Robbins7e Ppt Ch14

8/2/2019 Robbins7e Ppt Ch14

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Chapter 14

Understanding SubstanceAbuse and Addictive Behavior

A Wellness Way of Life

Seventh EditionRobbins/Powers/Burgess

2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.


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Chapter 14 Objective

After reading this chapter, you will be able to:1. Name the three common elements found in addiction.2. Describe how addiction starts in the brain.

3. List five factors that affect alcohol absorption and list threereasons why women can get drunk faster than men.

4. Differentiate between low-risk alcohol use and high-risk alcoholuse.

5. Define binge drinking.6. Identify the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at which a person

is regarded as legally drunk.7. Describe the Zero One Three Rule for Lower-Risk

Drinking.8. List the harmful effects of alcohol on the body and how to help afriend who has passed out from alcohol overindulgence.

9. List five tips/strategies for drinking less or not at all.



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Chapter 14 Objectives

10. Identify the cause of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetalalcohol effect (FAE).

11. Identify the number one cause of preventable death andhealth problems in this country.

12. Identify the health hazards related to passive smoking.

13. Identify the most common illegal drug used in the United

States and the drug the government lists as its top priority onthe war against drugs.

14. Describe psychoactive drugs and their categories: cannabis(marijuana), stimulants, narcotics, depressants,psychedelics, and inhalants.

15. List four drugs that affect physical performance and describe

how they do so.16. List four common kinds of nonprescription drugs that can

lead to physical dependence if overused and describe howprescribed drugs can be abused.

17. Describe the danger of using dietary supplements containingephedra (ephedrine).



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Addiction

A pathological or abnormal relationship withan object or event with three common

elements: Exposure

Compulsion

Loss of control

Any behavior or substance can become anaddiction, e.g., gambling, food, shopping,sex, work, etc.



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Drug Dependence as a Disease

The disease can be described.

The course of the disease is predictable andprogressive.

The disease is primary. The disease is permanent.

The disease is terminal.

Key questions: Is the drug causing any continuing disruption inmy life or the lives of those close to me?

If the answer is yes, but the person doesnt stopthe behavior, could be harmful dependence!



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Addictive Personality

Not confirmed by research, but genetic linkfor alcoholism has been.

Family environment the most importantcomponent.

Who is vulnerable? Those who have: Low esteem, sense of alienation, unable to accept

comfort, need for instant gratification, rebelsagainst authority, enjoys dangerous behavior, lies

easily, is a perfectionist, fears personal criticism,overly concerned with how others perceive them,tends to be submissive and dependent, and hashigh levels of negative emotions.



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Alcohol

Alcohol is technically known as ethyl alcohol or ethanol.

It is a central nervous system depressant drug.

Slows brain function

Slows reaction time

Dulls alertness

Impairs coordination

Intensifies emotions

Increases risk taking

Lowers inhibitions

Disrupts judgment and reasoning.



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Alcohol Absorption

The amount of alcohol in the blood is measured by bloodalcohol concentration (BAC) which is a percentage. .08%is the legal limit in CO. BAC of .4% could cause death.

Alcohol is processed by the liver at an approximate rateof 1 oz. per hour.

Speed of absorption depends on: weight, gender, speedof consumption, food intake and type of beverage 12oz.Beer, 5oz. Wine, 12oz. Wine Cooler, and 1 shot of 90proof liquor have about same amount of alcohol.

Women get drunk faster because: less of the enzyme thatbreaks down alcohol, higher level of body fat, lowerweight.

Tolerance is the bodys physical adjustment to thehabitual use of a chemical. Due to tolerance, anexperienced drinker with a BAC of .08% may not feeldrunk, but they are still intoxicated and at risk!



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All standard sizedrinks provide thesame amount ofalcohol.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Photo credit:Courtesy of GwenRobbins/DebraPowers/SharonBurgess



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Impact of Alcohol

Alcohol is by far the most devastating drug!

Alcohol is a factor in: 50% of deaths in motor vehiclecrashes, 33% drownings, 50% deaths caused by fire,50% homicides, 33% of suicides, 66% of assaults,

50% domestic violence, 90% of campus rapes, 40% ofacademic problems.

#1 killer of teenagers: drinking and driving.

Significant factor in all risk behavior especially sexual

decisions. Most dangerous consequence may be the false sense

of confidence and invulnerability that leads to disregardfor health, safety and welfare of self and others.



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Long Term Effects

Alcohol is a toxin, and harmful effects on thebody are great!

Brain damage Nerve damage

Heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke

Cancer

Depress immune function

Liver failure

Malnutrition



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Low Risk and High Risk Alcohol

Consumption About 2/3 of Americans use alcohol. Low-risk use is drinking no more than one drink per day for

women and no more than two drinks per day for men.Lowest risk is no consumption.

