7/31/2019 RSr Ch

1/15

7/31/2019 RSr Ch

2/15

_fphr Ch{wa *gfabhkw< Cva{wa" Nrhhd< Eh{wi{&" aeg ie wjh {ixwj ov wjh

Ch{wa{ {jar} oheg aw wjh pfbbanh i` Pbagfdipi *ei~ Pbagfda{ fe Nrhhkh&%

Kjhkj fekir}irawh{ wjh Oi|gan cixewafe kjafe" dei~e wi wjh bikab{ a{

Bfohe% Wjh rhnfie f{ gicfeawhg ov jfnjbaeg{ aeg jxc}oakdhg jfbb{"~jfkj }rioaobv akkixew `ir wjh each Kjhkj" `ric khk ir jav{wakd

fe Wxrdf{j *Fpaeip 1660< 1?&%

Kjhkj ja{ w~i {xorhnfie{" eachg a`whr wjh h}ievcix{ wi~e{ i`

Graca *ei~ fe Nrhhkh& aeg Ehpridi} *ei~ Niw{h Ghbkjhp fe Oxbnarfa&%

Wjh bikab }i}xbawfie f{ cafebv Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc" ~fwj Kjrf{wfae Oxbnar#

fae aeg Wxrdf{j cfeirfwfh{% Wi~arg{ wjh heg i` wjh Iwwicae Hc}frh"

wjh rhnfie ~ie {}hkffik {hb`#niphrechew {wawx{ dei~e a{ wjh _h}xobfk i`

Wxcrad *Oixrkjfhr 166?< ;8& ir wjh _h}xobfk i` Nxcxbglfea *Nrhhd

Jhb{fedf Ciefwir" Wjh ]icad{ ;&% Fw ~a{ rxbhg ov wjh ghrhohv{" Ja{{ae

Ana aeg jf{ {ie Ajchg Ana%

A`whr wjh gf{fewhnrawfie i` wjh Iwwicae Hc}frh" a barnh }arw i` wjh

Cx{bfc }i}xbawfie hcfnrawhg wi }rh{hew#gav Wxrdhv" aeg a {cabbhr }arw

wi pfbbanh{ fe Oxbnarfa ie wjh oirghr ~fwj Nrhhkh4 a excohr i` pfbbanh{

~hrh oxrehg gi~e aeg gh{hrwhg gxrfen wjh Oabdae ^ar{ aeg ^irbg ^ar

F% Wigav wjh iebv riag bfedfen wjh w~i }arw{ i` Kjhkj f{ {wfbb xeghr kie#

{wrxkwfie *?===& aeg" ie wjh ~jibh" bikab fe`ra{wrxkwxrh f{ fe a phrv oag

kiegfwfie%

Gxh wi wjh Nrhhd axwjirfwfh{ oae ie rh{harkj ie wjh [bap#{}hadfen

}i}xbawfie" wjf{ {wxgv kiphr{ cafebv wjh }i}xbawfie i` Ehpridi}

Kjhkj%

?% Wjhirfh{ aoixw wjh baenxanh i` wjh ]icad{< kicchewarfh{" aeabv{h{

aeg eawfieab {wrawhnfh{

Wjh qxh{wfie i` wjh baenxanh i` Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc{ *]icad{& f{ gf{kx{{hgfe wjh kiewhzw i` cfeirfwv rfnjw{ ir jf{wirfkab aeg kxbwxrab#hwjeinra}jfk

{wxgfh{ *Die{waewfeip 16664 ]ixbwie 166>4 _afkjhp{df 166:" hwk%&% Wjhfr

kiekbx{fie{ japh {hrphg wi lx{wf`v a{{fcfbawirv aeg orxwab }ibfkfh{ wi~arg{

Cx{bfc{ ov wjh rh{}hkwfph Nrhhd ir Oxbnarfae niphrechew{" wjh x{h i` rh#

bfnfie a{ ae fe{wrxchew i` a{{fcfbawfie ov wjh Wxrdf{j axwjirfwfh{ ir gh#

phbi}chew i` ae fewhrchgfawh *axwieicix{& {wanh fe ]icad fghewfwv `ir

wjh }xr}i{h i` {xo{hqxhew a{{fcfbawfie% Wjh }xr}i{h i` wjh eawfieabf{w

{wawh{ f{ wi akjfhph jicinhef|awfie a{ a }rhrhqxf{fwh `ir wjhfr fewhreab {wa#

ofbfwv aeg fewhnrfwv%Fe fw{ rh}irw Wjh ]icad{ wjh Nrhhd Jhb{fedf Ciefwir }rh{hew{ gf`#

