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vi

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vii

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ix-xxiii

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,uridf;fhf ,uz;L Nju;r;rpfSk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjw;fika me;je;jj; juj;jpy; taJ kl;lj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;F mikthf tpla cs;slf;fk; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspw; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

ru;tNjr rpj;jpuf; fiyapd; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;.

,j;Jiwapy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs;.

ghlrhiyapy; tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghf elj;jg;gl;l mtjhdpg;Gf;fSk; Ma;TfSk;.

KjyhtJ Nju;r;rpapd; fPo; mlq;fpAs;s kdpj cUtq;fSk; tpyq;F cUtq;fSk; tiutjw;Fupa mbg;gilg; gap;w;rpf;fhfg; Gjpa

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ Nju;r;rpapd; fPo; mlq;fpAs;s ,aw;ifr; #oypYk; kdpjdhyhf;fg;gl;l #oypYk;

cs;s mbg;gilahd jsTUtq;fs;> tbtq;fSf;fhd Nju;r;rp kl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; Ntiy

cyFf;Fj; Njitahd mwpT jpwd;fis milaj;jf;f tifapy; %d;whk; ehd;fhk; Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. khjpupAUf;fs; Mf;Ftjd; %yk; Kg;gupkhz ,ay;G gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit NkYk; njspthf Kd;itg;gjw;fhf

Ie;jhtJ Nju;r;rpapd; fPo; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. fiy tuyhW kw;Wk; ,urid njhlu;ghf mwpit toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;

gy;NtW gilg;Gf;fisf; fw;wy; %yk; ngw;w mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspg;gjw;fhfTk; Mwhk;> Vohk; Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo;

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

x

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj;

jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;

epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;

fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj; jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;

$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapidj; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

I. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik>

,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk;> ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid

mq;fPfhpj;jy; %yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

II khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis

mq;fPfhpj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

III. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s

Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT> vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk;

cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.

IV. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila

tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

V. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy;

kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

VI. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh\pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg;

gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

VII. jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahHg;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk;

cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

VIII. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH

,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if - 2003)

xi

mbg;gilg; nghJj; NjHr;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

I. njhlHghly; NjHr;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu

mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;>nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;> gad;jU tifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.

vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;>xOq;F Kiwahf msj;jy;.

rpj;jpu mwpT : NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUkj;ij mwpjy;> tptuq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;>vz;zq;fs;Mfpatw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; nts pg ; gLj ; jYk ; gj pTnra;jYk;.

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopypy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;

njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

II. MSik tpUj;jp njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;- kd vOr;rp;> Ez;zwpT.

III. #oy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;Ez;Zzu;Tk; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk;rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;

mf;fiwAk;.

xii

xiii

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;>

tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil>

ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg;

nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk;

Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

IV. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;Fj; jahH nra;jy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu;

jpwd;fs;.

nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;

mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;

gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

V. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp>

rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.

VI. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa NjHr;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd;

Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,it Nghd;w kdpj

mDgtq;fs;.

VII. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd

typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba

czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if - 2003)

rpj;jpuf;fiyg; ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;.

1. Rw;whly; rhu;e;j eag;ghw;wiy tsu;j;jy;.

2. Mf;fr; rpe;jidiaAk; Mf;fpay; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

3. tpidj;jpwdhd tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fisAk; kdg;ghq;FfisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

4. vkJ ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghl;Lg; ngWkhdq;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ,dq;fhZjYk; kjpj;jYk;

5. jpwdha;T Mw;wiy tsu;j;jy;.

6. vjpu;fhy NtiyAyfpd; miw$ty;fis vjpu;nfhs;sj;jf;fthwhd Mw;wy;fisf; nfhz;l rkepiyahd MSikia

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

xiv

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlNtis fw;ww; NgWfs;

XV

rpj;jpuf; fiy - juk; 11

01 Rw;whly; rhu;e;j

fUg;nghUs;fspd;

fPo;r; rpj;jpuq;fs;

tiuthu;

1'1 kdpju;;> tpyq;Ffspd;

cUtq;fis

tpupthff; fw;W

rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.

1'2 mDuhjGuk;>

nghyeWitf; fhyr;

Rtu; Xtpaq;fspw;

fhzg;gLk; fiyg;

gz;Gfisf; fw;W

rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.

#oYld; ,ize;j kdpju;>

tpyq;Ffspd; nraw;ghLfs;.

gy;NtWgl;l #oy;

jd;ikfs;.

rpj;jpuq;fis tiua

mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

msTj; jpl;lKk;>

fdtsTk;

J}uNehf;F.

Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs;

rkepiy.

czu;T ntspg;ghL.

Mf;fg+u;tkhd KOepiwT

tu;zg; gad;ghl;bd;

El;gKiwfs;

gy;NtW Mf;fg;ghzpfs;.

ghuk;gupakhd ghzp rhu;e;j

,ay;Gfs;

,Nuifg; gad;ghLk;.

js cUf;fs;.

tu;zg; gad;ghLk;

El;gKiwfSk;

Nru;khd ,ay;Gfs;

rpj;jpuk; tiutjd;

mbg;gilahd

Nfhl;ghLfisg;

gad;gLj;jp Rw;whly;

rhu;e;j kdpj> tpyq;Fr;

nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j

fUg;nghUs;fis

rpj;jupg;ghu;.

tu;zg; gad;ghl;L

cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L

ghu;j;J rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.

ghuk;gupa ghzp rhu;e;j

rpj;jpupg;G Kiwfisg;

gad;gLj;jp> GJikahd>

Mf;fg+u;tkhd

rpj;jpuq;fis tiuthu;.

16


XVI


2.0 Rw;whlypw;

fhzg;gLk;

nghUs;fis

xUq;fpizj;Jr;

rpj;jpuq;fshf

tiuthu;.

1.3 fz;bf; fhy jho;

gpuNjr tpfhiu Rtu;

Xtpaq;fspd;

ghuk;gupakhd fiyg;

gz;Gfs; rhu;e;J

rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.

2.1 gy;NtW ,aw;ifahd

nraw;ifahd nghUs;

fis ntt;Ntwhf

Muha;e;jwpe;J

glq;fis tiuthu;.

ghuk;gupakhd rpj;jpuk;

tiuAk; Nfhl;ghLfisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

msTj; jpl;lKk;

fdtsTk;

,U gupkhz ,ay;Gfs;

rkdpiy

ntspg;ghl;Lr; Mw;wy;

Mf;fg+u;t KOepiwT

,NuiffspdJk;

cUtq;fspdJk; gad;ghL

epwg; gad;ghLk;

El;gKiwfSk;

ePu;tu;zk;

Ngh];lu; tu;zk;

g];uy;

jsg;gad;ghL

NfhLfs; rhu;e;j ntt;NtW

,aw;if nraw;ifg;

nghUl;ifsf; fw;wy;

- Nfhl;Lg; gy;tifik

- xspAk; ,USk;

- Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs;

,aw;ifahd kw;Wk;

kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l

nghUs;fspd;

gy;tifikiaAk;

mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;

ftdkhf mtjhdpj;Jg;

gUkl;lhd glq;fis

tiuthu;.

16


XVII


3.0 gad;ghl;Lj;

NjitfSf;fhf

gilg;ghf;fk;

Gupthu;.

2.2 ,aw;if> nraw;ifg;

nghUs;fis

xUq;fpizj;J

rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.

3.1 Gjpa jpl;l

vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;

kw;Wk; ntt;NtW

Clfq;fisAk;

gad;gLj;jp

epu;khzpf;ff;$ba

tPl;L myq;fhug;

nghUs;fSf;fhfj;

jpl;lq;fisAk;

myq;fupg;Gf;fisAk;

epu;khzpg;ghu;.

rpj;jpuk; tiutjw;fhf

mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

msTj;jpl;lKk; fdtsTk;

J}u Nehf;F.

Kg;gupkhz ,ay;G

xspAk; epoYk;

rkepiy.

jsg;gad;ghL

Nkw;gug;G ,ay;G

(,ioaikg;G)

epwg;gad;ghLk;

El;gKiwfSk;

ePu;tu;zk;.

g];uy; tu;zk;.

fyg;G Clfk;

#oiyf; fw;wy;.

gad;ghl;Lj; Njit.

myq;fhuj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

jpl;lkply; vz;zf;fU

jpl;lkply;.

myq;fhuj;jpd; nghUl;L

gad;gLj;Jk; ghj;jpuq;fs;.

kur; nrJf;fyhyhd Rtu;

myq;fhur; rpj;jpuk;

rkepiy

yak;

fpukk;

jsj;jpw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdthW msTj;

jpl;;l kw;Wk; J}uNehf;F

,ay;Gfisr; rupahfg;

gad;gLj;jp> nghUs;

$l;lq;fis tiuthu;.

ntt;NtW tu;z

Clfq;fSf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd

El;gKiwfisg;

gad;gLj;jp nghUs;fspd;

Kg;gupkhz ,ay;GfSk;

jd;ikfSk; ntspg;gLkhW

tu;ze;jPl;Lthu;.

Rw;whliy fw;wha;thu;.

gpuNahfj; Njitfis

tpsq;fp> jpl;lq;fisAk;>

NrhlidfisAk;

gilg;ghu;.

mlf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

14


XVIII


4.0cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;

Nritj;

NjitfSf;fhf

fpwgpf; Mf;fq;fs;

gilg;ghu;.

3.2 kuG uPjpahd

myq;fupg;G

myFfisAk;>

mtw;wpd;

tu;zq;fisAk;

gad;gLj;jp; KOj;js

myq;fupg;Gf;fis

epu;khzpg;ghu;.

3.3 Mf;fr; rpwg;Gila

myq;fupg;G

myFfisg;

gad;gLj;jp> ghtidg;

nghUs;fisAk;

myq;fupg;GfisAk;

epu;khzpg;ghu;.

4.1 tpupthd

fUg;nghUspd; fPo;>

Rtnuhl;br;

rpj;jpuq;fis

epu;khzpg;ghu;.

KOj;js myq;fupg;Gf;fs;

F~d; ciw.

Nkirj; Jzp

gpj;jisj; jl;lk;

Jzp myq;fupg;G

fjTj;jpiu.

fl;by; tpupg;G

Nriy Ke;jhid

ghtidg; nghUl;fs;

epu;khzpj;jy;.

kpd;rhu Nkir tpsf;F

Njitfs;

jpl;lk;.

ntspg;gLj;Jk; cl;fUj;J

FwpaPl;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

vOj;Jf;fs;

Njitfis ,dq;fz;L

xOq;FKiwg;gb

Ntiyapy; <LgLthu;.

ntspg;gLj;Jk; cl;fUj;J>

FwpaPl;L uPjpahd

tu;zq;fs; rpj;jpuq;fs;>

vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp>

tpupthd jiyg;Gf;fspd;

fPo;> Rtnuhl;br;

rpj;jpuq;fs; tiuthu;.

10


XIX


4.2 gy;NtW

cw;gj;jpfis

tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

fpugpf; Mf;fq;fis

gilg;ghu;.

5.1 kuG uPjpahd

myq;fupg;Gfis

mbg;gilahfg;

gad;gLj;jpg;

Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy;

Mf;fq;fisg;

gilg;ghu;.

5.2 mg;Gjy;

El;gKiwiag;

gad;gLj;jp> kdpj

cUf;fis

epu;khzpg;ghu;.

5.0 ntt;NtW

Clfq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp

rpw;gq;fs;>

nrJf;F

Ntiyg;ghLfs;

Mf;Fthu;.

mr;rpLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jg;ghL.

fpugpf;F Mf;fq;fs;

ngau;r;Rl;bfs; (Nygy;).

tho;j;J ,jo;fs;.

mwptpj;jy;fs;

kuG uPjpahd myq;fupg;G

mbg;gilfs;

gy;NtW Clfq;fs;.

nghUj;jg;ghL.

Nru;khdk;

El;gKiwfs;

Mf;fg+u;tj; jd;ik

ntt;NtW Clfq;fs;

nghUj;jg;ghL

jpul;rp

El;gKiw.

Mf;fg+u;tj; jd;ik.

mr;rpLtjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;

tpjj;jpy; epu;kzpg;gpy;

<LgLthu;.

ghuk;gupakhd myq;fupg;G

mbg;gilfis ,dq;fhzy;.

ghuk;gupa myq;fupg;G

mbg;gilfisg;

gad;gLj;jp> Gilg;Gr;

nrJf;fy;fis Mf;Fthu;.

mg;Gk;> El;gKiwiag;

gad;gLj;jp kdpjj;

jiynahd;wpid

cUtikg;ghu;.

06


XX


6.1 njupT nra;j

RNjrpaf;

fiyQu;fspd; fiy

Mf;fq;fis eag;ghu;.

fUg;nghUs;> fiyj;jhf;fk;>

(ghzp) ClfKk;

El;gKiwfSk;> czu;r;rp

ntspg;ghL> rpj;jpupg;G

Kiwfs;> fiyg;gz;Gfs;

Mfpatw;iwf; fw;wy;.

Kjypahu; V.rP.[p.v];.mkuNrfu

Nga; xl;Lgtdpd; kfs;.

jr;rdpd; tPL.

];uhd;yp mgarpq;f.

Fk;gy;`y; (Fatdpd;

Ntiyj;jsk;)

(Cu;tyk;) ngufuh [P.v];.ngdhe;J

nrq;fw; Nghwiz.

flynjdpa

f.fdfrghgjp

gbf;fpw rpWtd;

Nfhopr;rz;il

m.khw;F

%u;j;jp

rFe;jiy

jp];] uzrpq;f.

fbdr; nray; (J~;fuf;

fpupaht) rpw;gk;

nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}up -

rpWGilg;Gr; nrJf;fy;.

(RLkz; Clfk;)(terra cotta) vr;.V.fUzhuj;d

re;jghah (re;jpNuhjak;)

Gjpa gilg;G (ngau;

,lg;glhjJ)

njupT nra;j

fiyQu;fspd;

gilg;Gf;fis

ntt;Ntwhf ,dq;fhZk;

jpwidg; ngWthu;;.

mg;gilg;Gf;fspd;

rpwg;ghd fiyg;gz;Gfis

,dq;fz;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fiyg;gilg;Gf;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; Gwr;

nry;thf;Ffis EZfp

Muha;thu;.

RNjr fiyg;gilg;Gf;

fis eaf;Fk; jpwidg;

ngWthu;.

6.0 rka gz;ghl;Lmk;rq;fs;>cz;zhl;Lntspehl;L njupTnra;ag;gl;lfiyQu;fspd;fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;>rkfhy fl;Gyfiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;kw;Wk; nghJrdnjhlu;g+lfq;fs;%yk; ,dq;fz;lfiy mk;rq;fistpku;rd uPjpapy;fpufpj;J mtw;wpd;,ay;Gfis Ragilg;ghf;fj;Jf;fhfg;gad;gLj;Jthu;.

10


XXI


6.2 RNjrpa mr;R

Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j

fiy mk;rq;fis

eag;ghu;.

6.3 njupT nra;ag;gl;l

ntspehl;Lf;

fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;

gilg;Gf;fis

kjpg;gpLthu;.

fUg ; ng hUs ;fs ; > g hz p >

czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL kw;Wk;

fiyg;gz;Gfisf; fw;wy;.

nra;j pj ;jhs ; fUj ;Jg ;gl

(fhl;^d;) fiyQu;fs;

xg;wp nfhyl;

a+D}];

lg;spa+ tp[aNrhk

fkpy]; ngNuuh

rptQhdRe;juk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

Rkd jprhehaf;f

tp.rptRg;gpukzpak;

nra;jpj;jhs;fspd; rpj;jpuf;

fijf; fiy

fUg;nghUs;> fiyj;jhf;fk;>

(ghzp) ClfKk;

El;gKiwfSk;> czu;r;rp

ntspg;ghL> rpj;jupg;G Kiw

fiyg;gz;Gfs;

Mfpatw;iwf; fw;wy;.

gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrh.

Ftu;;zpfh.

mtpf;Nehd; Atjpfs;.

nfd;wp %tu;.

mur FLk;gk;.

rha;e;J ,Uf;Fk; ngz;.

mr;R Clff;

fiyQu;fspd;

fiyg;gilg;Gf;fspd;

mbg;gil ,ay;Gfis

,dq;fz;L gFj;jha;thu;.

Ra gilg;ghf;fj;Jf;fhf

mtw;wpd; %yk;

nry;thf;Fg; ngWthu;.

RNjr mr;R Clfq;fs;

rhu;e;j fiyg; gz;Gfis

EZfpaha;thu;.

njupT nra;j ntspehl;Lf;

fiyQu;fspd; Mf;fq;fis

,dq;fz;L ngaupLthu;.

mg;gilg;Gf;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd

ntt;NtW fiyg;

gz;GfisAk; nry;thf;F-

fisAk; ,dq;fz;L

eaf;Fk; jpwidg;

ngWthu;.

RNjr> ntspehl;Lf;

fiyg; gilg;Gf;fis

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy;

gFj;jha;thu;.


XXII


tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp>

fUg;nghUs;> ghzp ClfKk;

El;gKiwfs;.

rpfpupah Xtpaq;fs;

rkhjp Gj;ju; rpiy.

njhOtpy Gj;ju; rpiy.

mTf;fz Gj;ju; rpiy.

gq;;Fspa Gj;ju; rpiy.

,RUKdpa nrJf;fy;fs;.

tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp> fUg;

nghUs;> ghzp ClfKk;>

El;gKiwfs;

tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp>

fUg;nghUs;> ghzp Clfk;>

El;gKiwfs;

jptq;f rpiy kidr;

rpj;jpuq;fs;.

fy; tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfs;.

nghj;Fs; tpfhiur; rpiy.

eluh[u; rpiy

ghu;tjp rpiy

tpehafu; rpiy

fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;

Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; rpiy

tl;ljhNf Gj;ju; rpiy.

eprq;fyjh kz;lgk;.

rpt Myak; ,y :1 ,y : 2

7.1 mDuhjGu fhyr;

rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;>

nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;

ghLfs;> fl;lf;fiyg;

gilg;Gf;fisf;

fw;ghu;.

7.2 nghyeWitf;

fhyj;Jr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;F

Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;bl

epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf;

fw;ghu;.

mDuhjGu fhy

fiyg;gilg;Gf;fis

ntt;Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.

nghyd;dWitf;fhy

fiyg; gilg;Gf;fspd;

rpwg;gpay;Gifs ,dq;fz;L

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

nghyd;dWit fhyj;jpy;

vkJ ehl;Lf; fiyg;

gilg;Gf;fs; kPJ Vw;gl;l

jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;

nry;thf;Ffis EZfp

Nehf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

7.0tuyhw;W uPjpahd

cz;zhl;L>

ntspehl;L rpj;jpu

rpw;g nrJf;fy;

kw;Wk; fl;ll

epu;khzf;

fiyfspd;

jdpj;Jtq;fis

,dq;fz;L>

mtw;wpd; fiyg;

gz;Gfis

gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;

fhfg; gad;

gLj;Jthu;.

12


XXIII


tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp>

fUg;nghUs;> ghzp Clfk;>

El;gKiwfs;> fiyQu;fs;

fj;jOt tpfhiur; rpe;jpuq;fs;

kfhjd murd; fij

,irAk; fspGWjYk;

kfhRj;jNrhk [hjfk;

- murit khju;

epu;khzf; fiyQu;fs;.

fufk;gpl;b rpj;jpuk;

- khud; Njhy;yp

(Cf;Ftpj;jy;)

- rpj;jhu;j;jupd; gpwg;G

,e;J ejpf;fiu nksupa>

rhjthfd fhyj;ijr;

Nru;e;j gilg;Gf;fspd;

tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp>

fUg;nghUs;> ghzp> El;g

Kiwfs;> czu;r;rp

ntspg;ghL> rpj;jpug;G Kiw>

fiyg;gz;Gfs;

Mfpatw;iwf; fw;wy;.

- rhQ;rp J}gp- rhQ;rp Njhuz nrJf;FNtiyg;ghLfs;

- [j;jd;j [hjff; fij- Gj;jngUkhd; rq;f];]Guj;jpw;F tUifjuy;.

7.3 fz;b fhyj;J jho;

gpuNjr ghuk;gupa

rpj;jpuq;fisf; fw;ghu;.

7.4 ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf;

fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu>

rpw;g nrJf;F Ntiy>

fl;ll epu;khzq;fisf;

fw;ghu;.

fz;ba> jho;ehl;L

ghuk;gupar; rpj;jpuq;fis

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; tptupg;ghu;.

,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf;

fiyg;gilg;Gf;fisg;

gFj;jha;thu;.


XXIV


Fg;ju; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j

gilg;Gf;fspd; tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzp> fUg;nghUs;> ghzp>

ClfKk; El;gKiwfSk;>

czu;r;rp> ntspg;ghL>

rpj;jupg;G Kiwfs;> fiyg;

gz;Gfs;> Mfpatw;iw fw;wy;

- rhuehj; Gj;ju; rpiy

- m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs;

- gj;kghzp Nghjp rj;Jtu;

cUtk;

- Gj;j ngUkhd; fpk;Gs;tj;Guj;jpw;F tUif juy;.

1

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : #oy; rhu;e;j fUg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; rpj;jpuq;fis#oy; rhu;e;j fUg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; rpj;jpuq;fis#oy; rhu;e;j fUg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; rpj;jpuq;fis#oy; rhu;e;j fUg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; rpj;jpuq;fis#oy; rhu;e;j fUg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; rpj;jpuq;fis

tiuthu;.tiuthu;.tiuthu;.tiuthu;.tiuthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : kdpju;> tpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fis tpupthff; fw;W>kdpju;> tpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fis tpupthff; fw;W>kdpju;> tpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fis tpupthff; fw;W>kdpju;> tpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fis tpupthff; fw;W>kdpju;> tpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fis tpupthff; fw;W>

rpj;jpuq;fis tiuthu;.rpj;jpuq;fis tiuthu;.rpj;jpuq;fis tiuthu;.rpj;jpuq;fis tiuthu;.rpj;jpuq;fis tiuthu;.

nraw;ghL 1.1.1 : “tzf;fj;jynkhd;W ,Us; #o;e;j ,utpy; fhl;rptzf;fj;jynkhd;W ,Us; #o;e;j ,utpy; fhl;rptzf;fj;jynkhd;W ,Us; #o;e;j ,utpy; fhl;rptzf;fj;jynkhd;W ,Us; #o;e;j ,utpy; fhl;rptzf;fj;jynkhd;W ,Us; #o;e;j ,utpy; fhl;rp

aspf;Fk; tpjk;.aspf;Fk; tpjk;.aspf;Fk; tpjk;.aspf;Fk; tpjk;.aspf;Fk; tpjk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• kjk; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpgupj;Jf;

$Wthu;.

• ,Us; #o;e;j ,utpy; tzf;fj;jyk; xd;wpd; epfo;Tfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• rpj;jpu xUq;fpizg;gpd; Nfhl;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;

tpjj;jpy; rpj;jpuj;ij tiuthu;

• ntt;NtW rka fyhrhuq;fis cs;slf;fp tiuag;gl;l rpj;jpuq;fis ,urpj;J

eag;ghu;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:

• ntt;NtW rkar; rlq;Ffisr; rpj;jupf;Fk; khjpupr; rpj;jpuq;fs;.

• ghltpUj;jpf;F cjTk; fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gyf; fUtpfs;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

gbKiw 1.1.1.1gbKiw 1.1.1.1gbKiw 1.1.1.1gbKiw 1.1.1.1gbKiw 1.1.1.1

• cq;fs; ghlrhiyr; #oYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rka fyhrhuq;fisf; nfhz;l

tpUk;gpa epfo;nthd;iw Mjhukhff; nfhz;L ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;f.

• gy rka epfo;TfSld; njhlu;GgLk; khjpup rpj;jpuq;fisf; fhz;gpj;J> mtw;wpd;

rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> rka rlq;Ffs;> tpohf;fs; vd;gtw;iw Kd;itj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

• mt;thwhd epfo;Tfspy; fhzg;glj;jf;f rpwg;gpay;Gfs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp>

fye;JiuahLf.

• kdpj> tpyq;F nka;epiyfs;> nraw;ghLfs;> czu;T ntspg;ghLfs;

• gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Milazpfs;

• epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghd Nrhlid mk;rq;fs;

(10 epkplq;fs;)


• vNjr;irahf njupT nra;j xU jiyg;ig rpj;jpukhf tiua khztu;fis

mwpTWj;Jf.

• rpj;jpu epu;khzpg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fis toq;Ff.

• khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis

toq;Ff.

• g+u;j;jp nra;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j xOq;Fnra;f.

(50 epkplq;fs;)

2


• Ra kjpg;gPl;Lf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

• Vida khztu;fspd; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpl tha;g;gspf;f.

• vy;yh Mf;fq;fisAk; kjpg;gPL nra;f.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

• gy;NtW rka ];jyq;fspy; eilngWk; rka epfo;Tfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis

tptupj;jy;.

• Nfhl;ghLfs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; rpj;jpuj;ij epu;khzpj;jy;.

• ntt;NtW rkag; gz;ghLfspd;gb tiuag;gl;Ls;s rpj;jpuq;fis eae;J

fye;Jiuahly;.

• Vidatu;fsJ epu;khzpg;Gf;fis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.

fPNo cs;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Vida nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLf.fPNo cs;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Vida nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLf.fPNo cs;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Vida nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLf.fPNo cs;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Vida nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLf.fPNo cs;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Vida nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLf.

1.1.2 tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;b xd;wpd; czu;Tg+u;tkhd re;ju;g;gk; xd;W.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

1.1.3 tul;rp Vw;gl;lNghJ (2 ghlNtisfs;)

1.1.4 fw;gidahd xU jiyg;ig ikakhff; nfhz;l rpj;jpuk; (2 ghlNtisfs;)

1.1.5 jpwe;j ntspr; re;ij (2 ghlNtisfs;)

3



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWitf; fhy Rtu; Xtpaq;fspw;mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWitf; fhy Rtu; Xtpaq;fspw;mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWitf; fhy Rtu; Xtpaq;fspw;mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWitf; fhy Rtu; Xtpaq;fspw;mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWitf; fhy Rtu; Xtpaq;fspw;

fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfisf; fw;W rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfisf; fw;W rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfisf; fw;W rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfisf; fw;W rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfisf; fw;W rpj;jpuk; tiuthu;.

nraw;ghL 1.2.1 : “tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpnahd;W.tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpnahd;W.tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpnahd;W.tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpnahd;W.tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpnahd;W.”

ghlNtis : 3

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• gy;NtWgl;l tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• tuyhw;W epfo;nthd;iwr; rpj;jupf;Fk;NghJ fhzf;$ba kdpj tpyq;F nka;

epiyfs;> nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• mDuhjGu> nghyeWitf; fhy RtNuhtpaq;fspd; ghzpiaf; nfhz;L tuyhw;W

epfo;nthd;iw rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.

• gz;ila RtNuhtpaq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; ngw;w mwpit Gjpa epu;khzj;ijr;

nra;a cgNahfpg;ghu;.

• Vidatu;fspd; epu;khzq;fis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• ,izg;G 1.2.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T> nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jw; gbtg; gpujpfs;.

• mDuhjGu nghyeWitf; fhy RtNuhtpaq;fisr; rpj;jupf;Fk; khjpupg;glq;fs;.

• ghltpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd ghuk;gupag; ghzpapyhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fs;.



• tuyhw;W epfo;nthd;iwg; gw;wpa fijfis khztu;fsplk; tpdtpf; fye;Jiu

ahLf.

• fye;JiuahLk;NghJ fPNo cs;s tplaq;fs; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

- kdpj tpyq;F nka;epiyfs;> nraw;ghLfs;> czu;T ntspg;ghL

- Mil mzpfs;

- epfo;Tf;Fupa gz;ghl;Lr; #oy;

• mDuhjGu> nghyeWitf; fhy RtNuhtpaq;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; fhz;gpj;J

mjpy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fye;JiuahLf.

• mg;gz;Gfis cgNahfpj;J tuyhw;Wf; fijnahd;iwr; rpj;jupf;Fk; tpjj;ijf;

fye;JiuahLf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

4


• ,izg;G 1.2.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T> nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis

khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fika mDuhjGu nghyeWitf;

fhy Xtpaq;fspd; ghzpapy; tuyhw;W epfo;nthd;iwr; rpj;jpukhf tiuar;

nra;f.

• nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;ifapy; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; topfhl;ly;

fisAk; toq;Ff.

• khztu;fsJ Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

(90 epkplq;fs;)


• khztu;fs; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• Ra kjpg;gPl;Lf;F tha;g;gspf;f.

• Vidatu;fsJ Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpl;L Mf;fg+u;tkhff; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;f

tha;g;gspf;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• jkJ cs;sj;ijf; ftu;e;j tuyhw;W epfo;nthd;wpd; rpwg;Gf;fisf; $Wjy;.

• tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; NghJ kdpj> tpyq;F nka;e;epiyfis

tptupj;jy;.

mDuhjGu> nghydWitr; RtNuhtpaq;fspd; ghzpiaj; jOtpr; rpj;jpuk; tiujy;.

• Vidatu;fspd; Mf;fq;fis ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 1.2.1.1:

Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtk;

• fhz;gpf;fg;gl;l mDuhjGu> nghyeWitf; fhy kuG uPjpahd rpj;jpuq;fis

ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• mt;Nthtpaq;fspy; fhzf;$ba ,Nuiffs;> cUf;fs; gad;gLj;jpapUf;Fk;

tpjk;> czu;T ntspg;ghL> ,iz tu;zq;fspd; gad;ghL vd;git gw;wp

Muha;e;J mwpf.

• mt;Nthtpaq;fspd; ghzpiaf; nfhz;L cs;sq; ftu;e;j tuyhw;W epfo;nthd;iw

rpj;jpukhf tiuf.

• mDuhjGu. nghyeWitf; fhy RtNuhtpaq;fspd; El;g Kiwfs;> tu;z

cgNahfk; gw;wpa mwpit cq;fs; epu;khzpg;gpy; cgNahfpf;Ff.

• khjpup rpj;jpuq;fSf;F xj;jjhf cq;fs; rpj;jpuj;ijAk; tu;zk; jPl;Lf.

• Mrpupaupd; cjtpiaj; Njitahd NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

• Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

5



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : fz;bf; fhy jho; gpuNjr tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fspd;fz;bf; fhy jho; gpuNjr tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fspd;fz;bf; fhy jho; gpuNjr tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fspd;fz;bf; fhy jho; gpuNjr tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fspd;fz;bf; fhy jho; gpuNjr tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fspd;

ghuk ;gu pakhd fiyg;gz;Gfs; rhu ;e ;j rpj ;j puk ;ghuk ;gu pakhd fiyg;gz;Gfs; rhu ;e ;j rpj ;j puk ;ghuk ;gu pakhd fiyg;gz;Gfs; rhu ;e ;j rpj ;j puk ;ghuk ;gu pakhd fiyg;gz;Gfs; rhu ;e ;j rpj ;j puk ;ghuk ;gu pakhd fiyg;gz;Gfs; rhu ;e ;j rpj ;j puk ;


nraw;ghL 1.3.1 : “K$u;j;j Ntisapy; jhyp fl;Ljy;.K$u;j;j Ntisapy; jhyp fl;Ljy;.K$u;j;j Ntisapy; jhyp fl;Ljy;.K$u;j;j Ntisapy; jhyp fl;Ljy;.K$u;j;j Ntisapy; jhyp fl;Ljy;.”

ghlNtis : 3

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• gy;NtWgl;l fyhrhuq;fSf;Fupa jpUkz itgtq;fspd;NghJ nra;ag;gLk;

rlq;F Kiwfs;> mzpAk; Mil mzpfs;> #oy; jd;ik gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

• fz;bf; fhyj;J jho;ehl;Lg; ghuk;gupa Rtu; Xtpaq;fspd; rpj;jpuf; Nfhl;ghLfis

tpsf;Fthu;.

• tpUk;gpa jpUkz itgtk; xd;wpy; cs;sj;ijf; ftu;e;j epfo;nthd;iw ghuk;gupa

rpj;jpu El;g Kiwfis cgNahfpj;Jr; rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.

• Mu;tj;Jld; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.

• epu;khzpg;Gfis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• ,izg;G 1.3.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T> nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jw; gbtg; gpujpfs;.

• fz;bf; fhyj;J jho;ehl;Lg; ghuk;gupaj;Jf;Fupa tpfhiur; RtNuhtpa khjpupfs;.

• ghzp rhu;e;j jd;ikAld; tiuag;gl;l kdpj> tpyq;F nka;epiyfisr; rpj;jupf;Fk;

rpj;jpu khjpupfs;.

• nghUj;jkhd ghzpapy; tiuag;gl;l khjpupr; rpj;jpuq;fs;.



• jho;ehl;L tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fspy; fhzf;$ba tpohf;fisr; rpj;jupf;Fk;

rpy rpj;jpuq;fisf; fhz;gpj;J> mtw;Wf;fika fPNo cs;s tplaq;fis

cs;slf;fpf; fye;JiuahLf.

- kdpj cUf;fis tiujy;> cUtq;fis xUq;fpizj;jy;.

- Nrhlid tbtikg;G Kiwfs;

- gpd;dzp mikg;G

- tu;z cgNahfk;

(15 epkplq;fs;)

6


• ,izg;G 1.3.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis

khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• jq;fs; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fupa jpUkz itgtk; xd;wpd; kdijj; njhl;l fhl;rpia

rpj;jpukhf tiua topelj;Jf.

• mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;Jf;fika khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.

• khztu;f;Fj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fp topfhl;Lf.

• epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j jahuhf;Ff.

(90 epkplq;fs;)


• khztu;fsJ epu;khzpg;Gfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• rpj;jpuq;fs; rpytw;iw vOkhwhf vLj;J> kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jp mit gw;wpa

fUj;Jf;fis tpdTf.

• jho;ehl;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fspd; rpj;jpuf; Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wp khztuJ ftdj;ij

<u;j;J> khztuJ Mf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• gy;NtWgl;l fyhrhuq;fSf;Fupa jpUkz itgt epfo;Tfspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;>

Milmzpfs; gw;wpf; tpsf;Fjy;.

• jho;epy tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd; ghzpf;fikthd ,ay;Gfisf; $Wjy;.

• jkJ gilg;ghf;fq;fSf;fhf jho;ehl;L Xtpag;ghzpapd; nry;thf;ifg; gad;

gLj;Jjy;.

• Vidatu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gf;fis ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 1.3.1.1:


• cq;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;l jpUkz itgtk; xd;wpd; gy epfo;Tfisf; fhl;Lk;

rpj;jpuq;fis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• tpUk;gpa epfo;it rpj;jupf;Fk;NghJ jho;ehl;L tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd; gpd;tUk;

gz;Gfs; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

- kdpj> tpyq;F nka;epiyfspd; jd;ik

- Mil mzpfyd;fspd; cgNahfk;

- myq;fhuq;fs; Nrhlid Kiwfs;

- gpd;dzpapd; mikg;G

- tu;z cgNahfk;

• NjitahdNghJ Mrpupaupd; cjtpia ehLf.

• epu;khzpj;j rpj;jpuq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

7

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;

jpul;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.jpul;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.jpul;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.jpul;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.jpul;Lr; rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : gy;NtW ,aw;ifahd> nraw;ifahd nghUs;fisgy;NtW ,aw;ifahd> nraw;ifahd nghUs;fisgy;NtW ,aw;ifahd> nraw;ifahd nghUs;fisgy;NtW ,aw;ifahd> nraw;ifahd nghUs;fisgy;NtW ,aw;ifahd> nraw;ifahd nghUs;fis

ntt;Ntwhf Muha;e;jwpe;J gUkl;lhd glq;fisntt;Ntwhf Muha;e;jwpe;J gUkl;lhd glq;fisntt;Ntwhf Muha;e;jwpe;J gUkl;lhd glq;fisntt;Ntwhf Muha;e;jwpe;J gUkl;lhd glq;fisntt;Ntwhf Muha;e;jwpe;J gUkl;lhd glq;fis


nraw;ghL 2.1.1 : “,Nuiffisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUl; njhFjp xd;iwg;,Nuiffisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUl; njhFjp xd;iwg;,Nuiffisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUl; njhFjp xd;iwg;,Nuiffisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUl; njhFjp xd;iwg;,Nuiffisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUl; njhFjp xd;iwg;

ghu;j;J tiutij fw;wwpNthk;.ghu;j;J tiutij fw;wwpNthk;.ghu;j;J tiutij fw;wwpNthk;.ghu;j;J tiutij fw;wwpNthk;.ghu;j;J tiutij fw;wwpNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• jhq;Fk; gyif kPJ itj;Js;s nghUl; njhFjpapd; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l

tbtq;fs;> Nkw;gug;Gj; jd;ik Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

• jsj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW mstpilg;gb nghUl; njhFjpia ,Nuiffshy;

tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.

• rpj;jpuk; tiujy; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUl; njhFjpiaj; jsj;jpd;

jpul;rpahf tiuthu;.

• ,Nuifapd; gy;tifik> typik Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;jp nghUl; njhFjpia

tiuthu;.


• ,izg;G 2.1.1.1 f;Fupa nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpd; Nghjpastpyhd

gpujpfs;.

• xUq;fpizf;fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;

• rJuKfp tbtg;nghUs; xd;W

• gpsh];bf; [f; (Jug)

• nld;dp]; ge;njhd;W

• FNwhl;ld; fpis xd;W

• mr;rpl;l Jzpj; Jz;nlhd;W

• nghUs;fis itf;fg; nghUj;jkhd gyif xd;W

• khjpupr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

• tiujw; jhs;fs;> 2B, 3B, 4B, 6B tifg; ngd;rpy;fs;



• nghUs;fis gyif kPJ khztu;fs; ghu;f;ff;$bathW mtu;fsJ fz;

kl;lj;Jf;Ff; fPohf itf;f.

