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Using Information Technology

Pertemuan 7

Chapter 6

Hardware: Input

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6.1 Input & Output

Input hardware - devices that translate data

into a form the computer can process Keyboard - a device that converts letters,

numbers, and other characters into electricalsignals that can be read by the computersprocessor

Pointing devices - control the position of thecursor or pointer on the screen

- Mouse- Trackball

- Pointing stick

- Touchpad

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Input & Output

Pen input :- Pen-based computer system - allows users

to enter handwriting and marks onto acomputer screen by means of a penlikestylus rather than by typing on a keyboard

- Light pen - a light-sensitive penlike devicethat uses a wired connection to acomputer terminal

Digitizer - converts drawings and photos todigital data using a mouselike device called apuck

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Scanning and Reading Devices

Source data-entry devices create machine-readable data

- Scanners - use light-sensing equipment totranslate images of text, drawings,

photos, and the like into digital form

Bar-code readers:

- Bar codes - photoelectric scanners thattranslate the symbols in the bar code intodigital code

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Scanning and Reading Devices

Mark-recognition and character-recognitiondevices sense marks or characters

- MICR- character recognition system thatuses magnetic ink and special characters- OMR - uses a device that reads bubble

marks and converts them into computer-usable form

- OCR - converts scanned text from images toan editable text format that can be importedinto a word processing application andmanipulated

Fax machine scans an image and sends it aselectronic signals over telephone lines to areceiving fax machine

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Audio-Input Devices

Audio-input device - records analog sound andtranslates it for digital storage and processing

* Digitizing an audio signal:

- sound board

- MIDI board

Webcams & Video-Input Cards

Webcam a video camera attached to a computer to

record moving images that can be posted on a websitein real time

Video cards:

- Frame-grabber video card

- Full-motion video card

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Digital Cameras

Digital camera - uses a light-

sensitive processor chip tocapture photographic imagesin digital form and storethem on a small diskette

Digital camera

attached to a computer

Speech-Recognition Systems

Speech-recognition system

- converts a persons

speech into digital signals

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Sensors

Sensor an input device that collects specificdata directly from the environment and transmitsit to a computer

Human-Biology-Input devices

Biometrics - the science of measuring individualbody characteristics

Screen of face recognition systemPalm print recognition reader
http://www.biometrics.org/http://www.biometrics.org/

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Pertemuan 8

Chapter 6

Hardware: Output

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6.4 Input & Output

Output hardware - devices that translateinformation processed by the computer into aform that humans can understand

- Softcopy - data that is shown on a displayscreen or is in audio or voice form

- Hardcopy - printed output

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Traditional Softcopy Output:Display Screens

Display screens - output devices that showprogramming instructions and data as they arebeing input and information after it isprocessed

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Pixel (picture element) -the smallest unit on thescreen that can be

turned on and off ormade different shades

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Factors affecting screenclarity:

Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of

space between the centers ofadjacent pixels; the closer thedots, the crisper the image

Resolution

Color depth

Refresh rate

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Factors affecting screen clarity:

Dot pitch

Resolution - the image sharpness of a displayscreen; the more pixels there are per squareinch, the finer the level of detail

Color depth Refresh rate

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Dot pitch

Resolution

Color depth - the amount of information,expressed in bits, that is stored in a dot

Refresh rate

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Dot pitch

ResolutionColor depth

Refresh rate - the number of times persecond that the pixels are recharged so that

their glow remains bright

T d l f O

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Two types ofmonitors:

CRT - a vacuum

tube used as adisplay screen in acomputer or videodisplay terminal

Flat-panel display

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Traditional Hardcopy Output:Printers

Printer - an output device that printscharacters, symbols, and perhaps graphics onpaper or another hardcopy medium

Dpi - a measure of the number of rows andcolumns of dots that are printed in a square

inch

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Traditional Hardcopy Output:Printers

Impact printer - forms characters orimages by striking a mechanism such as aprint hammer or wheel against an inked

ribbon, leaving an image on paper

Non-impact printer - forms characters andimages without direct physical contactbetween the printing mechanism and paper
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Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers

Nonimpact printers:

Laser printer - creates images on a drum whichare treated with a magnetically charged toner,and then transferred from drum to paper

Replacing a laser toner cartridge

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Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers

Plotter - a specialized

output device designedto produce high-qualitygraphics in a variety ofcolors

Multifunction printer -output device that

combines severalcapabilities, such asprinting, scanning,copying, and faxing

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6.6 Mixed Output: Sound, Voice, and Video

Sound output devices - produce digitizedsounds, ranging from beeps and chirps to music

Voice output devices - convert digital data intospeech-like sounds

Video output - photographic images which are

played at 15-29 frames per second to give theappearance of full motion

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Using Information Technology

Pertemuan 9Chapter 7

Networks & Communications

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7.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age

Analog - continuously varying in strengthand/or quality

Digital - communications signals or informationrepresented in a two-state (binary) way usingelectronic or electromagnetic signals

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Purpose of the Modem - Converting DigitalSignals to Analog Signals & Back

Modem - short for modulate/demodulate Sending modem - modulates digital signals

into analog signals for transmission overphone lines

Receiving modem - demodulates the analogsignals back into digital signals

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Telecommuting

Telecommuting -working at homewhile intelecommunication

with the office

Virtual Offices

Virtual office - an often nonpermanent and mobile officerun with computer and communications technology

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Smart Television

Digital television (DTV) - uses a digital signal,or series of 0s and 1s

High-definition television (HDTV) workswith digital broadcasting signals and has higher-resolution than standard television

Standard-definition television (SDTV) -allows broadcasters to transmit moreinformation within the HDTV bandwidth

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7.3 Communications Media and TransferRates

Communications media carries signalsover a communications path, the routebetween two or more communications mediaservices

Wired Communications Media - Wiresand Cables

Twisted-pair wire - two strands ofinsulated copper wire, twisted aroundeach other

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Wired Communications Channels

Coaxial cable - insulatedcopper wire wrapped in asolid or braided metalshield, then in an externalcover

Fiber-optic cable -dozens or hundreds ofthin strands of glass orplastic that transmitpulsating beams of lightrather than electricity

Fiber-optic cable Fiber-optic strand

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Wireless Communications Channels

Infrared transmission - the transmission

of data signals using infrared-light waves

Broadcast radio - awireless transmissionmedium that sends dataover long distances--between regions, states, orcountries

Microwave radio -transmits voice & datathrough the atmosphereas super-high-frequency

radio waves calledmicrowaves

Communicationssatellites - microwaverelay stations in orbitaround the earth

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Long-Distance Wireless Communications

Global PositioningSystem (GPS) - 27 earth-orbiting satellitescontinuously transmittingtimed radio signals that can

be used to identify earthlocationsCar with GPS unit to

guide users

Pagers - simple radioreceivers that receive data(but not voice messages)sent from a special radio

transmitter
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Short-Range Wireless Communications

Bluetooth - a short-range

wireless digital standard aimedat linking cellphones, PDAs,computers, & peripherals up todistances of 30 feet

WiFi (wireless fidelity) - ashort-range wireless digitalstandard aimed at helpingportable computers andhandheld wireless devices tocommunicate at high speedsand share internet connectionsat distances up to 300 feet

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7.4 Transmitting Data - Behind-the-Scenes Details

Line configurations :

Point-to-point line - directly connectsthe sending & receiving devices

Multipoint line - a single line thatinterconnects several communicationsdevices to one computer

Serial vs. parallel transmission Serial data transmission - bits are

transmitted sequentially, one after theother

Factors Affecting Data Transmission

Serial Data Transmission

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Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted

Serial vs. parallel

transmission

Parallel data transmission

- bits are transmittedthrough separate linessimultaneously

Direction of transmission - simplex, half-duplex, andfull-duplexSimplex transmission - data can travel in only onedirection

