1

renesansisa da axali dros

socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi

Sesavali

nikolo makiavelis msoflmxedveloba

1.1 nikolo makiaveli da misi epoqa.

1.2 n. makiavelis Semoqmedebis ormagi Sefaseba _ radikalizmi.

1.3 fridrix meores `antimakiaveli~.

1.4 b.raselis TqmiT: `renesansma Sva titanebi, rogorebicaa: leonardo, miqelanjelo da

makiaveli~

1.5 `jer cxovreba da Semdeg filosofosoba~.

Tomas hobsis sociologiuri doqtrina

2.1 Tomas hobsi (1588 – 1679) da misi epoqa.

2.2 adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareoba.

2.3 egoizmi da sikvdilis SiSi, rogorc sazogadoebis amgebi principebi.

2.4 sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba da saxelmwifo.

jon lokis sociologiuri Sexedulebebi.

3.1 jon loki (1632 –1704) da misi epoqa

3.2 loki adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

3.3 loki saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

3.4 adamianis uflebebi da saxelmwifo

Sarl lui monteskie

4.1 monteskie (1689 - 1755) da misi epoqa.

4.2 monteskie sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonebis Sesaxeb.

4.3 monteskie sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis oTxi ZiriTadi kanonis Sesaxeb.

4.4 monteskie geografiuli faqtorebis ganmsazRvreli rolis Sesaxeb.

Jan – Jak rusos socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi.

5.1 Jan – Jak ruso (1712 – 1778) da misi epoqa.

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5.2 Jan – Jak ruso adamianTa zneobisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

5.3 Jan – Jak ruso adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

5.4 Jan – Jak ruso sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da socialuri uTanasworebis Sesaxeb.

6. Tomas robert malTusis Sexedulebebi

XVII – XVIII saukuneebis meqanisturi msoflmxedveloba. ,,socialuri fizika”

7.1 bunebis mecnierebis ganviTareba da socialuri mecnierebis agebis mcdeloba.

7.2 meqanicizmi, rogorc ,,socialuri fizikis” msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli.

7.3 sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da saxelmwifo cnebebi.

7.4 meqanisturi msoflmxedvelobis naklovanebebi.

Sesavali

rogorc ukve davinaxeT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis movlenaTa mecnieruli

ganmartebis pirvel cdebs jer kidev uZvelesi xanis did filosofosebSi

vxvdebiT. platonsa da aristoteles samarTlianad uwodeben pirvel

sociologebs. aranaklebi gavlena iqonia sociologiuri azris Casaxvaze

epikurem da misma skolam. epikures uaxloesi mowafisa da mimdevris lukreciusis

SromaSi `saganTa bunebisaTvis~ moxazulia adaminTa sazogadoebis ganviTrebis

mTeli sociologiuri Teoria. lukreciusma ganWvrita ideebi, romlebic Semdeg

ganaviTara didi franguli revoluciis epoqaSi kondorsem Tavis traqtatSi

`adamianuri gonebis progresi~. magram qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis aRzevebam

sasikvdilo dartyma miayena sociologiuri azris am pirvel ylortebs.

qristianoba niSnavda providencialuri msoflmxedvelobis batonobas.

providencializmi ewodeba gangebis rwmenas, romelic ganagebs da marTavs

adamianebisa da mTeli xalxebis beds. am TvalsazrisiT - kacobriobis istoria -

esaa umaRles mizanTa samefo, romlebic xorcieldebian RvTaebrivi gangebis

ZaliT. yoveli xalxi Tu eri asrulebs Tavis istoriul misias, romelic mas

daakisra gangebam. am misiis Sesrulebis Semdeg igi iRupeba da adgils uTmobs

sxva `rCeul~ ers. istoriaSi yvelaferi winaswaraa gansazRvruli da

gapirobebuli zemodan. didi adamianebi - RvTaebrivi gangebis mxolod iaraRebia

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da meti araferi. aseTi msoflmxedvelobis batonobisas, cxadia, rom

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis bunebrivi kanonebis arsebobis Sesaxeb azris

gamoTqmac ki eretikosobad unda moCvenebodaT.

mxolod renesansis epoqaSi `mecnierebis da xelovnebis~ aRorZinebidan iwyeba

sociologiuri azris gamoRviZeba. genialuri makiavelis SromebSi. Cven gvxvdeba

XVII-is sociologiuri azris umaRlesi miRwevebi, magram adamianuri

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis sistematuri gadmocemis pirvel cdebs Cven

vxvdebiT mxolod XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. am droidan moyolebuli SeiZleba

davadginoT memkvidreobiToba sociologiuri azrisa da axali mecnierebis

meTodebis ganviTrebaSi.

XVII saukune kacobriobis gonebaSi didi gadatrialebisa da revoluciis epoqa

iyo. galileis, niutonis, keplerisa da sxvaTa aRmoCenamde mZlavri stimuli

misces adamianuri azris ganviTarebas. maTi gavlenis meSveobiT ganmtkicebas

iwyebs bunebis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb axali cneba da gageba. SuasaukuneebSi Tu

arsebobda kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb azri, maSin es ukanaskneli wmindad

providencialurad iyo gagebuli. sityva kanoni niSnavda brZanebas, mcnebas. axla

ki kanonis qveS - esmiT sxeulTa moZraobis bunebrivi kanonebi, romlebic

SeiZleba gamoxatuli iqnen maTematikuri formulebis saxiT. yovelgvari codnis

idealad maTematika cxaddeba.

dekartes, hobsis, spinozas da sxvaTa filosofiuri sistemebi atareben

bunebismecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis Zlier nakvalevsa da gavlenas. mag.:

dekartes azriT samyaro giganturi meqanizmia, uzarmazari moZravi manqanaa. raTa

SevicnoT es ukanaskneli, saWiroa vipovoT is umartivesi sxeulebi,

romelTaganac igi Semdgaria da gamovTvaloT da davadginoT maTi moZraobis

maTematikuri kanonebi. aseve fiqroben hobsic da sxvebic. am SexedulebebisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia calmxrivoba. `hobsisa da dekartis Secdoma is ki ar iyo -

ambobs foierbaxi - rom isini moZraobas ganixilavdnen rogorc materiis

diferenciis da gansazRvrebis princips. e.i. rogorc TviT nivTTa princips,

aramed is, rom isini aseT mniSvnelobas miaweren moZraobis mxolod erT

gansakuTrebul saxes, mxolod meqanikur moZraobas, moZraobas, romelic SeiZleba

gamoxatul iqnes maTematikurad~ [l. foerbaxi `axali filosofiis istoria~. rC.

naw. t. 4. gv. 92. germ.].

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am calmxrivobis gamo XVII saukunis mTel filosofiur-mecnierul

msoflmxedvelobas filosofiis istorikosebi axasiaTeben, rogorc meqanisturs.

igi srul istoriul gamarTlebas poulobs XVII saukunis maTematikuri

bunebismecnierebis calmxriv ganviTrebaSi. uwinares yovlisa es exeba

maTematikur fizikasa da astronomias, meores mxriv igi Tavis droisTvis iyo

araCveulebrivad nayofieri da sasikvdilo dartyma agema tradiciul

Sexedulebebs.

XVIII saukunis filosofosebi ar ifarglebodnen mxolod materialuri bunebis

SeswavliT. isini ukve adamianebs ganixilaven, rogorc bunebis giganturi

meqanizmis nawils, romlis sicocxle da saqmianoba imdenadve kanonzomieria,

rogorc mTeli bunebis moZraoba. dekarte da misi mimdevrebi ukve cdiloben

axali mecnierebis - `socialuri fizikis~ Camoyalibebas, romelic materialur

sxeulTa fizikis msgavsad unda iyos maTematikuri, zusti mecniereba adamianTa

sazogadoebaze. swored am epoqaSi Seqmnil traqtatebSi vxvdebiT axali

mecnierebis agebisa da Seqmnis pirvel cdebs. TiToeuli maTganisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia maTematikuri bunebismetyvelebis yvela ZiriTad cnebaTa da

meTodTa gadatana adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebis sferoSi. fizikosebi rTul

sxeulTa agebulebas xsnidnen umcires da umartives sxeulTa - atomTa

moZraobiT. amave meTods misdevdnen da iyenebdnen sazogadoebaTmcodne

filosofosebi. isini iwyebdnen imisagan, rom cdilobdnen epovaT is socialuri

atomebi, romelTa moZraobidan SesaZlebeli iqneboda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

movlenebis mTeli erTobliobis gamoyvana. aseTi socialuri atomis saxiT

Cveulebriv ganixileboda calkeuli adamiani. rogoradac ar unda

gansxvavdebodnen adamianebi erTmaneTisagan, yvela maTganSi SeiZleba vipovoT

zogierTi zogadi da saerTo niSnebi da Tvisebebi, romlebic aucileblobiT

ekuTvnian da axasiaTebs adamianis bunebas. yvela adamianur miswrafebaTa saerTo

da zogadi safuZveli, XVII saukunis sociologTa azriT, TviTSenaxvis grZnobaa.

misgan warmoiSoba vnebebi, romlebic marTaven adamianTa saqmianobas da

yofaqcevas. vnebebi da miswrafebebi iseve axasiaTeben da ganekuTvnebian adamianur

bunebas, rogorc yovelgvar fizikur sxeuls axasiaTebs misi fizikuri Tvisebebi.

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nikolo makiavelis msoflmxedveloba

1. nikolo makiaveli da misi epoqa.

1.1. n. makiavelis Semoqmedebis ormagi Sefaseba _ radikalizmi.

1.2. fridrix meores `antimakiaveli~.

1.3. b.raselis TqmiT: `renesansma Sva titanebi, rogorebicaa: leonardo,

miqelanjelo da makiaveli~.

1.4. `jer cxovreba da Semdeg filosofosoba~.

2. makiaveli, rogorc renesansis epoqis moazrovne: `makiavelisaTvis mTavaria

saero problemebi da maTi gadawyveta eriskacTa meSveobiT. adamianTa adamianuri

problemebis gadasawyvetad mas ar sWirdeba zeadamianuri Zalebi, miaCnia, rom

adamianma TviTon unda gadawyvitos Tavisi problemebi. es orientacia RmerTis

nacvlad adamianebze misi msoflmxedvelobrivi Ziebis erT-erTi siaxlea, rac mas

swored renesansis moazrovned xdis~.

3. makiaveli rogorc humanisti: `humanizmi marto kacTmoyvareobis gagebiT ar

unda gvesmodes. humanizmia moZRvrebis damaxasiaTebeli, Tu is sociluri

problemebis gadawyvetas adamianebs akisrebs. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi ram cxadia,

makiavelis mixedviT, adamianuri problemebi adamianebis gziT unda wydebodes,

rac Seexeba keTili Tu boroti saSualebebiT, es ukve exeba saSualebebs da ara

miznebs.

4. makiaveli, rogorc sociologi. misi amosavali

principia adamianebi da adamianuri urTierTobani.

misTvis istoriuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebac

adamianTa socialuri interesebis mixedviT,

jgufebad, fenebad Tu wodebebad dayofil

erTeulTagan Sedgeba. yvela iman, vinc eswrafvis

adamianTa sazogadoebis marTvas, Tanac ise, rom es

mmarTveloba myari iyos, angariSi unda gauwios maT

interesebs, midrekilebebs da swrafvas. interesebi

exeba adamianTa sakuTrebas da socialur

mdgomareobas. mesame wodeba sakuTrebiT interesebs

Rirsebaze maRla ayenebs.

_ visac surs adamianTa samyaroSi Tavisi interesebi da miznebi ganaxorcielos,

man unda SeZlos sxvisi interesebisa da miznebis gaTvaliswineba. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi is gaxdeba zizRisa da siZulvilis sagani da Tavisi moRvaweobis

gzaze yvela gzas moiWris.

_ mTavris amocanad makiaveli saxavs, rom siyvaruls Tu ver uzrunvelyofs,

qveSevrdomebs SiSi mainc hqondeT misi, da ara siZulvili, xolo amis

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uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveSevrdomTa interesebs daicavs,

romelTagan upiratesi oria: sicocxle da sakuTreba.

_ mTavars Tu qveSevrdomis sikvdiliT dasja unda da amis sakmao samxili aqvs,

SeuZlia es ganaxorcielos, magram Tavi unda Seikavos `sxvisi qonebis

xelyofisagan, vinaidan adamianebi ufro advilad urigdebian mamis sikvdils,

vidre samkvidros moSlas~.

_ adamianTa interesebi rom gansazRvravs maT urTierTobebs da maTSi garkveva

mniSvnelovani amocanaa, amis gacnobierebasTan erTad makiaveli imasac miuTiTebs,

rom interesebis mixedviT adamianTa urTierTobebis agebis saSualebanic

adamianTa xelSia da adamianTa urTierTobebis mowesrigebisaTvis sxva raime

Zala araa saWiro, garda sakuTriv adamianis gonebrivi unarisa, romlis

daxmarebiTac igi SeZlebs swvdes mis gverdiT myofTa interesebs,

moTxovnilebebs, miswrafebebs.

_ adamianebi ki gonebrivi unaris sxvadasxva dones floben. am doneTa

Sesabamisad SeiZleba isini sam jgufad davyoT: `zogs yvelaferi TavisiT esmis,

sxvebi mxolod axsna-ganmartebis Sedegad axerxeben gagebas, danarCenni ki verc

TavisiT da verc sxvebis axsna-ganmartebis meSveobiT veras xvdebian. pirvelni

uwarCinebulesni arian, meoreni warCinebulni, mesameni _ fuWni~.

5. socialur yofierebaSi aucileblobisa da Tavisufal nebisyofas Soris

mimarTebis sakiTxi. bediswera da Tavisufali neba. is arc voluntaristia da

arc fatalisti. Tavisufal nebasTan erTad aucileblobasac aRiarebs, Tumca igi

arc gangebiseulia, arc bedisweriseulia da arc fortunaseulia, amdenad igi

ufro bunebrivi kanonzomierebis saxisaa, romlis Semecnebul adamians SeuZlia,

da romelic adamianis moqmedebaSi garkveul tendenciebs gansazRvravs, magram

ara mTlianad moqmedebas.

_ adamianebi, romlebmac TavianTi samflobeloebi dakarges, bedisweras ki ar

unda adanaSaulebdnen, aramed TavianTsave uniaTobas, uunarobas _ movlenebi

waremarTad imgvarad, rom ganeWvritaT, ra dasWirdebodaT uaxloes momavalSi,

roca viTareba Seicvleboda. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRmoCnda uzrunveloba

momavlis mimarT _ `vis axsovs qariSxali myudro amindSi~.

_ adamianur moqmedebebSi `me mzad var, WeSmaritebad vaRiaro imis SesaZlebloba,

rom bediswera ganapirobebs Cveni moqmedebebis naxevars, xolo meore naxevars,

mTlianad Tu ara, odnav naklebs mainc, Cvenve gvandobs~.

_ bedisweras igi amsgavsebs boboqar mdinares, romelic kalapotidan gadasuli

yvelafers walekavs. am Zalis moTokva SeiZleba winaswar zomebis miRebiT,

jebirebis gaSenebiT, arxebis gaWriT, e.i. adamians SeuZlia moTokos aucilebloba

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da dauqvemdebaros Tavis interesebs am aucileblobis ganmsazRvreli kanonebis

codnis safuZvelze.

_ mkiaveli gvaswavlis bedisweris mimarT SiSi da sifrTxile SevcvaloT

gabedulebiT da Tamamad SevutioT mas. mTavaria, rom adamians SeuZlia daZlios

da moaTvinieros bediswera da amaSi misi aqtiurobaa ganmsazRvreli.

aucileblobas (bedisweras) unda SevutioT da Cveni moqmedebebiT movTokoT; amiT

sapirispiro Sedegebs mogvcems, vidre mWermetyvelebiTi poziciis dakavebisas.

_ makiavelis mtkicebiT, `umjobesia Tamami iyo, vidre frTxili da windaxeduli,

radganac bediswera qalia, da mis mosaTviniereblad ar unda iSurebde

mujlugunebsa da wixlebs: vinc ar iSurebs, ufro advilad iurvebs mas, vidre

frTxili da mokrZalebuli kaci. amitom bediswera, qalisa ar iyos, yovelTvis

siWabukes amjobinebs, radganac siWabuke ufro Tamamia, dauridali. da ufro

Tavdajerebulad brZaneblobs~.

¬ ar kmara, marto aucilebloba gqondes Semecnebuli, saWiroa gansazRvro, Seni

moqmedeba ramdenad Seesabameba droisa da epoqis moTxovnilebas. ori adamianidan

erTi Tu angariSs uwevs drois moTxovnebs da meore ara, makiavelis mtkicebiT,

pirveli miaRwevs dasaxul mizans, meore ki ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis.

`bednieria is, visi moqmedebac drois Taviseburebas eTanxmeba da esadageba, da

zustad aseve ubeduria is, visi moqmedebac dros ar Seesabameba~.

6. konfliqtis sociologiis sawyisebi makiavelTan.

_ makiaveli icnobs koleqtiur interesebs, romlebic ganapirobeben adamianTa

erTi jgufis meoresTan dapirispirebas da miaCnia, rom aseTi dapirispirebis

arenaa mTeli socialuri istoria. es aris mdidfrebisa da Raribebis,

keTilSobilTa da plebeebis, didebulebisa da xalxis, mTavrobida masebis

dapirispireba. es aris or sapirispiro polusze moTavsebul socialur jgufTa

brZola _ erTis mxriv qonebis, prestiJis, mdgomareobis, Zalauflebis mqoneTa

brZola maT SesanarCuneblad, meores mxriv qonebas, prestiJs, mdgomareobas da

Zalauflebas moklebulTa brZola maT mosapoveblad.

_ makiavelis azriT, sazogadoebaSi interesebisa da Rirebulebebis mixedviT

gaTiSva iwvevs socialur jgufebs Soris konfliqts, rac socialuri cxovrebis

nakli ki araa, aramed dadebiTi momentia, radgan konfliqtisa da dapirispirebis

gareSe araa moZraoba, xolo sazogadoeba iseTi yofierebaa, romelic mudmiv

moZraobaSi imyofeba. es moZraoba SeiZleba iyos aRmavali da daRmavali, magram

mTavari isaa, rom mis gareSe ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivicxovreba. moZraobis

erTaderTi wyaro ki konfliqtia, amitom igi dadebiT rols TamaSobs

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. sazogadoebaSi gawonasworebuli mdgomareoba

arsebobs, magram is momentaluria, konfliqti ki maradiuli.

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_ konfliqtis mowinaaRmdegeni `ar iTvaliswineben imas, rom yovel respublikaSi

aris ori gansxvavebuli guneba-ganwyoba _ saxalxo da aznaurTa da rom yvela

kanoni miRebuli Tavisuflebis saxeliT warmoiSva xalxisa da grandebis

uTanxmoebebidan... yvela, vinc dawvrilebiT gamoikvlevs romis amboxTa Sedegebs,

aRmoaCens, rom maTgan gamomdinareobs ara gandevna an Zaladoba, romelTac ziani

moaqvT saerTod keTildReobisaTvis, aramed dgindeba kanonebi, romelnic

amtkiceben sazogadoebriv Tavisuflebas~.

_ makiaveli svams socialuri mecnierebis fundamentur kiTxvas: im umaRles

Rirebulebas, rasac Tavisufleba warmoadgens da risTvisac warmoebs brZola

sazogadoebaSi, vin ufro kargad icavs da inaxavs _ didebulebi Tu xalxi?

_ saqme isaa, rom didebulebs aqvT Tavisufleba, xalxi ki ibrZvis Tavisuflebis

mopovebisaTvis. amis gamo es ori socialuri jgufi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. vis

ufro meti mizezi aqvs amboxebisa, imas, vinc Tavisuflebas flobs da cdilobs

mis SenarCunebas, Tu imas, vinc Tavisuflebas moklebulia da cdilobs mis

mopovebas. anu, vis unda daekisros Tavisuflebis dacva _ didebulebs, Tu xalxs?