1;? _% [rhoraeip

7/31/2019 RSr Ch

3/15

% % % ]icad{ arh wji{h ~ji{h ciwjhr wienxh f{ ]icadfda)]icadkf *each fe wjhfr

baenxanh&4 ci{w bfenxf{w{ kabb wjaw baenxanh ]icad aeg" {ichwfch{" Oxbnarfae%

Wjh ]icad baenxanh ohbien{ wi wjh bfenxf{wfk `acfbv i` wjh [ixwjhre [bapfk bae#

nxanh{" aeg" ~fwjfe wjhc" wi wjh bfenxf{wfk nrix} i` Oxbnari#Cakhgiefae% Wjhrhf{ ei fe`ircawfie ie ]icad gfabhkw{% Abwjixnj wjhrh f{ ei ~rfwwhe wragfwfie" wjh

a}}ri}rfawh ab}jaohw wi ~rfwh wjh baenxanh f{ wjh Kvrfbbfk% Fw f{ nhehrabbv ohbfhphg

wjaw ]icad f{ ieh i` wjh parfix{ Oxbnari#Cakhgiefae gfabhkw{ ~jfkj hzf{whg fe

wjh [ixwjhre Oabdae{ oh`irh wjh hchrnhekh i` cighre eawfie#{wawh{ aeg wjhfr kir#

rh{}iegfen bfwhrarv baenxanh{% *Nrhhd Jhb{fedf Ciefwir 166:&

Wjf{ hzkhr}w raf{h{ {hphrab qxh{wfie{%

?%1% ^jaw f{ wjh ]icad baenxanh9

F` ~h }rikhhg `ric wjh }hr{}hkwfph i` wjh }i}xbawfie fw{hb`" wjh bawwhr gh#

fieh wjf{ baenxanh ov eiwfen wjhfr gfhrhekh `ric Kjrf{wfae Oxbnarfae{ ov

rhbfnfie aeg ov a{{ikfawfen [waegarg Oxbnarfae ~fwj wjh kiccie bae#

nxanh i` Kjrf{wfae Oxbnarfae{ iebv" ~jhrha{ wjh `irchr{ gfabhkw{ gfhr

{fneffikaewbv `ric [waegarg Oxbnarfae% Fe iwjhr ~irg{" wjh }i}xbar i}fe#

fie ja{ ei {kfhewffik pabxh" {fekh fw fneirh{ wjh iwjhr gfabhkw{ aeg `afb{ wi

io{hrph wjaw wjh ]icad gfabhkw f{ a eawxrab hzwhe{fie aeg kic}iehew i`

wjh Oxbnarfae gfabhkw {v{whc aw abb bhphb{ i` bfenxf{wfk aeabv{f{ *Cfrkjhp

16;04 Fpaeip 16>>4 Dban{wag 168:4 Phbkjhpa aeg [kawwie 1668" hwk%&% Fw

f{ aeiwjhr cawwhr wjaw wjhrh f{ ei {fenbh baenxanh4 wjhrh arh {hphrab gfa#

bhkw{ ~jfkj" fe caev ka{h{" arh phrv gfhrhew `ric ieh aeiwjhr" h{}hkfabbv

kie{fghrfen" a{ wjh rh}irw eiwh{" wjaw wjhrh f{ ei ~rfwwhe wragfwfie eir fe#

{wfwxwfie{ wjaw fc}i{h a xefphr{abbv pabfg eirc%

Wjh Nrhhd axwjirfwfh{ arh ei~ wrvfen wi rhkwf`v wji{h icf{{fie{ ov

}xr{xfen wjhfr a{{fcfbawirv niab fe a nragxab ~av% A`whr wjh `afbxrh i` har#bfhr awwhc}w{ aw gfrhkw aeg orxwab a{{fcfbawfie ov fc}i{fen wjh wjhirv i`

wjh Wxrdf{j irfnfe aeg wjh wjhirv i` wjh Nrhhd irfnfe i` Oxbnarfae Cx{#

bfc{" wjhv japh ghkbarhg wjh hzf{whekh i` a ]icad hwjei{ ~fwj ae xe#

{}hkffihg hwjeibinfkab *aeg hphe hwjeinra}jfk" bfenxf{wfk" hwk%& fghewfwv%

Wjf{ hwjei{ ~fbb oh ha{fhr wi a{{fcfbawh ohkax{h i` fw{ pibawfbfwv aeg a{#

{hrwfie i` cazfcxc gf{wfekwfie `ric wjh Oxbnarfae *ie a bfenxf{wfk aeg

kxbwxrab#hwjeinra}jfk oa{f{& aeg `ric wjh Wxrdf{j *ie a rhbfnfix{#}ibfwfkab

oa{f{&% Wjh Nrhhd axwjirfwfh{ japh ohhe }arwfkxbarbv kie{f{whew fe wjf{ aw#

wfwxgh wi wjh Oxbnarfae fghewfwv hphr {fekh wjhv {hw `iiw ie wjf{ whrrfwirv"i}hefen Wxrdf{j#baenxanh {kjiib{ aeg }xobf{jfen a Wxrdf{j#baenxanh

Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc{ `ric wjh Kjhkj rhnfie 1;;

7/31/2019 RSr Ch

4/15

gfkwfiearv aeg a nraccar i` wjh ]icad baenxanh fe 1660 *Oabdae

Ehfnjoir{ 166:< ;4 _afkjhp{df 166:< 1>7&" ~jfkj f{ waewacixew wi ae

awwhc}w aw {waegargf|fen a baenxanh oa{hg ie a gfabhkw% Vhw fe wjf{ ka{h"

a{ fe wjh }xobfkawfie" ov wjh Nrhhd axwjirfwfh{ anafe" i` wjh Aohkhgar}rfchr *oa{hg ie wjh Bhrfe gfabhkw& fe 16?8 aeg i` a [bap#Cakhgiefae

