Relación Entre El Tono y El Acento Enfático Mazateco-español

8/19/2019 Relación Entre El Tono y El Acento Enfático Mazateco-español

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^EIQN\_IFJF EJOICEJM J^VßEC GJFN GÉXIOC

AJO^MVJF FN AIMC_CAÇJ Y MNV\J_

OCMN@IC FN MNV\J_ HI_TÊEIOJ_

\NMJOICE NEV\N NM VCEC Y NM JONEVC

NEAÊVIOC NE HJLMJEVN_ LIMIE@ÝN_

GJRJVNOC-N_TJÚCM

V N _ I _

Z^N TJ\J CLVNEN\ NM VÇV^MC FN2

T\N_NEVJ2

FI\NOVC\ FN VN_I_2

F\. FN MJ GC\J COHCJ JMNBJEF\C BC_N

OI^FJF ^EIQN\_IVJ\IJ

MIONEOIJFJ NEMNE@^J Y MIVN\JV^\J_ HI_TÊEIOJ_

@CERÊMNR @^VIÉ\\NR @JL\INMJ


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Fnfioc nstn prcynotc j2


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J@\JFNOIGINEVC_

Zuinrc nxprnsjr gi rnocecoiginetc jm Fr. Jmnbjefrc Bcsé fn mj Gcrj Cohcj pcr

ùijr gi trjljbc j mc mjr`c fn mcs júcs, j gis siecfjmns, j tcfcs mcs ginglrcs jotivcs y

hcecrjrics fnm _ngiejric fn Mneùjs Ctcgjeùns, qun eutrinrce gi trjljbc fn vjmicsjs

clsnrvjoicens; jsç ocgc j tcfcs mcs jgi`cs qun gn jocgpjújrce ne nstj ievnsti`joiÿe.

Jsç gisgc j`rjfnzoc jm Fr. Ivêe Qmjfigir Gnzj \uiz pcr jyufjrgn j fisnújr gi

ocrpus pjrj mj vjrijetn fnm jmtipmjec, j mj Frj. Gjrçj Tczzi Tjrfc pcr sus ienstigjlmns

ocesnbcs.

Mj lnoj fn ievnstì joiÿe qun gn lriefÿ nm ONMM (OCMGNX) y nm Jpcyc pjrj mj

titumjoiÿe (_NT) aunrce prigcrfijmns pjrj aiejeoijr nstn prcynotc.


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:

ÇEFION @NEN\JM

Tê`.ÇEFION FN VJLMJ_, @\ÊAIOJ_ Y AI@^\J_ <IEV\CF^OOIßE 6

:. QCR2 TJ\ÊGNV\C_ JOÒ_VIOC_ Y TN\ONTVIQC_ 0


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ÇEFION FN VJLMJ_, @\ÊAIOJ_ Y AI@^\J_

VJLMJ_

Tê`.Vjlmj : Qjmcrns fn A4 Gjrtçe Lutrj`unúc (\nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj _hjpirc-Pimk pjrj mj gunstrj A4 (Hz) fn mjvcojm /j/ (gjsoumiecs) ><

Vjlmj ?1 \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj _hjpirc-Pimk pjrj mj gunstrj A4 (Hz) fn mj >?


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?

vcojm /i/ (angneiecs)Vjlmj ?0 \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj _hjpirc-Pimk pjrj mj gunstrj A4 (Hz) fn mj

vcojm /n/ (angneiecs)>?

Vjlmj ?8 \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj _hjpirc-Pimk pjrj mj gunstrj A4 (Hz) fn mjvcojm /j/ (angneiecs)

>?

Vjlmj ?9 \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /i/ gjsoumiecs >6Vjlmj 64 \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /i/ angneiecs >6Vjlmj 6: \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /n/ gjsoumiecs >6Vjlmj 6< \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /n/ angneiecs >6Vjlmj 6? \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /j/ gjsoumiecs >>Vjlmj 66 \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /j/ angneiecs >>Vjlmj 6> Ocevnrsiÿe fn vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /i/ j tcecs y sngitcecs >1Vjlmj 61 Ocevnrsiÿe fn vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /n/ j tcecs y sngitcecs >1Vjlmj 60 Ocevnrsiÿe fn vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /j/ j tcecs y sngitcecs >1Vjlmj >8 Fianrneoij pnronptivj netrn gunstrjs >0Vjlmj >9 Furjoiÿe prignrj sçmjlj fn ejtsn >8Vjlmj >4 \nmjoiÿe tcec jmtc y furjoiÿe (trjesoripoiÿe fn gcsquitc y ocenbc) >8

Vjlmj >: Furjoiÿe prignrj sçmjlj fn ʠ ie`j >8Vjlmj >< \nmjoiÿe tcec jmtc y furjoiÿe (trjesoripoiÿe fn onrfc, ojgisj y vinbitc) >8Vjlmj >? \je`cs gêxigcs y gçeigcs fn mj A4 ne Hnrrjsti (Vjlmj >6 Nquivjmneoij ectjs gusiojmns y Hz (fjtcs prcpcroicejfcs pcr Ietnrmiek

_ystng)1>

Vjlmj >> Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /i/(gjsoumiecs)

1>

Vjlmj >1 Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /n/(gjsoumiecs)

1>

Vjlmj >0 Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /j/(gjsoumiecs)

11

Vjlmj >8 Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /i

(angneiecs)

11

Vjlmj >9 Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /n/(angneiecs)

11

Vjlmj 14 Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /j/(angneiecs)

11

AI@^\J_

Ai`urj : Vcecs ne gjzjtnoc (@jroçj,


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IEV\CFÔOIßE

Nm limie`ýisgc, netnefifc ocgc mj ojpjoifjf fn nxprnsjrsn ne fcs mneùjs

rnspntjefc mjs rn`mjs y mjs nstruoturjs fn ojfj sistngj (Orystjm, :980), ec sÿmc ns

ietnrnsjetn pcr mjs ocefioicens qun mc ornje siec pcr mjs rnpnrousicens qun tinen ne uej

ocgueifjf fn hjlmj, tjmns ocgc mj ietnranrneoij mie`ýçstioj.

Fn jounrfc oce Fulcis, mj ietnranrneoij mie`ýçstioj courrn oujefc ue limie`ýn utimizj

mj mneùj gntj oce rjs`cs aceétiocs, gcracmÿìocs c sietêotiocs prcpics fn ctrj mneùj (Lmjs,

:99:). Tcr nbngpmc, mcs limie`ýns, ouyj mneùj gjtnrej (M:) ns nm gjyj y su snùefj

mneùj (M


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Nm prnsnetn trjljbc sn neacojrê ne mj gjeianstjoiÿe fn mj ietnranrneoij mie`ýçstioj

j eivnm suprjsn`gnetjm, prnstjefc nspnoijm jtneoiÿe jm jonetc y jm tcec. Ne nm prnsnetn

nstufic gn prcpce`c ievnsti`jr mj gjeianstjoiÿe suprjsn`gnetjm fn mj ietnranrneoij

mie`ýçstioj fn mcs hjlmjetns ouyj mneùj gjtnrej ns nm gjzjtnoc y su snùefj mneùj ns

nspjúcm, qun sn punfn clsnrvjr ne mj ieamuneoij fnm sistngj tcejm fnm gjzjtnoc: ne nm

jonetc fn arjsn fnm nspjúcm, yj qun ne jglcs nm pjrêgntrc joòstioc ojrjotnrçstioc ns mj

Arnouneoij auefjgnetjm (j pjrtir fn jhcrj A4). Tjrj ocgprcljr mj ietnranrneoij fn uej

mneùj j ctrj sn rnjmizÿ uej ocgpjrjoiÿe fn mj A4 fn mjs sçmjljs tÿeiojs ne nspjúcm y fn

mjs sçmjljs oce tcec jmtc ne gjzjtnoc fn hjlmjetns ouyj mneùj gjtnrej ns nm gjzjtnoc y

su snùefj mneùj ns nspjúcm; fnspués sn ocetrjstjrce mcs rnsumtjfcs fn mj gunstrj oce

fcs nstufics fn mj A4 ne nm nspjúcm fn mj vjrijetn gnxiojej2 nm fn Gjrtçe Lutrjùnúc

(),Hnrrnrj (


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:. QCR2 TJ\ÊGNV\C_ JOÒ_VIOC_ Y TN\ONTVIQC_

