Revisiting the πρoσηλυτoσ in the LXX

7/29/2019 Revisiting the πρoσηλυτoσ in the LXX

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R προσήλυτος “ LXX”

matthew [email protected]

S Lou Uvry, S. Lou, MO 63108

O o or d lxl db LXX ud urroud g

o Grk r προσήλυτος. Y oly oroug xo o ord LXX W. C. All’ 1894 rl “O Mg o ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ

Spug,” rgu LXX rlor dgu rully b

o dr u o רג Hbr Bbl: r rdrd by Grk

ord πάροικος d ud ox r ovr o Jud o b

dd; od rdrd by Grk ord προσήλυτος d ud

ox r ovr o Jud ould b dd. Mo odr r- o ovro rly Jud rly vly o All’ oluo, o

drly roug Krl Gorg Ku’ DN ry o προσήλυτος, ou r-

g odology or vd All ud o uppor rgu. Co-

quly, I provd r o All’ odologl upo d r o LXX rdrg o רג by ulzg r ud o g-

o vryg rlo qu o LXX rlor, oludg All’ odology, r ry o LXX rlol

uy, ld , d o o rly o , o rpr vd o

LXX. I or, lyzg vd o dvdul book o LXX

dr rlo by dr rlor dor All ro-

lly rdr προσήλυτος LXX “proly,” ould b

rld “l.”

Mo olr blv , Hbr ord LXX rlorגרrquly rdr o Grk προσήλυτος, dd o orglly proly orovr o Irl rlgo; rr, ord rrrd o l, Irl or o-Irl, rdg org ld.1 A o po lr J lrur,

I ould lk o xpr y grud o Sol S d Hu Rr

Coul o Cd or r l uppor, bld o opl rr or

rl. I lo grul o Jol Mru, Mlv K. H. Pr, Drk Bür, d Dvd M.

Mo, ll prp Irol Orgzo or Spug d Cog

Sud progr u o Soy o Bbll Lrur ul g Al 2010, or

r vlubl o o rlr dr o rl.1For rgu g g גר ovr Hbr Bbl, My Co,

JBL 132, no. 2 (2013): 333–350

333



334 Journal o Biblical Literature 132, o. 2 (2013)

oug, גר o dg ovr o Jud. For , Mekilta de-RabbiIshmael , Nezikin 18, :

Blovd r proly [םירגה]. I or r k our r Abr o rud ul y- yr old. Hd b rud

y or ry yr o g, oly o udr g o ry ould v

bo proly [רייגתהל]. Tror God bor Abr ul

rd y- yr o g, o o o lo door o uur proly

2.[הגרים הבאים]

Coquly, quo r o ord גר qurd -g. Nurou olr rgu LXX’ u o r προσήλυτος,o odrd o b olog,3 v our rl vd o

lr g. Y oly W. C. All’ 1894 rl, ld “O Mgo ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ Spug,” orougly xd o LXXrl r .4גר All rgu LXX rlor dgud r-ully b o dr u o גר Hbr Bbl: Grk ordπάροικος rl r g d ppr ox do o vg ovr o Jud; Grk ord προσήλυτος rl od go רג d our ox ovbly rr o ovr o Jud.Mo odr duo o προσήλυτος, prulrly N ud, rly vly

“L ‘gr’ bblqu o u oo-rlgux,” RHR 207 (1990): 131–58; J Joo, People and Land in the Holiness Code: An Exegetical Study o the Ideational Framework o the Law in Leviticus

17–26 (VSup 67; Ld: Brll, 1996), 63–72; Job Mlgro, “Rlgou Covro d

Rvol Modl or Foro o Irl,” JBL 101 (1982): 169–76; d d, Leviticus 17–22: A

New ranslation with Introduction and Commentary (AB 3A; N York: Doubldy, 2000),

1493–1501. For rgu גר y b ovr, l o rd o pul

l, Alrd Brol, Die Stellung der Israeliten und der Juden zu den Fremden (Frburg:

Mor Sbk, 1896), 152–78; Topl J Mk, “T rlo o Gêr Hxu

d I Brg o Doury Hypo,” JBL 49 (1930): 172–80; Moro S,

Palestinian Parties and Politics Tat Shaped the Old estament (Lur o Hory o

Rlgo .. 9; N York: Colub Uvry Pr, 1971), 178–82; Crop Bul, Der

Fremde im antiken Juda: Eine Untersuchung zum sozialen ypenbegri ‘gr’ und seinem Bedeutungs-

wandel in der alttestamentlichen Gesetzgebung (FRLAN 153; Gög: Vdok &

Rupr, 1992); d Cr v Hou, Te Alien in Israelite Law (JSOSup 107; Sld:

JSO Pr, 1991).2rlo lgly dpd ro Job Z. Lurb, Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael (3 vol.;

Pldlp: J Publo Soy, 1933), 3:140. Ev rbb lrur do

x gory o : גר o J, l גר תושב . . C. Brrd Jגר צדק

Bbrgr, Proselytism in the almudic Period (N York: Kv, 1939), 133–40.3A rl o Dvd M. Mo d C. Job Bur prdg u o JBL

dor, do o ppr LXX rlor od r (“P.Duk. v. 727r: N

Evd or Mg d Prov o Word προσήλυτος,” JBL 132 [2013]: 159–78).4All, “O Mg o ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ Spug,” Expositor IV/10 (1894):

264–75. J. A. Lodr (“A Explo o r Prosēlutos,” Nov 15 [1973]: 270–77) p

o rl προσήλυτος o Hbr vrb קרב (“o dr r”) bu provd ll xpl

rguo dlg vd o LXX.



Tiessen: Revisiting προσήλυτος in “the LXX” 335

o oluo o All’ rl, r drly or drly, roug KrlGorg Ku’ DN ry o προσήλυτος, ou rg odology or vd All ud o uppor rgu.5 Tu, ppdx o Te

Alien in Israelite Law, Cr v Hou du g o προσήλυτος LXX, g r udy “ grly lpd by udy o W. C. All.”6

A , o r ud o dvdul LXX book ugg grog u rlg προσήλυτος proly (.., ovr o Jud)bu do o xplly rbu All’ rgu.7 T ollog pg ll provd rqu o All’ odologl upo lg o r ud o g o vryg rlo qu o LXX rlor. A I llo, All’ odology ld o udrd vd o LXXd, oquly, o olud rogully LXX προσήλυτος -

l r or ovr o Jud.