_ upiratesoba unda mieniWos didebulebs, radgan sadac maT hqondaT

Tavisuflebis dacva mindobili, Tavisufleba ufro didxans arsebobda, vidre

sadac mas xalxi, anu plebsi icavda. im adamianebs ufro unda vandoT

Tavisuflebis dacva, vinc naklebad eswrafvis mis dauflebas.

_ didebulebisa da xalxis dapirispireba da brZola gamowveulia imiT, rom

rodesac erTsa da imave Rirebulebaze arian orientirebuli, maSinac ki, mas

sxvadasxva mizniT udgebian. xalxis mdidari nawili, privilegirebulni

TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvian, raTa uzrunvelyon TavianTi batonoba, danarCenebi,

e.i. xalxis didi umravlesoba TavisuflebisTvis ibrZvis, raTa uzrunvelyos

Tavisi uSiSroeba. `xalxis mciredi nawili Tavisuflebas isurvebs, raTa

ibatonos, xolo danarCeni, isini ki didi umravlesobaa, eswrafvian Tavisuflebas

TavianTi uSiSroebisaTvis~.

7. makiaveli sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb: mTavari da xalxi.

`garwmunebT, rom xalxi ufro myaria da gacilebiT metad gansjadi yovelgvar

mTavarze~. aq aris gamoTqmuli sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvneloba. imaTTvis, vinc

xalxs brbosTan aigivebda, sazogadoebrivi azri Rirebulebas moklebuli iyo,

radgan saerTod uaryofdnen brbos azrovnebis unars, an kidev misgan seriozul

rames ar moelodnen. amitom sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvneloba gaigivebuli iyo

brbos mniSvnelobasTan, e.i. nulis toli iyo. makiaveli ki erTmaneTisagan

ganasxvavebs xalxs da brbos da gabedulad amtkicebs, rom sakmao safuZveli

arsebobs gavrcelebuli SexedulebisaTvis, romlis mixedviTac `xalxis xmas

udareben RvTis xmas~ (,,xma erisa – xma RvTisa.” _ “Vox Populi Vox Dei est”.

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_ sazogadoebrivi azri ganWvrets movlenaTa momaval msvlelobas da SeuZlia

darwmunebiT imsjelos xdomilebaTa Tanamedrove viTarebaze.

_ xalxis, sazogadoebis azri ufro maRla dgas mTavris azrze da masTan

SedarebiT sworicaa.

_ movlenaTa msvlelobis `winaswar xedvaSi sazogadoebrivi azri aRwevs iseT

gasaocar Sedegebs, rom geCveneba, TiTqos raRac saidumlo unariT xalxi cxadad

winaswar grZnobs, ra aRmoCndeba misTvis sikeTe da ra boroteba~.

_ xalxi Tu iSviaTad uSvebs Secdomas, maSin mTavari ufro did Secdomas uSvebs.

_ xalxi mTavarze ufro karg arCevans akeTebs, imdenad, rom xalxs verafriT

daiyolieb, sazogadoebrivi dideba miagos uRirss da gaxrwnili qcevis adamians.

_ xalxi ufro principulia, vidre mTavari.

_ xalxi, marTalia, zogjer uwesrigobebis wyaroa, magram Tu SevadarebT xalxis

mier Cadenil uwesrigobebs mTavrebidan momdinaresTan, aseve xalxis diad

saqmeebs, mTavarTa diad saqmeebTan, aRmoCndeba, rom `xalxi didi upiratesobis

mqonea mTavarTan SedarebiT siqvelesa da didebaSic~.

- marTalia, mTavrebs garkveuli upiratesobani aqvT axali wyaroebis dadgenasa

da kanonebis daweraSi, magram, samagierod xalxs upiratesoba aqvT axali wyobis

arsebobis SenarCunebaSi.

_ mTavarTan SedarebiT, xalxi keTil saqmeebSic upiratesobis mqonea. amave dros,

xalxi ufro naklebad seriozul Secdomas uSvebs, vidre mTavari.

_ xalxis Secdoma sityviT, darwmunebiTac gasworebadia, maSin, rodesac mtavris

Secdomis gasworebas `qirurgiuli Careva~ sWirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, xalxis

daavadeba gacilebiT ufro advilad gankurnebadia, vidre mTavrisa.

_ xalxis sisastike mimarTulia imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc saerTo sikeTeze aRmarTavs

maxvils. mTavris sisastike ki mimarTulia misi piradi sikeTis damrRvevTa

winaaRmdeg.

_ roca xalxi aRvirs gadaigdebs da aRzevdeba, saSiSia ara is sigiJe, romelsac

im momentSi sCadis, aramed momavali mosalodneli Sedegi, tiraniis saxiT. cudi

mTavris SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiTaa. awmyoSia saSiSi mis mier Cadenili sigiJis

boroteba da mxolod momavalze amyareben imeds, radgan tiranis cudma qcevam

SeiZleba aRadginos Tavisufleba imiT, rom xalxi aujanydeba.

_ makiaveli gmobs brbos, romelsac gonieri moqmedebis unari ara aqvs da

romlis Zala simravleSia. rogorc ki aimravle daiSleba, brbo kargavs unars da

ar moimoqmedebs imas, rasac brbod yofnis momentSi Caidenda. brbos ar aqvs

10

SiSis unari maSin, rodesac TiToeuli ganmxoloebulad darCenili brbos wevri

SiSis faqtors emorCileba da moklebulia gambedaobas.

8. makiaveli RirebulebiTi orientaciebis cvlis raobis Sesaxeb.

platonis Semdeg mxolod makiavelma miaqcia yuradReba im viTarebas, rom

RirebulebiTi orientaciebis konfliqts da cvlas iwvevs, ara mxolod

socialur-politikuri, aramed, asakobrivi faqtorebic. igi kargad xedavs, rom

warsuli Tu Tanamedrove movlenebis obieqturi aRqmisas, aseve aucilebelia

subieqtis ganwyoba, misi mzaoba, sinamdvile aRiqvas ise, rogorc is aris, an

kidev sinamdvilis aRebaSi Seqondes adamianuri momentebi, iqneba es misi asaki, Tu

mdgomareoba.

_ adamianebi erTsa da imave sinamdviles sxvadasxva situaciaSi sxvadasxvagvarad

aRiqvamen. es gamowveulia imiTac, rom maTi RirebulebiTi orientaciebi asakTan

erTad icvlebian. is, rac erT asakSi mis aRtacebas da moeonebas imsaxurebs, sxva

asakSi saerTod araa misTvis mniSvnelobis mqone. ratom xdeba, rom adamianis

sicocxlis sxvadasxva asakis SefasebaSi gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebia _

`TiTqos moxucebi ar unda cdebodnen TavianTi siymawvilisa da xangrZlivobis

drois SefasebaSi, radgan erTic da meorec maTTvis erTnairad kargadaa

cnobili, isini xom am dros sakuTari TvaliT aRiqvamen. es samarTliani iqneboda

maSin, Tu adamianebs cxovrebis yvela asakSi eqnebodaT iseTive msjelobani da

survilebi, midrekilebebi da azrebi, rogorc hqondaT ymawvilkacobaSi. roca

adamianebi berdebian Zala akldebaT, magram ematebaT Wkua da goniereba, amitom

aucileblad yvelafers, rac maT ymawvilkacobaSi eCvenebodaT asatanadac da

kargadac ki, moxucebulobaSi aRiqvamen cudad da aRmaSfoTeblad. imis nacvlad,

rom amas abralebdnen sakuTar gansjas, isini adanaSauleben epoqas~.

9. politika da morali (zneoba). makiavelizmis arsi.

_ mTavari sxvas unda ambobdes da sxvas unda akeTebdes. `yoveli mTavari unda

cdilobdes, gulmowyale da ara sastiki kacis saxeli moixveWos, magram uTavod

ar unda iyenebdes gulmowyalebas. Cezare borjias sastik kacad Tvlidnen, magram

swored am Tavisi sisastikis wyalobiT daamyara wesrigi. amitom mTavari arafrad

ar unda agdebdes gmobas sisastikis gamo, Tuki amis wyalobiT axerxebs imas, rom

ganxeTqilebisa da gandgomis saSualeba mouspos Tavis qveSevrdomebs~.

_ mTavris mimarT qveSevrdomebs SeiZleba ori grZnoba hqondeT _ siyvaruli da

SiSi. pirveli siqveleze iqneba agebuli, meore _ sisastikeze. makiaveli

rekomendacias aZlevs SiSs, e.i. sisastikes: `ra jobs, uyvarde Tu eSinodeT Seni?

razedac upasuxeben, rom sasurvelia erTic da meorec, magram radgan orives

SeTavseba Znelia, amitom, Tuku iZulebuli iqnebi erTerTze uari Tqva,

gacilebiT gijobs, SiSs unergavde xalxs da ara siyvaruls~.

11

_ ra iwvevs SiSs adamianebSi da rogor SeiZleba misi danergva? SiSis wyaro ar

aris movaleoba, mas mxolod siyvaruli emyareba, SiSis wyaro sasjelia, amitom

makiaveli amarTlebs qveSevrdomTa mimarT sisastikes... oRond sisastike unda

iyos erTjeradi da wuTieri da ara dasawyisSi nawilobrivi da Semdeg ki

mzardi~.

_ sisastike erTobaSi da erTjeradi unda iyos, raTa xalxs gons mosvlis

saSualeba ar mieces da amrigad, nakleb mtkivneulad ganicados igi.

qvelmoqmedeba ki nel-nela, wveT-wveTobiT unda gamoavlino, raTa xalxma ukeT

SeZlos misi Secnoba~.

_ makiavelizmis arsi vlindeba imaSic, rom misTvis politikaSi ganmsazRvrelia

ara patiosneba, aramed cnobiereba. moRvaweobaSi kanonis nacvlad Zalaze

damyareba, uzneoba, gautanloba, daundobloba, sisuste da Zalis gamoyeneba.

mTavari unda iyos lomiviT Zlieri da melasaviT cbieri. swored am TvisebaTa

erToblioba aris mTavris sibrZnisa da dRegrZelobis wyaroc da maCvenebelic.

amrigad, unda gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe: erTia brZola

kanonebis, xolo meore _ Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSneulia adamianebisaTvis,

meore ki cxovelebisaTvis. magram raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia,

Zalauneburad unda mivmarToT xolme meores. amitom mTavrisTvis aucilebelia

Tanabari warmatebiT ibrZodes rogorc mxeci da rogorc kaci.

_ swored amnairi, Tumca SefarviT gamoTqmuli SegonebiT mimarTavdnen mTavrebs

Zveli mwerlebi, romlebic aRniSnavdnen, rom aqilevss da Zveli drois bevr sxva

mTavarsac aRsazrdelad abarebdnen kentavr qirions, raTa misi meTvalyureobiT

davaJkacebuliyvnen. am naxevrad mxecisa da naxevrad kacis zedamxedvelobas

iTvisebdes da isisxlxorcebdes orives bunebas, da rom erTi meores gareSe

udReuria.

_ amrigad, Tu mTavari iZulebuli iqneba, ibrZodes rogorc mxeci, cxovelTa

mTeli simravlidan lomsa da melas unda irCevdes, vinaidan loms ar SeuZlia

Tavi daicvas gvelisgan, melas _ mglebisgan. maSasadame, mela unda iyo, rom

SeniSno gveli, da lomi, rom daifrino mglebi. imas, vinc mxolod lomobas

iCemebs, bevri ram ar esmis.

_ amitom keTilgonieri mTavari SeuZlebelia Tavisi aRqmis erTguli iyos, Tuki

es erTguleba saziano aRmoCndeba misTvis, an Tu aRar arsebobs mizezebi,

romlebmac es aRqma daadebines. yvela kaci rom kargi da keTili iyos, amnairi

qceva ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini borotni arian da gamudmebiT arRveven

imas, rac aRiqves, Sen ratomRa unda uerTgulo Sens aRqmas maT mimarT? mTavars

arasdros ar gamoeleva imis kanonieri mizezi, rom gaamarTlos Tavisi orpiroba.

12

10. makiaveli miznisa da saSualebebis Tanafardobis Sesaxeb politikaSi.

_ makiavelis azriT, mizani unda iyos keTilSobili, raTa politikosis qmedeba

CaiTvalos mosawonad. politikosis keTilSobileba SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi,

rom is cdilobs, Tavis saxelmwifos, Tu ers moupovos damoukidebloba. es

upirvelesi mizania. Semdeg uzrunvelyos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos uSiSroeba,

anu SeeZlos Sinaur da gareul mtrebTan angariSis gasworeba. da bolos

mTavarma unda SezRudos sakuTari xelisufleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi

gadaizrdeba tiraniaSi. man unda daamyaros konstituciuri mmarTveloba,

SeazRudvinos Tavisi uflebebi, es gansazRvrulia politikosis keTilSobil

mizanTa Soris.

_ rogori unda iyos am misanTa ganxoprcielebis saSualebebi? iseTi, rogoric

uzrunvelyofs warmatebas mizanTa ganxorcielebis gzaze. es ki gamoricxulia

qvelmoqmedebiT, humanizmiT, sikeTis qadagebiT. homepaTiuri meTodi sazogadoebas

ar gamoadgeba. demokratia da Tavisufleba ar damyardeba demokratiuli

meTodebiT. maTi miRweva mxolod ZaliT SeiZleba.

_ samedicino enaze rom vTqvaT, saWiroa aleopaTia, e.i. miznis sawinaaRmdego

saSualebebis gamoyeneba. respublikis damkvidrebisaTvis diqtatura, humanuri

miznebis miRwevas arahumanuri saSualebebi sWirdeba. es saSualebani ar unda

eqvemdebarebodes moralur, religiur, Tu sxva saxis SezRudvebs. adamianobis

TvalsazrisiT yvelaze sastiki da yvelaze warmoudgenelic unda iqnes

gamoyenebuli, radgan keTilSobil mizans emsaxureba.

_ makiaveli yovelgvar saSualebas miiCnevs dasaSvebad, Tu es saSualebebi keTil

mizans emsaxureba da TviTon ar iqcevian miznebad. boroteba, rogorc saSualeba

dasaSvebia, magram boroteba, rogorc mizani gamoricxulia.

_ dasagmobia is, vinc mkacria imisaTvis, rom gaafuWos da ara is, vinc aseTia

gamosworebis mizniT~. swored aqedan momdinareobs is lapitaruli fraza,

romlis Sinaarsic gamoTqva makiavelim da romlis forma Semdgom Camoyalibda

makiavelis principis saxeliT _ `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~.

_ SeiZleba mizani keTilSobili iyos, magrom Tu am mimarTulebiT moqmedebam

Sedegi ver gamoiRo, gamiva, rom amaod Seewira msxverpli mizans. amitom

saSualebebis saxiT adamianis araadamianur mxecur moqmedebas amarTlebs ara

marto mizani, aramed is Sedegebic, rac mas moyveba. mxecoba adamianis

dasadanaSauleblad sakmarisia, magram yuradReba unda mieqces Sedegs, rac moyva

am mxecobas da Tu Sedegi dadebiTia, mxecoba gamarTlebulia. adamians

`adanaSaulebs Cadenili saqme, amarTlebs Sedegi~. es aris logikuri gagrZeleba

debulebisa: mizani amarTlebs saSualebas.

13

makiaveli amarTlebs sisastikes da mxecur qmedebas ara Tavis Tavad, aramed

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es xdeba amaRlebuli miznis msaxurebisaTvis.

Cadenili danaSauli gamarTlebadia, Tu Sedegi keTilia.

_ arcerTi keTilgonieri adamiani ar usayvedurebs mTavars, Tu samefos

mowesrigebis, an respublikis Seqmnis mizniT, is mimarTavs raime gansakuTrebul

zomebs. ras izamT. mas daadanaSaulebs Cadenili, gaamarTlebs Sedegi. da Tu

Sedegi aRmoCndeba keTili, is yovelTvis gamarTlebuli iqneba, radgan unda

gaikicxos is, vinc mkacrobs gafuWebis mizniT da ara is, vinc mkacria, raTa

gaasworos ...~.

Tomas hobsis socialuri doqtrina

1. Tomas hobsi da misi epoqa. daibada 1588w da

gardaicavala 1679w. inglisis revolucia da

hobsis msoflmxedveloba. brZola inglisis

burJuaziasa da samefo xelisuflebas Soris, aseve

religiuri brZola rogorc hobsis socialuri

doqtrinis SemuSavebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

socialur-politikuri faqtori.

2. Tomas hobsi rogorc pirveli moazrovne,

romelmac bunebrivi samarTlis safuZvelze

ganaviTara sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sistemuri

moZRvreba da bolomde miiyvana meqanicizmis

principebis gavrceleba sazogadoebaze, moabruna

azrovneba adamianze da azrovnebis centrSi

daayena ara mxolod moazre, aramed aqtiurad

moqmedi, mosaqme adamiani. hobsis moZRvrebis

anTropocentristuli xasiaTi. misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: `moqalaqis Sesaxeb~, da

`leviaTani, anu adamianis, saxelmwifos, qristianuli saxelmwifosa da bneleTis

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~.

3. hobsis meqnistur materialisturi filosofiis ZiriTadi struqturuli

elementebi: 1. nawili _ fizika, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs: logikas, pirvel

filosofias anu yofierebis Teorias, sivrcul ganzomilebas, ciur sxeulTa da

varskvlavTa moZraobis Teorias, grZnobaTa daxasiaTebas da sxeulis Sesaxeb

moZRvrebas. II nawili ganixilavs: adamianis bunebas, moqalaqis raobas da

xelovnur sxeuls _ saxelmwifos. hobsis filosofia esaa moZRvreba bunebriv da

xelovnur sxeulebze, anu bunebrivi filosofia da samoqalaqo filosofia,

romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs eTikasa da politikas.

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4. hobsi rogorc adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebis aristoteliseuli gagebis

mowinaaRmdege da uarmyofeli. adamianis arsebaSi arsebuli gaerTianebisaken

miswrafeba ar niSnavs amave dros gaerTianebis unaris qonas. codna da goneba

rogorc adamianTa gaerTianebis safuZveli. pativiscema da sargebeli rogorc

adamianTa gaerTianebis warmarTveli miznebi. egoizmi rogorc adamianuri

saqmianobisa da moRvaweobis umTavresi stimuli.

5. fizikur da gonebriv unarTa Tanasworoba rogorc adamianTa Soris

urTierTgautanlobisa da SiSis safuZveli. adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareoba

rogorc omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg~. `bunebrivi samarTali~, rogorc

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi wesebi, romelic adamians aZlevs

uflebas, `akeTos yvelaferi, rac surs da vis winaaRmdegac surs~. bunebrivi

samarTali ver uzrunvelyofs adamianTa uSiSroebas garantiebiT.

6. adamianis grZnoba da goneba rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze gadasvlis

safuZveli. bunebrivi samarTali da bunebrivi kanoni. bunebrivi kanoni rogorc

amkrZalavi, romlis Tanaxmadac adamians ekrZaleba gaakeTos is rac damRupvelia

misi cxovrebisaTvis an arTmevs misi SenarCunebis saSualebas. bunebiTi

samarTali raimes keTeba _ arkeTebis Tavisufleba, bunebrivi kanoni ki rogorc

movaleoba. bunebrivi kanoni rogorc gonebis miTiTeba da daniSnuleba da ara

adamianTa SeTanxmebis Sedegi.