nraccar aeg whzwoiid{ *oa{hg ie wjh Bhrfe#Di{wxr gfabhkw& fe 168;7&%

Wjh Kiccxef{w Fewhreawfieab aeg fw{ awwhc}w{ fe wjh rhkhew }a{w wi

krhawh `ric wjh Oxbnarfae hwjei{ a Cakhgiefae eawfie *ov fephewfen ae

ab}jaohw wjaw f{ a{ gf{wfekw `ric wjh Oxbnarfae a{ }i{{fobh&" aeg wjh {x}#

}i{hg Wjrakfae" Giorixgla aeg [ji}}h eawfie{ *eiw ~fwjixw wjh akwfph

kii}hrawfie i` wjh [hrofae axwjirfwfh{& japh iopfix{bv {hrphg a{ a ribh

cighb `ir wjh Nrhhd axwjirfwfh{% Fe wjh fephewfie i` a eh~ baenxanh wi#

gav" }rfirfwv f{ nfphe wi cazfcxc gf{waekfen `ric wjh gfabhkw wjaw {hrph{

a{ a oa{f{ `ir wjh rhbawhg {waegarg baenxanh" wi wjh parfhwv i` iwjhr rhbawhg

oxw gvfen gfabhkw{" aeg" fe }arwfkxbar" wi wjh eie#{kfhewffik *}xrhbv }ibfwf#

kab& kjarakwhr i` {xkj a baenxanh%

?%?% ^ji arh wjh ]icad{9

]icad f{ kbafchg wi oh ieh i` wjh Oxbnari#Cakhgiefae gfabhkw{ wjaw hz#

f{whg oh`irh wjh hchrnhekh i` wjh _h}xobfk i` Oxbnarfa aeg wjh _h}xobfk

i` Cakhgiefa% A{{ikfawfen a }xrhbv {kfhewffik qxh{wfie ~fwj a }ibfwfkab akw

f{" aw oh{w" fc}ri}hr" h{}hkfabbv kie{fghrfen wjaw wjh fewhreawfieab oirghr{

arh }ibfwfkab aeg gi eiw iphrba} ~fwj wjh hwjefk oirghr{% Fw f{ eiwaobh wjawwjh hchrnhekh i` w~i gf{wfekw gfabhkw{ *rh{}hkwfphbv" baenxanh& {v{whc{ ki#

fekfghg ~fwj wjh hchrnhekh i` a ghfiefwh wv}h i` }ibfwfkab {v{whc *eiw i` a

{wawh" fe Oxbnarfa{ ka{h& aeg }{hxgi#{wawh *fe Cakhgiefa{ ka{h" ~fwjfe

wjh `irchr Vxni{bapfa&% Oh{fgh{" wjf{ ikkxrrhg pfrwxabbv iphrefnjw" wjaw

f{" ieh baenxanh aeg ieh gfabhkw {v{whc ieh gav aeg w~i gfhrhew bae#

nxanh{ aeg gfabhkw {v{whc{ wjh gav a`whr% Fw f{ iopfix{ wjaw wjf{ nbiwwiw#

icv ~a{ }ibfwfkab rawjhr wjae {kfhewffik% Baenxanh a{ a gf{wfekwfph `ha#

wxrh i` hwjefk fghewfwv f{ ae fc}irwaew hbhchew fe wjh bawwhr{ bhnfwfcakv

oh`irh iwjhr }hi}bh{% Wjaw f{ ~jv wjh arwffikfab krhawfie i` a Cakhgiefaehwjei{ aeg {wawh rhqxfrhg wjh kirrh{}iegfen fephewfie i` a Cakhgiefae

1;7 _% [rhoraeip

7/31/2019 RSr Ch

5/15

Fe jf{ Wjh ]hrkh}wfie i` Cx{bfc{ fe Nrhhkh aeg Oxbnarfa< ohw~hhe wjh

[hb` aeg wjh Iwjhr Xb` Orxeeoaxhr *?==1& hzacfeh{ wjh qxh{wfie i`

wjh ]icad{ ie a }ibfwfkab#kxbwxribinfkab }baeh" wjaw f{" ie wjh }baeh i`

wjh abwhreawfen fghewffikawfie i` wjf{ }i}xbawfie ov wjh rh{}hkwfph nip#hrechew }ibfkv a{ ieh i` x{ aeg a{ wjh iwjhr% Wjh }a}hr eiwh{ wjh