• nghUs;fis ed;whf mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

• mtw;wpd; msTg; gpukhzk;> Gw,ay;Gg; gz;Gfs; gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

• fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L nghUs;fspdJk;> fpisapdJk;

gz;Gfs;> Nkw;gug;Gj; jd;ik> J}ujuprdk;> Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik> jsj;ij

cgNahfpj;jy; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• gytpj ngd;rpy;fis cgNahfpj;J ,Nuiffspd; jd;ikiaf; fhl;lyhk; vd;gij

tpsf;Ff.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

8

gbKiw 2.1.1.2gbKiw 2.1.1.2gbKiw 2.1.1.2gbKiw 2.1.1.2gbKiw 2.1.1.2• ,izg;G 2.1.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis

khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• mjid khztu;fs; Nehf;fr; nra;f.

• rpj;jpuk; tiuaj; Njitahdtw;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.

• Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.

• epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhf;Ff.

(50 epkplq;fs;)

gbKiw 2.1.1.3gbKiw 2.1.1.3gbKiw 2.1.1.3gbKiw 2.1.1.3gbKiw 2.1.1.3• khztu;fsJ epu;khzpg;Gfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• Ra kjpg;gPl;Lf;F tha;g;gspf;f.

• fPNoAs;s tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpf; fye;JiuahLf.

- nghUs;fspd; tbtk; ntt;NtWgl;lJ.

- rupahfg; nghUs;fis Nehf;Ftjhy; epu;khzpg;ig nrk;ikahf g+uzg;

gLj;jyhk;.

- ,Nuiffs; %yk; J}ujuprdk;> Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik> Nkw;gug;Gj; jd;ik

vd;gdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jyhk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)



• nghUs;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l jd;ikfis tptupj;Jf; $wy;.

• ,Nuiffs; %yk; nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfisf; fhl;Ljy;.

• nghUs;fspd; NtWgl;l tbtq;fis ,Nuiffshy; tiujy;.

• ngd;rpiy cgNahfpj;J ,Nuiffspd; jd;ik ntspg;gLj;jy;.

• nghUs; njhFjpapy; fhzf;$ba xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l mtw;wpd; Nkw;gug;Gj;

jd;ik gw;wp tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• gyif kPJ cs;s nghUl; njhFjpapd; mstpiliaf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L

tiujy;.

,izg;G 2.1.1.1:


• cq;fSf;F Kd;dhy; itf;fg;gl;l nghUl; njhFjpia ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• ,it fz;kl;lj;Jf;Ff; fPNo ,Ug;gjhy; Nkw;gFjp njupAk; tpjj;ijf; ftdpf;f.

• xt;nthU nghUspdJk; NtWghl;il mwpf.

• mstpilf;F Vw;g rpwpa> ngupa nghUs;fspd; msT> nghUspd; Mok;> Nkw;gug;Gj;

jd;ik> J}u juprdk;> Kg;gupkhzj;jd;ik vd;git kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

• jsj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;gb nghUl; njhFjpia xUq;fpizf;f.

• Fwpg;gpl;l ngd;rpiy cgNahfpj;J xsp epoy; fhl;b ,Nuiffshy; nghUl;

njhFjpia tiuf.

• NjitahdNghJ (Mrpupauplk;) topfhl;ly;fisg; ngWf.

• cq;fs; epu;khzpg;Gfis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fj; jahuhFf.

9

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr;

rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.rpj;jpuq;fshf tiuthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : ,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;ifg; nghUl;fis xUq;fpizj;J,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;ifg; nghUl;fis xUq;fpizj;J,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;ifg; nghUl;fis xUq;fpizj;J,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;ifg; nghUl;fis xUq;fpizj;J,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;ifg; nghUl;fis xUq;fpizj;J

rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.

nraw;ghL 2.2.1 : “nghUl ; njhFj pia tu ;zq ;fisf ; nfhz;LnghUl ; njhFj pia tu ;zq ;fisf ; nfhz;LnghUl ; njhFj pia tu ;zq ;fisf ; nfhz;LnghUl ; njhFj pia tu ;zq ;fisf ; nfhz;LnghUl ; njhFj pia tu ;zq ;fisf ; nfhz;L

rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• ,aw;ifahd. nraw;ifahd nghUs;fspd; NtWghl;Lj; jd;ik> gz;Gfs;

vd;gtw;iw ed;whf Nehf;Fthu;.

• jsj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; nghUs;fis mstpilf;F Vw;gTk; J}ujuprdk;

ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpYk; xOq;fpizj;J tiuthu;.

• mbg;gilr; rpj;jpuf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp tu;z Clfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf

Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; tu;zk; jPl;Lthu;.

• Vidatu;fsJ epu;khzpg;Gfis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• ,izg;G ,y. 2.2.1.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtk;.

• rpj;jpu xUq;fpizg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;

• fdTU tbtg;nghUs; xd;W

• rhbapy; elg;gl;l xU g+itf; nfhz;l me;J}upak; nrbnahd;W.

• g+rzpf;fha; / ju;g+rzpf;fha;

• mr;rpl;l Jzpj; Jz;nlhd;W

• nghUs;fis itf;fg; nghUj;jkhd gyif xd;W

• tiujw; jhs;fs;> ngd;rpy;fs;> nghUj;jkhd tu;z Clfk; xd;W

• khjpupr; rpj;jpuq;fs;



• ngw;Wf; nfhz;l nghUs;fis khztu;fs; ed;whf Nehf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; itf;f.

• mg;nghUs;fspd; tbtk;> msT gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

• khjpupr; rpj;jpuq;fspy; cs;s nghUs;fspd; Nkw;gug;Gj; jd;ik. jsj;ij

cgNahfpj;jy;> J}ujuprdk;> Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik> tu;z Clfj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;

tpjj;jpy; tu;zj;ij cgNahfpj;jy; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• ngd;rpiy cgNahfpj;J nghUs;fspd; jd;ikia ,Nuiffs; %yk; fhl;lyhk;

vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> tu;zk; jPl;Ltjhy; mjid nrk;ikAld; g+uzg;gLj;jyhk;

vd;gJ gw;wpAk; khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

10


• Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jw; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• tiujYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fisAk; toq;Ff.

• khztu;fis nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.

• Njitahd tpjj;jpy; topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.

• khztu;fs; epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

(50 epkplq;fs;)


• xt;nthU khztDk; tiue;jij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• mtw;wpd; Kd;D}l;ly;> gpd;D}l;ly; vd;gtw;iw toq;Ff.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.

- gUkl;lhd glq;fs; tiue;J nghUs;fspd; tbtq;fis ntspg;gLj;jyhk;.

- xt;nthU nghUspdJk; Nkw;gug;Gj; jd;ik tpj;jpahrg;gLk;.

- nghUs;fs; kPJ xsp gLtjhy; Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik ntspg;gLjy;.

- gy tu;z Clfq;fisAk; El;g KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;jp J}ujuprdk;>

Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik> Nkw;gug;Gj; jd;ik vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;lyhk;.

- me;J}upak; nrbapd; ,iyfs; gutpf; fhz;gjhy; rpj;jpuj;jpd; rkepiy Ngzg;gLjy;.

- gpd;dzpiag; nghUj;jkhf ,Ltjhy; nghUs; njhFjpia kpfj; njspthff;

fhl;lyhk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)



• nghUs; njhFjpapd; tbtk;. Nkw;gug;Gj; jd;ik vd;gtw;iw tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• mbg;gilr; rpj;jpuf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; nfhz;L nghUs;fisr; rupahf tiujy;.

• tu;zq;fis ntt;NtW El;g Kiwfspy; cgNahfpj;jy;.

• Vidatu;fsJ epu;khzpg;Gfis ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 2.2.1.1:


• cq;fSf;F Kd;dhy; itf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• Nkw;gug;Gj; jd;ik> tbtk; vDk; gz;Gfis Nehf;Ff.

• nghUs;fs; kPJ xspgLtjhy; xsp epoy; njupAk; tpjk;> Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik

Njhd;Wk; tpjk; gw;wp Nehf;Ff.

• jsj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; nghUs;fis xUq;fpizj;Jr; rpj;jpukhf

tiuf.

• El;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw tu;zk; jPl;Lf.

• nghUl;fs; ed;whf ntspg;gLk; tifapy; nghUj;jkhd gpd;dzp tu;zj;ijg;

gad;gLj;Jf.

• Njit Vw;gLk;NghJ Mrpupaupd; topfhl;ly;fisg; ngWf.

• ePq;fs; epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

11


2.2.2 fdTU tbthd nghUs; xd;W> fz;zhbg; Nghj;jy; xd;W> g+f;fs; cldhd

fpisnahd;W> gg;ghrpf;fha; xd;W> mr;rpl;l Jzpj;Jz;nlhd;W vd;gdtw;iw

xUq;fpizj;Jr; rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

2.2.3 rJuKfp tbthd nghUs; xd;W> kl;Flk; xd;W> myupg; g+f;fisAila

fpisnahd;W> cUis tbtkhd nghUs; xd;W> mr;rpl;l Jzpj;Jz;nlhd;W

vd;gdtw;iw xUq;fpizj;Jr; rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

2.2.4 fdTU tbtg; nghUs; xd;W> gpshj;jpf;F [f; xd;W> nrt;tpsePu; xd;W>

g+f;fisf; nfhz;l fpisnahd;W> mr;rpl;l Jzp xd;W vd;gd xUq;fpizj;J

rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

2.2.5 fdTU tbtg; nghUs; xd;W> rpwpa gpshj;jpf;F thsp xd;W> nthypNghy;

xd;W> cij ge;njhd;W> mfd;w ,iyfisf; nfhz;l FNwhl;ld; fpis

xd;W> mr;rpl;l Jzpj; Jz;nlhd;W vd;gd xUq;fpizj;J rpj;jpuk; tiuNthk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

2.2.6 fdTU tbtg; nghUs; xd;W> fsp kz; $rh> mfd;w ,iyfisf; nfhz;l

FNwhl;ld; fpisnahd;W> Ftisapy; ,lg;gl;l ghdf; Foha;> mr;rpl;l

Jzpj; Jz;nlhd;W vd;gd xUq;fpizj;J rpj;jpuk; tiuNthk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

12

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gad;ghl;Lj; NjitfSf;fhf gilg;ghf;fk; Gupthu;.gad;ghl;Lj; NjitfSf;fhf gilg;ghf;fk; Gupthu;.gad;ghl;Lj; NjitfSf;fhf gilg;ghf;fk; Gupthu;.gad;ghl;Lj; NjitfSf;fhf gilg;ghf;fk; Gupthu;.gad;ghl;Lj; NjitfSf;fhf gilg;ghf;fk; Gupthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : Gjpa jpl;l vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; kw;Wk; ntt;NtWGjpa jpl;l vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; kw;Wk; ntt;NtWGjpa jpl;l vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; kw;Wk; ntt;NtWGjpa jpl;l vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; kw;Wk; ntt;NtWGjpa jpl;l vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; kw;Wk; ntt;NtW

Clfq;fisAk;Clfq;fisAk;Clfq;fisAk;Clfq;fisAk;Clfq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp epu;khzpf;ff;$ba tPl;Lgad;gLj;jp epu;khzpf;ff;$ba tPl;Lgad;gLj;jp epu;khzpf;ff;$ba tPl;Lgad;gLj;jp epu;khzpf;ff;$ba tPl;Lgad;gLj;jp epu;khzpf;ff;$ba tPl;L

myq;fhug; nghUs;fSf;fhf jpl;lq;fisAk;> myq;myq;fhug; nghUs;fSf;fhf jpl;lq;fisAk;> myq;myq;fhug; nghUs;fSf;fhf jpl;lq;fisAk;> myq;myq;fhug; nghUs;fSf;fhf jpl;lq;fisAk;> myq;myq;fhug; nghUs;fSf;fhf jpl;lq;fisAk;> myq;

fupg;Gf;fisAk; epu;khzpg;ghu;.fupg;Gf;fisAk; epu;khzpg;ghu;.fupg;Gf;fisAk; epu;khzpg;ghu;.fupg;Gf;fisAk; epu;khzpg;ghu;.fupg;Gf;fisAk; epu;khzpg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : “kur;Rtu; nrJf;fy; xd;iw rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.kur;Rtu; nrJf;fy; xd;iw rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.kur;Rtu; nrJf;fy; xd;iw rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.kur;Rtu; nrJf;fy; xd;iw rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.kur;Rtu; nrJf;fy; xd;iw rpj;jpukhf tiuNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• kur; nrJf;fy; xd;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• #oypy; cs;s jstbtq;fis myq;fhukhf cgNahfpg;ghu;.

• tpupthd tbtq;fis vspikahf tiuthu;.

• Gilg;G kur; nrJf;fy; xd;Wf;fhd rpj;jpuj;ij jpl;lkpl;L tiue;J Clfj;Jf;F

Vw;wthW tu;zk; jPl;Lthu;.


• Vidatu;fsJ Mf;fq;fis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• kur; nrJf;fy;fs; my;yJ khw;Wg; nghUs;fs;

• ,izg;G 3.1.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;.



• nghUj;jkhd Kiw xd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kur; nrJf;fy; xd;iw fhz;gpj;J

ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;f.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

- cgNahfpj;Js;s jstbtq;fs;

- vspikahd jd;ik

- Gilg;Gj; jd;ik

- Clfj;jpd; jd;ik

(15 epkplq;fs;)


• ,izg;G 3.1.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jw; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis

khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• ~#oy;| vDk; jiyg;Gld; kur; nrJf;fy; xd;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd glk; xd;iw

jpl;lkpl;L epu;khzpf;f.

• Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fp tu;zk; jPl;lr; nra;f.

• epu;khzpj;j rpj;jpuj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

(50 epkplq;fs;)

13


• epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• mr;rpj;jpuq;fspd; typTfisAk;> eypTfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf. Njitahd

Kd;D}l;ly;fisAk;> gpd;D}l;ly;fisAk; toq;Ff.

• vy;yhtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fp kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• Gilg;G kur; nrJf;fy; xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpgupj;Jf; $Wjy;.

• gy ,lq;fis myq;fupg;gjw;fhf cgNahfpf;Fk; kur; nrJf;fYf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd rpj;jpuq;fis tiujy;.

• jdf;Fupa ghzpapy; ,aw;ifj; jsTUf;fis epu;khzpj;jy;.

• Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ikia El;gkhd KiwAld; ntspg;gLj;jp rpW Gilg;G

nrJf;fypd; nghUl;L rpj;jpuk; epu;khzpj;jy;.

• Njitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf epu;khzj;jpy; <LgLjy;.

,izg;G 3.1.1.1:


• ckf;F toq;fg;gl;l Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;ij ed;whf

thrpf;fTk;.

• tFg;gpy; fhz;gpj;j khjpupfs;> glq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• mq;Fs;s jsTUf;fspd; xOq;fpizg;G> yak;> tu;z cgNahfk; vd;gdtw;iw

Nehf;Ff.

• vspa jsTUf;fis cgNahfpg;gjd; %yk; ,yFthd Kiwapy; epu;khzpg;gpy;

<LgLf.

• myq;fupg;ig mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjd; nghUl;L vspikahd tbtikg;G myq;

fhuq;fshy; tpUj;jp nra;f.

• nrJf;fypd; miuGilg;Gj; jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jf.

• Clfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW tu;zq;fis cgNahfpf;Ff.

• Njit Vw;gbd; Mrpupaupd; mwpTWj;jy;fisg; ngWf.


3.1.2 tPl;by; moFf;fhf itf;fg;gLk; rhb xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

14


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : kuG uPjpahd myq;fupg;G myFfisAk;> mtw;wpd;kuG uPjpahd myq;fupg;G myFfisAk;> mtw;wpd;kuG uPjpahd myq;fupg;G myFfisAk;> mtw;wpd;kuG uPjpahd myq;fupg;G myFfisAk;> mtw;wpd;kuG uPjpahd myq;fupg;G myFfisAk;> mtw;wpd;

tu;zq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;J> KOj; js myq;tu;zq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;J> KOj; js myq;tu;zq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;J> KOj; js myq;tu;zq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;J> KOj; js myq;tu;zq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;J> KOj; js myq;

fupg;Gf;fis epu;khzpg;ghu;.fupg;Gf;fis epu;khzpg;ghu;.fupg;Gf;fis epu;khzpg;ghu;.fupg;Gf;fis epu;khzpg;ghu;.fupg;Gf;fis epu;khzpg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 3.2.1 : “Nkir tpupg;nghd;iw tiuNthk;.Nkir tpupg;nghd;iw tiuNthk;.Nkir tpupg;nghd;iw tiuNthk;.Nkir tpupg;nghd;iw tiuNthk;.Nkir tpupg;nghd;iw tiuNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• Nkir tpupg;nghd;wpd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ikiaf; $Wthu;.

• ghuk;gupa myq;fhuf; fhl;LUf;fshfg; gad;gLj;jp Nkir tpupg;nghd;Wf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd guTUt myq;fhunkhd;iw epu;khzpg;ghu;.

• Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzq;fis cgNahfpj;J mstpilf;Nfw;g rupahf tiuthu;.

• Vidatu;fsJ epu;khzq;fis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• guTUt myq;fhuj;Jf;F Vw;g myq;fhuq;fs; ,lg;gl;l gy;NtWgl;l Nkir

tpupg;Gf;fs;.

• rpj;jpuk; tiua cjTk; fUtpfs;.

• ghuk;gupa myq;fhuf; fhl;LUf;fisf; nfhz;l khjpupr; rpj;jpuq;fs;.



• guTUt myq;fhuq;fisf; nfhz;l Nkir tpupg;nghd;iw tFg;gpy; fhz;gpj;J

ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;f.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisg; gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

- gad;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

- tbtk;

- myq;fhuq;fs; ,lg;gl;Ls;s tpjk;

- tu;zk;

• fhz;gpj;j Nkir tpupg;gpy; ghuk;gupa myq;fhuf; fhl;LUf;fis gad;gLj;jpAs;s

tpjk; gw;wp khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


• rpj;jpuk; tiuaj; Njitahd nghUl;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• ghuk;gupa myq;fhuf; fhl;LUf;fis jdf;F tpUk;gpa tpjj;jpy; cgNahfpj;J

Nkir tpupg;G xd;iw epu;khzpf;Fk;gb khztu;fis gzpf;f.

• Mf;fj;jpd; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

- Nfj;ju fzpj cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfis rupahf vLf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp

- Nkir tpupg;G KOj;js myq;fhunkhd;W vd;gJ gw;wp

15

- Mf;fk; J}a;ikahfTk; Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;fjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

gw;wp

- Mf;fj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tu;zq;fis cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp

- Fwpj;j fhyj;Jf;Fs; epu;khzpg;ig g+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp


(50 epkplq;fs;)


• khztu; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• xt;nthUtuJ Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jfis Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; jUf.

• Mf;fq;fspy; nra;af;$ba mgptpUj;jp>: gpd;Cl;lk; ngWk; tifapy; fye;Jiu

ahLf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• Nkir tpupg;nghd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> mjd; gad;ghL vd;gd

gw;wpf; $Wjy;.

• Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzq;fis rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• ghuk;gupa myq;fhuf; fhl;LUf;fis Nkir tpupg;Gf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;gbahf

mstpilf;F Vw;g epu;khzpj;jy;.

• mlf;fj;Jld; epu;khzpg;gpy; <LgLjy;.


3.2.2 ghuk;gupa ,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; ~F\d; ftu;| (jOtiz ciw)

Mf;FNthk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

3.2.3 ghuk;gupa myq;fhuf; fhl;LUf;fisAk;> tu;zq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;J tl;l

tbtkhd gpj;jisj; jhk;ghsk; xd;iw tiuNthk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

16


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : Mf;fr; rpwg;Gila myq;fupg;G myFfisg; gad;gLj;jpMf;fr; rpwg;Gila myq;fupg;G myFfisg; gad;gLj;jpMf;fr; rpwg;Gila myq;fupg;G myFfisg; gad;gLj;jpMf;fr; rpwg;Gila myq;fupg;G myFfisg; gad;gLj;jpMf;fr; rpwg;Gila myq;fupg;G myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp

ghtidg; nghUs;fisAk; myq;fu pg ;GfisAk;ghtidg; nghUs;fisAk; myq;fu pg ;GfisAk;ghtidg; nghUs;fisAk; myq;fu pg ;GfisAk;ghtidg; nghUs;fisAk; myq;fu pg ;GfisAk;ghtidg; nghUs;fisAk; myq;fu pg ;GfisAk;

epu;khzpg;ghu;.epu;khzpg;ghu;.epu;khzpg;ghu;.epu;khzpg;ghu;.epu;khzpg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 3.3.1 : “Nriy Ke;jhid tiuNthk;.Nriy Ke;jhid tiuNthk;.Nriy Ke;jhid tiuNthk;.Nriy Ke;jhid tiuNthk;.Nriy Ke;jhid tiuNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• Nriy Ke;jhidapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• gy msTfisf; nfhz;l cUf;fis xd;wpizj;J tiua Kw;gLthu;.


• cUf;fis nghUj;jkhf xOq;FgLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; moif eag;ghu;.



• myq;fhuq;fisf; nfhz;l Nriy Ke;jhidapd; glq;fs;.

• juk; kpf;fjhf mike;j Nriy Ke;;jhidnahd;W.



• fl;Gy rhjdq;fis khztu;fSf;F fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• khztu;fs; nfhz;L te;j NriyfisAk; tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpf; fye;JiuahLf.

- Ke;jhid vd;gJ Nriyapd; Kf;fpakhd gFjp vd;gJ gw;wp

- guTUt myq;fhukhff; fhzg;gLfpwnjd;gJ gw;wp

- xd;W my;yJ gy fhl;LUf;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp

- tu;z cgNahfk; gw;wp

(15 epkplq;fs;)


• Nriy Ke;jhid xd;iw Mf;Fk;gb khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

• Mf;Fk;NghJ fPNo cs;s jiyg;Gfspy; tpUk;gpanjhd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;gb

mwpTWj;Jf.

- jhtu cUf;fs;

- tpyq;FUf;fs;

- Nfj;jpu fzpj tbtq;fs;

• ,t;tbtq;fis Mf;fr; rpwg;Gld; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F topfhl;Lf.

• nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;j cjTf.

• Njitf;Nfw;g tu;zk; jPl;l mwpTWj;Jf.


(50 epkplq;fs;)

17


• khztu;fsJ Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpa Ra tu;zidf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

Njitahd Kd;D}l;ly;fisAk;> gpd;D}l;ly;fisAk; toq;fpr; rpW fye;Jiuahl

ypy; <LgLf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• Nriy Ke;jhidia tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• vNjr;irahf jiyg;nghd;iwj; njupT nra;J rpj;jpukhf tiujy;.

• rupahd Kiwapy; Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• Vidatu;fsJ Mf;fq;fisAk; ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.


3.3.2 Mf;fg+u;tkhd cUf;fisf; nfhz;L fjTj; jpiur;Nriyf;fhf myq;fhu

nkhd;iw tiuNthk;.

(2 ghlNtisfs;)

3.3.3 Nkir kpd; tpsf;F xd;iw mikg;Nghk;. (2 ghlNtisfs;)

18

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpugpf;cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpugpf;cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpugpf;cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpugpf;cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpugpf;

Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : gy;NtW cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritg; gpur;rhuq;fSf;fhfgy;NtW cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritg; gpur;rhuq;fSf;fhfgy;NtW cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritg; gpur;rhuq;fSf;fhfgy;NtW cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritg; gpur;rhuq;fSf;fhfgy;NtW cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritg; gpur;rhuq;fSf;fhf

fpwgpf; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.fpwgpf; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.fpwgpf; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.fpwgpf; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.fpwgpf; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : “Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuk; xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuk; xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuk; xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuk; xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuk; xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.”

ghlNtis : 3

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• Rtnuhl;b rpj;jpuk; xd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis fye;Jiu

ahLthu;.

• gue;j njhdpg;nghUis kf;fSf;F njhlu;GgLj;Jk; nghUl;L Ngh];lu; rpj;jpuk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis Muha;thu;.

• mtw;iw Nehf;Ftjhy; Rtnuhl;b gw;wpa mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

• njupT nra;ag;gl;l fUg;nghUSf;F ,zq;f Rtnuhl;b rpj;jpuk; xd;wpd; gUkl;lhd

glj;ij tiuthu;.

• tiuag;gl;l Ngh];lu; rpj;jpuj;jpw;F nghUj;j FwpaPl;Lf; fUj;Js;sjhf

tu;zj;ijAk; njhdpg;nghUisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• mlf;fj;Jld; fUtpfis cgNahfpj;J epu;khzpg;gpy; <LgLthu;.



• tiujw; jhs;fs;> jp#f;fljhrp> Ngh];lu; rhak;> J}upif> ngd;rpy;

• gy njhdpg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l rpy Rtnuhl;bfs;.



• gy njhdpg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; tiuag;gl;l Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuq;fs; rpytw;iw

tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.


- Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuq;fs; fpuhgpf; rpj;jpu tifiar; Nru;e;jJ gw;wp

- epiyf;Fj;jhfTk;> fpilg;ghlhfTk; rpj;jpuj;ij Mf;f KbAk; vd

- cld; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; jfty; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

gw;wp

- FwpaPl;L vspa jsTUf;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wp

- vOj;JUf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jftiy ntspg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp

- fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;j cgNahfpf;Fk; tu;zq;fs; gw;wp

- ey;y epiwTld; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp

(15 epkplq;fs;)

19



khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• Njitahd tiujw; jhs;fs;> fUtpfs; vd;gdtw;iwAk; toq;Ff.

• nghUj;jkhd rkfhy Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gue;j jiyg;gpd; fPo; Rtnuhl;bia

epu;khzpf;Fk;gb gzpf;f.

• Mf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.

• Mf;fpa Rtnuhl;bfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

(90 epkplq;fs;)


• khztu; Mf;fpa Rtnuhl;bfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• mit gw;wpa fUj;Jfis njuptpf;f khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

• Ntfkhf nra;jpia Gupe;J nfhs;s ey;y epiwTld; fhzg;gl Ntz;baJld;

nrhw;fs; Fiwthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp

kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuk; xd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mbg;gil mk;rq;fisf; $Wjy;.

• gue;j njhdpg;nghUSld; $ba jfty;fis kf;fSf;F mwptpg;gjw;fhf

Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuk; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis Muha;jy;.

• epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l Rtnuhl;br; rpj;jpuj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; FwpaPLfisAk; tu;zq;

fisAk; cgNahfpj;jy;.

• mlf;fj;Jld; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLjy;.

• Vidatu;fsJ epu;khzpg;Gfis ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 4.1.1.1:


• tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; gy Rtnuhl;bfis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• tu;z cgNahfk;> FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghL> fUg;nghUspd; ntspg;ghL> vspik>

jftiyj; njuptpg;gjpy; ntw;wp vd;git kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

• njupT nra;ag;gl;l rkfhy Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;Tf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf

FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;l cUf;fSf;fhf gUkl;lhd glq;fis tiuf.

• jp#j;jhis cgNahfpj;J jpl;lkpl;l glj;ij tiujw; jhspy; gpujpapl;Lf; nfhs;f.

• nra;jpia NkYk; njspTgLj;j nghUj;jkhd vOj;JUf;fis ,Lf.

• njhdpg;nghUSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; tu;zq;fisj; njupT nra;J tu;zk;

jPl;Lf.

• Rtnuhl;bia tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

20

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpuhgpf;cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpuhgpf;cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpuhgpf;cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpuhgpf;cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritj; NjitfSf;fhf fpuhgpf;

Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fs; gilg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfis tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fpugpf;gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfis tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fpugpf;gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfis tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fpugpf;gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfis tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fpugpf;gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfis tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fpugpf;

Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.1 : “ ~nghjpr; Rw;Wiw| xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.~nghjpr; Rw;Wiw| xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.~nghjpr; Rw;Wiw| xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.~nghjpr; Rw;Wiw| xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.~nghjpr; Rw;Wiw| xd;iw epu;khzpg;Nghk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• nghjpr; Rw;Wiwnahd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• mr;rpLtjw;F nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; ciw g+uzkile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

• ~ciw|nahd;iw jpl;lkpl;L tu;zk; jPl;Lthu;.

• mlf;fj;Jld; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.

• Vidatu;fsJ epu;khzq;fis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• ,izg;G 4.2.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T / nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;.

• tiujw; jhs;fs;> jp#j; jhs;fs;> tu;zq;fs;.

• nghUs;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l ciwfspd; khjpupfs;.



• nghUl;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l Rw;Wiwfs; rpytw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.


- ciwfs; fpuhgpf; Kiwiar; rhu;e;J epw;gJ gw;wp

- ciwapd; tbtk;> msT gw;wp

- ftu;r;rpahfTk;> fUj;jhokpf;fjhfTk; ,Ug;gJ gw;wp

- vsp;ikahf ,Ug;gJ gw;wp

- epWtdj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;Lj; jd;ik ntspg;gLk; tpjk; gw;wp

- tu;z cgNahfk;> vOj;JUf;fs;> gad;gLj;jpAs;s tpjk; gw;wp

• mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bait:

- cw;gj;jp nra;j epWtdk;> tifapd; ngau;

- tpiy> epiw> cw;gj;jpj; jpfjp

- fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp> juKj;jpiu

• ciwapd; ftu;r;rpj; jd;ik> cw;gj;jp epWtdj;ij tpsk;gug;gLj;j ngupJk;

cjTk; vd;gJ gw;wp njspTgLj;Jf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

21

gbKiw 4.2.1.2gbKiw 4.2.1.2gbKiw 4.2.1.2gbKiw 4.2.1.2gbKiw 4.2.1.2• ,izg;G 4.2.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jw; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis

khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• Njitahd tiujw; jhs;fisAk;> tu;zq;fisAk; toq;Ff.

• jkf;F tpUg;gkhd nghUspd; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd ciwnahd;iw

epu;khzpf;f khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

• khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fisr; nra;f.

• epu;khzpj;j ciwfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

(50 epkplq;fs;)

gbKiw 4.2.1.3gbKiw 4.2.1.3gbKiw 4.2.1.3gbKiw 4.2.1.3gbKiw 4.2.1.3• khztu; epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• mitfis Rakjpg;gPL nra;a tha;g;gspf;f.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.

- epWtdj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; tpsk;gug;gLj;j> ftu;r;rpahd

tifapy; ciw mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp

- J}a;ikahfTk;> njspthfTk; g+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp

- mr;rpLtjw;F nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp

- ciwia rpd;djhf;Fk;NghJk;> ngupjhf;Fk; NghJk; ciwapy; mlq;Fk;

tplaq;fs; njspthfj; njupa Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• ciwnahd;iw epu;khzpf;Fk;NghJ mjpy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba mbg;gil mk;rq;fis

tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.

• epWtdk; xd;wpd; tsu;r;rpf;F cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; ciw ngUk; nry;thf;if

nrYj;JfpwJ vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

• mr;rplg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; ciwnahd;iw jpl;lkpLjy;.

• epWtdj;ijAk;> NjitiaAk; fUjp nghUj;jkhd tu;zq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;.

,izg;G 4.2.1.1:


• ckf;F toq;fg;gl;l gy;NtWgl;l ciwfis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl gz;Gfis EZf;fkhf Muha;f.

• VNjDk; nghUspd; cw;gj;jpf;fhd ciwia epu;khzpf;fj; jpl;lkpl;L> mjid

ckf;F toq;fg;gl;l jhspy; gUkl;lhf tiuf.

• ciwapy; cs;slq;Fk; Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

• mr;rplg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; ciwia jpl;lkpLf.

• vspikahfTk;> ftu;r;rpahfTk; Gj;jk; Gjpa ghzpapYk; ciwia epu;khzpf;f.

• msTld; nghUj;jkhd tu;zq;fis cgNahfpg;gjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

• Njit Vw;gLk; NghJ Mrpupaupd; cjtpia ehLf.

• ePq;fs; epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.


• ePq;fs; tpUk;Gk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; tho;j;J ,jo; xd;iw epu;khzpf;f.

(3 ghlNtisfs;)

• Njrpa cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; xd;wpd; Rw;Wiwf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; ngau;r;Rl;bnahd;iw

epu;khzpf;f. (2 ghlNtisfs;)

22

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>

nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : kuGu Pjpahd myq;fupg ;Gf ;fis mbg;gilahfg;kuGu Pjpahd myq;fupg ;Gf ;fis mbg;gilahfg;kuGu Pjpahd myq;fupg ;Gf ;fis mbg;gilahfg;kuGu Pjpahd myq;fupg ;Gf ;fis mbg;gilahfg;kuGu Pjpahd myq;fupg ;Gf ;fis mbg;gilahfg;

gad;gLj;jp Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.gad;gLj;jp Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.gad;gLj;jp Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.gad;gLj;jp Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.gad;gLj;jp Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : “ g+f;fs;> nrbnfhbfs;> tpyq;FUf;fis nrJf;FNthk;.g+f;fs;> nrbnfhbfs;> tpyq;FUf;fis nrJf;FNthk;.g+f;fs;> nrbnfhbfs;> tpyq;FUf;fis nrJf;FNthk;.g+f;fs;> nrbnfhbfs;> tpyq;FUf;fis nrJf;FNthk;.g+f;fs;> nrbnfhbfs;> tpyq;FUf;fis nrJf;FNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 3

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• ghuk;gupa myq;fupg;G %yq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fg+u;tkhf cUf;fis

xOq;fpizj;J nrJf;fiy nra;thu;.

• Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fypd; El;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• fUtpfisr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jifapy; mwpTg+u;tkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

• tu;z cgNahfj;jpy; jpwikiaf; fhl;Lthu;.


• ,izg;G 5.1.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jy; gbtq;fs;.

• Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy;fspd; khjpupfs;

• bikj; jhs;fs;> ngd;rpy;> fhgd; jhs;fs;

• mb mb mq;Fy jbg;gKila nu[pNghk; jfLfs;

• nrJf;fj; Njitahd fUtpfs; (Tools)

• rpwpa mstpyhd fj;jpfs;

• kzw; fljhrpfs; (,y.01)

• tu;zq;fs; (,wg;gu; g+r;R (Rubber Paint), gjhifg;g+r;R (Banner Paint)



• Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy;fspd; khjpupfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• mit gw;wp khztu;fsplk; fye;Jiuahb fUj;Jf;fis tpdTf.

• ghuk;gupa myq;fupg;Gfspy; fhzf;$ba g+f;fs;> nrbnfhbfs;;> tpyq;FUf;fs;

vd;gtw;iw Mf;fg+u;tkhd Kiwapy; cgNahfpj;J Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy; xd;iw

cUthf;fyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• tPnlhd;wpy;> epWtdnkhd;wpy; my;yJ rpwg;Gtha;e;j ,lnkhd;wpd; Rtiu

myq;fupf;f Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fiy cgNahfpf;fyhk; vd;gij njspTgLj;Jf.

• nu[pNghk; jl;ilAk; Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fYf;fhf gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij njspT

gLj;Jf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

23


• ,izg;G 5.1.1.1 f;Fupa Ma;T / nraw;ghl;L mwpTWj;jw; gbtq;fis khztu;

fSf;F toq;Ff.

• gUkl;lhd glq;fis tiua bikj; jhs;fs;> ngd;rpy; vd;gd toq;fp gUkl;lhd

glq;fis tiuAk;gb gzpf;f.

• nu[pNghk; jfl;bd; msTf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; gUkl;lhd glj;ij jhspy;

tiutjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lf.

• gUkl;lhd glj;ij ~fhgd; jhspd;| JizAld; nu[pNghk; jfl;by; gpujpnra;J

nfhs;f.

• nu[pNghk; ntl;lj; Njitahd (fj;jp) fUtpfis khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• ntl;ba nrJf;fiy kzw; fljhrp %yk; xg;gkhf;fpnaLf;f mwpTWj;Jf.

• tu;zk; jPl;bg; g+uzg;gLj;jr; nra;f.

• epu;khzpg;Gfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

(90 epkplq;fs;)


• khztu; epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• mitfis Rakjpg;gPL nra;a tha;g;gspf;f.

• epu;khzpg;Gfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jfisj; njuptpf;f Vida khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

• gUkl;lhd glq;fs; tiue;J> Njitahd fUtpfisAk; cgNahfpj;J nu[pNghk;

kPJ ,yFthf xU nrJf;fiy nra;ayhk; vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jf.

• nrJf;fpaij kzw; fljhrpahy; Nja;j;J xg;gkhf;fp Njitahd tpjj;jpy;

tu;zk; jPl;lyhk; vd;gijAk; njspTgLj;Jf.

• kuj;Jz;L my;yJ NtW Clfq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy;

xd;iw epu;khzpf;fyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• epu;khzpg;ig NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;af;$bathwhd fUj;Jfis Kd;itj;J

kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fy; xd;iw epu;khzpf;Fk; El;g Kiwfis tpgupj;Jf; $Wjy;.

• ghuk;gupa myq;fhu %yq;fis cgNahfpj;J Mf;fg+u;tkhd tifapy;

nrJf;fYf;fhd jp;l;lg;glj;ij tiujy;.

• Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ikiaf; fUjp jsTUf;fis nrJf;Fjy;.

• Njitf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• epu;khzpg;igg; nghUj;jkhdthW tu;zk; jPl;Ljy;.

• mtjhdpg;Gld; Clfj;ij cgNahfpj;jy;.

24

,izg;G 5.1.1.1:


• cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fypd; khjpupia ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• mjpy; fhzg;gLk; jsTUf;fs;> Clfk;> tu;zk;> Kg;gupkhzj;jd;ik vd;gtw;iw

ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• toq;fg;gl;l fljhrp kPJ ghuk;gupa nrbnfhbfs;> g+f;fs;> tpyq;FUf;fs;

vd;gtw;iw tpUk;gpa tpjj;jpy; cgNahfpj;J gUkl;lhd glj;ij tiuf.

• Gilg;Gr; nrJf;fYf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; cUf;fis tiua Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.

• tiue;j gUkl;lhd glj;ijf; fhgd; jhspd; cjtpAld; nu[pNghk; jhspy;

gpujpapl;Lf; fhl;Lf.

• fj;jpfspd; cjtpiaf; nfhz;L mtrpakw;w gFjpfis ntl;bafw;wpAk;

Nky;Nehf;fpj; njupa Ntz;ba gFjpfisr; rPuhf ntspj; js;sg;gl;L njupAk;

tpjj;jpYk; epu;khzpf;f.

• Mokhfj; Njhz;b ntl;Ltjhy; Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ikia ntspf;nfhzuyhk;

vd;gij njspTgLj;Jf.

• ntl;ba gpd; kzw; fljhrpiaf; nfhz;L Nja;j;J xg;gkhf;Ff.