7. hobsi oci bunebrivi kanonis arsisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadi

kanonebi gvauwyebs: `unda veZeboT mSvidoba yvelgan sadac SesaZlebelia misi

miRweva, Tu es ar SeiZleba, maSin unda veZeboT saSualebebi omisaTvis~. _

`yvelaferze uflebis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia, aucilebelia an sxvebs gadavceT

zogierTi ufleba an saerTod uari vTqvaT masze. raxan adamiani bunebrivad

miiswrafvis mSvidobisaken amitom igi unda dakmayofildes Tavisuflebis im

xarisxiT ra xarisxiTac amas sxvebis mimarT uSvebs.

8. xom ar aris aq winaaRmdegoba? Tu bunebrivi kanoni gonebis brZaneba da

miTiTebaa imis Sesaxeb Tu risgan unda Seikavon adamianebma Tavi sicocxlis

SesanarCuneblad, maSin saidan warmoiSveba `omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg~.

winaaRmdegoba ar aris Tu kargad gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom 1. marTalia

adamiani egoistia, magram is boroti ar aris. marTalia is moiTxovs pirvel

rigSi misi interesebis dakmayofilebas, magram maT sxva miswrafebebic aqvT _

esaa miswrafeba aicilos sikvdili da SeinarCunos sicocxle, es ki ubiZgebs

adamianebs mSvidobiani cxovrebisaken. goneba ki karnaxobs gzas, romliTac

mSvidobas da ayvavebas ewevian. 2. marTalia bunebrivi kanonebi SeiZleba

wvdomili da formulirebuli iqnas adamianTa mier bunebriv mdgomareobaSi,

magram maTi dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod samoqalaqo sazogadoebis an

saxelmwifos ZalisxmeviT. sxva SemTxvevaSi am kanonebis moTxovnaTa aRsruleba

keTil ocnebad darCeba.

9. adamians unda mieces adamianuri pirovnebis usafrTxoebis garantia. Torem

is yovel azrs dakargavs. uflebaTa urTierTze gadatana adamianebis mier xdeba

15

xelSekrulebis gziT. ori an mravali adamianis moqmedebas, romlis meSveobiTac

erTmaneTze gadaaqvT Tavisi uflebebi. xelSekruleba ewodeba. samomavlo

xelSekruleba _ SeTanxmebaa, romelsac adamianebi an SiSiT an nebayoflobiT

icaven. pirvel adgilzea adamianTa nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmeba saxelmwifos

Seqmnis mizniT.

10. egoizmi da sikvdilis SiSi, rogorc adamianuri bunebis ori yvelaze

naTeli da namdvili miswrafeba, romelic saxelmwifos warmoSobas edeba

safuZvlad. marTalia adamianebi Tanxmdebian usafrTxoebis mizniT, magram

usafrTxoebis garanti mxolod saxelmwifo iqneba, iseTi saerTo Zalaufleba,

romelic mraval adamians aerTianebs. imisaTvis, rom adamianebma mSvidobiT

icxovron aucilebelia saxelmwifos _ leviaTanis absoluturi Zalaufleba. es

Zalaufleba warmoiSoba adamianTa nebayoflobiT SeTanxmebis anu

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegad.

11. saxelmwifos warmoSobis bunebrivi mizezi _ dapyrobaa.

12. hobsi saxelmwifosa da suverenuli Zalauflebis arsis Sesaxeb:

`saxelmwifo aris erTiani piri, romlis moqmedebazec pasuxismgeblad iqca

adamianTa didi jgufi urTierT (SeTanxmebis) xelSekrulebis safuZvelze im

mizniT, rom am pirs SeeZlos yvela maTganis Zalisa da saSualebebis gamoyeneba

ise, rogorc amas saWirod da aucileblad CaTvlis maTive mSvidobisa da saerTo

dacvisaTvis. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia sami momenti:

1. saxelmwifo suverenia, yvela danarCeni ki qveSevrdomi. saxelmwifos

Zalaufleba erTiani da ganuyrelia, igi yvelas nebas erT nebaze daiyvans.

2. adamianebi (qveSevrdomebi) pasuxismgebelia.

3. Zalaufleba ki ar aris pasuxismgebeli.

13. hobsis saxelmwifos warmoSobis xelSekrulebiTi Teoria, rogorc saxalxo

suverenitetis principis gamomricxveli, romelic xalxs acxadebs yovelgvari

Zalauflebis wyarod da saboloo mflobelad. ratom uwodeben hobs saxelmwifo

Zalauflebis apologets:

1. xalxi ar aris suverenobis safuZveli. xalxma xom uari Tqva Tavis

uflebebze suverenis sasargeblod.

2. saxelmwifos yovelgvari dasjis gareSe SeuZlia gaakeTos yvelaferi rac

surs.

3. uzenaesi xelisuflebis ganadgureba SeuZlebelia im adamianTa

gadawyvetilebiT, romelTa SeTanxmebiTac iqna dadebuli.

4. uzenaesi xelisuflebis,Tundac diqtatorulis ar arseboba ufro

damRupvelia, vidre misi arseboba.

5. saxelmwifo aris sakuTrebis dacvis garanti

6. kontroli qveSevrdomTa sulier cxovrebaze, cenzura.

7. Zalauflebis danawileba dauSvebelia.

16

jon lokis politikuri da socialuri

Sexedulebebi

jon lokma (1632-1704) Tavisi socialur-samarTlebrivi da

politikuri moZRvreba gadmosca SromaSi “ori traqtati

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”, romelic daiwera da

gamoqveynda 1690 wels. igi moRvaweobda sakmaod mRelvare

epoqaSi, romelic moculi iyo revoluciebiT da

gadatrialebebiT. 1688 wels rodesac inglisSi moxda

gadatrialeba da mefem iakob II –e stiuartma, romelic

aqamde absolutur politikas atarebda,datova qveyana.

xolo axali mefe vilhelm oraneli daTanxmda

konstituciuri monarqiis damyarebas,lokma daiWira im

sazogadoebrivi jgufis pozicia romelic cdilobda

sazogadoebis marTvasa da xelZRvanelobaSi moepovebina garantirebuli

monawileobis ufleba.rodesac am jgufma Tavis sawadels miaRwia, man uwinares

yovlisa gaakritika revoluciis epoqis radikaluri Sexedulebebi da gaimijna

misgan.man mtkiced uaryo saxelmwifo Zalauflebis absoluturobisa da

SeuzRudvelobis koncefcia.

magram igi mTlianad iziarebda bunebiTi samarTlis, sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis, saxalxo suvereninetis, pirovnebis xelSeuvali uflebebis,

xelisuflebis saxeTa balansirebulobis,tiranis winaaRmdeg saxalxo ajanyebis

kanonierebis Sesaxeb ideebs. magram igi, rasakvirvelia, ubralod ki ar imeorebda

manamde gamoTqmul ideebs, aramed aviTarebda maT, saxes ucvlida, axali

aspeqtebiTa da StrixebiT avsebda maT da sabolood Seqmna mTliani politikur -

samarTlebrivi moZRvreba _ adreuli burJuaziuli liberalizmis doqtrina.

maSin miRebuli Cveulebis Tanaxmad es doqtrina iwyeba saxelwifos warmoSobis

sakiTxis dasmiTa da garkveviT. mkacrad,rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifoebriobis

namdvili genezisi (Casaxva) mTeli misi specifikurobiTa da konkretulobiT

loks uSualod arc ainteresebda. istoriul - faqtologiuri problema (anu

saxelmwifos warmoSoba)mis mier wamoyenebul iqna, rogorc sxva, normatiul -

Teoriuli problemis _ Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifos

organizaciuli,eTikuri da iuridiuli safuZvlebi _ gadaWris forma.

lokis azriT, saxelmwifos warmoSobamde adamianebi imyofebian bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi. winasaxelmwifoebriv saerTo sacxovrebelSi ar aris omi “yvelasi

yvelas winaaRmdeg”. individebi Tavisufalni arian, ar arian vinme sxvis nebaze

damokidebulni, ar sWirdebaT araviTari nebarTva ,TviT ganageben sakuTar Tavs

da qonebas. batonobs QQTanasworoba “romlis drosac yoveli Zalaufleba da

yoveli samarTali Tanaziaria, Tanabaria, aravis aravisze meti ar aqvs”. imisTvis

17

raTa bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi urTierTobis kanonebi da normebi dacul

iyos da realurad SeeZloT adamianebs Soris urTierTobis mowesrigeba,bunebam

TiToeuli adamiani daajildova unariT gansajos kanonis damrRvevi da miuzRos

mas Sesaferisi sasjeli.magram bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar arsebobs organoebi,

romlebsac SeeZlebodaT pirnaTlad da samarTlianad, miudgomlad da

obieqturad gadaWran adamianebs Soris warmoqmnili dava,ganaxorcielos

bunebrivi kanonebis damRvevTa saTanado dasja da a.S. yovelive es badebs

undoblobis garemos,axdens Cveulebrivi gawonasworebuli cxovrebis

destabilizacias. bunebrivi da xelSeuvali uflebebis, Tanasworobisa da

Tavisuflebis, pirovnebis da sakuTrebis dacvis saTanado doneze

uzrunvelyofis mizniT adamianebi Tanxmdebian Seqmnan politikuri gaerTianeba-

sazogadoeba, daaweson saxelwifo.loki gansakuTrebul aqcents svams Tanxmobaze:

“saxelmwifos yovel mSvidobian warmoqmnasa da dawesebas safuZvlad Tanxmoba-

konsensusi hqonda”.

lokis mixedviT saxelwifo esaa adamianTa erToblioba, romlebic

gaerTianebulni arian maT mierve dadgenili saerTo kanonis egidis qveS, ris

safuZvelzec qmnian iseT sasamarTlo instancias, romelsac ZaluZs maT Soris

arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvareba da damnaSaveTa samarTliani dasja.

koleqtiurobis yvela sxva formisgan (ojaxis, sabatono mflobelobis, sameurneo

erTeulebis) saxelmwifo gansxvavdeba imiT, rom mxolod igi gamoTqvavs da

gamoxatavs politikur Zalauflebas, e.i. uflebas sazogadoebrivi sikeTis

saxeliT Seqmnas sakuTrebis dacvisa da regulirebis kanonebi (sxvadasxva

sanqciebis gamTvaliswinebeli), agreTve imis uflebasac gamoiyenos sazogadoebis

Zala am kanonebis aRsasruleblad da sagareo Tavdasxmebisgan saxelwifos

dasacavad.

saxelmwifo aris is socialuri instituti, romelic ganaxorcielebs da

aRasrulebs sajaro (lokTan - politikur)Zalauflebas, xelisuflebas.

saxelmwifos warmoqmnis safuZvlebs, loki TiToeuli adamianis TanSobil, Tavad

bunebismier mocemul Tvisebebsa da nebaSi xedavs im safuZvels, romlis

mixedviTac maT ufleba aqvT izrunon sakuTar Tavze (plius kacobriobis

danarCen nawilzec) da aRkveTon da dasajon sxvaTa danaSaulebrivi qmedebani.

swored am bunebriv da TanSobil TvisebebSia saZiebeli rogorc sakanonmdeblo

da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis,ise sazogadoebaTa wyaro da Tavdapirveli

samarTlis saxeobebi. aq aris im individualizmis naTeli gamovlineba, romelic

praqtikulad yvela liberalur politikur-iuridiul doqtrinas ganmsWvalavs.

qmnian ra nebayoflobiT saxelmwifos da yurs ugdeben gonebis xmas, adamianebi

Zalian zustad (SeiZleba iTqvas Zalian Zunwad) zomaven im

uflebamosilebebs,romelTa gadacemasac isini Semdgom saxelmwifosTvis

apireben.lokTan imaze laparakic zedmetia, rom adamianebi saxelmwifos

18

sasargeblod uars amboben TavianT kuTvnil yvela bunebriv uflebebze,

sakuTrebis, Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis uflebebs aravis ar gadascems da

arc aranair viTarebaSi ar uSvebs maT gaucxoebas da gadacemas TviT

saxelmwifosadmisac ki. swored es gausxvisebadi da xelSeuvali Rirebulebi-

aris saxelmwifos xelisuflebisa da moqmedebis saboloo sazRvrebi da

zRudeebi, romelTa gadalaxvac mas ekrZaleba da misi aranairi uflebac ar aqvs.

saxelmwifo mis mier Semqmneli adamianebisagan zustad imden Zalauflebas iRebs,

ramdenic aucilebelia da sakamrisi politikuri gaerTianebis mTavari miznis

misaRwevad.es mizani ki mdgoamreobs imaSi, rom yvelas (TiToeuls) SeeZlos

uzrunvelyos, daicvas da realizeba gaukeTos Tavis samoqalaqo interesebs:

”sicocxles, janmrTelobas, Tavisuflebas” da iseTi materialuri da garegani

dovlaTis flobas, rogorebicaa: fuli, miwa, saxli, saojaxo nivTebi da a.S.

”.yvela CamoTvlil sikeTes, j. lokma, erTi saxeli-sakuTreba uwoda.

im Tezisis formulirebaSi, rom saxelmwifos saqmianobis mizani sakuTrebis

dacva, samoqalaqo interesebis uzrunvelyofa unda iyos, savsebiT sworia,

agreTve davinaxoT lokis mier adamianTa sicocxlis obieqtur pirobebze

saxemwifos damokidebulebis faqtis gacnobiereba. lokma amiT yevalze

realisturad gamoxata saxelmwifos ZiriTadi miznebi da am miznis miRwevis

saSualebebic, romlebic mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos am mTavari miznis

ganxorcielebas: kanoniereba, xelisuflebis danawileba, erisaTvis optimaluri

mmarTvelobis Fforma, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi xalxis

mxridan ajanyebis ufleba da sxva.

kanonsa da kanonierebaze loki did imedebs amyarebda. adamianis mier dadgenil

saerTo da zogad kanonSi da maT mierve aRiarebul da sikeTisa da borotebis

sazomad daSvebul, yvela koliziaTa gadaWris samarTlian saSualebebad

gamoyenebul kanonebSi, igi saxelmwifos makonstruirebel pirvel niSans xedavda.

namdvili azriT, kanoni srulebiTac araa pirveli danawesi Tu daniSnuleba,

romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebidan an adamianTa mier dadgenili

sakanonmdeblo organodan modis. kanonis tituli aqvs mxolod im aqts, romelic

gonier arsebas uTiTebs da karnaxobs iseT qcevas, romelic misi sakuTari

interesebis Sesatyvisi da sazogado sikeTis msaxuricaa imavdroulad. Tu raime

danawesi, dadgenileba aseT norma-miTiTebebs ar Seicavs, maSin igi ar SeiZleba

kanonad CaiTvalos. garda amisa, lokis mixedviT, kanons aucileblad unda

axasiaTebdes stabiluroba da moqmedebis xangrZlivoba.

xazs usvams ra kanonierebis reJims, loki daJinebiT icavs debulebas:

konkretulad vinc ar unda flobdes uzenaes xelisuflebas saxelwifoSi, man

unda “marTos igi xalxis mier gacxadebuli, maTTvis cnobili da dadgenili

mudmivi kanonebis mixedviT da ara improvizirebuli dadgenilebebis gziT”.

kanonebi mxolod maSin uwyoben xels saxelmwifos “mTavari da didi miznis”

19

miRwevas xels, rodesac maT yvela icnobs da yevla asrulebs da icavs.

saxelmwifoSi absoluturad aravin, aranairi organo ar SeiZleba gamovides misi

kanonebis daqvemdebarebidan. kanoni uzenaesia. amiT loki “samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos” ideis winamorbedad mogvevlina, romelic XVII-XIX-e saukunis

evropaSiFfarTod gavrcelda.

Kkanonis maRali prestiJi imisgan momdinareobs, rom igi, lokis mixedviT

pirovnebis Tavisuflebis dacvisa da gafarToebis gadamwyveti, ZiriTadi

instrumentia, romelic aseve icavs individs sxva pirebis TviTnebobisa da

despoturi nebisgan. “iq, sadac ar aris kanonebi, arc Tavisuflebaa”.

“.individualuri Tavisuflebis funqcia ar amoiwureba calke aRebuli adamianis

cxovrebaSi pirveladi da upirvelesi mniSvnelobiT, vinaidan igi agreTve kidev

mTliani politikuri organizmis saerTo da zogadi sikeTis ganuyofeli nawilia.

ai ratomaa SeuZlebeli yvelasTvis sikeTis miRweva ise,Tu ar vuzrunvelvyaviT

kanonis saSualebiT TiToeulis Tavisufleba.lokis am ideebma evropuli

politikuri mecniereba politikur-iuridiuli kulturis axal safexurze aiyvana,

riTac stimuli misca am mecnierebis erT-erTi centraluri problebis

(“saxelmwifo-pirovneba”) humanizmis suliskveTebiT damuSavebas.

rogorc sxva politikuri dawesebulebebi da dadgenilebebi, rogorc Tavad

saxlemwifoc, ise pozitiuri kanonebic umravlesobis nebiT da

gadawyvetilebebiT iqmneba. loki gvixsnis, rom romeliRac gaerTianebis, (erTiani,

mTliani) warmonaqmnis yvelas qmedeba miiRweva masSi Semaval pirTa mowonebiTa

da mxardaWeriT. yoveli aseTi warmonaqmni erTi mimarTulebiT unda moZraobdes

da aucilebelia,igi “moZraobdes iqiT sadac mas ezideba iseTi didi Zala,

rogoricaa umravlesobis Tanxmoba”. aqedan daskvna: yoveli adamiani, romelic

Tanaxmaa sxvebTan erTad Seqmnas erTiani politikuri organizmi, erTiani

mTavrobiT,Tavis Tavze iRebs “valdebulebas daemorCilos umravlesobis

gadawyvetilebas da CaTvalos igi saboloo gadawyvetilebad”.

Tavisuflebis reJimis mxardaWera, politikuri gaerTianebis `mTavari da udidesi

miznis` realizacia aucileblad moiTxoven, lokis mixedviT, rom saxelmwifos

sajaro-xelisuflebrivi uflebamosilebani naTlad iyos gamiznuli da

ganawilebuli mis sxvadasxva organoebs Soris, kanonebis miRebis

uflebamosileba (sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba) eZleva mTeli eris mxolod

warmomadgenlobiT dawesebulebas-parlaments. kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis

kompetencia (aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba) seefereba da ekuTvnis monarqs,

ministrTa kabinets. maT uflebamosilebebs kide ganekuTvneba ucxo

saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis warmoeba (federaciuli xelisuflebis warmoeba)

amiT mas mxolod imis Tqma unda ki ar surs, rom Zalaufleba aucilebelia

gawonaswordes, aramed xelisuflebis uzurpaciis dauSveblobis, xelisuflebis

despoturi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Tavidan acilebis uzrunvelyofis

20

meqanizmebis gamoZebna surs. man Camoayaliba `xelisuflebis calkeuli

nawilebis~ kavSirisa da urTierTqmedebis principebi. sajaro-saxelisuflo

saqmianobis Sesabamisi tipebi mis mier ierarqiulad aRmoCnda ganlagebuli.

pirveli adgili ganekuTvneba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas, rogorc qveyanaSi

uzenaes (magram ara absolutur) Zalauflebas. sxva xelisufalni mas unda

daemorCilos. amave dros isini srulebiTac ar warmoadgenen sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebis masiur damatebans da masze sakmaod aqtiur gavlenas axdenen,

kerZod, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba.

erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis calkeuli nawilebis diferenciaciis

ganawilebis principebis, kavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebebis Sesaxeb

amgvari warmodgenebi safuZvlad daedo XVII-e saukuneSi warmoqmnil

konstitucionalizmis doqtrinas. yvelaze metad igi ganaviTara Sarl monteskiem,

xolo `ori traqtati saxelmwifo marTvelobis Sesaxeb~ gamosvlidan asi wlis

Semdeg adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia ganacxadebs:

`sazogadoebas, romelSic ar aris uzrunvelyofili uflebebiT sargebloba da

ar aris gatarebuli xelisuflebis danawileba, ar aqvs konstitucia~.

evropuli politikuri azrisTvis tradiciuli sakiTxi saxelmwifoebrivi formis

Sesaxeb loksac ainteresebda. marTalia igi ar aniWebda raRac gansakuTrebul

upiratesobas mmarTvelobis romelime ukve cnobil formas. mis mier

kategoriulad uaryofilia mxolod absoluturi-monarqiuli wyoba. mis simpatias

imsaxurebs SezRuduli, konstituciuri monarqia. lokisTvis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani iyo is rom saxelmwifos nebismieri forma warmodgeniliyo

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebidan da adamianTa nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobidan,

raTa mas hqonoda, `mmarTvelobis saTanado struqtura~, daecva individTa

bunebrivi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, ezruna yvelasTvis saerTo sikeTeebze.

loks kargad esmoda, rom ar arsebobs iseTi idealuri saxelmwifoebrivi

formebi, romlebic erTxel da samudamod dazRveulni iqnebodnen tiraniaSi

gadazrdis saSisSroebisagan _ wyobisagan, sadac adgili aqvs `xelisuflebis

ganxorcielebas samarTlis gverdis avliT~. rodesac xelisuflebis organoebi

(sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli - sul erTia) iwyeben samarTlisa da sazogado

Tanxmobis ignorirebas (ugulvebelyofas), gverds uvlian saxelmwifoSi miRebul

kanonebs, maSin xdeba ara mxolod qveynis normaluri marTvis dezorganizeba da

daucveli rCeba sakuTreba, aramed xdeba Tavad xalxis damoneba da ganadgureba.

xelisuflebis uzurpatorTa miswrafeba aseTi wesiT uzrunvelyon wesrigi,

simSvide da mSvidoba saxelmwifoSi. lokis mier uaryofa imaze miTiTebiT, rom

tiranTa sasurveli simSvide srulebiTac ar aris mSvidoba, isaa Zaladobisa da

Zarcvis yvelaze saSineli mdgomareoba romelic xels mxolod yaCaRebsa da

mCagvrelebs aZlevs.

