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tion. Although the speaker mowns his isolation in "Caphone", the linguis-tic hybridity present in the poem suggests that when two languages existwithin a community their hybrid linguistic imprint is inevitable. In"Caphone" this inevitability suggests that an "unblemished" poetic aes-

thetic is impossible to achieve. The Italian and the English coexist in thespeaker's mind. While this fact of linguistic hybridity might be viewedpositively, understood as the celebration of a 'Joined double-melodiedvocabulaire" as it is in Klein's "Montreal," Starnino's poem does not nec-essarily posit it this way (Klein 78). Instead the poet is left "to answer noisewith noise, to hit upon / subtitles that fit the gist of what I hear," musing tohimself, "I always / thought of myself as an airborne assumption, / sporedhere from some other place, now I realize I I'm whatever comes across inthe translation" (Starnino, With English Subtitles 29). The poem offers noquick fix to the speaker's isolation and yet by stating, "I'm whatever comesacross in the translation" the ultimate message of the poem is affirmativeof communication, even if the medium of communication will inevitablydistort (29).Inpositing such an affirmation, "Caphone" confronts the verylimitations that Starnino's communicative poetic aesthetic aims to chal-lenge.

It is arguable that Starnino's preoccupation with a communicativepoetry is a direct result of the isolation he experiences as an Anglo-Quebecpoet. [n The Danforth Revietv interview, Starnino does acknowledge theneglect surrounding Montreal poetry, and the duty of the poet and critic togive "less visible reputations...a fighting chance" ("TDR Interview").However, he also asserts in the same interview that he is not motivated byregional pride ("TDR Interview"). This claim may seem surprising as

Starnino has been all but crowned the "true heir to the Montreal traditionof poetic excellence" (Heft). His bio alone documents his vast involvementin Montreal's literary scene as the editor of Vdhicule Press's Signal Edi-tions poetry series, associate editor of Mctisonneuve magazine, noted criticand reviewer for the Montreal Gazette, Matrix, The Montreal Revia,v ofBool<s, and finally as the recipient and award nominee for many reputableCanadian poetry awards, including the 2004 QWF A.M. Klein Prize forPoetry. Although I have argued Starnino's aesthetic could be seen as

directly related to Anglo-Quebec exile, it could also be argued that a com-municative aesthetic is ultimately Starnino's answer to Canada's state ofpoetic exile. In A Lover's Quarrel, Starnino quotes Edward Hartley Dew-art's introduction to "the first-ever anthology of Canadian poetry, Selec-

tions from Canctdion Poetry" in which Dewart states, "there is probably nocountry in the world...where every effort in poetry has been met with so

12timuch coldness and indifference" (34). In Stamino's eyes not a lot has

changed since Dewart's time. As a nation we not only suffer from national

indifference, but international indifference. In effect, the Canadian condi-

tion may justifiably be classified as one of "double-exile." Perhaps then,

classiffing Starnino's poetry as either Anglo-Quebec or Canadian lacks

precision. Starnino's aim to eradicate this sense ofexile, on a regional and

national front, is really about the desire to establish a general audience forpoetry.

Works Cited

Bowling, Tim. "The New World." Books in Canada 27.5 (1998): 11-12.

Boxer, Asa. "In Loving Anger." Rev. of I Loverk Quarrel and With English Subtitles,byCarmine Starnino. Books in Canado 34.4 2005:33-35.

Brown, Peter., R.L. "SaintAmbrose". Encyclopedia Britannico Online: Academic Edition.| -7 . <http: I I 0 -search.eb.com.mercury.concordia.ca/ ebl article-260>

Burke, Kerureth. A Grammar of Motives. New York: Prentince-Hall, 1945.

Camlot, Jason and Todd Swift, eds. Iar guage Acts: Anglo-Quebec Poetty, I976 to the 2 I stCe n I ury. Monteal : Vdhicule, 2007.

Farkas, Andre and Ken Norris. "'lntroduction' to Montr6al Poeky of the Seventies." Cam-lot and Swift,42-45.

Fitzgerald, Diana Bryden. "A poet's credo: the deception of language is part of the game."Rev. of Credo, by Carmine Stamino. National Post.March24,200l: B.9.

Gagnon, Alain-G and Raffaele Iacovino. "lnterculturalism: Expanding the Boundaries ofCitizenship." Quebec: State and Society. Ed. Alain-G Gagnon. 3rd ed. Toronto:Broadview Press, 2004. 369-88.

Heft, Harold. Rev. of Credo, by Carmine Starnino. The Gazetle.lT March 2001: J5.

Jennings, Chris. Rev. of A Lovers Quarrel, by Carmine Stamino. Universit),of Toronto

Quarterly 75.1 (Winter 2005): 413-14.

Klein, Abraham Moses. "Montreal." La chaise bercanle: traduit de I'anglais par MarieFrankland. Montreal: F,ditions du Noroit, 2006.

Raine, Craig. A Martian Sends a Postcard Home. Oxford W, 1979."Riddle." The Oxford DictionaD) of Literary Terms. Chis Baldick. Oxford UP,2008. Ox-

ford Refet'ence Online. Oxford UP. 9 May 2009 <http://www.oxfordrefer-ence.com.mercury.concordia.ca:80/views/ENTRY.html?subview:Main&enfry:t56.e987>.

Solway, David. "Double Exile and Motnreal English-Language Poetry." Camlot and Swift,80_86.

-. "Q1 Learning Greek." The Other Language: English Poetry of Montt"eal.Fd.Endre

Farkas. Dorion, Quebec: The Muses' Company/ La Compagnie Des Muses, 1989. 36-Jt.

Starnjno, Carmine. "A Lover's Qu arrel." A Lover is Quarrel: Essrry,s qrd p.views. Erin, On-tario: Porcupine's Quill, 2004. 33-95.

II

-. Credo. Montreal: McGill-Queen's UP, 2000.

-.

*Michael Harris's Boo-Jhwah Appalachiana." Camlot and Swift, 232-53.

-. "TDR Interview: Carmine Stamino." lnterview with Susan Briscoe. The Danfurth

Rcvieu'. Feb., 2003. 9 May 2009 <http://www.danforthreview.com/features/interviews/carmine-_starnino.htm>.

-. The Nev,World. Montreal: Vdhicule Press, 1997.

-. With English Subtitles. Kentville, Nova Scotia: Gaspereau Press,2004

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