Fnsfn nm puetc fn vistj joòstioc, mj vcz hugjej ns ue sceifc? prcvcojfc pcr nm

gcviginetc fn mcs pmin`uns vcojmns jm pjsjr pcr mj `mctis, fnlifc j mj prnsiÿe fn mj

ocrrinetn fn jirn prconfnetn fn mcs pumgcens; nm jirn nxpumsjfc, yj snj pcr mj lcoj c pcr

mj ejriz, ojusj j`itjoiÿe ne nm gnfic fn prcpj`joiÿe qun sn gjeiainstj ne uej snrin fn

cefjs sieuscifjmns supnrpunstjs (cefj pnriÿfioj ocgpunstj), éstj sn prcpj`j ne mjs

gcméoumjs fnm jirn y aiejmgnetn ns pnroilifj pcr nm ietnrmcoutcr ocgc ue ocebuetc fn

nmngnetcs oce snetifc (Ln`cúj,


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tinen ocefioicens fn prcfuooiÿe, ÿr`jecs qun pjrtioipje ne su rnjmizjoiÿe, jsç ocgc

gnfics fn prcpj`joiÿe (_ueflnr`, :900). Tjrj ojrjotnrizjr mj vcz hugjej, tjm ocgc mj

netinefn _ueflnr` (:980), sn rnourrn j mj pmneituf fn uej cefj, ns fnoir, j mjs

arnouneoijs gês ljbjs, fnlifc j qun sce gês nstjlmns fn tcfj mj snrin fn jrgÿeiocs u

cefjs snouefjrijs qun acrgje uej cefj pnriÿfioj ocgpunstj, tjm pmneituf fn cefj sn

rnocecon pcr su gnecr arnouneoij0, mj oujm ns mmjgjfj A48. Nm rje`c fn arnouneoij fn mj

vcz hugjej sn neounetrj netrn mcs :44 Hz y mcs 644 Hz. Ojln snújmjr qun ”Mj A4 fn mj

vcz fn ue hcglrn jfumtc ns fn uecs :


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neoigj fn tjm rnanrnetn sn gifne ne fnoilnmics (Hifjm`c2 6


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trjfuone ocgc jm`c si`eiaiojtivc pjrj nm ietnrmcoutcr, ieomusc sceifcs qun punfje tnenr

uej vjrijoiÿe rnmnvjetn fn Hz fiaçoimgnetn pcfrçje snr omjsiaiojfcs ne nsojmjs

pnronptivjs fn + `rjvns, - `rjvns, +/- `rjvns, ntoétnrj. Jm rnspnotc, Vrubimmc (


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::

J2 húj¹ ti¿ʖ gi¿ei¼ ʏ ji¹⁶ʖ ei¿L2 ej¹ etj¹ ʏ c¿ hgi¿ ej¹ ti¼vhi¿ si¼ ʏ j¹¿

J2 :, ?, ?,


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Ne nstn nstufic sn ocesifnrj jm tcec ocgc uej netifjf pnronptivj gnfilmn, pcr mc

gnecs ne nsojmjs fn pnronpoiÿe; yj qun j pnsjr fn qun hjyj uej rnmjtivj iefnpnefneoij

fnm tcec y ojrjotnrçstiojs prcpijs fn mj A4 ocgc nm `rcscr, mj mceìtuf y mj tnesiÿe fn mcs

pminùns vcojmns, mcs pjrêgntrcs fn A4 fnlne snr mc suaioinetngnetn gjrojfcs

joòstiojgnetn pjrj snr fnocfiaiojfcs ocgc ue rjs`c sièiaiojtivc, juejfc j mc jetnricr

pnesjgcs qun nm tcec, ne virtuf fn snr uej ojrjotnrçstioj pnronptivj pcr nxonmneoij pjrj

mj ojrjotnrizjoiÿe fn mj vcz, punfn nstjr ieamuneoijfj pcr mj ietnesifjf y mj furjoiÿe, ns

jsç qun su jeêmisis fnln ieomuir mj fignesiÿe joòstioj.


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usj arnouneoijs ljbjs y jmtjs pjrj fistie`uir fcs c gês si`eiaiojfcs ne ue gisgc

sn`gnetc, jfngês mjs pjmjlrjs fn fcs c gês sçmjljs punfne tnenr jonetc snouefjric aibc

qun ec tinen uej aueoiÿe fn fistieoiÿe méxioj siec fn ocetrjstn fnetrc fn mj gisgj

pjmjlrj. Jm rnspnotc, nm Iestitutc Mie`ýçstioc fn Qnrjec jairgj qun2 ”Ne nm gjzjtnoc mj

òmtigj sçmjlj fn mj rjçz fn mj pjmjlrj singprn sn prceueoij oce gjycr ietnesifjf, pcr nsc

ec ns enonsjric gjrojr nm jonetc ocgc ne nm nspjúcm‗ (Térnz,


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Ai`urj :. Nstjfc fn mj ounstiÿe rnspnotc jm eògnrc fn tcecs nxistnetns ne gjzjtnoc prnsnetjfcs pcr@jroçj (


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Ocgc pcfngcs clsnrvjr, nm jeêmisis fnm tcec ne gjzjtnoc rnprnsnetj prclmngjs

pjrj su gnfioiÿe qun nstêe fjfcs pcr mj ejturjmnzj mc`jrçtgioj (nsojmjs pnronptivj fn

gnecr y gjycr rnmnvjeoij) fn mj qun ecs hjlmj Vrubimmc (


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:0

?. JONEVC

Nm jonetc ns uej ojrjotnrçstioj pnronptivj, ns ue ”[…W fistietc rnminvn qun tinene

mjs sçmjljs qun ocgpcene j uej ojfnej. ^ej sçmjlj ns tÿeioj oujefc tinen uej nspnoijm

prcgieneoij scecrj sclrn mjs sçmjljs vnoiejs […W‗ F’Ietrcec (:99>2 :


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gcraégioj fn mjs pjmjlrjs; mjs snùefjs fntnrgieje su jpjrioiÿe sie eie`òe oritnric

`rjgjtiojm, y mjs tnronrjs supcene mj ifnetiaiojoiÿe fn oinrtcs gcrangjs y mj

fnmigitjoiÿe fn mj pjmjlrj (fjtcs `rjgjtiojmns supmngnetjrics), ns fnoir, qun sn

acrgumje rn`mjs fn jonetujoiÿe fn jounrfc j mjs prcpinfjfns jonetujmns fn mcs

gcrangjs, pnrc nstjs rn`mjs sÿmc jotòje ne nm gjroc fn mj zcej fn jonetujoiÿe,

ocesifnrjfj j pjrtir fnm mçgitn fn mj pjmjlrj.

Jmùecs nbngpmcs fnm prignr `rupc sce2 jmngêe, ojstnmmjec, ojtjmêe n itjmijec;

fnm snùefc `rupc sn punfn gneoicejr jm ohnoc, arjeoés y pcmjoc. Mj gcvimifjf fnm

jonetc ns igpcrtjetn, yj qun éstj fnaieirê mj aueoiÿe qun punfn tnenr nm jonetc. Ne mjs

mneùjs fn jonetc milrn mjs aueoicens qun prnfcgieje sce ocetrjstivj, fistietivj y

oumgiejtivj; ginetrjs qun ne mjs fn jonetc aibc igpnrj mj fngjrojtivj.

Jm rnspnotc, Oruttnefne hj nstjlmnoifc trns ecoicens ne tcrec jm jonetc (:9942

:>-:9)2 strnss (aunrzj), joonet (jonetc) y prcgieneon (prcgieneoij).

Nm strnss ns nm usc fn gjycr ietnesifjf c aunrzj pjrj mc`rjr qun uej sçmjlj, yj

snj j eivnm fn pjmjlrj c arjsn, snj prcgienetn oce aiens mie`ýçstiocs; joonet , pcr su

pjrtn, sn oceoiln ocgc uej nmnvjoiÿe fn mj ietnesifjf oce ietnrvneoiÿe fnm tcec, ctrcs

jutcrns ocgc Bjssne (:9>< jpuf Hifjm`c,


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?.:. Jonetc ne nspjúcm:9

Mjs ojrjotnrçstiojs prcsÿfiojs fnm nspjúcm ifnetiaiojfjs ne nm nstufic fn

_tcokwnmm (:9>1), Lcwne y _imvj-Aunezjmifj (:9>1->0 jpuf ^rrutij,


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júcs, (fcs gjsoumiecs y

fcs angneiecs) y 1 ngisicens ne fcs ocetnxtcs fn scecrifjf, sie ngljr`c ec sn tinen

ue vjmcr pjrj mjs vcojmns tÿeiojs fnm nspjúcm, siec gês line ue prcgnfic `nenrjm fn

vcojmns prnonfifjs fn ocescejetns comusivjs scecrjs y scrfjs. Nstcs fjtcs sn tcgjrce

ocgc rnanrneoij y sn hizc ue prcgnfic fn mcs vjmcrns gêxigcs y gçeigcs fn jglcs

nstufics (vnr tjlmj


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4 :>: :60 :>4 :60Hcglrns :


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6. LIMIE@ÝI_GC

Nm limie`ýisgc sn fnaien ocgc mj ojpjoifjf fn nxprnsjrsn ne fcs mneùjs

rnspntjefc mjs rn`mjs y mjs nstruoturjs fn ojfj sistngj (Orystjm, :980). Nmmc igpmioj qun

nm usc fn mcs ificgjs sce fianrneoijfcs fn uej gjenrj omjrj; sn oceonlirçj, netceons, j

ue iefivifuc limie`ýn ocgc jqunm hjlmjetn qun ns pnranotjgnetn ojpjz fn ocgueiojrsn

ne uej u ctrj sie eie`òe nrrcr jtriluilmn j jmùej ieamuneoij fn su mneùj gjtnrej; yj

qun fn jonptjr nstj ieamuneoij rnoceconrçjgcs, pcr fnaieioiÿe, qun mcs sistngjs ec sn

neounetrje tctjmgnetn snpjrjfcs. _ie ngljr`c, mj rnjmifjf ns qun sn punfn usjr uec u

ctrj fn jounrfc j mj situjoiÿe ocgueiojtivj, ns pcr nstc qun ec hjy limie`ýns qun

ougpmje jm oine pcr oinetc oce nm oritnric jetns gneoicejfc.

