Rep Skagerrak Cw Dump

8/3/2019 Rep Skagerrak Cw Dump

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REPORT ON SEA DUMPING OF CH~CAL WEAPONSBY THE UNITED KINGDOMIN THE SKAGGERRAK WATERS

POST WORLD WAR TWO


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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SUMMARY1. Following the cessation of hostilities in 1945, steps weretaken to demilitarize Germany and to dispose of its,war materialand potential war industry. As part of this process stocks ofGerman cw munitions and bulk agent discovered in the British Zoneof Germany were disposed of between 1945 and 1947.2. The process of disposal was carried out under the generalinter-allied agreements at Potsdam in July-August 1945 andsubsequent Allied discussions through the Allied Control Councilbased in Berlin as part of the Allies mechanism for thedisarmament and control of Germany. However, there isno evidence that the detailed mechanics of the disposals of CWmuni tions , particularly the locations at which the differentAllies dumped CW and conventional munitions, or the form in whichthe dumping took place, was ever the subj ect of inter-allieddiscussions or agreements.3. The British disposal programme for German CW munitions ranfrom mid-1945 until late 1947 at the end of which some 120,000tons of CW charged munitions had been disposed of from theBritish Zones of control plus, it appears, some smaller amountsfrom the French and American Zones which Britain disposed of fortheir allies. In addition a considerable quantity of 'bulk CWagent' was destroyed in situ by burning. The majority of thecharged munitions were disposed of by sea-dumping, loaded insidethe hulls of surplus ships which were then scuttled in deepwater. The locations of these scuttlings as far as Britishaction in the area is concerned was the Skagerrak, with two mainsites being used within the general area of the followingco-ordinates.

a. 58 05 N to 58 25 N, 09 15 E to 09 40 E.b. 58 05 N to 58 15 N, 10 30 E to 10 55 E.

(Note: this is based on the locations of known hulks recorded inthe Hydrographer's papers and reflected on the chart includedwith this Report). These areas conform with contemporaryrecords, the testimony of a British naval officer at the time,and with a recent Swedish statement passed to Britain by theDanish naval authorities, of vessels being scuttled "east of theSkaw, where the Kattegat and Skagerrak waters join". Accordingto British Naval records, this term is used to describe the areato the east of Skorgen on the northern tip of Jutland which isjust to the south of the most easterly hulk scuttlingarea - 'b' above).4. It is clear from contemporary records that the Norwegianauthorities were consulted at the time over the areas in whichscuttling was to be carried out and that they were advised ofboth the detailed locations of British CW scuttlings, and of thecargoes carried. In addition there was liaison in this matterwith the Danish and American authorities.

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5. It should be noted that in addition to the scuttling ofhulks loaded with CW munitions, there were scuttlings by Britain(and America in the Skagerrak of other Germany ex-naval vesselswhich did not contain CW munitions. These scuttlings formed partof a wholly separate programme of demilitarizing the German navyas agreed by the Tripartite Naval Commission (US, USSR & Britain)which was established under the Potsdam Agreements. As the CWscuttling areas were in some instances used for these non-CWscuttlings, the presence of a hulk within a known CW scuttlingarea cannot be taken as proof that the vessel contains CWmunitions.

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DETAILED ACCOUNTInternational Discussions6. By May 1945 no clear agreement had been reached by theBritish, American and Russian allies as to what was covered bythe term 'war material' in the context of the demilitarisationof Germany. As a result the British Element of the ControlCommission for Germany (CCG(BE responsible for administeringthe British Occupied Zone of Germany noted that there wasunlikely to be anything approaching a uniform treatment of Germanwar material throughout all the Zones (British, American, Frenchand Russian).7. However, the discussions between the three Allies (UK,USA & USSR) at Potsdam in July/August 1945 did consider ingeneral terms the question of the demilitarisation of Germany.The Berlin Protocol of 2 August 1945 set out guidelines for the'complete disarmament and demilitarisation of Germany' andfurther stated that 'all arms, ammunition and implements of warshall be held at the disposal of the Allies or destroyed'(l).The detailed discussions of this subject were delegated to theInter-Allied 'Allied Control Commission' and its various sub-commi ttees The overall controlling body being the AlliedControl Council (ACA) based in Berlin. Discussions in thislatter forum moved slowly, so much so that on 17 August 1945, theCombined Chiefs of Staff (ie the American & British Chiefs ofStaff) advised the respective commanders of the British andAmerican Zones in Germany that in the absence of any agreementin the ACA, both Zonal Commanders could instigate their ownmeasures to destroy German war material in their respecti veareas.8. In November 1945, the Allied Control Commission's Standingcommi ttee on War Material submitted, its thirteenth report,'Treatment of Surplus War Material'. This made specificrecommendations on the disposal of chemical weapons (CW). Itstated that 'dumping was the only practicable method of disposal'for most of these stocks (2) and stated that Zonal Commandersshould:

a. Carry out the destruction or disposal of captured orsurrendered German war material located in Germany asexpeditiously as possible.b. The commander of each occupied zone was to furnish tothe ACA a progress report on the disposal of such material.The report was to cover the following points:-

(1) the total quantity of war material discovered, bytype.(2) the total destroyed or otherwise disposed of bytype, within the time-frame of the report.(3) the cumulative amount of war material destroyedto date, by type.(4) the balance of material for destruction, by type.

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9. The British response to the requirement to report on its workin this field was already being met through the periodic 'BAORDisarmament Progress Reports', which had been issued from June1945.10. Because of the difficulties all parties were encountering incompleting their disposal programmes, the initial date agreed bythe ACA for the destruction of all CW - the end of 1946 - wassubsequently extended by general agreement to the end of 1947.11. It should be noted there was another inter-Allied body atwork in the general field of the demilitarization of Germanywhich is of relevance here. This was the Tripartite NavalCommission (USA, UK & USSR) whose establishment had been agreedin the secret protocols of the Potsdam Conference. Its task wasto organise the disposal of the vessels of the German fleet. TheCommission's decisions on these disposals required in many casesthe scuttling of German naval vessels in deep water. Some couldbe used for the CW dumping programme, but others which were notwere in some instances scuttled within the areas used for CWladen hulks, but not themselves containing any CW munitions.The existence of non-CW loaded hulks in the CW scuttling areascan lead to confusion and this aspect is considered more fullyin Appendix 2.British Zonal Activities.12. The Service authorities in London recognised the need for acentralised programme to deal with the major task of ammunitiondisposal, particularly the CW munitions, and accordingly orderedthe establishment of the 'Continental Ammunition Dumpingcommi ttee ' (CADC) to organise the dumping at sea of capturedenemy ammuni tion not required for research or to meet therequirements of the London Munitions Assignment Board (LMAB) 113. It should be noted that the surviving records of the CADCdemonstrate that although there was close liaison with theAmerican forces, and that information was passed to the NorwegianDanish, and Dutch authorities, the CADC was not an inter-Alliedbody but a British organisation to deal with the subject as itrelated to the British Zone and to stocks in Belgium, theNetherlands, and Denmark under British control, including certainstocks of surplus British ammunition which it was desired todump. There is no evidence of any discussions of the CADC'sprogrammne with the Russian authorities.14. The previously mentioned periodic BAOR Disarmament ProgressReports provide coverage of the progress of the British CWmunitions disposal programme. The June 1945 report noted that

1 This body was established to allocate specific items ofGerman warlike munitions, usually for research purposes, betweenthe various mermbers of the United Nations.


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among the priorities at that time was removal into guarded dumpsof all munitions including, of course, CW munitions. As part ofthis work a detailed reconnaissance programme was already inhand. The report also noted that at that time" destruction,except for security reasons, of enemy war material was forbiddenpending the final agreements under discussion (mentioned inparagraph 7 above).15. With specific regard to CW munitions, the July report notedthat:

'Reconaissance.1. Nearly all enemy CW munitions were contained in largedepots and it is believed that all major depots havenow been discovered ...Clearance2. The contents of the small dumps have been removed to thelarger depots, all of which are guarded. There is a total ofapproximately 111,000 tons of enemy CW munitions in theBritish Zone.Disposal3. Considerable thought has been given to the problemof finding the most economical and acceptable methodof disposal. Of three possible methods, dumping at seain deep water,interring in deep and flooded mines, orindustrial break-down, it is considered that dumpingat sea will be necesary for the bulk of the munitionsin question.' (3)