eh~ Nrhhd }i{fwfie wjaw Nrhhd ]icad{ gfhr `ric Oxbnarfae ]icad{

ov a excohr i` }jv{fibinfkab `hawxrh{" fw {xnnh{w{ wjaw wjf{ }i}xbawfie oh

{}bfw ohw~hhe Nrhhkh aeg Oxbnarfa" a{ a rh{xbw i` ~jfkj ehfwjhr i` wjh

w~i kixewrfh{ ~ixbg japh aev kbafc{ wi fw< ae fgha wjaw f{ }ibfwfkab fe

kjarakwhr" oxw bakd{ {kfhewffik aeg jxcaeh lx{wffikawfie% Fe wjh {ach

}a}hr" wjh axwjir kfwh{ wjh Nrhhd wjh{f{ ie wjh baenxanh i` ]icad{ a{

a cfzwxrh i` [bap aeg Nrhhd" {fekh fw{ pikaoxbarv aoixeg{ fe Nrhhd

~irg{ aeg fgfic{% Vhw wjh Nrhhd pikaoxbarv kaeeiw oh kbafchg wi oh

fewrfe{fk wi wjf{ baenxanh oxw f{" rawjhr" a rh{xbw i` kiewakw ohw~hhe

baenxanh{ *rh{}hkwfphbv gfabhkw{& fe wjh [ixwjhre Oabdae{ *baenxanh f{

ae i}he gveacfk {v{whc ~jfkj abbi~{ feeipawfie{ wi a khrwafe hzwhew&

h{}hkfabbv kie{fghrfen wjaw wjhrh arh aoixw a gi|he Nrhhd ~irg{ iebv

fe khrwafe _jigi}f gfabhkw{ *wi {av eiwjfen i` wjh gfabhkw i` Biphkj

]icad{&%

@ir Nrhhd bfenxf{w{" ]icad f{ a ghrfpawfph i` wjh Aekfhew Nrhhd

~irg ]icaz" grfedhr" aeg wjh {veievcix{ Ajrvaef f{ a ghrfpawfph

i` wjh aekfhew Wjrakfae wrfoh Anrfaeif *Nrhhd Jhb{fedf Ciefwir" Wjh

]icad{ ?&% Wjh ]icad{ arh wjx{ fghewffihg a{ oiwj Wjrakfae{ aeg

Nrhhd{" ~jhrha{ wjh Wjrakfae{ arh a kie{wfwxhew hbhchew i` wjh Oxbnarfae

hwjei{" abien ~fwj wjh [bap{ aeg ]riwi#Oxbnarfae{" akkirgfen wi Oxbnar#

fae jf{wirfae{ aeg bfenxf{w{% Ji~hphr" fw f{ wrxh wjaw wjh bikab }i}xbawfie

fieg wjh ~irg ]icad ihe{fph" oxw khrwafebv eiw fe wjh {he{h i`

grfedhr{% ]icad f{ eiw a {hb`#gh{fneawfie" oxw a gh{fneawfie i` wjf{

}i}xbawfie x{hg ov Wxrd{ ir Kjrf{wfae Oxbnarfae{% _hbawfie{ acien wjh

wjrhh kiccxefwfh{ arh gicfeawhg ov jaxnjwv ehnawfpf{c% Wjx{ akkirgfenwi ]% Pabdip *Pabdip aeg Dikjhp ?==1&" ]icad kich{ `ric wjh

Wxrdf{j }jra{h ajcad#}icad" chaefen kiccie" pxbnar aeg {wx}fg"

~jhrha{ akkirgfen wi N% Fpaeip *Fpaeip 160;< ?:&" wjh whrc f{ i` [bap

irfnfe< [hrofae }icadexwf" }icaf" wi ciph" wi rhwrhaw" ]ibf{j

}icvdak" }icdeak" wi ciph a~av% Fe iwjhr ~irg{" ]icad fc}bfh{

a}i{wawh" rhehnagh" ir gh`hkwir% Wjh{h kieeiwawfie{ arh ab{i kie#

firchg ov wjh Wxrd{ gh{fneawfie i` ]icad{ a{ hrxc#gfebff" jab`#`afwj`xb

wi Cijacchg giech ir nhpxr#giech" ohwravhr{ i` wjh `afwj *[jf{jdip

1617&% Wjh ikfab Wxrdf{j aeg Oxbnarfae phr{fie f{ wjaw ]icad kich{`ric wjh phro }icanac wi jhb}" wjaw f{ a jhb}hr i` wjh Wxrdf{j arcv4

Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc{ `ric wjh Kjhkj rhnfie 1;8

7/31/2019 RSr Ch

6/15

Aw wjh {ach wfch" Wxrdf{j {kjibar{ kbafc wjaw wjh ]icad{ arh gh{khe#

gaew{ i` Apar{" ]hkjhehn{" Kxcae{ aeg" fieabbv" i` aekfhew Wxrd{" ~ji

~hrh bfenxf{wfkabbv [bapfkf|hg *a{ Nrhhd {kjibar{ ab{i kbafc" {hh Nrhhd

Jhb{fedf Ciefwir" Wjh ]icad{ 14 ]ixbwie 166>< 1&% Wji{h wrfoh{ kixbgeiw japh ohhe [bapfkf|hg xebh{{ wjhrh ~a{ a [bap }i}xbawfie ~jfkj" f` eiw

