n& p%ck%ging in&ust ies. Also use& !ith f%) ics%n& f%) ic-)%se& co"ponents* %n& in enginee e& p o&ucts such %s lou&spe%ke cones.

T%er)osetti!" $%esi&es: The "osetting st uctu %l %&hesi'es % e no "%lly %'%il%)le in t!o-p% t fo "s th%t % e "i+e&th ough c% efully cont olle& stoichio"et y into % p o&uct th%t cu es !ithin the &esi e& ti"e!in&o!. One-p% t fo "s % e %lso %'%il%)le in !hich the esin %n& h% &ene c oss-linking%gent/ % e %l e%&y "i+e& togethe . These one-p% t fo "s "ust )e kept %t sufficiently lo!te"pe %tu e th%t the e%ction &oes not occu p e"%tu ely* so"eti"es utili ing l%tent c oss-linking %gents th%t % e not %cti'e %t lo! te"pe %tu es. One-p% t the "osetting %&hesi'es oftenh%'e li"ite& shelf life* %n& often "ust )e sto e& %t lo! te"pe %tu es* )ut &o offe 'e y high

pe fo "%nce c%p%)ilities. @ot life efe s to the ti"e %fte % t!o-p% t %&hesi'e is "i+e& &u ing!hich it is !o k%)le %n& !ill still "%ke % s%tisf%cto y )on&. 6%te i%ls !ith too sho t of % potlife !ill h% &en too f%st* %n& &o not gi'e the !o ke s sufficient ti"e to %sse")le the p o&uct.An e+cessi'ely long pot life "%y &el%y the cu e ti"e %n& slo! the %sse")ly p ocess.

N t r * $%esi&es: N%tu %l %&hesi'es % e "%&e f o" o g%nic sou ces such %s 'eget%)le "%tte * st% ch &e+t in/*

n%tu %l esins o f o" %ni"%ls e.g. c%sein o %ni"%l glue. They % e often efe e& to %s )io%&hesi'es. One e+%"ple is % si"ple p%ste "%&e )y cooking flou in !%te . Ani"%l glues % et %&ition%lly use& in )ook)in&ing* !oo& 0oining* %n& "%ny othe % e%s )ut no! % e l% gelyepl%ce& )y synthetic glues. 5%sein % e "%inly use& in gl%ss )ottle l%)elling. St% ch )%se&%&hesi'es % e use& in co ug%te& )o% & p o&uction %n& p%pe s%ck p o&uction* p%pe tu)e!in&ing* !%ll p%pe %&hesi'es. Anothe fo " of n%tu %l %&hesi'e is )loo& %l)u"en "%&e f o"

p otein co"ponent of )loo&/* !hich is use& in the ply!oo& in&ust y. Ani"%l glue e"%ins the


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p efe e& glue of the luthie . 5%sein )%se& glues % e "%&e )y p ecipit%ting c%sein f o" "ilk p otein using the %cetic %ci& f o" 'ineg% . This fo "s cu &s* !hich % e neut %li e& !ith % )%se*such %s so&iu" )ic% )on%te )%king so&%/* to c%use the" to unclu"p %n& )eco"e % thicke

pl%stic-like su)st%nce.

MECHANISM OF ADHESIVES:$t is )%se& on the p inciple of %&hesion.

Fig (

A&hesi'e "%te i%ls fill the 'oi&s o po es of the su f%ces %n& hol& su f%ces togethe )yinte locking. Se!ing fo "s % l% ge sc%le "ech%nic%l )on&* 'elc o fo "s one on % "e&iu" sc%le*%n& so"e te+tile %&hesi'es fo " one %t % s"%ll sc%le.

A&hesion* the %tt%ch"ent )et!een %&hesi'e %n& su)st %te "%y occu eithe )y "ech%nic%l"e%ns* in !hich the %&hesi'e !o ks its !%y into s"%ll po es of the su)st %te* o )y one ofse'e %l che"ic%l "ech%nis"s. The st ength of %&hesion &epen&s on "%ny f%cto s* inclu&ing the"e%ns )y !hich it occu s.

$n so"e c%ses %n %ctu%l che"ic%l )on& occu s )et!een %&hesi'e %n& su)st %te. $n othe select ost%tic fo ces* %s in st%tic elect icity* hol& the su)st%nces togethe . A thi & "ech%nis"in'ol'es the '%n &e 8%%ls fo ces th%t &e'elop )et!een "olecules. A fou th "e%ns in'ol'es the

"oistu e-%i&e& &iffusion of the glue into the su)st %te* follo!e& )y h% &ening.