6.:. Limie`ýn

Fn jounrfc oce mj tnrgiecmc`çj fn Orystjm (:980), hjy fcs tipcs fn limie`ýn2

ljmjeonjfc c fcgiejetn; nm prignr tipc ec enonsitj `rje nxpmiojoiÿe, sn trjtj fn ue

hjlmjetn oce iùjm ocgpntneoij ne fcs c gês mneùjs; nm snùefc tipc ns jqunm qun tinen

gnbcr fnsngpnúc oujefc sn trjtj fn su mneùj gjtnrej, mc oujm tinen rnpnrousicens ne nm

fnsngpnúc fn mj mneùj jprnefifj, yj qun hjy uej gjycr prcljlimifjf fn ietnranrneoij

fnlifc j mj igpcsioiÿe fnm jonetc fn mj mneùj gjtnrej, pcrqun sn prnainrn j éstj ne ue

gjycr eògnrc fn situjoicens y ocetnxtcs ocgueiojtivcs. Nm ievnsti`jfcr jújfn qun ecsn fnln ecglrjr limie`ýn ue hjlmjetn qun ec fcgien fcs mneùjs oce mj gisgj

prcauefifjf, ouyj prcfuooiÿe fn mj snùefj mneùj nsté ieamuifj pcr mj prignrj c ouycs

rnìstrcs ec tuvinrje mj gisgj fistriluoiÿe fn ocetnxtcs ocgueiojtivcs fn mj mneùj

gjtnrej; nstj jairgjoiÿe sn hjon jòe gês rjfiojm oujefc snújmj qun tjgpcoc mc sce

jqunmmcs qun hjyje jljefcejfc nm usc fn jmùej fn mjs fcs pcr vjrics júcs; pcr su

pjrtn, GjoEjgjrj (:910) ocesifnrj qun sÿmc sn enonsitj tnenr uej gçeigj ocgpntneoij


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); sigumtjenc/suonsivc (Gomju`hmie, :986);

jfitivc/sustrjtivc (Mjglnrt, :90>); nmitistj/pcpumjr (_kutejll-Kjejs, :98:).

Nm limie`ýn ocgpunstc tinen fcs nxprnsicens fianrnetns, uej ne ojfj mneùj, pjrj

ue gisgc sièiaiojfc; ginetrjs qun nm occrfiejfc tinen fcs sièiaiojfcs y sus

ocrrnspcefinetns sièiaiojetns. Nm tngprjec courrn oujefc sn jfquinrne j mj pjr mcs fcs

sistngjs ne uej nfjf prnocz; nm tjrfçc ns oujefc mj snùefj mneùj ns jprnefifj

fnspués fn qun sn fj pcr oceomuifj mj ieajeoij y pcr tjetc sn hje jfquirifc mjs ljsns fn

mj prignrj mneùj. Nm limie`ýisgc sigumtêenc suonfn oujefc mjs fcs mneùjs sn

jfquinrne j mj pjr fnsfn mj ieajeoij, y jgljs sce fnsjrrcmmjfjs ocgc mneùj gjtnrej; mj

suonsivj sn fj oujefc, uej vnz jfquirifjs mjs ljsns fn mj prignrj mneùj, sn jprnefn mj

snùefj mneùj jòe fnetrc fnm pnricfc fn ieajeoij. Nm jfitivc ns oujefc mj snùefj

mneùj qun sn jprnefn ns prnstiìcsj; ne ojglic, nm sustrjtivc igpmioj ue jmnbjginetc

enonsjric fn mj mneùj gjtnrej pjrj jprnefnr mj snùefj. Nm limie`ýisgc nmitistj ns mj

jfquisioiÿe fn uej mneùj vistj ocgc ue privimnìc; ne tjetc qun nm pcpumjr ns gês line

uej nmnooiÿe ojsi acrzcsj fnlifc j mjs ocefioicens fn supnrvivneoij.

Tcfngcs clsnrvjr qun mjs ojtn`crçjs prcpunstjs ec sce enonsjrijgnetn

nxomuynetns, yj qun ec sn cpcene uejs oce ctrjs; pcr nbngpmc, ue hjlmjetn fn arjeoés

qun jprnefiÿ ne su nfjf nsocmjr nm jmngêe punfn snr omjsiaiojfc ocgc limie`ýn

fcgiejetn (Orystjm, :980), suonsivc (Gomju`hmie, :986) y nmitistj (_kutejll-Kjejs,

:98:). Ec sce nxomuynetns pcrqun jmùejs oceonptujmizjoicens sn rnainrne j mj rnmjoiÿe

sngêetioj netrn pjmjlrjs y sièiaiojfcs fn mjs mneùjs, ocefioicens fn jprnefizjbn

(furjetn c fnspués fn mj ieajeoij) y ctrjs gês line tinene qun vnr oce uej pnrspnotivj


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?; Aishgje, :918; @cnlm, Enmfn, Pcmok,

:991; Pieacrf,


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?4

@rêaioj :. \nprnsnetjoiÿe fn mcs rnsumtjfcs fn Guúcz rnspnotc j mj pclmjoiÿe gcecmie`ýn y limie`ýn qun

nxistn ne mcs fcs pnricfcs nstufijfcs pcr nm jutcr2 :904 y :994.

Ne nstn nstufic ocesifnrc mj ocgpjtilimifjf fn ojtn`crçjs pjrj omjsiaiojr j mcs

hjlmjetns limie`ýns gjzjtnoc-nspjúcm, punstc qun ne ém ietnrvinene ajotcrns iefivifujmns

y tjgliée jqunmmcs qun nstêe rnmjoicejfcs oce `rupcs scoijmns y vjmcrjoicens fn mj

mne`uj. Fn tjm sunrtn qun j mcs limie`ýns fn gjzjtnoc y nspjúcm sn punfne omjsiaiojr

ocgc fcgiejetns, sigumtêencs y pcpumjrns.


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Jonptjr mj ocgpmnbifjf fn mj rnmjoiÿe fn fiohjs mneùjs ns nm prignr pjsc pjrj

iefj`jr si nxistn ue ojglic fn ecrgj, yj qun nm aneÿgnec limie`ýn fnetrc fn uej

ocgueifjf ocestituyn nm prignr pjsc pjrj prconscs fn ocetjotc netrn mneùjs ocgc mj

ietnranrneoij, fnaieifj ocgc jqunm ”[…W prcfuotc qun rnsumtj fnm usc qun hjone mcs

iefivifucs limie`ýns, ne mj ietnrjooiÿe fijrij oce fcs mneùjs […W J trjvés fnm tingpc

mcs nanotcs fn mj ietnranrneoij ne nm fisoursc limie`ýn fn uej ocgueifjf punfn snr

jougumjtivcs y oceacrgjr eunvjs ecrgjs c pjtrcens fianrnetns fnm fisoursc clsnrvjfc

ne mcs hjlmjetns gcecmie`ýns fn mj mneùj gjycritjrij‗ (@uzgêe, 14). Ns fnoir qun ne

nm ojsc fn mcs limie`ýns gjzjtnoc y nspjúcm, jqunmmjs ajmtjs c ieocrrnooicens ne mj

prceueoijoiÿe fn mj snùefj mneùj ecs hjrçje pnesjr ne qun hjy ue prconsc ne vçjs fn

rnjmizjrsn2 ojglic fn ecrgj.