a calirfwv" aw bha{w hqxabhg wjhc fe excohr *iwjhr~f{h wjh hzf{whekh i`

wjh _jigi}f gfabhkw{" wi {av eiwjfen i` wjhfr parfhwv" kaeeiw oh awwrfoxwhg

wi {wawh fewhrphewfie&% Wjh qxh{wfie f{< Ji~ kixbg wjhrh japh ohhe {xkj a

}i}xbawfie fe rhnfie{ }i}xbawhg ov ]icad{ iebv" h{}hkfabbv kie{fghrfen

wjaw wjh Cx{bfc hbhchew{ fe wjh {}frfwxab aeg cawhrfab kxbwxrh i` Oxbnar#

fae Cx{bfc{ a}}harhg phrv bawh aeg arh fexhekhg ov wjh rhbfnfie *~jfkj

}bav{ a phrv fc}irwaew }arw fe wjh bf`h i` wji{h }hi}bh&" aeg wjaw wjhrh f{

ei wrakh i` aev ]hkjhehn" Apar ir Kxcae `hawxrh{9 Wjh [bap fghewfwv fe

wjf{ {}jhrh f{ iopfix{" aeg fe {ich ka{h{ wjhrh arh Kjrf{wfae aeg }anae

hbhchew{% Wjx{ `ir hzac}bh" wjh ]icad{ khbhorawh Nhrnfghe *[w% Nhirnh{

Gav& ie Cav 0 aeg [hraw Nhrnipfkjdf ir Nig{ Each" aeg wjhfr kx{wic{

aeg rfwxab{ fekbxgh karrvfen i` {fbhew ~awhr *pfbbanh i` Padbfeipi ehar

Ehpridi}& ]rvagiv ir Eapfd *pfbbanh{ i` Pxbdi{hb" Oinibfe aeg [ba{jwhe"

ehar Ehpridi}&" gfhrhew {x}hr{wfwfie{ aeg fekaewawfie{" hwk% *[jf{jdip

1608< ??0??6" 1>6&% Wjh bikab wi}ievc{ fekbxgh Kjrf{wfae each{ {xkj

a{ [phwhdfbh *[w% Hbflaj& aeg Oinirigfw{a *Jibv Pfrnfe4 pfbbanh i` Wixji#

pf{jwh ehar Ehpridi}& aeg a {hrfh{ i` }bakh each{ i` [bap irfnfe wjaw

nrhawbv ixwexcohr wjh Wxrdf{j ieh{4 wjhrh arh ab{i rxfe{ i` ehkri}ibf{h{"

kjxrkjh{" ciea{whrfh{ aeg }bakh{ i` ~ir{jf}" hwk%

[kjibar{ a{{ikfawh wjh ]icad{ ~fwj wjh Wxrd{ ie wjh oa{f{ i` wjh kic#

cie rhbfnfie" ~jfkj f{ cxkj cirh fc}irwaew wi wjh `irchr wjae wjh hwj#

einra}jfkab jhrfwanh aeg baenxanh *ie wjh bikab }i}xbawfie{ ghfiefwfie i`

wjhfr eawfph gfabhkw a{ ]icad aeg `har{ i` wjhfr a{{ikfawfie ~fwj wjh Oxb#

narfae baenxanh" f%h%" Kjrf{wfae{" {hh ohbi~&% ]rhkf{hbv wjf{ `akwir ja{

}ric}whg wjh calirfwv i` Kjrf{wfae Oxbnarfae{ *a{ ~hbb a{ wjh niab i` Wxr#dhv{ a{{fcfbawirv }ibfkv wi~arg{ wjh ]icad{& wi fghewf`v wjhc a{ Wxrd{

ir ]iwixreaw{f *}iwixrkjhef" f%h%" Wxrdfkf|hg&" ~jfkj f{ fghewfkab ~fwj

Wxrd{" {fekh wjh Cx{bfc `afwj f{ a{{ikfawhg ~fwj wjh i}}rh{{ir{ *Wxrdf{j

`afwj& *_afkjhp{df 166:< 1?&% Fe wjf{ {he{h" fw ~ixbg oh phrv fewhrh{wfen

wi {hh ji~ wji{h }hi}bh ~ixbg japh ohhe fghewffihg f` wjh rhnfie{ fe qxh{#

wfie jag ohhe aglakhew wi ir ehar Fraq" h{}hkfabbv kie{fghrfen wjaw Wxrd#

f{j {kjibar{ wjfed wjaw wjh each Ajrvaef kich{ `ric wjh ]hr{fae ~irg

Ajfvae ir wjh dei~e rhbfnfix{ `rawhrefwfh{ *Nrhhd Jhb{fedf Ciefwir"

Wjh ]icad{ ?&% Ir f` wjhv jag oirghrhg ie ]ibaeg4 gxrfen wjh OxbnarfaeEawfieab _hpfpab" wjh Kawjibfk eh~{}a}hr Oxbnarfa agpaekhg" `ir xeghr#

1;0 _% [rhoraeip

7/31/2019 RSr Ch

7/15

ov wjh Wxrdf{j arcfh{ gxrfen wjhfr fepa{fie i` {ixwjhre ]ibf{j whrrfwirv

arixeg Dachehk#]igib{d *_jigi}f 166;< 0>&% A{ wjh aoiph rawjhr fe#

kie{f{whew wjhirfh{ {ji~" wjh parfawfie{ fe wjh }{hxgi#{kfhewffik {}jhrh

wjaw {hrph{ }ibfwfkab niab{ arh ohvieg wjh bfcfw{ i` {hrfix{" {ixeg aegfe#gh}wj rh{harkj ie a {}hkffik }riobhc% Wjh fekie{f{whekv i` {xkj kbafc{

bhag{ wi jxcae wranhgv ie wjh {kabh i` `irkhg a{{fcfbawfie" oxrefen gi~e

i` pfbbanh{ aeg hcfnrawfie%

Wjf{ wrheg fe Oabdae }ibfkfh{ ie *rhbfnfix{ aeg hwjefk& cfeirfwfh{ ja{

eiw ov}a{{hg ikfab Oxbnarfae }ibfkv hfwjhr% Wjh fewibhraew aeg {x{}f#

kfix{ awwfwxgh{ wi aevwjfen Wxrdf{j i` khrwafe Oxbnarfae `aeawfk{ fe nip#

hrechew }ric}whg wjhc wi rh{irw wi he`irkhg Kjrf{wfaef|awfie i` Oxbnar#

fae Cx{bfc{ *Nrhhd Jhb{fedf Ciefwir" Wjh ]icad{ ;& `ir wjh }xr}i{h i`

jicinhef|fen Oxbnarfae {ikfhwv% Fe wjf{ ka{h" Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc{ ~hrh

