Romualdez-Marcos vs COMELEC (GR 119976)

8/10/2019 Romualdez-Marcos vs COMELEC (GR 119976)

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Romualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on Elections, 248 SCRA 300 ,

Septemer !8, !""#

SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATEDRomualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on ElectionsG.R. No. !!"#. Se$tem%er &' !!(.)*ME+DA ROMUA+DE,-MARCOS' $etitioner' vs. COMM*SS*ON ON E+ECT*ONS and

C*R*+O RO MONTEO' res$ondents.Election +a/0 Domicile0 Residence0 1ords and P2rases0 Residence' 3or t2e $ur$ose

o3 meetin4 t2e 5uali6cation 3or an elective $osition' 2as a settled meanin4 in our7urisdiction.8A $erusal o3 t2e Resolution o3 t2e COME+EC9S Second Divisionreveals a startlin4 con3usion in t2e a$$lication o3 settled conce$ts o3 :Domicile;and :Residence; in election la/. 12ile t2e COME+EC seems to %e in a4reement/it2 t2e 4eneral $ro$osition t2at 3or t2e $ur$oses o3 election la/' residence iss


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residences in various $laces. >o/ever' a $erson can onl< 2ave a sin4le domicile'unless' 3or various reasons' 2e success3ull< a%andons 2is domicile in 3avor o3anot2er domicile o3 c2oice.

Same0 Same0 Same0 Same0 Same0 As t2ese conce$ts 2ave evolved in our electionla/' /2at 2as clearl< and une5uivocall< emer4ed is t2e 3act t2at residence 3orelection $ur$oses is used s


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im$lies a 3actual relations2i$ to a 4iven $lace 3or various $ur$oses. T2e a%sence3rom le4al residence or domicile to $ursue a $ro3ession' to stud< or to do ot2ert2in4s o3 a tem$orar< or semi-$ermanent nature does not constitute loss o3residence. T2us' t2e assertion %< t2e COME+EC t2at :s2e could not 2ave %een aresident o3 Taclo%an Cit< since c2ild2ood u$ to t2e time s2e 6led 2er certi6cate o3candidac< %ecause s2e %ecame a resident o3 man< $laces; Kies in t2e 3ace o3

settled 7uris$rudence in /2ic2 t2is Court care3ull< made distinctions %et/eenLactual residence and domicile 3or election la/ $ur$oses.

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FO+. &' SEPTEMER &' !!(@B@Romualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on ElectionsSame0 Same0 Same0 Same0 Domicile o3 Ori4in0 A minor 3ollo/s t2e domicile o3 2is

$arents.8A minor 3ollo/s t2e domicile o3 2is $arents. As domicile' once ac5uiredis retained until a ne/ one is 4ained' it 3ollo/s t2at in s$ite o3 t2e 3act o3$etitioner9s %ein4 %orn in Manila' Taclo%an' +eus%and and 1i3e0 T2e $resum$tion t2at t2e/i3e automaticall< 4ains t2e 2us%and9s domicile %< o$eration o3 la/ u$onmarria4e cannot %e in3erred 3rom t2e use o3 t2e term :residence; in Article B o3t2e Civil Code %ecause t2e Civil Code is one area /2ere t2e t/o conce$ts are /elldelineated.8*n t2is connection' it cannot %e correctl< ar4ued t2at $etitioner lost2er domicile o3 ori4in %< o$eration o3 la/ as a result o3 2er marria4e to t2e latePresident Jerdinand E. Marcos in !(. Jor t2ere is a clearl< esta%lis2eddistinction %et/een t2e Civil Code conce$ts o3 :domicile; and :residence.; T2e$resum$tion t2at t2e /i3e automaticall< 4ains t2e 2us%and9s domicile %ouse o3 Re$resentatives Electoral Tri%unal9ssu$$osed assum$tion o3 7urisdic-

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@B#SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATEDRomualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on Electionstion over t2e issue o3 $etitioner9s 5uali6cations a3ter t2e Ma< &' !!( elections'

suce it to sa< t2at >RET9S 7urisdiction as t2e sole 7ud4e o3 all contests relatin4to t2e elections return and 5uali6cations o3 mem%ers o3 Con4ress %e4ins onlouse o3 Re$resentatives.Petitioner not %ein4 a mem%er o3 t2e >ouse o3 Re$resentatives' it is o%vious t2att2e >RET at t2is $oint 2as no 7urisdiction over t2e 5uestion.