F ff H D d

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Direction of transmission - simplex, half-duplex,and full-duplex

Half-duplex transmission - data travels in bothdirections but only in one direction at a time

Full-duplex transmission - data is transmitted backand forth at the same time

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Transmission mode - asynchronous vs. synchronous

Asynchronous transmission - data is sent one byte ata time, with each string of bits making up the byteand bracketed with special control bits

Synchronous transmission - data is sent in blocks,with start and stop bit patterns (synch bytes) at the

beginning and end of the blocks

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Protocol - a set ofconventions governingthe exchange of databetween hardware

and/or softwarecomponents in acommunicationsnetwork

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7.5 Networks

Benefits of networks -

Sharing of peripheral devices

Sharing of programs and data

Better communications

Security of information

Access to databases

T f N t k

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Types of Networks

Wide area network (WAN) - a communications

network that covers a wide geographical area, such asa country or the world

Metropolitan area network

(MAN) - a communicationsnetwork covering a city or asuburb

Local area network (LAN) -

connects computers anddevices in a limitedgeographical area

Intranets Extranets & Firewalls

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Intranets, Extranets, & Firewalls

Intranet - an organizations internal private networkthat uses the infrastructure and standards of the

internet and the web

Extranets - private intranets that connect not onlyinternal personnel but also selected suppliers and

other strategic parties

Firewalls - a system of hardware and software thatblocks unauthorized users inside and outside theorganization from entering the intranet

Virtual private network are private networks thatuse a public network (usually the internet) to connectremote sites.
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Pertemuan 10

Chapter 8

Files, Databases, & E-Commerce

8 1 Managing Files: Basic Concepts

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8.1 Managing Files: Basic Concepts

Data storage hierarchy - levelsof data stored in a computer:

Bits

Character (bytes)

Fields (unit data yang berisi 1atau lebih karakter)

Records (kumpulan field2 yangberhubungan)

Files (kumpulan record)

Key Field

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Key Field

A key field uniquely identifies a recordfor processing and retrieval

The primary characteristic of the keyfield is that it is unique

Types of FilesProgram files - contain computer instructions

- Source program files

- Executable filesData files - files that contain data (words,numbers, pictures, sounds, etc.)

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Offline versus Online Storage

Offline storage -

data is not directlyaccessible for

processing until thetape or disk its onhas been loaded ontoan input device

Online storage -

stored data israndomly (directly)

accessible forprocessing

8 2 Database Management Systems

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8.2 Database Management Systems

Database management system (DBMS) -programs that control the structure of adatabase and access to the dataTypes of database access:

- Individual databases

- Multiuser databases

Advantages of DBMS

- Reduced data redundancy

- Improved data integrity

- Increased security

- Ease of data maintenance

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8.3 Database Models

Hierarchical database - fields or records are

arranged in related groups, resembling a familytree, with child (lower-level) records subordinateto parent (higher-level) records

Example of cruise ship reservation system

Database Models

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Database Models

Network database - similar to a hierarchical

database, but each child record can have morethan one parent record

Example of college class-scheduling system

D b M d l

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Database Models

Relational database - relates (connects)data in different files through the use of akey field, or common data element

Example of state department of motor vehicles database

8.4 Features of a Database Management

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f gSystem

A database management system includes the

following components:

lData Dictionary - procedures document ordisk file that stores the data definitions and

descriptions of the structure of data used inthe database

lDBMS Utilities are programs that allow you

to maintain the database

lReport Generator is a program for producingan on-screen or printed document from all or

part of a database.