{xolhkwhg wi rhbfnfix{ eiw bfenxf{wfk ir hwjeikxbwxrab a{{fcfbawfie

{fekh wjhrh ~a{ ei ehhg i` wjh bawwhr% Ov kiewra{w" fe wjh ka{h i` Oxbnarfae

Wxrd{" [ifia baxekjhg a }ibfkv i` barnh#{kabh hz}xb{fie wi Wxrdhv" aeg i`

abb `irc{ i` a{{fcfbawfie i` wji{h ~ji rhcafehg fe Oxbnarfa% Caev ]i#

cad{ ab{i hcfnrawhg wi Wxrdhv ~jhrha{ wji{h ~ji rhcafehg fe Oxbnarfa

iebv fewhe{ffihg wjhfr kiewhc}w `ir Kjrf{wfae Oxbnarfae{ *Nrhhd Jhb{fedf

Ciefwir" Wjh ]icad{ ;&% Aw wjh {ach wfch" wjhrh ~a{ a jarghefen i`

wjh }i{fwfie wjaw wjh {i#kabbhg ]icad baenxanh f{ gf{wfekw `ric wjh Oxb#

narfae baenxanh" wjaw f{" wjaw fw f{ eie#Oxbnarfae" ~jfkj f{ wjh {ach a{

eie#Kjrf{wfae" wjaw f{" Cx{bfc% Wjh {xo{hqxhew ~aph{ i` Kjrf{wfaef|awfie

}riphg wjh wrxwj`xbeh{{ i` wjf{ kbafc" aeg {ich }hi}bh japh nieh a{ `ar

a{ kbafcfen wjaw wjh eawfph baenxanh i` Cx{bfc Oxbnarfae{ f{ Wxrdf{j%

F` ~h fneirh wjh }ibfwfkab jarc aeg gf{rh{}hkw `ir wjh rhbfnfix{ aeg kfpfb

rfnjw{ i` ]icad{" wjh ikfab Oxbnarfae {kfhewffik }i{fwfie ie wjh bae#

nxanh f{ wjh ci{w iolhkwfph ieh" kie{fghrfen wjh bawwhr{ {hb`#hpfghew Oxb#

narfae kjarakwhr% Akkirgfen wi wjf{ }i{fwfie" hphe f` a ]icad baenxanh

~hrh wi oh arwffikfabbv krhawhg fe Nrhhkh" fw ~ixbg oh wjh wjfrg parfaew a ~rfwwhe rhnfieab `irc i` wjh Oxbnarfae baenxanh" abien ~fwj wji{h fe

wjh _h}xobfk i` Cakhgiefa aeg wjh rhnfie i` Oaeaw fe _icaefa% Fewhrh{w#

fenbv" wjh {}hadhr{ i` wjh Oaeaw `irc japh ehphr ghefhg wjaw fw f{ Oxbnar#

fae" hphe wjixnj wjf{ `irc ja{ a ~rfwwhe wragfwfie aeg gfhr{ `ric [wae#

garg Oxbnarfae fe {ich rh{}hkw{4 lx{w a{ wjhv japh ehphr ghefhg wjhfr

Oxbnarfae fghewfwv" hphe wjixnj wjhv arh Kawjibfk{ *Nrhhd Jhb{fedf

Ciefwir" Wjh ]icad{ ?&% Fw f{ iopfix{ wjaw rhbfnfix{ fghewfwv kaeeiw oh

wadhe {hrfix{bv a{ ae arnxchew `ir wjh fghewffikawfie i` a {h}arawh bae#

nxanh" h{}hkfabbv kie{fghrfen wjaw Oxbnarfa{ }i}xbawfie f{ eiw cagh x}i` Irwjigiz Kjrf{wfae{ iebv oxw ab{i i` a {fneffikaew excohr i` ]riwh{#

Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc{ `ric wjh Kjhkj rhnfie 1;>

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Cx{bfc kiccxefwv" ~jfkj hcaekf}awfie {jixbg ab{i wadh a bfenxf{wfk