ROMERO' .' Se$arate O$inion

>us%and and 1i3e0 A /ido/ can no lon4er %e %ound %< t2e domicile o3 t2e de$arted2us%and' i3 at all s2e /as %e3ore8and' eHercisin4 3ree /ill' s2e ma< o$t toreesta%lis2 2er domicile o3 ori4in.8* su%mit t2at a /ido/' li=e t2e $etitioner andot2ers similarl< situated' can no lon4er %e %ound %< t2e domicile o3 t2e de$arted2us%and' i3 at all s2e /as %e3ore. Neit2er does s2e automaticall< revert to 2erdomicile o3 ori4in' %ut eHercisin4 3ree /ill' s2e ma< o$t to reesta%lis2 2er domicile


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o3 ori4in. *n returnin4 to Taclo%an and su%se5uentl


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t2e necessar< conse5uence o3 t2e vie/ t2at $etitioner9s atac dictated domiciledid not continue a3ter 2er 2us%and9s deat20 ot2er/ise' s2e /ould 2ave nodomicile and t2at /ill violate t2e universal rule t2at no $erson can %e /it2out adomicile at an< $oint o3 time. T2is stance also restores t2e ri42t o3 $etitioner toc2oose 2er domicile %e3ore it /as ta=en a/a< %< Article B o3 t2e Civil Code' ari42t no/ reco4nized %< t2e Jamil< Code and $rotected %< t2e Constitution.

Constitutional +a/0 Election +a/0 Statutor< Construction0 Political >arassment0E5ual Protection0 T2ere is %ut one Constitution 3or all Jili$inos8$etitioner cannot%e ad7ud4ed %< a :diIerent; Constitution' and t2e /orst /a< to inter$ret t2eConstitution is to in7ect in its inter$retation %ile and %itterness.8All t2eseattem$ts to misuse our la/s and le4al $rocesses are 3orms o3 ran= 2arassmentsand invidious discriminations a4ainst $etitioner to den< 2er e5ual access to a$u%lic oce. 1e cannot commit an< 2ermeneutic violence to t2e Constitution %a/aii. *n Novem%er !!' s2e came 2ome to Manila. *n!!' res$ondent ran 3or election as President o3 t2e P2ili$$ines and 6led 2erCerti6cate o3 Candidac< /2erein s2e indicated t2at s2e is a resident andre4istered voter o3 San uan' Metro Manila.

A$$l


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Jirst' a minor 3ollo/s t2e domicile o3 2is $arents. As domicile' once ac5uired isretained until a ne/ one is 4ained' it 3ollo/s t2at in s$ite o3 t2e 3act o3 $etitioner9s%ein4 %orn in Manila' Taclo%an' +e


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/ould su44est t2at t2e 3emale s$ouse automaticall< loses 2er domicile o3 ori4inin 3avor o3 t2e 2us%and9s c2oice o3 residence u$on marria4e.

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@& B Am ur ".@! TO+ENT*NO' COMMENTAR*ES X UR*SPRUDENCE ON T>E C*F*+ CODE' B

L!&".B *d.@@@

FO+. &' SEPTEMER &' !!(@@@Romualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on ElectionsArticle B is a virtual restatement o3 Article (& o3 t2e S$anis2 Civil Code o3 &&!

/2ic2 states+a mu7er esta o%li4ada a se4uir a su marido donde 5uiera 5ue 67e su residencia. +os

Tri%unales' sin em%ar4o' $odran con 7usta causa eHimirla de esta o%li4acioncuando el marido transende su residencia a ultramar o9 a $ais eHtran7ero.