DESIGNING ADVANTAGES:


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A&hesi'es offe ce t%in '%lu%)le &esign %&'%nt%ges. Unlike i'ets o )olts* %&hesi'es p o&uces"ooth contou s th%t % e %e o&yn%"ic%lly %n& %esthetic%lly )enefici%l. A&hesi'e )on&ing offe s% "etho& of 0oining th%t is not %ffecte& )y the une'enness of su f%ces. G e%te p% t tole %nces% e possi)le using g%p-filling %&hesi'es. A&hesi'es %lso offe % )ette st ength-to-!eight %tioth%n othe "etho&s of "ech%nic%l f%stening.

A&hesi'es c%n 0oin %ny co")in%tion of soli& "%te i%ls eg% &less of sh%pe* thickness* o"is"%tch in physic%l p ope ties such %s coefficient of the "%l e+p%nsion o el%stic "o&ulus.5e t%in su)st %tes "%y )e too thin o too s"%ll to !el& ep o&uci)ly !ithout&isto tion. Thus* "e&ic%l p o&ucts %n& "ic oelect onics % e often %sse")le& !ith%&hesi'es. Non-"et%llic "%te i%ls* such %s pl%stics* el%sto"e s* ce %"ics* %n& "%ny p%pe

p o&ucts* c%n )e 0oine& togethe %n& to one %nothe "o e econo"ic%lly %n& efficiently !ith%&hesi'e )on&ing th%n !ith othe "etho&s. A&hesi'es "%y %lso )e % goo& !%y of %&&ing options o %&&itions to % line of "o&ul%"%nuf%ctu e& ite"s th%t sh% e % co""on &esign. This %llo!s the eli"in%tion o e&uction of

e+t % holes fo "ech%nic%l f%stene s %n& c%n eli"in%te e+pensi'e "%chining o st%"ping stepson the co""on p% t.

DESINING DIS-ADVANTAGE:

The %&hesi'e 0oint "ust )e c% efully &esigne& fo opti"u" pe fo "%nce. =esign f%cto s inclu&ethe type of st ess* en'i on"ent%l influences* %n& p o&uction "etho&s to )e use&.

6%ny igi& %&hesi'es &o not !o k !ell !hen the se 'ice st ess %cts to peel o cle%'e thesu)st %tes f o" one %nothe . Such st esses c%n often )e e&uce& o eli"in%te& )y c% eful 0oint

&esign. Sel&o" c%n % 0oint* !hich is &esigne& fo "ech%nic%l f%stening* )e use& successfully fo%&hesi'e )on&ing !ithout "ino e'ision. So"eti"es such e'isions esult in %&&e& e+pense o"%nuf%ctu ing steps.

The e % e no st%n&% &s to gui&e the use !ith eg% & to &esign li"its o to p o'i&e % s%fe &esign"% gin. These !ill &epen& on the %&hesi'e %n& su)st %te* on the p o&uction "etho&s* on thespecific en&-use en'i on"ent* %n& on "%ny othe f%cto s th%t % e often not fo eseen %t the ti"eof &esign &e'elop"ent. The efo e* it is 'e y &ifficult to p e&ict the useful life of % )on&e& 0oint.

Si"ple life esti"%tion p ocesses use& in othe in&ust ies such %s A henius plots to p e&ict the%ging of elect ic%l !i e insul%tion/ % e not effecti'e !ith %&hesi'es )ec%use of the nu"e ous%n& so"eti"es co"peting e%ctions th%t c%n occu !ithin % )on&e& 0oint. The only effecti'e"etho& of esti"%ting the useful life of %n %&hesi'e )on& is to &o p ototype testing un&een'i on"ent%l con&itions th%t !ill %ccele %te %ging. Yet* one "ust )e ce t%in th%t these%ccele %te& con&itions &o not c%use e%ctions th%t % e no "%lly not e+pe ience& in the %ctu%l%pplic%tion.

REFRENCES:


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!!!.sintef.co"

!!!.google.co"

!!!.che.o g.in
http://www.sintef.com/http://www.sintef.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.che.org.in/http://www.sintef.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.che.org.in/

Documents

Rb6002a03,Ankush Goyal,Chemistry