I. W. C. Allen’s Argument:A Προσήλυτος Is a Convert in the Septuagint

I lpul ury o oluo dr ro vd o LXX, All :

A odro o ollog ll, I blv, ld o r o-luo (1) προσήλυτος o yoyou πάροικος; (2) do

o “advena,” “rgr,” “ojourr,” o old Hbr ר;(3) orgl g, o r x lrur bl u o judg,

“proly.”8

A All rgu, oluo ugg LXX rlor dd orl גר kpg orgl g bu pord “ lr g M.”9

5Ku, “προσήλυτος,” DN 6:727–44, p. 727. For ory o olrly rpro o

ord, Mo d Bur, “P.Duk. v. 727r,” 161–70.6V Hou, Alien in Israelite Law, 180. S lo Eul ov, “Tr Do o LXX

Word,” RB 83 (1976): 529–44, p. 537; Nl J. MEly, “Covro, Cruo d

L,” NS 20 (1974): 328–33; El Sürr, Te History o the Jewish People in the Age o Jesus

Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135) (rv. d d. Gz Vr, Frgu Mllr, d Mr Good;

5 vol.; Edburg: & Clrk, 1986), 3/1:170 . 78; d J Crlo Pg, “J Proly

o Cr Org: Cr or Rly?” JSN 62 (1996): 65–103, p. 96.7For , vrou rlor o A New English ranslation o the Septuagint and the

Other Greek ranslations raditionally Included under Tat itle (d. Albr Pr d

Bj G. Wrg; Oxord: Oxord Uvry Pr, 2008); d Al L Boullu d PrrSdvor, L’Exode: raduction du texte grec de la Septante (L Bbl d’Alxdr 4; Pr: Cr,

1989), 51–52.8All, “O Mg o ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ,” 266.9Ibd.




o ub l l lv x LXX rdr גר πάροικος.10 H obrv o o pg ould גר br g o ovr o Jud d olud LXX rlor vodd

rdrg גר προσήλυτος u ox. O or d, LXXrdr גר προσήλυτος ovr vy ox , ordg o All,br g o ovr o Jud.11 H blv do pplv o vrb . Tu, r ox prv rdr ro g גורpr o ovr, LXX rl גור παροικέω. Covrly, r ovr g b v, rlor o rdr גור προσέρχομαι,πρόσκειμαι, προσγίνομαι, προσπορεύομαι, or προσηλευτεύω.12 I or ord,ordg o All, r ovr r dd, LXX rlor grly prrπροσήλυτος d rld vrb, d y vod προσήλυτος vor o πάροικος d

og r ox prv rdr ro vgg ovr.13

10Ibd. S ollog pg: G 15:13; 23:4; Exod 2:22; 18:3; Du 14:21; 23:8; 2 S

1:13; 1 Cr 29:15; LXX P 38:14; 118:19; Jr 14:8. All (p. 266) o ro o

Aqul rdr גר προσήλυτος 2 S 1:13 d ro o Lu rdr גר

προσήλυτος 1 Cr 29:15, bu k og o ox o pg

k ulkly גר rr o ovr.11All, “O Mg o ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ,” 267–68. Aloug o doubl

ourr o προσήλυτος Du 10:18, r M oly o ourr o , גר

r do o o o or ourr o προσήλυτος r M do o vגר (Lv 17:3 d Du 12:18). C. v Hou, Alien in Israelite Law, 181 . 4. Addolly, All

dd o v o Hbr rg o Sr d o ubl o k o ou

y Grk rlor o book rdrd . O o probl All’גור/גר

udy o ug rl do o LXX log l o Gög

do. Aloug rl k o o o do o LXX ud,

lkly lgly rvd vro o Codx Vu, u do o Robr

Hol d J Pro (Vetus estamentum Graecum cum variis lectionibus [5 vol.; Oxord:

Clrdo, 1798–1827] or o o do o Co vo dor (Vetus estamentum

Graece: Iuxta LXX Interpretes). I ovbl ud Hry Brly S’ r do

(Te Old estament in Greek according to the Septuagint [3 vol.; Cbrdg: Cbrdg Uvr-

y Pr, 1887–94]), lo blly Codx Vu, loug prp o lkly,

l volu o do ou yr All publd rl.12C. All, “O Mg o ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ,” 269–71. Furr, LXX rlor

rdr מגור d , our ox lrly o rrrg o ovr, מגרים

vrb παροικέω.13I rl o ἐξιλάσασθαι LXX, Drk Bür rgly rgud r u

b k drg g o Grk ord ro rpurl ox ork o

rlo r Grk ord r bg d o Hbr ord, o or o ro or

ovo (“Ἐξιλάσασθαι: Appg God Spug Pu,” JBL 129 [2010]:

237–60). Y προσήλυτος pr rprr probl , pr ro rly

urd vd o Mo d Bur (“P.Duk. v. 727r”), ord do o our oudo LXX ul r ury c.e., d r ork (Plo, M, A) r udr

fu o LXX. Coquly, loug pll r, r l ll pr ro

ox o dr y LXX rlor ud προσήλυτος.