`irc% Kiephr{hbv" wjh rhkinefwfie i` wjh Oxbnarfae fghewfwv i` {xkj a

baenxanh nrhawbv x}{hw{ axwjir{ ~ji ~aew wi rha{{hrw wjh {wawx{ qxi fe

rhbawfie{ ohw~hhe Irwjigiz Kjrf{wfae{ aeg Cx{bfc{% Akkirgfen wi Oxb#narfae {kjibar{" wjh ]icad{ arh gh{khegaew{ i` F{bacf|hg *ov `irkh ir

pibxewarfbv& krv}wi#Kjrf{wfae Oxbnarfae{ *Wjh ]icad{ ?4 [jf{jdip 160801>>&" ~jhrha{ wjh iwjhr each i` wjh ]icad{" Ajrvaef kich{ `ric

fefighb{ *Nrhhd Jhb{fedf Ciefwir" Wjh ]icad{ ?& ir `ric wjh Araofk

ajfr" wjh ba{w *wi oh kiephrwhg wi F{bac&" }bx{ wjh ]hr{fae {xz `ir

}bxrabfwv #vae *_afkjhp{df 166:< 16?&%

Wjh kiekbx{fie wjaw cav oh gra~e `ric wjh aoiph#chewfiehg wjhirfh{

aeg niphrechew {wrawhnfh{ f{ wjaw a gf{wfekwfie {jixbg oh cagh ohw~hhe

a{{fcfbawirv }ibfkfh{ wi~arg{ hwjefk cfeirfwfh{ }xr{xhg ov eawfieabf{w

niphrechew{ *`ir wjh }xr}i{h i` oxfbgfen a jicinhehix{ aeg" jhekh"

{waobh {wawh&" aeg wjh hwjeinra}jfk aeg `ibdbirfk rhabfwv fe rhnarg wi hwjefk

cfeirfwfh{ *Ba{jdipa 1660&% Eawfieabf{w }ibfkfh{ }rhkhgh ir `ibbi~

}{hxgi#{kfhewffik {wxgfh{ wjaw {hrph wjh `irchr *wjh {i#kabbhg Chnabf fgha"

Nara{jaefe{ }bae `ir a Nrhaw [hrofa" rh{wirawfie i` wjh Iwwicae

Hc}frh" a Nrhaw Aboaefa" a Nrhaw Oxbnarfa" hwk%&% Xebfdh wjh }a{w" ~jhe

wjhv ~hrh gfrhkw aeg pfibhew" wigav{ chwjig{ i` a{{fcfbawfen a }arwfkxbar

kiccxefwv arh nragxab aeg fegfrhkw" }xr{xfen {jirw#whrc ir bien#whrc

iolhkwfph{% Fe wjf{ {he{h" wjh Wxrdf{j axwjirfwfh{ japh ohhe }xr{xfen wjh

{jrh~gh{w }ibfkv wi~arg{ wjh ]icad{4 ~jfbh agpikawfen wjhfr kfpfb aeg rh#

bfnfix{ rfnjw{" Aedara ja{ ohhe wrvfen wi fc}i{h Wxrdf{j#baenxanh whakj#

fen ie Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc }x}fb{ a{ kic}xb{irv" {fekh Wxrdf{j f{ {x}}i{hg

wi oh wjhfr eawfph baenxanh% Wjf{ fiph#khewxrv#bien Wxrdf{j gicfeawfie fe

wjh Oabdae{ aeg fexhekh wjrixnj F{bacfk rhbfnfie" fe{wfwxwfie{ aeg }ibfw#

fkab }arwfh{ orhg {x{}fkfie aeg fe{hkxrfwv acien wjh Nrhhd aeg Oxbnarfae

axwjirfwfh{% A eawxrab {hwwbhchew i` wjf{ f{{xh ixnjw wi oh {ixnjw ~fwjfe

wjh Hxri}hae Xefie%

;% Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc{ `ric Kjhkj aeg wjhfr rhkh}wfie i` wjhfr

eawfph baenxanh

Fe Kjhkj" a{ hb{h~jhrh" baenxanh f{ ieh i` wjh gf{wfekwfph cardhr{ i` hwj#

efk aeg nhinra}jfkab fghewfwv% Wjrixnj baenxanh" }hi}bh fghewf`v wjhc#

{hbph{ aeg wjh eawfieabfwv ir hwjefk fghewfwv i` wjhfr fewhrbikxwir{" ~jfkj

}arw i` wjh kixewrv aeg" ~jfkj }i}xbawfie khewhr wjh bawwhr kich `ric"hwk% Aw wjh bhphb i` {}hhkj" wjh awwfwxgh i` wjh {}hadhr{ i` wjh rh{}hk#

1;: _% [rhoraeip

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Wjh bfenxf{wfk {hb`#fghewffikawfie i` wjh Kjhkj }i}xbawfie f{ gfrhkwbv rh#

bawhg wi {ikfab {wawx{% A barnh excohr i` }hi}bh ~fwj bi~hr {ikfab {wawx{

fghewf`v wjhfr eawfph baenxanh a{ ]icad ie wjh oa{f{ i` fw{ gfhrhekh

`ric [waegarg Oxbnarfae aeg Wxrdf{j% Wjf{ nrix} f{ kjarakwhrf|hg ovcirh kie{hrpawfph rhbfnfix{ bhaefen{" a{ a rh{xbw i` ~jfkj wjhv wheg wi

gf{waekh wjhc{hbph{ `ric Kjrf{wfae{ aeg cafebv `ric Oxbnarfae{% Ie wjh

iwjhr jaeg" wjhv fghewf`v wjhc{hbph{ a{ gfhrhew `ric wjh Wxrdf{j hwjefk

kiccxefwv *pfbbanh{ i` Gxoefw{a" Jpi{wvaeh)@ix{waeh aeg Obaw{da&" gh#

{}fwh wjh kiccie rhbfnfie% Fe wjf{ {he{h" wjhv abb *frrh{}hkwfph i` {ikfab

{wawx{& rhlhkw aev Wxrdf{j kieehkwfie fe whrc{ i` baenxanh% Kiephr{hbv"