Note t2e use o3 t2e $2rase :donde 5uiera su 67e de residencia; in t2e a3ore5uotedarticle' /2ic2 means /2erever Lt2e 2us%and /is2es to esta%lis2 residence . T2is$art o3 t2e article clearl< contem$lates onl< actual residence %ecause it re3ers toa $ositive act o3 6Hin4 a 3amil< 2ome or residence. Moreover' t2is inter$retation is3urt2er stren4t2ened %< t2e $2rase :cuando el marido translade su residencia; int2e same $rovision /2ic2 means' :/2en t2e 2us%and s2all trans3er 2isresidence'; re3errin4 to anot2er $ositive act o3 relocatin4 t2e 3amil< to anot2er2ome or $lace o3 actual residence. T2e article o%viousl< cannot %e understood tore3er to domicile /2ic2 is a 6Hed' 3airlTS AND O+*GAT*ONS ET1EEN >USAND AND 1*JE. *mmediatelence' it isillo4ical to conclude t2at Art. B re3ers to :domicile; and not to :residence.;Ot2er/ise' /e s2all %e 3aced /it2 a situation /2ere t2e /i3e is le3t in t2e domicile/2ile t2e 2us%and' 3or $ro3essional or ot2er reasons' sta


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U$on eHamination o3 t2e aut2orities' /e are convinced t2at it is not /it2in t2e$rovince o3 t2e courts o3 t2is countr< to attem$t to com$el one o3 t2e s$ouses toco2a%it /it2' and render con7u4al ri42ts to' t2e ot2er. O3 course /2ere t2e$ro$ert< ri42ts o3 one o3 t2e $air are invaded' an action 3or restitution o3 suc2ri42ts can %e maintained. ut /e are disinclined to sanction t2e doctrine t2at anorder' en3orci%le Lsic %< $rocess o3 contem$t' ma< %e entered to com$el t2e

restitution o3 t2e $urel< $ersonal ri42t o3 consortium. At %est suc2 an order can%e eIective 3or no ot2er $ur$ose t2an to com$el t2e s$ouses to live under

???????????????

se$aration due to desertion o3 t2e /i3e %< t2e 2us%and or attri%uta%le to crueltreatment on t2e $art o3 t2e 2us%and0 or /2ere t2ere 2as %een a 3or3eiture %< t2e/i3e o3 t2e %ene6t o3 t2e 2us%and9s domicile.; ! R.C.+.' ((' cited in De la Fina'su$ra. *3 t2e la/ allo/s t2e /i3e to automaticall< revert to 2er ori4inal domicile orac5uire a ne/ domicile under t2ese situations' all t2e more s2ould it sanction areversion8or t2e ac5uisition o3 a ne/ domicile %< t2e /i3e8u$on t2e deat2 o3 2er2us%and.

@ P2il. @ L!B.

T2e rule t2at t2e /i3e automaticall< ac5uires or 3ollo/s 2er 2us%and9s domicile isnot an a%solute one. A s$eci6c situation reco4nized in S$anis2 7uris$rudenceinvolves t2e one in /2ic2 2us%and ac5uiesces L Manresa @ or 4ives 2is tacitconsent LScaevola' LCivil Code' @(.

( P2il. ( L!.@@#

@@#SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATEDRomualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on Electionst2e same roo30 and 2e eH$erience o3 t2ose countries /2ere t2e courts o3 7ustice

2ave assumed to com$el t2e co2a%itation o3 married $eo$le s2o/s t2at t2e $olicouse???????????????

( SEC. #. EIect o3 Dis5uali6cation Case.8An< candidate /2o 2as %een declared %RET at t2is $oint 2as no 7urisdiction overt2e 5uestion.

*t /ould %e an a%dication o3 man< o3 t2e ideals ens2rined in t2e !&" Constitution3or us to eit2er to i4nore or deli%eratel< ma=e distinctions in la/ solel< on t2e%asis o3 t2e $ersonalit< o3 a $etitioner in a case. O%viousl< a distinction /as madeon suc2 a 4round 2ere. Surelouse o3 Re$resentatives in t2e Jirst Districto3 +e


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cancel a certi6cate o3 candidac< as $rovided in Section "& o3 atas Pam%ansal4. &&.

(@ CONST.' art. F*' sec. statesT2e Senate and t2e >ouse o3 Re$resentatives s2all 2ave an Electoral Tri%unal /2ic2

s2all %e t2e sole 7ud4e o3 all 5uestions relatin4 to t2e election' returns' and5uali6cations o3 t2eir res$ective Mem%ers. H H H.