21

im mmarTvelTa mimarT, romlebic TavianT xalxs despoturad marTaven, xalxs

mxolod erTi SesaZlebloba rCebaT-`SeRaRadon zecas~ da gamoiyenon Zala

`usamarTlo da arakanonieri Zalis~ winaaRmdeg. kanonis mixedviT, xalxs aqvs

ufleba gansajos, aqvs Tu ara mas sakmao safuZveli RmerTsa Tu zecas

SeRaRados da dalocva iTxovos tiranTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. lokis azriT

xalxis suvereniteti saboloo jamSi (da es yvelaze ukeT krizisul situaciebSi

Cans) ufro maRalia, vidre maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos suverenitetia. Tu

xalxis umravlesobas miCnia, rom saWiroa aRkveTos sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis damrRvev xelisufalTa Tavxedoba, maSin saxalxo ajanyeba,

mizniT daabrunos saxelmwifo Tavisuflebis, kanonis,, sazogado sikeTisken

moZraobis gzaze, savsebiT gamarTlebulia. xalxis ufleba ajanyebaze da

ZaladobiT moZalade xelisuflebis damxobaze ar aris SemTxveviTi ram lokis

doqtrinaSi.

lokma mravali idea da Sexeduleba ganaviTara axali istoriuli

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic inglisSi momxdarma revoluciam

moitana. amgvarad, isini gamosadegi gaxda imisTvis, raTa pasuxi gascemoda

momdevno XVIII-e saukunis politikur-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis maRal Teoriul

da praqtikul SekiTxvebs-anu ganmanaTleblobis saukunis da axali drois ori

yvelaze didi burJuaziuli revoluciis: frangulisa da amerikulis mier dasmul

SekiTxvebs.

Sarl _ lui monteskie. sociologiuri Sexedulebebi.

monteskies sociologiuri Sexedulebebi

1. sazogadoebisa da misi kanonebis Sesaxeb.

monteskie Tavidanve cdilobs sazogadoebas miudges

saero poziciebidan, is gadaWriT upirispirdeba

avgustines, romelic istorias ganixilavs, rogorc ori

_ miwieri da sulieri _ sawyisis brZolas. Aaseve

gagdaWriT uaryofs is Toma aqvinelis Sexedulebebs,

romelsac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba ,,RvTiuri nebidan”

gamoyavs da amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovreba,

saboloo jamSi, damokidebulia ,,RvTiur samarTalze”.

Mmonteskie aRiarebs RmerTs, rogorc samyarosaTvis

pirveli biZgis mimcems, amave dros uazrod miaCnia

RvTiuri gansazRvrulobis Zieba socialur movlenebSi.

Mmonteskie acxadebs, rom istoriisadmi Teologiur

22

midgomas pirdapir fatalizmisaken mivyavarT. Tu RmerTi yovelives ganagebs,

adamianebs aRaraferi darCeniaT garda imisa, rom dasxdnen gulxeldakrefili,

iyvnen pasiuri mWvretelni. Mmagram XVIII saukuneSi, gonis sayovelTao duRilis,

burJuaziuli revoluciis mzadebis periodSi, yvelaze zomieri da mSvidi

ganmanaTleblebic ki gadaWriT kicxavdnen adamianebs, romlebic urigdebian

socialur sicrues. ,,kanonTa gonSi” monteskie akritikebs fatalistur

msoflmxedvelobas: ,,moZRvreba bedisweris Sesaxeb, romelic yvelafers marTavs,

mmarTvelsac gadaaqcevs auRelvebel mWvretelad; mas gonia, rom ukve yvelaferi

gakeTebulia da mas saqme aRara aqvs”.

xelmwifis fatalizmze aranakleb saSiSia qveSevdromTa fatalizmi. monteskies

miaCnia, rom ubralo adamians ara aqvs ufleba xeli awios mbrZanebelze, magram

moraluri protestis, ara culiT, aramed kalmiT, Tavisi uflebebisa da

interesebis, legaluri uflebebiT dacvis araTu ufleba aqvs, aramed

valdebulicaa. despotizmTan Serigebuli moqalaqe kargavs moqalaqed wodebis

uflebas, gadaiqceva monad da zizRis Rirsia. mravalwliani ganazrebebis

dasasruls Tavisi mTavari naSromis winasityvaobaSi monteskie wers: ,,me daviwye

adamianebis Seswavla da vnaxe rom maTi kanonebisa da zneobis usasrulo

mravalferovneba araa gamowveuli mxolod maTi fantaziiT. Mme davadgine zogadi

sawyisebi da vnaxe, rom kerZo SenTxvevebi TavisTavd eqvemdebarebian maT, rom

yoveli xalxis istoria, rogorc Sedegi, gamodis maTgan da yoveli kerZo kanoni

dakavSirebulia sxva kanonTan an damokidebulia sxva, ufro zogad kanonze”.

amgvarad, frangi ganmanaTlebeli midis im daskvnamde, rom sazogadoebrivi

cxovreba kanonzomieri procesia, Tanac sazogadoebis kanonebi araa garedan

Tavsmoxveuli, aramed arseboben TviT masSi, rogorc calkeuli socialuri

movlenebis arsi. ,,kanonTa gonSi” Rrma mixvedraa, rom kanonebis obieqtur

safuZvlad miCneulia saganTa bunebidan gamomdinare aucilebeli mimarTebebi.

amave dros, monteskie sxva ganmanaTleblebis msgavsad pirovnebas aniWebs

socialuri demiurgis rols da socialur kanonebs Tvlis kanonmdebelTa

Tavisufali qmedebis produqtad. aq is faqtobrivad erTmaneTSi aurevs kanons,

rogorc samarTlis mecnierebis kategorias im sazogadoebriv kanonebTan,

romlebic ar arian damokidebuli adamianebis nebasa da cnobierebaze; monteskies

naSromebSi mravladaa kanonebis voluntaristuli, subieqtur-idealisturi

gansazRvrebebi. magaliTad, ,,kanonTa gonis” mesame TavSi monteskie amtkicebs, XVI

TavSi, sadac kanoni gaigivebulia kanonmdeblis dadgenilebasTan. yvela

socialuri ubedurebis mizezs monteskie xedavs imaSi, rom ,,kanonmdebelTa

umravlesoba Zalze SezRuduli adamianebi arian, romlebic SemTxveviT moxvdnen

xelmZRvanelTa Soris da iTvaliswineben, mxolod sakuTar Sexedulebebsa da

fantazias”. Uunda iTqvas, rom monteskie xSirad eWvobs sakuTari sexedulebebis

mcdarobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianTa sazogadoeba gveZleva qaosad,

23

urTierTgamomricxav nebaTa Sejaxebebis Sedegad. progresis idea aq

gamoricxulia. Mmecniereba sazogaoebis Sesaxeb aseve SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.

amgvarad, dasva ra sakiTxi sazogadoebis kanonebis obieqturobis Sesaxeb,

monteskiem, rogorc yvela sociologma XIX saukunemde ver SesZlo

Tanmimdevrulad daecva sakuTari pozicia. is mudmiv winaaRmdegobaSia,

socialuri kanonebi masTan xan obieqturia, xan subieqturia, e.i. xelovnurad

iqmneba kanonmdeblebis mier. monteskies subieqtivizmi im droisaTvis

antifeodaluri xasiaTis matarebelia, radgan sakiTxi exeba feodalur

urTierTobebSi Cakargul pirovnebas da mis reabilitacias. Mmas mxedvelobaSi

yavs ara feodali ,,yaCaRi,” an gandegili wmindani. is ufro maRla ayenebs

pirovnebas, romelic qmnis kanonebs sazogadoebrivi progresisaTvis, ganaTlebisa

da kulturisaTvis. Aamitom misTvis kanonzomierebis problema organul

kavSirSia kanonmdebelTa rolis problemasa da im rolis dadgenasTan,

romelsac sazogadoebaSi asrulebs adamianTa morali da moraluri

Sexedulebebi. Mmonteskie amtkicebs, rom adamianTa morals, erTi mxriv

ganapirobebs geografiuli garemo, meore mxriv ki arsebuli politikuri wyoba.

is aq ar icavs monistikur pozicias,Mmagram orive SemTxvevaSi awyobs

winaswargansazRvrulobis religiuri Teoria. saboloo jamSi, adamianTa zneoba,

monteskies azriT, efuZneba adamianis bunebasa da sazogadoebriv garemos.

sazogadoebrivi garemo masTan politikuri wyobisa da gabatonebuli

kanonmdeblobis igiveobrivia.

maSasadame, monteskie amtkicebs, rom zneobriv gansxvavebebs safuZvlad udevs

geografiuli da sazogadoebrivi pirobebi, Tumc is gamoricxavs klasobrivi

gansxvavebis faqtors. Mmisi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqturis

ignorireba susti adgilia monteskiesa da burJuaziuli revoluciis sxva

winamorbedTa naazrevSi. Aam mxriv frangi ganmanaTleblebi CamorCebodnen

burJuaziul ekonomistebs, adam smitsa (1723-1790) da davidD rikardos (1772-1823),

romlebic xedaven, magram cdiloben SeniRbon an sulac damalon sazogadoebis

struqturis ekonomikuri safuZvlebi. Ffrangi ganmanaTleblebi aseve CamorCebian

frang istorikosebs _ tieris (1795-1856), minies (1796-1884) da gizos (1787-1874),

romlebic cdilobdnen XVIII saukunis safrangeTis burJuaziuli

revoluciisaTvis SeexedaT klasobrivi brZolis poziciebidan. monteskiesaTvis

klasobrivi brZola aris politikuri principebis brZolis gamovlena. is

upiratesad saubrobs aristokratiis rRvevaze, vidre aristokratiis principze,

akritikebda ufro despotizms, vidre despotizmis ideas. Tumca monteskie ukve

grZnobs, rom ideebisa da principebis Sejaxebebis ukan dgas realuri

sazogadoebrivi Zalebis winaaRmdegoba, icis, rom demokratizmisa da

aristokratizmis principebis gansxvavebisas, demokratiis ukan dgas xalxi, xolo

aristikratiis ukan xalxis dammonebelTa mcire jgufi.

24

sazogadoebis progresuli ganviTareba monteskies sakmaod zedapirulad da

SezRudulad esmis. is cdilobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sawyisebs miudges

istoriulad. is Seecada gaeca pasuxi adamianTa sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos

aRmocenebis konkretul mizezebze. Aaq is mTlianad moqceulia bunebrivi

samarTlis Teoriis CarCoebSi (spinoza holandiaSi, hobsi da loki inglisSi) da

amtkicebs, rom Tavdapirvel, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamianebma ar ician

saxelmwifo da mxolod droTa ganmavlobaSi mividnen misi organizebis

aucileblobis aRiarebamde. amave droes monteskie emxroba bunebrivi samarTlis

mimdevrebs, romelTa Tanaxmad Tvdapirvelad cxovreba iyo mSvidi, megobruli da

mSvidobiani yovelgvari dapirispirebis, mtrobisa da urTierTxocvis

gareSe.Ppirvelyofili sazogadoebisa da adamianis idealizireba monteskiesaTvis

aris misi Tanamedrove feodaluri kulturis kritika.

pirvelyofil adamianebs, amtkicebs monteskie, ar sWirdebodaT erTmaneTTan

brZola. piriqiT, Zireulad iyvnen dainteresubuli mSvidobian urTierTobebSi.

maT sxva adamianebze batonobis survilic ki ar gauCndebodaT, radgan es

survilebi ufro rTul urTierTobebs ukavSirdeba. Aamitom mSvidoba da ara omi,

askvnis monteskie, iyo adamianis pirveli bunebrivi kanoni. Mmonteskies es

gancxadeba upirispirdeba im ideologias, romlis Tanaxmad omi adamianis bunebis

aucilebeli Tvisebaa.

meore bunebriv kanonad frangi ganmanaTlebeli Tvlis adamianis swrafvas

moipovos sakvebi. sazogadoebisadmi idealisturi midgoma xels uSlis

monteskies gaakeTos swori daskvnebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis

materialuri warmoebis rolis Sesaxeb. warmoeba mas esmis, rogorc

sazogadioebaze gavlenis mqone erT-erTi faqtori. monteskiesaTvis adamianis

sameurneo saqmianoba misive fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebidanaa warmoebuli. is

amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebis aRmocenebis erT-erTi mizezia yoveli cocxali

organizmis swrafva misi bunebis meore cocxali organizmisaken da am swrafvas

monteskie eZaxis mesame bunebriv kanons.

sami kanonis safuZvelze sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriis dacviT

monteskies gamoyavs meoTxe _ sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis survilis kanoni, anu

adamianis mier sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucileblobis

gacnobiereba, rac uSualod gamomdinareobs adamianis racionaluri unaridan _

gaakeTos daskvnebi, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi.

did interess imsaxurebs monteskies genialuri mixvedra pivelyofil

sazogadoebaSi kerZo sakuTrebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb. monteskie acxadebs, rom

uTxres ra uari bunebriv damoukideblobas, adamianebma uari uTxres qonebis

bunebriv erTobasac. Aamgvarad, kerZo sakuTrebas is ganixilavs, rogorc

istoriuli ganviTarebis SedarebiT gviandel prodiuqts. magram, radgan

monteskie momxrea kerZomesakuTruli urTierTobebisa, am mixvedridan monteskie

25

akeTebs rig damaxinjebul daskvnebs. kerZo sakuTreba masTan aris

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegi, e.i. damokidebulia iuridiul normebze.

monteskiesaTvis aseTi kerZo sakuTreba civilizebulobis gamovlenaa. is

cdilobs daamtkicos, rom sazogadoebrivi simdidred kerZoze primatis

aRiarebis drosac ki aravis ara aqvs ufleba CamoarTvas adamians misi

sakuTrebis iotisodena nawilic ki.

2. monteskies geografizmi.

cnobilia, rom geografiuli Teoriis bevri Tanamedrove momxre reaqciuli

Sexedulebebisaa. isini irwmunebian, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ver Seicvleba

geografiuli garemos cvlilebebis gareSe, xolo radgan es ukanaskneli sakmaod

neli tenpiT icvleba, cxadia aralogikurad unda gamocxaddes socialuri

revoluciebi.

monteskie sxvagvarad fiqrobs. Mman geografiul garemos mimarTa mxolod

imitom, rom daemtkicebina _ istoriis svla damokidebulia ara mxolod

RmerTze, aramed bunebriv mizezebze da amitom ara religias, aramed mecnierebas

SeuZlia gaigos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kanonzomierebebi.

rogorc aRiniSna ,,kanonTa gonSi” mTeli wignebi da Tavebi eZRvneba bunebriv

faqtorebs _ klimats, niadags da a.S. meToTxmete wignis saTauria _ ,,kanonebisa

da klimatTa Tvisebebisadmi maTi mimarTebis Sesaxeb”. aq detaluradaa

ganxiluli klimatis gavlena adamianebis xasiaTze, maT adaT-wesbsa da zneobaze,

saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis formebze.

klimatisadmi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ganmanaTlebeli imiT asabuTebs, rom

sxvadasxva klimatur pirobebSi gansxvavdebian gonis xasiaTi da gulis vnebebi.

civi klimati ayalibebs Zlier da e.i. ufro aqtiurebs, Sromismoyvareebsa da

mizanmimarTulebs. cxeli hava sizarmaces, sifaqizes, gulgrilobas uwyobs

xels. ramdenadme miamiturad, magram materialisturi poziciiT asabuTebs

monteskie adamianis sulieri cxovrebis damokidebulebas mis fizikur

organizaciaze. Mmisi msjelobis logika daaxloebiT aseTia: sicxe da sicive

saxes ucvlian sxeuls, sxeuli Tavis mxriv zemoqmedebs sxeulze.

amitom civklimatian qveynebSi adamianebi ufro Zlierebi arian, vidre cxel

qveynebSi. janmrTeli da Zlieri adamiani ufro endoba sakuTar Tavs, ufro

vaJkacia, usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT ufro TviTdajerebulia, ufro pirdapiria,

naklebad eWviania, naklebad politikania da eSmaki. ,,moaqcieT adamiani cxel da

Caketil viTarebaSi, is Zalze modundeba da moeSveba. Tu am viTarebaSi mas

mosTxovT raime vaJkacur nabijs, is aucileblad Seikavebs Tavs. Mmodunebuli

kaci kargvs sulier sifxizles, SiSiT uyurebs yvelafers, Tavs umweod grZnobs.

26

cxeli qveynebis mkvidrni moxucebiviT arian, civi qveynebis adamianebi ki

ymawvilebiviT”.

monteskie Tamamad svams kiTxvas saxelmwifos wyobis Sesaxeb, da imis Sesaxeb,

Tu rogor axdens masze gavlenas klimati. misi msjelobebidan Cans, rom

safrangeTSi gavrcelebuli mefuri despotizmi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba mis

klimats e.i. arabunebrivia. unda iTqvas, rom klimatze aqcents meore mxarecaa

aqvs. mas SeiZleba gaemarTlebina reaqciuli reJimebi, romlebic TiTqosda

pasuxoben kidec TavianT geografiul garemos. kerZod, monteskie amarTlebs

aziuri qveynebis politikuri TviTnebobas, irwmuneba, rom es cxeli havis

aucilebeli Sedegia. Aam da sxva msgavsi mcdari daskvnebis winaaRmdeg gamodian

XVIIIsaukunis materialistebi helveciusis meTaurobiT.

aranakleb Secdomebs uSvebs monteskie, rodesac exeba niadagis rols

adamianTa moralsa da socialur-ekonomikur wyobaSi. Mmisi azriT ama Tu im

qveynis teritoriis vake ganfeniloba ganapirobebs despotur reJims, maSin

rodesac mTagoriani reliefi xels uwyobs Tavisuflebas. zustad aseve,

monteskie Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom kunZulis mcxovreblebs ufro axasiaTebT

Tavisuflebisadmi midrekileba, vidre kontinentis mkvidT. ,,kunZulelebi _ wers

is _ Cveulebriv patarebi arian da aq Znelia mosaxleobis erTma nawilma

daCagros meore; didi imperiebisagan isini zRviT an okeaniT arian dacilebuli

da tirania maTgan ver miiRebs mxardaWeras; zRva gzas uRobavs dampyroblebs;

kunZulis mcxovrebTar ar emuqrebaT damorCileba, isini advilad inarCuneben

TavianT kanonebs”.