}arw i` wjf{ nrix} ghfieh{ wjhfr baenxanh a{ kirrx}whg Oxbnarfae *a whrc

`ir gfabhkw{ x{hg fe Oxbnarfae bfenxf{wfk{ fe wjh }a{w&% Fe iwjhr ~irg{"

wjhv a{{xch wjaw wjhrh cfnjw oh a rhbawfie wi wjh Oxbnarfae baenxanh"

whegfen wi japh fe cfeg wjh {waegarg eirc% Iwjhr{ cafebv cfggbh#

anhg }hi}bh ~ji ghfieh wjhfr pfh~{ a{ xekiephewfieab {av wjaw wjhv

irfnfeabbv {}idh Wxrdf{j oxw wjaw wjh Oxbnarfae baenxanh ~a{ fc}i{hg

a`whr wjh Oxbnarfae{ kach wi wjf{ whrrfwirv% Fe }rii`" wjhv kfwh wjh `akw

wjaw wjhfr nraeg}arhew{ {}idh Wxrdf{j" ~fwjixw chewfiefen wjaw wjhv

{}idh a Oxbnarfae gfabhkw% A{ dei~e" Cx{bfc{ {wxgfhg Wxrdf{j he ca{{h

~fwjfe wjh Iwwicae Hc}frh4 bawhr" fe wjh Dfengic i` Oxbnarfa" wjhv ab{i

{wxgfhg Wxrdf{j aw {kjiib% ]hi}bh `ric wjf{ {xonrix} rhnarg aev Oxbnar#

fae fghewffikawfie a{ fghewfkab ~fwj Kjrf{wfae ~jfkj f{ ao{ibxwhbv feag#

cf{{fobh kie{fghrfen wjhfr rhbfnfix{ kie{hrpawf{c% Wjh ehhg i` fiegfen a

~irwjv {}hkffik fghewfwv }ric}w{ parfawfie fe rhnarg wi eawfph baenxanh%

A kic}ricf{h f{ ihrhg ov wjh jv}iwjh{f{ wjaw ixr ciwjhr f{ Oxbnarfae"

Kjrf{wfae" aeg ixr `awjhr f{ Wxrdf{j< ixr baenxanh kich{ `ric ixr

ciwjhr aeg ixr `afwj `ric ixr `awjhr *pfbbanh i` Aobaefw{a&%

Wjh qxh{w `ir fegfpfgxab fghewfwv wrae{kheg{ wjh oixegarfh{ i` wjh Oab#

dae{ aeg fieg{ lx{wffikawfie fe Da|adj{wae% Hzac}bh{ arh kfwhg `ric wjh

dfe{jf} whrc{ aeg {ich hbhchew{ i` wjh }i}xbawfie{ kxbwxrh aeg kjarak#whr *pfbbanh i` Nigva{jhpi&% A{ f{ dei~e" wjh dfe{jf} whrc{ fe caev

Cx{bfc kixewrfh{ aeg fe Kjfea arh f` eiw fghewfkab" wjhe aw bha{w {fcfbar

*h%n%" akkirgfen wi B% Fbfhpa" wjh ~irg evae)evaeh ciwjhr f{ x{hg ~fwj

wjh {ach {ixeg `irc fe Kjfeh{h" aeg ja{ wjh {ach riiw a{ caca `ric

Fegi#Hxri}hae riiw ,c)e4 fe kjfbg baenxanh" ieh cfnjw fieg wjh irfnfe

i` {ich iwjhr dfe{jf} whrc{&% Wjf{ Da|adj jv}iwjh{f{ awwhc}w{ wi ni

ohvieg wjh Oxbnarfae aeg Wxrdf{j kiewhzw% Wjh jv}iwjh{f{ f{ x}jhbg ov

wjh cfggbh#anhg }hi}bh aeg kirrh{}ieg{ wi wjh wjhirv i` {ich Oxbnarfae

{kjibar{ wjaw wjh ]riwi#Oxbnarfae{ kach `ric Khewrab A{fa *wjh }bakheach Kjhkj aeg fw{ a{{ikfawfie ~fwj Kjhkjhe{" ~ji arh kbafchg wi

Oxbnarfae Cx{bfc{ `ric wjh Kjhkj rhnfie 1;6

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bikab{ ~jhe x{hg ov ixw{fghr{% Wjh bikab }i}xbawfie x{h{ fw iebv aw wjh

bikab bhphb ir ~jhe wabdfen wi `rfheg{ ir `acfbv" frrh{}hkwfph i` rhbfnfix{"

hwjefk ir iwjhr fghewfwv%

Aeiwjhr kawhnirv i` }hi}bh kic}rf{h{ wji{h ~fwj {hkiegarv ir }rfcarvhgxkawfie ~ji japh wraphbhg aoriag% Bharefen fir{w#jaeg aoixw bf`h{wvbh

aeg cirh{ fe wjh rh{}hkwfph `irhfne kixewrv" wjhv kic}arh wjhc ~fwj

wji{h fe wjhfr i~e kiccxefwv% Wjx{ gxrfen ^irbg ^ar FF" che ~ji

{hrphg fe wjh Oxbnarfae Arcv ~hrh {wawfiehg fe Pargar Cakhgiefa