High-risk user doesnt follow the guidelines for low risk useand is guilty of binge drinking.

A binge is typically five drinks for a man and four drinks for awoman in about two hours that brings the BAC to .08%.

Binge drinking is dangerous for the drinker and society.

Frequent bingers are 17 times more likely to miss class, 10times more likely to vandalize property, and 8 times morelikely to get hurt.

If you drink while pregnant or driving a car, you are abusingalcohol.



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The Zero One Three Rule

The Michigan Guidelines: The Zero One

Three Rule for Lower-Risk Drinking.

0= no level of drinking is recommended. Neverdrink and drive or drink when pregnant.

1= drink only one alcoholic beverage per hour ifyou do drink.

3= never drink more than three alcoholicbeverages per day (or more than five per week).



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Alcoholism

A chemical dependence to alcohol. About 10%of Americans are alcoholics.

It involves progressive preoccupation withdrinking, leading to physical, mental, or socialdysfunction.

Genetics: history of alcoholisms in family putsyou at higher risk. Family norms influence youradult behavior.

The alcoholic should completely quit usingalcohol (with supervision to deal with addictionissues). Alcoholics Anonymous offers a goodsupport system for alcohol cessation.



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Coping Strategies

Get a professional assessment if you thinkyou may be alcoholic help is available:counseling, medical assistance, groups, AA

Listen to those around you. Your friends, co-workers, and family members can providegood insight into your behavior.

Take self-responsibility! If you drinkdontdrive or make sexual decisions. Set a limitand stick with it, dont chug or do shots, drinknon-alcoholic drinks.



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Strategies for Dealing with Alcohol

Let your waistline be your incentive.

Switch to juice or soft drinks.

Eat first before you drink.

Avoid drinking after exercise, drink water first.

Dont hold the drink in your hand. Put it downbetween sips.

Try cocktails without alcohol.

Dilute your drinks. Make sure the alcohol is properly measured.

Volunteer to be the driver and then dont drink.



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Helping a Friend

If a friend passes out from drinking or showssigns of alcohol poisoning:

Put them on their side. Do not give them anything to eat or drink.

Be sure they are breathing normally notshallow, but deeply.

Cover them with a sheet, not a blanket. If they are shivering, call for medical help.

If they dont respond, call for medical help.



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Other Important Risks

Alcohol should be completely avoidedduring pregnancy.

Alcohol use during pregnancy cancause Fetal Alcohol Syndromeleading cause of mental retardation inthe Western world.

Even a small amount can cause FetalAlcohol Effect (FAE).




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One in fivewomen drinkduring

pregnancy.

Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Photo credit: PhotoDisc



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Tobacco Use

Regular smokers lose 6 minutes of life with everycigarette they smoke! 2 hours lost per day!

Even moderate use of any tobacco product couldreduce life expectancy by 5 to 7 years.

#1 preventable cause of death more than 400,000deaths per year in the U.S.

Factor in heart disease, cancer, emphysema, COPD,high blood pressure, stroke, high LDL levels, etc.

Quitting at any point can help health. Heart attackrisks decreases by 50% after the first year of quitting;within 10-15 years the risk is the same as if they hadnever smoked (as long as no damage already done).



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Why Do People Smoke Smoking is becoming socially unacceptable and more

states are becoming smoke free.

About 25% of Americans smoke but smoking is upamong young people and college students.

Most important influence: family and friends. Most start before age 18, to fit in, to appear cool, to

rebel authority.

Nicotine is physically and psychologically addictive.

Most smokers want to quit. It is possible but may takemultiple tries.

Many resources are available. See your instructor forlocal resources.



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How to Quit Smoking

Identify your reasons.

Identify your barriers toquitting.

Make a plan for dealingwith temptations.

Change to a brand youfind distasteful.

Involve your friends andfamily.

Set a date.

On the day you quit,toss out all cigarettes,tobacco, and other

paraphernalia. After quitting, change

your normal routine.

When you crave, chewon carrots, pickles,sugarless gum or atoothpick.

Mark your progress.




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Courts ruled that tobacco companies conspired to sell adangerous product.

Photo credit: Courtesy of Gwen Robbins/Debra Powers/Sharon Burgess




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When SmokersQuit



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Passive Smoking

Passive smoking or secondhand smoke isbreathing air polluted by tobacco smoke.

Passive smoking causes more than 60,000deaths per year.

It acts as a carcinogen.

It can worsen medical conditions such as

asthma, emphysema, and anemia, increasesSudden Infant Death Syndrome, increasesinfections in children.