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Database Management System Components

A database management system includes the

following components (continued):

lAccess Security - a feature allowingdatabase administrators to specifydifferent access privileges for differentusers of a DBMS

lSystem Recovery - enable the databaseadministrator to recover contents of thedatabase in the event of a hardware orsoftware failure

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The Ethics of Using Databases

Privacy - the right of people not to reveal

information about themselves

The Ethics of Using Databases

- Accuracy and completeness can be

issue when searching for historical data- Monopolizing information by an

individual or organization could leadto access related issues

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Pertemuan 11

Chapter 9

The Challenges of the Digital Age

Errors & Accidents

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Errors & Accidents

Human errors

Procedural errors computer failures occuras a result of non-compliance of procedures

Software errors software bugsElectromechanical problems failure ofmechanical systems due to faultyconstruction,overheating, wearing out, or

damageDirty data problems - incomplete, outdated,or otherwise inaccurate data

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Crimes Against Computers & Communications

- Theft of hardware - shoplifting anaccessory

- Theft of software and data - illegal copyingof programs

- Theft of time and services usingemployers computer time to play games

- Theft of information stealing confidential

personal records- Crimes of malice and destruction abusing

or vandalizing computers

Worms & Viruses
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Worms & Viruses

Worm - a program that copies itself

repeatedly into a computers memory or onto adisk drive

Virus- a deviant program, stored on a

computer drive, that can cause unexpected andoften undesirable effects, such as destroyingor corrupting data

Anti-virus software - scans a computers harddisk, floppy disks, and main memory to detectviruses and destroy them

Computer Criminals
http://www.virusbtn.com/http://www.virusbtn.com/http://www.virusbtn.com/http://www.virusbtn.com/http://www.cybercrime.gov/http://www.cybercrime.gov/

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Computer Criminals

Hackers - gain unauthorized access tocomputer or telecommunications systems

Crackers - illegally break into computers for

malicious purposes

Employees - more than 80% of all IT crimeperpetrators

Outside users - suppliers and clients

Professional criminals - organized crime rings
http://www.cybercrime.gov/http://tlc.discovery.com/convergence/hackers/articles/history.htmlhttp://tlc.discovery.com/convergence/hackers/articles/history.htmlhttp://www.cybercrime.gov/

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Identification & Access

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What you have -

What you know Who you are

Cards

Keys Signatures

Badges

What you have

What you know

Who you are

PIN (personalidentification number) -the security numberknown only to you that isrequired to access thesystemPassword - a specialword, code, or symbolrequired to access a

computer system

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What you have

What you know

Who you are

Iris scan

Biometrics -

science ofmeasuringindividual bodycharacteristics
http://www.biometrics.org/http://www.biometrics.org/

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Encryption

Encryption - the process of altering readabledata into unreadable form to preventauthorized access

Private key - same secret key used byboth sender and receiver

Public key - two keys are used

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Protection of Software & Data

Control of access - restricts access to data

files to those with a need to knowAudit controls track which programs andservers were used, which files have beenopened, etc.People controls - check resum facts,separate employee functions, shred papers,etc.

9.3 Quality-of-Life Issues: The Environment,

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Q yMental Health, & the Workplace

Environmental problems:Manufacturing by-products - exposingsemiconductor industry workers to a variety ofhazardous toxins

Disposal by-products Disposal by-products - e-waste - obsolete or

broken PCs, monitors, printers, cellphones, TVsand other electronics

Environmental blight Environmental blight - visual pollutionrepresented by wireless towers, roof antennas,satellite dishes, and all the utility poles topped

with transformers and strung with electric,

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Environmental problems:

Manufacturing by-products

Disposal by-products

Environmental blight

Possible risks of nanotechnology - manipulatingmaterials such as carbon, zinc, and gold atmolecular level

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Mental-Health Problems

Isolation - going for days without actuallyspeaking with or touching another person

Gambling - information technology makes italmost unavoidable

Stress - 83% of corporate network

administrators reported abusive and violentbehavior by employees toward computers

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Pertemuan 12

Chapter 11Information Systems

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Departments

Research and development (R&D)

Production (operations)

Marketing and sales

Accounting and finance Human resources (personnel)

Information systems (IS)