II. Septuagint Translation Techniques and theDiffering Renderings of גר

A r gl, All’ r ppr o dor LXX r-lor prvd o d g or ord . Bu, v All oגרd Mo d Bur rgu, ubr o pg do o qu dy .14 I lg o , o up og y b udlly rog ly. Idd r : odology. Trougou l All provd rl, lup ogr x ro ll ovr LXX.T ould b ppropr pro or group rld “ LXX” ry.15 Bu u prpo o LXX rlo dbd o o orlrl bu o lgd ro rgrdg .16 I, o or d, drdvdul r rpobl or rlg dr book o Hbr Bbl,d dd o dr , o u o rlol rgy godologl k k o ug dr odr Egl rl-o o Bbl ploy Egl ord xly y. S All’rl, udy o LXX dord ju : rlo o book o Hbr Bbl uqu.17 For , Grk rlor o G ddo rl Ezkl, or r o rlor rly oporr.Coquly, S Oloo rgu, “Nr xplly or plly ould Spug b lookd upo o rlo l , or xpl,Syu or Aqul.”18

E book rld by dr pro (or group); rlorprubly lvd dr d dr pl d ud drod o rlo (r olly or or). So rlo

14S Mo d Bur, “P.Duk. v. 727r,” 172–74.15I koldg by oug o rr o rly Grk rlo o book o

Hbr Bbl “ LXX,” I y b dvrly prpug opo, bu o

y d o dqu oluo or probl x.16S Let. Aris. 301–7, o vy-o rpobl or rlo o

L (loug v ou ugg y r o rpobl or rlo o

Prop or Wrg); d Plo, Mos. 2.25–44. S lo r duo o

rdo Gupp Vlr, Libraries, ranslations, and “Canonic” exts: Te Septuagint, Aquila

and Ben Sira in the Jewish and Christian raditions (JSJSup 109; Ld/Boo: Brll, 2006),

100–146.17E.g., Eul ov d Bj Wrg, “Copur-d Sudy o Crr or

Ag Lrl o rlo U LXX,” ext 12 (1985): 148–87; d Eul

ov, “T Nur d Sudy o rlo qu o LXX P d Pr,”

VI Congress o the International Organization or Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Jerusalem 1986 (d. Clud E. Cox; SBLSCS 23; Al: Solr Pr, 1986), 337–59.

18Oloo, Te LXX Version: A Guide to the ranslation echnique o the Septuagint

(CoBO 30; Sokol: Alqv & Wkll, 1990), 34.




r or ood or. So rlo oly rdr o Hbr ord o prulr Grk ord; or oly rdr Hbr ord dr Grk ord; d ll or rdr Hbr ord

ubr o dr Grk ord.19 A Al Ajlu rgu, “Ed vry poo rlo qu, b ord quvl, u o rlro, poor koldg o Hbr, r rdrg, or ddo o ,ould b lolzd. W ppd o book o rly ppd or.”20 Furr, r ud d, orry o l o Hry S.Jo Tkry, v book ou Grk Pu r o ud rlo.21 A Robr J. V. Hbr rgu, Grk Pu“xb or rogy r o rlo qu ou o Ar ould ppr o llo. W o xpd r o rr o

lud ol o Old Grk o, lrry dvry b book o drlly grr og ou opo o Pu.”22

A rul, o opr y vr G rdr גר o y vr Lvu rdr —l lo o o Prop orגרWrg— odologlly uopd d pobly ldg. T rp o g rg o g o y ord o dr, or pobl, g dvdul rlo o book o Grk Bbl. I r All’ brod ologl oluo r bd o dqu

plologl groud, or r ylly x rlo o

19S Ilr Solo-So, Die Infnitive in der Septuaginta (AASF B, 132.1; Hlk:

Suol dk, 1965); d, “Rdrg o Hbr Coprv Expro

min Grk Pu,” BIOSCS 12 (1979): 189–99; Al Ajlu, Parataxis in

the Septuagint: A Study o the Renderings o the Hebrew Coordinate Clauses in the Greek Pentateuch

(AASF 31; Hlk: Suol dk, 1982); d Rj Sollo, Renderings o

Hebrew Semiprepositions in the Septuagint (AASF 19; Hlkk: Suol dk,

1979).20Ajlu, “T Sg o Clu Coor Syl d rlo-

l Sudy o Spug,” Cox, VI Congress o the IOSCS, 361–80, r 377; d,

“W W lk bou W W lk bou rlo qu,” X Congress o the

International Organization or Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Oslo, 1998 (d. Brrd A. ylor;

SBLSCS 51; Al: Soy o Bbll Lrur, 2001), 531–52, p. 547–49; d Oloo,

LXX Version, 33.21Tkry, A Grammar o the Old estament in Greek according to the Septuagint

(Cbrdg: Cbrdg Uvry Pr, 1909), 13–14. C. Frdr Bugärl, “Zur

Eug dr Pupug,” Jo Hrr d Frdr Bugärl,

Beiträge zur Entstehung der Septuaginta (BWA .F. 5; Brl: Kolr, 1923), 53–80, p.

53–62; Ajlu, Parataxis in the Septuagint , 174–81; d Sollo, Renderings o Hebrew

Semiprepositions, 281–83.22Hbr, “T Hru o rlo Spug o G,” Septuagint

Research: Issues and Challenges in the Study o the Greek Jewish Scriptures (d. Wolgg Kru

d R. Gl Wood; SBLSCS 53; Al: Soy o Bbll Lrur, 2006), 85–103, r 85.




גור/גר book or kp vd o book pr.23 Oly o o opld l p o drg plology o dvdul book o r y rlor rdrd Hbr

ord du o ologzg d o rly du o rlo qu.24 Adoly o o prly d dr rlo qu o book, o bg pro o yzg vrou d ordr odr r rlor r oo rlol or ologlrd.25 I ould b προσήλυτος “ojourr” o book d“ovr” or.

III. Six Categories of Evidence

T vrou book o LXX dvd o x pr gor: (1) oo Hbr Vorlage vr ud גור/גר d do o u προσήλυτος (Jol, Ao,Obd, Jo, M, Hbkkuk, Zp, Hgg, Provrb, Sog o Sog,El, Er, Dl); (2) o o Hbr Vorlage ud גר bu udr πάροικος or προσήλυτος (Job: ξένος); (3) o o Hbr Vorlage udגור/גר bu ly rdr πάροικος or παροικέω, vr προσήλυτος orrld vrb (G,26 Judg, 1–2 Sul, 1–2 Kg,27 Ho, Nu, Ru,Lo, Ezr-N); (4) o o Hbr Vorlage ud גור/גר d

ly rdr προσήλυτος or rld vrb, bu vr u πάροικος or παροικέω

23O pul pg o rl, All do brfy du prly vd

o Durooy (“O Mg o ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ,” 274), bu, I o blo, o-

luo dquly dl vd.24A Rj Sollo o, “rlo qu gv rol po ou

pur rlo qu d plology, o ology. W o plology, oly

o ology o ology o Spug drg ro ology o

our x” (“rlo qu Mod,” ranslating a ranslation: Te LXX and Its

Modern ranslations in the Context o Early Judaism [d. H. Auloo l.; BEL 213; Luv:

Luv Uvry Pr, 2008], 35–42, r 41).25O op u y ully pobl, Mr Röl, “ord

‘Tology o Spug’,” Kru d Wood, Septuagint Research, 239–52.26Aloug Oo J. Bb rgud or o d rlor (o or . 1–25 d o

or . 26–50; “A Tory o o rlor or Grk G,” JBL 52 [1933]: 239–43),

o rprr r LXX G ud rlo. W rgrd o , pllyגור/גר

r o dr rlo qu b . 1–25 d . 26–50.27S r r o rl do o 1–2 Sul d 1–2 Kg Gög r,

duo o book bd o Alrd Rl, Septuaginta: Id est Vetus estamentum graece

iuxta LXX interpres (2 vol.; Sugr: Würbrg Bbll, 1935). Furr, l r

r db ovr uy o Old Grk rlo o 1–2 Sul d 1–2 Kg, oluo oqul, book r o r rdrg o רג/רוג. S

duo o Brrd A. ylor, “o Rdr o Old Grk x o Rg,” Pr

d Wrg, New English ranslation o the Septuagint, 244–48.




(Jou, Zr, Ml);28 (5) o o Hbr Vorlage ud גור/גר dalways rdr προσήλυτος or rld vrb, d always u πάροικος orπαροικέω o rl (Lvu, Nubr); d (6) o book oישב/תושב

Hbr Vorlage ud d o rdr ord גור/גר προσήλυτος drld vrb d o rdr גור/גר πάροικος d rld vrb (Exodu,Durooy, I, Jr, Ezkl, Pl, 1–2 Crol; r).29

Book U גור/גר

U προσήλυτοςor rld vrb

U πάροικος/παροικέω

Category 1 Jol, Ao, Obd,

Jo, M, Hb,

Zp, Hgg, Prov,Sog o Sog, El,

Er, Dl

No No —

Category 2 Job Y No No

Category 3 G, Judg,

1–2 S,

1–2 Kg, Ho,

Nu, Ru, L,

Ezr-N

Y No Y

Category 4 Jo, Z, Ml Y Y No

Category 5 Lv, Nu Y Y Y (bu oly or

(ישב/תושב

Category 6 Exod, Du, I,Jr, Ezk, P,

1–2 Cro

Y Y Y

Clrly, r d od gor o lp o dr g

o r πάροικος or προσήλυτος. T rd gory dor rlor blvd πάροικος rrrd o rd l, r Irl or

28C. Robr Hrro Jr. rgud book oprg lv d dr

rlor (“T Uy o Mor Prop Spug: A Rxo o

Quo,” BIOSCS 21 [1988]: 55–72) . I or, Hry S. Jo Tkry (Te Septuagint and

Jewish Worship: A Study in Origins [Lodo: Br Ady, 1921] d “T Grk rlor

o Propl Book,” JS 4 [1903]: 578–85), Jop Zglr (“D E dr Spug

zu Zölpropbu,” Sylloge: Gesammelte Ausätze zur Septuaginta [MSU 10; Gög:

Vdok & Rupr, 1971], 29–42), d Gorg E. Hord (“o Rdr o lv

Prop,” Pr d Wrg, New English ranslation o the Septuagint, 780–81) rgu or ovrll uy o Grk rlo o lv. Aloug I r prop prly,

rul r .29Wr Grk rlo o Sr blog o gory 5 or 6 ur bu

o rgry ur o x Hbr urp o ork.




o-Irl, bu d og bou rlor’ koldg or udr-dg o r προσήλυτος. T our gory prp lp u rro do pobl g o ord προσήλυτος bu o dor

rlor dd o dgu b προσήλυτος d πάροικος. T gory may lp dgu b dr g o προσήλυτος dπάροικος, bu dr y d og or rlor’prrrd rdrg o Hbr ord—προσήλυτος or , dגר πάροικος or .תושב

I oly x gory, o o Exodu, Durooy, I,Jr, Ezkl, Pl, d 1–2 Crol, ruly uul or drgrlol oly d, ror, g o ord προσήλυτος d rlo o ord πάροικος. I lg o v book o Pu r probbly r book o Hbr Bbl rld o

Grk, I ll bg Exodu d Durooy d ov o odr vrou rlo o Prop d Wrg.30 T ollog duo bd o rl do o LΧΧ, r vlbl.

A. Προσήλυτος in the Greek Pentateuch

T LXX rlor o Exodu u bo πάροικος d προσήλυτος. Co-quly, LXX Exodu g gv u vd d o g All’ l.Exodu o lv ourr o ou , rlor rdrגר

προσήλυτος (12:48, 49; 20:10; 22:20 [2x]; 23:9 [3x]; 23:12), πάροικος (2:22; 18:3), d γειώρας o (12:19).31 No o do προσήλυτος rdr ord or גר LXX Exodu. Addolly, vrbl or גור our our (3:22; 6:4; 12:48, 49) d rdrd σύσκηνος (3:22), παροικέω (6:4), dπροσέρχομαι (12:48, 49).32

Do All’ vd o Exodu? o b ur, u o πάροικοςo drb Gro, Mo’ o, ould k o vod o prolylgug, Gro bor Irl (2:22; 18:3). Y u o γειώρας 12:19 rkg, , o All’ , o ould xp, ox lrly

pr vgg ovr o Irl rlgo, o προσήλυτος r, r l r dog ovr.33 Addolly, u o προσήλυτος LXX

30For p o d rlo o dvdul book o LXX, Gll

Dorvl, Mrgur Hrl, d Olvr Mu, La Bible grecque des Septante: Du judaïsme

hellénistique au christianisme ancien (Io u r ; Pr: Cr, 1988), 96–98.31For lpul duo o rlo o גר LXX Exodu, L Boullu d

Sdvor, L’Exode, 51–52.32I Exod 12:48, urp v ἔρχομαι or παρέρχομαι d o προσέρχομαι,

l 12:39, o urp πρόσκειμαι d o προσέρχομαι. S xul ppru

o Jo Wll Wvr, Exodus (Spug 2.1; Gög: Vdok & Rupr, 1991),179–80. For or dld duo o Exod 12:19 d 12:48–49, Mo d Bur, “P.