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?<

>. \NMJOIßE NEV\N VCEC Y JONEVC

Fn jounrfc oce jm`uecs jutcrns, nm jonetc ne nspjúcm nstê mi`jfc j mj A4 (Lnmmc,

:860; Lcmie`nr y Hcfjpp, :91:; Ocetrnrjs, :91?; Gjrtçenz Onmfrêe, :986; Nerçqunz nt

jm. :989; Zuimis, :98.:. \nmjoiÿe netrn nm tcec fnm gjzjtnoc y nm jonetc neaêtioc fnm

nspjúcm

Ne nstj ievnsti`joiÿe hje sifc nmn`ifjs pjmjlrjs ne nspjúcm ne ue ocetnxtc fn

arjsn u crjoiÿe fnlifc j qun mj A4 bun`j ue pjpnm gês igpcrtjetn pjrj gjrojr mj sçmjlj

prcgienetn, tjm ocgc mc jpuetj nm nstufic fn Ojefij, ^rrutij, Anreêefnz (


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jonetc neaêtioc ne nspjúcm pcrqun éstn òmtigc sn rnmjoicej oce ojrjotnrçstiojs

scoicmie`ýçstiojs, pnrc ec sn hizc ue gunstrnc suaioinetngnetn jgpmic fn mjs fianrnetns

ietnesicens fnm hjlmjetn qun pufinrje sustnetjr ue jeêmisis ocgpjrjtivc. Tcr tjm gctivc,

sn fnoifiÿ nstufijr nm jonetc j eivnm fn arjsn, nm oujm tinen rnmjoiÿe oce mj A4 y nmmc

pnrgitn hjonr uej ocgpjrjoiÿe netrn mcs vjmcrns qun tinen ne nm rn`istrc ne nspjúcm y ne

gjzjtnoc.

Jm ieioic fn nstn trjljbc sn prcpusinrce fcs pcsilmns rnsumtjfcs2 mcs vjmcrns fnm

jonetc y tcec ocieoifne c ec mc hjone; jsç gisgc, sn ieioiÿ fnm prnsupunstc fn qun nstj

rnmjoiÿe netrn uscs fn tceçj fnsneojfnejrçj trns pcsilimifjfns ietnrprntjtivjs2

:. Nm tcec y nm jonetc tinene mj gisgj ojrjotnrizjoiÿe joòstioj (Hz)

sie igpcrtjr qun nm hjlmjetn hjlmn ne gjzjtnoc c nspjúcm


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ieamuneoij fn oujmifjfns joòstiojs trjesanrifjs fn uej mneùj j ctrj sn punfn fngcstrjr

nxpceinefc ue nstufic fn ojscs fn hjlmjetns limie`ýns ne nm qun sn punfj clsnrvjr mj

sngnbjezj fn vjmcrns netrn nm jonetc y tcec; pcr nstj rjzÿe sn snmnooiceÿ mj ocgueifjf

fn Hujutmj fn Bigéenz, fjfj mj ocefioiÿe limie`ýn qun prnsnetj, fnlifc j qun mj mneùj

gjtnrej fn mj gjycrçj fn mcs hjlmjetns ns nm gjzjtnoc, uej mnùj fn jonetc tcejm fcefn

mjs vjrijoicens fn A4 rnpnroutne tjetc ne nm nbn pjrjfi`gêtioc ocgc ne nm sietj`gêtioc;

mj snùefj mneùj jprnefifj ne mj ocgueifjf fnlifc j mjs enonsifjfns ocgnroijmns,

pcmçtiojs y jojfégiojs ns nm nspjúcm, uej mneùj jonetujm, ouyc jonetc ougpmn

prieoipjmgnetn mj aueoiÿe ocetrjstivj y, ne snùefc mu`jr mj fistietivj. Tjrtigcs fn mj

prngisj qun mcs vjmcrns fn mj tceçj ne gjzjtnoc oce aueoiÿe sietj`gêtioj c

pjrjfi`gêtioj sce gês jmtcs qun mcs fnm nspjúcm fn mj vjrijetn fnm Jmtipmjec y pcr tjetc,

nm rnìstrc ieamuneoijfc fnm nspjúcm pcr mj mneùj fn jonetc tcejm fnlnrçj vnrsn janotjfj

ne mcs vjmcrns fn A4, fn tjm gjenrj qun nstcs aunrje gês jmtcs qun mcs vjmcrns carnoifcs

pcr Gjrtçe Lutrjùnúc (


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1. NXTN\IGNEVC

Mj prignrj ntjpj ocesistiÿ ne mj snmnooiÿe fn pjrns gçeigcs, qun tuvinrje pcr mc

gnecs uej fistieoiÿe netrn tcec jmtc y gnfic, c tcec jmtc y ljbc; yj qun fn nstj gjenrj

sn jsn`urjrçj qun hulinrj uej fianrneoij pnronptilmn ne mcs uscs fn mj tceçj ne gjzjtnoc

qun pufinrje snr ocetrjstjfcs oce mcs vjmcrns fn sçmjljs tÿeiojs ne nspjúcm. Mcs pjrns

gçeigcs qun sn neocetrjrce sÿmc ocetneçje trns jpnrturjs vcoêmiojs2 jmtj jetnricr, gnfij

jetnricr y ljbj onetrjm (Vjlmj 6).

Tjrns gçeigcs/i/ /n/ /j/ ʠ i¼e`j¼ Onrfc ʠ i¿e`j¼ Ojgisj ʠ i¿e`j¹ Qinbitc

xn¹ @crfc xn¼ Ém

ejhtsn¹ Ocenbcej¿tsn¼ Gcsquitc

hti2 ¼ Tnsojfcti¹ Eiúc

ejhtsn¹ Ocenbcej¿tsn¼ Gcsquitc

ʠ i¼e`j¼ Onrfc ʠ i¿e`j¼ Ojgisj ʠ i¿e`j¹ Qinbitc

Vjlmj 6. _n gunstrj mjs trjesoripoicens ueiaiojfjs fnm rn`istrc ne gjzjtnoc y su `mcsj ne nspjúcm fn mjsnetrnvistjs rnjmizjfjs j mcs ieacrgjetns. Mcs pjrns gçeigcs sce prcfuotc fn mjs prêotiojs fn ojgpcmmnvjfjs j ojlc furjetn nm pnricfc


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FIGNx:44?


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_çmjljs gjzjtnoc-nspjúcm?? _çmjljgjzjtnoc

_çmjljnspjúcm

xn xntsn sn

ʠ ie ʠ iti tiej ej `j `j Aiùrj 6. Ne mj prignrj ocmugej sn prnsnetj mj sçmjlj snmnooicejfj pjrj nm nstufic fnm rnìstrc negjzjtnoc; ne mj snùefj ocmugej sn prnsnetj mj sçmjlj snmnooicejfj pjrj nm nstufic fnm rnìstrc nenspjúcm.

1.:. Ieacrgjetns

_n snmnooicejrce 6 hjlmjetns fn mj ocgueifjf fn Hujutmj fn Bigéenz qun

pnrtnenone j ue rje`c fn nfjf fn :0 j ?> júcs fn nfjf. Ne nstj prunlj pjrtioipjrce <

hcglrns fn y ?> júcs (j pjrtir fn jhcrj :G y júcs (fn jhcrj ne jfnmjetn :A y


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?8

:. Onrfc

. Ém

1. Ocenbc

0. Gcsquitc

8. Tnsojfc

9. Eiúc

Jsç gisgc sn mns pifiÿ qun rnpitinrje uej sn`uifj fn mj ctrj, yj qun fn tjm

gjenrj pufiérjgcs ocrrclcrjr mj fistieoiÿe pjrjfi`gêtioj ne mcs ojscs fcefn ue gisgc

sn`gnetc pufinrj iefiojr fianrnetns si`eiaiojfcs ocgc ne nm ojsc fn ”onrfc‗, ”ojgisj‗

y ”vinbitc‗. Tcstnricrgnetn sn mns pifiÿ qun mnynrje mcs rnjotivcs snmnooicejfcs ne

nspjúcm jetnricrgnetn prnsnetjfcs.

Mcs fjtcs aunrce tcgjfcs gnfijetn uej `rjljfcrj rnpcrtnrj fn giorÿacecs

lifirnooicejmns, gjroj Cmygpus gcfnmc 84


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?9

Tjrj prconsjr mj ieacrgjoiÿe joòstioj fn mjs netrnvistjs aun enonsjric coupjr

Trjjt vnrsiÿe Piefcws, yj qun gifn mj A4, ietnesifjf y furjoiÿe qun ajoimitjrê uej

ojrjotnrizjoiÿe fn mj tceçj ne limie`ýns gjzjtnoc-nspjúcm. Ne mj snooiÿe fn Fjtcs sn

gunstrj uej tjlmj qun oceonetrj mcs vjmcrns fn mjs sçmjljs ne nspjúcm y gjzjtnoc.

Jetns fn ocgnezjr oce mj ocgpjrjoiÿe netrn nm rnìstrc fn nspjúcm y gjzjtnoc

sn tneçj qun nstjlmnonr prignrc uej ojrjotnrizjoiÿe joòstioj fnm tcec jmtc ne gjzjtnoc,

jsç qun aunrce rnìstrjfcs mcs vjmcrns ne Hz fnm tcec jmtc, fcefn éstn tuvinrj uej

aueoiÿe pjrjfi`gêtioj c sietj`gêtioj pjrj ojfj pjrtioipjetn y pjrj ojfj tiglrn vcojm.