• cl;gf;fkhf js;sg;gl;l gFjpfis ,Ushd tu;zq;fspYk;> ntspj;jl;lg;

gFjpfis nky;ypa epwq;fspYk; tu;zk; jPl;Lf.

• tu;zk; jPl;b Kbj;j gpd; epu;khzpg;ig tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

25

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw ;gq;fs;>

nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs; Mf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : mg;Gjy; El;g Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp kdpj cUf;fismg;Gjy; El;g Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp kdpj cUf;fismg;Gjy; El;g Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp kdpj cUf;fismg;Gjy; El;g Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp kdpj cUf;fismg;Gjy; El;g Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp kdpj cUf;fis

epu;khzpg;ghu;.epu;khzpg;ghu;.epu;khzpg;ghu;.epu;khzpg;ghu;.epu;khzpg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 5.2.1 : “ xOq;fpize;j kdpj cUtk;.xOq;fpize;j kdpj cUtk;.xOq;fpize;j kdpj cUtk;.xOq;fpize;j kdpj cUtk;.xOq;fpize;j kdpj cUtk;.”

ghlNtis : 3

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• gy;NtWgl;l Clfq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• Clfq;fis cgNahfpf;Fk; jpwid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

• jdf;F tpUk;gpa tpjj;jpy; ,aw;ifahd my;yJ Nfj;jpu fzpj ,ay;igf;

nfhz;l kdpj cUtnkhd;iw xOq;fpizg;ghu;.

• cgfuzq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

• Vidatu;fsJ Mf;fq;fis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.



• gy khjpupr; rpw;gq;fs;> rpw;gq;fis rpj;jupf;Fk; glq;fs;

• fljhrpfs;> ngd;rpy;fs;

• gjg;gLj;jpa fspkz;

• kug;gyiffs;

• mg;GjYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; (Tools)

• $uhd fk;gpj;Jz;L (30 cm)

• ,Uk;ghzp



• khjpupr; rpw;gq;fisAk;> epow; glq;fisAk; khztUf;Ff; fhz;gpf;f.

• khztu;fsplk; fye;Jiuahbf; fUj;Jf;fis tpdTf.

• gjg;gLj;jpa fspkz;zhy; jpwikahd xU rpw;gj;ij nra;ayhk; vd;gJ gw;wp

tpsf;Ff.

• g+uzg;ghl;by; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhy; ey;ynjhU epu;khzpg;igg; ngwyhk; vd;gij

tpsf;Ff.

• rPnke;J ehu; (figgu;) Nghd;w cWjpahd Clfj;ij cgNahfpj;J ngupa

msTila ,t;thwhd mikg;Gfis epu;khzpg;gjd; %yk; tPl;L Kw;wj;ij

my;yJ g+q;fhf;fis moFgLj;jyhk; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

26



khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

• gUkl;lhd glk; tiuaj; Njitahd jhs;fisAk; ngd;rpy;fs; vd;gtw;iw

toq;Ff.

• rpw;gj;Jf;fhd kdpj cUtj;jpd; gUkl;lhd glj;ij tiuf.

• gjg;gLj;jpa fspkz;> fUtpfs; (Tools) Nghd;wtw;iwAk; toq;Ff.

• gyifj;Jz;L> fg;gp Nghd;wtw;iwAk; toq;Ff.

• gUkl;lhd glj;ijf; nfhz;L rpw;gj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g <LgLj;Jf.

• nka;epiyfisr; rupahff; fhl;l mstpilAk; re;jKk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gij

cWjpg;gLj;Jf.

• rpw;gj;jpd; ntspNa guTk; gFjpfisf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L rpw;gj;jpd; mq;fq;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jjy; Kf;fpak; vd tpsf;Ff.

• Nky;Nehf;fpAk;> Kd;Nehf;fpAk; ntspj;js;sg;gl;l gFjpfisj; njspthff;

fhl;Ltjhy; rpw;gj;jpd; rpwg;G ntspg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• vf;Nfhzj;jpypUe;J ghu;j;jhYk; rpw;gj;jpd; gz;Gfisf; fhzf;$bathW

mikj;jy; Kf;fpak; vd typAWj;Jf.

• epu;khzpj;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

(90 epkplq;fs;)


• khztu;fsJ Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• mtu;fSf;F Ra kjpg;gPl;Lf;F tha;g;gspf;f.

• epu;khzq;fis NkYk; rpwg;ghf mikf;ff;$ba fUj;Jfis Kd;itj;J kjpg;gpl

Vida khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

• khztu; Mf;fq;fspy; rpw;gf; Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; kPsha;tpy;

<LgLf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)



• rpw;gq;fis mg;Gk; gbKiwfis tpgupj;Jf; $Wjy;.

• rpw;gq;fis gy Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fyhk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

• fspkz;iz Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jp rpw;gj;ij epu;khzpj;jy;.

• Clfj;jpd; juj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L epu;khzpg;Gfis nra;jy;.

• Njitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• nrad;Kiwapy; Clfj;ijr; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jy;.

27

,izg;G 5.2.1.1:


• tFg;gpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;l khjpup rpw;gj;jpd; tbtk;> nka;epiy> Kg;gupkhzj;

jd;ik mstpil> Clfg; gad;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• ckf;F toq;fg;gl;l jhspy; tpUg;gkhd El;g Kiwf;F Vw;g gy nka;epiyfisf;

nfhz;l kdpj cUt xOq;fpizg;gpd; gUkl;lhd glj;ij tiuf.

• gjg;gLj;jpa fspkz;iz jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.

• gyifia mbahff; nfhz;L ePq;fs; tiue;j gUkl;lhd glj;jpw;fpzq;f

mg;Gjiy Muk;gpf;f.

• rpw;gj;ij mg;Gk;NghJ mjd; cauk; 30 cm Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;f.

• rpw;gj;jpd; kj;jpapy; xU fk;gpia itj;J mg;gp fl;bnaOg;gp rpw;gj;jpd; cWjpj;

jd;ikia ngWf.

• mg;Gjypy;> fk;gpapy; kz; xl;Ltijj; jtpu;f;f mbf;fb fk;gpia ifahy; Rw;w

Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;f.

• rpw;gj;jpd; El;gkhd gFjpfis> cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;L ntspg;gLj;Jf.

• epu;khzpj;jij ntspNa cyutpLf.

• cyu;e;jJk; epu;khzpg;Gfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj; jahuhFf.

28

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : rka gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lrka gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lrka gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lrka gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lrka gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L

njupT nra;ag;gl;l fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;>njupT nra;ag;gl;l fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;>njupT nra;ag;gl;l fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;>njupT nra;ag;gl;l fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;>njupT nra;ag;gl;l fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;>

rkfhy fl;Gyf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJrdrkfhy fl;Gyf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJrdrkfhy fl;Gyf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJrdrkfhy fl;Gyf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJrdrkfhy fl;Gyf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJrd

njhlu;g+lfq;fs; %yk; ,dq;fz;l fiy mk;rq;fisnjhlu;g+lfq;fs; %yk; ,dq;fz;l fiy mk;rq;fisnjhlu;g+lfq;fs; %yk; ,dq;fz;l fiy mk;rq;fisnjhlu;g+lfq;fs; %yk; ,dq;fz;l fiy mk;rq;fisnjhlu;g+lfq;fs; %yk; ,dq;fz;l fiy mk;rq;fis

tpku;rd uPjpapy; fpufpj;J mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfisr;tpku;rd uPjpapy; fpufpj;J mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfisr;tpku;rd uPjpapy; fpufpj;J mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfisr;tpku;rd uPjpapy; fpufpj;J mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfisr;tpku;rd uPjpapy; fpufpj;J mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfisr;

Ra gilg;ghf;fj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.Ra gilg;ghf;fj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.Ra gilg;ghf;fj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.Ra gilg;ghf;fj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.Ra gilg;ghf;fj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : njupT nra;j RNjr fiyQu;fspd;njupT nra;j RNjr fiyQu;fspd;njupT nra;j RNjr fiyQu;fspd;njupT nra;j RNjr fiyQu;fspd;njupT nra;j RNjr fiyQu;fspd; fiy Mf;fq;fisfiy Mf;fq;fisfiy Mf;fq;fisfiy Mf;fq;fisfiy Mf;fq;fis

eag;ghu ;.eag;ghu ;.eag;ghu ;.eag;ghu ;.eag;ghu ;.

nraw;ghL 6.1.1 : fiyQu;fiyQu;fiyQu;fiyQu;fiyQu; “ Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfuKjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfuKjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfuKjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfuKjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfu

fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:• Kjypahu; mkuNrfutpd; gilg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.• gilg;Gf;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j fiyEl;g Kiwfisj; Njbawpthu;.• gilg;ghf;fg; ghzpf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j nry;thf;Ffis tprhuiz

nra;thu;.• gilg;Gf;fs; rhu;e;j xOq;fikg;G KiwfisAk; Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gz;GfisAk;

tpgupg;ghu;.• fiyQu; Kjypahu; mkuNrfutpdJ rpj;jpuq;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis

kjpg;gpLthu;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:• Kjypahu; V.rP.[P.v];. mkuNrfu mtu;fspd; tu;zr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

- NgNahl;bapd; kfs;- jr;rdpd; tPL / njhopypd;ik (Unemployed)

• ,izg;G 6.1.1.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;• ,izg;G 6.1.1.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg;gj;jpuk;



• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ rpj;jpuq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;vd;gtw;iw khztUf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• mr;rpj;jpuq;fspd; fUg;nghUs;> fiyj;Jtg;ghzp> xOq;fikg;Gg; gz;Gfiskhztuplk; tpdTf.

• INuhg;gpa fyhepiya (Academy) rpj;jpuf; fiyg; gz;Gfis cs;slf;fp>nghJthd kdpj tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; Fwpj;J tpdTf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


• ,izg;G 6.1.1.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;Ftoq;Ff.

• ,izg;G 6.1.1.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;fp>mjid thrpj;J tpsq;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijj; Jizahff; nfhz;L tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;F tpilaspf;FkhWkhztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

29


• tpilj;jhs;fisj; jkf;fpilNa gupkhw;wp> kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;JkhW khztu;

fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

• tpilfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghf

kPl;lha;T nra;f.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>

,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>

kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ rpj;jpuq;fisg; ngaupLjy;.

• mtuJ gilg;ghf;fg; ghzpapdJ gz;Gfis tptupj;jy;.

• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ rpj;jpuq;fspy; INuhg;gpa

fyhepiya (Academy) rpj;jpuf; fiyf; Nfhl;ghLfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s

tpjj;ij tptupj;jy;.

• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fspd;

rpwg;gpay;GfisAk;> fiyj;Jtg; gz;GfisAk; tptupj;jy;.

,izg;G 6.1.1.1:


• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ

fiyg; gilg;Gf;fisf; ftdkhf mtjhdpAq;fs;.

• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijf; ftdkhf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ fiyg; gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;

gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;f.

• gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLf.

(1) Kjypahu; v. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrf;fu gw;wpr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLf.

(2) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo; fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ

fiyg; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLf.

(i) fUg;nghUs;

(ii) fiyj;Jtg;ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) El;gKiw

(v) fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; - cUtg; gad;ghL

- epwg; gad;ghL

- jsg; gad;ghL

- czu;r;rp / ght ntspg;ghL

• ePq;fs; Njbawpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;fhd Maj;jq;fisr; nra;J

nfhs;f.

30

,izg;G 6.1.1.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfu (1883-1983)

• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfu ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp

apy; ,yq;ifapy; fyhepiya ajhu;j;jthj (Academic Realism) Xtpa fiy

Kiwikapy; Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gl;l xU rpj;jpuf; fiyQu; Mthu;.

• 1883 khu;;r; 3 Me; jpfjp fhyp khtl;lj;jpd; njhle;Jit vDk; Cupy; gpwe;j

Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfu (Vg;ufhk; fpup];Nlhgu; fpwf;fwp #upa

Mur;rp mkuNrfu) fUj;Jg;glf; (Cartoon) fiyQuhfNt gilg;ghf;fj; Jiwapy;

gpuNtrpj;jhu;.

• gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsupd; mDruizapd; fPo;> epWtg;gl;l ,yq;iff; fiyf;

rq;fj;jpd; (Ceylon Society of Art) Kd;Ndhbf; fiyQu;fSs; xUtuhfTk; nraw;

gl;lhu;.

• ,yq;if xU FbNaw;w ehlhf ,Ue;jNghJ gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;J tUif

je;j fiyQu;fspd; fiyr; nry;thf;if> ,yq;iff; fiyr; rq;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j

fiyQu;fspd; gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzyhk;.

• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fspy;

INuhg;gpa fyhepiyaf; fiyg;ghzpahfpa ajhu;j;jthj fiyg;gz;Gfisf;

fhzyhk;.

• capupdq;fspd; cUtq;fs;> ajhu;j;jkhd epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw

tiutjpy; jpwikkpf;ftuhd ,tu;> jkJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fSf;fhf> ePu; tu;zk;>

vz;nza; (ijy) tu;zk; Mfpa ,uz;L epw Clfq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

• kdpj cUtq;fis cs;slf;fpa cUt xOq;fikg;GfSf;F Kjyplkspj;j

,tu;> INuhg;gpa fyhepiyaf; fiyapd; Kjd;ikahd xU gz;ghfpa J}uNehf;F

Kiwiaj; jkJ rpj;jpuq;fspd; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;shu;.

• Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l epwg; gad;ghl;Lld;> xsp> epoy; njhlu;ghf

fyhepiya mwpthfpa “fpau];fpANuh” (Chiaroscuro) Nfhl;ghl;il mtuJ gilg;Gf;fspy;

fhzKbfpwJ.

• fiyQu; Kjypahu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfutpdJ rpj;jpuf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;

rpy tUkhW:

• njhopypd;ik (Unemployed) / jr;rdpd; tPL

• NgNahl;bapd; kfs;

• g+idf;Fl;b

• uPl; khtj;ij (ePu;tu;zk;)

• mur jiytu;fspd; nka;AUf;fs; / gpujpik Xtpaq;fs; (Portrait)

31

NgNahl;bapd; kfs;

• jw;NghJ nfhOk;G> Njrpa fyh gtdj;jpy;; epue;jukhff; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s

~NgNahl;bapd; kfs;| vDk; Xtpak; fd;tRj; jsj;jpy; vz;nza; tu;zj;jpdhy;

gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,e;j Xtpaj;jy; cs;s NgNahl;bapd; kfs;> rhe;jpf; fpupiafSf;Fupa cilfs;

mzpe;j epiyapy; cs;shs;. mf;fzj;jpy; mr;rkile;Js;s tpjk; ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• kdpjdpd; mf czu;Tfisf; fhl;Lk; ajhu;j;jg;ghzp kw;Wk; fw;gidg;ghzp

,ay;Gfspd;gb Mr;rupa kw;Wk; kiwe;j epiy fUg;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l

fw;gidahd xU tplaj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;L ,f;fiyg;gilg;gpd; ntspg;ghL

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• rpj;jpuj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s jPr;Rthiy> mtsJ Kfj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; czu;T

fSf;F xg;gpLk; tifapy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s NtlKfk;> ghupa msTila

epoy; Mfpad %yk; xl;Lnkhj;j fiyg;gilg;gpd; ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikiaAk;

ehlfg;ghq;fhd jd;ikAk; mOj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; ,uz;L jsq;fs; cs;sd. mj;jsq;fspy; cUtq;fSk;

epwq;fSk; rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; tu;zg; gad;ghL ~fpAu];fpANuh| (Chiaroscuro) Kiwapy;

ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJk;> xspapdJk; epoypdJk; jd;ik ed;F ntspg;gLj;jpf;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tu;zq;fs; xU jdp epwg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l nrt;tpay;

tu;zq;fshFk;.

• rpj;jpu cUf;fspd; tptuq;fs; (details) Kidg;ghf;fg;gLk; (highlight) tifapNyNa

,Uz;l epwg; gad;ghl;bDs; xsp ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

32

njhopypd;ik (Unemployed)

• fiyQu; V. rP. [P. v];. mkuNrfu tiue;j ~njhopypd;ik| vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s

,e;j Xtpak; ~jr;rdpd; tPL| vDk; ngaupNyNa gpugy;akile;Js;sJ.

• fd;tRj; jsj;jpy; vz;nza; (ijy) tu;zj;jpdhy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;s “jr;rdpd;

tPL” vDk; ,e;j Xtpak; nfhOk;G> Njrpa fyhgtdj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;

Ls;sJ.

• jr;rdpd; tPl;by; epyTk; tWik epiyiaf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf kpfr; rpwg;ghf

kdpj cUtq;fSk; tu;zq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ad;dypd; Clhf tPl;bDs; GFk; xsp kpf ,ay;ghd tifapy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mt;nthspapd; %yk; jr;rdJ tPl;lhupd; Kfq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; czu;Tfs;

kpfr; rpwg;ghff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ad;dypd; Clhff; fhl;lg;gLk; xspapd; jd;ik xl;Lnkhj;j gilg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;s epwq;fs;> ~fpau];fpANuh| (Chiaroscuro) Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb Kg;gupkhz

,ay;GfSld; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tu;zq;fs;> xU jdp epwg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l nrt;tpay;

tu;zq;fshFk;.

• fyhepiya ,aw;ifthj> ajhu;j;jthj ghzpiag; gpd;gw;wp> kdpj cUtpd;

moFk; cs;Szu;TfSk; ,f;fiyg; gilg;gpy; ed;F ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• gilg;ghf;f ntspapd; kPJ> Moj;ijf; fhl;bathW> J}uNehf;F ,ay;Gfis

cs;slf;fp> Kd;gFjp> eLg;gFjp> gpd;gFjp Mfpa jsq;fspd; kPJ J}uNehf;Fg;

gz;Gf;fika tu;zq;fSk; tbtq;fSk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

33








eag;ghu;. eag;ghu;. eag;ghu;. eag;ghu;. eag;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 6.1.2 : “ ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fis];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fis];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fis];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fis];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fis

kjpg;Nghk;.kjpg;Nghk;.kjpg;Nghk;.kjpg;Nghk;.kjpg;Nghk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ gilg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ fiyr;Nritia tprhupj;jwpthu;.

• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ gilg;Gf;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j

rpj;jpu %yfq;fisAk; rpj;jpupg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;L ,ay;GfisAk; tptupg;ghu;.

• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ gilg;Gf;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis

eae;J kjpg;ghu;.


• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpd; tu;z Xtpaq;fs;.

- kl;ghz;lf;$lk; (Fk;gs;`y)

- Cu;tyk; (ngufuh)

• ,izg;G 6.1.2.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

• ,izg;G 6.1.2.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg;gj;jpuk;



• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ tu;z Xtpaq;fisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fis

mtjhdpf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• mt;Nthtpaq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j nry;thf;F> fUg;nghUs;> fiyg;ghzp Mfpad

Fwpj;J khztuplk; tpdTq;fs;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


• ,izg;G 6.1.2.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F

toq;Ff.

• ,izg;G 6.1.2.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;fp>

mjid thrpj;J tpsq;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijj; Jizahff; nfhz;L tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;F tpilaspf;FkhW

khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

34


• tpilj;jhs;fisj; jkf;fpilNa gupkhw;wp> kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;JkhW khztu;

fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

• tpilfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghf kPl;lha;T nra;f.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.1.1.1>

,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>,izg;G 6.1.1.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;g PL>

kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ rpj;jpuq;fisg; ngaupLjy;.

• mtuJ gilg;ghf;fg; ghzpapdJ gz;Gfis tptupj;jy;.

• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;̀ tpdJ rpj;jpuq;fs; INuhg;gpa fyhepiya (Academy)

rpj;jpuf; fiyf; Nfhl;ghLfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjj;ij tptupj;jy;.

• fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;̀ tpdJ rpj;jpug; gilg;Gf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk;>

fiyj;Jtg; gz;GfisAk; tptupj;jy;.

,izg;G 6.1.2.1:


• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;̀ tpdJ fiyg; gilg;Gf;

fisf; ftdkhf mtjhdpAq;fs;.


nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLq;fs;.

(1) fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;` gw;wpr; RUf;fkhd Fwpg;G vOJf.

(2) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo; fiyQu; ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ fiyg;

gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLf.

(i) fUg;nghUs;

(ii) fiyj;Jtg;ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) El;gKiw

(v) fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; - cUg; gad;ghL

- epwg; gad;ghL

- NfhLfspd; gad;ghL

- jsg; gad;ghL

- czu;r;rp / ght ntspg;ghL

• ePq;fs; Njbawpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;fhd Maj;jq;fisr; nra;J

nfhs;f.

35

,izg;G 6.1.2.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

];uhd;yp mNgrpq;` (1914-1992)

• ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;` ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; etPd fiy tuyhw;wpy; Muk;g

fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa rpwe;j xU rpj;jpuf; fiyQu; Mthu;.

• 1914 ,y; gpwe;j ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;` ,yq;if njhopy; El;gf; fy;Y}upapy;

rpj;jpuf;fiy gapd;W> ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrd;W fPioj;Nja rpj;jpuf;fiyiaAk;

gapd;W> mjd; %yk; ngw;w nry;thf;ifj; jkJ rpj;jpug; gilg;ghf;fj;Jf;F

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lhu;.

• ,tu; gy;NtW fiyr; nry;thf;FfSld; jkf;NfAupj;jhd rpj;juf;fiyg; ghuk;gupa

nkhd;wpid cUthf;Ftjpy; Kd;dpd;w xU fiyQuhthu;.

• mur fiyf;fy;Y}up MrpupauhfTk;> 1965-1969 tiuapy; mjd; mjpguhfTk;

nraw;gl;Ls;shu;.

• 43 FOtpdupd; etPdj;Jt ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fr; rkhe;jukhf mur Ez;fiyf;

fy;Y}upapy; etPd ghzpapd; nry;thf;ifg; ngw;W GjpanjhU Nghf;iff;

fl;bnaOg;gpa Kjd;ikahd Kd;Ndhb vd ,tiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ gilg;Gf;fspy;> kuGuPjpahd fiyapd; ghzprhu;e;j

tbtq;fs;> gpd; kdg;gjpTthj> ntspg;ghl;Lthj Xtpaf;fiyg; Nghf;FfspdJk;

tu;zg; gad;ghl;bdJk; nry;thf;iff; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

• gilg;Gf;fspd; gpd;dzpf;fhf> fdtbtthjf; fiyapd; gpd;dzp ntspapdJ

gz;Gfspd; nry;thf;F ngwg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

• FWfpa jbj;j NfhLfspd; gad;ghL mtuJ Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

• ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ rpy fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; tUkhW:

• kl;ghz;lf;$lk;

• Mtzp Cu;tyk; (Esala Perahara)

• jpahdk;

• ghyfd; - ,isQd; (Young and Infant)

• yf;\;kpapd; gpwg;G

36

kl;ghz;lf;$lk;

• ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ Xtpaq;fSs; ~kl;ghz;lf; $lk;| vDk; Xtpak;jdpr; rpwg;ghdJ.

• ,e;j Xtpak; xU kl;ghz;lf; filiaAk; xU jk;gjpapdiuAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

• ,r;rpj;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dzpahf kz;ghz;lq;fshyhd #oy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd;Kd;gFjpAk; gpd;gFjpAk; xNu jskhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• rpj;jpuj;jpy; MoKk; Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ikAk; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. tu;ze; jPl;Lk;KiwapdhNyNa ,it fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ,Uz;l epwq;fs;> vjpu; epwkhd kQ;rs; epwg; gad;ghL Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;

kdpj czu;Tfis Kidg;GWj;jpf; fhl;Ltjpy; fiyQu; ntw;wp fz;Ls;shu;.

• rpj;jpuj;jpd; ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikia mOj;Jtjw;fhf ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikAld;

capNuhl;lkhd ePsk; Fiwthd jbj;j fUepwf;NfhLfisg; gad;gLj;jp epwg;

gpuNjrq;fs; tpupthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• Kfj;jpy; czu;Tfis ntspf;fhl;Ltjw;fhf ,Uz;l epwq;fSld; ght ntspg;

ghLfs; ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;̀ tpdJ Mf;fg;ghzp kPJ> kuGuPjpahd fiyapd; ghzprhu;e;j

tbtq;fs;> gpd; kdg;gjpTthj> ntspg;ghl;Lthj Xtpaf;fiyg; Nghf;Ffs;> tu;zg;

gad;ghL> fdtbtthjf; fiyapd; gpd;dzp ntspg;gz;Gfs; Mfpad nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpAs;sikiaf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

37

Cu;tyk; (ngufuh)

• ];lhd;yp mNgrpq;`tpdJ gilg;Gf;fSs; ~Cu;tyk;| vDk; XtpaKk; Kf;fpa

,lj;ijg; ngWk; xU gilg;ghFk;.

• fz;b> Mtzp Cu;tyj;ijf; (Esala Perahara) fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L tiuag;

gl;l ,e;jg; gilg;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,Ul;rhay; xspg;ghd epwq;fs;>

vjpu; tu;zq;fs; Clhf rpj;jpuj;jpd; moF GjpanjhU tpjj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,Ul;rhay; ntspr;rkhd tu;zq;fis ntw;wpfukhfg; gad;gLj;jp ,uhf;fhyj;ijr;

rpj;jpupg;gjw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kaw;rp rpj;jpuj;ij NkYk; nghUSs;sjhf

khw;wpAs;sJ.

• ,uhf;fhyj;ijr; rpj;jpupg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,Us; - xsp epiyik

fis epwq;fs; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> Cu;tyj;jpd; ntt;NtW mk;rq;fSk;

$WfSk; tpupthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• NfhLfisf; ifahs;tij tpl> tu;zq;fisr; rpwg;ghff; ifahs;tjd; %yk;>

cUtq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. cUtg; gad;ghl;bd;NghJ fUg;nghUspd;

Kf;fpa mk;rkhfpa> jhJg;Ngioiaj; jhq;fpa ahidr; rpj;jpuj;jpd; eLg;gFjpapy;

,lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Kd;gFjp - gpd;gFjp vdf; fUjhJ xNu jsj;jpy; cUtq;fs; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;

Ls;s NghjpYk;> tu;ze; jPl;Lk; El;g Kiwf;Nfw;g Kd;gFjp - eLg;gFjp -

gpd;gFjp Mfpadtw;iw ed;F xOq;fikj;J ,lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; rpj;jpuj;jpd;

Moj;ijf; fhl;Ltjpy; fiyQu; ntw;wpaile;Js;sdu;.

• ,g;gilg;Gf;fhf> fdtbtf; fiyapd; gpd;dzp ntspg;gz;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;

Ls;sJ. mj;NjhL ghzp rhu;e;j tbtq;fs;> gpd; kdg;gjpTthj kw;Wk; ntspg;

ghl;Lthj Xtpaf;fiyg; Nghf;fpd; tu;zg; gad;ghl;bd; nry;thf;ifAk; ,g;gilg;

gpy; fhzyhk;.

38








eag;ghu;.eag;ghu;.eag;ghu;.eag;ghu;.eag;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 6.1.3 : “ fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j Mf;fq;fisfiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j Mf;fq;fisfiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j Mf;fq;fisfiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j Mf;fq;fisfiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j Mf;fq;fis


ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpj; Njbawpthu;.

• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j Mf;fq;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j

Clfq;fisAk; El;gKiwfisAk;> mtuJ epu;khzpg;Gfisj; Jizahff;

nfhz;L tptupg;ghu;.

• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j Mf;fq;fspd; rpj;jpuf; Fzhjpraq;fis

Njbaha;thu;.

• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j rpj;jpuq;fspd; rpwg;ghd fiyj;Jtg;

gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLthu;.


• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j tu;zr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

- Xl;Lr;#is

- flyhnjdpa





• nghUj;jkhd xU Kiwiaf; ifahz;L> fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j

tu;zr; rpj;jpuq;fspd;ghy; khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.

• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j rpj;jpuq;fspd; Clfg; gz;Gfisj; Njb

awpAkhW khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

• mr;rpj;jpuq;fspd; fUg;nghUs;> ghzp> Clfg;gz;Gfs; Mfpadtw;iw khztuplk;

tpdTf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


• ,izg;G 6.1.3.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F

toq;Ff.

• ,izg;G 6.1.3.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;fp>

mjid thrpj;J tpsq;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

39

• thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijj; Jizahff; nfhz;L tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;F tpilaspf;FkhW


• tpilaspg;gjw;fhf khztu;fSf;Fj; Jiz Gupf.

(20 epkplq;fs;)


• vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j khztu;fs; rpyuJ tpilj;jhs;fis kjpg;gpLf.

• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fs; gw;wp kPl;lha;T elj;Jf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> ,izg;G: 6.1.3.1> ,izg;G:gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> ,izg;G: 6.1.3.1> ,izg;G:gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> ,izg;G: 6.1.3.1> ,izg;G:gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> ,izg;G: 6.1.3.1> ,izg;G:gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> ,izg;G: 6.1.3.1> ,izg;G:

6.1.3.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.6.1.3.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.6.1.3.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.6.1.3.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.6.1.3.2 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

• ePu;r;rha Clf rpj;jpuf; fiyj;Jiwapy; GJj;jpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa xU fiyQu;

vd;w tifapy; fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fs; gw;wp

Njbawpjy;.

• gilg;Gf;fspd; ghzpiaAk; Clfg; gz;GfisAk; tptupj;jy;.

• fiyQuJ Xtpaq;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLjy;.

,izg;G 6.1.3.1:

nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;

• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;

fisf; ftdkhf mtjhdpAq;fs;.

• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijf; ftdkhf thrpj;J tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLq;fs;.

(1) fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gw;wpa tptuq;fisr; RUf;fkhfj; jUf.

(2) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j

Xtpa Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpLf.

(i) fUg;nghUs;

(ii) fiyg;ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) El;gKiw


- tu;zg; gad;ghL

- jsg; gad;ghL

- czu;T / ght ntspg;ghL

• Njbawpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Maj;jq;fisr; nra;J

nfhs;f.

40

,izg;G 6.1.3.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

[p. v];. ngu;dhe;J (1904-1990)

• 1904 ngg;utup ,uz;lhe; jpfjp fhyp khtl;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j nge;jiu efu Rj;jh

nfhilf; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j [P. v];. mjhtJ fk;thup ruj; ngu;dhe;J> ePu;tu;z

rpj;jpuf; fiyapy; El;gj;jpwd;fis ntspf;fhl;ba gpugy;ak; tha;e;j xU Xtpaf;

fiyQu; Mthu;.

• upr;ru;l; n`d;upf;f]; vDk; Xtpaf; fiyQuplj;Nj Xtpaf;fy;tp gapd;w mtu;

Kjy; RtNuhtpaf; fiyapD}lhf rpj;jpuf; fiyj;Jiwapy; gpuNtrpj;j xUtuhthu;.

• njhlu;e;Jk; vk;. rhu;yp];> Kjypahu; mkuNrfu Nghd;w fiyQu;fsplj;Nj

Xtpaf;fiy gapd;w mtu; ePu; tu;z Clfk; njhlu;ghd gue;j mwpitg; ngw;w

rpwe;j xU rpj;jpuf; fiyQuhf jdJ jdpj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.

• fUj;Jg;gl Xtpaf; fiyapd; (Cartoon) jpwik fhl;ba mtu; ,yq;ifapd;

KjyhtJ rpj;jpuf; fijiag; gilj;jtu; Mthu;.

• tzpf tpsk;gu Xtpaf; fiyQu; vd;w tifapy;> mtu; tzpf tpsk;gur;

Rtnuhl;bfs;> ngau;r;Rl;bfs;> Gj;jf ml;ilfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; gilg;gjpYk;

gq;fspj;Js;shu;.

• ePu;tu;z Clf El;g Kiwiaf; ifahz;L ,tuhy; gilf;fg;gl;l rpj;jpuq;fs;>

INuhg;gpa fyhepiya rpj;jpuf; fiyapd; nry;thf;Fld; jkf;Nf cupj;jhd

,aw;ifthjr; rpj;jpuf; fiyg;ghzpapy; gilf;fg;gl;l Mf;fq;fshf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngWfpd;wd.

• ePu; tu;zg; gad;ghl;bd; nghUl;L INuhg;gpa jiuf; fhl;rp mikg;gpd; jOty;

ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,yq;ifr; #oypd; ,aw;if mikg;ig kpf mofhf ntspf;fhl;b ,Ug;gJ>

,tuJ epu;khzpg;Gf;fspy; ntspg;gLfpd;w tpNrr gz;GfshFk;.

• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j rpj;jpu Mf;fq;fSs; gpd;tUk; ePu; tu;z

Clf rpj;jpuq;fs; kpfr; rpwg;ghditahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

- Xl;Lr;#is

- flyhnjdpa

• fiyQu; [P. v];. ngu;dhe;J gilj;j> ePu;tu;z Clf rpj;jpu Mf;fq;fspd;

ghzp> rpj;jpu mbg;gilfs;> rpj;jpupg;G Kiwapay; Mfpatw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW

,dq;fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

- rpj;jpuj;jpy; MoKk; J}uNehf;F ,ay;GfSk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jy;.

- kdpj nka;epiyfs; yypjj;ijAk;> czu;T ntspg;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

- Kg;gupkhz ,ay;GfSld; gpufhrkhd epwq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.

41

Xl;Lr;#is

• Njrpa fyh gtdj;jpy; epue;jukhff; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Xtpak;

INuhg;gpa ,aw;ifthjg; ghzp rhu;e;j xU gilg;ghFk;.

• fljhrpapy; ePu;tu;zj;jpdhy; jPl;lg;gl;l xU fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.

• Xtpaj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Xl;Lr;#isiaAk;> #oTs;s gpuNjrj;ijAk;

rpj;jpupg;gjw;fhf> gpufhrkhd tu;zq;fs; Kg;gupkhz ,ay;gpy; ePu;tu;z jlq;fs;

Kiwapy; cau;thd ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikAld; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• jsj;jpd; kPJ cUtq;fisr; rpj;jpupg;gjw;fhf> Kd;dzp> ,ilazp> gpd;dzp

Mfpa %d;W gFjpfspYk; cUtq;fisj; jhgpg;gjd; %yk; rpj;jpuj;jpd; MoKk;

J}uNehf;F ,ay;GfSk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ,g;gilg;G kPJ ,aw;ifthjg;ghzpapd; gz;GfSk;> INuhg;gpa epyj;Njhw;w

Xtpaq;fSk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd.

42

flyhnjdpa - tp[Nahj;ghah

• ,e;j Xtpak; nfhOk;G Njrpa fyhgtdj;jpy; epue;jukhf fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;

gl;Ls;s xU fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.

• ePu;tu;z Clfj;ijAk; INuhg;gpa ,aw;ifthj El;g KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;jp

,J gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• INuhg;gpa fyhepiyar; rpj;jpuf; fiyf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; ,ay;Gfshd Moj;ijf;

fhl;Lk; J}uNehf;F ,ay;Gfs;> Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs; Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sik ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

• jsj;jpd; kPJ cUtq;fisr; rpj;jpupf;Fk;NghJ Kd;dzp> ,ilazp> gpd;dzpfspy;

cUtq;fisj; mikj;J J}uNehf;F ,ay;Gfs; ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sikAk;

,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; xNu rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

• gpufhrkhd tu;zq;fisf; nfhz;L> Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfis cs;slf;fp> ePu;

tu;zg; gpuNjr (Patoh) Kiw ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,g;gilg;G kPJ ,aw;ifthjg; ghzpapd; gz;GfSk; INuhg;gpa epyj;Njhw;w

Xtpaq;fSk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd.

43









nraw;ghL 6.1.4 : “ Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fisNf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fisNf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fisNf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fisNf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fis


ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

• mg;gilg;Gf;fspd; fiyg;ghzp rhu;e;j ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• mtuJ gilg;Gf;fSf;fhf fpilj;j nry;thf;Ffis tptupg;ghu;.

• Xtpaq;fSf;fhf mtu; gad;gLj;jpa tu;zq;fspd; jd;ikiaj; Njbawpthu;.

• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j Xtpaq;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpg;ghu;.


• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j tu;zr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

- thrpf;Fk; gps;is (Reading boy)

- Nrtw;rz;il (Cock fight)




gbKiw 6.1.4.1gbKiw 6.1.4.1gbKiw 6.1.4.1gbKiw 6.1.4.1gbKiw 6.1.4.1• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j Xtpa Mf;fq;fis khztUf;Ff; fhl;rpg;

gLj;Jf.

• mg;gilg;Gf;fspd; gpd;dzp njhlu;ghf khztuplk; tpdtp> Xtpaq;fspd;

fUg;nghUs;> ngw;w nraw;ghLfs;> ghzp> Ez;Kiwfs; Mfpad gw;wp khztuplk;

tpdTf.

• RNjr Xtpaf; fiyQu;fspd; gilg;Gfis eag;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp

khztUf;F mwpt+l;lk; nra;f.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gbKiw 6.1.4.2gbKiw 6.1.4.2gbKiw 6.1.4.2gbKiw 6.1.4.2gbKiw 6.1.4.2• ,izg;G 6.1.4.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F

toq;Ff.

• ,izg;G 6.1.4.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.

mjidf; ftdkhf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;SkhW khztiu mwpTWj;Jf.

• thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijj; Jizahff; nfhz;L tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;FkhW

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

44


• vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j khztu;fs; rpyuJ tpilj;jhs;fis kjpg;gPL nra;f.

• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;fs; gw;wp kPl;lha;T elj;Jf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)




• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j Xtpaq;fisg; ngaupLjy;.

• mtuJ Xtpaq;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfisj; Njbawpjy;.

• etPd rpj;jpuf; fiyapy; GjpanjhU ghzpia mwpKfQ; nra;j xU fiyQuhthu;

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• mtuJ gilg;Gf;fs; kPJ INuhg;gpa fiy kugpd; nry;thf;if tptupj;jy;.

fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j Xtpaq;fis eae;J kjpj;jy;.

,izg;G 6.1.4.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiyg;gilg;Gf;fis

ftdkhf mtjhdpAq;fs;.


nfhs;Sq;fs;.


(1) fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp njhlu;ghd tptuq;fisr; RUf;fkhfj; jUf.

(2) fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j gpugy;ak; tha;e;j Xtpa Mf;fq;fisg;

ngaupLf.