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@SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATEDRomualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on Elections Re4alado' .' See dissentin4 o$inion. Davide' r.' .' * res$ect3ull< dissent. Please see dissentin4 o$inion. Romero' .' Please see se$arate o$inion. ellosillo' .' * 7oin ustice Puno in 2is concurrin4 o$inion. Melo' .' * 7oin ustice Puno in 2is se$arate concurrin4 o$inion. Puno' .' Please see Concurrin4 O$inion. Fitu4' .' Please see se$arate o$inion.

Mendoza' .' See se$arate o$inion. Jrancisco' .' See concurrin4 o$inion. >ermosisima' r.' .' * 7oin ustice Padilla9s dissent.SEPARATE OP*N*ONROMERO' .

Petitioner 2as a$$ealed to t2is Court 3or relie3 a3ter t2e COME+EC ruled t2at s2e /asdis5uali6ed 3rom runnin4 3or Re$resentative o3 2er District and t2at' in t2e eventt2at s2e s2ould' nevert2eless' muster a ma7orit< vote' 2er $roclamation s2ould %esus$ended. Not %< a strai42t3or/ard rulin4 did t2e COME+EC $ronounce itsdecision as 2as %een its unvar


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domicile /as in t2e Jirst District o3 +e


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=ee$in4 /it2 t2e enli42tened 4lo%al trend to reco4nize and $rotect t2e 2umanri42ts o3 /omen' no less t2an men.

Admittedl


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# Art. "' Civil Code." Art. "' Civil Code.& Art. @B' Civil Code.! Art. ' Civil Code.B Art. "' Civil Code. Art. &' Civil Code.

Art. @&' Civil Code.@#

@#SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATEDRomualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on ElectionsAll t2ese indi4nities and disa%ilities suIered %< Jili$ino /ives 3or 2undreds o3


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Romualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on Elections2uman $erson and 4uarantees 3ull res$ect 3or 2uman ri42ts;# and :T2e State

reco4nizes t2e role o3 /omen in nation-%uildin4' and s2all ensure t2e3undamental e5ualit< %e3ore t2e la/ o3 /omen and men.;"

A ma7or accom$lis2ment o3 /omen in t2eir 5uest 3or e5ualit< /it2 men and t2eelimination o3 discriminator< $rovisions o3 la/ /as t2e deletion in t2e Jamil< Code

o3 almost all o3 t2e unreasona%le strictures on /ives and t2e 4rant to t2em o3$ersonal ri42ts e5ual to t2at o3 t2eir 2us%ands. S$eci6call


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eHcluded' to %e acce$ted as e5uals o3 men and to tear do/n t2e /alls o3discrimination t2at 2old t2em %ac= 3rom t2eir $ro$er $laces under t2e sun.

*n li42t o3 t2e ineHora%le s/ee$ o3 events' local and 4lo%al' le4islative' eHecutiveand 7udicial' accordin4 more ri42ts to /omen 2it2erto denied t2em andeliminatin4 /2atever $oc=ets o3 discrimination still eHist in t2eir civil' $olitical andsocial li3e' can it still %e insisted t2at /ido/s are not at li%ert< to c2oose t2eir

domicile u$on t2e deat2 o3 t2eir 2us%ands %ut must retain t2e same' re4ardlessW* su%mit t2at a /ido/' li=e t2e $etitioner and ot2ers similarl< situated' can no lon4er

%e %ound %< t2e domicile o3 t2e de$arted 2us%and' i3 at all s2e /as %e3ore.Neit2er does s2e automaticall< revert to 2er domicile o3 ori4in' %ut eHercisin4 3ree/ill' s2e ma< o$t to reesta%lis2 2er domicile o3 ori4in. *n returnin4 to Taclo%an andsu%se5uentler domicile o3 ori4in as it /as t2e domicile o32er $arents /2en s2e /as a minor0 and 2er domicile o3 c2oice' as s2e continuedlivin4 t2ere even a3ter reac2in4 t2e a4e o3 ma7orit


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Aristotle' Et2ica Nic2omac2ea' %=.' v. @' @La L1. Ross translation' !( ed. *t $rovides :No $erson s2all %e a mem%er o3 t2e >ouse o3 Re$resentatives unless

2e is a natural %orn citizen o3 t2e P2ili$$ines and on t2e da< o3 t2e election' is atleast t/ent