Duk. v. 727r,” 162–63, 172–74.33A LXX urp, ll Aqul d Syu, do rdr גר 12:19

προσήλυτος, xul ppru o Wvr (Exodus, 170) k lr.




Exodu l g proly do. Aloug Exod 12:45 pul πάροικος (Hbr: -) o prk o Povr, 12:48–49 proתושב

vd xpo: rud προσήλυτος . T vr ppr o u

x o uncircumcised προσήλυτος, dorg r o l d ull ovr o Jud LXX Exodu, or ull ovr oo udrgo ruo.34 T lv our pg προσήλυτος ould rr o ovr: 20:10; 22:21; 23:9; d 23:12. Exodu 22:21 d 23:9od Irl o o oppr προσήλυτος, Irl l προσήλυτος ld o Egyp. Bu u o προσήλυτος o rr o dy o Irl Egyp ugg r ourr o προσήλυτος vro rr o ovr. All d vd o pg oo ly.T log o od dd vr גר or προσήλυτος g b,

ppropr o u ord rr o Irl. I or ord, προσήλυτος r “ovr o Jud,” k o o u ord rr o Irl’ Egyp. Bo ourr o προσήλυτος u g or l r o oo b Irl’ xpr Egyp d xpr o προσήλυτος r d. Ad oly y bov rd xpr do prv v y or.35 I, o or d, προσήλυτος “rd l,” rlo k pr.

Flly, rr o προσήλυτος Exod 20:10 lo r probl or

All’ , pg drb προσήλυτος o o dllog you (ὁ παροικῶν ἐν σοί; M: )— vrbl or Allגרך אשר בשעריךk ud exclusively o ojourr, o ovr.36 I or ord, o ourr o προσήλυτος LXX Exodu, oly o, 23:12, pg /προσήλυτοςגר o r o Sbb, pobly All’ ory. I lg o or ourr LXX Exodu, or lkly προσήλυτος o 23:12 rd l, o ovr.

T LXX rlor o Durooy rl , our y-oגר book, προσήλυτος y , d πάροικος (14:21; 23:8).37

o ddol ourr 10:18 d 12:18 y b rul o Hbr

34All (“O Mg o ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ,” 269) rogz probl bu do o

dl .35Ag, Mo d Bur, “P.Duk.v. 727,” 174.36o b ur, ordg o o LXX urp ( Wvr, Exodus, 242), r

rvg καί b προσήλυτος d ὁ παροικῶν, ould dgu b

o ord. Jo Wll Wvr (Notes on the Greek ext o Exodus [SBLSCS 30; Al:

Solr Pr, 1990], 312) rgu ὁ παροικῶν ἐν σοί r oug o orr rlo

o M’ .בשעריך37S Du 1:16; 5:14; 10:18, 19 [2x]; 14:29; 16:11, 14; 24:14, 17, 19, 20, 21; 26:11, 12, 13;

27:19; 28:43; 29:10; 31:12. Durooy u vrbl or r ; LXX Durooyגור

rdr παραγίνομαι (18:6), ἀπέχω (18:22), d παροικέω (26:5).




Vorlage drd ro M.38 Durooy 14:21 pul Irlo נבלה ( ro l v dd urlly), bu גר .Prubly, rlor ould o v prd ull ovr o ood

orbdd o v Irl, o pobl u πάροικος r do προσήλυτος o o proly o d.39 I od ,Durooy y Irl גר ld o Egyp (23:8). I bo , LXX rlor o Durooy rdrd גר πάροικος. Addolly,Durooy u vrb גור o Lv, o dll Irl o, d o Abr, o dlld Egyp, d LXX Durooy rl vrb παροικέω (18:6; 26:5). Tu r, Grk rdrg All’ .

Bu do ourr o προσήλυτος LXX Durooy oly porry ovr? T r o. I Du 10:19, God od Irl o lov

προσήλυτος, or Irl l προσήλυτος Egyp. Wl rlor ud πάροικος or Irl’ ojour Egyp lr (Du 23:8; 26:5), r rl προσήλυτος. I rlor o dgug bπροσήλυτος d πάροικος, All ugg ppd 23:8 d 26:5, y do rdr גר προσήλυτος 10:19 ox o pobly ovr? A I od o lr pg Exodu, or logl ou , by dyg Irl προσήλυτος Egyp, rlor ur rdr ll proprly dy προσήλυτοι r d rd l.40 Ad rlor rr o Irl’ (or Abr’) dy Egyp

r προσήλυτος (10:19) or πάροικος (23:8; 26:5) do o ugg blvd o ord r, o yoy, l loly rld?41 Addolly,o o ur or dly o ov גר ll b gr Irl d ll ld o Irl, rr Irl ldg o (28:43). Clrly ovr o Irl rlgo o b v r, y LXX rlor rdrגר προσήλυτος. Flly, Du 1:16 rr o dpu b pro d his ojourr (ורג). T rlor rdr pr προσηλύτου αὐτοῦ, loug αὐτοῦ lkg ubr o LXX urp. All’ oly o o ug o προσήλυτος “rg.”42 Y pg rdly rr o

38I bo 10:18 d 12:18, Sr Pu gr rdg o M,

l x rdg ro Qur r rgry po. S Jul A Du,

“4QDul,” Qumran Cave 4.IX: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings (d. Eug Ulr l.;

DJD 14; Oxord: Clrdo, 1995), 110; d, volu, d, “4QDu,” 22.39Aqul rdr גר o 14:21, o prd o , נבלה προσήλυτος, o πάροικος.40S duo o Mo d Bur, “P.Duk. v. 727r,” 174.41Rl (Septuaginta) lk o Du 5:14: ὁ προσήλυτος ὁ παροικῶν ἐν σοί. No-

l, rl do o 5:14 Jo Wll Wvr (Deuteronomy [Spug 3.2;

