This is a repository copy of Real Driving Emissions (RDE): Results from the 2015 remote sensing campaigns (UK).

White Rose Research Online URL for this paper:http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/93928/

Version: Published Version

Conference or Workshop Item:Tate, JE Real Driving Emissions (RDE): Results from the 2015 remote sensing campaigns (UK). In: Routes to Clean Air, Air Quality Conference 2015, 22-23 Oct 2015, Bristol, UK. (Unpublished)

eprints@whiterose.ac.ukhttps://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/

Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website.

Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.

On road emissions: Results from

latest remote sensing campaign

Dr James Tate

Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK

CONTENTS

2

Ⴇ Remote sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Method Verification

Ⴇ Results 2015 EuroVI

Passenger carsHGVsᅟ LGVsᅟ Buses

Ⴇ Manufacturer comparison | Diesel passenger cars

Ⴇ Recommendations

METHOD

3

METHODVerification of speed & acceleration measurements

4

v = speed, a = acceleration, = road gradient

METHODVerification of concentration measurements

5

Distribution of the measurement distribution of a controlled gas mixture with known relativeabundances.The binned data shows the measurements with the solid line showing a Normaldistribution derived from the measured data (solid) and theoretical (dashed).

METHODInter-comparison of two Remote Sensing Devices

6

Emission ratios

From peak exhaust plume conc.

態態潮牒凋寵彫脹超 態態Predict NO2 and total NOXcontribution using f-NO2 reported

by Carslaw (2014)

Camera(Number plate)

Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)

Source/Detector

Mirror Box

Source

Detector

Emissions Analyser(Common

Configurations)

Camera(Number plate)

Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)

Source/Detector

Mirror Box

Source

Detector

Emissions Analyser(Common

Configurations)

METHODMeasurements

ESP RSD-4600 instrument

www.esp-global.com

7 Carslaw, D., Priestman, M. 2014. Analysis of the 2013 vehicle emission remote sensing campaigns data. King�s College London, Finaldraft, 10th November 2014

Euro Standard Petrol f-NO2 Diesel f-NO2Euro 0 2 8

Euro 1 2 8

Euro 2 3 8

Euro 3 4 16

Euro 4 7 26

Euro 5 12 26

Euro 6 12 34

METHODEstimation of Emission Factors

8

継警荊鯨鯨荊頚軽�繋畦系劇頚迎� 訣堅┻ 倦兼貸怠 眺聴帖 =軽頚諜系頚態 眺聴帖 × 系頚態倦兼 暢凋朝腸 × 系剣堅堅結潔建件剣券�繋欠潔建剣堅 彫寵寵脹

2000

2005

2010

2015

120

140

160

180

200

220

Year of registration

CO

2(grams.km

1)

https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Impact-of-real-world-driving-emissions-for-UK-cars-and-vans.pdf

EuroVI

Passengercars,Spring/Summer2015

9

Diesel_E0

Diesel_E1

Diesel_E2

Diesel_E3

Diesel_E4

Diesel_E5

Diesel_E6

Petrol_E0

Petrol_E1

Petrol_E2

Petrol_E3

Petrol_E4

Petrol_E5

Petrol_E6

Hybrid_E4

Hybrid_E5

Hybrid_E6

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

NO X (grams.km1)

EuroVI

Passengercars,Spring/Summer2015

10

Diesel_E0

Diesel_E1

Diesel_E2

Diesel_E3

Diesel_E4

Diesel_E5

Diesel_E6

Petrol_E0

Petrol_E1

Petrol_E2

Petrol_E3

Petrol_E4

Petrol_E5

Petrol_E6

Hybrid_E4

Hybrid_E5

Hybrid_E6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PM (index.km1)

EuroVI

%ofPassengercarsregisteredsinceSept2014thatareEuroVI

11

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

MERCEDES

MINI

PORSCHE

BMW

AUDI

VOLKSWAGEN

FORD

VOLVO

HYUNDI

CITROEN

VAUXHALL

SEAT

PEUGEOT

SKODA

KIA

HONDA

JAGUAR

LAND ROVER

MAZDA

NISSAN

TOYOTA

% Euro VI

Diesel

Petrol

EuroVI

NOXHeavyCommercialVehicles,Spring/Summer2015

12

Artic_E2

Artic_E3

Artic_E4

Artic_E5

Artic_E6

Rigid_E2

Rigid_E3

Rigid_E4

Rigid_E5

Rigid_E6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350NO X / CO 2 ratio * 10000

Euro VINOX HCVs � Corroboration TfL data

13

N2rigid0%load

N3rigid0%load

N2rigid100%load

N3rigid100%load

RSDrigid

N3artic0%load

N3artic100%load

zRSDartic

0

20

40

60

80

NO

X/CO

2ratio*10000

https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/In-service%20emissions%20performance%20of%20Euro%206VI%20vehicles%20WEBSITE%20COPY.pdf

Manufacturer comparisonEuro V 2.0-litre diesel cars with EA189 engine

14

#AUDI

#SEAT

#SKODA

#VOLKSWAGEN

OTHERS

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0NO

X(grams.km

1)

DIESEL

Euro V Standard

OTHERS:2.0-litre dieselengines from otherMarquese.g.BMWFORDKIATOYOTAVAUXHALL

Manufacturer comparisonEuro VI

15

#AUDI

#VOLKSWAGEN

BMW

MAZDA

MERCEDES

PETROL

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

NO

X(grams.km

1)

Euro VIStandard

EuroV EuroVI#AUDI

#SEAT

#SKODA

#VOLKSWAGEN

OTHERS

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

NO

X(grams.km

1)

DIESEL

Euro V Standard

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Year of registration

NO

X(grams.km

1)

Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI

Emission standard

Manufacturer comparison � Diesel carsNOX emissions by manufacturer & Year of 1

st registration

Euro VI

17

RECOMMENDATIONS

18

Ⴇ RDE regulations

Ⴇ Sooner rather than later i.e. before Jan 2017

Ⴇ Transparency in RDE testing

Ⴇ In-service RDE testing (deterioration emission controls, SCR dosing, DPF removal)

Ⴇ Independent + Open data

? Environmental labelling for CO2 and air quality pollutants ? A marketing incentive ?

Ⴇ Shift inTax landscape to include NOX penalty

Ⴇ Price fuel e.g. Belgium Diesel +10cts per litre 2016-2017

Ⴇ VED

Ⴇ Company car Benefit in Kind (BiK) tax

Ⴇ Car free City centres

Ⴇ Sustainable mobility & Active travel & Green space

Ⴇ Noise

And finally�. improving air quality

Dr James TateInstitute for Transport Studies,

University of Leeds, UK

Email: j.e.tate@its.leeds.ac.uk

Twitter: drjamestate