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Management LevelsTop (or senior) managers - concerned with long-

range, or strategic, planning and decisions

Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions

to implement the strategic goals of the

organization

Lower (supervisory) managers - make operational

decisions - predictable decisions that can be made

by following well-defined sets of routine

rocedures

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Types of Information

Structured information - detailed, current, notsubjective, concerned with past events, recordsa narrow range of facts, and covers an

organizations internal activities

Unstructured information - summarized, less

current, highly subjective, concerned withfuture events, records a broad range of facts,and covers activities outside as well as inside anorganization

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11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems

For lower managers- TPSs

For middle

managers - MISsand DSSs For top managers -

ESSs

For all levels,includingnonmanagement OASs, ESs, and

Cooperative work

An organization chart andmanagement levels and

responsibilities
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Transaction Processing System (TPS)

TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps

track of the transactions needed to conduct business

Features include -

For lower managers Produces detail reports

One TPS for each department

Forms the basis for MIS and DSS

Management Information System (MIS)

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g m f m y m ( )

MIS - a computer-based information systemthat uses data recorded by TPS as input intoprograms that produce routine reports asoutput

Features include - For middle managers

Draws from all departments

Produces several kinds of reports

Decision Support System (DSS)

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D n upp y m (D )

DSS - a computer-

based informationsystem that provides aflexible tool for analysisand helps managers focus

on the future Features include -

For middle managers

Produces analyticmodels

Geographic DSS forearthquake insurance

Executive Support System (ESS)

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Executive Support System (ESS)

ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for

top managers; it specifically supportsstrategic decision making

Components of an ESS

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Office Automation System (OAS)

OAS - combine various technologies to reducethe manual labor required in operating anefficient office and to increase productivity

Office automation systems

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Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems

ES is a set of interactive computer programsthat help users solve problems that wouldotherwise require the assistance of a human

expert

Cooperative systems organizations that havenetworks that use groupware to enable

cooperative work by groups of people

11 3 Systems Development - The Six

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11.3 Systems Development - The SixPhases of System Analysis and Design

System - a collection of related components

that interact to perform a task in order to

accomplish a goal

Participants in a project involving a new

system or changes to an existing one -

Users

Management Technical staff

The Six Phases of Systems Analysis &

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The Six Phases of Systems Analysis &Design

SDLC

The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary
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The First Phase Conduct a PreliminaryInvestigation

Objectives -

1. Conduct the preliminary

analysis2. Propose alternative

solutions

3. Describe the cost &benefits

4. Submit a preliminary plan

The Second Phase - Do an Analysis

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The Second Phase Do an Analysisof the System

Objectives -

1. Gather data

2. Analyze the data3. Write a report

Data flowdiagram

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The Third Phase - Design the System

Objectives -

1. Do a preliminary

design2. Do a detail design

3. Write a report

Th F h Ph D l h

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The Fourth Phase - Develop the system

Objectives -

1. Develop or acquire the

software2. Acquire hardware3. Test the system

The Fifth Phase - Implement the

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The Fifth Phase Implement theSystem

Objectives -

1. Convert to the new

system2. Train the users

Systems Development (contd)

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Implementation

The process of converting from the old systemto the new system

Four major conversion strategies Parallel conversion: the old and new systems

operate simultaneously for a period of time Direct conversion: the old system is cut off

and the new systems is turned on at a certainpoint in time

Pilot conversion: introduces the new systemin one part of the organization Phased conversion: introduces components of

the new system in stages

Systems Development (cont d)

Systems Development (contd)

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NEW

NEW

NEW

NEW

OLD

OLD

OLD

OLD

Parallel Conversion

Direct Conversion

Pilot Conversion

Phase Conversion

The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System

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The Sixth Phase Maintain the System

Objective -

To adjust and improve

the system by havingsystem audits andperiodic evaluations andby making changes

based on new conditions

The Traditional SDLC

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(1) Systems Investigation

(2) Systems Analysis

(3) Systems Design

(4) Programming

(5) Testing

(6) Implementation

(7) Operation

(8) Maintenance

Go Back to a previous Stage or Stop

An eight-stage systemsdevelopment life cycle(SDLC)

Maintenance

System

Develop

ment

System

Documents

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