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Psychoactive Drugs

Mind-affecting or mind-altering

Change ones thinking, feelings, perceptions,behaviors

Classification based on effect on Central NervousSystem Depressants

Cannabis (Marijuana)

Stimulants

Narcotics or opiates

Psychedelics

Inhalants



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Club Drugs party drugs

Refers to a variety of drugs used atdance clubs or parties, i.e., raves

Attractive due to these factors: Inexpensive

Produce increased stamina

Intoxicating

Examples include: MDMA, GHB,Rohypnol, and ketamine



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Depressants

Sedatives

Slow down Central Nervous System,

relax, produce sleep Alcohol

Date rape drugs: GHB and Rohypnol

(roofies) All become dangerous when mixed with

other sedatives or narcotics.



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Date Rape Drugs

Are used to cause women to become overly relaxed orpass out and may yield unknowingly in a sexual way.

To reduce the risk: Do not leave beverages unattended.

Do not take beverages from someone you do not know andtrust.

Accept drinks only from the bartender or wait staff.

At parties, do not accept open container drinks from anyone.

Do not drink anything that has an unusual taste or appearance

(salty, foamy, residue or strange color). Watch out for your friends.

Anyone who may have ingested these drugs should be taken tothe ER or call 911 for them.



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Cannabis (Marijuana)

Most widely used illegal drug in the U.S. THC (tetrahydrocannibinol) is the primary

psychoactive ingredient.

It is fat soluble. Stored in fatty tissues of the brain, body, and

reproductive organs. Causes brain cell damage and lower sperm count.

Causes amotivational syndrome (low energy,apathy, and little drive to do anything). Smoking it increases risk for cancer. Impair the ability to use a car, boat or machinery.



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Stimulants

Speed up the CNS, resulting inalertness and excitability

Examples include: Cocaine/crack (crystallized freebase

cocaine)

Methamphetamine

MDMA (ecstasy)

Caffeine



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Narcotics or Opiates

Powerful pain killers

Also known as opioids

Brings pleasurable feelings and caninduce sleep and depress breathing

Examples include:

Heroin Morphine

Opium



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Psychedelics

Known mind-expanders orhallucinogens

Affect perception, awareness, andemotions

Examples include:

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)



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Inhalants

Volatile chemicals (household products)

Diverse group of breathable chemicals thatproduce mind-altering vapors

Huffing produces drug-like effects orintoxication

Examples include:

Commercial solvents Aerosols

Anesthetics



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Drugs Affecting Physical

Performance

Anabolic steroids Artificial form of testosterone

Stimulates bone, muscle, skin, and hairgrowth characteristically found in the adultmale

Widely used and abused by male and

female athletes from teens toprofessionals

Can alter mood and behavior, aka roidrage



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Affects of Steroids

Men

Shuts down productionof testosterone

Causes breast growth Testicular atrophy

Prostate enlargement

Premature cessation

of bone growth

Women

Deepens voice

Male pattern baldness

Increases facial and bodyhair

Loss of body fat

Enlarges clitoris

Decreases breast size Absence of menstruation



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Other Problem Drugs

Amphetamines: has increased tolerance, canlead to high blood pressure, convulsion,psychosis.

Diuretics: cause the body to pass water by

increasing urine output. Can result indehydration, weakness fatigue, andincreased susceptibility to heat illness.

Caffeine in large amounts can have the sameeffects as amphetamines. Increased risk forosteoporosis and diabetes. Limit to less than200 mg. per day i.e., no more than 2 smallcups of coffee.



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Over-the-Counter and Prescription

Drugs Over-the-counter (OTCs)

Aspirin Cold medicines Cough syrups Laxatives

OTCs that can produce side effects or dependence: Nasal sprays, laxatives, eyedrops, alcohol/codeine cough

syrups, stimulants

Prescription drugs Most are put to good use; some are abused:

Amphetamines, barbiturates, narcotics, tranquilizers

Synergistic reaction Phenomenon that occurs when various drugs are taken in

combination, where the cumulative effect is greater than theeffects of the drugs when taken separately.



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Dietary Supplements with Ephedra

Ephedra, also known as Ma huang, is anamphetamine-like drug found in some dietsupplements and herbal supplements.

Side effects include: Raised blood pressure Irregularities in heart rate Insomnia Tremors, headaches and seizures

Heart attacks

Stroke Death

Ephedra is especially dangerous for people withhypertension or other cardiovascular disease.



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What Do You Think?

How does addiction affect the brain? Are you committed to low-risk alcohol consumption? What should you do to help a friend that is passed

out? If you drink, how could you drink less or not at all? If you smoke, do you want to quit? Do you know your

resources? Is using marijuana dangerous?

What over-the-counter drugs do you use and are youat risk for addiction?

Do you use products with Ma huang? Do youunderstand the dangers?



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Questions?

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Robbins7e Ppt Ch14