Tjrj nmmc sn cltuvc mj A4 fnm eòomnc vcoêmioc fn mcs pjrns gçeigcs, sn rnfubnrce mcs

vjmcrns fn jqunmmjs pjmjlrjs qun ocgpjrtinrje jpnrturj vcoêmioj y sn crfnejrce pcr

mneùj sn`òe mj trjesoripoiÿe jectjfj. Fnspués sn tcgÿ nm vjmcr gês jmtc fnm sn`gnetc.

Vjmns jectjoicens sn punfne clsnrvjr ne Qjmcrns gêxigcs pjrj ojfj sn`gnetc

(gjzjtnoc) ocetneifj ne mj snooiÿe siùinetn. Jsç gisgc, ocgc nrj iefispnesjlmn

rnvisjr si nm jugnetc fn jonetc jtnefçj j gcfiaiojoicens fn mcs ctrcs pjrêgntrcs

joòstiocs, sn lusoÿ si hjlçj uej ieoifneoij netrn ue jugnetc fn mj A4 y gjycr furjoiÿe

fn mj vcojm.

Tcr ctrj pjrtn, pjrj cltnenr mj gunstrj fnm nspjúcm ieamuneoijfc pcr mj mneùj

iefç`nej, sn nxtrjbnrce mcs vjmcrns fnm jonetc fn mjs pjmjlrjs ocetneifjs fn mcs rnjotivcs

snmnooicejfcs fnm ocrpus FIGNx:44, nstcs fjtcs sn neounetrje oitjfcs ocgc ”Cjxjoj‗.

Tcr òmtigc, uej vnz qun sn nstjlmnoinrce mcs vjmcrns ne Hz pjrj nm tcec jmtc ne

gjzjtnoc, jsç ocgc mcs vjmcrns fnm jonetc neaêtioc fnm nspjúcm fn mj gunstrj, sn

ocgpjrÿ mjs gunstrjs oce mcs vjmcrns fn mj A4 ocrrnspcefinetns j mcs nstufics fnm

nspjúcm fnm Jmtipmjec (Lutrjùnúc


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Mj gjenrj ne mj qun pufc mc`rjr nstc aun nstjlmnoinefc trns ojtn`crçjs qun ecs

pnrgitinrj crfnejr mcs fjtcs2 Gjzjtnoc (vcojmns fnm gjzjtnoc oce tcec); Cjxjoj

(vcojmns fnm nspjúcm ieamuneoijfc pcr mj mne`uj iefç`nej), y FA (prcgnfic fn vjmcrns fn

Lutrj`unúc


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0. FJVC_

Jetns fn prnsnetjr mcs vjmcrns fn A4 fn mcs ocetnxtcs nmn`ifcs, sn gcstrjrêe

mjs trjesoripoicens ocrrnspcefinetns j ojfj ieacrgjetn, jsç ocgc mj trjesoripoiÿe

ueiaiojfj pjrj ojfj pjmjlrj fnm ocrpus ne gjzjtnoc (Vjlmjs fn 0-:4); fnspués sn

nxpcefrêe mcs vjmcrns crfnejfcs pcr hjlmjetn (Vjlmjs fn ::-:8)

0.:. Vrjesoripoicens

Mjs trjesoripoicens aunrce hnohjs oce JAI, ec sn prntnefçj hjonr uej

fnsoripoiÿe fngjsijfc aiej fn mjs netrnvistjs, pnrc sç sn prnstÿ nspnoijm jtneoiÿe j

mcs tcecs, jsç ocgc j mj `mctjmizjoiÿe, ejsjmizjoiÿe, jspirjoiÿe y ojetifjf vcoêmioj.

Vrjesoripoiÿe sn`gnetc ”xn‗ xn :G


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Onrfc ʠ i¼e`j¿ ʠ i¿e`j¿ ʠ i¼e`j¼ ʠ i¼e`j¼ ʠ i¼e`j¼Ojgisj ʠ i¹e`j¼ ʠ i¿e`j¹ ʠ i¿e`j¼¹ ʠ i¿e`j¼ ʠ i¿e`j¼ Qinbbitc ------- ʠ i¼e`j¹ ʠ i¿e`j¹ ʠ i¼¿e`j¹ ʠ i¿e`j¹ Vjlmj 8. Vrjesoripoicens fn ojfj ieacrgjetn, `mcsj jm nspjúcm y trjesoripoiÿe ueiaiojfj fnm sn`gnetc”ʠie`j‗ qun punfn tnenr trns ietnrprntjoicens sn`òe nm tcec (: c /xʖn¼/ ém :1>/ʠ i¼e`j¿/ onrfc :


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6?

cltneifj ne mj netrnvistj, mj snùefj ns su sièiaiojfc ne nspjúcm y mj tnronrj ocmugej ns nm vjmcr fnm (cmcs) eòomnc(s) vcoêmiocs gnfifc ne Hnrtz (Hz). Ne mj tjlmj fn mj fnrnohj sn gunstrje mcs vjmcrns cltneifcs(Hz) fn mjs sçmjljs nmnìfjs ne nspjúcm fnm ocrpus FIGNX:44; mj prignrj ocmugej ocrrnspcefn j mjtrjesoripoiÿe y mj snùefj j mcs Hz fn mj A4 fnm eòomnc vcoêmioc.

Aiohj ieacrgjetn :A (gjzjtnoc):Agjzjtnoc `mcsj Hzxn¼ `crfc


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pjmjlrjs qun ocgpjrtne ue gisgc sn`gnetc, yj snj ”xn‗, ”ejtsn‗, ”ʠ ie`j‗ c ”ti‗ (tjlmjs

fn


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/i/ tÿeioj (Hz) ti :G


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FA :89 :89 :89 :89Vjlmj ej ::8


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sn :6>


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0.1. Ocgpjrjoiÿe fn tceçj (gjzjtnoc-nspjúcm y

nspjúcm fnm Jmtipmjec)

Tjrj ocgpjrjr mcs vjmcrns fn mj tceçj ne gjzjtnoc y nspjúcm ne limie`ýns, snrnjmizÿ ue ocebuetc fn tjlmjs crfnejfjs pcr tiglrn vcoêmioc qun pnrgitinrj rnueir mcs

vjmcrns qun ocrrnspcefne jm tcec jmtc ne gjzjtnoc, fnm jonetc fn arjsn ne nspjúcm, jsç

ocgc fnm prcgnfic fn mcs vjmcrns gêxigcs fn mcs rnsumtjfcs cltneifcs pcr Hnrrjsti

(


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8. JEÊMI_I_

ê prignr jeêmisis aun `rjaiojr mjs fianrneoijs qun nxistçje ne trns pjrnbjs fn

rnìstrcs, j sjlnr2 nm nspjúcm ieamuneoijfc pcr nm gjzjtnoc (Cjxjoj) y mj mneùj gjtnrej

(gjzjtnoc); nm nspjúcm ieamuneoijfc pcr nm gjzjtnoc (Cjxjoj) y mcs vjmcrns rnìstrjfcs

pcr Gjrtçe Lutrjùnúc (


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fn qun mcs vjmcrns vcoêmiocs fn mj snùefj mneùj (nspjúcm), sn vne janotjfcs pcr mj

mneùj gjtnrej.

Angneiecs

Fianrneoij fn Hz netrn mcs trns rnìstrcs fn mjs trns jpnrturjs vcoêmiojs (angneiecs)

->4

4

>4

:44

:>4

4 Hz); ginetrjs qun mj

ljbj onetrjm /j/ pjrnon snr guy fistietj ne jglcs rn ìstrcs. _ie ngljr`c, jm pjrnonr ne nm

rnìstrc fn nspjúcm y gjzjtnoc fn ieacrgjetns angneiecs ec sn ougpmiÿ mj hipÿtnsis.

8.:. Jeêmisis nstjfçstioc

Mj ocgpjrjoiÿe fn mjs fianrneoijs sÿmc ajoimitÿ mj visilimifjf fn mcs fjtcs

cltneifcs pnrc ec lriefÿ ieacrgjoiÿe aijlmn sclrn nm pjrnoifc sièiaiojtivc qun


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pufinrje tnenr mcs vjmcrns fn A4 ne hjlmjetns limie`ýns gjzjtnoc-nspjúcm; jsç qun sn

rnourriÿ j hjonr uej prunlj fn ecrgjmifjf?1 ne mjs gunstrjs fn ieacrgjetns gjsoumiecs

y angneiecs, tcgjefc ocgc vjrijetn mj mneùj (gjzjtnoc y nspjúcm). Fnlifc j nstc, sn

rnourriÿ j mj rnjmizjoiÿe fn ue jeêmisis nstjfçstioc qun pnrgitinrj nstjlmnonr si nxistçj uej

fistriluoiÿe ecrgjm ne mjs gunstrjs fn gjzjtnoc y nspjúcm; pjrj nmmcs sn pjrtiÿ fn mjs

siùinetns hipÿtnsis sclrn mj gunstrj y su rnmjoiÿe oce mj vjrijetn2

Hipÿtnsis 42 Mj vjrijetn mneùj (gjzjtnoc c nspjúcm) tinen uej fistriluoiÿe

ecrgjm ne mjs gunstrjs fnm snxc gjsoumiec/angneiec.