3. moZRvreba saxelmwifosa da samarTalze.

feodaluri saxelmwifos gaqrobis winaxanebSi safrangeTis burJuazia, pirvel

rigSi, daufiqrda saxelmwifo Zalauflebis bunebas. Mmonteskies sociologiur

problemebSi didi adgili ukavia saxelmwifos warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis

problemebs. mas ar sjera, rom saxelmwifo damokidebulia RvTiur nebaze:

Zalauflebis RvTiuri warmoSobis Teoriuli aRiareba migviyvans yvelaze

daxvewil Teologiur SexedulebebTan, rogorsac icavdnen ,,eklesiis mamebi” da

Toma aqvineli; politikurad ki samudamod amkvidrebs despotizms misTvis

damaxasiaTebel variaciebSi. SeiZleba daupirispirde saxelmwifoebriv

Zalauflebas Tu is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, rogori arasamarTlianic ar unda

iyos is? amitom ganmanaTleblebi, maT Soris monteskie, amodis xelSekrulebis

Teoriidan da amtkicebs, rom politikur wyobas qmnis ara miRmuri Zalebi, aramed

adamianebi, adamianebis interesebisaTvis. aniWebda ra gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas saxelmwifos warmoSobis biologiur da geografiul wanamZRvrebs,

monteskie amave dros darwmunebulia, rom saboloo jamSi saxelmwifo aris

27

adamianuri gonis produqti. Aadamianebma, gaiges, gaacnobieres, rom saxelmwifos

gareSe isini ver SesZleben normalurad arsebobasa da ganviTerebas da amitom

maT, bunebrivi mdgomareobis sapirispirod, upiratesoba mianiWes saxelmwifos.

magram, Tundac SezRudulad da formalurad is mainc amtkicebda, rom

saxelmwifo Zalaufleba arsebobs xalxisaTvis da Seesabameba mis xasiaTs.

monteskies ezizReba wyoba sadac masebi xmaCakmendilia. Mmonteskies miaCnia, rom

calkeul SemTxvevebSi SesaZlebelia da saWirocaa xalxisagan raRaceebi

iswavlo.

Mmonteskie miuTiTebs saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis sam ZiriTad formaze,

romlebsac, misi azriT, SeuZliaT garkveuli doziT Seasrulon aucilebeli

socialuri funqciebi; esaa _ respublika, monarqia da despotia. respublika

monteskiesaTvis aris mmarTveloba, romlis umaRlesi Zalaufleba mTlianad an

nawilobriv xalxis xelSia. monarqia mas esmis, rogorc erTi adamianis

mmarTveloba, rasac is axorcielebs kanonebis saSualebiT. rac Seexeba

despotias, is ganisazRvreba, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba, romelic srulad

emorCileba erTi adamianis survilebs da adgili aqvs kanonebis srul

ignorirebas.

respublikur wyobaze saubrisas monteskie icavs sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebs.

is amtkicebs, rom xalxs SeuZlia Rirseuli xelmZRvanelis arCeva da misi

kontroli. amave dros is winaaRmdegeba xalxidan gamosulebis xelmZRvanel

Tanamdebobebze daniSvnas. Ees unda gavigoT rogorc misi kompromisi

privilegirebul fenebTan mimarTebaSi. xalxi, wers monteskie, Zalze Wkvianurad

irCevs Tavis xelmZRvanels, visac andobs Zalauflebas. man icis, magaliTad, rom

viRac kargi meomaria da irCevs mas samxedro xelmZRvanelad, icis, rom viRac

samarTliani da patiosani mosamarTlea da yoymanis gareSe andobs mas am sferos

xelmZRvanelobas. ,,magram, SesZlebs ki Tavad Seasrulos raime didi saqme _

kiTxulobs monteskie _ Seiswavlos adgili, viTareba, SesaZlebloba, xelsayreli

momentebi, gamoiyenos es codna? Ara is amas ver SesZlebs...

iseve, rogorc moqalaqeTa umravlesobas SeuZlia iyos amomrCeveli, magram ara

aqvs yvela aucilebeli Tviseba iyos arCeuli, aseve xalxs SeuZlia

gaakontrolos sxvisi saqmianoba, magram Tavad Zalian gauWirdeba sxvisi

waZRola, negatiuri Sedegebi ki masve daubrundeba.

respublikis mTavar nakls monteskie imaSi xedavs, rom mas uSualod

xelmZRvanelobs xalxTa masebi, romelTa qmedebebi ganisazRvrebian ,,vnebebiT da

ara gonebiT”, amitom is upiratesobas aniWebs gonier monarqs, magram aRiarebs,

rom respublika rig SemTxvevebSi aranakleb kanonzomieria, vidre monarqia.

Ffrangi ganmanaTleblis am ideas qonda Zalze progresuli mniSvneloba.

28

miuxedavad ganaTlebeli monarqisadmi Tavisi TanagrZnobisa, msoflio istoriaSi

monteskie poulobs monarqiul wyobasTan SedarebiT resoublikuri wyobis

upiratesobebis dasabuTebebs. ,,sparsul werilebSi” is polemikaSia feodalur

istoriografebTan, romlebic verc ki amCnevdnen mmarTvelobis respublikur

formas. amisaTvis is mimarTavs ara mxolod Zvel saberZneTs, Zveli romis an

karTagenis istoriebs, aramed miuTiTebs, rom ganviTarebis garkveul stadiaze

italiasa, espaneTsa da germaniaSic arsebobda marTvis respublikuri forma.

Zveli saberZneTis istorias is uyurebs, rogorc monarqiuli Zalauflebisagan

berZeni xalxis TandaTanobiT ganTavisuflebis istorias. mxolod respublikaSi,

askvnis monteskie, SeiZines Zvelma berZnebma WeSmariti Tavisufleba da miaRwies

meurneobisa da kulturis aRmavlobas.

Mmonteskie winaaRmdegia safrangeTis monarqiis revoluciis gziT damxobisa,

magram iZulebulia aRiaros Zvel samyaroSi arsebuli revoluciuri brZolis

mniSvneloba. is aRniSnavs, rom Zvel samyaroSi respublikuri wyoba damkvidrda

monarqiis mxridan daundobeli winaaRmdegobis daZlevis Sedegad.

subieqturad, magram monteskies ar surs aseTi brZola safrangeTSi, aRniSnavs

kompromiss samefo Zalauflebis mxridan. burJuaziuli revoluciis momxreni

sxvagvarad afaseben mis gamosvlebs. isini swored monteskies Sromebze

dayrdnobiT asabuTebdnen safrangeTSi respublikuri wyobis damkvidrebis

aucileblobas.

,,sparsul werilebSi” gatarebulia mSvenieri azri respublikuri reJimis

ekonomikuri upiratesobebis Sesaxeb. monteskie Riad acxadebs, rom samoqalaqo

Tanasworoba xels uwyobs mosaxleobis keTildReobas, maSin rodesac

despotizms mivyevarT mosaxleobis didi nawilis gaRatakebamde. respublikaSi

qveynis simdidres mivyevarT mosaxleobis zrdisaken. ,,marTvis sirbile _ wers

monteskie _ saocrad uwyobs xels adamianis modgmis gamravlebas. Yyvela

respublika amis dadasturebaa, yvelaze metad ki Sveicaris da holandia, evropis

yvelaze cudi qveyana, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebTmaTi teritoriebis bunebriv

pirobebs, da mainc yvelaze metad dasaxlebuli qveynebia.

Aaraferi ise ar izidavs ucxoelebs, rogorc Tavisufleba da misi mudmivi

Tanmdevi simdidre: pirveli mimzidvelia TavisTavad; Cvens moTxovnilebebs

TavisiT mivyavarT meorisaken. A

adamianebi mravldebian im qveynebSi, sadac baraqa iZleva bavSvebis dapurebis

SesaZleblobas da rac aranairad ar amcirebs mSoblebis keTildReobas.

samoqalaqo Tanasworobasac ki, romelsac moyveba simdidris Tanasworobac,

baraqa da sicocxle Seaqvs politikuri cxeulis yvela nawilSi da avrcelebs

yvelgan.

29

Ees araa im qveynebSi, sadac gabatonebulia usamarTloba: mefe, samefo kari da

kerZo pirTa SezRuduli raodenoba flobs mTel simdidres, sxva yvela

siRaribis marwuxebSia moqceuli.

Tu adamiani siRaribiT ixrCoba da grZnobs, rom misi Svilebic uares dReSi

iqnebian, is arc daqorwindeba an Tu daqorwinda, Seecdeba cota iyolios

bavSvebi. Mmas ar surs, rom misi memkvidreebi masze dabla idgnen qonebrivi Tu

socialuri kibis safexurebze.

Mmonteskies es sityvebi pirdapir asxavs wyals malTusianelebis, wisqvilze,

romlebic amtkiceben, rom mSromelTa gaRaribeba Sedegia maTi zedmeti

gamravlebisa. monteskies esmoda, rom siRaribis mizezebi es ar aris, magram ver

Cawvda ideas, rom farTo masebis keTildReoba miuRwevelia garkveuli

socialuri wyobebis CarCoebSi.

mniSvnelovania monteskies ideuri dapirispireba safrangeTSi despotur reJimTan.

,,sparsul werilebSi” is atarebs azrs, rom frangi mefeebis arasamarTliani,

xalxTa masebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi aRemateba aRmosavleTis sulTanebisa da

fadiSaxebis tiranul Zalauflebebs. Tu sparselebi usityvod emorCilebian

TavianT monarqs, monteskies azriT, isini amas akeTeben daufiqreblad.

safrangeTSi ki mefis morCilebaSia adamianTa azrebic. eseni gaazrebulad

emsaxurebian TavianT despots, anu arian mefis monebi. Aamave dros, monteskies

azriT, masebi arsebiTad ignorireben mefes. Mmisgan momavali arc sikeTe da arc

boroteba ar sWirdebaT maT, mesame fenas. ,,Tundac rom aTma mefem, erTmaneTi

amoxocos xalxi veraviTar sxvaobas ver dainaxavs, sulerTia, TiTqos aqamde

aTiode suli Tanmimdevrulad ganagebda maT”.

frangi mefe yvelaze Zlieri xelmwifea evropaSi _ agrZelebs monteskie _ mas ara

aqvs oqros sabadoebi espaneli mefis msgavsad, magram sxva mefeebze meti

simdidre aqvs, radgan is unamusod Zarcvavs mTels xalxs, sxva xalxebis

gasaZarcvad eweva arasamarTlian omebs, awarmoebs TaRliTur finansur

operaciebs. frangi mefe, ironiulad SeniSbavs monteskie, erTnairi genialobiT

marTavs Tavis ojaxsa da Tavis saxelmwifos. is ajildovebs imas, vinc

emsaxureba safrangeTs, vinc mis winaSe warmatebiT mliqvnelobs, Tan es bolo

pirvels urCevnia.

,,sparsul werilebSi” monteskie akritikebs despotizms konkretuli faqtebiTa da

maTi ilustrirebiT, rogorc warsulis magaliTebiT, aseve misi Tanamedrove

epoqidan aRebuli fragmentebiT. ,,kanonTa gonSi” ki monteskie cdilobs

Teoriulad gamoaaSkaraos despotizmis uvargisoba, misi boroti buneba,

miuxedavad mmarTvelTa xasiaTisa. arcerT desptur saxelmwifoSi, acxadebs is,

30

araviTari kanoni ar arsebobs. Tumca kanonebi romc arsebobdnen maT realurad

nolze daiyvandnen, radgan ar arsebobs dawesebuleba am kanonebis dasacavad.

SeuzRudavi monarqi, rogorc wesi, Tavis Zalauflebas andobs matyuarebsa da

usindiso xalxs, romlebic nakleb fiqroben qveynis sikeTeze, ufro sakuTar

simdidreze. rac Seexeba TviT despots, is imdenad SeeCvia mliqvnelobas,

usindisobasa, umecrebasa da sicrues, rom kargavs yvela dadebiT Tvisebebs da

gadaiqceva amorolaur arsebad, cxoveluri instinqtebis tyved. Ddespotur

saxelmwifoSi, Tvlis monteskie, adamiani, romelsac yvela xuTi grZnoba eubneba,

rom is aris yvelaferi da sxva arafers ar warmoadgens, bunebrivia aris

zarmaci, umecari da gaxrwnili. Ddespoturi reJimi, amtkicebs is, igive

teroristuli reJimia, romelmac mxolod erTi gza icis _ moqalaqeTa daSineba.

amitom, askvnis monteskie, despotizmi ar aris myari da sicocxlisunariani.

,,kanonTa gonis” mexuTe wignis XIII TavSi monteskie despotur mmarTvelobas

adarebs luizianas Cveulebriv velurebs, romlebic nayofis mosawyvetad ZirSi

Wrian xes. Aase moqmedebs despoturi mmarTveloba, Tavadve Wris tots,

romelzedac Tavadve zis.

Ffeodalur-despotur reJims monteskie upirispirebs konstituciur monarqias an

respublikur reJims da lokis msgavsad anviTarebs Zalauflebis danawilebis

kompromisul Teorias _ Zalauflebas anawilebs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel

da sasamarTlo Zalauflebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelni arian.

monteskie darwmunebulia, rom Tu monarqi marTvisas ar Caereva sasamarTlo

funqciebSi, xolo sakanonmdeblo organo mxolod kanonebs daadgens da ar

marTavs qveyanas, feodaluri sazogadoebis yvela fena kmayofili darCeba,

kerZod, burJuazia ar gadaekideba mtrad aristokratiul elitas. Aam sakiTxSi

monteskie, lokis msgavsad orientirebulia inglisis 1688-1689 wlebis saxelovan

revoluciaze, rodesac gaformda klasobrivi kompromisi burJuaziasa da

feodalur aristokratias Soris. aseT kompromisze ocnebobda monteskie

safrangeTisaTvis. TavisTavad, Zalauflebis danawilebis Teoria progresul

rols asrulebda monteskies epoqaSi, radgan garkveuli doziT zRudavs monarqis

sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo uflebebs. Mmagram arsebiTad, qonda didi nakli,

radgan anadgurebda saxelmwifo erTianobis Zalas. aRmasrulebel Zalauflebas

aniWebda damoukideblobas sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebisagan da faqtobrivad

kontrolis gareSe ayenebda mas, xolo sakanonmdebl;o Zalaufleba gadaaqcia

organizaciad, romelic qmnis kanonebs, adevnebs yuuradRebas maT

qmediTunarianobas, Sesrulebas. Zalauflebebs Soris Cndeboda konfliqtebi.

Zalauflebis danawilebis Teoria frangi ganmanaTleblis kompromisis tipiuri

magaliTia.

Aaseve mozomili da kompromisuli xasiaTisaa monteskies mcdeloba principulad

ganecalkevebina monarqiuli da despoturi reJimebi. respublikaSi, irwmuneboda

31

monteskie, batonobs sikeTis principi, monarqiaSi _ Rirsebis principi, xolo

despotur reJims axasiaTebs SiSis principi. marqsi, erT-erT werilSi mkacrad

akritikebs monteskies am debulebas. monarqiis principia araadamianuroba da

monteskie ar aris marTali, rodesac Rirsebas monarqiis principad saxavs. is

cdilobs gaeqces siZneles, rodesac surs ganasxvavos monarqia, despotia da

tirania. Mmagram es erTi da igivea, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi miuTiTebs zneobis

sxvadasxvaobaze erTsa da imave principis CarCoebSi. sadac monarqiul princips

umravlesoba emxroba iq adamiani umciresobaSia, xolo sadac monarqiuli

principi eWvs ar iwvevs, iq adamiani saerTod gamqralia – Tvlis k.marqsi.

rodesac icavs monarqiis princips monteskie, demokrati rusosagan gansxvavebiT,

amodis burJuaziuli zedafenebis interesebidan. is Tavadac gulaxdilad

aRiarebs, rom SeuZlebelia moiazro monarqiuli mmarTveloba privilegirebuli

umciresobis gareSe, mdidari vaWrebis, mewarmeebis, didgvarovnebis arsebobis

gareSe. magram mTeli Tavisi klasobrivi SezRudulobis miuxedavad monteskie

aqac bevrad maRla dgas burJuaziis ufro gviandel ideologebTan SedarebiT. is

icavs burJuaziul-demokratiul Tavisuflebas da moiTxovs, rom monarqiuli

Zalaufleba mTeli pativiT moekidos xalxs. Mmonarqiis principi iwyebs lpobas,

amtkicebs monteskie, rodesac saxelmwifoSi maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT

didgvarovnebs, romelTac xalxi ar endoba, romelTac miaCniaT, rom yvelafriT

valSi arian xelmwifesTan da araviTari valdebuleba ar akavSirebT

saxelmwifosTan. Mmonarqiuli reJimi valdebulia misces yovel moqalaqes

politikuri Tavisuflebis minimumi. xelmwifem ar unda Seuracxyos moqalaqeebi

da ar unda daarRvios kanonebi. Tu xelmwife Tavs daayenebs kanonebze maRla, is

gadaiqceva despotad.

Ppolitikur TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebis

Sedarebisas monteskie aRniSnavs, rom zogierTs politikuri Tavisufleba esmis

rogorc SesaZlebloba daamxon is visac maTve mianiWes tiraniuli uflebebi, da

aseve Tavisufleba goniaT imis arCevis ufleba, visac Tavad unda daemorCilon.

Mmonteskies am gancxadebaSi safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis avtorebi

(magaliTad, marati, sen-Jiusti da sxvebi) xedaven safrangeTis mefeTa tiranuli

Zalauflebis Camogdebis ideur safuZvels.

TviT monteskie orientirebulia revoluciaze zemodan, progresul

kanonmdeblobaze. misi mTavari naSromi SemTxveviT ar iwodeba ,,kanonTa gonad”;

aq monteskie detalurad aanalizebs kanonmdeblobebis sxvadasxva formebs

istoriis sxvadasxva etapebze. is xazs usvams samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis

kanonebis absolutizirebis saSiSroebas, romlis Semdegac isini gadaiqcevian

saqmisaTvis uvargis da gayinul ramed. ,,adamianur kanonebs _ askvnis monteskie _

bunebrivad axasiaTebs sinamdvilis yvela saxecvlilebebisadmi daqvemdebareba”.

32

amiT monteskie gadWriT emxroba feodaluri kanonebis, rogorc moZvelebuli

kanonebis axliT Secvlis ideas, romlebic Seesabamebian mesame fenis interesebs,

sxva sityvebiT, safrangeTis burJuaziul saxelmwifod gadaqcevis interesebs. is

yovelgvari mikibul-mokibulis gareSe moiTxovs mxolod ,,kargi” kanonebis

Seqmnas, anu kanonebisa, romlebic emsaxurebian sazogadoebriv sikeTes. Tu

sazogadoebrivi kanonebi ewinaaRmdegebian bunebriv samarTals, prioriteti unda

mieniWos bunebriv samarTals. samagierod, Tu samoqalaqo kanonebi

winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndebian religiis kanonebTan, pirvels unda mieces

privilegia (monteskie aTeistia, is upirispirdeba Suasaukeneebis religiis

xasdiaTs).