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$rior to t2eir marria4e. T2e domiciliar< decision made %< t2e 2us%and in t2eeHercise o3 t2e ri42t con3erred %< Article B o3 t2e Civil Code %inds t2e /i3e. Ana/aii. *n Novem%er !!' s2e came 2ome to Manila. *n !!res$ondent ran 3or election as President o3 t2e P2ili$$ines and 6led 2er Certi6cateo3 Candidac< /2erein s2e indicated t2at s2e is a resident and re4istered voter o3San uan' Metro Manila. On Au4ust ' !!' res$ondent 6led a letter /it2 t2eelection ocer o3 San uan' Metro Manila' re5uestin4 3or cancellation o3 2erre4istration in t2e Permanent +ist o3 Foters in Precinct No. (" o3 San uan' MetroManila' in order t2at s2e ma< %e re-re4istered or trans3erred to r4


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:On anuar< &' !!( res$ondent re4istered as a voter at Precinct No. &-A o3 Olot'Tolosa' +e


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* am not una/are o3 t2e $ronouncement made %< t2is Court in t2e case o3 +a%o vs.Comelec' G.R. (#' Au4ust ' !&!' "# SCRA /2ic2 4ave t2e rationale aslaid do/n in t2e earl< ! case o3 To$acio vs. Paredes' @ P2il. @& t2at

:H H H. Sound $olic< dictates t2at $u%lic elective oces are 6lled %< t2ose /2o 2avereceived t2e 2i42est num%er o3 votes cast in t2e election 3or t2at oce' and it isa 3undamental idea in all re$u%lican 3orms o3 4overnment t2at no one can %e

declared elected and no measure can %e declared carried unless 2e or it receivesa ma7orit< or $luralit< o3 t2e le4al votes cast in t2e election. LB Cor$us uris nd'S @' $. #"#

T2e 3act t2at t2e candidate /2o o%tained t2e 2i42est num%er o3 votes is laterdeclared to %e dis5uali6ed or not eli4i%le 3or t2e oce to /2ic2 2e /as electeddoes not necessaril< entitle t2e candidate /2o o%tained t2e second 2i42estnum%er o3 votes to %e declared t2e /inner o3 t2e elective oce. T2e votes cast3or a dead' dis5uali6ed' or non-eli4i%le $erson ma< not %e valid to vote t2e /innerinto oce or maintain 2im t2ere. >o/ever' in t2e a%sence o3 a statute /2ic2clearl< asserts a contrar< $olitical and le4islative $olic< on t2e matter' i3 t2e votes/ere cast in t2e sincere %elie3 t2at t2e candidate /as alive' 5uali6ed' or eli4i%le't2e< s2ould not %e treated as straA++ NOT E COUNTED.T2e la/ 2as also validated t2e 7urisdiction o3 t2e Court or Commission onElections to continue 2earin4 t2e $etition 3or dis5uali6cation in case a candidateis voted 3or and receives t2e 2i42est num%er o3 votes' i3 3or an< reason' 2e is notdeclared %< 6nal 7ud4ment %e3ore an election to %e dis5uali6ed .

Since t2e $resent case is an a3ter election scenario' t2e $o/er to sus$end$roclamation L/2en evidence o3 2is 4uilt is stron4 is also eH$licit under t2e la/.12at 2a$$ens t2en /2en a3ter t2e elections are over' one is declareddis5uali6edW T2en' votes cast 3or 2im :s2all not %e counted; and in le4alcontem$lation' 2e no lon4er received t2e 2i42est num%er o3 votes.


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*t stands to reason t2at Section # o3 RA ### does not ma=e t2e second $lacer t2e/inner sim$l< %ecause a :/innin4 candidate is dis5uali6ed'; %ut t2at t2e la/considers 2im as t2e candidate /2o 2ad o%tained t2e 2i42est num%er o3 votes asa result o3 t2e votes cast 3or t2e dis5uali6ed candidate not %ein4 counted orconsidered.