Hipÿtnsis :2 Mj vjrijetn mneùj (gjzjtnoc c nspjúcm) ec tinen uej fistriluoiÿe

ecrgjm ne mjs gunstrjs fnm snxc gjsoumiec/angneiec.

Ne mj prunlj fn _hjpirc-Pimk, qun gifn mj ecrgjmifjf fn uej gunstrj gnecr j

oieounetj fjtcs, sn ietrcfubnrce mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) jscoijfjs j mj vjrijetn mneùj2

Nbngpmc fn fjtcs ietrcfuoifcs ne _T__ pjrj prunlj fn _hjpirc-Pimk(Ieacrgjetns gjsoumiecs, vcojm /n/)A4 /n/(Hz)

Mneùj

:>> G:69 G:68 G:8< G:?: N:69 N:??

N:6: NVjlmj ?


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><

Gjsoumiecs

\nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj _hjpirc-Pimk pjrj mj gunstrj A4 (Hz) fn mj vcojm /i/(gjsoumiecs)

Trunljs fn ecrgjmifjf

QCOJM/i/

MNE@^J Kcmgc`crcv-_girecv l _hjpirc-Pimk

Nstjfçstioc m̀ _i`. Nstjfçstioc m̀ _i`.

A4 N .:0> ? . :.444 ? :.444

G .. \nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj fn ecrgjmifjf _hjpirc-Pimk ne nm prc`rjgj _T__ pjrj mj gunstrj A4(Hz) fn mj vcojm ljbj onetrjm, ieacrgjetns gjsoumiecs, vjrijetn mne`uj. Mj ieioijm N iefioj qun mcs fjtcs snrnainrne jm nspjúcm y mj G qun nstcs sn rnainrne jm gjzjtnoc.


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Angneiecs

\nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj _hjpirc-Pimk pjrj mj gunstrj A4 (Hz) fn mj vcojm /i/(angneiecs)

Trunljs fn ecrgjmifjf

QCOJM/i/

MNE@^J Kcmgc`crcv-_girecvj _hjpirc-Pimk

Nstjfçstioc `m _i`. Nstjfçstioc `m _i`.

A4 N .?4: 6 . .9:9 6 .>


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vjmcrns fn mj A4 ne nm tcec jmtc fnm gjzjtnoc y mcs vjmcrns fn mj A4 ne nm jonetc fnm

nspjúcm ec pjrnone snr tje fistietcs netrn sç.

êj vnz ocgprcljfj mj fistriluoiÿe ecrgjm ne mjs gunstrjs fngcstrjfj pcr mcsvjmcrns fn mj sièiaiojeoij nstjfçstioj, sn rnourriÿ j mj ocgpjrjoiÿe fn gnfijs fnm

rnìstrc fn nspjúcm y gjzjtnoc oce mj prunlj t-stufnet?0 fnm prc`rjgj _T__ pjrj sjlnr

si rnjmgnetn gjetneçje uej ocrrnmjoiÿe mjs gunstrjs fn mcs rnìstrcs2 Gjzjtnoc, Cjxjoj

y FA. Mcs rnsumtjfcs sn gunstrje crfnejfcs pcr jpnrturj vcoêmioj.

\nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /i/ gjsoumiecsOcrrnmjoicens fn gunstrjs rnmjoicejfjs E Ocrrnmjoiÿe _i`.

Tjr : GJRJVNOC yCJXJOJ

? -.6>< .04:

Tjr < CJXJOJ y FA ? . .Tjr ? FA y GJRJVNOC 6 . .

Vjlmj ?9. _n gunstrj mcs rnsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet fn trns pjrns fn gunstrjs fn mj A4 (Hz) fnngisicens fn mj jmtj jetnricr fn hjlmjetns gjsoumiecs.

\nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /i/ angneiecsOcrrnmjoicens fn gunstrjs rnmjoicejfjs

E Ocrrnmjoiÿe _i`.Tjr : GJRJVNOC y

CJXJOJ

6 .


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\nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /j/ gjsoumiecsOcrrnmjoicens fn gunstrjs rnmjoicejfjs


CJXJOJ< :.444 .444

Tjr < CJXJOJ y FA < . .

Tjr ? FA y GJRJVNOC < . .Vjlmj 6?. _n gunstrj mcs rnsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet fn trns pjrns fn gunstrjs fn mj A4 (Hz) fnngisicens fn mj ljbj onetrjm fn hjlmjetns gjsoumiecs.

\nsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet /j/ angneiecsOcrrnmjoicens fn gunstrjs rnmjoicejfjs


CJXJOJ< -:.444 .444

Tjr < CJXJOJ y FA < . .Tjr ? FA y GJRJVNOC < . .

Vjlmj 66. _n gunstrj mcs rnsumtjfcs fn mj prunlj t-stufnet fn trns pjrns fn gunstrjs fn mj A4 (Hz) fnngisicens fn mj ljbj onetrjm fn hjlmjetns angneiecs.

Nm pjr : ”GJRJVNOC y CJXJOJ‗ singprn prnsnetj ue vjmcr ne mj òmtigj

ocmugej ocrrnspcefinetn j mj sièiaiojeoij nstjfçstioj, ns fnoir, qun nscs fcs ocebuetcs

fn gunstrjs ùjrfje gjycr sngnbjezj qun mcs pjrns < ”CJXJOJ y FA‗ y ? ”FA y

GJRJVNOC‗. Mj nxpmiojoiÿe gês pmjusilmn fn tjm pjrnoifc netrn nm ocebuetc fn fjtcs

fn ”‗GJRJVNOC‗ y ”CJXJOJ‗ ns qun sce ngisicens qun pnrtnenone j mcs gisgcs

ieacrgjetns. _ie ngljr`c, ns guy mmjgjtivc qun ne mjs tjlmjs fn mj vcojm /j/ ec nxistj

ue vjmcr ne mj ocmugej fn sièiaiojeoij nstjfçstioj, mc qun hjon pnesjr qun juequn mj /j/

snj prcfuoifj pcr nm gisgc hjlmjetn, éstj ns fianrnetn ne nspjúcm y ne gjzjtnoc; mc oujm

jpuetj qun (jm gnecs ne eunstrj gunstrj) pcfrçj nxistir gnecr ieamuneoij fnm gjzjtnoc

sclrn nm nspjúcm ne mj prcfuooiÿe fn mj vcojm /j/, tjetc ne hjlmjetns gjsoumiecs ocgc

angneiecs.

Ctrj jmtnrejtivj qun sn tcgÿ aun jejmizjr mcs tcecs fnsfn nm puetc fn vistj

gusiojm, fn tjm gjenrj qun pufiérjgcs sjlnr si mj pnqunúj fianrneoij netrn uej ngisiÿe

y ctrj sce pnronptilmns ocgc tcecs c sngitcecs, uej gnfioiÿe gês jfnoujfj

jfvirtinefc mj rnmjoiÿe jm`crçtgioj netrn pnronpoiÿe y joòstioj. J ocetieujoiÿe sn

gunstrj uej prcpunstj fn nquivjmneoij fn mcs tcecs jmtc y gnfic fnm gjzjtnoc ne tcecs


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y sngitcecs fn mj nsojmj gusiojm. Mj nquivjmneoij netrn ectjs gusiojmns y Hz sn

neounetrj ne nm jenxc (vnr tjlmj >62 Nquivjmneoij ectjs gusiojmns y Hz).

8.


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Fianrneoij pnronptivj netrn gunstrjsVcecsfianrneoij

Gjzjtnoc/Cjxjoj Cjxjoj/F.A

/n/ /i/ /j/ /n/ /i/ /j/Angneiecs 0 tcecs < tcecs y

:

sngitcec

:sngitcec

6 tcecs y :sngitcec

: tcec < tcecs y :sngitcec

Gjsoumiecs < tcecs y: sngitcec

> tcecs :sngitcec

: tcec y :sngitcec

: tcec 4 tcecs

Vjlmj 68. Fianrneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs netrn mcs pjrns fn gunstrjs2 Gjzjtnoc/Cjxjoj y Cjxjoj/ F.A.

_n punfn clsnrvjr qun nxistn gjycr fianrneoij netrn mj /n/ fn mcs ieacrgjetns

angneiecs oujefc prcfuone ue tcec jmtc ne gjzjtnoc (gunstrj Gjzjtnoc) y mj /n/ qun

prcfuone oujefc éstj tinen jonetc ne nspjúcm (gunstrj Cjxjoj), yj qun netrn uej y ctrj

hjy uej fianrneoij fn 0 tcecs; jsç gisgc sn clsnrvj qun ne nm ojsc fn /i/ fnm prignr pjr

Gjzjtnoc/Cjxjoj hjy uej gjrojfj fianrneoij fn > tcecs netrn mcs fcs rnìstrcs. Mc

jetnricr pjrnon snújmjr qun pnronptivjgnetn mj /n/ y mj /i/ oce vjmcrns jmtcs (Hz) sce

fianrnetns sn`òe mj mneùj qun sn hjlmn, ns fnoir qun nm gjzjtnoc ec tinen guohj

ieamuneoij ne nm nspjúcm.