16. The first meeting of the CADC(Germany) , which reported to theLondon based Continental Movements & Shipping Committee as didthe CADC(UK) , took place in July 1945 and it was agreed that theArmy, through 21 Army Group would prepare the ammunition dumpingprogramme, including the CW munitions. However this programmeconcerned only dumping where the use of scuttled ships wasinvolved; the CADC was not responsible for local arrangements forthe use of small craft such as lighters for the dumping of'loose' conventional ammunition.17. The meeting's consideration of the disposal of CW stocksnoted the need for early action with regard to the agreement ofsites for CW dumping. Where CW munitions containing mustard gaswere concerned, the method of dumping under consideration was theloading of hulks with CW munitions for scuttling in agreedlocations: both a suitable area 100 fathoms deep off Stavangerand in the KATTEGAT were mentioned as possible sites. However nodecision could be taken without further clearance from London.18. The second meeting of CADC(G) took place on 2 August 1945with the membership somewhat expanded, now including arepresentative from the US Army's Port Command at Bremen. Thedetails of the proposed dump sites off Norway and Denmark wereto be passed to the Committee by Naval C-in-C Germany so that


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they could be relayed to the Admiralty and the Ministry ofAgriculture & Fisheries. The area in the SKAGERAK [sic] wasconsidered especially suitable for CW dumping, as the depth ofwater there was more than 300 fathoms.19. In due course an intial location for the CW hulk scuttlingsoff Norway was agreed by the Norwegian Director of Fisheries ina signal forwarded to CADC by the Norwegian Army. This recommededan area within the following co-ordinates.

A. 58 deg 14 min N 9 deg 27 min EB. 58 deg 16 min N 9 deg 27 min EC. 58 deg 19 min N 9 deg 40 min ED. 58 deg 17 min N 9 deg 40 min E.

20. The general decisions of the CADC were now reflected in adetailed instruction for the movement of CW munition stocks byrail and their subsequent loading at ports in the 8 Corps area.This instruction confirms that 'Ammunition to be dumped will beloaded into hulks, which will be towed out to sea underarragements made by the RN and finally scuttled in the SKAGERRAK'(see para 21 below).21. With regard to this method of disposal, the instructionsissued by HQ British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in February 1946concerning the 'Disposal of German Ammuni tion ' are ofsignificance. The brief section on CW munitions is primarilyconcerned with the mechanics of loading the ships, safetyprecautions etc, but they confirm that the approved method ofdisposal was dumping in deep water (approx 300 fathoms) and thatthe ammunition was loaded into hulks for scuttling.22. We would note that contemporary Naval records show that theNavy, concerned with the need for local dumping areas forconventional naval ammunition stored in ports, sought generalapproval from the Admiralty for new dumping areas 'off GermanBaltic Coast' to be approved by British Naval CinC G afterconSUltation with the Dumping Committee BAOR [CADC] , and thatthis concept was approved subject to certain caveats:

i. In selecting dumping areas full account be taken of shippingand fishing requirements and locations of telegraph cables.

ii. That most of the dumping areas used in the Baltic shouldbe inside German territorial waters.iii. That the Admiralty be consulted in case of doubt.

However, there is no evidence to link these areas with the UK CWmunition dumping. All the British records identify the CW hulk-scuttling locations as being restricted to deeper areas in theSkagerrak.23. The CADC meeting on 5 October records the sailing andscuttling of the first CW convoy from North Germany containing


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17000 tons of CW munitions. The details of the vessels areincluded in the table of 'British CW Disposals: Skagerrak',(attached as Appendix 1).24. It should be noted that some of the vessels suggested withinthe provisional programme as possible hulks for CW scuttlings,had to be surrendered to the Russians under the Tripartite Navalcommission and the Quadrapartite division of the Germanmercantile marine. Therefore other suitable vessels had to belocated. This adversely affected the progress of the CW disposalprogramme and, incidently, has caused some confusion forsubsequent analysis of which ships were actually used as CWhulks. (This point is considered more fully in Appendix 1).25. From September 1946 the CW sea-dumping programme was mountedsolely through the port of Emden and in spite of difficulties inobtaining sufficient, suitable hulks, and with the severe weatherof the winter of 1946/47 when some hulks were 'ice-bound', thelast CW loaded hulk was scuttled in June 1947 thus ending thesea-dumping programme. The small remaining quantity of CWmunitions was disposed of by burning, with this process beingcompleted by December 1947.26. The contemporary records demonstrate that the dates,locations and contents of the hulks containing CW munitions werepassed at the time to the Norwegian authorities.27. A figure for the total of CW munitions and bulk stocksdisposed of by the British authorities is provided in the BAORDisarmament Reports. The last report to mention CW stocks is thatof December 1947 which states that 119,910 tons of CW munitionshad been disposed of from British control.28. The accurate breakdown of the totals into sea-dumped inscuttled hulks, destroyed on land by chemical neutralization orburning, is more difficult. The surviving records of the sea-dumping programme, indicate that at least 127 000 tons weredisposed of by this means. This figure apparently includes 3,000tons from the French Zone and, up to 10,000 tons from theAmerican Zone, these latter quanti ties being sea-dumped byBritain on their Allies' behalf. Further some 10,000 tons ofGerman CW munitions were, under the code-name 'Op Dismal',shipped to the UK for research purposes.29. This completes the general summary of the UK CW munitionex-Germany sea-dumping programme. Appendix 1 deals in greaterdetail with the vessels known from official records to have beenscuttled with CW cargoes by the UK. Other vessels partiallyidentified with the CW disposal programme but whose scuttling asCW hulks is not confirmed are also included.Appendix 2 deals with other vessels (non-CW related) known tohave been scuttled in the area by the UK.