,,kanonTa gonis” ocdameeqvse wignSi aris erTi Tavi saintereso saTauriT: ,,romel

SemTxvevaSi unda daujero samoqalaqo kanons, romelic gpasuxobs da ara

religiis kanons, romelic gekiTxeba”. Aaridebs ra Tavs devnas religiis mxridan,

frangi ganmanaTlebeli, formalurad aRiarebs ,,religiuri normebis sidiades,

Tumca iqve detalurad axsnis, Tu ratomaa aucilebeli saxelmwifo kanonebis

dacva yvela moqalaqis mier, xolo religiis kanonebisa morwmune adamianebis

mier nebayoflobiT da im zomiT, ra zomiTac isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian dadgenil

saerTo kanonebs. ,,religiis kanonebi _ wers monteskie _ ufro diadia,

samoqalaqo kanonebi ki ufro farToa. religiidan aRebuli adamianis srulyofis

kanonebs mxedvelobaSi aqvT ara imdenad sazogadoeba, sadac am kanonebs icaven,

ramdenadac am kanonebis mimdevari calkeuli adamianebis Tvisobrivi mxareebi;

samoqalaqo kanonebs ki piriqiT, mxedvelobaSi aqvT adamianebis zneobrivi

Rirsebebi zogadad, vidre calke adamoanisa.

Aamgvarad, ra Rirseulic ar unda iyvnen religiidan wamosuli kanonebi da

cnebebi, isini yovelTvis ver iqnebian samoqalaqo kanonebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo

da dasayrdeni, imitom, rom am ukanasknelis sawyisi sxvaa _ esaa mTlianad

sazogadoeba, misi sikeTe. aq frangi cxadad gamoyofs samoqalaqo samarTlis

principebs religiuri kanonebisagan da faqtobrivad am Temis logikuri

gagrZelebis Semdegi etapi iqneba eklesiis saxelmwifodan gamoyofis sakiTxi,

rac monteskies ideacaa.

Aaranakleb progresulad msjelobs monteskie kanonebis Sedgenis saSualebebze.

Aam problemas eZRvneba ocdamecxre wigni. Aaq gadaWriT iqna dagmobili

absolutisturi reJimi, rodesac batonobs ukanonoba. Aamave dros avtori ar

eTanxmeba kanonmdeblebs, romlebic kanonebSi xedaven raRac TviTneburs da

SemTxveviTs da gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs formalur mxares. Mmonteskie

msjelobs, rom ar Rirs kanonebis ganxilva miznisa da garemoebis

gauTvaliswineblad, romelTaTvis da romelTa gamoc isini arian Seqmnili. is

aRSfoTebuli kicxavs araadamianur kanonebs, romlebic arRveven moqalaqeebis

elementarul uflebebs; aseTi Zvel aTenSi iyo kanoni, romelic moiTxovda

33

qalaqis garmocvis (mtris mier) SemTxvevaSi daexocaT yvela moqalaqe, vinc

uvargisi iyo qalaqis dasacavad; es sazizRari politikuri kanoni Sedegia

aranakleb sazizRari saerTaSoriso samarTlisa; Zvel saberZneTSi dapyrobili

qalaqis mosaxleoba kargavda samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas da monebad iyidebodnen.

Ees kanoni iwvevda garemocvaSi myofi mTeli mosaxleobis sastik winaaRmdegobas,

maT kapitulacias sikvdili erCiaT. Aamgvarad, udanaSaulo adamianebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTul kanonebs ziani moaqvT, rogorc damarcxebulTaTvis aseve

gamarjvebulTaTvis.

Mmravali saintereso gverdi miuZRvna monteskiem inkviziciis tribunalSi moqmed

araadamianur iuridiul normebs. ,,inkviziciis sasamarTlo _ miuTiTebda is _

dakanonebuli qristiani berebis mier da organizebuli msgavsad monanie

codvilTa mimarT uzenaesi sasamarTlosi, miuRebelia yovelgvari saxis

samoqalaqo wesrigisaTvis. Mman daimsaxura sayovelTao zizRi da gaxdeboda

kidec mis mimarT agorebuli protestis msxverpli, rom ara misi momxreebis

unari SemoebrunebinaT protesti Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisad.

Ees sasamarTlo autanelia nebismieri mmarTvelobisaTvis; monarqiaSi is badebs

mxolod enataniebsa da moRalateebs; respublikaSi aCens usindiso adamianebs;

despotur saxelmwifoSi iseve damangrevelia, rogorc Tavad es saxelmwifo.

saboloo jamSi monteskie midis daskvnamde: kanoni unda idgas Tavisuflebisa da

yvela moqalaqis, miuxedavad maTi warmomavlobisa da religiuri mrwamsisa,

formaluri Tanasworobis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis

sadarajoze. es daskvna gaxda erT-erTi gadamwyveti lozungi momavali franguli

burJuaziuli revoluciisa.

Jan-Jak rusos

socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebani

rusos naazrevis mimarT dResac didia interesi. igi ara

mxolod sociologi,politologicaa.ruso literaturul-

filosofiur wrisaTvis cnobili gaxda mas Semdeg,rac

monawileoba miiRo diJonis akademiis mier gamocxadebul

konkursSi,Temaze: "xeli Seuwyo Tu ara xelovnebisa da

mecnierebis aRorZinebam zneobriv ganwmendas"? man

gaimarjva da sayovelTao yuradRebac miipyro.

dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxisas, ruso aidealebs warsulis

sazogadoebriv wyobas. "zneobis Sesaxeb bWobisas, - wers

igi -, SeuZlebelia siamovnebis gareSe gavixsenoT

34

pirvelyofil epoqaTa GCveulebebis simartivis suraTebi. esaa - mSvenieri

sanapiro, morTuli mxolod da mxolod bunebis mier da romelzec gamudmebiT

mimarTulia GCveni xedva da romelsac mudam uxalisod Sordebi. xelovneba da

mecniereba amtkicebs, ruso, arabunebrivia, ufro metic bunebriobis sapirispiroa

da TavianT warmoSobas adamianTa naklovanebebsa da mankierebebs unda

umadlobdes.

mecnierebisa da xelovnebis aucileblobisa da progresis uaryofa rusos mier

zogierTi avtorebis mier ganixileba rogorc reaqciuli. rusos SexedulebaTa

swori gageba ki Sexamebulia Tu dakvirvebiT ganvixilavT mis Sexedulebebs

kacobriobis pirvelyofil istoriaze. ruso mimarTavs pirvelyofil istorias,

raTa miswvdes adamianis namdvil bunebas. am mizniT igi aucileblad miiCnevs

moipovos naTeli warmodgenebi bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romelSic

imyofeboda adamiani manam, sanam daiwyeboda misi istoria. rusosaTvis "bunebrivi

adamiani"-esaa izolirebuli adamiani, romelic sazogadoebis gareSe cxovrobs. am

mdgomareobaSi adamianebs ar hqondaT araviTari saWiroeba urTerT daxmarebisa

da mxarSi amodgomisa,isini erTmaneTs ar saWiroebdnen. adamianebs ar

sWirdebodaT araviTari codan da Semecneba. "misTvis mxolod instiqtSi Sedioda

anu instiqti moicavda yvelafer imas, rac aucilebeli iyo imisTvis, raTa

ecxovra".

ruso dawvrilebiT ganixilavs cxovrebis pirobebs "bunebriv mdgomareobaSi"

midis daskvnamde,rom uTanasworobas - Tundac bunebrivs ar hqonia raime

mniSvneloba am mdgomareobaSi. am periodSi SeuZlebeli iyo adamianis mier

adamianis Cagvra. igi wers: "rasakvirvelia, adamians SeuZlia daeuflos nayofs-

xils, romelic sxvam mokrifa, nanadirevs, romelic sxvam mokla, gamoqvabuls,

romelic sxvisi TavSesafari iyo, magram rogor SeuZlia man miaRwios imas, rom

aiZulos sxva daemorCilos mas? da rogor SeiZleba iyo adamianebs Soris

damokidebulebis jaWvebi, romlebic arafers ar floben?". ruso gvixatavs

pirvelyofili wyobisaTvis Seuferebel da arc mTlad simarTlis msgavs Zlieri

adamianis suraTs, romelic aiZulebs susts raTa moupovos mas sakvebi. aseT

SemTxvevaSi Zliers mouxdeba arcerTi wamiT ar gauSvas mxedvelobidan susti,

xolo RamiT ki guldasmiT gakoWos,raTa ar gaiqces e. i. Tavis Tavze ufro met

Sromas iRebs, vidre imas,romlis Tavidan acilebac Zliers surda. "yvelasTvis

naTeli unda iyos,rom monobis borkilebi warmoiqmnebian mxolod da mxolod

adamianTa urTierTdamokidebulebebidan da maTi urTierT moTxovnisa da

urTierT saWiroebis gaerTianebisagan, amitom SeuZlebelia romelime adamianis

damoneba, ise Tu mas winaswar ar GavayenebT iseT mdgobareobaSi, rodesac mas ar

SeeZleba raime gaakeTos meore adamianis daxmarebis an urierTobis gareSe: am

viTarebas adgili ar aqvs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, da amitom TiToeuli

Tavisufalia am mdgomarebaSi uRlisagan, xolo ufro Zlieris kanoni iq ar

moqmedebs, ar aris namdvili".

35

TandaTanobiT pirvelyofilma adamianma SeiZina unari "im iSviaTi SemTxvevebis

gansxvavebisa rodesac saerTo interesebi saSualebas aZlevda mas hqonoda misive

msgavsi adamianebisagan daxmarebis imedi".aseT SemTxvevaSi " igi erTandeba maTTan

erTad erT jogSi anu yvelaze did Taviseburi saxis Tavisufal

asociaciaSi,romelic aravis araferSi ar avaldebulebda,aravis araviTar

movaleobas ar akisrebda da romelic arsebobda manamde,sanam arsebobda misi

gamomwvevi mokle vadiani moTxovnileba".erToblivi cxovrebis Gasaxulma Cvevam

warmoqmna ojaxi. TandaTanobiT yalibdeba adamianuri sazogadoeba.

rusos mTeli simpatiebi adamianuri sazogadoebis arsebobis sawyis periods

miekuTvneba: "manamde, sanam - wers igi - adamianebi kmayofildebodnen TavianTi

ubadruki qoxebiT,sanam isini ifarglebodnen da ikmayofilebdnen Tavs, imiT, rom

ikeravdnen tansacmels nadirTa tyavisagan xis an Tevzis Zvlis nemsebis

daxmarebiT, ilamazebdnen da irTavdnen Tavs frtebiTa da niJarebiT, ixatavdnen

tans sxvadasxva ferebiT, srulyofdnen da amkobdnen TavianT Svild-isrebs

wvetiani qvebis daxmarebiT gamoCorknidnen navebs an uxeS musikalur

instrumentebs, erTi sityviT, sanam isini mizdevdnen mxolod iseT Sromas,

romelic ar aRemateboda erTi adamianis Zalas, an iseT sarewebs, romlebic ar

moiTxovdnen mravali xelis monawileobas, isini cxovrobdnen Tavisuflad,

janmrTelad, kaTilad da bednierad imdenad, ramdenadac maT SeeZloT

yofiliyvnen aseTad TavianTi bunebis mixedviT, da erTmaneTs Soris

agrZelebdnen urTierTobebis siamebiT tkbobas, ise rom ar arRvevdnen maT

damouideblobas". am epoqas ruso yvelaze bednier da yvelaze xangrZliv epoqad

Tvlis kacobriobis istoriaSi." es mdgomareba msoflios namdvili ymawvilobisa

da axalgazrdobis xanaa, da mTeli misi Semdgomi ganviTareba warmogvidgeba

TiTqos da individis srulyofilebisaken mimaval nabijebad,sinamdvileSi ki -

gvaris gaxrwna da daCaCanakebisaken mimavali nabijebia".-daaskvnis ruso.

savsebiT cxadia,rom rusos mier simpaTiiT aRwerili szogadoeba dafuZnebulia

garemomcvel bunebis sakmaod ganviTarebul codnaze da xelovnebasac

icnobs.moazrovne TviTonve usvams xazs am moments,rodesac wers,rom "cekva da

simRerebi... iqca kacTTa da qalTa gasarTob saSualebebad"... am codnasa da

xelovnebis sawyisebs ruso sruliadac ar uaryofs.misTvis mankieria da

miuRebelia mxolod is codna da xelovneba, romelmac daangries aRwerili

sazogadoebrivi wyoba,moaxdines "udidesi sazogadoebrivi gadatrialeba", ris

Sedegadac "gaqra Tanasworoba, gaCnda sakuTreba, Sroma aucileblobad iqca;

tyis farTo masivebis jejilis yanebad iqcnen,romelTa morwyvac saWiro iyo

adamianuri ofliT da romlebzedac male daTesil iqna da mosavalTan erTad

amoizarda monoba da siRatake".

rusos moyvanili gamonaTqvamebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT,rom

mecnierebisa da xelovnebis miseuli gakicxva ar aris absoluturi xasiaTis.aq

36

SeiniSneba wyalgamyofi iseT ganmanaTeblis rogoric volteria da rusos Soris,

ganmanaTleblebi fiqrobdnen, rom mecnierebaTa ganviTareba bolos da bolos

avtomaturad migviyvanda socialuri usamarTlobis damxobasTan. aseTi pozicia

rusosaTvis miuRebelia.

bunebriv mdgomareobidan gamosvla, rusos azriT,aRiniSna imiT,rom adamianebs

Soris fizikuri Tu bunebrivi uTanasworobis gverdiT vlindeba uTanasworobis

axali saxe, romelsac ruso pirobiTs, anu politikurs uwodebs.

uTanasworobis warmoqmnis pirveli etapi iyo sakuTrebis gaCena, "pirveli, vinc

SemoRoba miwis nakveTi da ganacxada: "es Cemia", da ipova gulubryvilo

adamianebi, romlebmac es daijeres, iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis namdvili

damfuZnebeli. ramdeni omebisagan, danaSaulobebisagan, mkvlelobebisagan,

ubedurebebisagan da saSinelebebisagan daicavda adamianebis modgmas is, vinc

amoaZrobda sols an amoavsebda kvals - Txrils da SeuZaxebda xalxs

"ufrTxildiT am matyuaras mosmenas; Tqven daiRupebiT, Tu daiviwyebT,rom

dedamiwis nayofni - yvelasia,xolo TviTon ki - aravisia". - wers ruso.

sakuTrebis gaჩenam gamoiwvia adamianთa cxovrebis Rrma gardaqmna, gaizarda

bunebrivi uTanasworobis mniSvneloba da warmoiSva uTanasworobis axali forma

- mdidrebad da Raribebad gayofa. sazogadoebaSi Gndeba saSineli janyi da

bunti, adamianebi Zunwni, pativmoyvareni da borotni gaxdnen, warmoiqmneba mudmivi Setakebani, romlebic სruldeba omebiTa da mkvlelobebiT. aseT pirobebSi

"mdidarma bolos da bolos Seadginda aucileblobis dawoli Sedegad yvela

gegmaTa Soris yvelaze gaazrebuli,romelic ki rodisme gaCenila adamianis

TavSi: Tavis sasargeblod waremarTa imaTi Zalebi, vinc mas Tavs esxmoda, gadaeqcia Tavisi mowinaaRmdegeni sakuTar damcvelebad". mdidarma SesTavaza

xalxs SeeqmnaT sasamarTlo wesdebani da mSvidobiani sasamarTloebi, daewesebinaT xelisufleba, romelic mxars dauWerda saerTo SeTanxmebas. "yvelani

pirdapir borkilebs ecnen - wers ruso.- daijerეs ra,rom amiT uzrunvelyofdnen

sakuTar Tavisuflebas". magram Sedegebi amgvari SeTanxmebisa ucxo da sxva

aRmoCnda vidre varaudobdnen. sazogadoebam da kanonma "sustebs daades axali

borkilebi da axali Zalebi SesZines mdidars,gaanadgura bunebrivi Tavisufleba

da samudamod daadgina sakuTrebisa da uTanasworobis kanoni, moxerxebuli da

gaqnili uzurpacia gadaaqcies uryev samarTlad da uflebad da ramdenime

pativmoyvareTa sargeblianobis gulisTvis gaswires im periodidan moyolebuli

adamianTa modgma Sromisa, monobisa da siRatakisaTvis.

kanonebisa da sasamarTloebis gaჩena jer kidev ar niSnav saxelmwifos

warmoqmnas.ruso xazs usvams,rom axaldabadebul mmarTvelobas jer kidev ar

hqonda mudmivi formebi,magram ganuwyvetelma uwesrigobebma saqme iqamde

miiyvanes,rom adamianebs gauCndaT azri "miendoT calkeuli adamianebisaTvis

saSiSi nivTi - sajaro xelisufleba da magistratebisaTvis daevalebinaT

37

zedamxedveloba gaewia xalxis gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebaze". magistratebis

borotad gamoyenebam ufro gaaZlieres uTanasworoba - warmoiSvnen Zlevamosili

da daucveli-miusafari adamianebi. uwesrigobani sazogadoebaSi grZeldeba da

maT Soris - wers ruso - maRla swevs Tavis sasizRar Tavs despotizmi... esaa

uTanasworobis ukanaskneli sazRvari da ukiduresi wertili,romelic ketavs

wres da ekvris Cvens amosaval wertils. aq calkeuli adamianebi kvlav

Tanasworni xdebian,vinaidan araraobani arian".

"uTanasworobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb ganazrebebSi' ruso aviTarebs

saxelmwifos warmoSobis Teorias. saxelmwifos warmoSobas igi kerZo

sakuTrebis gaCenas ukavSirebs, aCvenebs saxelmwifos saqmianobis

ganpirobebulobas kerZo mesakuTreTa interesebiT. amasTan erTad ruso Zalian

Sorsaa saxelmwifos klasobrivi bunebis gagebisagan.misTvis saxelmwifo es aris

saerTo sikeTis-keTildReobis ganxorcielebis iaraRi. saxelmwifos mier

damsjeli funqciebis Sesruleba, rusos mier ganixileba, rogorc saxelmwifos

namdvili daniSnulebidan gadaxveva, rogorc mdidarTa SeTqmulebi Sedegi.

sakiTxis gamokvlevas, Tu rogor unda iyos organizebuli saxelmwifo, rom igi

pasuxobdes Tavis idealebs, rusom uZRvna Tavisi ZiriTadi social-politikuri

traqtati "sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb anu politikuri samarTlis

principebi". "sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi" rusom amocanad daisaxa "epova

asociaciis iseTi forma, romelic mTeli Tavisi saerTo ZalebiT icavs da

ifaravs pirovnebas da asociaciis yoveli wevris qonebas,da romlis wyalobiTac

TiToeuli pirovneba sxvebTan gaerTianebisas eqvemdebareba mxolod sakuTar Tavs

da imdenadve Tavisufali rCeba, rogorc adre iyo". mxolod aseT asociaciaSia

SesaZlebeli kanonieri da myari mmarTveloba.

mmarTvelobis dafuZneba Zalaze ar SeiZleba. Zalas ar SeuZlia Seqmnas

samarTali,xolo adamiani ki valdebulia daemorCilos kanonier xelisuflebas.