Gög: Vdok & Rupr, 1977], 112) rd: ὁ προσήλυτος ὁ ἐντὸς τῶν πυλῶν σου. Slo duo o vr Wvr, Notes on the Greek ext o Deuteronomy (SBLSCS 39;

Al: Solr Pr, 1995), 102.42All, “O Mg o ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ,” 268. O urp vd, Wvr,




oo’ ovr; rr, lrly porry dpu b pro d gu. A Mlv K. H. Pr rgu,

T dul rdrg προσήλυτος drb Pu d rly

Durooo oo lrly o y proly, ovr, bu or lk gu o ouy o rv prrl r logd orp

d do. H ould b rd rly d pd ju g. T

oudr o doub. Bu o ju y pg oudr, or y ully

dr. H “o ovr” o ouy d rd gu,

ll prvlg u u pld.43

I ury, r o lr vd rl rld book o Grk Bbl orkd do o προσήλυτος “ovr.”Wl LXX G, Lvu, d Nubr r oluv du o rlor’roypd quvl or , rlor o Exodu d Durooy ddגור/גרo odr Grk ord προσήλυτος o “ ovr.” I pobl,ovr, bbll book lr rld o Grk do rf u g.

B. Jeremiah, Psalms, and Book of the Twelve

Bu vd o Grk rlo o Jr, Pl, d lv d o b udrood rlo o LXX Durooy, I ll dl

brfy r.44

Elv book o Durooy rr o l o rpopl: ,גר , dיתום -, “rd l,” “orp,” d “do,” rpאלמנהvly.45 LXX Durooy oly rl l προσήλυτος, ὀρφανός,d χήρα. Sgly, oly LXX Jr d LXX Pl uπροσήλυτος rlg l (Jr 7:6; 22:3; LXX P 93:6; 145:9). Ior ord, LXX Jr d LXX Pl rl גר προσήλυτος buy r fud by LXX Durooy;46 ll or pg y rdr גור

Deuteronomy, 59. O rpro o vr, Mo Wld, Deuteronomy 1–11: A

New ranslation with Introduction and Commentary (AB 5; N York: Doubldy, 1991), 136.43Pr, “Durooo: o Rdr,” Pr d Wrg, New English ransla-

tion o the Septuagint, 143.44Hry S. Jo Tkry rgud r dr popl rld Jr,

r rpobl or . 1–28, od rpobl or . 29–51, d rd rpobl or

. 52 (“T Grk rlor o Jr,” JS 4 [1903]: 245–66). Ev Tkry orr,

do o xpl dr rdrg o ou , ll r our rגר

y-g pr.45O g o l Durooy d Nr E, Wld,

Deuteronomy 1–11, 439–40.46A Eul ov , “Quoo ro d lluo o pg or ourrg

lr book o Bbl r o prd Grk r dl Grk Pu” (“T Ip o LXX rlo o Pu o rlo o

Or Book,” Te Greek and Hebrew Bible: Collected Essays on the Septuagint [VSup 72;

Ld: Brll, 1999], 183–94, r 192). S lo Oloo, LXX Version, 26–28. T do o




vrb o dllg. LXX Durooy’ fu xd o r orourr o l og ,גר , dיתום ; Ezk 22:7; Z 7:10אלמנהd Ml 3:5. Zr 7:10 d Ml 3:5 o oly o ourr o

προσήλυτος LXX rlo o lv. I bo , προσήλυτος our ox o Duroo l. Tu, pr ro o , Book o lv do o rdr גר προσήλυτος.47 Coquly, Jr,Pl, d lv gv o vd o oou dgug b odr g or Hbr ord .גר

C. Προσήλυτος in the LXX Prophets

I o o ourr o ou גר d ourr o

vrb .48גור T vrbl or our rr o ol rdg lb (5:17; 11:6), d LXX rdr vrb βόσκω or ogσυμβόσκομαι. Tr r ddol v ourr o גור ox o pobly “o ovr,” d rlor rdr παροικέω(16:4; 52:4), παραδίδωμι (23:7), or ἀναέω (33:14 [2x]). I 54:15 o l r ourr o רוג. I M, pg og o do r ojourr or ovr.49 Nol, LXX rlor, udrdg גרd גור o “o ojour” (o “o r up”), rdr vr ollogy: ἰδοὺ προσήλυτοι προσελεύσονταί σοι δι’ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ σὲ καταφεύξονται

(“Bold, προσήλυτοι ll o o you roug , d f o you”). Wvr LXX’ Hbr Vorlage, d vr orgl g, προσήλυτος dπροσέρχομαι ould rr r o ovr or o ojourr.50

LXX Pu rvd lxo or lr rlor, l J Brr

rz (Te ypology o Literalism in Ancient Biblical ranslations [MSU 15; Gög:

Vdok & Rupr, 1979], 310). Addolly, Pr (“Durooo,” 141) ugg, “I

u Pu rld qully, Durooy, gv poo,

g rf koldg o ork o prvou rlor.” Coquly, pobl

l o προσήλυτος, ὀρφανός, d χήρα Exod 22:20–23 fud rlor o Dur-

ooy.47O quo o uy o rlo o Book o lv, . 28 bov.48Jo Hrr d Frdr Bugärl (Beiträge zur Entstehungsgeschichte der

Septuaginta) v rgud dr rlor r rpobl or dr pr o I, bu

Jop Zglr (Untersuchungen zur Septuaginta des Buches Isaias [AA 12.3; Mür: A-

dor, 1934], 31–46, p. 20–31) ovgly rgud or uy o rlo.49C. Klu Blzr, Deutero-Isaiah: A Commentary on Isaiah 40–55 (r. Mrgr Kol;

Hr; Mpol: Forr, 2001), 456–59.50I Lo Slg rgu rlor d dul udrdg

Vorlage d ror rd proly o x (Te Septuagint Version o Isaiah and Cognate

Studies [d. Robr Hr d Hr Spkr; FA 40; übg: Mor Sbk,2004], 289), bu u προσήλυτος l r or “ovr,” ould

ju ly rr o rd l o oug ou ylu, u o καταφεύγω g

ugg.