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REFERENCES(1) Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series I" Vol I,

No 603.(2) Foreign Office file F0943/519.(3) 21st Army Group Disarmament Progress Report No 2,dated 15 July 1945.

The information contained in this report has been compiled fromsurviving contemporary records which are unfortunatelyincomplete, many of the detailed records having been destroyed.


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Non-CW Laden Wrecks Scuttled in the Skagerrak.

Appendix 2

1. It has been suggested that a number of wrecks known to be inthe Skaggerrak area and not previously identified as carrying CWmunitions were in fact loaded with such munitions. The followingvessels do not appear in Appendix 1 but are dealt with here:Berlin; Claus von Bevern; H C Horn; KSB 1; M16; M522; S7; S9;S12; T38; T39; TFl; Z34.2. Most of these vessels have been identified and contemporaryofficial records show that most of those vessels not alreadyknown to us as part of the British, or American, CW sea-dumpingprogrammes, are in fact scuttlings of German naval craft underthe requirements of the Tripartite Naval Commission. These lattertypes of scuttlings did not involve the dumping of CW munitions,it was the ships themselves that were being dumped.3. We suggest that both the location of these non-CW vessels inthe CW hulk areas, and the use of the term 'C Convoy' inconnection with these scuttlings may have confused researchersseeking information on the CW scuttlings; the 'c' perhaps beingmistaken for 'Chemical'. The contemporary papers make a cleardistiction between the two types of convoy with the designation'CW' being used to identify the CW Convoys and CW hulks.Ship Location Date

between 2&16.3.46.190 (Claus von Bevern)torpedo boat.Z34 Narvik Class: Destroyer.H C HORN (Sp 27): 58 8 30N, 10 50 OOETF1(torpedo boat) : 58 09 15N, 10 50 30ES7 MTB: 58 08 30N, 10 51 ES9 MTB: 58 08 50N, 10 52 30ES12 MTB: 58 09 lON, 10 50 30ET38(torpedo boat) : 58 07 48N, 10 46 30ET39(torpedo boat) : 58 08 12N, 10 47 48EM16 (minesweeper): 58 10 12N, 10 42 24EM522(minesweeper): 58 10 12N, 10 40 48EBERLIN (cruiser): 57 8 50N, 10 49 12ELEIPZIG (cruiser): 57 53N, 06 13 E

26.3.46.1.5.46.2.5.462.5.462.5.462.5.46

10.5.4610.5.4618.5.4618.5.4631.5.4611.7.46*


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* The German Cruiser LEIPZIG is included in the 'c' class listof vessels in British hands and contemporary British signalsrecord her as a 'c' class scuttling. No evidence has been foundto indicate that she was scuttled loaded with CW munitions.However the wreck site, which is well away from the two plannedand known British CW scuttling areas, has been recorded by theNorwegians as a 'Poison Gas site'.4. There remain just two vessels from the above list whose roleis currently unidentified. These are: 'KSB1' & the 'HerbertNorkus'. To date we have been unable to trace any recordsrelating to the usage of these vessels as part of the British (orAmerican) CW dumping programmes, or of their scuttling as partof the "c" ships disposals; although the location of the KSBlas a wreck in the Skagerrak is noted in the Hydrographer'srecords.