"mudam iqneba didi gansxvaveba brbos damorCilebasa da sazogadoebis marTvas

Soris.Tu erTeul adamianebs erTi meores miyolebiT da cal-calke imonebs erTi

adamiani, maSin rogoric ar unda iyos maTi ricxvi, me aq mxolod batonsa da

monebs vxedav da araviTar SemTxvevaSi xalxsa da mis meTaurs.es,Tu gnebavT.-

adamianTa grova da brboa da ara asociacia. aq ar arsebobs arc saerTo

keTildReoba da arc politikuri organizmi".

ruso amtkicebs, rom "yovelgvari kanonieri xelisuflebis safuZveli SeiZleba

iyos mxolod SeTanxmeba". SeTanxmeba aucileblobiT ideba adamianebs Soris

bunebrivi mdgomareobidan gamosvlisas. "me vfiqrob,rom adamianebma miaRwies iseT

zRvars, rodesac bunebriv mdgomareobaSi darCenis, an SenarCunebis

damabrkolebelma Zalebma gadaaWarbes im Zalebs, romlebic adamianebs SeeZloT

gamoeyenebinaT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi darCenis mizniT.aseT viTarebaSi es

38

Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba SeuZlebelia kidev gagrZeldes da adamianTa modgma

daiRupeboda, rom ar Seecvala mas Tavisi cxovrebis wesi".

adamianebs Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba ar aris SeTanxmeba mTavrobis arCevis

Sesaxeb. ruso mkacrad akritikebs hugo grociuss, romelic fiqrobda, rom

xalxs SeuZlia dauqvemdebaros Tavisi Tavi mefes. "maSasadame, grociusis azriT -

wers ruso - xalxi aseTia manamdec ki, sanam igi Tavs mefes dauqvemdebareb.

magram aseTi moqmedeba warmoadgens moqalaqeobis aqts; igi gulisxmobs xalxis

mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas. amgvarad, sanam ganvixilavT aqts, romlis

meSveobiTac xalxi irCevs mefes, kargi iqneboda gagvexila is aqti, romlis

ZaliTac xalxi xalxad yalibdeba, rameTu es aqti, romelic garduvalobiT

uswrebs win pirvels, sazogadoebis WeSmariti safuZvelia.

rogoria am aqtis Sinaarsi? arsebiTad igi,rusos azriT, erT pirobaze

daiyvaneba, saxeldobr "asociaciis yvela wevris mier sakuTar uflebebze uaris

Tqma mTeli Temis sasargeblod; rameTu, pirveli, Tu yoveli gascems Tavis

uflebebs mTlianad, maSin iqmneba Tanabari pirobebi yvelasaTvis. xolo Tu

pirobebi yvelasaTvis Tanabaria,maSin aravin ar iqneba dainteresebuli imiT,rom

es pirobebi sxvebisaTvis damamZimebeli gaxados".

uflebaTa es gacema-gaucxoeba, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs ruso, unda iyos

sruli,vinaidan Tu calkeul pirovnebebs darCaT zogierTi ufleba, maSin

uzenaesi xelisuflebis ararsebobis gamo, romelsac SeeZleboda gadaeWra kamaTi

maTsa da sazogadoebas Soris,TiToeuli, romelic Tavis Tavs miiCnevs zogierT

sakiTxebis garCevisas sakuTari Tavis msajulad, swrafad daiwyebda pretenziis

gacxadebas imis Taobaze, rom qceuliyo mosamarTled da msajulad yvela sxva

sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSic. amgvarad, bunebrivi mdgomareoba gaagrZelebda

arsebobas, da asociacia aucileblobiT iqceoda, an tiraniad, an fuW, amao

saqmed".

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegad xelSekrulebis damdebi pirebi iqcevian

erTian sazogadoeriv pirad." asociaciis es aqti yoveli xelSekrulebaSi

monawile calkeuli pirovnebis nacvlad dauyonebliv qmnis moralur da

koleqtiur mTels,romelic Sedgeba imdeni wevrisagan, ramdeni xmac aqvs

krebuls, -mTels, romelic TviT am aqtis meSveobiT iZens erTianobas sakuTari

saerTo-zogad me-s, sicocxlesa da nebas. am sazogadoebriv pirs romec

Sedgenilia yvela danarCeni pirovnebebisagan, adrindel periodebSi uwodebdnen

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, Tems, axla ki iwodeba respublikad, an politikur

sxeulad, Tavisi wevrebis mier saxelmwifod iwodeba, rodesac igi aqtiuria, da

suverenad, rodesac igi aqtiuria, xolo samefod, rodesac mas mis msgavs

gaerTianebebs adareben. monawileebi koleqtiurad iReben xalxis saxels, xolo

cal-calke ki iwodebian moqalaqeebad - rogorc suverenuli Zalauflebis

39

monawileni da qveSevrdomebad - rogorc saxelmwifos kanonebisadmi

daqvemdebarebulni".

xelSekrulebis dadebis Sedegad warmoqmnil axal mdgomareobas, ruso

samoqalaqo mdgomareobas uwodebs. aq ukve igi bunebriv mdgomareobas ise maRal

Sefasebas aRar aZlevs. Tumca samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi kargavs mraval

upiratesobebs, romlebic mas bunebisagan aqvs miRebuli, magram igi amave dros

iZens da jildovdeba sxva friad mniSvnelovani upiratesobebiT. misi unarebi

varjiSdebian da viTardebian, misi warmodgenebi farTovdebian, grZnobebi

keTilSobilni xdebian da mTeli misi suli iseT donemde maRldeba, rom am axal

mdgomareobis Secdomebs adamianebi xSirad rom ar dayavdes imaze ufro dabal

mdgomareobaze, saidanac igi gamovida, igi gamudmebiT unda adidebdes im wams,

romelmac samudamod gamoiyvana iqidan da romelSic gonebaClungi da

SezRuduli cxovelisagan Seqmna gonieri arseba - adamiani". aq aris gamoxatuli

rusos namdvili damokidebuleba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesisadmi.

mxolod borotmoqmedebas dayavs adamiani imaze dabal donemde, saidanac igi

gamovida - anu bunebriv mdgomareobaze dabla. am borotmoqmedebaTa aRmofxvras,

romlis gzebzac igi eZebs Tavis "sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebSi", SeuZlia

adamiani gamoyvana zneobrivi srulyofis farTo gzaze.

axali socialuri sitemis safuZveli unda gaxdes sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis namdvili realizeba da ganxorcieleba. "pirveladi SeTanxmeba, -

wers ruso - ara mxolod ar spobs adamianTa bunebriv Tanasworobad, aramed

piriqiT cvlis mas,rogorc pirovnebebis TanasworobiT kanonis winaSe da cvlis

yvela im uTanasworobas, romelic bunebam Seitana maT fizikur arsebaSi; da

Tumca adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen araTanasworni niWis, an Zalis mxriv, magram

isini uflebrivad Tanasworni xdebian SeTanxmebis Sedegad".

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare ruso hqmnis moZRvrebas xalxis

suverenitetis Sesaxeb. "mxolod saerTo nebas SeuZlia marTos saxelmwifos

Zalebi misi warmoqmnis miznis Sesatyvisad, romelic sayovelTao keTildReobaSi

mdgomareobs". yovel individs, rogorc adamians SeiZleba hqondes kerZo neba-

survili, dapirispirebuli,an gansxvavebuli saerTo neba-survilebisagan,

romelic mas aqvs, rogorc moqalaqes. am kerZo interesma SeiZleba ukarnaxos mas

sxva raime, vidre saerTo interesma.

am garemoebam SeiZleba migviyvanos yvelas nebasa da saerTo nebas Soris did

gansxvavebebTan. "saerTo neba - wers ruso - icavs mxolod saerTo

interesebs;yvelas neba ki kerZo interesebs da warmoadgens mxolod kerZo pirTa

nebis ganacxadTa jams.magram Tu am nebaTa gamovlinebebidan moviSorebT

urTierTgamanadgurebel da gamomricxvel ukiduresobebs, maSin darCenil

gansxvavebaTa Sekrebis Sedegad miviRebT saerTo neba-survils".

40

suvereniteti, rusos mixedviT, esaa saerTo nebis ganxorcieleba. aqedan

gamomdinareobs suverenitetis ori mniSvnelovani Tviseba - esaa ganuyofloba da

gausxvisloba. "me vamtkiceb, -wers ruso, -rom suvereniteti, romelic aris

saerTo sayovelTao nebis mxolod ganxorcieleba, arasdros ar SeiZleba

gasxvisebul iqnes da rom suvereni, romelic sxva araferia Tu ara koleqtiuri

arseba, SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnes mxolod Tavisi TaviT. gadacema

SesaZlebelia Zalaufleba-xelisuflebisa, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi nebisa".

suverenitetis gausxviseblobas ruso miyavs mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi

formis uaryofasTan. suvereniteti mdgomareobs gansakuTrebiT sayovelTaod da

saerTo nebaSi, romelic SeuZlebelia warmodgenili iqnes visme mier. deputatebi

ar SeiZleba xalxis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, isini mxolod maTi komisrebi arian,

romelTac arafris dadgea ar SeuZliaT savsebiT da sabolood". yoveli kanoni,

Tu igi uSualod TviT xalxma ar daamtkica, ar aris namdvili. igi srulebiTac

ar aris kanoni".

aseve kategoriulobiT amtkicebs "sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi"

suverenitetis ganuyoflobis princips."imave mizeziT, ra mizeziTac suvereniteti

gausxvisebadia, igi ganuyofelicaa, vinaidan neba-survili, an saerTo da

sayovelTaoa, an ar aris aseTi. igi, an warmoadgens xalxis, rogorc mTelis

nebas, an mxolod misi nawilisas". pirvel SemTxvevaSi es gacxadebuli neba aris

suverenitetis aqti da qmnis kanons, meore SemTqvevaSi esaa mxolod kerZo neba, an

magistraturis aqti; yvelaze didi rac mas SeuZlia mogvces esaa dekreti. ruso

Zalauflebis ganawilebis Teoriis momxreTa sastiki winaaRmdegia, rameTu mis

epoqaSi es Teoria feodalur da burJuaziul fenebs Soris kompromisis

gamoxatuleba iyo. ruso ki rogorc saxalxo mmarTvelobis Tanmimdevruli

momxre uaryofda yovelgvar kompromisebs. Zalauflebis ganawileba mas

warmodgenili hqonda rogorc fantastikuri arseba, romelic agebulia

sxvadasxva adgilebidan aRebuli nawilebisagan, romelTac sinamdvileSi araferi

saerTo ar akavSirebT.

suvereniteti vlindeba kanonebis gamocemaSi. "suverens aqvs mxolod

sakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba". wers igi.kanonis gansazRvrebaSi igi uwinares

yovlisa xazs usvams imas, rom kanoni aris sayovelTao nebis nayofi."brZanebebi,

gamocemuli erTi adamianis mier,vinc ar unda iyos igi - Tavisi Tavis saxeliT ar

aris kanonebi". magram kanonis mxolod genetikuri gansazRvreba ar aris

sakmarisi. "saerTo, sayovelTao neba, raTa iyos aseTi, sayovelTao da saerTo

unda iyos, rogorc Tavis obieqtTan ise Tavis arsebasTan mimarTebaSi, igi unda

yvelasagan amodiodes, raTa misaRebi iyos yvelasaTvis,igi kargavs Tavis bunebriv

samarTlianobas,rodesac igi mimarTulia romelime gansazRvrul da

individualur obieqtze".

41

saxelmwifoSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis gverdiT unda arsebobdes

aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebac. ruso amtkicebs, rom aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba

ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes mTel sazogadoebas, rogorc kanonmdebels, an suverens,

rameTu es Zalaufleba gamoixateba mxolod kerZo aqtebSi, romelzec ar arian

kanonebi da maSasadame ar exebian suverenis moqmedebis sferos, suverenisa,

romlis yvela aqti SeiZleba iyves mxolod kanonebi.

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda ekuTvnodes mTavrobas,romlis qveSac

rusos esmis "gamaSualebeli-Sualeduri organizmi, dagenili qveSevrdomebsa da

suverens Soris urTierTobisaTvis, romelsac aqvs uflebamosileba moiyvanos

kanonebi Sesrulebis mdgomareobaSi, Seasrulos da ganaxorcielos kanonebi da

mxari dauWiros, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise politikur Tavisuflebebs". ruso

usvams xazs imas,rom mTavroba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda agverios

suverenTan, mTavroba suverenis nebis mxolod da mxolo aRmasrulebelia.

mTavroba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad iqnes organizebuli: demokratiulad,

aristokratiulad da monarqiulad. sanam am formebs gavarCevdeT, manam saWiroa

gavCerdeT rusos mier gamoyenebul terminologiis Taviseburebebze.

"sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi" igi ganasxvavebs saxelmwifos or formas:

respublikas e.i. saxelmwifos, romelic kanonebis meSveobiT imarTeba

(igulisxmeba, rom kanoni sayovelTao nebis nayofia) da despotias, e.i.

saxelmwifos marTuls despotis mier, romelic Tavis Tavs kanonebze maRla

ayenebs. amasTanave aRniSnulia, rom despotia esaa gadagvarebuli saxelmwifo.

rac Seexeba terminebs "demokratia", "aristokratia" da "monarqia", mas ruso Tavis

"sazogadoebriv SexedulebaSi" iyenebs ara mmarTvelobis formebis

dasaxasiaTeblad, aramed mTavrobis organizaciis dasaxasiaTeblad.

demokratiuli mTavroba Sedgeba yvela moqalaqisagan, aristokratiuli

moqalaqeTa mcire raodenobisagan, monarqiuli ki erTi adamianisagan.

iyenebs ra "demokratiis" cnebas am viwro mniSvnelobiT, ruso kategoriuli

winaaRmdegia demokratiuli mTavrobisa.igi SeniSnavs, rom saxelmwifoSi,

romelsac aseTi mTavroba hyavs suvereni da mTavroba ar arian erTmaneTisagan

gayofili.aseT saxelmwifos, amtkicebs igi, faqtiurad arc hyavs mTavroba. "Tu am

termins aviRebT misi zusti mniSvnelobiT - agrZelebs ruso - maSin arasdros

arsebula namdvili demokratia da arasdrosac aseTi arc iqneba". amis

dasabuTeblad igi moixmobs mraval magaliTsa da siZneles,romelic

dakavSirebulia TviT yvelaze wvrilmani saqmeebis gadawyvetasTan, rodesac igi

wydeba moqalaqeTa saerTo Sekrebaze.

rac Seexeba aristokratiulsa da monarqiul mTavrobebs, aq saukeTeso arCevani

damokidebulia mTel rig faqtorebze.erT saxelmwifos pirveli Seefereba, sxvas

- meore forma.mniSvnelovania mxolod erTi: mTavroba unda moqmedebdes

umravlesobis interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT da ara sakuTari interesebiT.

42

principSi es advilad miiRweva aristokratiaSi. mTavrobis monarqiuli formisas

kerZo neba batonobs yvela danarCen nebaze da am gvarad Zalian didia imis

SesaZlebloba, rom respublika despotiad iqces.

ruso dawvrilebiT ganixilavs saxalxo suverenitetis ganxorcielebis

saSualebebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs. ar aris sakmarisi misi azriT, is, rom Sekrebilma

xalxma erTxel da samudamod daadginos saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba,sanqcia daado

kanonTa krebuls. aseve araa sakmarisi, rom man daadginos mudmivi mTavroba, an

erTxel da samudamod airCios Tanamdebobis pirebi. garda sagangebo

Tavyrilobebisa, romlebic SeiZleba gamowveuli iqnas gauTvaliswinebeli

SemTxvevebiT, aucilebelia agreTve,raTa arsebobdes perioduli Tavyrilobebic.

rogorc ki xalxi Seikribeba,rogorc suverenuli organo, mTavrobis

yovelgvari iurisdiqcia wydeba. mTavrobis mxridan suverenuli Zalauflebis

uzurpaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saxalxo yriloba iwyeba ori sakiTxis

ganxilviTa da maTze kenWisyriT:" nebavs Tu ara suverens SeinarCunos mTavrobis

arsebuli forma"? da "nebavs Tu ara xalxs mmarTveloba dautovos maT,

romelsac axla aqvT igi dakisrebuli"?

moqalaqeTa yrilobisaTvis "saxelmwifoSi ar arsebobs araviTari ZiriTadi

kanoni, romlis gauqmebac SeuZlebeli iqneboda, TviT sazogadoebrivi

SeTanxmebac ki araa gamoricxuli". "im momentSi, rodesac mTavrobam moaxdina

suverenitetis uzurpacia, sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba darRveulia da yvela

ubralo moqalaqe, romelTac ufleba aqvT daubrunden TavianT bunebriv

Tavisuflebas, iZulebulni da ara movaleni arian daemorCilon mas".

rusos sazogadoebrivi ideologia egalitarizmia. mxolod iq, sadac arsebobs

qonebis cnobili Tanasworoba, SesaZlebelia sayovelTao da saerTo nebis

warmoqmna-Camoyalibeba.Tavisufleba SeuZlebelia arsebobdes Tanasworobis

gareSe, xazs usvams moazrovne, amitom "arcerTi moqalaqe ar unda flobdes

imden SeZlebas, rom SeeZlos meores yidva da arcerTi ar unda iyos - imdenad

Raribi, rom iZulebuli iyos gayidos sakuTari Tavi:es gulisxmobs mdidrebisa

da didebulebis, qonebisa da gavlenis sididis SezRudvas". ruso ar fiqrobs,

rom qonebis SezRudvis aseTi kanoni gamosadegi iqneba yvela

qveynisaTvis,ramdenadac misi azriT, kanonebi saxes unda icvlidnen adgilobrivi

pirobebisa da mcxovreblebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ar SeiZleba

yuradReba ar miiqcios rusos ideam, imis Sesaxeb,rom Tavisuflebis

ganxorielebisaTvis araa sakmarisi mxolod politikuri Tanasworoba; ramac

Semdeg didi gavlena iqonia, rogorc social-politikur azris Semdgom

ganviTarebaze, ise safuZvlad daedo praqtikul saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas,

uwinares yovlisa kanonmdeblobis sferoSi.

43

amgvarad, rusoc agrZelebs "robinzoniadis" tradicias

sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi, romlis amosavalia izolirebuli individi. rusos

Tanaxmad adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi harmoniul damokidebulebaSia

bunebasTan. aq adamians ar sWirdeba arc myari sazogadoebrivi kavSir-

urTierTobebi, arc Sroma, arc goneba da arc morali. magram mas aseve

axasiaTebs TanagrZnoba da TviT Senaxvisaken miswrafeba. amitom gansxvavevbiT

hobsisagan ruso "oms yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg" ar Tvlis bunebriv mdgomareobad.

mosaxleobis zrda da geografiuli mizezebi iwvevs adamianTa unarebis

ganviTarebas, TanamSromlobisa da metoqeobis warmoSobas. axali unarebis

warmoSoba xels uwyobs axali moTxovnebisa da piriqiT warmoSobas, "sxeulis

bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis" gverdiT "sulis xelovnuri moTxovnilebebis"

ganviTarebas, bunebrivi anTropologiuri uTanasworobis politikuriT e.i.

sazogadoebrivi uTanasworobiT SecvlaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa kerZo

sakuTrebis dadgenam. kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobis pirobebSi adamianTa niWisa da

unarebis uTanasworobas mivyavarT sakuTrebiT uTanasworobasTan, romelic

Semdeg TviT axdens ganmsazRvrul zemoqmedebas sazogadoebaSi uTanasworobis

zrdaze. mqonebelTa da uqonelTa mudmivi Setakebani iwvevs ZiriTad mqonebelTa

da mesakuTreTa Soris samoqalaqo mSvidobis - zavis moTxovnilebas, rasac

uzrunvelyofs kidec sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis dadeba.bunebriv

mdgomareobaze dabruneba ukve SeuZlebelia. uTanasworobis ganviTareba gadis

sam - simdidrisa da siRaribis, Zlevamosilebisa da umweobis, batonobisa da

monobis - dadgenisa da dakanonebis etapebs. es ki ukve aris uTanasworobis

ukanaskneli safexuri da is zRvari, romelTanac bolos da bolos mivyavarT

uTanasworobis yvela danarCen safexurs manam, sanam axali gadatrialebani

sabolood ar gaanadgureben xelisuflebas, an da ar daaxloveben mas kanonier

dadgenilebebTan, sazogadod kanonierebasa da samarTalTan. amgvar kanonier

dadgenilebebs mxedvelobaSi mudam aqvs ori momenti: Tavisufleba, rogorc

adamianis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansazRvrebis gausxvisebadoba sazogadoebrivi

xelisuflebis saxalxo suverenitetis gauucxoebloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

TiToeuli CvenTagani saerTo sakuTreba - nebaSi gadascems da saerTo nebis

uzenaesi xelmZRvanelobis qveS ayenebs Tavis pirovnebas da mTeli Tavis Zalebis

Sedegadac TiToeuli CvenTagani iqceva mTelis ganuyofel nawilad.