(3) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo; fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j fiy Mf;fq;

fis kjpg;gPL nra;f.

(i) fUg;nghUs;

(ii) fiyg;ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) El;gKiw


- tu;zg; gad;ghL

- jsg; gad;ghL


• ePq;fs; Njbawpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Maj;jq;fisr;

nra;J nfhs;f.

45

,izg;G 6.1.4.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

Nf. fdfrghgjp (1915-1995)

• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L eLg; gFjpiar; Nru;e;j,yq;ifapd; etPd rpj;jpuf; fiyj;Jiwapy; Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gl;l xUrpj;jpuf; fiyQu; Mthu;.

• 1915 aho;g;ghzk;> cUk;gpuha;f; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j fdfrghgjp Kjypy; gyhypMrpupau; fy;Y}upapy; rpj;jpuf; fiy njhlu;ghd Jiwrhu; fy;tpiag; ngw;whu;.

• ,tu; gyhyp Mrpupau; fy;Y}upapy; rpj;jpuf;fiy tpupTiuahsuhfTk; flikahw;wpAs;shu;.

• mtu; rpj;jpuf; fiyj;Jiwapy; NkYk; <LgLtjw;fhf gpw;fhyg;gFjpapy;aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,aq;fpa tpd;ru; rpj;jpuf; fiyfofj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhz;lhu;.kPz;Lk; Nkyjpf fy;tpapd; nghUl;L nfhOk;G njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}upapy; rpj;jpuf;fiyj;Jiwapy; fy;tp gapd;whu;.

• mtuJ Muk;g fhyr; rpj;jpuq;fspy; INuhg;gpa mf;flkpf; rpj;jpuf; fiyapd;ajhu;j;jthj fiy Mf;fq;fspd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gl;ljhapDk;> mtuJ gpw;fhyg;gilg;Gf;fspy; fdtbtthj fiyg;ghq;fpd; nry;thf;Ffisf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

• fdtbtthj fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l> jkf;NfAupj;jhd xU ghzpiacUthf;fpa Nf. fdfrghgjp> 43 FOtpd; fz;fhl;rpfspy; gq;Fgw;wpa xUrpj;jpuf; fiyQu; Mthu;.

• 1995 ,y; ,t;Tyif ePj;j fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjpapd; thrpf;Fk; gps;is>Nrtw;rz;il> Xa;ntLj;jy;> epyj;Njhw;wk; (Landscape) Nghd;w rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpwe;jfiyg;gilg;Gf;fshf kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

thrpf;Fk; gps;is

• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjpapdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l ~thrpf;Fk; gps;is| vDk; Xtpak;>fd;t]; kPJ vz;nza; (ijy) tu;zj;jpdhy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• kuGuPjpahd ,ay;GfSld; fdtbtthjf; fiyg;ghq;fpd; nry;thf;ifg; ngw;W,g;gilg;G Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fdtbt thjf; fiyg;gz;Gfspd;gb Xtpaj;jpd; gpd;dzpahdJ> NfhLfshyhdxU jskhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

46

• xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l tbtq;fSk; ntt;NtW jpirKfq; nfhz;l Kfq;fSk;xU jdp tu;zg; gpd;dzpapy; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; MoKk; Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ikAk; NfhLfs; kw;Wk; tu;ze;jPl;ly; El;g Kiwapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Xtpaj;jpd; gpujhd cUit tpl> gpd;dzpahdJ fdtbtthj fiyr; nry;thf;Fld; Jz;Lfshf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Xtpaj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s gps;is ngUk;ghYk; ghzp rhu;e;j tbtq;fisf;nfhz;L fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,t; Xtpaj;jpy; gr;ir epwNk ngUksTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNjhL gr;irepwg;Ngjq;fSld; fgpy epwKk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• jbg;ghd> Mokhd NfhLfSk;> epwq;fSk;> jhsKk; rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> mjd; %yk; fUg;nghUis NkYk; Kidg;ghfTk; czu;Tg+u;tkhfTk; fhl;l Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nrtw;rz;il

• fiyQu; Nf. fdfrghgjp gilj;j ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; fUg;nghUs; ~Nrtw;rz;il|MFk;.

• ,r;rpj;jpukhdJ fd;t]; kPJ vz;nza; (ijy) tu;zj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sfdtbt thjg;ghzpiaf; fhl;Lk; xU gilg;ghFk;.

• Nrty;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf ,Ugupkhz jsTUtq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNghjpYk; Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLkhW tu;ze; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Xtpaj;jpd; cUtq;fisr; #oTk;> gpd;dzpapYk; ,lg;gl;Ls;s NfhLfspd; jbg;ghd>Mokhd jd;ikf;Nfw;g> Nrtw;rz;ilapd; JupjKk;> re;jKk; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mr;rpj;jpug; gz;Gfs; Xtpaj;jpd; ntspg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikia tYg;gLj;JtNjhL> NkYk; nghUSs;sjhfTk; Mf;Ffpd;wd.

• fdtbtthj Xtpag;ghzpapd; nry;thf;Fld; Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fs; gpuhzpcUtq;fspYk; gpd;dzpapYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• gpujhdkhf fgpyepwk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> me;epwj;jpd; Ngjq;fis ntspg;gLj;JkhW ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; epwq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• rpj;jpu Clfj;jpy; Nrty;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s NfhLfisAk; jsTUtq;fisAk; xj;j NfhLfSk; jsTUtq;fSk; gpd;dzpapYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikahy;> rpj;jpuj;jpd; Kd;dzpAk;> gpd;dzpAk; xj;jpirar; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhz KbfpwJ.

47









nraw;ghL 6.1.5 : “ fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilj;j Mf;fq;fis kjpg;Nghk;.fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilj;j Mf;fq;fis kjpg;Nghk;.fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilj;j Mf;fq;fis kjpg;Nghk;.fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilj;j Mf;fq;fis kjpg;Nghk;.fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilj;j Mf;fq;fis kjpg;Nghk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,d; gilg;Gfisg; ngaupLthu;.

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,d; gilg;ghf;fg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbawpthu;.

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,d; gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fiyg;ghzp ,ay;Gfis

tptupg;ghu;.

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,dJ gilg;Gf;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpg;ghu;.


• V. khu;f; fiyQuJ gilg;Gf;fs;

- kdpjDk; eha;fSk; (rpw;gk;)

- rFe;jiy (Xtpak;)




gbKiw 6.1.5.1gbKiw 6.1.5.1gbKiw 6.1.5.1gbKiw 6.1.5.1gbKiw 6.1.5.1• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,d; gilg;Gf;fspd; xspg;gpujpfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp>

mtw;wpd;ghy; khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.

• mg;gilg;Gf;fspd; fUg;nghUs;> El;g Kiwfs;> Xtpau; ngw;w nry;thf;F

Mfpadtw;iw khztuplk; tpdTf.

• RNjr Xtpaf; fiyQu;fspd; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupf;Ff.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.




khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• khztiur; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

48



• V. khu;f; fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J kPl;lha;T elj;Jf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)




• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,d; gilg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLjy;.

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,d; gilg;Gf;fspd; fiyg;ghzpiaj; Njbawpjy;.

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,d; gilg;ghf;fj; Jiwapy; Gjpa ghzpnahd;wpid Vw;gLj;jpa

Xtpaf; fiyQu; Mthu; vdf; $Wjy;.

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilg;Gf;fs; ngw;w nry;thf;Ffis tptupj;jy;.

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; ,dJ gilg;Gf;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis eae;J kjpg;gpLjy;.

,izg;G 6.1.5.1:


• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilj;j gilg;Gf;fis ftdkhf

mtjhdpf;Ff.


nfhs;f.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo;> V. khu;f; fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gPL nra;f.

(i) fUg;nghUs;

(ii) fiyg;ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) El;gKiw

(v) fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; - cUtg; / jstbtg; gad;ghL

- tu;zg; gad;ghL

- jsg; gad;ghL / ntspg; gad;ghL



nra;J nfhs;f.

,izg;G 6.1.5.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

V. khu;f; (1933-2000)

• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; etPd fl;Gyf; fiyfspd; Kd;Ndhbahfr;

nraw;gl;l xU fiyQuhf V. khu;f; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;whu;.

• 1933 ,y; aho;g;ghzk;> FUefupy; gpwe;J 2000 ,y; capu;ePj;j V. khu;f; Xtpaf;

fiyapYk;> rpw;gf; fiyapYk; jpwik fhl;ba xU fiyQuhthu;.

• nfhOk;G mur fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; Xtpaf; fiyj;Jiwapy; cau;fy;tp ngw;whu;.

• aho;g;ghzj;jpy; “tpLKiwf;fhy Xtpaf; fofk;” vDk; ngaupy; xU rq;fj;ijj;

jhgpj;J rpj;jpu tFg;Gf;fis elj;jpaNjhL> rpj;jpuf; fhl;rpfisAk; elj;jpdhu;.

49

• mtuJ Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fspd; ,ay;GfSf;fika mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.(1) epwq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fhyk;(2) NfhLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fhyk;

• epwq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fhyj;jpy; ,Ul;fhyk;> ntz;fhyk;> ePyf;fhyk; (Dull Period, White Period, Blue Period) vDk; ntt;NtW fhyq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

• NfhLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fhyk;> fdtbtthjf; fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

• g];uy; tu;zk;> xl;Lr;rpj;jpuk;> fyg;Gr;rhjdk;> ePu; tu;zk; vd;gdtw;iwg; gad;

gLj;jp nghJthf> fljhrpapd; Nky; ,tu; Xtpaq;fis tiue;Js;shu;.

• mtuJ Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fSs;>• rFe;jiy• jhz;ltk;• fhtbahl;lk;• uhfkhypif Mfpa gilg;Gf;fs; rpwg;ghditahFk;.

• ,tuJ rpw;gg; gilg;Gf;fspy; fdtbtthjg; gz;GfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf n`d;up%updJ jstbtq;fspd; nry;thf;ifAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. mr;nry;thf;FfSld;jkf;Nf cupa etPd ghzpapy; etPd cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L jkJ Mf;fq;fisg;gilj;Js;shu;.

rFe;jiy (Xtpak;)

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilj;j Xtpaq;fSs; rpwg;gplk; ngWtJ “rFe;jiy” vDk;

XtpakhFk;.

• fhspjhrupdhy; Gidag;gl;l rhFe;jyk; fhtpaj;jpy; gpujhd ghj;jpukhfpa

rFe;jiy ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; fUg;nghUshff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

50

• g];uy; Clfj;ijf; nfhz;L Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;gilg;G ,ay;ghd jd;ikia

tpQ;rpr; nrd;W> Nkhbg;gLj;jy; (Abstract) rhu;e;j fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfisf; fhl;b

epw;fpd;wJ.

• fdtbtthjg; ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfs; ,g;gilg;gpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

• fdtbtthj jsTUtq;fSk; ,sepwq;fSk; ,g;gilg;ghf;fj;Jf;F ,Ugupkhz

,ay;Gfisf; nfhLj;j NghjpYk;> cUtj;ijr; #o ,lg;gl;Ls;s jbj;j NfhLfs;

fhuzkhf Kg;gupkhz ,ay;G ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• rpj;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dzpf;fhf ,lg;gl;Ls;s tu;zk; jsk; KOtjpYk; guk;gpAs;sthW

ePl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gilg;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s xl;Lnkhj;j epwk;> jsTUtq;fs;> NfhLfs;

Mfpad %yk; rFe;jiyapd; cs;shu;e;j czu;T ntspg;ghLfisf; fhl;Ltjpy;

fiyQu; vLj;Js;s Kaw;rp ghuhl;lj;jf;fjhFk;.

kdpjDk; eha;fSk; (rpw;gk;)

∴

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; gilj;Js;s ,r;rpw;gk; GjpanjhU El;g Kiwiaf; ifahz;L

gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Kd;dq;fhy;fis cau;j;jpg; gpd;dq;fhy;fspy; epw;Fk; epiyapy; cs;s ,uz;L

eha;fSld; ,Uf;Fk; kdpj cU ,e;j Mf;fj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• eha;fspd; cUtq;fis tplr; rpwpajhf kdpjdpd; cUtk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fiyQu; V. khu;f; mtUf;Nf cupa ghzpapy; ,r;rpw;gj;ijg; gilj;Js;shu;.

51

• etPd fiyg; gpuNahfq;fisf; nfhz;l ,f;fiyg;gilg;G kPJ fdtbtthjf;

fiyg; gz;GfSk; fiyQu; n`d;up %updJ fiyg; gilg;Gf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd.

• ,g;gilg;Gf;fhf #oypy; fple;J nghWf;fpnaLj;j nghUs;fs; (Found Object) mjhtJ

gpshj;jpf;Fg; Nghj;jy;fs;> gpshj;jpf;Ff; Foha;fs; Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ePskhd> NfhiwAila gpshj;jpf;Fg; Nghj;jy;fshy; cUtq;fs; re;jj;Jf;F

,irthfTk; rkdpiyahfTk; ntspapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ntspj;

JUj;jpa kw;Wk; cl;Fope;j gFjpfSld; ,g;gilg;G Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• tptukhd jd;ik Fiwthd> vspa tbtq;fisf; nfhz;l vspikahd

ntspg;ghlhdJ ,f;fiyg; gilg;gpd; Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;.

52








eag;ghu;. eag;ghu;. eag;ghu;. eag;ghu;. eag;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 6.1.6 : “ fiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; gilg;Gf ;fisfiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; gilg;Gf ;fisfiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; gilg;Gf ;fisfiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; gilg;Gf ;fisfiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; gilg;Gf ;fis


ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• fiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; fiyg; gilg;Gfisg; ngaupLthu;.

• fiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; rpw;gq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.

• Gilg;Gr; rpw;gf;fiyapy; Gjpa Nghf;Ffisf; fhl;b epw;Fk; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpj;

Njbawpthu;.

• Gjpa Mf;fg; ghzpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Clfk;> rpw;g mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;>

El;gKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

• fiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; gilg;Gf;fspd; fiyg;gz;Gfis kjpg;ghu;.


• fiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; rpw;gf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

- fbdr; nray; - rpw;gk;

- nfhOk;G> Nwhay; fy;Y}up> “etuq;f`y” kz;lg FiwGilg;Gr; nrJf;F

Ntiyg;ghL.




gbKiw 6.1.6.1gbKiw 6.1.6.1gbKiw 6.1.6.1gbKiw 6.1.6.1gbKiw 6.1.6.1• nghUj;jkhd xU Kiwiaf; ifahz;L jp];] uzrpq;̀ fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;

fspd;ghy; khztuJ ftdj;ijj; jpUg;Gf.

• mtuJ gilg;Gf;fspd; xspg;glq;fisj; jpul;LkhW khztu;f;F Mu;t%l;Lf.

• mg;gilg;Gf;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Clfk;> rpw;gf;fiy mbg;gilfs;> El;g

Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf khztuplk; tpdTf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.



53


khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• tpilaspg;gjw;fhf khztu;f;Fj; JizGupf.

(20 epkplq;fs;)



• jp];] uzrpq;` fiyQupd; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wp kPl;lha;T elj;Jf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)




• rpw;gf; fiyapy; GjpanjhU ghzpiaAk; Nghf;ifAk; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy; Kd;Ndhb

ahfr; nraw;gl;l jp];] uzrpq;` fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpj; Njbawpjy;.

• jp];] uzrpq;` fiyQupd; gilg;Gf;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s rpw;gf;fiyf;

Nfhl;ghL ,ay;Gfis tptupj;jy;.

• jp];] uzrpq;̀ fiyQupd; Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUg;nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghf tptupj;jy;.

• jp];] uzrpq;̀ fiyQuJ gilg;Gf;fspy; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLjy;.

,izg;G 6.1.6.1:


• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s fiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; gilg;Gf;fisf;



nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• fiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;`tpd; gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis

,dq; fz;L nfhs;Sq;fs;.


(1) fiyQu; jp];] uzrpq;` gw;wpa RUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJf.

(2) mtuJ gpugy;ag; gilg;Gf;fisAk;> mit fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fisAk;

ngaupLf.

(3) mt;ntht;nthU gilg;igAk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo; kjpg;gPL nra;f.

(i) fUg;nghUs;

(ii) fiyg;ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) Clfk;

(v) El;gKiw

(vi) fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; - xOq;fikg;gpd; ,ay;G

- yak;> Gw,ay;G

- czu;T / ght ntspg;ghLk; KOikahd

ntspg;ghLk;


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

54

,izg;G 6.1.6.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

jp];] uzrpq;` (1925)

• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;if rpw;gf; fiyapy; GjpanjhU kuigj; Njhw;Wtpg;g

jpy; Kd;dpd;w xU rpwe;j fiyQuhf jp];] uzrpq;` ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;shu;.

• cs;ehl;bYk;> rUtNjr uPjpapYk; Gfo; gug;gpAs;s jp];] uzrpq;`> 1925 ,y;

ePu;nfhOk;G efiuaz;ba Nahfpahdh vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.

• kUjhidj; njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}upapy;> N[ B. V. ngNuuh ,d; fPo;r; rpj;jpuf;

fiy gapd;w mtu; ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W nry;rpah fiyf; fy;Y}upapYk; (Chelsea

School of Art), 1961 ,y; Nwhay; fiyf; fy;Y}upapYk; (Royal College of Art) rpw;gf;

fiyiag; gapd;whu;.

• mf;fiyf; fy;Y}upfspy; ngw;w fy;tp kw;Wk; INuhg;ghtpd; Gjpa fiyg; gilg;Gf;

fspd; nry;thf;fpD}L jp];] uzrpq;` jkf;NfAupj;jhd rpw;gf; fiyg;

ghzpnahd;wpid cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.

• rpw;gf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fspy; nghJthff; fhzg;gLk; ,aw;ifahf> ,ay;ghd

tbtq;fis tpl NtWgl;l fUj;Jepiyahd cUtq;fspd; Nru;khdj;jhyhd

cUtq;fNs mtuJ gilg;Gf;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;jd.

• ,yq;ifr; rpw;gf; fiyapd; ghuk;gupakhf Clfq;fis khw;wpaikj;J> ntz;fy

Clfj;ijAk; thu;g;G KiwiaAk; mwpKfQ; nra;jhu;.

• ,yq;iff; fiyQu; xUtu; ngw;w kpf cau;thd rUtNjr tpUJ> 1963 ,y;

gpNwrpy; ehl;by; eilngw;w ~rhNthNghNyh| fz;fhl;rpf;fhf Kd;itj;j “Fw;wg;

gupfhuk;” (Penance) vDk; cNyhfj;jhyhf;fg;gl;l rpw;gj;Jf;Ff; fpilj;jJ.

• jp];] uzrpq;` fiyQd; gilg;Gf;fSs; mbg;gilahf mike;j fUg;

nghUs;fs; gpd;tUk; ntt;NtW gug;Gfisr; Nru;e;jitahFk;.

- gpuKfu;fspd; gpujpikr; rpw;gq;fs; - guztpj;jhd rpw;gk;

- rka vz;zf;fUf;fisf; fhl;Lk; rpw;gq;fs; (ngsj;j> ,e;J)

- fbdr; nraiyf; fhl;Lk; rpw;gk;> Fw;wg;gupfhuk;> fNz\ rpw;gk;

- tuyhw;iwf; fhl;Lk; gilg;Gf;fs;

- nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}up ~etuq;f`y| kz;lgj;jpd; FiwGilg;Gr; nrJf;fy;

Ntiyg;ghL.

• ,yq;ifr; rpw;gf; fiyapy; etPd mZFKiwapy; jp];] uzrpq;` jhgpj;j

rpw;gf; fiyg;ghzpahdJ jw;fhy rpw;gf; fiyQupd; gilg;ghf;fq;fs; kPJ

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sikiaf; fhz KbfpwJ.

55

fbdr; nray; (J\;fu fpupah)

• fbdr; nray; vDk; ,r;rpw;gk; jp];] uzrpq;` fiyQuJ kpfr; rpwe;j xU

gilg;ghfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

• rpj;jhu;j;j Nghjprj;Jtupd; fbdr; nraiyf; fhl;Lk; ,r;rpw;gj;jpd; %yk; mf;

fUj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf> fiue;J Nja;e;J Nghd rijg;gFjpfisf; nfhz;l

clypd; vYk;Gj;njhFjp ed;F cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,aw;ifahd kdpj cUtj;jpd; mf> Gw fl;likg;ig tpl Nkyhf cs;Szu;T

fisf; fhl;lj;jf;fthwhd ajhu;j;j ghzpapyhd tbtikg;Gf;fs; ,r;rpw;gj;jpy;

mlq;fpAs;sd.

• ,aw;ifthj fiyg;gpuNahfk; ,f;fiyg; gilg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

• ,f;fiyg; gilg;G kPJ fUj;Jepiy / mUt fiyg; gz;Gfs; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpAs;sikf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

• ,t;tbtq;fs; FiwfUj;J epiyahd (Semi - ABSTRACT) kw;Wk; Fiwntspg;ghl;L

tbtq;fspd; Nru;khdj;jpdhyhdit vd;gJ fiy tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

• etPd fiyg; gpuNahfq;fisf; fhl;Lk; ,r;rpw;gg; gilg;G ntz;fy Clfj;jpy;

tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

56

nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}up - Fiw Gilg;Gg; gilg;ghf;fk;

• nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}up ~etuq;f`y| kz;lgj;jpy; cs;s ,g;gilg;G> Gilg;Gr;

rpw;gf; fiyapy; GJg;gupkhzj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa xU gilg;ghFk;.

• nuwhnfhl;lh Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;gilg;gpd; fUg;nghUs;

~,yq;ifapy; ehlff; fiyapd; tuyhW| MFk;.

• ehlff; fiy tuyhw;wpd; ehd;F fl;lq;fs; ,q;F Nru;khdQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fdTUf; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; ,g;gilg;gpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ

vd;gJ tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

• fUj;J epiyahd fdTUtthj jstbtq;fNshL> ghzp rhu;e;j jstbtq;fSk;

,g;gilg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,e;j nuwhnfhl;lh gilg;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s epwq;fs; gilg;gpd;

moifAk; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;Lj; jpwidAk; fdTUtthj Kidg;GWj;jpAs;sJ.

57









nraw;ghL 6.1.7 : “ fiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; gilg;Gf;fisfiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; gilg;Gf;fisfiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; gilg;Gf;fisfiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; gilg;Gf;fisfiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; gilg;Gf;fis


ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• fiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• fiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisr;

Nrfupg;ghu;.

• rpj;jpuf;fiyapd; Gj;Jzu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa epu;khzq;fisf; fw;wwpthu;.

• Gjpa Mf;fg+u;tkhd epu;khzj;Jf;fhd Clfg; gad;ghL> mbg;gil El;g

Kiwfs; vd;gdtw;iw tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; epu;khzpg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfis

,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• fiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; epu;khzq;fs;- re;jghah (re;jpud; cjak;)- ngau; ,lg;glhj (Untitled)

• ,izg;G 6.1.7.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;• ,izg;G 6.1.7.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg;gj;jpuk;


gbKiw 6.1.7.1gbKiw 6.1.7.1gbKiw 6.1.7.1gbKiw 6.1.7.1gbKiw 6.1.7.1• nghUj;jkhd xU Kiwiaf; ifahz;L fiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd;

epu;khzpg;Gfis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

• mtuJ Xtpaq;fis Nrfupf;Fk;gb khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

• me;epu;khzq;fis nra;a cgNahfpj;j Clfq;fs;> %y mq;fq;fs;> El;gKiw

fis khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.




khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• tpilaspg;gjw;fhf khztu;f;Fj; JizGupf.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

58



• fiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; epu;khzpg;Gfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis kPsha;T

nra;f.

(10 epkplq;fs;)




• fiyg;ghzpAld; Gj;Jzu;r;rpia cUthf;f Kd;dpd;W cioj;j fiyQd;

vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; epu;khzpg;Gfis Muha;e;jwpjy;.

• vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; epu;khzpg;Gfspy; cgNahfpj;Js;s Clfk;> rpw;gf;fiy

Nfhl;ghLfspd; gz;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• mtuJ epu;khzpg;Gfspd; njhdpg;nghUs;fis tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• fiyQu; vr;. V. fUzhuj;dtpd; epu;khzpg;Gfspy; cs;s fiyg; gz;Gfis

kjpg;gply;.

,izg;G 6.1.7.1:


• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s vr;. V. fUzhuj;d fiyQupd; epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf;



nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• vr;. V. fUzhuj;d fiyQupd; epu;khzpg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis

,dq;fz;L nfhs;Sq;fs;.


(1) vr;. V. fUzhuj;d fiyQu; gw;wpa RUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJq;fs;.

(2) mtuJ gpugy;akhd gilg;Gf;fisAk;> mit fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fisAk;

ngaupLf.

(3) mt;ntht;nthU epu;khzpg;igAk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo; kjpg;gPL

nra;f.

(i) fUg;nghUs;

(ii) fiyg;ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) El;gKiw

(v) fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; - cUtq;fs; / jstbtq;fspd; gad;ghL

- ntspg;gad;ghL / jsg;gad;ghL



nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

59

,izg;G 6.1.7.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

vr;. V. fUzhuj;d (1929)

• ,yq;ifr; Xtpaf; fiyapy; Gjpa kuig cUthf;Ftjpy; Kd;Ndhbahfr;

nraw;gl;l xU jiyrpwe;j Xtpaf;fiyQuhf vr;. V. fUzhuj;d ,dq;fhzg;

gLfpwhu;.

• cs;ehl;bYk;> rUtNjr uPjpapYk; Gfo; gug;gpAs;s vr;. V. fUzhuj;d> 1929

,y; fSj;Jiwg; gpuNjr gz;lhufikf; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.

• 1952 ,y; mur Ez;fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; rpj;jpuf; fiyiag; gapd;w vr;. V.

fUzhuj;d> gpw;fhyj;jpy; mf;fy;Y}upapy; tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wp cs;shu;.

• mtuJ gilg;ghf;fq;fspy; mtu; ag;ghdpYk;> mnkupf;fhtpYk; ngw;w rpj;jpuf;

fiyf; fy;tp ngupJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

• ,yq;ifapy; jw;fhyf; fiyfspd; ntspg;ghl;L xOq;fikg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf

mnkupf;f Xtpaf; fiyg; Nghf;Ff;fspy; xd;whd m&g fiy (Abstract) fUj;J

epiy rpj;jpuf; fiyg;ghzpf;F mikthf Gjpa rpj;jpug; ghi\ia cUthf;fpa

fiyQu; Mthu;.

• mtuJ gilg;ghf;ff; fiyg;ghzpapy;> ikaepiy> xOq;fikg;G fpilahJ.

jsk; KOJk; tbtikg;Gf;fs; rpjwp mikf;Fk; xOq;fikg;igf; nfhz;lJ.

• vr;. V. fUzhuj;d fiyQu; ngUk;ghYk; jkJ gilg;Gf;fSf;fhf fUg;nghUl;

fnsijAk; toq;Ftjpy;iy. NkYk; gilg;Gf;fs; %yk; vjidAk; njspthff;

$WtNjh> $whkypUg;gNjh ,y;iy.

• vdNt mtuJ gilg;Gf;fs; kiwe;j epiyf;Fl;gl;L ghu;g;Nghupd; rpe;jidf;F

,lkspj;Js;shu;.

• njhlf;fj;jpy; mtuJ gilg;Gf;fs; vz;nza; (ijy) tu;z fd;t]; gilg;Gf;

fshapDk; mtuJ gpw;fhyg;gl;l gilg;Gf;fs; %yk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l

ntt;NtW nghUs;fs; ,Ugupkhzj; jsj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

• Mzpfs;> fhl;Nghl;> E}y;> Jzpj;Jz;Lfs; Nghd;w gy;tifg; nghUl;fisg;

gilg;ghf;f Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jp cs;sJld;> mtw;wpd; Clhf vjpu;khwhd

Nkw;gug;G ,ay;ig (texture) gy;NtW ,uridapy; ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;shu;.

• mtu; gilj;j Xtpaq;fSs;>

- re;jpu fhe;jf;fy;

- kyu; kzk;

- ntz;Kfpy;

- re;jpNuhjak;

- xU kyupd; kzk;

- mWtil

- re;jpNuhjak;

60

re;jpNuhjak;

• vr;. V. fUzhuj;d mtu;fshy; 1980 fspy; Mf;fg;gl;l xU gilg;ghf“re;jpNuhjak;” fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• vz;nza; (ijy) tu;z Clf> fd;tR Xtpakhd ,J mtuJ Muk;g fhyg;gilg;GfSs; xd;whFk;.

• ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; kj;jpapy; xOq;fikg;G fhl;lg;glhjJld;> jsk; KOtJk;tbtq;fisg; gug;gp xOq;fikg;ig ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

• m&g epiyahd (Abstract) ntspg;ghl;Lf; fiyg;ghzp ,ay;Gfs; mtuJ ,e;jg;gilg;Gf;Fk; mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sJ.

• ,aw;ifapd; jpl;ltl;lkhd xU re;ju;g;gj;ijr; rpj;jpu ntspg;ghl;Lf;fhd fUg;nghUshff; nfhs;tij ,J fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

• ,f;fiyg;ghzpapd;gb tu;z ,Nuiffs;> js tbtq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; xOq;fikTtopNa ~re;jpNuhjak;| vDk; fUj;J ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

• thdj;jpy; cjpj;j re;jpud;> mr;re;jpu xsp tpOe;j jsq;fspd; moF vd;gd,g;gilg;gpd; tu;zk;> ,Nuiffs;> js tbtq;fs; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,e;j Mf;fj;jpy; rka czu;Tld; $ba rhe;jkhd uridia cUthf;Ffpd;wjhftpku;rfu;fs; fUj;J ntspapLfpd;wdu;.

61

ngauplhj Mf;fk; (Untitled)

• vr;. V. fUzhuj;d (2008) mtu;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l ,g;gilg;G xU ~ngauplhj|

Mf;fkhFk;.

• ,J rpiyapd; ,ay;igf; nfhz;l> xUq;FNru;g;G El;g Kiwapy; epu;khzpf;fg;

gl;l gilg;ghFk;.

• mjw;fhf cNyhfj;jfLfs;> fk;gp> Mzp Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fulhd> nrhunrhug;ghd %yg;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ,Uj;jy; ,g;gilg;gpd;

tpNrl jd;ikahFk;.

• mtuJ gilg;ghf;f fUj;Jepiy> fiyg;ghzp (Abstract) ,ay;Gfis ,g;gilg;gpy;

fhzyhk;.

• fiyQupdhy; ,g;gilg;Gf;fhf> tptuq;fs; Fiwthd> Nahf epiyiaf; fhl;L

fpd;w> mbg;gilg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l> tbtq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• vspikahd> FwpaPl;L uPjpahd jd;ik ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s xU gilg;ghFk;.

62







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : RNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiy mk;rq;fisRNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiy mk;rq;fisRNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiy mk;rq;fisRNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiy mk;rq;fisRNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiy mk;rq;fis


nraw;ghL 6.2.1 : “ nra;jpj;jhs; fhl;̂ d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfisnra;jpj;jhs; fhl;̂ d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfisnra;jpj;jhs; fhl;̂ d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfisnra;jpj;jhs; fhl;̂ d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfisnra;jpj;jhs; fhl;̂ d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfis

kjpg;gpLNthk;.kjpg;gpLNthk;.kjpg;gpLNthk;.kjpg;gpLNthk;.kjpg;gpLNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• fhl;^d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfis Muha;e;jwpthu;.

• xt;nthU fiyQupdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd fiyg;ghzpia tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fhl;^d; Xtpaq;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd epfo;r;rpfs;> fhl;rpfspd; jd;ik vd;gd

gw;wp Muha;thu;.

• fhl;^d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfspy; cs;s fiyg;gz;Gfis ,urpj;J

eag;ghu;.


• nra;jpj;jhs; fhl;^d; fiyQu;fspd; gilg;Gfs; (glq;fs;)

- a+D];

- xg;up nfhyw;

- nfkpy]; ngNuuh

- lg;spa+. tpN[Nrhk

- rp. rptQhdRe;juk;




gbKiw 6.2.1.1gbKiw 6.2.1.1gbKiw 6.2.1.1gbKiw 6.2.1.1gbKiw 6.2.1.1• nra;jpj;jhs; fhl;^d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

• mf;fhl;̂ d; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd fiyg;gz;Gfis

Muha;e;jwpar; nra;f.

• nra;jpj;jhs; fhl;̂ d; fiyQu;fSila epu;khzpg;Gfspd; njhdpg;nghUs;> fiyg;

ghzp vd;git gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.



(20 epkplq;fs;)

63



• fhl;^d; fiyQu;fSila epu;khzpg;Gfs; gw;wp kPsha;T nra;f.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ftdk; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.2.1.1> ,izg;G 6.2.1.2gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ftdk; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.2.1.1> ,izg;G 6.2.1.2gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ftdk; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.2.1.1> ,izg;G 6.2.1.2gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ftdk; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.2.1.1> ,izg;G 6.2.1.2gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ftdk; nrYj;jp ,izg;G 6.2.1.1> ,izg;G 6.2.1.2Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

• Njrpa nra;jpj;jhs; fhl;^d; rpj;jpuf; fiyapd; Gj;Jzu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jKd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;j fhl;^d; Xtpaf; fiyQu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• mf;fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfis tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• njupT nra;ag;gl;l epu;khzpg;Gfs; rpytw;wpd; fiyg;gz;Gfis Muha;e;jwpjy;.

• fhl;^d; Xtpaf; fiyQUf;F Kjd;ikahf mike;j tplag;nghUs; epfo;r;rpvd;gtw;iw tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

,izg;G 6.2.1.1:


• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s nra;jpj;jhs; fUj;Jg;gl (fhl;^d;) Xtpaf; fiyQu;

fspd; gilg;Gfis ed;F mtjhdpj;J ,urpf;Ff.


nfhs;f.


(1) fUj;Jg;gl (fhl;^d;) Xtpaf; fiy gw;wp RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(2) fPNo cs;s ml;ltiziag; g+u;j;jp nra;f.

fiyQu; fUj;Jg;glg; gilg;G tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;

ghj;jpuk;

xg;up nfhyw;

[p/gup a+D];

tpN[Nrhk

nfkpy]; ngNuuh

rp. rptQhdRe;juk;


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,izg;G 6.2.1.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

• nra;jpj;jhs;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L cUthfpa rpwg;ghd xU gilg;ghf;ff;fiyNa fUj;Jg;glr; (fhl;^d;) rpj;jpuf; fiyahFk; (cartoon).

• nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; fUj;Jg;glr; (fhl;̂ d;) rpj;jpuj;jpw;F rpwg;ghd ,lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpyNghJ nra;jpj;jhs;fspy;> Mrpupau; jiyaq;fj;ij tplTk; $LjyhdKf;fpaj;Jtk; fUj;Jg; (fhl;^d;) glj;Jf;F toq;fg;gLtJz;L.

• ngUksT nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; $wNtz;ba gy fUj;Jf;fs; fUj;Jg;(fhl;^d;) glnkhd;wpd; %yk; ,yFthf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

64

• elg;Gr; r%fj;jpd; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> gz;ghl;L FiwghLfis

tpfl czu;Tld; tptuzg;gLj;JtNj fUj;Jg; (fhl;̂ d;) glj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.

• vtUk; fpufpf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; vd;gJ fUj;Jg; glq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

• fUj;Jg; glq;fspd; ntw;wpAk; ftu;r;rpAk;> mjpy; fye;Js;s tpflj; jd;ikapd;

typikapNyNa jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

• cUtq;fspd; nraw;ghL tpflj;jd;ik vd;gd ntspg;ghl;bd; kPJ gq;fspf;Fk;

mk;rq;fshFk;.

• r%f> murpay; epiyikia tptuzg;gLj;Jk;NghJ mjw;fhff; Fwpj;j jdpahs;

fspd; elj;ijf; $Wfis> fUj;Jg; (fhl;^d;) glq;fs; %yk; kpfr; rpwg;ghf

ntspf; fhl;lyhk;.

• rk;gtq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;fhf nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjKk; NtWgl;l

jhFk;.

• ,yq;iff; fUj;Jg; (fhl;^d;) glg; gilg;ghf;fj;Jiwapd; Kd;Ndhbf; fiyQu;

fSs;>

• Xg;up nfhyw;

• a+D}];

• tpN[Nrhk

• fkpy];

• rp. rptQhdRe;juk;

MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpyuhtu;.

Xg;up nfhyw; (1920 - 1992)

• ,yq;ifr; nra;jpj;jhs; fUj;Jg; (fhl;^d;) glf; fiyapd; Kd;Ndhbahf Xg;up

nfhyw; fUjg;gLfpd;whu;.

• r%f> nghUshjhu Jiwfis tpflj;Jf;F cs;shf;Fk; tifapy; fUj;Jg;

(fhu;^d;) glq;fs; gilj;j fiyQu; ,tu; Mthu;.

• Xg;up nfhyw; Kjd;Kjyhf 1945 ,y; j iuk;]; xg; rpNyhd; (The Times of

Ceylon) vDk; nra;jpj;jhSf;F fUj;Jg; (fhl;^d;) glk; tiue;Js;shu;.

• Xg;up nfhyw; 43 FOitr; Nru;e;j xU fiyQu; Mthu;.

• mtu; tiue;j 43 Mk; FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fisf; fhl;Lk; fUj;Jg; (fhl;^d;)

glk; kpfr; rpwe;j xU gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

65

[p/g;up a+D}]; (1932 - 2003)

• fiyQu; Xg;up nfhyw; topfhl;lYld;> murpay; fUj;Jg; glf; fiyj;Jiwf;F

te;j fhj;jpukhd xU fhl;^d; glf; fiyQuhf a+D}]; tpsq;Ffpwhu;.

• njhlf;fj;jpy; mj;j (we;a;) vDk; rpq;fsr; nra;jpj;jhspy; gzpahw;wpa mtu;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; uhta (rdjh) vDk; rpq;fs nkhopr; nra;jpj;jhspy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.

• mtuhy; gilf;fg;gl;l Rthurpakhd fhl;̂ d; glg; ghj;jpuk; ~mg;G`hkp| (wmamqydñ)MFk;.

lgps;a+. Mu;. tpN[Nrhk (1925 - 2006)

• 1930 fspd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J fhl;^d; glf; fiyj;Jiwapy; gpugy;ak; ngw;w

xU fiyQu; tpN[Nrhk Mthu;.