8.?.

A4 y furjoiÿe ne gjzjtnoc

Tjrj fnaieir mj ietnrjooiÿe netrn ojrjotnrçstiojs joòstiojs y mj ojrjotnrizjoiÿe

açsioj fnm tcec jmtc ne gjzjtnoc nsocìgcs fnm ocrpus fn gjzjtnoc mcs fcs sn`gnetcs

qun tneçje fcs sçmjljs, j sjlnr ”ejtsn‗ y ”ʠie`j‗, fn nmmcs nxtrjbigcs mj furjoiÿe (s) fn

mj prignrj y òmtigj sçmjlj pjrj vnr si gjycr eògnrc fn snùefc tneçj uej ieoifneoij ne

tcecs gês jmtcs. Mc qun neocetrjgcs aun qun gjycr furjoiÿe nstê jscoijfj j mj prignrj

sçmjlj y jm tcec ? ne mj gjycrçj fn mcs ojscs, c jm < ne mcs gnecs. Ne mjs tjlmjs

rnsjmtjgcs mcs vjmcrns gês jmtcs ne ojfj pjmjlrj fn ojfj rnìstrc gjsoumiec y angneiec.


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Furjoiÿe prignrj sçmjlj fn ejtsnFurjoiÿe(s)

:G 4.49: 4.48> 4.484 4.499 4.418Vjlmj 69. _n gunstrj mj furjoiÿe (s) fn mj prignrj y òmtigj sçmjlj fnm sn`gnetc ”ejtsn‗ (qun punfn tnenrfcs si`eiaiojfcs sn`òe nm tcec fn mjs vcojmns2 gcsquitc c ocenbc) ne mcs oujtrc ieacrgjetns.

\nmjoiÿe tcec jmtc y furjoiÿe (trjesoripoiÿe fn gcsquitc y ocenbc)ejtsn :G :).

Furjoiÿe prignrj sçmjlj fn ʠ ie`j Furjoiÿe (s) 6ojgisj 4.40< 4.489 4.469 4.:41 4.4>1 4.48:vinbitc 4.::. _n gunstrj mj furjoiÿe (s) fn mj prignrj y òmtigj sçmjlj fnm sn`gnetc ”ʠ ie`j‗ (qun punfn tnenrfcs si`eiaiojfcs sn`òe nm tcec fn mjs vcojmns2 onrfc, ojgisj c vinbitc) ne mcs oujtrc ieacrgjetns.

\nmjoiÿe tcec jmtc y furjoiÿe (trjesoripoiÿe fn onrfc, ojgisj y vinbitc)ʠ ie`j


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Ne


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OCEOM^_ICEN_

_n nvifneoiÿ mj ietnranrneoij mie`ýçstioj j eivnm suprjsn`gnetjm ne mcs hjlmjetns

limie`ýns gjzjtnoc-nspjúcm, yj qun prignrc sn fnsojrtÿ qun ”nm tcec y nm jonetc

tuvinrje mj gisgj ojrjotnrizjoiÿe joòstioj (Hz) sie igpcrtjr qun nm hjlmjetn hjlmn ne

gjzjtnoc c nspjúcm‗ fnlifc j mj fianrneoij fn vjmcrns fn mj A4 fn jglcs rnìstrcs

gcstrjfcs ne mj tjlmj 4 Hz); ginetrjs qun mj

ljbj onetrjm /j/ pjrnon snr guy fistietj ne jglcs rnìstrcs; pcr ctrc mjfc, ne nm rnìstrc

fn nspjúcm y gjzjtnoc fn ieacrgjetns angneiecs ec sn ougpmiÿ mj hipÿtnsis.

Oujefc sn rnjmizÿ mj prunlj nstjfçstioj _hjpirc-Pimk pjrj gnfir mj ecrgjmifjf,

sn oceairgÿ mj Hipÿtnsis 42 Mj vjrijetn mneùj (gjzjtnoc c nspjúcm) tinen uej

fistriluoiÿe ecrgjm ne mjs gunstrjs fnm snxc gjsoumiec/angneiec, ns fnoir qun mcs

vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fnm jonetc ne nspjúcm y nm tcec jmtc ne gjzjtnoc sn pjrnone. Jm

rnjmizjr mj prunlj t-stufnet fn ocgpjrjoiÿe fn gnfijs fn pjrns fn gunstrjs, nm pjr :

”Gjzjtnoc y Cjxjoj‗ prnsnetÿ ue vjmcr gjycr j 4.4> ne mj òmtigj ocmugej

ocrrnspcefinetn j mj sièiaiojeoij nstjfçstioj, c snj, qun sn rnaunrzj mj igprnsiÿe fn qun

hjy uej ieamuneoij fn mj mneùj gjtnrej j mj snùefj mneùj. Nm jeêmisis nstjfçstioc fn mj


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A4 fn mjs vcojmns jmtj jetnricr y gnfij jetnricr ne ieacrgjetns gjsoumiecs y angneiecs

fngcstrÿ qun nxistn uej ocrrnmjoiÿe netrn mjs gunstrjs fnm nspjúcm ieamuneoijfc pcr nm

gjzjtnoc (Cjxjoj) y mj mneùj gjtnrej (Gjzjtnoc), y pcr tjetc sn ocgprunlj mj

hipÿtnsis fnm trjljbc2

_i mj ocrrnmjoiÿe fn jonetc y tcec sn ietnrprntj ocgc uej rnmjoiÿe fn ojusjmifjf netrnuec ctrc, pcfrçj prcljrsn mj nxistneoij fn uej ieamuneoij fn uej mneùj j ctrj, mc qun prcvcoj qun mcs vjmcrns fn mj A4 ecrgjmns ne ue pjrêgntrc pnronptivc sn trjesainrne jmj ctrj (si sn jonptj j pricri qun mj ojrjotnrizjoiÿe joòstioj ns fistietj ne jgljsmneùjs)

_ie ngljr`c ne mjs prunljs fn _hjpirc-Pimk y ne mj fn t-stufnet, mcs vjmcrns fn

mj A4 fn mj ljbj onetrjm ec tuvinrce mj sièiaiojeoij nstjfçstioj nspnrjfj (aun gnecr j

4.4>), mc qun hjon pnesjr qun juequn mj /j/ snj prcfuoifj pcr nm gisgc hjlmjetn, éstj ns

fianrnetn ne nspjúcm y ne gjzjtnoc; mc oujm jpuetj qun (jm gnecs ne eunstrj gunstrj)

pcfrçj nxistir gnecr ieamuneoij fnm gjzjtnoc sclrn nm nspjúcm ne mj prcfuooiÿe fn mj

vcojm /j/, tjetc ne hjlmjetns gjsoumiecs ocgc angneiecs.

Nm jeêmisis pnronptivc fn tcecs y sngitcecs qun ocesistiÿ ne mj trjesacrgjoiÿe fn

Hz j nstjs nsojmjs, jrrcbÿ qun nxistn gjycr fianrneoij netrn mj /n/ fn mcs ieacrgjetns

angneiecs oujefc prcfuone ue tcec jmtc ne gjzjtnoc (gunstrj Gjzjtnoc) y mj /n/ qun

prcfuone oujefc éstj tinen jonetc ne nspjúcm (gunstrj Cjxjoj), yj qun netrn uej y ctrj

hjy uej fianrneoij fn 0 tcecs; jsç gisgc sn clsnrvÿ qun ne nm ojsc fn /i/ fnm prignr pjr

Gjzjtnoc/Cjxjoj hjy uej gjrojfj fianrneoij fn > tcecs netrn mcs fcs rnìstrcs. Mc

jetnricr pjrnon snújmjr qun pnronptivjgnetn mj /n/ y mj /i/ oce vjmcrns jmtcs (Hz) sce

fianrnetns sn`òe mj mneùj qun sn hjlmn, ns fnoir qun nm gjzjtnoc ec tinen guohj

ieamuneoij ne nm nspjúcm. Nm jeêmisis pnronptivc pjrnon ocetrjfnoir jm nstjfçstioc.


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Juequn sn ocgprclÿ fn gjenrj pjroijm mj hipÿtnsis, hjon ajmtj jhcefjr ne mcs

vjmcrns fn mj A4 ne zcejs qun ec pnrtnenone jm jmtipmjec gnxiojec, jgpmijr nm nstufic j

ctrjs zcejs fn Cjxjoj fcefn mj ieamuneoij fn mj mneùj iefç`nej snj eumj.