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis mixedviT adamiani kargavs Tavis bunebriv

Tavisuflebas da SeuzRudvel uflebas imaze, rac mas xiblavs,izidavs da risi

daufleba mas ZaluZs. sanacvlod ki iZens samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas da yvelafer

imaze sakuTrebis uflebas, rasac flobs. saerTo neba ar aris yvelas nebis

igiveobrivi: xalxs, rogorc politikuri organizmsa da suverens SeiZleba sxva

interesebi hqondes, vinem calkeuli adamianebis interesTa erTobliobas,

amgvarad, yovelgvar politikur Zalauflebas kanonieri Zala aqvs mxolod

"pirveladi, Tavdapirveli SeTanxmebis" wyalobiT. yoveli mmarTveli mxolod

xalxis mier aris uflebamosili da ndobiT aRWurvili - memkvidreoba, esaa

44

xelisuflebianoba. mmarTvelobis yvelaze gadagvarebuli da maxinji formebis

Secvla xalxis, rogorc suverenis kompetenciaa, romelic drois yovel momentSi

uflebamosilia uari Tqvas nebismier sakanonmdeblo gdawyvetilebebze da miiRos

axali politikuri organizmi. rogorc yoveli organizmi mokvdavia misi

jamrTelobisa da arsebobis gagrZeleba SeuZlebelia. kargi da keTili

mmarTveloba da Tanas woroba. igi egalitaristia rusos idealia - patara

saxelmwifo, romlic maTSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeebis uSualo - sakuTari nebis

gamovlenaa da romlebic axorcieleben mmarTvelobis ulebamosilebebis

kontrols, maTi uTanasworobis aRmofxvris mizniT. igi moiTxovs qonebriv

Tanasworobas, qonebis akrZalvas. aseTi demokratiuli wyoba SeuZlebelia. ruso

ufro aristokratiisaken ixreba. swored is wyoba iqneba yvelaze ukeTesi da

yvelaze bunebrivi, rodesac brZenni marTaven umravlesobas. isini marTaven ara

sakuTari interesebis, aramed mTeli moqalaqeebis interesebis sasargeblod.

adamianTa zneobriv gadagvarebas xels uwyobs mecnierebisa da xelovnebis

ganviTareba, romlebic badebes pativmoyvareobas, romelic xels uSlis adamianTa

bunebriv yofaqcevas. rusosagan didad davalebulia mTeli organicistuli

sociologizmi.

robert Tomas malTusi

malTusis Tezisebi:

`mtrebi, romelTac me vebrZvi, mankiereba da siRatakea~.

1. malTusi ikvlevs siRatakis gamomwvev mizezebs,

amdenad igi sociologia. Tavisi Teoriis safuZvlad

arsebobisaTvis brZolis princips iRebs. sazogadoeba

esaa arsebobisaTvis konkurenciuli brZola,

arsebobis uflebaze poziciebis garkveva, sadac

yovelgvari kompromisis gareSe, Zlierni ikaveben

sustebis adgils. arsebobisaTvis brZola

gansazRvravs socialur moZraobas da saerTod

socialur yofierebas.

2. malTuss ZiriTadad icnoben gaxmaurebuli

Sromis `xalxTmosaxleobis zrdis kanonis~ mixedviT.

ra aris malTusis Teoriis ZiriTadi problema? esaa

pirvel rigSi sazogadoebis arsebis, misi moZraoba-

45

cvalebadobis xasiaTis, sazogadoebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis gansazRvra, ise

rogorcsazogadoebrivi yofierebis Seswavla, misdami diagnosis dasmis da mis

viTarebaTa gaumjobesebis gzebis Zieba.

3. malTusis Teoriis ZiriTadi kiTxvebia _ ra gansazRvravs sazogadoebis

ganviTarebas? sad da raSi unda veZeboT adamianis yofis da socialuri

cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi? ra iwvevs sazogadoebis paTologias? sadaa

socialuri yofierebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis moSlis saidumloeba da rogor

unda davaRwioT Tavi socialuri paTologias? es is kiTxvebia, romlebic yovel

socialur Teorias amoZraveben da romelTa meSveobiT Teoria socialur

moZRvrebaTa rigSi ikavebs adgils.

4. malTusis Teoriis ZiriTadi amosavali problemaa siRatake, romelic

adamianTa sazogadoebis anomaliurobis maCvenebelia. siRatakis faqtis

arsebobidan amosvliT, malTusi cdilobs daadginos misi mizezebi. biZgi,

stimuli Tu sababi saidanac sawyisi miiRo malTusis Ziebebma, esaa socialuri

paTologia (simaxinje), gamoxatuli siRatakeSi. amitom malTusis mizania,

gaarkvios, ra iwvevs siRatakes, mankierebas, ubedurebas da rogor unda eSvelos

sazogadoebis mankierebas.

5. malTusis Txzuleba `xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis gamocdileba~ _ iwyeba

swored sakiTxis dayenebiT. `adamianma, romelsac moundeba daadginos, rogori

iqneba sazogadoebis momavali ganviTareba, bunebrivad unda gamoikvlios ori

sakiTxi: 1. ra mizezebi ayovnebdnen aqamde adamianis warmatebebs, anu misi

keTildReobis ganviTarebas? 2. ramdenad SeiZleba Cveni ganviTarebis

Semferxebeli mizezebis nawilobriv an mTlianad ugulebelyofa?

6. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi arc religiaSi arc

geografiul determinizmSi unda veZioT, arc raime utopiasa da revoluciaSi.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli bunebriv istoriaSi, pirvel rigSi

mosaxleobaSi unda veZeboT. sazogadoebis arsebobis yovel safexurze, misi

normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saWiroa mosaxleobis garkveuli optimaluri

odenoba, romelic dgindeba sazogadoebaSi mosaxleobis simravlisa da saarsebo

saSualebaTa Tanafardobis kanoniT. swored es kanoni gansazRvravs

sazogadoebis ganviTarebas. rogoricaa es Tanafardoba, iseTivea sazogadoebac.

7. am kanonis arsi ki isaa, rom yvela cocxal arsebas axasiaTebs mudmivi

swrafva, gamravldes ufro swrafad, vidre misgan gankargulebaSi arsebuli

saarsebo saSualebani~. magram am swrafvas Tavisebur ganmsazRvrel da

maregulierebel faqtorad evlineba, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganmapirobebeli,

arsebobis saSualebaTa warmoeba. mosaxleobis gamravlebis regulirebas

arsebobis saSualebaTa odenoba axdens. magram gamravlebisadmi Cveni Seukavebeli

midrekilebebi arRvevs am Tanafardobas xalxTmosaxleobasa da arsebobis

saSualebebs Soris da warmoiSoba Warbi mosaxleoba. mosaxleobis zrda uswrebs

saarsebo saSualebaTa zrdas.

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8. sazogadoebis arsebobis da ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli pirveli kanoni

gvauwyebs: `Cven SegviZlia ueWvelad CavTvaloT, rom Tu mosaxleobis

gamravlebas araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeba, maSin is ormagdeba yovel

ocdaxuT weliwadSi da izrdeba geometriuli progresiiT~.

9. meore kanoni gvauwyebs: rom mosaxleobis gamravleba gardauvlad

ganisazRvreba arsebobis saSualebebiT da rom mosaxleoba izrdeba arsebobis

saSualebebTan erTad. mosaxleobis zrdas gaaCnia dabrkolebani, romelnic

advilad aRqmadia. am debulebas malTusi ase gamoxatavs: es dabrkolebani, ise

rogorc yvela sxva, romelnic mosaxleobis dones arsebobis saSualebebze

dabla ayeneben: moraluri moTokva, mankiereba da siRatakea.

axali drois, XVII – XVIII saukunis me qanisturi msoflmxedveloba.

,,socialuri fizika"

me-18-e saukunis filosofosTa mniSvnelovani nawili, Cveulebriv sazogadoebas

ganixilaven adamianTa ara rogor bunebriv, TanSobil mdgomareobas, aramed

rogorc xelovnur warmonaqmns. mag.: hobsisa da spinozas sazogadoebis

meqanistur gagebas Cven vpoulobT me-17-e saukunis TiTqmis yvela moazrovnesTan

azriT, adamianTa pirveladi bunebrivi mdgomareoba – esaa `omi yvelasi yvelas

winaaRmdeg~ [bellum omnium contra omnes]. adamianebi am mdgomareobaSi ar qmnian

sazogadoebas, cxovroben izolirebulad da ganuwyvetliv omoben da ibrZvian

erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg. magram am gaWirvebuli mdgomareobis, rodesac `adamiani

adamianisTvis mgelia~ - `homo homini lupus est ~ aRmosafxvrelad, adamianebi

deben urTierTSoris xelSekrulebas sazogadoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb da avaleben

romelime kanonmdebels gamoimuSaos kanonebi. kanonmdebeli is genialuri

konstruqtoria, romelic kanonebis daxmarebiT cocxali socialuri

atomebisagan – adamianebisagan qmnis raRac rTul meqanizms – saxelmwifos,

romelSic am socialur atomTa – adamianTa sulisCamdgmeli vnebebi da

instinqtebi, urTierTs awonasworeben da yvela adamianTaTvis saerTo

sargeblobis motanis saqmes emsaxurebian. sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZvelia

politikuri kanonebi. Tu sxvadasxva xalxebSi Cven vxvdebiT sazogadoebis

gansxvavebul formebs, maSin maTi arseboba aixsneba imiT, rom TiToeul xalxs

hyavda Tavisi kanonmdebeli, romelmac maT Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli kanonebi.

amgvarad, me-17-e saukunis moazrovneebi mTlianad aigiveben erTmaneTTan

sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos.

sazogadoebis meqanisturi koncefcia Seicavda mTel rig siZneleebs, romelsac

gamudmebiT ejaxeboda me-17-e saukunis socialuri filosofia. am epoqis bunebis

mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis, garda meqanisturobisa, damaxasiaTebelia

agreTve bunebaSi arsebuli wesrigis ucvlelobis rwmena. buneba absoluturad

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ucvlelia, sanam arsebobs, manam igi ucvleli rCeba. radgan TviT adamiani da

adamianTa sazogadoeba ganixileba rogorc bunebis wesrigis nawili, maSin

adamianuri sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi iseTive uryevi da maradiuli unda

iyos rogorc maradiuli da ucvleli mTeli bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

wesrigi. aseTia is daskvna, romelTanac gardauvalobiT midian me-17-e saukunis

moazrovneebi. magram rogor unda movagvaroT adamianuri sazogadoebis erTiani

da ucvleli wesrigis es idea kacobriobis namdvil cxovrebasTan, sadac

araferia ucvleli, sadac sazogadoebis formebi usasrulod cvalebadi da

mravalgvaria? esaa siZnele, romlis gadalaxvac ar SeeZloT me-17-e saukunis

moazrovneebs. isini am siZnelidan gamosvlas cdolobdnen Semdegnairad: adamiani

moqmedebs Tavisi bunebrivi wesrigis kanonTa Sesatyvisad mxolod maSin, rodesac

igi xelmZRvanelobs gonebis xmiT da SeuZlia am kanonTa Secnoba. magram

ramdenadac adamiani gaunaTlebelia da am kanonTa Secnobac yovelTvis ar

ZaluZs, amdenad mas SeuZlia kidec am wesrigis ucvlel kanonTa darRvevac.

marTalia, kanonebisadmi amgvari daumorCilebloba mas mraval tanjvasa da

gansacdels umzadebs. saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis dRemde istoriulad arsebuli

yvela forma warmoadgens kanonmdebelTa warumatebel mcdelobas, ipovon

saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis is WeSmariti, absoluturi forma, romelsac

gvkarnaxobs bunebis realuri kanonebi da romelic gvaZlevs kacobriobis mieri

bednierebis miRwevis garantias. am TavlsazrisiT udgebian istorias me-17-e

saukunis filosofosebi. yoveli saxelmwifos istoria, maTi azriT: mxolod imis

istoriaa, Tu rogor Seqmna romelime kanonmdebelma am sazogadoebis kanonebi da

Tu rogori, maTi arasrulyofilebis gamo, gadauxvia am sazogadoebam Tavisi

pirveladi principisagan da iwyo daSla. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, Tu

saxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmi Seqmnilia ufro moxerxebulad da warmatebiT, maSin

mas zogierTi gadaxvevebisa da zigzagebis Semdeg ZaluZs daubrundes Tavis

pirvelad princips da daiwyos cxovreba TiTqosda xelaxla, Tavidan. amgvarad

evoluciis idea, romelic Zevs XIX-XX-is mecnierebis safuZvelSi da romlis

mixedviTac sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT viTardeba erTi formidan meoreSi,

savsebiT ucxoa me-17-e saukunis filosofisTa statikuri

msoflmxedvelobisaTvis.

maTi azriT, istoriis Seswavlas SeiZleba azri hqondes mxolod imdenad,

ramdenadac igi gvaCvenebs Tu rogor ar unda avagoT sazogadoebis Senoba da Tu

rogor tanjva-wvalebasTan miyavs kacobrioba saxelmwifos amgvari agebis

warumatebel cdebs. piriqiT, idealuri sazogadoebrivi wyoba SeiZleba Secnobil

iqnas abstraqtuli gziT. deduqciurad iqnes gamoyvanili adamianis bunebis

maradiuli da ucvleli Tvisebebisagan. Tu me-17-e saukunis filosofosTa

sociologiuri koncefciebis amosaval punqtebs SevapirispirebT maTgan

gamomdinare daskvebTan, maSin SevamCnevT, yvela maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

winaaRmdegobas. maTi amosavali punqtebi Tu sawyisebi meqanistur-

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materialisturia: maTi ZiriTadi wanamZRvaria – determinizmi, romlisTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia adamianSi nebis Tavisuflebis arsebobis uaryofa da imis

aRiareba, rom adamianis neba iseve gapirobebulia da misi saqmianobac iseve

kanonzomieria, rogorc gapirobebulia da kanonzomieria materialur sxeulTa

moZraoba. aseve materialisturia Sexedulebac sazogadoebrivi wyobisa da

wesrigis, rogorc bunebis materialuri wesrigis nawilis Taobaze; aseve

materialisturia socialuri kanonebis rogorc bunebis zogadi kanonebis

gamovlenis ganxilvisadmi miswafebac.

magram ras vxedavT Semdeg, rodesac filosofosebi ejaxebian konkretul-

istoriul sinamdviles? maSin vgebulobT, rom adamianebs SeuZliT daemorCilon

Tavis bunebriv kanonebs da arc daemorCilon maT ucodinrobisa Tu

gaunaTleblobis gamo. marTalia, yoveli Cveulebrivi adamiani, mkacrad

eqvemdebareba Tavisi vnebebisa da grZnobebis brZanebas, magram maTze maRldeba

kanonmdebeli. igi flobs arCevanis cnobil Tavisuflebas, _ bunebrivi wesrigis

kanonTa gagebisa da codnis miRweuli donis Sesatyvisad kanondebels SeuZlia

daadginos saxelmwifos esa Tu is forma. amgvarad, sazogadoeba – saxelmwifo

gvevlineba ara rogorc nivTTa bunebrivi wesrigis kanonTa ZaliT bunebrivad –

wermoqmnili ram, aramed rogorc raRac xelovnuri qmnileba, romelic

kanonmdeblis Tavisufali Semoqmedebis produqtia. amasTan dakavSirebiT

adamianTa sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi da wyobac arsebiTad sxva ramea, vidre

bunebis bunebrivi wesrigi. maT bunebrivi wesrigis qveS esmodaT raRac

saukuneebidan saukuneebamde namvilad arsebuli ram, mag. esaa namdvilad

arsebuli mzis sistema, masSi maradiulad moZravi sxulebiT. kacobriobis

cxovrebaSi ki, piriqiT, namdvilad arsebuli aRmoCnda sazogadoebis.

saxelmwifos istoriulad warmavali da aranamdvili formebi, romlebic

warmoiSvnen kanonmdebelTa umecrebis, gaunaTleblobisa da Secdomebis Sedegad.

adamianTa sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi, faqtobrivad aRmoCnda raRac iseTi

ram, romelic mxolod maSin ganxorcieldeba, rodesac mogvevlineba iseTi

kanonmdebeli, romelic SeZlebs Seicnos da praqtikulad gamoiyenos

adamianisaTvis am yvelaze keTilsasurveli, WeSmaritad erTaderTi wyobisa da

wesrigis kanonebi. maSasadame, sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi aRmoCnda iseTi

ram, romelic mxolod unda ganxorcieldes adamianuri gonebis brZanebis

Tanaxmad. amiT igi arsebulis sferodan jerarsis sferoSi gadaitaneba.

Tanac ar arsebobs TviT nivTTa bunebaSi Cadebuli raime bunebrivi aucilebloba,

romelic adre Tu gvian migviyvanda am bunebis wesrigis Sesatyvisi sazogadoeba –

saxelmwifos ganxorcielebasTan. es ukanaskneli kanonmdeblis Tavisufali

gadawyvetilebis saqmea. bednieri SemTxveviToba iqneboda, rom bunebrivi wesrigis

moTxovnis Sesatyvisi saxelmwifo Seqmniliyo me-18-e s-Si. aseTi saxelmwifo

SeiZleboda mravali aseuli da aTaswleulis winaTac warmoqmniliyo, rom

gamoCeniliyo maSin genialuri kanonmdebeli da ganexorcielebina igi

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cxovrebaSi. sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi aRmoCnda ara mxolod iseTi ram rac

jerars, aramed iseTi jerarsi, romelic mocemul momentSi ar gamomdinareobs

TviT arsebulis ganviTarebis Sinagani aucileblobisagan, da geniosis

Tavisufali Carevis saqmes warmoadgens. kacobriobis mTeli istoria

warmogvidgeba rogorc wyvdiadSi xetiali, kanonmdebelTa mieri bunebrivi

wesrigis kanonTa daZebnis warumatebel mcdelobasTan erTad da es gagrZeldeba

manam, sanam uceb ar gaielvebs vinmes TavSi genialuri azri da kacobrioba

sabolood ar daaRwevs Tavs mojadoebul wres da ar ganaxorcielebs im

erTaderT sazogadoebriv wyobas, romelic Seesabameba adamianisa da sagnebis

bunebas.

amgvarad Cven ukve mivediT savsebiT idealistur daskvnasTan, sazogadoebis

bunebrivi wesrigi da wyobileba aRmoCnda jerarsuli da kanonmdeblis

Tavisufali nebis gansaxorcielebeli aqti, romelic araa gapirobebuli

bunebrivi kanonzomierebis mier. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom calkeul moazrovneTa

Sexedulebebis erTmaneTTan sruli gaigiveba ar SeiZleba, ar iqneba swori,

rameTu erTTan es winaaRmdegoba vlindeba ufro primitiuli da gulubryvili

formiT, xolo meoresTan ki dafaruli saxiT. me-17-e saukunis filosofosebidan

mkacri determinizmis xazs yvelaze Tanmimdevrulad atarebs spinoza. masTan

gonebis umecrebac da gamoRviZebac erTnairadaa gapirobebuli saganTa bunebrivi

kanonzomierebebiT. magram spinozamac ver SesZlo mojadoebuli wris garRveva.

man ver SeZlo eCvenebina is bunebrivi kanonzomiereba, romelsac mivyavarT

gonebiseuli wesrigis da wyobis ganxorcielebasTan. amitom masTan arc ki

gvxvdeba raime miniSnebac ki sazogadoebrivi formebs ganviTarebis bunebriv

kanonzomierebebze