• 1950 Mk; jrhg;jj;jpy; ~j iuk;]; xg; rpNyhd;| (The Times of Ceylon) vDk;

nra;jpj;jhspy; fhl;^d; glq;fis ntspapl;L Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.

• mtu; ~~GQ;rp rpQ;NQh|| (mqxÑ isxf[da) vDk; ngaupy; gilj;j fhl;^d; glq;fs;

nghJkf;fspilNa gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jd.

• Njrpa cil jupj;jtuhf njhlf;fj;jpy; gilf;fg;gl;l ~GQ;rp rpQ;NQh| ghj;jpuk;

gbg;gbahf cly; nkype;J Ks;Se; NjhYkhfp fe;jy; cil mzpe;J ,Wjpapy;

,d;iwa tho;f;if epiyia epidt+l;Ltjhf cs;sJ.

mg;gbg; Nghftpl KbahJ. mg;gbg; Nghftpl KbahJ. mg;gbg; Nghftpl KbahJ. mg;gbg; Nghftpl KbahJ. mg;gbg; Nghftpl KbahJ.ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lzKk; trjpf;ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lzKk; trjpf;ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lzKk; trjpf;ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lzKk; trjpf;ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lzKk; trjpf;fl;lzKk; nrYj;jp tpl;Lg; Nghq;Nfh.fl;lzKk; nrYj;jp tpl;Lg; Nghq;Nfh.fl;lzKk; nrYj;jp tpl;Lg; Nghq;Nfh.fl;lzKk; nrYj;jp tpl;Lg; Nghq;Nfh.fl;lzKk; nrYj;jp tpl;Lg; Nghq;Nfh.

tho;f;ifr;tho;f;ifr;tho;f;ifr;tho;f;ifr;tho;f;ifr;

nryTnryTnryTnryTnryT

me;j kUe;Jme;j kUe;Jme;j kUe;Jme;j kUe;Jme;j kUe;J

ruptuhJ.ruptuhJ.ruptuhJ.ruptuhJ.ruptuhJ.

66

fkpy]; ngNuuh (1939)

• ,tu; rkfhy fhl;^d; glf; fiyQu;fSs; [duQ;rfkhd xU fiyQuhthu;.

• ,tu; gilj;j [duQ;rfkhd gy fUj;Jg;glg; ghj;jpuq;fs; cs;sd.

• mtw;Ws; ~f[Nkd;| (.cuEka ) ghj;jpuk; kpfg; gpugy;akhdJ.

• mJjtpu rpupgpup]; (isßìßia)> jf;nfhj; gj;khtjp (oelafld;a moaudj;S)> kNfhb];

Jkh ( uf.daäia ;=ud)> gl;Nlh ( mefgda)> bf;fh (álald)> njhq;Nrjq; ( fodx fia;x)>

rpNkhdh (isfudakd)> ygah (,mhd)> nfhl;bq; ma;ah (f.dâäx whshd)> ];tPl;B

(iaùá)> nry;yq;Nrd (fi,a,x fiak) Nghd;wit ngupJk; gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sd.

rpupgpup];

rhkhd; tpiyVwpg;Nghr;R Nru;.

ehd; clNd jPu;TfhZNtd; rpupgpup];.

jiy fhl;b thq;fg; Nghfpwhu;.

N t i yrupjhNdkNfhb];Nru;.

jw;fhypfj; jPu;Tfpilj;jpUf;fpwJ.

,g;Nghijf;F vq;fSf;Frk;gs mjpfupg;Gk;> thfdg;Ngu;kpl;Lk; fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ.

67

rp. rptQhdRe;juk; (rpupj;jpud; Re;ju;) 1924 - 1996

• 1924 - 1996 tiuapy; tho;e;j rp. rptQhdRe;juk; gpugy;ak; tha;e;j jkpo;f;

fUj;Jg; (fhl;^d;) glf; fiyQuhff; fUjg;gLfpd;whu;.

• mtu; rpj;jpuf;fiy njhlu;ghf gk;gha; Nru;. N[. N[. fiyf;fy;Yupapy;

(Sir J. J. School of Arts) gapw;rp ngw;whu;. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;> jpU.

uh[h utptu;kh mtu;fsplk; rpj;jpuk; tiutjpy; gapw;rp ngw;whu;.

• mtu; ~Nyhf;frj;j| vDk; kuhl;ba nkhopr; nra;jpj;jhs;> gpypl;]; (Blitz), nfhd;r;

(Conch) Mfpa Mq;fpyr; nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> gy jkpo;r; nra;jpj;jhs;fspYk; fhl;̂ d;

glf; fiyQuhfr; nraw;gl;Ls;shu;.

• 33 tUl fhyk; ~rpupj;jpud;| vDk; nra;jpj;jhis ntspapl;lNjhL> mr;nra;jpj;

jhSf;Ff; fhl;^d; glq;fs; tiue;jikahy;> ~rpupj;jpud; Re;ju;| vDk; ngaupy;

gpugy;akile;jhu;.

• mtuhy; gilf;fg;gl;l rthupj;jk;gu;> rpd;df;Fl;b> ikdu; kr;rhd; Nghd;w

ghj;jpuq;fs; [duQ;rfkhdit.

68







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : RNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiyak;rq;fisRNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiyak;rq;fisRNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiyak;rq;fisRNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiyak;rq;fisRNjrpa mr;R Clfq;fs; rhu;e;j fiyak;rq;fis


nraw;ghL 6.2.2 : “ Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk;Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk;Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk;Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk;Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk;

fiyQu;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.fiyQu;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.fiyQu;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.fiyQu;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.fiyQu;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;juk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyQu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• mf; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzq;fs;> jfty;fs; vd;gtw;iwr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikj;jYf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j

fiyg;ghzpf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs;> El;g Kiwfs; gw;wp tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• xOq;fikj;j KiwfisAk; Nfhl;ghl;L ,ay;GfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpu tbtikg;Gfspd; fiyg; gz;Gfis ,urpj;J

eag;ghu;.


• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpu Xtpaf; fiyQu;fs;

- Rkd jprhehaf;f

- it. rptRg;gpukzpak;




gbKiw 6.2.2.1gbKiw 6.2.2.1gbKiw 6.2.2.1gbKiw 6.2.2.1gbKiw 6.2.2.1• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;G

fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mit gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

• me;epu;khzpg;Gfs; gw;wp fw;wwptjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fye;JiuahLf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.



• thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;jpd; JizAld; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fr; nra;f.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

69



• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfs;

njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis kPsha;T nra;f.

(10 epkplq;fs;)



• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyQu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gfs;>

mit gw;wpa jfty;fs; vd;gtw;iw Nrfupj;jy;.

• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuq;fis tbtikf;f mbg;gilahf mike;j

fiyg;ghzpf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• xOq;fikj;Js;s KiwfisAk; Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gz;GfisAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyQu;fSila epu;khzpg;G

fspy; fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfis ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 6.2.2.1:


• cq;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;l Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk;

fiyQu;fspd; gilg;Gf;fis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• cq;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;l thrpg;Gg; gbtj;ij mtjhdkhf thrpf;Ff.

• Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyQu;fspd; gilg;Gf;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;f.


(1) Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyia RUf;fkhf

tpsf;Ff.

(2) Gj;jf ml;il fij tpsf;fr; rpj;jpuk; tbtikf;Fk; fiyQu;fspd; ngau;

fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(3) fpNo cs;s tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLf.

(i) fiyg;ghzp / jOty;

(ii) Clfk;

(iii) fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; - cUtq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;

- tu;zq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;

- jsg; gpuNahfk;


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

70

,izg;G 6.2.2.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

Rkd jprhehaf;f (1922 - 1995)

• ,tu; 1922 ,y; khj;jiw> fk;GWg;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.

• nfhOk;G njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}upapy; fiy gapd;W> ,q;fpyhe;J> neju;yhe;J

Mfpa ehLfspYk; rpj;jpuf; fiyg; gapw;rp ngw;Ws;shu;.

• fy;tpj;jpizf;fsj;jpy; rpj;jpuf; fiyg; gupNrhjfuhfTk;> E}y; ntspaPl;Lr;

rigapy; rpj;jpuf; fiyg; gzpg;ghsuhfTk; Nritahw;wpdhu;.

• rpWtu; E}y;fSf;fhfg; GjpanjhU ghzpapy; rpj;jpuq;fisg; gilj;j xU

fiyQuhf ,tu; rpwg;Gg; ngWfpd;whu;.

• vz;nza; (ijy) tu;zk;> ePu; tu;zk;> mf;fpuypf;F Nghd;w ntt;NtW Clfq;

fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs; gilj;Js;shu;.

• ,tuJ Mf;fq;fs; ,uz;L tif:

vz;nza; tu;zr; rpj;jpuk;

fijf; fhl;rpr; rpj;jpuk;

• vspikahd> etPd tbtq;fisf; nfhz;l gw;upf; (Batik) Mf;fq;fSf;fhd Muk;g

fhy Kd;NdhbAk; Mthu;.

• mtu; gilg;ghf;fj;jpd;NghJ vspa> m&g epiyahd jsTUtq;fisAk;>

epwq;fisAk; kpfTk; Mf;fg+u;tkhd tifapy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

• ,t;TyF rhuhj vz;zf;fUf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> jj;&gkhd czu;T

fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;> eag;Gf;F topNfhYk; tifapYk; ,tuJ

gilg;Gf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Gj;jf ml;ilfs;> fijf; fhl;rpr; rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpWtu; E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;

Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf vspa jstbtq;fisf; nfhz;L rpj;jpuq;fs; gilj;Js;sik

iaf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

71

itj;jP];tud; rptRg;gpukzpak; (ukzp) (1942)

• 1942 ,y; aho;g;ghzk;> msntl;bapy; gpwe;j rptRg;gpukzpak;> 1961 ,y; aho;g;ghz“tpLKiwf; fhy Xtpaf; fofj;jpy;” mbg;gil Xtpaf; fy;tp ngw;W> mur fiyf;fy;Y}upapy; Xtpaf; fiyapy; cau;fy;tp gapd;whu;.

• mur fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; tiujy;> Xtpak; jPl;ly; njhlu;ghf NkYk; gapd;W>gpw;fhyj;jpy; mofpaw;fy;tpg; gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; gjtpiaAk; tfpj;jhu;.

• ,tu; Xtpaq;fis kl;Lkd;wp gy rpw;gq;fisAk; tbj;Js;shu;.

• ,aw;ifthj ghzpAld; etPd El;g KiwfisAk; fye;J jkf;Nf cupj;jhdghzpapy; mtu; Mf;fk; gilj;Js;shu;.

• ~uhjh| vDk; nra;jpj;jhSf;fhf Kjd; Kjyhf tpsf;fg;glnkhd;wpidg; gilj;jhu;.gpd;du; gy jkpo;r; nra;jpj;jhs;fSf;Fk; rpj;jpuq;fs; gilj;Js;shu;.

• Gj;jf ml;il tbtikg;gpy; Gjpa Nrhjidfisr; nra;j mtu; jkpo; Gj;jfq;fSf;F Gj;jf ml;ilia tbtikj;jhu;.

• gpd;du; fy;tp mikr;rpd;> fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsg; ghlE}y;fs; cl;glgy;NtW E}y;fSf;F ml;ilfis tbtikj;Js;shu;.

,tuJ gilg;Gf;fs; jkf;Nf cupa jdpj;Jtkhd ghzpapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sitahFk;.

ehd;fhe;ju jkpo;nkhopg; ghlE}nyhd;Wf;fhfehd;fhe;ju jkpo;nkhopg; ghlE}nyhd;Wf;fhfehd;fhe;ju jkpo;nkhopg; ghlE}nyhd;Wf;fhfehd;fhe;ju jkpo;nkhopg; ghlE}nyhd;Wf;fhfehd;fhe;ju jkpo;nkhopg; ghlE}nyhd;Wf;fhf

mtu; Mf;fpa Gj;jf ml;ilmtu; Mf;fpa Gj;jf ml;ilmtu; Mf;fpa Gj;jf ml;ilmtu; Mf;fpa Gj;jf ml;ilmtu; Mf;fpa Gj;jf ml;il

~ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy| vDk; E}Yf;F~ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy| vDk; E}Yf;F~ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy| vDk; E}Yf;F~ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy| vDk; E}Yf;F~ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy| vDk; E}Yf;F

mtu; Mf;fpa ml;ilmtu; Mf;fpa ml;ilmtu; Mf;fpa ml;ilmtu; Mf;fpa ml;ilmtu; Mf;fpa ml;il

72







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;

gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.

nraw;ghL 6.3.1 : “ Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fisXtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fisXtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fisXtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fisXtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fis

eag;Nghk;.eag;Nghk;.eag;Nghk;.eag;Nghk;.eag;Nghk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fis ,dq;fz;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• etPd rpj;jpuf; fiyf;fhf mtu; Mw;wpa gzpiaAk;> fiy nraw;ghLfs;

gw;wpAk; fw;wwpthu;.

• epu;khzq;fSf;fhf mbg;gilahf mike;j fiyg;ghzpAk;> xOq;fike;Js;s

Nfhl;ghl;L tpjpfisAk; tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fspYs;s fiyg;gz;Gfis

,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; tu;z Xtpaq;fs;

- Ftu;zpfh

- mtpf;ndhdpd; Atjpfs;




gbKiw 6.3.1.1gbKiw 6.3.1.1gbKiw 6.3.1.1gbKiw 6.3.1.1gbKiw 6.3.1.1• Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; tu;z Xtpaq;fs; cs;s glq;fis

mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

• mt;Nthapaq;fspd; nry;thf;F> njhdpg;nghUs;> fiyg;ghzp gw;wp khztu;fsplk;

tpdTf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.




(20 epkplq;fs;)

73



• gj;jpupif Xtpaf; fiyQu;fSila epu;khzpg;Gfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis

kPsha;T nra;f.

(10 epkplq;fs;)



• Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fis Fwpg;gply;.

• Xtpaq;fis epu;khzpf;f Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrh ngw;w nry;thf;if

tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• me;epu;khzpg;Gfspd; fiyg;ghzpia tpsf;Fjy;.

• Xtpaq;fspd; njhdpg; nghUs;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

• Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfis

,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 6.3.3.1:


• Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; epu;khzpg;Gfis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.

• cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l thrpg;Gg; gbtj;ij mtjhdkhf thrpf;f.


(1) Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrh gw;wpa rpwpa tpsf;fk; xd;iwj; jUf.

(2) fPNo jug;gl;l tplaq;fisf; fUjp Xtpaf; fiyQd; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd;

epu;khzpg;Gfis mu;j;jKs;s tpjj;jpy; kjpg;gpLf.

(i) njhdpg;nghUs;

(ii) ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) El;gKiw

(v) fiyg; gz;Gfs; - cUtq;fis xOq;fikj;jy;

- tu;zq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;

- ,Nuiffs; ifahz;l tpjk;

- jsg; gpuNahfk;

- ght ntspg;ghL / czu;T ntspg;ghL


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

74

,izg;G 6.3.1.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrh (1881 - 1973)

• INuhg;gpa rpj;jpuf; fiyapy; fdtbTthjg; Nghf;if mwpKfQ; nra;j

Kjd;ikahd rpj;jpuf; fiyQuhf> gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrh (Pablo Picasso) jpfo;fpd;whu;.

• ,tu; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Gfo;g+j;j rpj;jpuf; fiyQu;fSs; Kjyplk; ngWfpd;whu;.

• gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpd; je;ij> xU rpj;jpu Mrpupau; Mthu;. kfd; gpf;fhNrhtpd;

rpj;jpuf;fiy Mw;wiy ,dq;fz;l mtu;> kfidr; rpj;jpuf;fiyapd;ghy; topg;

gLj;jpdhu;.

• ghup]; efuj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W 1893-1900 tiuapy; mq;F %j;j fiyQu;fSld;

$l;lhfr; nraw;gl;lthW rpj;jpuf;fiy gapd;wikNa gpf;fhNrhtpd; tho;f;ifapy;

Kf;fpakhd jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ.

• mt;thW rpj;jpuf; fiy gapd;wjd; tpisthf mtuJ rpj;jpuf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;

fspd; ntt;NtW tiuaiwfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

• ePyf;fhyk; (Blue Period - 1901-1904)

• ,sQ;rptg;Gf;fhyk; ^Rose Period - 1905-1906)

• fdtbtthjf;fhyk; ̂Cubism Period - 1907 ,d; gpd;du;)

• ePyf; fhyj;jpYk; ,sQ;rptg;Gf; fhyj;jpYk; gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrh tiue;j gilg;Gf;

fspd; fUg;nghUs; ,lj;Jf;fplk; nrd;W tpj;ij fhl;Lgtu;fs;> tPjp kf;fs;>

rQ;rhuk; nra;Ak; ebf ebiffs;> twpNahu;> gpr;irf;fhuu; Nghd;Nwhuhtu;.

• ePyf; fhyj;jpy; ePyepwj;jpYk;> ,sQ;rptg;Gf; fhyj;jpy; ,sQ;rptg;G epw rhay;fSk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,r;rpj;jpuq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s kdpj cUtq;fs;

ajhu;j;jghzpia rhu;e;jit.

• Mgpupf;f ePf;Nuh rpw;gq;fs; Ntl Kfq;fspd; nry;thf;ifg; ngw;w gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrh>

1906 ,d; gpd;du; gilj;j gilg;Gf;fs; Gjpa ghzpapyhd jd;ikfisf; fhl;b

epw;gitahFk;.

• 1906 ,d; gpd;du; Njhd;wpa gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Nfj;jpufzpj jsTUtq;

fSk;> jl;il tu;zg; gad;ghLk;> ntspg;Gwj;Nj cs;s NfhLfisf; nfhz;l

cUtq;fSk;> fdtbtthjg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; rpwg;ghd gilg;Gf;fSs; mlq;Fk;.

• fdtbtthjr; rpj;jpuf; fiyiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j gpf;fhNrhtpd; rpwg;ghd rpy

gilg;Gf;fshf>

• mtpf;Ndhdpd; Atjpfs;

• taypd; ,irg;gtu;

• Gyk;Gk; ngz;

• Fthu;dpf;fh Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

75

mtpf;Ndhdpd; Atjpfs; Xtpak;

• ];ngapd; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrhtpdhy; 1907 ,y; tiuag;gl;l

,e;j Xtpak; “mtf;Ndhd; Atjpfs;” vdg;gLfpwJ.

• rpj;jpuf; fiy tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa epu;khzpg;igAk;> ghzpiaAk; nfhz;l Gjpa

fhyj;ij cUthf;fpa Mf;fkhFk;.

• ~mtpf;Ndhdpd; Atjpfs;| fdtbtthjg; Nghf;fpd; KjyhtJ gilg;ghff; fUjg;gL

fpd;wJ.

• NtlKf kw;Wk; rpw;gf; fiyapd; nry;thf;Fld; ,e;j Xtpak; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ];ngapd; ehl;by; ghu;rpNyhdh efupd; mtpf;Ndhd; vDk; tPjpapy; tho;e;j

tpiy khju;fspd; tho;f;ifNa> fiyQu; gpf;fhNrh ,e;j Xtpaj;Jf;fhd

fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;Ls;shu;.

• Ie;J ngz; cUtq;fisf; nfhz;l ,g;gilg;gpy; cs;s cUtq;fspy; ,aw;

gz;ig kPwpr; nrd;W fdtbtthj ,ay;Gfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• clypd; ntspg;Gw moFf;Fg; gjpyhf> tpiykhjupd; mf,ay;Gfis ntspf;

fhl;l Kaw;rp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• mjw;fhf Mgpupf;f NtlKfq;fspd; jd;ikapd; nry;thf;F ngwg;gl;L> tpiykhj

upd; czu;Tfis mOj;jpf; fhl;l mtw;wpd; ntspg;ghl;Lg; gz;ig gad;gLj;j

gpf;fhNrh Kaw;rp nra;Js;shu;.

• NtlKfq;fspy; cs;s NfhLfs; ngz;fspy; vjpu; epiyfisAk;> cs

epiyfisAk; rpwg;ghf ntspf;fhl;Ltjpy; fiyQu; ntw;wp fz;Ls;shu;.

• vy;iyaw;w epwg;gpupg;G> Mo;e;j rpj;jpupg;G Mfpa Xtpaj;jpd; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;il

Kidg;GWj;Jtdthf mike;Js;sd.

76

• ,ay;ghd njhiyNehf;F> Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs; Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

tplag;nghUs; rhu;e;j njhiyNehf;ifAk;> Kg;gupkhz ,ay;GfisAk;

cs;slf;fp ,t; Xtpak; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• vz;nza; tu;z Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fd;t];Jzp kPJ tiuag;gl;Ls;s

,e;j Xtpak;> jw;NghJ epANahu;f; efupy; etPd fiyf;$lj;jpy; (Museum of

Modern Art) epue;jukhd xU fiyf; fhl;rpg;nghUshf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fthu;dpf;fh Xtpak;

• 1937 ,y; gilf;fg;gl;l Ftu;dpf;fh Xtpak;> Kjyhk; cyfkfhAj;j fhyj;jpy;

Ftu;dpf;fh vDk; efu; kPjhd Fz;L tPr;ir mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU

gilg;ghFk;.

• Aj;jj;jpd; mNfhuj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fhj;jpukhd> rpwg;ghd xU gilg;ghf ,jidf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• jdpik> mty Xyk;> cupikiaf; Nfhup Nfhrkply;> khz;Nlhiuf; fl;b

aizj;jy; Nghd;w czu;Tfs; ,e;jg; gilg;gpy; ed;F ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Xtpaj;jpy; czu;Tfisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf gpf;fhNrh gad;gLj;jpAs;s cUtg;

gFjpfspd; ,izg;G ,q;F rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wJ.

• Fjpiu> khL kw;Wk; Mz;> ngz; cUtg; gFjpfs;> kpd;Fkpo; Nghd;w rpije;j

cUtq;fshf jpul;rpahf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjKk; ,q;F rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• rpj;jpuj;jpd; cUtq;fs; fdtbtthj khjpupf;F mikar; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• mjD}lhf cUtq;fspd; Gw clyoFf;Fg; gjpyhf cs;Szu;Tfs; rpwg;ghf

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• jl;ilahd jsj;jpd; kPJ ntt;NtW jsTUtq;fs;> fiyf; fy;Y}up rhu;e;j

ajhu;j;jthj Kiwg;gb> ,ay;ghd J}uNehf;F> Kg;gupkhz ,ay;G Mfpatw;iw

tpl NtWgl;l tpjj;jpy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• tiuaiwg;gl;l ,Uz;l epwj; njhluhd> eiu> nts;is> fWg;G epwr;rhaq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpr; rpj;jpuj;jpd; xU jdp epwj;jd;ik fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• mjpajhu;j;jthj ,ay;G ntspg;ghLfSk; ,g;gilg;gpd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

• Aj;j mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;L gpf;fhNrhtpdhy; tiuag;gl;l 135 x 275 nrd;upkPw;wu;

msTila ,e;j rpwg;ghd fiyg;gilg;G jw;NghJ ];ngapd; ehl;L kl;upl;

efu fiyf;$lnkhd;wpy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

77







Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;njupT nra;ag;gl;l ntspehl;L fiyQu;fspd; fiyg;

gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLthu;.

nraw;ghL 6.3.2 : “ rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzq;fisrpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzq;fisrpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzq;fisrpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzq;fisrpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzq;fis

kjpg;gpLNthk;.kjpg;gpLNthk;.kjpg;gpLNthk;.kjpg;gpLNthk;.kjpg;gpLNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzq;fis ,dq;fz;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• etPd rpw;gf; fiyf;fhf mtu; Mw;wpa gzpiaAk;> fiy nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpAk;

fw;wwpthu;.

• epu;khzq;fspd; fiyg;ghzpiaAk;> xOq;fpizg;Gg; gz;GfisAk; tpgupj;Jf;

$Wthu;.

• rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzpg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; fiyg;gz;Gfis

,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;

- mur FLk;gk;

- rha;e;jpUf;Fk; ngz;




gbKiw 6.3.2.1gbKiw 6.3.2.1gbKiw 6.3.2.1gbKiw 6.3.2.1gbKiw 6.3.2.1• rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; rpw;gq;fs; cs;s glq;fis mtjhdpf;fr;

nra;f.

• mr;rpw;gq;fspd; nry;thf;F> njhdpg;nghUs;> fiyg;ghzp gw;wp khztu;fsplk;

tpdTf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.




(20 epkplq;fs;)

78



• mtu;fs; jpul;ba jfty;fis cs;slf;fp kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)



• rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzpg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• me;epu;khzpg;Gfspd; fiyg;ghzpia tpsf;Fjy;.

• epu;khzpg;gpd; njhdpg;nghUs;fis Muha;jy;.

• rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %upd; epu;khzpg;Gfis ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 6.3.2.1:


• rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %tupd; epu;khzpg;Gfis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.



(1) rpw;gf; fiyQd; n`d;up %u; gw;wp RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(2) fPNo cs;s tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp epu;khzpg;Gfis kjpg;gpLf.

(i) fUg;nghUs;

(ii) fiyg;ghzp

(iii) nry;thf;F

(iv) Clfk;

(v) El;gKiw

(vi) fiyg; gz;Gfs; - cUtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

- yak;> Gw,ay;G

- ght ntspg;ghL> czu;T ntspg;ghL>

xl;Lnkhj;j ntspg;ghL


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,izg;G 6.3.2.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

n`d;up %u; (1898 - 1986)

• n`d;up %u; (Henry Moore) 1898 ,y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Nahf;\au; gpuhe;jpa fhry;

Nghl; efupy; gpwe;jhu;.

• fpNuf;f - cNyhf fiy kw;Wk; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l kuGuPjpahd

rpw;gf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fspd; gpd;du; GjpanjhU ghzpapy; rpw;gf; fiyia

cyFf;F mwpKfQ; nra;j ngUik fiyQu; n`d;up %iur; rhUk;.

• mJtiuapy; fhzg;gl;l fl;Gy ajhu;j;jj; jd;ikapypUe;J NtWgl;l fUj;J

epiyahd cUtq;fisr; rpw;gf; fiyapy; mwpKfQ; nra;j fiyQu; vd

n`d;up %iuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• mtuJ kdpjr; rpw;gq;fs; ,aw;ifahd Njhw;wk;> ,aw;ifahd gUkd; Mfpa

,ay;GfspypUe;J NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wik njspthd xU tplakhFk;.

• kdpj cUtj;jpd; cly; tbtk; kpf vspikahd tifapy; gilf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;

xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

79

• ghupa cliyf; nfhz;;l kdpj cUtq;fspy; rpwpajhf jiyiaf; fhl;Ljy;

n`d;up %upd; gilg;Gf;fspd; jdpr; rpwg;ghFk;.

• Muk;g fhyg; gilg;Gf;fspy; kdpj cUtq;fs; njspthf tbf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk;

gpd;du; gbg;gbahf> vspikahd tbtq;fspYk; mit tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld.

• n`d;up %upd; rpw;gq;fspd; mbg;gilahd fUg;nghUs; kdpj cUtkhFk;.

mt;thwhd rpw;gq;fSs;>

• mur FLk;gk; (King and Queen)

• rha;e;J gLj;jpUf;Fk; ngz;

Mfpad Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

• mtuJ rpw;gq;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit g+q;fhtpy; itg;gjw;fhd rpw;gq;fshfNt

Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ghupa msTilajhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l kdpj cUtq;fs; gy gFjpfisf;

nfhz;ljhf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• rpw;gq;fisg; gilg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; %yg;nghUs;fis khw;wpa mtu;>

ghuk;gupakhf gad;gLj;jpa fy;ypw;F gjpy; kuk;> cUf;F Nghd;w nghUs;fis

gpujpaPL nra;J nfhz;lhu;. ntapy;> kio> fhw;W Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; <LnfhLf;fj;

jf;f tifapy; Clfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• %yg;nghUs;fis khj;jpukd;wp> rpw;gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; El;gKiwfisAk;

mtu; khw;wpaikj;jhu;.

mur FLk;gk; (KING AND QUEEN)

• ,ay;ghd jj;&gkhd cUtq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg; gjpyhf m&g epiyahd

(Abstract) cUtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gilj;j xU rpw;gkhf mur FLk;gk;

vDk; rpw;gj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• ,q;F kdpj cUtq;fs; ,aw;ifahd Njhw;wk;> ,aw;ifahd msTj;jpl;lk;

Mfpatw;wpypUe;J tpyfp Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

80

• mku;e;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; Mz;> ngz; cUtq;fs;

fiyQUf;Nf cupj;jhd ghzpapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• kdpj cUtq;fs; kpf vspikahd kw;Wk; rpy gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhfg;

Gidag;gl;Ls;sd.

• ghupa clYk;> rpwpa jiyAkhf cUtq;fs; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.

• kuGuPjpahd rpw;gf;fiy %yg;nghUs;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf> ntz;fy Clfk; gad;

gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ntz;fyj;ijf; nfhz;L thu;g;G El;gKiwiag; gad;gLj;jp ,g;gilg;G Mf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,r;rpw;gk; xU g+q;fhr; rpw;gkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rha;e;J gLj;jpUf;Fk; ngz; (Reclining figure)

• rha;e;j epiyapy; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;W tbf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpw;gj;jpYk; m&g

epiyrhu; (Abstract) mZFKiw fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• ,aw;ifahd Njhw;wk;> ,aw;ifahd msTj;jpl;lk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mg;ghw;gl;l

tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; n`d;up %upd; gilg;Gf;fspd; xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

• Clfk;> rpw;gk; tbj;jw; Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw khw;wpaikg;gjw;fhf vLf;fg;

gl;l xU Kaw;rpahf ,g;gilg;igf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• ePz;l my;yJ Jis nfhz;l tbtq;fs;> re;jj;Jf;F mikthfTk;> rkepiy

ahfTk; ntspAld; ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ntz;fy Clfj;jpy; cNyhf thu;j;jy; El;g Kiwiaf; ifahz;L epu;khzpf;fg;

gl;l gilg;ghFk;.

• ntspj;JUj;jpa> cl;Gije;j gFjpfisf; nfhz;lnjdpDk; tpupthd jd;ik

Fiwthd> vspikahd tbtq;fis ,g;gilg;gpy; fhzyhk;.

• kdpj clypd; clYWg;Gf;fspd; tbtq;fs; vspikahf tbf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;>

kdpj clypd; tbtj;Jf;Fr; rhu;ghf jiy rpwpajhff; fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy; Nghd;w

n`d;up %upd; rpw;gf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; ,jpy; fhzyhk;.

81

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : tuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jputuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jputuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jputuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jputuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jpu

rpw;g nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu;khzf; fiyfspd;rpw;g nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu;khzf; fiyfspd;rpw;g nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu;khzf; fiyfspd;rpw;g nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu;khzf; fiyfspd;rpw;g nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu;khzf; fiyfspd;

jdpj ;Jtq;fis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;w pd ; fiyg ;jdpj ;Jtq;fis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;w pd ; fiyg ;jdpj ;Jtq;fis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;w pd ; fiyg ;jdpj ;Jtq;fis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;w pd ; fiyg ;jdpj ;Jtq;fis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;w pd ; fiyg ;

gz;Gfisg; gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;gz;Gfisg; gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;gz;Gfisg; gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;gz;Gfisg; gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;gz;Gfisg; gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : mDuhjGuf; fhyr; rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fy;mDuhjGuf; fhyr; rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fy;mDuhjGuf; fhyr; rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fy;mDuhjGuf; fhyr; rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fy;mDuhjGuf; fhyr; rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fy;

Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;llf; fiy gilg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;llf; fiy gilg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;llf; fiy gilg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;llf; fiy gilg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;llf; fiy gilg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 7.1.1 : “ rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; moif eag;Nghk;.rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; moif eag;Nghk;.rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; moif eag;Nghk;.rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; moif eag;Nghk;.rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; moif eag;Nghk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• rpfpupahtpd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia Muha;thu;.

• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; fUg;nghUs; gw;wpa gy;NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rpg;ghu;.

• Mf;fg+u;t fiyg;ghzpf;fhd Clfk;> El;gKiw vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; fiyg; gz;Gfis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fisf; nfhz;l Gifg;glq;fs;> ,Wtl;Lfs;> fzdpg; nghwpfs;




gbKiw 7.1.1.1gbKiw 7.1.1.1gbKiw 7.1.1.1gbKiw 7.1.1.1gbKiw 7.1.1.1• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fisr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; glq;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; fhz;gpj;J

mtu;fis ghlj;jpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jr; nra;f.

• khztu;fs; rpfpupah gw;wp Kd;du; mwpe;Js;s tplaq;fis Nfl;lwpf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.

• mjid thrpf;Fk;gb khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

• tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jf.

• glq;fisf; fhz;gpj;J fye;Jiuahb ghl cs;slf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.




(20 epkplq;fs;)


• nghUj;jkhd Kiwiaf; nfhz;L tpilfis kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gLj;Jf.

• jtwhd gjpy;fis jpUj;jp nkhj;j tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;Fk; rupahd tpilfisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

• ghlj;jpd; RUf;fj;ij toq;fp kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.

• rpfpupah gw;wp Nkyjpfj; jfty;fis Nrfupf;Fk;gb khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

82


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ,izg;G 7.1.1.1> 7.1.1.2 I mbg;gilahff;gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ,izg;G 7.1.1.1> 7.1.1.2 I mbg;gilahff;gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ,izg;G 7.1.1.1> 7.1.1.2 I mbg;gilahff;gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ,izg;G 7.1.1.1> 7.1.1.2 I mbg;gilahff;gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ,izg;G 7.1.1.1> 7.1.1.2 I mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; fiyg; gz;Gfis ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fs; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa kuig tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• rpfpupahtpd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia Muha;e;jwpthu;.

• Mf;fg+u;tkhd fiyg;ghzpf;F mD$ykhf mike;j Clfk;> El;gKiwfs;

vd;gtw;iw tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

,izg;G 7.1.1.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpfpupah Xtpaq;fis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.


• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspy; cs;s tpNrl gz;Gfis ,dq;fhz;f.

• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

(1) rpfpupahtpy; fhzf;$ba th];J tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; gpupTfisAk; Xtpaq;fis

tptupf;Ff.

(2) rpfpupahtpd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

- fhyk; / E}w;whz;L

- mDruiz toq;fpatu;

(3) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L rpfpupah Xtpaq;fis kjpg;ghu;.

(i) rk;gpujhak; / fiyg;ghzp

(ii) El;gKiw

(iii) fiyg;gz;Gfs;

- tu;z cgNahfk;


- jsj;jpd; kPJ cUf;fs; cgNahfpj;Js;s tpjk;

- ght ntspg;ghL

(4) rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; fiyj;Jt ntspg;ghL njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s

mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> tpahf;fpahdq;fis tpgupf;Ff.


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

83

,izg;G 7.1.1.2:

rpfpupah

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

• khngUk; fiyf;$lkhd rpfpupah kj;jpa khfhzj;jpd; khj;jis khtl;lj;Jf;Fupa ,dhkY Nfhuisapy; mike;Js;sJ.

• fp.gp. 5k; E}w;whz;by; mEuhjGu fhy jhJNrd kd;ddpd; kfdhd fhrpag;gd;kd;ddhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;.

• ,yq;ifapd; rpj;jpuf; fiy tuyhw;wpy; nre;newpg; gz;Gfis ,t; Xtpaq;fs;nfhz;Ls;sd.

• Mrpahtpy; cs;s njhy;nghUs; Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ];jhdq;fspy; xd;whd,J Xu; cyf kuGupikahf cs;sJ.

• ,q;Fs;s fl;bl fiy mikg;Gf;fspilNa tpy;tisT> gbtupir> mfop>Fsk; vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;l fw; g+q;fh rpwg;ghdjhFk;.

• rpfpupahf; Fd;wpd; mbthuj;jpy; cs;s rpq;fg; ghjq;fs;> fz;zhbr; Rtu;>Fd;wpd; cr;rpapy; cs;s murkhspif ,bghLfs; Nghd;wit fl;llf; fiyj;JiwKf;fpaj;JtKs;s mk;rq;fshFk;.

84

rpfpupah kiy

• rpfpupahf; Fd;wpd; Nkw;Fg;Gw FilTfspy; cs;s ngz; cUtq;fNs rpfpupahXtpaq;fshfg; gpugy;akile;Js;sd.

• rpfpupahtpy; kq;ifau; cUtq;fs; Vwj;jho 500 tiuag;gl;bUe;j jhf rpfpupahRtu;f; ftpijfs; $wpdhYk; jw;NghJ Vwj;jho ,Ugj;jp ,uz;L Xtpaq;fNskPjpahf cs;sd. mjpYk; KOikahf mike;j Xtpaq;fs; xU rpy kl;LNk,Uf;fpd;wd.

• rpfpupahf; Fd;wpd; Nkw;Fg;Gwj;jpy; FilTfSf;Fs;NsAk; mbthuj;jpy; cs;sFiffspYk; ,t;thwhd Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.

• Xtpaq;fis tiuag; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; rhe;J g+rp fw;ghiw xg;gkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• mjw;fhf itf;Nfhy;> ckp> fspkz;> jhtu ehu; tiffs;> jhtu gir (gprpd;)Rz;zhk;G Mfpad gad;gLj;jp rhe;Jf; fyit jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. fuLKulhdNkw;gug;igf; nfhz;l fw;ghiw kPJ rhe;J g+rp Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

• rhe;J cyu Kd; Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. me;El;g Kiwgpnu];Nfh GtNdh vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;El;g Kiwiaj; jtpu nlk;guhmy;yJ cyu;e;j rhe;J kPJ gpnu];Nfh rpNfh Kiw cgNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;snjdmwpQu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. rpyu; cyu; rhe;J kPJ tiuag;gl;lnjd fUj;Jntspapl;Ls;sdu;.

• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; fiyg;ghzp gw;wpa fUj;Jfis toq;fpa mwpQu;fs;,J ,e;jpa m[e;jh rpj;jpug; ghuk;gupaj;ijr; Nru;e;jJ vdf; $Wfpd;wdu;.ngUk;ghYk; m[e;jh ~mg;ruh| tbtq;fSf;F rkkhd ,Us; tu;zr; rhay;>xspg;ghd tu;zr; rhay; ngz; tbtq;fSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fwpg;G:

• gpnu];Nfh (GtNdh):gpnu];Nfh (GtNdh):gpnu];Nfh (GtNdh):gpnu];Nfh (GtNdh):gpnu];Nfh (GtNdh): <ur; Rz;zhk;Gr;rhe;J kPJ fdpg;nghUs;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l tu;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuAk; Kiw.

• gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh:gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh:gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh:gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh:gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh: cyu; Rz;zhk;Gr;rhe;J kPJ fdpg;nghUs;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l tu;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuAk; Kiw.

• nlk;guh:nlk;guh:nlk;guh:nlk;guh:nlk;guh: cyu; rhe;J kPJ gpizg;G Clfj;Jld; (girAld;) fye;Jjahupj;j tu;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuAk; Kiw.

85

86

rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; fiyg; gz;Gfs;

• kq;ifau;fNs rpfpupah Xtpaq;fspd; njhdpg;nghUshf mikfpd;wdu;.

• ,it clypd; Nkw;gFjp kl;Lk; njupAk; cUtq;fshf cs;sd.

• ,t;TUtq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jd;%yk; Xtpaupd; Nju;r;rp> El;g Kiw vd;gd gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

• ,k; kq;ifaupd; cUtq;fs; jdpj;jdpahfTk;> NrhbahfTk; xOq;fpizj;Jtiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

• ngz;fspd; miuf;Ff; fPNo Nkff; $l;lq;fshy; kiwf;fg;gl;l jd;ikapy;,it tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

• vy;yh cUtq;fSk; KOtJkhf my;yJ rw;W rha;thf jpUk;gpa epiyapy;cs;sthW rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NeNu ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;vt; cUtKk; tiuag;gltpy;iy.

• gy tbtg; g+j;jl;Lfs;> g+q;nfhj;Jfs; Ve;jpa kq;ifau;fisNa cUtq;fs;rpj;jupf;fpd;wd.

• myq;fhu Milmzpfyd;fs; mzpag;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; ,tu;fspd; iffs;> jiyvd;gtw;iw myq;fupg;gjw;fhf jhkiu> myup> ePy my;yp Nghd;w kyu;fisXtpau; cgNahfpj;Js;shu;.

• kQ;rs;> fgpy epwk;> rptg;G> gr;ir> fWg;G tu;zq;fis cgNahfpj;J Kg;gupkhzj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

• Xtpaq;fis tu;zk; jPl;l rptg;G> gr;ir> kQ;rs; tu;zq;fis gpujhdkhfcgNahfpj;Js;shu;.

• kq;ifaupd; cliy kQ;rs;> rptg;G tu;zq;fshy; tu;zk; jPl;bAs;shu;. ,Ushdkq;ifau;fis ePy epwj;ijf; nfhz;l ,Ushd gr;ir tu;zk; cgNahfpj;Jtiue;Js;shu;.

• cUtq;fisr; Rw;wp capu;j;Jbg;Gs;s ,Nuiffis re;jj;Jld; tiue;Js;shu;.Ntfk;> msT vd;gd rpW ,Nuiffs; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. jbg;gkhd rpW

,Nuiffs; Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ikia Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

rpfpupah Xtpaq;fs; gw;wpa mwpQu;fspd; Kuz;ghlhd fUj;Jfs;:

Nguhrpupau; nrduj; guztpj;jhdrpfpupah FNguupd; FNguGupia rpj;jupf;fpd;wJ. ,t;TUtq;fs; FNguupd;kfs;khu;fshd Nkfyjh (Nkfk;)> tp[;Ayjh (kpd;dy;) MfpNahiuf; Fwpg;gjhfTk;>ePy epw kq;ifau;fs; Nkfyjh MtNjhL nghd;dpwj;jpy; cs;s kq;ifau;fs;tp[;Ayjh (kpd;dy;) Mthu;fs; vdTk; $wpAs;shu;. rpfpupah Xtpaq;fs; njhlu;ghdgy Kuz;ghlhd fUj;Jfs; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; $Ljyhf Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sit ,tuJ fUj;JfNsahFk;.

H. C. P. ngy;fhrpag;g kd;ddpd; murpfSk; gzpahsu;fSk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;snjdf; $Wfpwhu;.H. C. P. ngy; mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb murFy khju;fs; nghd;dpwj;jpYk; gupthug;ngz;fs; ePy epwj;jpYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fs; gpJuq;fy tpfhiuiatzq;f nry;yj; jahuhfpa epiyapy; iffspy; kyu; Ve;jpa tz;zk; ,Ug;gjhff;fhl;bapUf;fpwhu;.

Mde;j FkhuRthkp

,k; kq;ifau;fs; njt fd;dpau;fs; (mg;ruh) vd;gij $Wfpwhu;. fhuzk; ,jpy;cs;s vy;yhf; fd;dpau;fSk; ,ilapd; fPo;g;gFjp Kfpw;$l;lq;fshy; %b ,Uf;Fk;jd;ikapy; fhzg;gLtJk;> kyu;fis J}Tk; kyNue;jpa fd;dpau;fis fhuzkhff;fhl;b ,jidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

87







nraw;ghL 7.1.2 : “ mDuhjGu Gj;ju; rpiyfs;.mDuhjGu Gj;ju; rpiyfs;.mDuhjGu Gj;ju; rpiyfs;.mDuhjGu Gj;ju; rpiyfs;.mDuhjGu Gj;ju; rpiyfs;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• mDuhjGu fhyg; Gj;ju; rpiyfisg; ngaupLthu;.

• mDuhjGu fhyg; Gj;ju; rpiyfspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbawpthu;.

• gilg;ghf;fg; gzpf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j Clfq;fs;> El;g Kiwfis

tpgupg;ghu;.

• Gj;ju; rpiyfspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpg;ghu;.


• mDuhjGu Gj;ju; rpiyfs;

- rkhjp Gj;ju;rpiy

- njhYtpiy Gj;ju;rpiy

- mTf;fid Gj;ju;rpiy

- gd;Fspa Gj;ju;rpiy




gbKiw 7.1.2.1gbKiw 7.1.2.1gbKiw 7.1.2.1gbKiw 7.1.2.1gbKiw 7.1.2.1• mDuhjGuf; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j rpwg;ghd Gj;ju;rpiyfspy; xspg;glq;fs; njhlu;ghf

khztupd; ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.

• mit njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

• khztuJ mtjhdpg;G njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Nrfupf;Fk;gb $Wf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.



• tpdtg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;jpd; JizAld; tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilaspf;FkhW khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

• jkf;fpilNa fye;Jiuahb> rupahd tpilfisf; fz;lwpAkhW topg;gLj;Jf.

(50 epkplq;fs;)

88


• khztu;fs; tpilfisf; fz;lwpe;j gpd;du;. vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j rpy

khztu;fspd; tpilfis tpdtp kjpg;gpLf.

• xl;Lnkhj;jg; ghlj;ij kPl;lha;T nra;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)




• mDuhjGuf; fhy rpiyfisg; ngaupLjy;.

• rpiyfisg; gilg;gJ njhlu;ghf fpilj;j nry;thf;Ffis tptupj;jy;.

• fiyg;ghzpf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j Clfq;fisAk; El;gKiwfisAk;

tptupf;Ff.

• Gj;ju; rpiyfspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpj;jYk; fpufpj;jYk;

,izg;G 7.1.2.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Gj;ju; rpiyg; gilg;Gf;fisf; ftdkhf mtjhdpAq;fs;.

• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijf; ftdkhf thrpj;J tpsq;Fq;fs;.

• mDuhjGu Gj;ju; rpiyg; gilg;Gf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fhZq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; gpujpnra;J g+u;j;jp nra;f.

01.01.01.01.01. tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpAld; Gj;ju; rpiyfis ,dq;fhzy;.tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpAld; Gj;ju; rpiyfis ,dq;fhzy;.tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpAld; Gj;ju; rpiyfis ,dq;fhzy;.tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpAld; Gj;ju; rpiyfis ,dq;fhzy;.tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpAld; Gj;ju; rpiyfis ,dq;fhzy;.

Gj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiy Afk; Afk; Afk; Afk; Afk;/ fhyk;fhyk;fhyk;fhyk;fhyk; ghuk;gupak; ghuk;gupak; ghuk;gupak; ghuk;gupak; ghuk;gupak; / ghzpghzpghzpghzpghzp Clfk; Clfk; Clfk; Clfk; Clfk; El;gKiwfs;El;gKiwfs;El;gKiwfs;El;gKiwfs;El;gKiwfs;

rkhjp rpiy

njYtpy rpiy

gd;Fspa rpiy

mTf;fz rpiy

02.02.02.02.02. Gj;ju;rpiyfspd; fPo; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;.Gj;ju;rpiyfspd; fPo; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;.Gj;ju;rpiyfspd; fPo; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;.Gj;ju;rpiyfspd; fPo; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;.Gj;ju;rpiyfspd; fPo; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;.

Gj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiy nka;e;epiyfs;nka;e;epiyfs;nka;e;epiyfs;nka;e;epiyfs;nka;e;epiyfs; Kj;jpiufs;Kj;jpiufs;Kj;jpiufs;Kj;jpiufs;Kj;jpiufs; / jiyazp jiyazp jiyazp jiyazp jiyazp fhtpAilfhtpAilfhtpAilfhtpAilfhtpAil czu;Tczu;Tczu;Tczu;Tczu;T

MrdKiwMrdKiwMrdKiwMrdKiwMrdKiw ntspg;ghLntspg;ghLntspg;ghLntspg;ghLntspg;ghL

rkhjp rpiy

njYtpy rpiy

gd;Fspa rpiy

mTf;fz rpiy


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

89

,izg;G 7.1.2.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

rkhjp Gj;ju;rpiy

• mDuhjGu mgafpup tpfhiu tstpy; k`hNkTdh g+q;fhtpy; (fsr;Nrhbapd;

mUNf) mike;Js;s rkhjp Gj;ju; rpiy.

• Gj;ju; rpiyapd; Md;kPfj; jd;ik> rkhjpg;gz;G Nghd;wtw;iw ed;F fhl;Lk;

rpiyahFk;. ,yq;ifapy; cs;s jdpr; rpwg;ghd xU Gj;ju; rpiyahFk;.

• ngupa fhJ> ghjp %ba fz;fs;> Kfj;jpd; rhe;jk;> ~ngUq;fUiz| Nghd;w

rpwg;gpay;Gfis ntspf;fhl;Ltjpy; fiyQu; ntw;wp fz;Ls;shu;.

• fp.gp. 4k;> 5k; E}w;whz;by; kd;dd; kfhNrddpd; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ljhff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• nrJf;fy; Kiwapy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;Gj;ju;rpiy KOg;Gilg;ghfr; nrJf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• clypd; xU gf;fj;ij kl;Lk; kiwj;jpUf;Fk; fhtpAil kbg;Gf;fs; ,y;yhj

Jld; clYld; xl;ba jd;ikiaAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

• caupa ght ntspg;ghLk; KOepiwTk; ,jd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wd.

• Gj;juJ Nfrk; ej;ijr;RUs; mikg;Gk;> cr;rpapy; FLkpAk; fhzg;gLk;.

• rkhjp epiyapy;> jpahd Kj;jpiuapy; tPuhrd Kiwapy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; tifapy;

,f;fw;rpiy tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,e;jpa Fg;ju; fhyf; fiyg; gz;Gfspd; nry;thf;F ,jw;Ff; fpilj;Js;sjhff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

90

njhYtpy Gj;ju;rpiy

• mDuhjGuk; njhYtpyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l rpiyNa njYtpyr;

rpiy vdg;gLfpwJ.

• mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpy; fp.gp. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLk;

,r;rpiy> mDuhjGu rkhjp Gj;ju;rpiyia xj;j jd;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• jpahd Kj;jpiuapy;> rkhjp epiyiaf; fhl;b epw;Fk; ,r;rpiy tPuhrd Kiwapy;

mku;e;jpUf;Fk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• mofpa kyu;r;rpahd jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk; ,r;rpiy> cau;thd ght ntspg;ghl;

ilf; nfhz;lJ.

• jiyKb ej;ijr;RUs; mikg;igAk;> cr;rpapy; FLkpiaAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• ngupa fhJ> ghjp %ba fz;fs; Mfpad ,r;rpiyapd; rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.

• clypd; xU gf;fj;ij khj;jpuk; kiwe;jpUf;FkhWk; clYld; xl;bapUf;FkhWk;

fhtpAil nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• jw;NghJ ,r;rpiy nfhOk;G mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,J xU tiff; fUq;fy;ypy; g+uz Gilg;G El;gKiwapy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Fg;j kugpd; gz;Gfs; ,r;rpiyapy; fhzg;gLtjhf tpku;rfu;fs; fUj;J ntsp

apl;Ls;sdu;.

91

mTf;fd Gj;ju;rpiy

• mEuhjGuf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa ,g;Gj;ju; rpiy epd;w epiyg; Gj;ju; rpiyfspilNa

tpNrl ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.

• fp.gp. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; 8 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l gilg;ghFk;.

• fyh thtpf;F mUNf mTf;fid vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;sJ.

• fUq;fw; ghiwapy; KOg; Gilg;Gr; rpiyahf tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gj;khrdnkhd;wpd; kPJ epw;Fkhg;Nghd;W tbf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpiy Vwj;jho 38mb 10 mq;Fy caukhdJ.

• tyJ ifapdhy; mga Kj;jpiu fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> ,lJ ifapdhy; fhtpAilkbg;Gk; jhq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• clypd; xU gf;fj;ij khj;jpuk; kiwj;Js;s fhtpAil re;jj;Jld; $baRUf;Ffspd; Nfhyj;jpdhy; moF ngw;Ws;sNjhL> clNyhL xl;ba jd;ikiaAk;fhl;b epw;fpwJ.

• jiyapd; kPJ jPr;Rlu; myq;fhuk; ,lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lXu; mk;rkhFk; vDk; mgpg;gpuhak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,r;rpiyapy; ,e;jpa mkuhtjp fiy kugpd; gz;Gfspd; jhf;fk; fhzg;gLtjhf

fiy tpku;rfu;fs; fUj;J ntspapl;Ls;sdu;.

• Gj;jupd; kfh GU\ ,ay;G rpwg;ghf ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;L cs;s rpiyahFk;.

92

gd;Fspa Gj;ju;rpiy

• mDuhjGu Afj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,g;Gj;ju;rpiy ju;k Nghjid nra;tijf; fhl;Lk;xU rpwg;ghFk;.

• ,g;Gj;ju;rpiy mDuhjGu gd;Fspa vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; mike;Js;smNrhf;fhuhka tpfhiuapy; cs;sJ.

• ,J xU fw;rpiyahFk;.

• tPuhrd Kiwapy; mku;e;j epiyapy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rpiy KOg;Gilg;ghfMf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• tyJ ifapdhy; ~tpju;f;f| Kj;jpiuAk; ,lJ ifapdhy; ~flf`];j| Kj;jpiuAk;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;snjdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ngupa ePz;l fhJfs;> ghjp %ba fz;fs;> rhe;j Fzk; Nghd;wit ,r;rpiyapd;rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.

• Gj;jupd; ngUq;fUizAld; $ba Md;kPdg;gz;G ,r;rpiyapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• clypd; xUgf;fj;ij khj;jpuk; kiwf;Fk; fhtpAil kbg;Gf;fsw;W clYld;xl;bathW mike;Js;sJ.

• ej;ijr;RUs; mikg;Gila Nfrk;> cr;rpapy; ~c\;zpra| vDk; cr;rpf; FLkp,lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

• ,jd; kPJ ~jiyazp| mikg;G ,Ue;Js;sjw;F rhd;Wfs; cs;sjhf tpku;rfu;fs;fUj;J ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

fp.gp. 5-6 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; ,g;Gj;ju;rpiyFg;ju; fiyg;ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJ tpku;rfu;fspd;fUj;jhFk;.

93







nraw;ghL 7.1.3 : “ ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;.,RWKdpah nrJf;fy; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;.,RWKdpah nrJf;fy; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;.,RWKdpah nrJf;fy; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;.,RWKdpah nrJf;fy; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy;fis ,dq;fz;L ngaupLthu;.

• ,RWKdpapdJ tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbawpthu;.

• gilg;ghf;fq;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j Clfq;fisAk; El;g KiwfisAk;

tptupg;ghu;.

• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpg;ghu;.


• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy;fspd; xspg;glq;fs;

- fhjyu; nrJf;fy;

- mur FLk;gk; nrJf;fy;

- Fjpiuj; jiyAk; kdpj tbtKk;

- ePuhLk; ahidr; nrJf;fy;




gbKiw 7.1.3.1gbKiw 7.1.3.1gbKiw 7.1.3.1gbKiw 7.1.3.1gbKiw 7.1.3.1• ,RWKdpah tpfhiur; nrJf;fy;fisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jp mJ njhlu;ghf khztupd; ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.

• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy;fspd; fiyg;ghzp> ngw;w nry;thf;Ffs; Mfpad Fwpj;J

khztupd; Kd;dwpit tpdTf.

• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;LkhW khztid

topg;gLj;Jf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.



• tpdtg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;jpd; JizAld; tpilaspf;FkhW

khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.(50 epkplq;fs;)

94


• khztu;fs; tpilfisf; fz;lwpe;j gpd;du;. vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j rpy

khztu;fsplk; tpilfis tpdtp kjpg;gpLf.

• xl;Lnkhj;jr; nraw;ghl;il kPl;lha;T nra;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)




• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbawpjy;.

• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy;fis ,dq;fz;L ngaupLjy;.

• mg;gilg;Gf;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j nry;thf;F> Clfq;fs;> El;gKiw

fis tpgupj;jy;.

• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy;fspd; fiyg;gz;Gfis tpgupj;jy;.

,izg;G 7.1.3.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,RWKdpah tpfhiur; nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fs; fhl;Lk;

xspg;glq;fisf; ftdkhf mtjhdpAq;fs;.


• ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;

fhZq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspAq;fs;.

(1) ,RWKdpah tpfhiuapy; nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiar;

RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

- Afk; / fhyk;

- mDruiz

(2) ,RWKdpah tpfhiur; nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLf.

(3) ,RWKdpah nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj;

Jizahff; nfhz;L> fiyj;Jt kjpg;gPl;ilr; nra;f.

- Clfk;

- El;gKiw

- fiyg;ghzp / nry;thf;F

- fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs;

- cUtq;fspd; ifahs;if (cly; - nka;epiyg; gz;Gfs;> Milazpfs;)

- ght ntspg;ghL

(4) ,RWKdpa nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghf

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpahf;fpahdq;fis tpgupf;Ff.


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

95

,izg;G 7.1.3.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

• ,RWKdpa tpfhiuAk; mq;F fhzg;gLk; nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfSk; mDuhjGufhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jitahFk;.

• ,RWKdpa tpfhiu mDuhjGu jprhthtpapdUNf “ud; kR” g+q;fhtpw;F njw;fpy;mike;Js;sJ.

• ,J ,yq;ifapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngsj;j tzf;fj; jykhd tpfhiuvdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• ,J kfpe;j Njuuplk; FUj;Jtk; ngw;w mupl;l Fkhud; Kjw; nfhz;L ,RWFyj;Njhu; 500 Ngu;fs; tho;e;j ,lnkdTk; kfhtk;rk; $WfpwJ. ,J fp.K.%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; Njtek;gpajPrd; kd;ddhy; fl;Ltpf;fg;gl;lJ vd kfhtk;rk;$WfpwJ.

• tzf;fj; jykhf ,Ue;jNghJk;> ,q;F fhzg;gLk; fiy epu;khzq;fs; rkar;rhu;gw;w njhdpg;nghUs;fis nfhz;litNa.

• miug; Gilg;G> rpWGilg;G El;g Kiwapyhd kdpj tpyq;F cUtq;fSk;nrJf;fy;fSk; ,tw;Wf;F rhd;W gfpu;fpd;wd.

- fhjyu; rpw;gk;

- mur FLk;gk; nrJf;fy;

- Fjpiuj; jiyAk; kdpj cUtKk;

- ePuhLk; ahidfs;

• ,r;nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fspy; cUtq;fspd; jd;ik> tplag;nghUs; Mfpatw;iwf;fhl;Ltjw;fhf Fg;ju; kw;Wk; gy;ytu; fhy ,e;J fiyg; nghUs;fspd; nry;thf;Fngwg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

• ,RWKdpa nrJf;fy;fs; ,yq;ifapd; mUQ; nry;tq;fshf fUjg;gLk;epiyj;Js;s epu;khzq;fshfpd;wd.

• ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; fiyg; gz;Gfs;

• jsj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

• czu;Tfs; Kfj;jpdhYk; nka;e;epiyfshYk; fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy;.

• ,aw;ifahd tbtq;fSk; nka;e;epiyfSk; re;jj;Jld; ntspg;gl;bUj;jy;.

• nkd;ikahd> xg;gkhd KOepiwitf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

96

mur FLk;gk; nrJf;fy;

• ,RWKdpa nrJf;fy;fSs; mur FLk;gf; fhl;rpia rpj;jupf;Fk; nrJf;fy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.

• ,J 4 mb ePsKila miutl;l tbtkhd fw; jfl;by; miug;Gilg;G El;g

Kiwapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• miu tl;ltbt fw; jfl;by; cUtq;fis rpwg;ghf xOq;fikj;J eLtpy;

mur Njhuizapy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; cU cs;sJ.

• tyJGwj;Nj iffis neQ;R kPJ fl;b mku;e;j epiyapy; cs;s Xu; MZk;>

mtupd; gpd;dhy;> kj;jpapy; cs;s cUtk; rhkiu tPRk; kw;nwhUtUk; (Nrtfd;)

cs;sdu;.

• Nguhrpupau; nrduj; guztpj;jhdtpd; fUj;Jf;fika ,J Jl;lifKD kd;ddpd;

FLk;gkhFk;.

• mur Milazpfs; jupj;J kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; cUtpy; Jl;lifKD kd;dDk;>

tyJGwj;Nj neQ;R kPJ iffisf; fl;b epw;Fk; cUtk; Fkhud; rhypaDk;

fhl;lg;gLtjhf guztpjhud mtu;fs; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

• myq;fhu Mil mzpfyd;fSld; $ba cUtq;fs; yaj;Jld; nrJf;fg;gl;

Ls;sJ.

• czu;Tg+u;t ntspg;ghL Kfj;jpYk;> nka;epiyfspYk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• kpUJthf miug;Gilg;G El;g Kiwapy; nrJf;fg;gl;l Mf;fk;.

97

fhjyu; rpw;gk;

• Fg;j rpw;gf; fiy kugpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,J rJutbt fw; jfl;by; miu Gilg;G rpw;g El;g Kiwapy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,e;epu;khzpg;Gj; njhlu;ghf gy fUj;Jfs; cs;sd. Nguhrpupau; nrduj;

guztpj;jhd njuptpj;Js;s fUj;Nj Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

,jpy; rhypa FkhuDk; mNrhfkhyhTk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhff; $Wfpwhu;.

,tu;fsJ fhjw; fijAld; njhlu;Gs;s ~ud; kR cad| g+q;fh mz;ikapy;

mike;jpUg;gij mjw;fhd fhuzkhff; fhl;bAs;shu;.

• ,e; epu;khzpg;G gw;wpa Vidatu;fsJ fUj;Jfs; gpd;tUkhW cs;sd.

- rpt ghu;tjp vd;gJ

- kQ;RrpwP Nghjprj;Jtupd; xU Ntlk; vd;gJ

- giltPuDk; mtdJ fhjypAk; vd;gJ

• myq;fhu Milmzpfyd;fs;> Mz;ik> rpwe;j Njf yl;rzk;> czu;T

ntspg;ghL> fhjy; Nghd;w ght czu;TfSld; ,r;rpw;gk; nghspag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• nkd;ik> xg;gkhd jd;ik> ,ay;ghd jstbtq;fs;> re;jj;Jf;F ,irthd

jd;ikAld; nka;e;epiy ntspg;ghL Nghd;wit ,r;rpw;gj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

98

Fjpiuj;jiyAk; kdpj tbtKk;

• ,RWKdpa tpfhiuf; Fsj;Jld; ,ize;j ghiwr; Rtu; kPJ mku;e;jpUf;Fk;

kdpjDk;> Fjpiu xd;wpd; jiyg;gFjpAk; nghopag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• kdpjd; fk;gPukhf mku;e;J Fsj;ij ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; tpjk; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

• ~kfhu[| Njhuizapy; mku;e;J ,Ug;gjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

• Milazpfs; kpff; FiwthfTk; vspikahfTk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. jiyazp>

fhJfspYk; iffspYk; Mguzq;fs;> ,ilapy; FWMil Nghd;wit cs;sd.

• mtuJ tyJ Gaj;jpy; khl;lg;gl;Ls;s fapW FjpiuAld; ,ize;jjhFk;.

Fjpiuapd; jiy khj;jpuk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Nguhrpupau; nrduj; guztpjhd mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb kdpjDk; Fjpiuj;jiyAk;

ePiuAk; mf;fpdpiaAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. kdpjd; kiof;F mjpgjp tUzgfthd;

vdTk;> Fjpiu kpd;diyf; Fwpg;gjhf mtu; fUj;J.

• Nghu;tPud; fgpy up\p vd;Dk; NtW fUj;Jf;fSk; epyTfpd;wd.

• gy;yt rpw;g kuigj; jOtp vspikahd Rghtj;jpy; fk;gPukhd Njhw;wj;Jld;

nghopag;gl;bUg;gJk; rpwg;ghFk;.

• ,J (miug;Gilg;G) FiwGilg;G El;gKiwapy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• nkd;ikahfTk; nkUFlDk; g+uzg;gLj;jp miug;Gilg;G El;g Kiwapy;

nghopag;gl;Ls;sJ.

99

ePuhLk; ahidfs;

• ,RWKdpa tpfhiuf; Fsj;Jld; ,ize;j ghiwr; Rtupy; ,aw;ifahd

cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ,aw;iff; fw;ghiwapy; miug;Gilg;G El;g Kiwapy; ,r;rpw;gk; nrJf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ. Fsj;jpy; ,wq;fp ePuhLk; ahidfspd; gy;tpj nka;epiyfspd;

fhl;rp ghiwr; Rtupy; miug;Gilg;gpy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ahid cUtq;fs; NeuhfTk; gf;fthl;bYk; mike;Js;sd.

• ahidfspd; mirT> re;jk;> Jbg;G vd;gd ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; xUq;fpizj;J

nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• gy;yt rpw;g kugpy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpahtpd; khky;Guj;J fq;fhtNuhfzr;

nrJf;fy;fis xj;jpUg;gjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• ,aw;if tbtikg;gpy; kpUJthd jd;ikapy; nka;epiyfs; kpfr; rpwg;ghf

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

100





Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 : nghyeWitf; fhyj;Jr; rpj ;jpuq;fs;> rpw ;gq;fs;nghyeWitf; fhyj;Jr; rpj ;jpuq;fs;> rpw ;gq;fs;nghyeWitf; fhyj;Jr; rpj ;jpuq;fs;> rpw ;gq;fs;nghyeWitf; fhyj;Jr; rpj ;jpuq;fs;> rpw ;gq;fs;nghyeWitf; fhyj;Jr; rpj ;jpuq;fs;> rpw ;gq;fs;

nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf;nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf;nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf;nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf;nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf;

fw;ghu;.fw;ghu;.fw;ghu;.fw;ghu;.fw;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 7.2.1 : “ jptq;f rpiykid Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.jptq;f rpiykid Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.jptq;f rpiykid Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.jptq;f rpiykid Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.jptq;f rpiykid Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;Nghk;.”

ghlNtis : 1

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• ~jptq;f| rpiy kidr; RtNuhtpaq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.

• jptq;f rpiy kidr; RtNuhtpaq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

• jptq;f rpiy kid Xtpaq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbawpthu;.

• gilg;ghf;fg; gzpf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j Clfq;fisAk; El;gKiwfisAk;

tptupg;ghu;.

• jptq;f rpiy kid Xtpaq;fspd; fiyg;gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLthu;.


• jptq;f rpiykidr; RtNuhtpaq;fisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs; / glq;fs;

- Njtu; miog;G

- Gj;ju; rq;f];] Guj;jpq;F tUif juy;.

- [hjff; fijfs;




gbKiw 7.2.1.1gbKiw 7.2.1.1gbKiw 7.2.1.1gbKiw 7.2.1.1gbKiw 7.2.1.1• ~jptq;f| rpiy kid Xtpaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.

• jptq;f rpiy kid Xtpaq;fs;> mit njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;LkhW

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• mf;fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf khztuJ Kd;dwpit tpdtpawpf.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.





(20 epkplq;fs;)

101


• vOkhwhf khztu; rpyuJ tpilfis kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.


(10 epkplq;fs;)




• nghydWitf; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j jiyrpwe;j Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l

~jptq;f rpiy kid| njhlu;ghd tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fisj; Njbawpjy;.

• Mf;fg;ghzpf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j nry;thf;F> Clfk;> El;gKiwfs;>

fiyQu;fs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpjy;.

• jptq;f rpiy kidr; RtNuhtpaq;fspd; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpj;jy;.

,izg;G 7.2.1.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s jptq;f rpiy kid Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fis ed;F mtjhdp

Aq;fs;.


• jptq;f rpiy kidr; RtNuhtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fz;L

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspAq;fs;.

(1) jptq;f rpiy kidr; RtNuhtpaq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiar; RUf;fkhf

tpsf;Ff.

- Afk; / fhyk;

- mDruiz

(2) jptq;f rpiy kidapy; fhzg;gLk; RtNuhtpaq;fisg; ngaupLq;fs;.

(3) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jptq;f rpiy kid

Xtpaq;fspd; fiyg;gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLf.

- fiyg;ghzp / kuG

- Clfk;

- fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs;

- jsj;jpd; kPJ>

- cUtg;gad;ghL

- tu;zg; gad;ghL

- NfhLfspd; gad;ghL

- ght ntspg;ghL


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

102

,izg;G 7.2.1.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

jptq;f rpiy kid Xtpaq;fs;

• fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddhy; nra;tpf;fg;gl;l

jptq;f rpiykid> ngsj;j Xtpaf; fiyapd; rpwg;ghd Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l

gz;ilg; ngsj;j fl;llf;fiyahf;fkhFk;.

• nghyeWitf; fhy> ,e;J fl;llf;fiyapd; nry;thf;iff; nfhz;l xU rpwe;j

ngsj;jr; rpiyf;$lkhf ,J fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• nghydWitf; fhy Xtpaf;fiy njhlu;ghd rpwe;j mk;rq;fs; mr;rpiykidapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,yq;if Xtpaf;fiy tsu;r;rpapd; ,uz;L Afq;fisr; Nru;e;j Xtpaf;fiyg;

ghzpfis ,q;F fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

• mu;j;j kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ~Njthujdht| vDk; XtpaKk;> fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpy;

cs;s ~rq;f];] Guj;Jf;F tUif jUjy;| vDk; XtpaKk; Kd;ida fhyj;ijr;

Nru;e;jitahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

• gpuNtr kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Nghjprj;Jtiuf; fhl;Lk; [hjff; fij Xtpak;>

gpw;fhyj;jpy; tiuag;gl;l xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• [hjff; fijr; rpj;jpuq;fSs; Njkpa [hjfk;> rr [hjfk;> mrq;ftjP [hjfk;>

Rs;s kJk [hjfk; Mfpad gpujhditahFk;.

• Muk;g fhy Xtpaq;fshff; fUjg;gLk; fu;g;gf;fpuf kw;Wk; mu;j;jkz;lg Xtpaq;fs;

mDuhjGu Xtpaf;fiyg; gz;Gfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

• gpuNtr kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpw;fhy Xtpaq;fshf [hjff; fij Xtpaq;fs;>

epiuahf tiujy;> njhlu;r;rpahd fij> gf;fj;Njhw;w cUtk;> gpd;dzpahf

rptg;G epwg; gad;ghL Nghd;wit [hjff; fij Xtpaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.

• jptq;f rpiy kidr;rpj;jpuk; cyu; rhe;jpd; kPJ tiuag;gl;l El;g Kiwiaf;

nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• gpd; nre;newpg; ghuk;gupaf; fiyg;gz;Gfshf ,t;Nthtpaq;fSf;fhd mbg;gil

ahff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Ma;thsu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

103

Njthuhjdht Xtpak; (Njt miog;G)

• ,t;Nthtpak; jptq;f rpiy kidapy; mu;j;j kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• NjtNyhfj;jpy; trpj;j Nghjprj;JtUf;F kz;Zyfpy; gpwf;Fk;gb nja;tj;jpdhy;tpLf;fg;gl;l miog;G ,jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

• myq;fhukhd Mil mzpfSld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; Njtu;fspd; cUtq;fs; jsk;KOtJk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; capu;g;Gld; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• tzq;Fk; epiyapYk;> kyu; J}Tk; epiyapYk; cs;s Njtu;fs; nghd;dpwj;jpy;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJld; Nghjpr;rj;Jtu; tbtj;jpw;F ePyj;ij xj;j ,sk;gr;irepwj;jpy; cliy tu;zk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it m[e;jh gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtupd; cUTf;F xj;j jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

• ,tw;iw rptg;G> fgpyepwk;> kQ;rs; Nghd;w tu;zq;fis mjpfstpy; cgNahfpj;JjPl;bAs;shu;.

• ,lg;gug;gpy; mjpfstpyhd cUf;fis xOq;fikj;Js;sik mt;thf;fj;jpy;fhzf;$ba rpwg;ghd gz;ghFk;.

rq;f];]Guj;jpw;F Vzpahy; tUif juy;

• ,t;Nthtpak; rpiyia itf;fj; jpl;lkpl;l ,lj;jpd; fu;g;gf; fpufj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; gpuk;khthy; gilf;fg;gl;l Vzpahy; Gj;jngUkhd; rq;f];]

104

Gupia milAk; fhl;rpAk;> jpt;auh[Df;F cgNjrk; nra;tjw;F ~jt;jprh|

NjtNyhfj;Jf;F tUif jUk; fhl;rpAk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ghupa jsj;jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; Gj;j ngUkhdpd; cUtk;,ay;ghd msit tpl ngupa mstpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Kw;gl;l fhyg; gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLk; ,J mDuhjGu Xtpaf;fiyg; gz;Gfisf;nfhz;lJ.

• epwe; jPl;Ltjw;fhf rptg;G> fgpyk;> kQ;rs; tu;zq;fs; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

• ~Njthuhjdht| Xtpaj;jpd; xj;j fiyg;ghzpiaf; nfhz;lJld; tu;zcgNahfKk; xj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

NjkPf [hjfk;

• NjkPf [hjfj;jpy; Nghjprj;Jtiuf; fhl;Lk; rpwg;ghd Xu; Xtpag;gFjpahf ,t;Nthtpaj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• [hjff; fij Xtpaq;fSs; kpfj; njspthfj; njupAk; Xtpag;gFjpahf ,jid,dq;fhzyhk;.

• Fjpiu ,ujj;jpy; if fhy;fis mirf;fhJ itj;jpUf;Fk; NjkPf FkhuDk;>Fop gwpf;f Maj;jkhFk; Rde;j vDk; ,ujNkhl;bAk; mtDf;F Kd;dhy;Nghjprj;Jtu; Nghd;W epw;Fk; NjkPf FkhuDk; fhl;bAs;shu;.

• epwe; jPl;Ltjw;fhf fgpyk;> nrq;fgpyk;> kQ;rs; Mfpa tu;zq;fs; mjpf mstpy;gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; fz;bf;fhy Xtpa kuigr; Nru;e;j gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lit.

• Xtpaq;fs; epiuahf tiuag;gl;bUj;jy;> fijj; njhlu;r;rp> gf;fj;Njhw;wcUtq;fs;> gpd;dzpf;fhf rptg;G epwk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy; Nghd;witXtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.

105








nraw;ghL 7.2.1 : “ nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiyfs;.nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiyfs;.nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiyfs;.nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiyfs;.nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiyfs;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiyfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• rpiy epu;khzq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia Njbawpthu;.

• epu;khzj;Jf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j Clfq;fisAk; El;g KiwfisAk;

tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiyfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiyfis kjpj;J eag;ghu;.


• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiy epu;khzq;fspd; epow;glq;fs;.

- fy; tpfhiug; Gj;ju; rpiyfs;

- nghw;Fs; tpfhiur; rpiy




gbKiw 7.2.2.1gbKiw 7.2.2.1gbKiw 7.2.2.1gbKiw 7.2.2.1gbKiw 7.2.2.1• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J rpiy epu;khzq;fspd; epow;glq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;

fsJ ftdj;ij <u;f;f.

• fy; tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfspdJk;> nghj;Fy; tpfhiu rpiyfspdJk; fiyg;ghzp>

ghuk;gupak; vd;git gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

• fy; tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfs;> nghj;Fy; tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis

Nrfupf;f khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.





(50 epkplq;fs;)

106

gbKiw 7.2.2.3gbKiw 7.2.2.3gbKiw 7.2.2.3gbKiw 7.2.2.3gbKiw 7.2.2.3• vOkhwhf khztu; rpyuJ tpilfis kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.


(15 epkplq;fs;)




• fy;tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfspdJk; nghj;Fy; tpfhiug; Gj;ju; rpiyfspdJk;

jfty;fis Njbawpjy;.

• fy;tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfspYk;> nghj;Fy; tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfspYk; fhzg;gLk;

mbg;gil ,ay;Gfisj; Njbawpjy;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J Gj;ju; rpyifisAk; nghj;Fy; tpfhiu rpiyfisAk;

epu;khzpf;f mbg;gilahf mike;j Clfq;fisAk; El;g KiwfisAk;

tpgupj;Jf; $wy;.

• fy;tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfspdJk;> nghj;Fy; tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfspdJk;

fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis kjpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 7.2.2.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fy;tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfspdJk; nghj;Fy; tpfhiu

Gj;ju; rpiyfspdJk; epow;glq;fis ftdkhf mtjhdpAq;fs;.


• fPNo cs;s ml;ltizia gpujpnra;J g+u;j;jp nra;f.

(1) tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpAld; Gj;ju; rpiyfis ,dq;fhzy;.