Uoruly, d xplbly, All do o du oly ourro ou גר I, or our ox r ugg rlor ould v rdrd προσήλυτος. Aordg o I 14:1, Yhwh

ll oo Jud d rbl popl ld. A גר ll jo d l o ou o Job (תיב לע וחפסנו םהילע רגה הולנו ). T pov rr o יעקב ,—qu pobly uggg ovroגרor גר jo (הול) ou o Job. Y LXX rlor o I do ordr גר προσήλυτος, o ould xp ord r technical term dog ovro. Id, rlor rly rlr גר γιώρας.51 T I 14:1 rlor rdrd גר o προσήλυτος bu γιώρας ugg , vr pr g o r LXX I54:14, ur o ord bg l r or ovr.

T book o Ezkl o v ourr o רג, o Grk rlor rdr προσήλυτος (14:7; 22:7, 29; 47:22, 23), d r ourro רוג, rlor rdr o προσηλυτεύω (14:7), o προσήλυτος (47:23), d o παροικέω (47:22).52 No o do rlor u ouπάροικος, g uggg προσήλυτος drd Grk quvl orגר rlor’ d. Nol, rlor rdr גור r προσηλυτεύω or παροικέω p o o vr ugg ,vr g o προσήλυτος, dd o k r gdr b o vrb προσηλυτεύω d παροικέω, d, by xo,

b προσήλυτος d πάροικος.I ury, o o o vrou Grk rlo o Prop uppor

All’ προσήλυτος “ovr” d πάροικος “ojourr.” TGrk rlo o Jou, Judg, 1–2 Sul, 1–2 Kg, Jr, d lv (or dvdul book kg up lv) do o provd ougd o rprv do o vrou rlor. Wl LXXI do u προσήλυτος r 54:15, vro o vr ouldrr o ovr, rlor do o u προσήλυτος o rlגר 14:1, pg porry Gl jog Irl, ugg dd o

k προσήλυτος dqu ord o do ovro. Flly, LXXEzkl u προσηλυτεύω d παροικέω y ugg y r yoy,dorg rlor dd o k προσήλυτος d lg gyg ovr.

51Hr Aqul, Syu, d Todoo rdr גר προσήλυτος. S Jop Zglr,

Isaias (Spug 14; Gög: Vdok & Rupr, 1939), 173.52Hry S. Jo Tkry (“T Grk rlor o Ezkl,” JS 4 [1903]: 398–411)

rgud LXX Ezkl produ o o dr rlor, r rpobl or .1–27 d 40–48, d od rpobl or . 28–39. Ag, v Tkry orr o

d o dr d ork, do o d u xplg vd urroudg

rlo o רג/רוג, ll ourr r oud Tkry’ ypol r d.




D. Προσήλυτος in the Writings

1 d 2 Crol o our ourr o רג d r ourr o

. T rlor rdrגור גר r προσήλυτος (1 Cr 22:2; 2 Cr 2:16[LXX 2:17]; 30:25), d o πάροικος (1 Cr 29:15), l rdrg גור o παροικέω (1 Cr 16:19) d o προσήλυτος (2 Cr 15:9).53 T r o uo προσήλυτος udr All’ , bo vg Dvd d Soloolvg group o popl. Do LXX rlor blv Dvd dSoloo lvd ovr o buld pl, LXX 1 Cr 22:2 d 2 Cr 2:17ould ugg? Surly, r gd ovr o Jud, u orould dr ro ppl o ovro! Furr, u o προσήλυτος or prpl or o רוג 2 Cr 15:9 rr o o ovr bu rr o o o

rdd rror o Jud d Bj d y r gloglly ddd ro rb o Epr, M, d So. 2 Crol 30:25o lr u o רוג, r o o Irl o r ojourg ( LXXg ll προσήλυτοι) Jud lbrd Povr. T LXX rlor qud ubr o lv rb προσήλυτοι, dorg do o k προσήλυτος ovr. I or ord, o o our r προσήλυτος rl גור/גר rlor d rr o ovr. Supporg oluo , 1 Cr 29:15, LXX rlor qud גר d , rdrg bo תושב πάροικος: “For

r l [םירג/πάροικοι] bor you, d ojourr (םיבשות/παροικοῦντες],lk ll our r. . . .” I d o rlor o Crolr, גר og or d og l , d תושב προσήλυτος og or dog l πάροικος.

Flly, or k o opl, u ur o book o Sr.54 T Hbr urp o Sr u גר 10:22, g: גר זר נכרי ורש תפארתם (“ rd l, rgr, orgr, d poor, r bo rיראת יייo Lord”).55 Aordg o rl do o Jop Zglr, Grk r-lor rdrd vr προσήλυτος καὶ ξένος καὶ πτωχός, τὸ καύχημα αὐτῶν

φόβος κυρίου.56

Wl ox do o xlud pobly o ovr, or lkly, gv l o προσήλυτος ojuo ξένος (“orgr”), rd l. Furr, LXX Sr 29 du

53S r urrly o Gög rl do o 1–2 Crol, I g b y

duo o Rl, Septuaginta.54All dd o x Sr d o o Hbr rg o ork

d o ould o x o rlor rdrd .גור/גר55S ms A IV r. 10:22 ( d (םיהלא ת[…]) d ms B I r. 10:22, Pru C.