As t2is la/ clearl< reKects t2e le4islative $olic< on t2e matter' t2en t2ere is no

reason /2< t2is Court s2ould not re-eHamine and conse5uentl< a%andon t2edoctrine in t2e un +a%o case. *t 2as %een stated t2at :t2e 5uali6cations$rescri%ed 3or elective oce cannot %e erased %< t2e electorate alone. T2e /ill o3t2e $eo$le as eH$ressed t2rou42 t2e %allot cannot cure t2e vice o3 ineli4i%ilita/aii' U.S.A.' s2e eventuall< returned to t2eP2ili$$ines in !! and resided in diIerent $laces /2ic2 s2e claimed to 2ave%een merel< tem$orar< residences.


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". *n !!' $etitioner ran 3or election as President o3 t2e P2ili$$ines and in 2ercerti6cate o3 candidac< s2e indicated t2at s2e /as t2en a re4istered voter andresident o3 San uan' Metro Manila.

&. On Au4ust ' !!' s2e 6led a letter 3or t2e cancellation o3 2er re4istration int2e Permanent +ist o3 Foters in Precinct No. (" o3 San uan' Metro Manila in ordert2at s2e ma< :%e re-re4istered or trans3erred to r4


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Stru%le vs. Stru%le0 TeH. Civ. A$$.' "" S.1. d' "!' &@.@""

FO+. &' SEPTEMER &' !!(@""Romualdez-Marcos vs. Commission on Elections

case' /e ma< 4rant t2at $etitioner9s domicile o3 ori4in' at least as o3 !@&' /as/2at is no/ Taclo%an Citonolulu' >a/aii' and %ac= to no/ San uan' Metro Manila8do not a$$ear to 2ave resulted in 2er t2ere%< ac5uirin4 ne/ domiciles o3 c2oice.*n 3act' it a$$ears t2at 2er 2avin4 resided in t2ose $laces /as %< reason o3 t2e3ortunes or mis3ortunes o3 2er 2us%and and 2is $ere4rinations in t2e assum$tiono3 ne/ ocial $ositions or t2e loss o3 t2em. >er residence in >onolulu and' o3course' t2ose a3ter 2er return to t2e P2ili$$ines /ere' as s2e claimed' a4ainst 2er/ill or onl< 3or transient $ur$oses /2ic2 could not 2ave invested t2em /it2 t2estatus o3 domiciles o3 c2oice.(

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T2is is also re3erred to as natural domicile or domicile %< %irt2 Lo2nson vs.T/ent


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success3ull< eIect a c2an4e o3 domicile' one must demonstrate La an actualremoval or an actual c2an4e o3 domicile' L% a %ona 6de intention o3 a%andonin4t2e 3ormer $lace o3 residence and esta%lis2in4 a ne/ one' and Lc acts /2ic2corres$ond /it2 t2e $ur$ose.

1e conse5uentl< 2ave to also note t2at t2ese re5uirements 3or t2e ac5uisition o3 adomicile o3 c2oice a$$l< /2et2er /2at is sou42t to %e c2an4ed or su%stituted is a

domicile o3 ori4in Ldomicilium ori4inis or a domicile %< o$eration o3 la/Ldomicilium necesarium. Since $etitioner 2ad lost 2er domicilium ori4inis /2ic22ad %een re$laced %< 2er domicilium necessarium ' it is t2ere3ore 2er continuin4domicile in atac' *locos Norte /2ic2' i3 at all' can %e t2e o%7ect o3 le4al c2an4eunder t2e contin4encies o3 t2e case at %ar.

To 4et out o3 t2is 5uandar


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*3 a $art< loses 2is domicile o3 ori4in %< o%tainin4 a ne/ domicile o3 c2oice' 2et2ere%< voluntaril< a%andons t2e 3ormer in 3avor o3 t2e latter. *3' t2erea3ter' 2ea%andons t2at c2osen domicile' 2e does not $er se recover 2is ori4inal domicileunless' %< su%se5uent acts le4all< indicative t2ereo3' 2e evinces 2is intent anddesire to esta%lis2 t2e same as 2is ne/ domicile' /2ic2 is $recisel< /2at$etitioner %elatedl< and' evidentl< 7ust 3or $ur$oses o3 2er candidac


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! C2eel< vs. Clao/ever' * 2ave searc2edin vain 3or a s$eci6c la/ or 7udicial $ronouncement /2ic2 eit2er eH$ressl< or %

Documents

Romualdez-Marcos vs COMELEC (GR 119976)