Gj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiy fhyk ;fhyk ;fhyk ;fhyk ;fhyk ; mDruiz mDruiz mDruiz mDruiz mDruiz ghuk;gupak; ghuk;gupak; ghuk;gupak; ghuk;gupak; ghuk;gupak;/ Clfk; Clfk; Clfk; Clfk; Clfk; El;gKiw El;gKiw El;gKiw El;gKiw El;gKiw

E}w;whz;LE}w ;whz;LE}w ;whz;LE}w ;whz;LE}w ;whz;L toq;fpatu; toq;fpatu; toq;fpatu; toq;fpatu; toq;fpatu; fiyg;ghzpfiyg;ghzpfiyg;ghzpfiyg;ghzpfiyg;ghzp

rkhjp

Gj;ju;rpiy

tpj;jpahju

Fifg;

Gj;ju;rpiy

epd;wepiy

Gj;ju;rpiy

Japy;epiy

Gj;ju;rpiy

107

(2) xt;nthU rpiyapdJk; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;.

Gj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiyGj;ju; rpiy Kj;j piuAk;Kj;j piuAk;Kj;j piuAk;Kj;j piuAk;Kj;j piuAk; MrdKk ;MrdKk ;MrdKk ;MrdKk ;MrdKk ; cr ;r pf ;cr ;r pf ;cr ;r pf ;cr ;r pf ;cr ;r pf ; fhtp fhtp fhtp fhtp fhtp jiyg;jiyg;jiyg;jiyg;jiyg; Vida Vida Vida Vida Vidanka;e piyAk;nka;e piyAk;nka;e piyAk;nka;e piyAk;nka;e piyAk; KiwAk;KiwAk;KiwAk;KiwAk;KiwAk; FLk pFLk pFLk pFLk pFLk p / cil cil cil cil cil gFjpg ;gFjpg ;gFjpg ;gFjpg ;gFjpg ; fiyj;Jtg; fiyj;Jtg; fiyj;Jtg; fiyj;Jtg; fiyj;Jtg;

jiyazpjiyazpjiyazpjiyazpjiyazp gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;gz;Gfs;

rkhjp

Gj;ju;rpiy

tpj;jpahju

Fifg;

Gj;ju;rpiy

epd;wepiy

Gj;ju;rpiy

Japy;epiy

Gj;ju;rpiy

(3) nghj;Fy; tpfhiu rpiy njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo; jfty;

fisj; jpul;Lf.

- fhyk; / Afk;

- Clfk;

- El;gKiwfs;

- fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs;

- cUt cgNahfpj;jYk;> RghtKk;

(nka;epiyg; gz;G> Mil> mzpfyd; Mfpait)

- czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,izg;G 7.2.2.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

nghyeWit fy;tpfhiug; Gj;ju; rpiyfs;

• fp.gp. 12k; E}w;whz;by; nghyeWitf; fhyj;jpy; kfh ghuhf;fpukghF kd;dd;fhyj;jpy; ,e;j tpfhiu mjhtJ cj;juhuhik epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• fUq;fy;ypy; ehd;F rpiyfs; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; fy;tpfhiu vdg;gl;lJ.

• fy;tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfs; Njuthj ngsj;j vz;zf;fUit tpl kfhahdngsj;j vz;zf;fUit vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf tpku;rfu;fs; $Wfpwhu;fs;.

• fy;tpfhiu Gj;ju; rpiyfspy; fhzg;gLk; nghJg; gz;Gfs;

- kfhahd fiyg; ghuk;gupa ,ay;Gfis nfhz;lJld; fUizj; Njhw;wj;ijtpl tPuf; Fzq;fisAk;> tPuj;jd;ikfisAk; nfhz;ljhff; fhl;LfpwJ.

- xU gf;fj;ij kiwf;Fk; clNyhL xl;ba fhtpAil rkhe;jukhf ,lg;gl;l,ul;ilf; NfhLfshy; mikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

- miuthrp %ba fz;fs;> ePz;l fhJfs;

- RUs; jiyKb nfhz;l cr;rpf; FLkpAk; fhl;lg;gly;.

108

mku;e;j epiyapypUf;Fk; ghupa rkhjp Gj;ju; rpiy

• fy;tpfhiu Gdpj g+kpf;Fs; tPuhrzj;jpy; mku;e;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ngupa

Gj;ju; rpiy ,JthFk;.

• Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhfpa ,J jpahd epiyia Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ.

• ,jd; Mrdj;jpy; t[pu FwpaPl;L myq;fhuq;fSk;> rpk;k cUtq;fSk; nghspag;gl;

Ls;sd. ,t;thrdk; t[puhrdk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

• Gj;ju; rpiyapd; jiyf;Fg; gpd;dhy; jhkiug; g+ myq;fhuq;fisf; nfhz;l

xspr; RlUld; myq;fhu Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

• ,q;Nf nrq;Fj;jhfTk; fpilahfTk; mike;j J}z;fSk;> rpwpa Gj;ju; rpiyfisf;

nfhz;l tpkhd myq;fhuq;fSk; cs;sd. fpilahf mike;j J}z;fspd;

me;jq;fspy; kfu thAk; rpk;k cUtKk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;.

• ,ay;ghf fy;ypd; kPJ xg;gkhfg; nghspag;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpiyapd; xU Gwj;ij

%ba fhtpAil ,ul;ilf; NfhLfSld; clYld; xl;bathW Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ePz;l fhJ> RUs; KbAld; cr;rpf;FLkp cs;sJ.

• gilg;ghsupd; gz;Gfs; kfhahd ngsj;jj;jpd; Mjpf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ

vd;W tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

109

tpj;jpahju Fif Gj;ju; rpiy

• Kjd;Kjyhf ,ay;ghd fy;iyf; File;J epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l kpfg; ngupa Fifahd

tpj;jpahju Fif ,yq;ifau;fspd; nrJf;fw; fiyapd; rpwe;j xU gilg;ghFk;.

• t[puf; FwpaPLfisAk;> rpk;k cUt nrJf;fy;fisAk; nfhz;l t[puhrdj;jpd;

kPJ Gj;j ngUkhd; tPuhrd Kiwapy;> jpahd epiyapy; mku;e;J ,Ug;gij

Fif kj;jpapy; fhzyhk;.

• mjpf Gilg;ghfg; nghspag;gl;Ls;s xU rpiyahFk;.

• Gj;ju; rpiyAld; gy;NtWgl;l cUtq;fs; fw;Rtupy; Gilg;G Kiwapy; xOq;

fpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• rpiyf;F gpd;dhy; Njhuzk; xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ. jiyf;F Nky; Fil tbtk;

xd;W cs;sJ. Nkw;gf;fkhf ,U Gwq;fspYk; ,U Njtu;fspd; cUtq;fs;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. fPo;gf;fkhf ,UGwj;jpYk; rhkuNke;jpa ,Utu; fhzg;gL

fpd;wdu;. Mrdj;jpd; gpw;Gwj;jpy; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; ,U rpq;f cUtq;fs;

cs;sd.

• Nkw;Gwkhf cs;s Njtu;fs; gpuk;khTk;> tp];ZTk; Mthu;fs;. rhkuNke;jpa

tbtq;fs; ~tpj;jpahjuu;fs;| vd;gJ tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

• $iu mikg;gpYk;> Rtu;fspYk; Njtu;fspd; cUtq;fs; mjpfk; ,Ue;jjhf

rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. ,e;jpu[hy Fifapy; rhf;fpa flTis Gj;ju; re;jpf;Fk;

epfo;T $iuapYk; Rtu;fspYk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ,ul;ilf; NfhLfshf fhtpAil nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhy;fs; tPuhrd KiwapYk;

iffs; jpahd KiwapYk; cs;sd.

• cau; Gilg;G El;g KiwAld; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l rpiy 4 mb 7 mq;Fyk;

cauKilaJ.

• EZf;fkhfg; nghspag;gl;Ls;s rpiyapd; xU gf;fj;ij khj;jpuk; kiwf;Fk;

fhtpAil> ,ul;ilf; NfhLfshy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ePz;l fhJfs;> RUs; Kb kPJ cr;rpf;FLkp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• rpiyapdhy; fhl;lg;gLk; gilg;ghf;f mk;rq;fs; %yk; kfhahd vz;zf;fUf;fis

ntspf;nfhzu Kaw;rp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ tpku;rfupd; fUj;jhFk;

110

epd;w epiy rpiy

• jhkiu gPlj;jpd; kPJ %tisTfSld; (jpuptq;f) epd;w epiyahf epu;khzpf;fg;

gl;l ,r;rpiy mjpGilg;Gr; rpiyahfg; nghspag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• xg;gkhf tbf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpiyapd; fhtpAilapd; kbg;Gfs; rkhe;jukhd

,ul;ilf;NfhLfshy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

• rpiyapd; iffs; neQ;rpd; kPJ FWf;fhf fl;lg;gl;l epiyapy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nguhrpupau; nrduj; guztpj;jhd mtu;fs;> ,r;rpiy ~gpwupd; Jf;fj;jpw;F Jf;fpj;jy;

jd;ik| ntspg;gLk; tifapy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;fpwhu;.

• Gj;jngUkhdpd; gupepu;thzj;ij (,wg;ig) ,l;L Ntjidg;gLk; ,J Mde;j

Njuupd; rpiy vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• ,r;rpiyapy; fhzg;gLk; Kj;jpiu gw;wp NtW fUj;Jk; epyTfpd;wJ.

• ePskhd fhJfs;> FLkp> rw;W RUz;l Kb> jhkiu kPJ tPw;wpUj;jy;

Mfpatw;iwf; fUjp ,r;rpiy Gj;ju; rpiy vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;

nja;tPf tbtq;fs; khj;jpuNk jhkiu kyu; kPJ fhl;lg;gLk;.

111

Japy;epiyg; Gj;ju; rpiy

• fy;tpfhiuapd; tyJGw Xuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,J Japy; epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;

Gj;ju; rpiy MFk;.

• ,r;rpiy Gj;j ngUkhdpd; gupepu;thz epiyiaf; fhl;Ltjhf rpyuhy; ek;gg;

gLfpwJ. ,Ue;jNghJk; ,J Gj;jngUkhdpd; Japy; epiy vd;gJ jw;Nghija

tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

• cau;thd fiyg;gz;Gld; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. RUl;il Kbiaf; nfhz;lJ.

rkhe;juf; NfhLfisf; nfhz;l miy tbt kbg;GfSld; fhtpAil epu;khzpf;

fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• jiy itj;Js;s jiyaizg;gFjp gjpe;J ,Ug;gJ Nghy; EZf;fkhd Kiwapy;

fhl;bAs;s tpjk; mw;GjkhdJ.

• ,f;fw;rpiy mjpGilg;Gr; rpiyahfg; nghspag;gl;Ls;sJ.

112

nghj;Fy; tpfhiur; rpiy

• nghyeWit guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuj;Jf;F mUfpy; cs;s nghj;Fy; tpfhiuf;FKd;dhy; ,f; fw;rpiy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;jpy; fp.gp. 11-12 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfisr; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• ed;whf tsu;e;j cly; fl;likg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJld;> xU fhiy Cd;wpkw;iwa fhiy ,Nyrhf itj;J %tisT Rghtj;jpy; Gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;clypd; re;jj;jd;ik ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

• vLg;ghd kdpjd; rpe;jid tag;gl;bUg;gNjhL fz;fis jkJ iffspy; Ve;jpAs;snghUspd; kPJ nrYj;jpAs;shu;.

• khu;gpd; ,U Gwq;fs; tiu ePz;L tsu;e;Js;s jhbAk;> ,U me;jq;fspYk;fPo;Nehf;fp tise;Js;s kPirAk; ,r;rpiyf;F rhe;jj; jd;ikia toq;FtNjhLngUkpjj; jd;ikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.

• Ntl;b Nghd;w Xu; cilapdhy; clypd; fPo;g;gFjp moFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.,Lg;Gg;gl;b ,Lg;gpy; ,Wf;fkhf mike;Js;sikahy; tapW Kd;js;sg;gl;Lf;fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• ,r;rpiy nghyeWitf; fhyr; rpw;gf; fiyapd; cd;dj fiyg; gz;Gfisf;fhl;b epw;fpwJ.

nghj;Fy; tpfhiu rpiy njhlu;ghd fy;tpkhd;fspd; fUj;Jfs;:

• guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; rpiy vd;gJ• nghyeWitapy; tho;e;j FUSNfhkp vDk; QhdpAilaJ vd;gJ• fgpyu; vDk; up\pAilaJ vd;gJ• ifapy; jhq;fpAs;s nghUs; muirf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;gJ nrduj; guztpj;jhd

mtu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.• Gy];jp up\piaf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;gJ

113








nraw;ghL 7.2.3 : “ ,e;Jrka rpw;gq;fs;.,e;Jrka rpw;gq;fs;.,e;Jrka rpw;gq;fs;.,e;Jrka rpw;gq;fs;.,e;Jrka rpw;gq;fs;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia Muha;thu;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• epu;khzpg;GfSf;F Mjhukhf mike;j fiyg;ghzpf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs;> El;g

Kiwfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fspd; fiyg;gz;Gfis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J gbkq;fspd; Gifg;glq;fs;

- eluh[u; rpiy

- ghu;tjp rpiy

- tpehafu; rpiy

- fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;

- Re;ju %u;j;jp ehadhu;




gbKiw 7.2.3.1gbKiw 7.2.3.1gbKiw 7.2.3.1gbKiw 7.2.3.1gbKiw 7.2.3.1• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fs; gw;wp mwptjw;fhd tha;g;ig

Vw;gLj;Jf.

• nghyeWit fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fs; epu;khzpj;jy; njhlu;ghf mike;j

njhdpg;nghUs;> fiyg;ghzp> kuG gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

• nghyeWit fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupf;Fk;gb

khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.


mjidf; ftdkhf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;SkhW khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.



(50 epkplq;fs;)

114




(15 epkplq;fs;)




• nghyeWit fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fs; cUthd tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia

Muha;jy;.

• epu;khzpg;Gfspd; fiyg;ghzpf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs;> Clfk;> El;g Kiwfs; vd;gd

tw;iw tpgupj;jy;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fspd; fiyg;gz;Gfis ,urpj;J

eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 7.2.3.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fis ed;whf

Nehf;Ff.



(1) nghyeWitf; fhyj;J ,e;J rka rpw;gq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(2) ,f;fhyj;jpd; xt;nthU Mf;fq;fisg; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fpf; $Wf.

- fhyk;> E}w;whz;L

- fpilf;fg; ngw;w ,lk;

(3) epu;khzpj;j rpw;gq;fspd; fiyg;ghzpf;Fupa ,ay;GfSf;F mbg;gilahf

mike;j gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp tpgupf;f.

- kuG

- Clfk;

- El;gKiwfs;

- fiyg;gz;Gfs;

- cUtq;fspd; ,ay;G

(cly;> nka;epiy ,ay;G> Mil Mguzk; Mfpait)

- czu;T ntspg;ghL


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

115

,izg;G 7.2.3.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

eluh[u; rpiy

• ,e;J rkaj;jpw;Fupa rpiyfSs; xd;whd eluh[u; rpiy KOKjw; flTshd

rptdJ (<];tudJ) jhz;lt eld mikg;ig ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpwJ.

• nghyeWit 1k; rpt Myaj;jpy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w ,e;j eluh[u; rpiy nfhOk;G

mUk;nghUl;rhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;

Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ntz;fyj;ij Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jp jdpepiyr; rpw;gkhf cNyhfj;ij thu;j;J

kpfg; goik tha;e;j El;g Kiwiaf; nfhz;L epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l cd;djkhd

gilg;ghFk;.

• rkepiyj; jd;ik NgZk; tpjj;jpy; rpw;gf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fpzq;f jPr;Rlu;

tisaj;jpd; kj;jpapy; Ntfkhd eldj;jpy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; tpjj;ij caupa

fiyg;ghzpAld; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,r;rpiyapd; ghjq;fs; kw;Wk; iffshy; fhl;lg;gLk; Kj;jpiufSk; FwpaPLfSk;

tUkhW:

• ehd;F fuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. cLf;if (Nksk;) Ve;jpa Nky; tyf;fuk;

gpugQ;rj;jpd; gilg;igAk;> mf;fpdp Ve;jpa Nky; ,lf;fuk; mopj;jiyAk;

Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wd.

• J}f;fpa ,lJ if fhj;jiyAk;> g+kpia Nehf;fpapUf;Fk; tuj `];jKj;jpiuAld; $ba tyJ if mUsiyAk; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ.

• ePz;l Nfrj;jpDs; cs;s fq;fhNjtp (flw;fd;dp) cUtk; fq;if ejpiaf;Fwpf;fpwJ. jiy fpuPlj;jpy; mzpe;Js;s gpiwr; re;jpud;> fq;fhNjtp> ehfk;>kdpj kz;il XL vd;gd fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

116

• KOcUtKk;> jPr;Rthiy gug;Gk; tpy; tisnthd;wpDs; mike;Js;sJ. gj;khrdnkhd;wpd; kPJ mike;Js;sJ. gj;khrdnkhd;wpd; kPJ mike;Js;s ,izf;fg;gl;l kfu tha;fspd; %yk; ,t;tpy; tisT Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,sikAk; Jbg;Gk; fhl;Lk; ,r;rpiyapy; tyf;fhjpy; Mz; mzpAk; FioAk;,lf;fhjpy; ngz; mzpAk; NjhLk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. fOj;jpy; Mguzq;fs;mzpe;J ,Ug;gJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghu;tjp rpiy (rptfhkRe;jup rpiy)

• ,r;rpiy rptngUkhdpd; gj;jpdpahd ghu;tjp Njtpiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. gu;tjj;jpy;

(kiyapy;) gpwe;jjhy; ghu;tjp vdg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. rptngUkhdpd;

gj;jpdp (kidtp) Mdjhy; rptrf;jp> rptfhkRe;jup vDk; ngau;fshYk; Fwpg;gplg;

gLfpd;wd.

• nghyeWit 5 Mk; ,yf;f rptdhyaj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jw;NghJ

nghydWit E}jdrhiyapy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz;ikapd; espdk;

ntspg;gLk; tifapy; cau;thd rpw;gg; gz;GfSld; thu;f;fg;gl;l rpiyahFk;.

• fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;FupaJ. ,e;j ntz;fyg; gbkk;> ntz;fy Clfj;ijg;

gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;l thu;g;Gr; rpiyahFk;.

• tyJ if flf `y;j Kj;jpiuiaf; fhl;b epw;fpwJ. ,lJ if Nyhf `];j

Kj;jpiuAld; fPNo njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• jiyapy; ePz;l fpuPl (kFl) myq;fhuk;> cliy xl;ba Milfs;> myq;fhukhd

Mguzq;fs; rpiyapd; moif Nkk;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

• espdk;> nkd;ik> moF ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; jpupgq;f (%tisT) epiyapy;

mofhf mikf;fg;gl;l ,r;rpiy Nkd;ikahd xU gilg;ghff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

117

tpehafu; rpiy

• ,g;gbkk; fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jJ vdf; fUjg;gLk;. ,J xU

gps;isahu; rpiy MFk;. nghyeWit 5 Mk; ,yf;f ,e;J Myaj;jpy; fz;nlLf;

fg;gl;l Xu; ,e;Jrkar; rpiyahFk;.

• ntz;fy Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp thu;g;G Kiwapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l rpiyahFk;.

• rptngUkhdpdJk; ghu;tjp mk;khspdJk; %j;j kfNd tpehafu; Mthu; vdf;

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• ahid Kfj;ijAk; ngupa cjuj;ijAk; nfhz;l gps;isahu; Gj;jpf;Fk; vOj;J

mwpTf;Fk; mjpgjpahtJld; tpf;fpdq;fisg; Nghf;FgtuhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwhu;.

• ehd;F fuq;fis cilatu;. Nky; (gpd;gf;f) tyf; ifapy; NfhlupAk;> Nky;

(gpd;Gw) ,lf; ifapy; mupr;RtbAk;> Kd;gf;f tyf; ifapy; cile;j je;jKk;>

Kd;gf;f ,lf;ifapy; khq;fdp xd;iwAk; Ve;jp epw;gJ fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

• jhkiu kyupd; kj;jpapy; uh[hrdg;ghq;fpy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

118

fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu; (gbkk;)

• fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu; vdg;gLk; ,r;rpiy nghyeWitf; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j

,e;J rka rpiyfspy; xd;whFk;.

• nghyeWit ,y 5 Mk; rpthyaj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L jw;NghJ mEuhjGuk;

E}jdrhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• rptngUkhd; kPJ nfhz;l kpFe;j ,iwgf;jp fhuzkhf jkJ ,ay;ghd

Nguonfy;yhk; ePq;fp> vd;G tbtk; jUk;gb tuk; Nfl;L nkype;J vYk;Ge;

NjhYkhf khwpa xU ngz;izNa ,J Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ.

• nkype;j tpfhukhd clYld; mku;e;J iffspdhy; jhsj;ij ,irg;gJ

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,r;rpiy ,yq;ifapd; ,e;Jrkaf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fSs; rpwg;ghf fw;gid

ntspg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l xU gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; ,r;rpiy ntz;fyj;jpy;

thu;j;jy; El;g Kiwapy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

119

Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;

• ,e;j ntz;fyr; rpiy Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; vDk; rpt gf;jidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

• nghydWitf; fhyj;jpy; fp.gp. 11 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j xU ,e;Jrkar;

rpiyahFk;.

• nghydWit 5 Mk; rpthyaj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,J jw;NghJ nfhOk;G

mUk;nghUl;rhiyapy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,tu; irtrkaj;jpYs;s mWgj;jp %d;W Futu;fspy; xUtuhthu;. ,tu;

rptngUkhd; kPJ Njthuq;fis ,aw;wp Myak; Myakhfr; nrd;W mtw;iwg;

ghbAs;shu;.

• kq;fsfukhd t];jpuq;fs;> Mguzq;fs; mzpe;J kzths Nfhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,sik> vLg;ghd jd;ikAld; moFw mike;j jpupgq;f (%tisT) epiyapy;

cs;s gj;khrd gPlj;jpd; kPJ mike;j xU rpiyahFk;.

• kdpj clw; ghfq;fis jj;J&gkhf mq;f ,yl;rzq;fSld; ,aw;ifahf

Njhd;Wk; tpjj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l xU cNyhfr; rpiy vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• iffshy; flf ̀ ];j Kj;jpiu fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. gj;u gPlk; kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;l

tl;lkhd jhkiu kyu; kPJ %tisT epiyapy; cs;s xU epw;Fk; epiyr;

rpiyahf ,J tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ntq;fy Clfj;jhy; jpz;k thu;j;jy; El;g Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Uf;Fk;

,J ,e;J fiy epUkhzq;fspilNa tpNrlkhd fiy ,ay;Gfis ntspf;

fhl;Lk; epUkhzpg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

120








nraw;ghL 7.2.4 : “ nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzk;.nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzk;.nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzk;.nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzk;.nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia Muha;e;

jwpthu;.

• fl;;ll epu;khzj;jpd; fiyg;ghzpf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs; El;g Kiwfs; vd;gd

tw;iw tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Nrfupg;ghu;.

• nghyeWit fhyj;jpd; fl;ll epu;khzq;fspd; fiyg; gz;Gfis ,urpj;J

eag;ghu;.


• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fspd; Gifg;glq;fs;

- eprq;fyjh kz;lgk;

- nghyeWit tl;ljhNf

- rpthyak; - 1 Mk; ,y. Myak;

- 2 Mk; ,y. Myak;




gbKiw 7.2.4.1gbKiw 7.2.4.1gbKiw 7.2.4.1gbKiw 7.2.4.1gbKiw 7.2.4.1• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fs; gw;wp mwptjw;fhd tha;g;ig

Vw;gLj;Jf.

• nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fs; epu;khzpj;jy; njhlu;ghf mike;j

njhdpg;nghUs;> fiyg;ghzp> kuG gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

• nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupf;Fk;gb

khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.





(50 epkplq;fs;)

121



• xl;Lnkhj;jr; nraw;ghl;ilAk; kPl;lha;T nra;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)




• nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fs; cUthd tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia

Muha;jy;.

• epu;khzpg;Gfspd; fiyg;ghzpf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs;> Clfk;> El;g Kiwfs; vd;gd

tw;iw tpgupj;jy;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fspd; fiyg;gz;Gfis ,urpj;J eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 7.2.4.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghyeWit fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fis ed;whf

Nehf;Ff.



(1) nghyeWitf; fhyj;J fl;ll epu;khzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(2) nghyeWitf; fhyj;J tpNrl fl;ll epu;khzq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp

iar; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

- fhyk; / Afk;

- mDruiz

(3) mt;ntht;nthU epu;khzpg;Gg; gw;wpAk; fiyj;Jt kjpg;gPl;ilr; nra;f.

- Clfk;

- Mf;fg+u;tkhd jd;ik fiyj;Jt mk;rq;fs;


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

122

,izg;G 7.2.4.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

eprq;f yjh kz;lgk;

123

• ,yq;iff; fl;ll epu;khzj; Jiwapd; cd;dj gilg;ngdf; nfhs;sg;gLk; ,Jfp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L (fp.gp.1187-1196) fhyg; gFjpf;FupaJ.

• nghyeWitia Ml;rp nra;j eprq;fky;y vDk; murdhy; fl;Ltpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,k;kz;lgk; nrt;tf tbtKilaJ.

• mDuhjGu N[jtdhuhkaf;F mUfpy; cs;s epu;khzq;fSf;F xj;jjhf Rw;wptufw;fpuhjp Ntyp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,k;kz;lgj;jpd; kj;jpapy; ePu;Fkpop tbt rpwpa jhJNfhgk; xd;Wk; mjw;FEiotjw;fhf xU thapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jhJNfhgj;jpd; mbapy;> mku;e;Jtzq;Fk; kdpj cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• myq;fhuj; J}z;fNs ,f;fl;llj;jpd; rpwg;ghd epu;khzq;fshfpd;wd. xU fw;W}z;7 mb cauKilaJ.

• ,j;J}z;fs; mJtiuapy; fhzg;gl;lthwhf nrq;Fj;jhf my;yhky; ,aw;ifapYs;s tbtq;fisf; nfhz;L yaj;Jld; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• jhkiuj; jhtuj;jpd; gz;Gfisr; re;jj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jp ,j;J}z;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

• J}z;fspd; cr;rp ghjp kyu;e;j jhkiu kyupd; Rghtj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

• ,yq;if fl;ll epu;khzj; Jiwapd; cd;dj gilg;ghff; nfhs;sg;gLk; ,Jeprq;fky;y murd; ju;k Nghjidia nrtpkLf;fTk;> Gdpj je;jj;ij topglTk;>gpupj; nrtpkLf;fTk; vd rkaj; NjitfSf;fhf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ljhff; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

124

nghyeWt tl;ljhNf

• nghyeWit jyjh kz;lgj;Jf;F Eioe;jJk; ,lg;Gwj;jpy; tl;ljhNf vDk;tl;ltbt jhJ kz;lgj;ijf; fhzyhk;.

• jyjh kz;lgj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljw;fpzq;f> nghyeWittl;ljhNf eprq;fky;y murDila epu;khzpg;ghff; nfhs;sg;gLtNjhL>guhf;fpukghF kd;ddJ epu;khzpg;ghf ,Uf;fyhk; vdTk; Cfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ntapy; kio vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngw J}gpia Rw;wp mikf;fg;gl;ltl;ljhNf> irj;jpafu J}gfu> tl;ljhJnfa vdTk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,J rpwpa mstpyhd J}gpfSf;fhf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

125

• tl;ljhNff;F Eioifapy; 1tJ Kw;wg; gFjpia mLj;Js;s 2k; Kw;wg;

gFjpapd; kj;jpapy; jhJNfhgk; xd;Ws;sJ. 1k; Kw;wg; gFjpf;F Eioa xU

thapy; kl;LNk cs;sJ. 2k; Kw;wg; gFjpf;F Eioa 4 thapy;fs; cs;sd.

,it fhtw;fy;> re;jputl;lf;fy;> ifgpbr;Rtu; kw;Wk; myq;fhu gbtupirfs;

nfhz;ljhf Jthu kz;lgk; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• nghyeWit fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l fiyg; gilg;ghd re;jputl;lf;

fy;iyAk;> ehfuh[ cUtKila fhtw;fy;iyAk; gpujhd Kw;wg; gFjpf;F

EioAk; tl;ljhNfapd; tlf;F thapypy; fhzyhk;. gbtupirfspd; nrq;Fj;jhd

gug;Gfspy; myq;fhukhd Fs;s cUtq;fs; (thkd) nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• Nky;khbapy; ed;F ,jo;fs; nfhz;l myq;fhu gpdukyu; Ntiyg;ghLfSld;

$ba fy;Ntyp xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• jhJNfhgj;jpd; ehw;wpirapy;> ehw;wpiria Nehf;fpa tz;zKs;s jpahd

epiyapy; cs;s ehd;F Gj;ju; rpiyfisf; fhzyhk;.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;J Gj;ju; rpiyfspilNa rpwe;j epUkhzq;fshd ,itfspy;

fhtpAil RUf;fkpd;wpAk; jiyKb RUs;tbtkpd;wpAk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

126

1 Mk; rpt Myak;

• 13 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fl;lg;gl;l Xu; ,e;J Myakhff; fUjg;gl;l ,t;thyak;njd;dpe;jpa fl;ll epu;khz ghzpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Ma;thsupd;fUj;jhFk;.

• ,e;Jf; fl;llf;fiy ,ay;Gfshd kz;lgk;> fu;g;gf;fpufk;> cs;kz;lgk; Nghd;wtw;iw ,J nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• fw;fis rPuhf ntl;b> xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;JkhW ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sik,jd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;. fw;fis ,izg;gjw;fhf rhe;J gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

• Rtu; ntspj;js;spa tpjj;jpy; fUq;fy;iy nrJf;fp epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;mtw;wpy; ntspj;js;spa gFjpfisAk;> ntspj;js;spa mikg;gpy; J}z;fisAk;tpkhdq;fisAk; fhzyhk;. J}z; jiyfspy; jhkiu kyu; mikg;igAk;nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• rpfuk; nrq;fw;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ vd;gij ,d;W kPjpahf cs;s fhuzq;fs;%yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

• rptd; topghl;bd; nghUl;L epUkhzpf;fg;gl;l ntq;fyr; rpiyfs; gy ,e;jrpthyaj;jpypUe;J fpilj;Js;sd.

127

2 Mk; rpt Myak;

• nghyeWitapy; fhzf;$ba 2k; rpthyak; 10 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nrhou;

fhyj;jpy; fl;Ltpf;fg;gl;lJ vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• nghyeWitf; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j kpfg; gioa Myak; ,JthFk;.

,t;thyak; ~thdtd; khNjtp <RuKilahu;| vd miof;fg;gl;ljhf fy;ntl;L

fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uh[ uh[ Nrhodpd; gl;lj;J uhzpia epidT

$Utjw;fhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

• tbtikf;fg;gl;l mbj;jsj;ijf; nfhz;l mjp];lhdk; kPJ fl;lg;gl;l

,t;thyaj;jpd; ntspr;Rtu;fs; xd;wpize;j J}z;fshy; Mdit.

• mjd; KfL 3 mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ. $iu vz;Nfhz tbtKilaJ.

mj;J}z;fSf;F Nkyhf gpukpl;L Nghd;w $iu cs;sJ.

• njd; ,e;jpar; Nrhou;fspd; fl;ll epu;khzg; ghzpapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;Jf;

fl;llf;fiy ,ay;Gfshd kz;lgk;> fu;g;gf;fpufk;> cs;kz;lgk; Nghd;wtw;iw

,J nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,t;thyaj;jpd; fu;g;gf;fpufj;Js; fy;yhyhd rptypq;fk;

itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

• ,t;thyaj;jpypUe;J eluh[u; rpiy> ghu;tjp rpiy vd;gdTk; NkYk; gy

,e;J rpiyfSk; fz;nlf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• fw;fshy; rPuhf ntl;b> xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;JkhW ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sik

,jd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;. fw;fis ,izg;gjw;fhf rhe;J gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

128





Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.3 : fz;b fhyj;J jho; gpuNjrg; ghuk;gupa rpj;jpuq;fisf;fz;b fhyj;J jho; gpuNjrg; ghuk;gupa rpj;jpuq;fisf;fz;b fhyj;J jho; gpuNjrg; ghuk;gupa rpj;jpuq;fisf;fz;b fhyj;J jho; gpuNjrg; ghuk;gupa rpj;jpuq;fisf;fz;b fhyj;J jho; gpuNjrg; ghuk;gupa rpj;jpuq;fisf;


nraw;ghL 7.3.1 : “fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG topr;fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG topr;fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG topr;fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG topr;fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG topr;

rpj;jpuq;fs;.rpj;jpuq;fs;.rpj;jpuq;fs;.rpj;jpuq;fs;.rpj;jpuq;fs;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J rpj;jpuf; fiy epu;khzq;fspd; tuyhw;W gpd;dzpia

Muha;e;jwpthu;.

• fiyg;ghzpAld; Mf;fg+u;tkhf epu;khzpf;f cjtpa Clfk;> El;gKiwfs;

vd;gdtw;iw tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuGtop tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs; gw;wpa

jfty;fis Nrfupg;ghu;.

• epu;khzpg;Gfis ,urpj;J eag;ghu;.


• fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd; Gifg;glq;fs;

- fj;jSt tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs;

- fufk;gpl;ba tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs;




gbKiw 7.3.1.1gbKiw 7.3.1.1gbKiw 7.3.1.1gbKiw 7.3.1.1gbKiw 7.3.1.1• fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG top tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs; gw;wp

mwpa khztu;fisj; jahuhf;Ff.

• mt;Nthtpaq;fspd; njhdpg;nghUs;> fiyg;ghzp> Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wp khztu;

fsplk; tpdTf.

• fj;jSt tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs;> fufk;gpl;ba tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs;> epu;khzpg;Gfs;

gw;wp jfty;fis Nrfupf;Fk;gb khztu;fisg; gzpf;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.





(50 epkplq;fs;)

129




(15 epkplq;fs;)




• fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG top Xtpaq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzpia Muha;e;jwpjy;.

• fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho; epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG top tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd;

mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;.

• fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuG top tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd;

Clfk;> El;g Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.

• fj;jSt tpfhiu> fufk;gpl;ba tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd; fiyg; gz;Gfis ,urpj;J

eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 7.3.1.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l fufk;gpl;ba tpfhiu> fj;jSt tpfhiu Xtpaq;fis ed;whf

Nehf;Ff.

• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ijf; ftdkhf thrpf;f.


(1) fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J kuGtop tpfhiu Rtu; Xtpaq;

fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(2) fj;jSt tpfhiu> fufk;gpl;ba tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia

RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

- fhyk; / Afk;

- mDruiz

- fiyQu;

(3) fj;jSt tpfhiu> fufk;gpl;ba tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

gw;wp fiyAzu;Tld; kjpg;gpLf.

- fUg;nghUs; (tplag;nghUs;)

- fiyg;ghzp

- El;gKiwfs;

- fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; - jsj;jpy; cUtq;fisg; gpuNahfpj;jy;

- tu;z cgNahfk;


- fUj;J ntspg;ghL


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

130

,izg;G 7.3.1.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

• fz;bf; fhyj;J jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;J rpj;jpuf; fiyg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l

RtNuhtpaq;fis ehl;bd; Nkw;F> njw;F fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzyhk;.

• fp.gp. 16k; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju;> Mq;fpNyau;fspd;

tUifapd; fhuzkhf fz;bf; fhyj;J rpj;jpuf; fiyg;ghzpapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;L

mit Nkw;fj;Njaupd; fyhrhug; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gl;ld.

• 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; jho;epyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gpugy;akhf gutyile;j

,t;Nthtpag;ghzp ntspehl;ltu;fspd; nry;thf;ifAk; r%fg; gpd;dzpapd;

jhf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gl;ld.

• jho;epyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs; cyu;e;j rhe;jpd; kPJ Xtpaq;fs;

tiuAk; El;g Kiwiaf; nfhz;L tiuag; gl;Ls;sd.

• gpujhdkhf ngsj;j rka epfo;TfSk; ngsj;j [hjff; fijfSNk tplag;

nghUs;fshf cs;sd.

jho;ehl;Lg; gpuNjrj;J tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghJg; gz;Gfs:;

- epiufshf tiue;jpUe;jy;> njhlu;r;rpahd fij ntspg;gLjy;> xU gf;fj;Jf;F

jpUk;gpa cUtq;fs;.

- cUtq;fis Rw;wp nkd;ikahd ,Nuiffshy; epiwitf; fhl;bapUj;jy;.

- xl;L nkhj;j rpj;jpuj;jpDs; msTj; jpl;lk; ftdpf;fg;glhik.

- J}ujuprd ,ay;GfisAk; Kg;gupkhz ,ay;GfisAk; fhl;l Kw;gl;bUj;jy;.

- gpd;dzpia myq;fupg;gjw;fhf gytpj myq;fhu tbtq;fis cgNahfpj;jpUj;jy;.

- Mil mzpfyd;fis myq;fhukhf> tpsf;fg+u;tkhf fhl;bapUj;jy;.

- INuhg;gpa ghzpapy; mike;j fl;ll epu;khzk;> jsghlq;fs;> Milmzpfs;

fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy;.

- kQ;rs;> ePyk;> eiu gr;ir> rptg;G> fWg;G> nts;is Nghd;w tu;zq;fis

nky;ypa> fLk; epwk; nfhz;ljhf cgNahfpj;jy;> Kg;gupkhz ,ay;G ntspg;gLj;jy;.