Tjrj aiejmizjr, ne oujetc j mj rnmjoiÿe netrn A4 ocgc iefiojfcr fn tcec ne

gjzjtnoc y furjoiÿe sn cltuvc qun hjy uej rnmjoiÿe netrn mj furjoiÿe y mcs tcecs gês

ljbcs, ns fnoir qun sn fnsmi`ÿ mj furjoiÿe ocgc ue pjrêgntrc joòstioc jscoijfc jm tcec

jmtc; tjm clsnrvjoiÿe pcfrçj jyufjr j lusojr mj ojrjotnrizjoiÿe joòstioj fnm tcec y nm

jonetc snouefjric fn nstj mneùj.

Mj pnrspnotivj fn nstn trjljbc nrj lusojr uej nspnoin fn ojrjotnrizjoiÿe aceétioj

fn mj rnmjoiÿe fn limie`ýisgc netrn nm gjzjtnoc fn Hujutmj y nm nspjúcm hjlmjfc ne nsj

gisgj rnìÿe?8, yj qun mj ojrjotnrizjoiÿe joòstioj fnm tcec ne mneùjs giecritjrijs ecs

pnrgitirê netnefnr fn gnbcr gjenrj mcs rjs`cs fnm nspjúcm fn uej ocgueifjf, clsnrvjr

ne qué gnfifj nm limie`ýisgc janotj nm fnsngpnúc fn mj snùefj mneùj y oÿgc sn

gjeiainstj mj ietnranrneoij fn uej mneùj sclrn ctrj. Gjs jòe, uej fn mjs igpmiojoicens

fn neocetrjr oinrtj sngnbjezj netrn nm nspjúcm y nm gjzjtnoc fn tjm ocgueifjf nrj uej

rnùmjrifjf qun pufinrj nxtnefnrsn j tcfj mj pclmjoiÿe, ns fnoir qun nstcs nrrcrns fn

prcfuooiÿe fn jonetc ne nspjúcm rnprnsnetjrje ue ojglic fn ecrgj. Fnlifc j mj

ocgpmnbifjf fnm aneÿgnec ocesifnrjgcs mj pcsilimifjf fn nxpmiojr nstj snrin fn

ocieoifneoijs fnsfn nm puetc fn vistj fn jfquisioiÿe fn uej snùefj mneùj,

nspnoçaiojgnetn fn uej acsimizjoiÿe ne mj ietnrmneùj, qun ns nm nstjeojginetc ne nm

prconsc fn jfquisioiÿe fn uej snùefj mneùj prnsnetn ne mj gjycrçj fn mcs ojscs ne mj

netcejoiÿe; ns fnoir, uej pnrscej limie`ýn pcfrê tnenr ue ocecoiginetc `rjgjtiojm

suaioinetn pjrj ocgprnefnr y pjrj ocestruir tnxtc ne su mneùj gntj pnrc ec pcfrê

?8

Tnesjgcs qun uej fn mjs igpmiojoicens qun jojrrnjrçj tjm ieamuneoij ns qun nm ojrêotnr tcejm fnmgjzjtnoc sn trjesainrj j mjs ojrjotnrçstiojs fn mj netcejoiÿe fnm nspjúcmj, mc oujm pcfrçj jyufjr j fnsorilirmj pjrtioumjr prceueoijoiÿe fnm nspjúcm fn mcs limie`ýns gjzjtnoc-nspjúcm ne Hujutmj Bigéenz.


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jfquirir aêoimgnetn uej prceueoijoiÿe ejtivj, mc oujm pcfrçj jojrrnjrmn prclmngjs

ocgueiojtivcs qun punfne netcrpnonr nm ietnrojglic fn ieacrgjoiÿe oce ejtivcs, yj qun

juequn uej pnrscej tne`j ue ocecoiginetc `rjgjtiojm jmtc singprn snrê pnroilifc ocgc

nxtrjebnrc. J nstj situjoiÿe ecs hngcs nearnetjfc ocgc nstufijetns ietnrnsjfcs ne mj

mie`ýçstioj oujefc rnjmizjgcs trjljbc fn ojgpc, yj qun ocgc mc neajtizj Lcn`n (:988)

”Ec j oujmquinrj mn ounetj sus snorntcs ue gjzjtnoc‗. ê prclmngj juejfc j mj

acsimizjoiÿe sn neounetrj ieomusc ocgc ue prclmngj fn nesnújezj, yj qun mj netcejoiÿe

ne nm jprnefizjbn fn uej mneùj ns trjljbjfc ocgc ue nmngnetc snouefjric ne neacquns

ocgueiojtivcs pcrqun sn ocesifnrj qun su ocecoiginetc ec igpjotj ne mj ietnrjooiÿe ne

nm jotc ocgueiojtivc y qun mj prceueoijoiÿe ejtivj jfngês ns ojsi igpcsilmn fn

ocesnùir fnlifc j qun mj prcfuooiÿe fn sceifcs nstê fntnrgiejfj pcr nm sistngj fn

acengjs jprnefifc furjetn mj ieajeoij, yj qun mjs fnstrnzjs mie`ýçstiojs fnpnefne ne

`rje pjrtn fnm fnsjrrcmmc fn mj gctrioifjf jfquirifj ne mcs prignrc júcs.

Nspnoçaiojgnetn ne oce rnspnotc j mj prceueoijoiÿe fn sceifcs hjy iefioics fn qun, oce

gês nfjf sn pinrfn jm`c fn amnxilimifjf ne mj jufioiÿe y ne mj ojpjoifjf fn prcfuoir

sceifcs, yj qun mj ojpjoifjf pjrj prcfuoir sceifcs nstê fntnrgiejfj Vjgliée mcs

gòsoumcs fn mj ojrj c fn mjs pjrtns ietnrejs fnm cçfc sn vne janotjfjs (@riaaie2 09). Tcr

su pjrtn, Mcritz (:99:2 ?:1) rnocecon qun uej vnz aibjfcs mcs nsqungjs aceétiocs fn mj

mneùj gjtnrej nm onrnlnmc tinen ocgpmiojoicens jm gcfiaiojrmcs pjrj jfjptjrmcs j mj M


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JENXC

Ne nstj snooiÿe sn prnsnetje mcs fjtcs tcgjfcs ocgc rnanrneoij pjrj tcgjr nm vjmcr

gêxigc fn mj A4 pjrj mj gunstrj fnm Jmtipmjec, sclrn tcfc fn mcs rnsumtjfcs fn Hnrrjsti

( :>:-:19 :>:-:14 :69-:0? :60-:0>Hjlmjetn ? ::>-:


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Nquivjmneoij ectjs gusiojmns y Hz (fjtcs prcpcroicejfcs pcr Ietnrmiek _ystng)

Fc :2 1>,64Fc# :2 19,,91_cm#12 ??80,1>Aj# 02 >9:9,9:_cm 02 18,1<_i 02 094,?4Aj# 82 ::8?9,8<_cm 82 :6?,8>_cm#82 :?Mj 82 :6484Mj# 82 :69:0,846,6. Nquivjmneoijs fn vjmcrns fn Hz j ectjs gusiojmns ne tcecs y sngietcecs.

Gjsoumiecs

Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /i/ (gjsoumiecs)/i/ tÿeioj (Hz) ti :G . Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj vcojm jmtj jetnricr nehjlmjetns gjsoumiecs pjrj ojfj gunstrj2 Cjxjoj, Gjzjtnoc, FA.

Nquivjmneoij fn tcecs y sngitcecs fn mcs vjmcrns fn A4 (Hz) fn mj /n/ (gjsoumiecs)/n/ tÿeioj (Hz) xn :G


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/j/ tÿeioj ejtsn :G


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LILMIC@\JAÇJ

Jmlnrt, G. M., Clmnr, M. K. (:908). Vhn Limieùjm Lrjie. Enurcpsyohcmcìojm jef

Enurcmieùistios Jspnots ca Limieùjmisg. Enw Ycrk2 Jojfngio Trnss.

Jrnmmjens, A., Ojrrjezj M., Ohêvnz T. G. N., Aifneoic Q., @unrrnrc J., Kejpp

G. y \cgnrc J. (/HjoijSuejStipcmc ìjStcejmSfnSmjsSmneùjs

Sctcpjgns

Ln`cúj V. @., Térnz A. @. (


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Fcfnrc, Jmlnrtc Nfujrfc (). Mj vcz y sus jmtnrjoicens. _npjrjtj

Gcetpnmminr . \noupnrjfc nm


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19

Hnrrjsti, Muoimmn. (


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04

GjoEjgjrj, B. (:910). Vhn limieùjm’s mieùistio pnracrgjeon2 J psyohcmcìojm

cvnrvinw. Bcrejm c a _coijm Issuns,


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_cmé _jljtnr, G. ‟ B. (:986)2 Nxpnrignetcs sclrn mj pnronpoiÿe fnm jonetc.

Qnrsiÿe fi`itjmizjfj fispceilmn ne2

www.rjoc.ojt/iefnx.php/NAN/jrtiomn/vinwAimn/:66:9

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