Bj, Te Book o Ben Sira in Hebrew: A ext Edition o All Extant Hebrew Manuscripts and a

Synopsis o All Parallel Hebrew Ben Sira exts (VSup 68; Ld: Brll, 1997).56 S xul vd Jop Zglr, Sapientia Iesu Filii Sirach (Spug 12.2;

Gög: Vdok & Rupr, 1965), 172. Rl’ do ollo dr urp

rdo, 10:22 πλούσιος καὶ ἔνδοξος καὶ πτωχός, τὸ καύχημα αὐτῶν φόβος κυρίου.




lvg og orgr (ἀοτρίοι, 29:22): rpro ollo o o ojour(παροικία, v. 23); o ojour (παροικέω, v. 24) rrbl l. Aordg o Sr, πάροικος ll r u br ord : “Co, ojourr [πάροικε], pr-

pr bl, d r og your d, d . Go, ojourr[πάροικε], bu o good rpu, y bror o o v, I v d o ou” (vv. 26–27). Clrly ox r d uor d rd l, o ovr. Uoruly, o x Hbr urp o Sr- o vr, d o do o ko Hbr ord πάροικος rdr. Slrly, LXX Sr 38:32 rr o πάροικος o y, oxr lrly og or “o b,” bu g v oHbr urp vd or vr. Tu, LXX Sr lo provd ovd or or g All’ .57

IV. Conclusion

By ulzg rul o r LXX olrp, pz dvdul book o LXX rf dv rlo qu, I v rdo dor odologl probl All’ rgu. Oly or ovd pro or group, ug rlolqu, rld ll book o LXX ould o rrv All’ o-

luo. O or d, by xg dv y book o Grk Bbl rl גר or , I v o r o r vd גורy rlor ud προσήλυτος o ovr o Irl or J rlgo. I, vd o o rlo l g .

rlor o u ord or pr rpo o vrbl ul, rr ordg o o. Prl xpr ld o

rlor uully rdr ord lly rpor lgug r

y dopd y ourd ord orgl or r ,

d rr rdrg o pr y l o b ll o o y urr

ourr o pr.58

57I ould lo o LXX ob 1:8 rr o προσήλυτος ox o l

do ( χήρα) d orp (ὀρφανός), popl o o ob provd ord

Du 26:12. Aloug do o v y Hbr o vr, lkly, lg o

urou l bbll book o r group, προσήλυτος rdr גר r.

Jop A. Fzyr l “ob lud ‘proly,’ o r o od

bbll prrpo bou u g [ Du 26:12]” (obit [Cor o Erly J

Lrur; Brl/N York: d Gruyr, 2003], 110). T ldg, M

Du 26:12 o , LXX Durooy rdr גר προσήλυτος. I or o Old L, rr o proselytis, Vulg rr o bo proselytis et advenis.

58Oloo, LXX Version, 10. Slrly, Sollo (“rlo qu Mod,” 36)

rgu, “A r rlor do o vry y o rlg ou l ro o




Coquly, x gory od bov (.., o booko Hbr Vorlage ud גור/גר d o rdr ord προσήλυτος d rld vrb d o rdr ord πάροικος

d rld vrb) o lpul or drg g o ordπροσήλυτος d rlo o ord πάροικος. Tu, oly Exodu, Durooy,I, Jr, Ezkl, Pl, d 1–2 Crol d lg o quo.59 Y lklood prvou rlo o lr pg Durooy fud rlo o προσήλυτος Jr, Plr, Zr, dMl rdr book ulpul k. A rul, ly uoly v book (Exodu, Durooy, I, Ezkl, 1–2 Crol) odr lrly o o rlor r u o προσήλυτος d πάροικος. E o book u προσήλυτος odrbly or o-

pld y ly o All ugg. I rlor o Exodu dI r r ord προσήλυτος l l or ovr oJud, r u o γ(ε)ιώρας Exod 12:19 d I 14:1 xplbl. Wy u rlro o Ar ord ovr dd d Grk rrdly ovyd g? Apprly, y dd o blv προσήλυτος prulrly p ord o drb ovr. T ugg LXX Exodud LXX I rv vd προσήλυτος dd o “ovr.” Morlrly, u o προσήλυτος Exodu, Durooy, d 1–2 Crol, ox xlud pobly o Gl ovr o Jud, d ,

l o rlor, ord o “ovr” bu “rd l.”60 I, Durooy, Ezkl, d 1–2 Crol d προσήλυτος dπάροικος d odrbl ovrlp or d o rlor.

All’ ful rl ld jory o olr o olud LXX ord προσήλυτος o yoyou πάροικος, orrord ud xluvly o proly LXX, l lr ord r orgl o Hbr ord , “rgr,” or “l.” I v dordגר All rog: (1) Durooy, Ezkl, d 1–2 Crol r προσήλυτος

d πάροικος yoy; (2) Exodu, Lvu, Durooy, Ezkl, d1–2 Crol u προσήλυτος ox r oly “ojourr”;

, bu ulz o o oo y o rlg. A kd o royp or

vor rdrg o o d or xpro o our lgug.”59A I pod ou bov, r Grk rlo o Sr blog o gory 5 or

6 ur bu o rgry ur o x Hbr urp o ork.60o b ur, lr rdr, r o dvdul book o LXX or ry,

pprly dd o o d ord προσήλυτος ovr, bu, J. A. L. L , “I

rlor dd rdrg o o rlo lxogrpr

u ry o rovr, o ubqu rdr g k o ” (“Equvol dSroypd Rdrg LXX,” RB 87 [1980]: 104–17, r 104). Tu, o d προσήλυτος “ovr” d o “ojourr” LXX o ou rpo ory o

o vrou LXX rlor.




d, o gly, (3) o o o vrou rlo o LXX bookbl u o judg orgl g o προσήλυτος “proly.” T, ould pl burd o proo qurly o o o blv

rlor o o or ll o book o LXX ud προσήλυτος o doovr o Jud. I ly o LXX book bov lrgly orr, uproo o oly ro vd xrl o d oporou Grk rlo o Hbr Bbl. Y, ordg o oudppyrologl vd Mo d Bur du r rl, oly x xrl vd ppr o uppor oluo o rl: o Grk rlo o Hbr Bbl, r προσήλυτος rd l.61

61Ag, Mo d Bur, “P.Duk. v. 727r.”



C o p y r i g h t o f J o u r n a l o f B i b l i c a l L i t e r a t u r e i s t h e p r o p e r t y o f S o c i e t y o f B i b l i c a l L i t e r a t u r e a n d

i t s c o n t e n t m a y n o t b e c o p i e d o r e m a i l e d t o m u l t i p l e s i t e s o r p o s t e d t o a l i s t s e r v w i t h o u t t h e

c o p y r i g h t h o l d e r ' s e x p r e s s w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . H o w e v e r , u s e r s m a y p r i n t , d o w n l o a d , o r e m a i l

a r t i c l e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l u s e .

Documents

Revisiting the πρoσηλυτoσ in the LXX