- gpd;dzpf;Fg; nghJthf rptg;G tu;zj;ij tpl rhk;gy;> fWg;G> fLk; ePyk;

Nghd;w tu;zq;fis cgNahfpj;jpUj;jy;.

fj;jSt tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs;

• njd;khfhzj;jpd; fhyp efUf;F mz;kpj;Js;s fj;jSt tpfhiuapd; RtNuhtp

aq;fs; 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpf; fhyg; gFjpiar; (fp.gp. 1886) Nru;e;jjhff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• fnlhy;fy;Ny “kfh rpj;juh” (rpwpa rpj;juh) Tk; nghl;l rpj;juhTk; fj;jSt

tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs; tiue;j fiyQu;fs; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• jho;ehl;Lg; gpuNjrj;J RtNuhtpaq;fs; kPJ INuhg;gpa nry;thf;Fk; rkfhy

r%fg; gpd;dzpapd; jhf;fKk; Vw;gl;l tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; Xtpaq;fshf

,it fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

131

• fj;jSt tpfhiuapd; Xtpaq;fspd; njhdpg;nghUshf mike;j tplaq;fisg;gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.- ngsj;j [hjff; fijfs; (nt];]e;ju> kfhRj;jNrhk> NjkPa> Rs;sgJk)- Gj;jngUkhd; fhyj;jpd; rkfhy r%f epfo;Tfs;

(kfhjd nry;te;jupd; fij> gl;lhrhuh fij> ee;jpa gf;jdpd; fij)

• mg;gilg;GfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf>- euff; fhl;rpfs;- ,Ugj;J ehd;F fhl;rp (#tprptptwza)- cl;$iu Xtpaq;fs;- Rtu;f;fj;jpd; fhl;rpfs; Nghd;witAk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

kfhjd nry;te;jupd; fij - ,irAk; fspg;Gk;

• fj;jOit tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fSs; xd;whFk;. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; kfhjdnry;te;jupd; ,y;yj;jpy; eilngw;w Mly;> ghly; fhl;rp rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fiyQu;fs; INuhg;gpa Kiwapy; Milazpe;J INuhg;gpa ,irf;fUtpfis,irg;gJ fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gpd;dzpapy; cs;s fl;llk; INuhg;gpa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• Milmzpfs;> ,irf;fUtpfs;> fl;ll epu;khzq;fs;> jsghlq;fs; vd;gd mf;fhyf;fiyQu; fz;l INuhg;gpa nghUl;fSf;F mike;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• njhlu;r;rpahf fij $Wk; Kiwapy; tiuag;gl;l Xtpaj;jpd; xU gFjp ,jpy;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• jsj;ij KOtJk; gad;gLj;jp ,t;Nthtpak; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• NfhLfisAk; js tbtq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp rpf;fyhd Kiwapy; ntspepug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• kQ;rs;> fWg;G> nts;is> ePyk;> rptg;G> gr;ir> fgpyepwk; Nghd;w tu;zq;fisAk;>mtw;wpd; NtWghLfisAk; cgNahfpj;J Xtpaq;fs; tu;zk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• kQ;rs;> fWg;G> fgpyepwk; Nghd;w tu;zq;fis cgNahfpj;J gpd;dzpia tu;zk;jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• cUtq;fis Rw;wp fWg;G epwj;jpy; NfhLfs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

132

• tu;zq;fis nkd;ikahd Kiwapy; cgNahfpj;J Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• xl;Lnkhj;j Xtpaj;jpy; capNuhl;lkhd jd;ik ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• tu;zq;fs; jl;ilahftd;wp tu;zj; jlq;fs; (Patches) ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Rj;jNrhk [hjff; fij - muz;kidapy; khju;fs;

• fj;jOit tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fSs; xd;whFk;. gpuk;kjj;j murdpd; muz;kidg;ngz;fs; ,Utu; mstshTk; fhl;rp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU ngz; murpf;F rhkiutprpWtijf; fhzyhk;.

• njhlu;r;rpj;jpu Kiwapy; tiuag;gl;l rpj;jpuj;jpy; tbtq;fs; tpiwg;Gg; ghq;fhdjd;ikapy; gf;fg;ghlhf tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• myq;fhu kyu;fshYk; ,NuiffspdhYk; ngz;fspd; Mil mzpfs; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpNrlkhf INuhg;gpa tpsf;F vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• fl;ll epu;khzk;> tPl;Lj; jsghlk; vd;git INuhg;gpa ghzpapy; mike;jjhff;fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• kQ;rs;> fWg;G> nts;is> ePyk;> rptg;G> gr;ir> fgpy epwk; tu;zq;fis tu;zNgjq;fis cgNahfpj;J tu;zk; jPl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

• cUtq;fisr; Rw;wp fWg;G epwf;NfhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit Xtpaj;jpd;tpupthd jd;ikfisf; fhl;bAs;sd.

• gpd;dzpahf fWg;G epwk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;> gpd;dzp ntspia epug;Gtjw;fhfgy;NtW myq;fupg;G tbtikg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ ,e;j xspg;glj;jpd;rpwg;Gg; gz;ghFk;.

133

fufk;gpl;ba RNghjhuhka tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs;

• Nky; khfhzj;jpy; njfptis efUf;F mz;ikapy; mike;j fufk;gpl;bamjhtJ RNghjhuhka vd;W miof;fg;gLk; tpfhiuapy; jho; ehl;L tpfhiuXtpag; gz;Gfis nfhz;l Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.

• ,J nghydWitf; fhy 1k; guhf;fpukghFtpdJk; fz;bf; fhy uh[hjpuh[rpq;fmurd; (1795) fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupaJ.

• ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fs; 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpia (fp.gp. 1897)Nru;e;j Xtpaq;fshfpd;wd.

• fufk;gpl;ba tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fspy; ngsj;j [hjff; fijfs;> Gj;jupd;tho;f;if mk;rq;fs;> eufNyhff; fhl;rpfs;> #tprp tptuza> Rtu;f;fNyhff;fhl;rp Mfpad cs;sd.

• fufk;gpl;ba Xtpaq;fSf;Fupa tpNrl gz;Gfs;:

- ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fisf; fhl;l Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;l tu;zq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;.

- Kfpy;fs;> ePu; vd;gd fhl;l “,d;bNfh” (fUePyk;) cgNahfpj;jpUe;jNjhL ePyk;>nts;is> fWg;G tu;zq;fs; fye;J Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

- fLk; rptg;G> fLk; gr;ir> fWg;G> fgpy epwk; Nghd;w tu;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

- Njitf;Nfw;wthW mtw;wpd; tu;z Ngjq;fis cgNahfpj;J Kg;gupkhzj;jd;ik ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J}z;Ljy; (khud; Gjy;tpau;)

• fufk;gpl;ba tpfhiur; RtNuhtpaq;fSs; xd;whFk;. Gj;ju;epiy miltijj;jLf;Fk; tifapy; J}z;Ltjw;fhf te;j khudpd; Gjy;tpauhd Nguhir> fhjy;>fhkk; MfpaNahiu ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.

134

• khud; kfs;khu; ,irf;fUtpfis ,irf;Fk; fspahl;lf; fhl;rp fhz;gpf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• kq;ifau;fs; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Milazpfs;> ,irf;fUtpfs;> INuhg;gpa nry;thf;

ifj; jOtpajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it 19 Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; r%fr; #oiyf;

fhl;Lfpd;wd.

• jho;ehl;L rpj;jpuf; fiyapd; nghJg; gz;Gfshd myq;fhuk; tpupthd tpguk;

Mfpa gz;Gfis ,tw;wpYk; fhzyhk;.

• njhlu; fij xd;wpd; xU gFjp ,q;Nf rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jsj;ij KOtJk;

cgNahfpj;J Xtpak; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. ePy epwg; gpd;dzpia ,tw;Wf;F

cgNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ikiaf; fhl;l EZf;fkhd tu;z Ngjq;fs; cgNahfpf;fg;

gl;Ls;sd. kQ;rs;> fWg;G> nts;is> ePyk;> rptg;G> gr;ir> fgpyepwk; Nghd;w

tu;z Ngjq;fis cgNahfpj;J tu;zk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. EZf;fkhf tu;zg;

gad;ghL %yk; Kg;gupkhz ,ay;igf; fhl;l Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• cUtq;fisr; Rw;wp fWg;G epwf;NfhL fhzg;gLtNjhL mjw;fhf ePy tu;zk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik ,jd; rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.

rpj;jhu;j;jupd; gpwg;G

• ,r;rpj;jpuj;jpy; Yk;kpd; ehfypq;fg; g+q;fhtpy; rpj;jhu;j;jupd; gpwg;igr; rpj;jupf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• fij Kiwapy; rpj;jhu;j;jUila tho;f;if epfo;tpd; xU re;ju;g;gk;.

• njhlu; rpj;jpu kugpy; tiuag;gl;l ,jpy; kfhkhahNjtp Nrtfpg; ngz;Zld;

ehfypq;f kuj;jpd; mz;ikapy; tUk; jd;ikAk;> Njtp kuf;fpisiag; gpbj;

jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; jd;ikAk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

135

• kuq;fs; ,uz;Lf;F ,ilNa gpbf;fg;gl;l jpiuapdhy; mtuJ clypd; fPo;g;gFjp

kiwf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gJld; gpwe;j Foe;ij Njtu;fshy; tuNtw;fg;gLfpwJ.

• jho;ehl;L gpuNjr tpfhiur; rpj;jpuf;fiyapd; nghJg; gz;ghd myq;fupg;G

tpsf;fkhf rpj;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• mofhd kyu; myq;fhuj;ijf; nfhz;l Mil mzpfyd; kfhkhahNjtpia

kiwj;Js;s jpiuj;JzpAk; kyu;fSld; $ba ehfypq;f kuk; ,uz;Lk;

,t;thf;fj;jpy; fhzf;$ba tpNrl ,ay;GfshFk;.

• rpj;jpuj;jpw;F kQ;rs;> fWg;G> rptg;G> nrk;kQ;rs;> ePyk;> nts;is tu;zq;fs;

gad;gLj;jp cs;sJld;> gpd;dzpf;F ePyk;> fWg;G tu;zk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• tu;zj;ij jl;ilahfg; gad;gLj;jp ,Ug;gpDk; rpy ,lq;fspy; EZf;fkhf

Kg;gupkhz ,ay;G ntspg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

• cUtj;ij Rw;wpAk;> myq;fhuf; Nfhyj;ij rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;Jjd; nghUl;Lk;>

,Nuif gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

136

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : tuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jpu rpw;gtuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jpu rpw;gtuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jpu rpw;gtuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jpu rpw;gtuyhw;W uPjpahd cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L rpj;jpu rpw;g

nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu ;khzf; fiyfspd;nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu ;khzf; fiyfspd;nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu ;khzf; fiyfspd;nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu ;khzf; fiyfspd;nrJf;fy; kw;Wk; fl;ll epu ;khzf; fiyfspd;



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.4 : ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;g nrJf;fy;,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;g nrJf;fy;,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;g nrJf;fy;,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;g nrJf;fy;,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;g nrJf;fy;

Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 7.4.1 : “ nksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa fiynksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa fiynksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa fiynksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa fiynksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa fiy

epu;khzq;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.epu;khzq;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.epu;khzq;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.epu;khzq;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.epu;khzq;fis kjpg;gpLNthk;.”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• nksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa rpwg;ghd fiy epu;khzq;fis

Muha;e;J fw;ghu;.

• rhQ;rpj; Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• rhQ;rpj;J}gp> Njhuz epu;khzpg;Gfspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.

• fiy epu;khzpg;gpd; Clfk;> El;g Kiw vd;gdtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

• rhQ;rpj; J}gpapdJk; Njhuz epu;khzpg;GfspdJk; fiyg; gz;Gfis ,urpj;J

eag;ghu;.


• nksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa rpwg;ghd fiy epu;khzq;fspd;

Gifg;glq;fs;

- rhQ;rpj;J}gp

- rhQ;rpj; Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfs;

- [j;jd;j [hjf

- Gj;ju; ngUkhd; rq;f];rGuj;jpw;F tUif juy;.




gbKiw 7.4.1.1gbKiw 7.4.1.1gbKiw 7.4.1.1gbKiw 7.4.1.1gbKiw 7.4.1.1• nksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa fiy epu;khzq;fis khztu;

fSf;F fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• me;epu;khzq;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.



• khztu;fis nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.

(50 epkplq;fs;)

137


• khztu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f tha;g;gspf;f.

• fz;lwpe;jit gw;wpa fUj;Jfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpf.

• nksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa fiy epu;khzq;fs; gw;wpa

tplaq;fis kPsha;T nra;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)




• nksu;a fhyj;Jf;Fk; Rq;fu; fhyj;Jf;Fk; cupa fiy epu;khzq;fis Njbawpjy;.

• rhQ;rp Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• rhQ;rpj; J}gpapdJk; Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfspdJk; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia

Muha;jy;.

• epu;khzj;Jf;fhd Clfk;> El;gKiw vd;gdtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.

• rhQ;rpj; J}gpapdJk; Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfspdJk; fiyg;gz;Gfis ,urpj;J

eaj;jy;.

,izg;G 7.4.1.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l rhQ;rpj; J}gpapdJk; Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfspdJk; fiy

epu;khzq;fis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.


rhQ;rpj; J}gpapdJk;> Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfspdJk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;f.


(1) rhQ;rpj; J}gpapdJk;> Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfspdJk; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia

RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

- fhyk; / Afk;

- fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;

- fpilj;j mDruiz

(2) rhQ;rpj; J}gpapd; fl;ll epu;khz khjpupg; gz;Gfis tiue;J tpsf;Ff.

- xOq;fpizg;Gg; gz;Gfs; (ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk;)

- Mf;fg+u;tkhd kw;Wk; fiyj;Jt tplaq;fs; mk;rq;fs;

(3) rhQ;rpj; Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mt;ntht;nthU epu;khzpg;ig

Ak; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo; kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gLj;Jf.

- tplag;nghUs; (fUg;nghUs;)- Clfk;- El;gKiwfs;- fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfs;

- jsj;jpd; kPJ cUtq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;- cUtq;fspd; jd;ik

(nka;epiy> ruPug;gz;G> Mil> mzpfyd; Mfpait)- FwpaPLfis cgNahfpj;jy;- czu;T ntspg;ghL


nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

138

,izg;G 7.4.1.2:

thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

rhQ;rpj;J}gp

• mNrhf kd;ddhy; fl;lg;gl;l ,e;jpa fl;ll epu;khzj;jpd; cd;djkhd gilg;ghFk;.

• ghuj ehl;bd; kj;jpapy; fiyj;Jtkhd mofhd kiynahd;wpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhQ;rpj; J}gpAk; mjd; Rw;Wg;GwKk; fiyf;$lkhf jpfo;fpd;wJ.

• rhQ;rp kfh J}gpiaj; jtpu NtW ,uz;L irj;jpaq;fs; fhzg;gl;lNghJk;kfhJ}gpNa rpwg;ghd epu;khzkhFk;.

• ,J 120 mb tpl;lKk; 54 mb cauKk; nfhz;lJ.

• ,J ePu;Fkpop; tbtKilaJ.epykl;lj;jpypUe;J 16 mb cauj;jpy; irj;jpaj;ijr; Rw;wp tyk; tUtjw;fhd mikg;G ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J ~Nkjpa| vdg;gLfpwJ.mijr; Rw;wp fy;Ntyp fhzg;gLfpwJ. tyk; tUk; gFjpia miltjw;F,uz;L gb tupirfs; cs;sd.

• ~Nkjpa|apd; kPJ mz;lk; (fu;ga) mike;jpUf;fpwJ. J}gpapd; cr;rpg; gFjpapy;fy;Ntypiaf; nfhz;l rJuf; Nfhl;lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J ~fu;kpfh| vdg;gLfpwJ.

• ~fu;kpfh| tpd; kj;jpapy; $u;ikahd fw;W}z; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J ~a+ga| my;yJ~a\;ba| vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

• a+gatpd; cr;rpapy; tl;l tbtkhd jl;ilahd 3 fw; jfLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.,it fPNo ,Ue;J Nky;Nehf;fp cUr;rpWj;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it Fil(rj;jpu) vd miof;fg;gLk;.

gbtupir

rhQ;rpj;J}gpapd; gpujhd mq;fq;fs;

fpilg;glk;

[];upa

Fil

ju;krf;fuk;

fu;kpfhtNjhuzk; rpq;fj;J}z;

fUg;gf;fpufk;Nky; tyk; tUk; ghij ~Nkjpa|

fw;W}z; Ntyp

139

rhQ;rp Njhuzk;

• rhQ;rpj; J}gpapd; ehw;Gwj;jpy; mike;j Njhuzq;fs; ,e;jpa fiy epu;khzq;fspd;

rpwg;ghd gilg;GfshFk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• rhjthfd fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• rhQ;rp Njhuzq;fs; ehd;Fk; mikg;igg; nghWj;jkl;by; xNu tbtikg;igf;

nfhz;lit.

• cr;rpapy; tpyq;FUtq;fisf; nfhz;l rJu tbtKila ,U J}z;fs; cs;sd.

mjd; Nkw;gFjpapy; fpilahfTk; rkhe;jukhfTk; 3 fw;ghsq;fs; cs;sd. ,f;

fw;ghsq;fs; cl;gf;fkhf RUz;l tbtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J fiyj;Jtkhf

Xiyr;Rtb tbtpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it %d;Wk; 3 rpWfw;J}z;fshy;

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• xt;nthU nrq;Fj;jhd J}z;fspYk; fpilahd fw;ghsq;fspYk; myq;fhu

tbtpyhd rpw;gq;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpujhdkhd nrq;Fj;Jj; J}z;

cr;rpapy; ahid cUtq;fs;> thkd cUtq;fs; rpq;f cUtq;fs; nfhz;ljhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fpilahf cs;s Kjy; fw;ghsj;Jf;Fk; nrq;Fj;Jj; J}Zf;Fk;

,ilapy; Xukhf ~rhygQ;rpfh| vDk; ngz;zpd; cUtk; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

• Njhuzj;jpd; NkNy ,Uf;Fk; fpilahd fw;ghsj;jpd; kPJ jpup#yk;> kdpj

cUtq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;FUtq;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• rhQ;rp Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfspd; fUg;nghUs;fs;:

(1) [hjff; fijfs;:-ccccc+k;:k;:k;:k;:k;: rj;je;j[hjf> nt];]e;jpu> kfhfgp [hjf

(2) Gj;j ngUkhdpd; tho;f;if epfo;Tfs;:-ccccc+k;:k;:k;:k;:k;: Qhdk; ngwy;> fgpy t];JTf;F tUif juy;.

(3) rpj;jhu;jupd; tho;f;if epfo;Tfs;:-ccccc+k;:k;:k;:k;:k;: Nfrk; fisjy;> ,y;ywj;ijj; Jwj;jy;.

(4) tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;:-ccccc+k;:k;:k; :k; :k; : mNrhf kd;dd; = kfhNghjpia tzq;Fjy;> Gdpj rpd;dq;fSf;

fhd fyfk;.

rhQ;rp Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:

- nrq;Fj;jhf mike;j fy; J}z;fspy; cs;s nrJf;fy;fs; gyfq;fSf;Fs; epu;khzpf;

fg;gl;Ls;sJld; fpilahf cs;s fw;ghsq;fspy; njhlu;r;rpahd fij cUthFk;

tpjj;jpy; nrJf;fy;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

- ,r; nrJf;fy;fs; kpfTk; EZf;fkhd Kiwap;y; rpW Gilg;G El;g Kiwapy;

epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

- cUtk; ,d;ndhU cUtj;ij kiwj;J ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mit epu;khzpf;fg;

gl;Ls;sd.

- kdpj cUtq;fs;> tpyq;F jhtu cUtq;fs; vd;gd nfhz;L jsk; KOtJk;

,ilntspapd;wp ,r; nrJf;fy;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

- fiyg;ghzpAld; $ba kdpj cUtq;fSk; ,aw;ifj; jd;ikAld; $ba tpyq;

FUtq;fSk; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

- tpyq;Ffspd; nka;epiyfs;> gz;Gfs;> mirTfs; jj;J&gkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

- rhQ;rp Njhuz Ntiyg;ghLfis epu;khzpj;j fiyQd; Gj;jngUkhidAk;>

rpj;jhu;j;j FkhuidAk; fhl;Ltjw;fhf murkuk;> Fil> J}gp> ju;k rf;fuk;> ghjr; RtL

Nghd;w FwpaPLfis cgNahfpj;Js;shu;.

140

rhQ;rp NjhuzKk; mjd; gFjpfSk;

jpup#yk; cs;s jl;L rpq;f cUtk;

fpilahd fw;ghsq;fspd;me;jq;fs; gidNahiyNghd;W RUl;lg;gl;Ls;stpjk;

ahid cUtq;fSk;rhygQ;rpf;fh cU

epiyf;Fj;jhdfw;W}z;fs;

fpilahd fw;ghsq;fs;

141

[j;jd;j [hjfk; (tlf;Fj; Njhuzk;> cl;Gwk;)

• [f;jd;j [hjff; fijr; nrJf;fy; rhQ;rp Njhuzj;jpd; kpfr; rpwe;j xU fiyMf;fkhFk;.

• me;j [hjff; fijapd; nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfSs; ~[jjd;j| [hjfr; nrJf;fy;Ntiy rpwg;ghdJ. mJ gy rhQ;rp Njhuzq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• tlf;Fj; Njhuzj;jpd; xU nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghNl ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,J Njhuzj;jpd; cl;Gwj;Nj kpf cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s fpilahd fw;ghsq;fshFk;.

• fpilf; fw;jfl;bd; kPJ njhlu;fij Kiwapy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• [j;jd;j [hjff; fijapy; My kuj;jbapy; ,Uf;fpd;w ahidfis rpj;jupf;Fk;fhl;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ahidfs; ahTk; ,aw;if tbtpy; cs;sJld;> ahidfspd;nka;epiy> mtw;wpd; ,ay;G> rydk;. jhj;tPfj; jd;ikapy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• xd;wpw; xd;W kiwe;J fhzg;gLk; ahid tbtq;fs; jsk; KOJk; gutp,Uf;Fk; tifapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• kpfr; rpwpa ,lq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ahidfs; nrJf;fypy; EZf;fkhfTk;> nkd;ikahfTk; g+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;Lcs;s jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;.

[j;jd;j[hjfk;

<

[j;jd;j [hjfk; - mz;kpj;j Njhw;wk;

142

Gj;j ngUkhd rq;f];]Guj;jpw;F tUif juy;

(tlf;Fj; Njhwzj;jpd; Kd;gf;fk;)

• ,r; nrJf;fy; tlf;Fj; Njhuzj;jpy; cs;sJ.

• Gj;j ngUkhd; rq;f];]Guj;jpw;F tUif jUtijr; rpj;jupf;Fk; ,r; nrJf;fypy;>

Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; tbtj;jpw;F gjpyhf murkuj;ij FwpaPlhf fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjd;gb Vzpapd; NkNyAk;> fPNoAk; murkuk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,q;F fhzg;gLk; kdpj tbtq;fs; fiyg;ghzpAld; ,aw;if mikg;gpy;

nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• cUtj;Jf;F cUtk; kiwe;Js;s jd;ikapy;> jsk; KOJk; xOq;fikf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

• kpfr;rpwpa ,lj;ijf; $lg; gad;gLj;jp tbtq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ahidj;je;j nrJf;fy;fspy; fhzf;$ba El;gkhfTk;> nkd;ikahfTk; g+uzg;ghl;il

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• rpWGilg;G rpw;g Kiwapy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

143



jdpj ;Jtq ;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw ;w pd ; fiyg ;jdpj ;Jtq ;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw ;w pd ; fiyg ;jdpj ;Jtq ;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw ;w pd ; fiyg ;jdpj ;Jtq ;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw ;w pd ; fiyg ;jdpj ;Jtq ;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw ;w pd ; fiyg ;

gz;Gfis gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;gz;Gfis gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;gz;Gfis gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;gz;Gfis gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;gz;Gfis gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.4 : ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;gq;fSf;F,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;gq;fSf;F,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;gq;fSf;F,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;gq;fSf;F,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; rpj;jpu> rpw;gq;fSf;F

Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.Ntiy> fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fisf; fw;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 7.4.2 : “ Fg;jfhyj;Jf; fiy epu;khzq;fs;Fg;jfhyj;Jf; fiy epu;khzq;fs;Fg;jfhyj;Jf; fiy epu;khzq;fs;Fg;jfhyj;Jf; fiy epu;khzq;fs;Fg;jfhyj;Jf; fiy epu;khzq;fs;”

ghlNtis : 2

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• Fg;j fhyj;J fiy epu;khzq;fis Muha;e;J fw;ghu;.

• Fg;j fhyj;Jf;Fupa Xtpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• Fg;j fhyj;Jf;Fupa fiy epu;khzq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia Muha;e;J

fw;ghu;.

• epu;khzj;Jf;F cgNahfpj;j Clfk;> El;g Kiwfs; vd;gdtw;iw tpsq;fpf;

$Wthu;.

• Fg;j fhyj;J epu;khzq;fspd; fiyg; gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLthu;.


• Fg;j fhyj;Jf;F cupa fiy Mf;fq;fspd; tu;zg; Gifg;glq;fs;

- rhuheu; Gj;ju; rpiy

- m[e;jh Xtpak;

- gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; tbtk;

- Gj;ju; ngUkhd; fpk;Gs;tj; Guj;jpw;F tUif juy;.




gbKiw 7.4.2.1gbKiw 7.4.2.1gbKiw 7.4.2.1gbKiw 7.4.2.1gbKiw 7.4.2.1• Fg;j fhyj;Jf;Fupa fiy Mf;fq;fs; gw;wp mwptjw;F Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jf.

• me;epu;khzq;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

• Fg;j fhyj;Jf;Fupa epu;khzq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupf;Fk;gb khztu;fisg;

gzpf;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


toq;Ff.



• thrpg;Gg; gbtj;jpd; JizAld; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f khztu;fSf;F

cjTf.

(50 epkplq;fs;)

gbKiw 7.4.2.3gbKiw 7.4.2.3gbKiw 7.4.2.3gbKiw 7.4.2.3gbKiw 7.4.2.3• vOkhwhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l khztu;fsJ tpilfis kjpg;gPL nra;f.

• xl;L nkhj;j ghlj;ij kPsha;T nra;f.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

144




• Fg;j fhyj;Jf;Fupa fiygilg;Gf;fspd; njhdpg;nghUSk; epu;khzq;fisAk;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• Fg;j fhyj;Jf;Fupa fiygilg;Gf;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia Muha;e;jwpjy;.

• Clfk;> El;g Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• Fg;j fhyj;Jf;Fupa fiygilg;Gf;fspd; fiyr; rpwg;gpay;Gfis kjpg;gply;.

,izg;G 7.4.2.1:


• fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l Fg;ju; fhy epu;khzpg;Gf;fis ed;whf Nehf;Ff.


• rhuhehj; Gj;ju; rpiy kw;Wk; m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;gpay;Gfis

,dq;fhz;f.


(1) Fg;j fhyj;Jf;Fupa rhuhehj; Gj;ju; rpiy> m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzpia RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(2) rhuhehj; Gj;ju; rpiyiag; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; topNa kjpg;gpLf.

- fhyk;> Afk;

- fhzg;gLk; ,lk;

- fiyg;ghzp / kuG

- El;g Kiw

- fiyg;gz;Gfs;

- cUt / jsg; gad;ghLk; Nru;khdKk;

- czu;T ntspg;ghL

(3) m[e;jh Xtpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mt;ntht;nthd;iwg; gw;wpAk; gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fis Kd;itj;J RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff

- fhyk;> Afk;

- fhzg;gLk; ,lk;

- fiyg;ghzp / kuG

- El;gKiw

- fiyg;gz;Gfs;

- jsj;jpd; kPJ cUtq;fis tiue;j tpjk;

- tu;z cgNahfk;

- ,Nuiffisf; ifahz;l Kiw

- czu;T ntspg;ghL


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145

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• Fg;ju; fhyg; gilg;Gf;fSs; xd;whfpa ,g;Gj;ju;rpiy rhuhehj; FUFyj;ijr;Nru;e;j rpwg;ghd xU gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• rhuhehj; Gj;ju; rpiy ~#dhu;| vdg;gLk; xU tiff; fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gj;khrd Kiwapy; mku;e;j epiyapy; cs;s ,r;rpiy iffspy; ju;k rf;fuKj;jpiuiaf; fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.

• thuzhrpapy; ,rpg;gj;jd> kpfjha vDkplj;jpy; Gj;ju; ngUkhd; Ie;J NgUf;FKjyhtJ juk; Nghjidia elj;Jk; re;ju;g;gj;ij ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJMa;thsupd; fUj;jhFk;.

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• rpiyapd; jiyapd; gpd;Gwj;Nj mofpa xsptl;lKk;> mjpy; EZf;fkhfr;nrJf;fg;gl;l nghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fSk;> g+q;nfhb myq;fhuq;fSk;> xsptl;lj;jpd;,U Gwq;fspYk; ,U Njtij cUtq;fSk; cs;sd.

• xsptl;lj;Jf;Ff; fPNo rpiyapd; ,U Gwq;fspYk;> kfuk;> Fjpiu cUtq;fisf;nfhz;l mofpa nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghnlhd;W cs;sJ.

• FLkp> RUl;il Kb> ghjp jpwe;j fz;fs;> ePz;l fhJr;Nrhizfs;> rhe;jKfk;> ngUq;fUiz Mfpa ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;l NguhSik ,ay;ig ntspf;fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.

• ,uz;L Njhs;fisAk; %bAs;s fhtpAil> clYld; xl;ba jd;ikiaf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. nky;ypa NfhLfs; rpytw;wpd; %yk; fhtpAil ntspg;gLj;jpf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• rhuhehj; mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhuhehj;Gj;ju; rpiy ,e;jpa rpw;gf; fiyapd; mupa gilg;Gf;fSs; xd;whFk;.

146

m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs;

• ,e;jpahtpy; tlNkw;fpy;> kfhu\;l;ug; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Ijuhghj;jpy; tNfhuh

Mw;W vy;iyapy; gupapyhl tbtKs;s caukhd xU Fd;wpy; m[e;jhf;

Fifj; njhlu; mike;Js;sJ.

• m[e;jh Fiffs; 29 cs;sd. Fifg; gilg;Gf;fs; mf;fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j

gilg;Gf;fs; my;yntd;gJk; mit fp.K. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 7

Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jit vd;gJk; Ma;thsu;fspd;

fUj;jhFk;.

• fl;llf; fiyj;Jiwf;F mika> m[e;jh Fiffis ,uz;L gFjpfshf

tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

(1) irj;jpa kz;lgq;fs;

(2) Mr;rpuk kz;lgq;fs;

• ,f;FiffspDs;NsNa RtNuhtpaq;fs; ngupJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

147

mg;ruh cUtq;fs;

• Gj;jupd; rupij> [hjff; fijfs;> tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs; Nghd;witNa m[e;jhXtpaq;fspd; tplag; nghUs;fshf mike;Js;sd.

• ,y. 17 Fifapy; fhzg;gLk; “mg;ruh” tbtk; m[e;jh rpj;jpuq;fspilNakpfr; rpwe;j rpj;jpukhFk;.

• ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; rPfpup mg;ruh cUtq;fis xj;j jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lJvd;gJ Ma;thsupd; fUj;jhFk;.

• rpfpupah Xtpaq;fs; Nghd;w ePz;l fz;fs;> Gd;rpupg;G> fhjzp> fOj;jzp Nghd;witmg;ruh cUtq;fspd; moif Nkk;gLj;jpAs;sd.

• ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; cyu; rhe;jpd; kPJ gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh nlk;guh El;gKiwapy;epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• fsp> rhzk;> ckp> itf;Nfhy;> tpyq;Ffspd; jbj;j cNuhkq;fs;> gprpd; Nghd;wtw;iwr; Nru;j;J miuj;Jj; jahupj;j rhe;ij nkOFtjd; %yk; Rtu;g;gug;Gjahu;g;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;du; mjd; kPJ ntz;zpwf; fsp (kf;FYf;fsp)iaf;fiuj;Jg; g+rp cyutpl;L> mjd; Nkw;gug;gpd; kPNj Xtpak; tiutJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fiyg;ghzpr; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:

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- kdpj cUtq;fs;> tpyq;F cUtq;fisg; gilf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpd; jd;ik>mirT> msTj;jpl;lk;> capNuhl;lkhd jd;ik Mfpad ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.

- njhlu;r;rpahd fij $wy; Kiwapy; Muk;gk;> kj;jp> ,Wjp vd fij Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

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- Fiftpjhdk;> g+q;nfhb Ntiyg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ahid cUtq;fs;> kdpj cUtq;fs;>gwit cUtq;fspd; Nru;khdj;jpyhd gilg;ghf;ff; Nfhy myq;fupg;Gf;fs; %yk;moFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

- fUk;kz; epwj;jpdhy; Nfhl;Lg; glkhf tiue;J gpd;du; epwe;jPl;lg;gl;bUj;jy;.

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- fUg;nghUis Kidg;GWj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf ,Uz;l epwq;fSk; gp;ufhrkhd

epwq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

148

gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; cUtk;

• m[e;jh Xtpaq;fSs; 1 Mk; ,yf;ff; Fifapy; fhzg;gLk; gj;kghzp Nghjp

rj;Jtu; cUtNk kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,q;F rpj;jhu;j;j FkhuDld; ,lJ Gwj;Nj aNrhjuh NjtpAk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd

vd;gJ Ma;thsupd; fUj;jhFk;. cUtpy; cs;s VidNahu; thdpy; tPiz

,irf;Fk; nja;tq;fshFk; vdj; njupfpd;wJ. kuq;fspd; NkNy rpy Fuq;FfSk;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

• kdpj cUtj;ij tpl ngupajhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Nghjprj;Jtu; cU %tisT

(jpuptq;f) tbtj;ijf; nfhz;lJ.

• Gd;dif GupAk; Kfk;> Mo;e;j czu;T ntspg;ghL> Md;kPfg; gz;Gfs;> ,sik

Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; ,g;gilg;gpdhy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,q;F Nghjprj;Jtu; tyJ ifapy; ePNyhw;gy kynuhd;W jhq;fpAs;sNjhL>

mofpa Milazpfs; mzpe;Js;sjhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fOj;jzp> iftisay;fs;> EZf;fkhd nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfshy; myq;fupf;

fg;gl;Ls;s ePsg;ghlhd fpuPlk; (jiyazp) Nghd;w mzpfyd;fs; rpwg;ghdit.

• gpujhd cUtkhfpa gj;kghzp cUtk; gpufhrkhd kQ;rs; epwj;jpdhy; ntspg;

gLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> Vida ghj;jpuq;fs;> tbtq;fSk;> ,Uz;l epwg;

gpd;dzpapy; ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Fg;ju; fiyj;Jtg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.

149

Gj;ju; ngUkhd; fpk;Gs;tj;Guj;Jf;F tUif juy;

• fpk;Gs;tj;Guj;jpy; Gj;ju; ngUkhd; czT ,ue;J nry;tijf; fhl;Lk; Xtpak;

17 Mk; m[e;jh Fifapy; cs;sJ.

• jhkiu kyupd; kPJ ,Uf;Fk; Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; jiyf;F Nky; Mytl;lk;

jhq;fpapUf;Fk; nja;tnkhd;W fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• khspifapy; ,Ue;jthW aNrhjuhNjtp> uhFy FkhuDf;F> mtdJ je;ijia

mwpKfk; nra;Ak; tpjk; ,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; cUtk; ngupajhfTk;> Vida cUtq;fs; rpwpaitahfTk;

fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jyhdJ> Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; Nkd;ikiaf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd xU

Kaw;rpahFk;.

• J}uNehf;F njhlu;ghd tpNrl ftdQ; nrYj;jp> ,e;j Xtpak; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ

vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• Fg;ju; fiyg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.

150

2015 njhlf;fk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mrpupa topfhl;bg; gpiojpUj;jk;(juk; 10 Mrpupa topfhl;bapd; 61 Mk; gf;fj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;f.)

gf;fk; tup gpio jpUj;jk;

20-21 5.2.1 nraw;ghl;Lj; jiyg;gpw;F

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nfhs;f.

fhzyhk;. fhzg;gl;l

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57 15 gpu];Nfh rpNfh gpu];Nfh GtNdh

gpu];Nfh rpNfh gpu];Nfh GtNdh

gpu];Nfh rpNfh gpu];Nfh GtNdh

61 ,e;j gf;f 61 ,yf;fk;

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Gj;jfj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;f.

74 19 jhkiu gpiukyu;

75 1 jhkiu gpiukyu;

80 23 fiyQu; ePf;Ff.

88 21 [hjff; fij ePf;Ff.

101 9 ku Clfk; ePf;Ff.

107 5 fhyj;Jf;Fupa ePf;Ff. “nfydp];jpf; (Helanistic)

fhyj;jpw;F cupanjdf; nfhs;sg;

gLk;.” cs;slf;fpf; nfhs;f.

107 16 mz;bNrhg; mnyf;rhd;nlh]; (Alexandros)

gpd;tUk; ml;ltizf;Nfw;g nraw;ghLfis %d;W jtizfshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

1 jtiz 2 jtiz 3 jtiz

nraw;ghl;L ,yf;fk; nraw;ghl;L ,yf;fk; nraw;ghl;L ,yf;fk;

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151

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kNlhdh mjhtJ fd;dp kupahisAk; ,NaR ghyfidAk; rpj;jupf;Fk;

gilg;Gf;fshFk;.

• kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy Vida fiyQu;fspd; kNlhdh Xtpag;gilg;Gf;fistpl

wghaypdhy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;l kNlhdh Xtpaq;fs; rpwg;ghd gilg;Gfshff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

• ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; vz;nza; tu;z Clfj;ijf; nfhz;L fd;t]; Jzpapy;

tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

• Kf;Nfhz khjpupnahd;wpd; kPJ> czu;T ntspghl;Lld; cUtq;fs; rpj;jupf;

fg;gl;Ls;sik ,e;j Xtpaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfSs; xd;whFk;.

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• J}uf;fhl;rp ,ay;GfSldhd jiuj;Njhw;wf; fhl;rpapy; jhtuq;fs;> kyu;fisf; nfhz;l fpuhkpag; gpd;dzpapy; rhjhuzkhd xU ngz; Nghd;Wrpj;jupf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; rpwg;ghFk;.

• md;id kupahisg; g+upj;j clYlDk;> nkd;ikAk; ,uf;fKk; jJk;Gk;Kfj;JlDk; czu;Tfisf; fhl;Lk; tifapYk; rpj;jupf;f fiyQu;Kaw;rpj;Js;shu;.

• kug;gyif kPJ vz;nza; th;zj;jpdhy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Xh; XtpakhFk;.• ,e;j Xtpak; jw;NghJ tpad;dh efhpy; fiy mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpaj;jpy;

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