RURAL BASIC NEEDS BASKET - cfscmalawi.org lophunzitsira magulu.pdf · 2 Rural Basic Needs Basket || The Centre for Social Concern 2014 || Advocacy Group Training Manual ... Buku limeneli

1 Rural Basic Needs Basket || The Centre for Social Concern 2014 || Advocacy Group Training Manual

RURAL BASIC NEEDS BASKET ADVOCACY GROUP TRAINING MANUAL: Kuphunzitsa ndi kupereka mphamvu Kwa a Malawi aku mudzi kuti athe kudzilankhulira pawokha pofuna kupempha am’maudindo kuti akwaniritse maufulu a wanthu a ku mudzi. Compiled by: Kondwani Hara Social Conditions Research Program CfSC Designed and Edited by: Dickson Fredrick Makwinja [+265 999 007 854] Published by: The Centre for Social Concern P.O. Box 40009 Kanengo LILONGWE 4 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.cfscmalawi.org © The Centre for Social Concern - Lilongwe 2014 All rights reserved ©. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the copying owner. Printed by: Ambaya Printed in 2014


ZOTHOKOZA Bungwe la Centre for Social Concern (CfSC) ndilothokoza chifukwa cha thandizo limapereka bungwe la Catholic Organization for Relief and Development Aid (CORDAID) la ku Netherlands pofuna kupititsa mtsogolo ntchito zake monga zothandiza kupereka mphamvu Kwa anthu makamaka akumudzi kuti athe kudzilankhulira pawokha pa nkhani zimene zikuwakhudza pa moyowawo wa thiku ndi tsiku, komanso popangitsa kuti buku lophunzitsirali litheke kusindikizidwa. Bungwe la CfSC ndilothokozanso ogwira ntchito aku Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP) ku Chikwawa, Lilongwe ndi Zomba; ku National Initiative for Civic Education (NICE) yaku Chikwawa; a nthambi ya za chilengwedwe ku Zomba ndi ku Dedza, potengapo mbali pophunzitsa amene adasankhidwa kuti achite nawo maphunzirowa. Bukuli lilinso ndi gawolina lomwe likutchulapo za Kusintha Kwa Nyengo poona kuti nkhani imeneyi ikukhudza munthu wina aliyense, wolemera kaya wosauka, ophunzira kaya osaphunzira komanso ntchito za mtundu wina uliwonse. Amene anatengapo mbali pophunzitsa ndi awa:

1) Mr Lewis Msiyadungu Chikwawa CCJP 2) Mr Chamambala Chikwawa NICE 3) Mr Raphael Yusufu Zomba CCJP 4) Mr Thyangathyanga Environmental Affairs-Zomba 5) Mr Kamanga Environmental Affairs- Dedza 6) Damiano Taombe Lilongwe CCJP 7) Jabesi Kanyamula Lilongwe CCJP 8) Taonga Kafunda CfSC 9) Kondwani Hara CfSC


Za Bungwe la Centre for Social Concern (CfSC) CfSC ndi bungwe la Mpingo lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi a Mishoni a Chipani cha Missionaries of Africa (White Fathers). Mogwirizana ndi mfundo zopititsa patsogolo chilungamo pakati pa anthu ndipo ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa cholimbikitsa kukambirana ndi a zipembedzo ndi a mipingo ina, masomphenya athu ndi oti Mpingo ukhale wotumikira a Malawi kudzera mkulimbikitsa chilungamo, kusinkhasinkha mau a Mulungu, kafukufuku, maphunziro ndi kulankhulira anthu osauka ndi oponderezedwa. Zina mwa ntchito zomwe a CFSC amagwira ndi monga izi: (1). Chilungamo pa chuma ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino ka zinthu: Kulimbikitsa malonda abwino ndi kugawana chuma cha dziko moyenera. (2). Kuchita kafukufuku wa momwe moyo wa anthu uliri: Kuchita kafukufuku wolinga potukula ndi kukometsa moyo wa anthu osauka ndipo nkhani ya dengu la zosowa za anthu ili m’gulu limeneri. (3). Kukambirana pakati pa zipembedzo ndi mipingo: Kulimbiitsa zokambirana zothandiza kuti azipembedzo ndi a mipingo yosiyanasiyana azilemekezana, kuti pakhale chilungamo, mtendere ndi ufulu weniweni wachipembedzo. (4). Kupereka mphamvu kwa anthu: Ntchitoyi ikuphatikiza kuunika zolembedwa m’manyuzipepa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yowerengeramo mabuku. *Bungwe la CFSC limagwira ntchito zake posata chiphunzitso cha Mpingo.


ZANKATIMU Tsamba 1. Zothokoza (Acknoledgements)..……………………………………….…………..2

2. Za Bungwe la Center for Social Concern………………………………………….3

3. Kufunikira kwa buku limeneli……………………………………………………..5

4. Angagwiritse buku limeneli ndi ndani?..................................................................5

5. Bukuli lingabweretse kusintha kotani?...................................................................5

6. Anthu amene anakaphunzira maphunzirowa…………………………………...….5

7. Za ma ufulu (Human Rights)……………………………………………….………5

8. Kumemeza/Kulankhulira (Advocacy)……………………………………….…….12

9. Utsogoleri ndi kayendetsedwe ka Gulu (Leadership and Group Dynamics).........15

10. Kuchita zinthu poyera (Transparency and Social Accountability)..………………33

11. Kusintha Kwa Nyengo (Climate Change)………………………………...……….43


KUFUNIKILA KWA BUKU LIMENELI Buku limeneli ndilofunikira kwambiri popititsa mtsogolo ma ufulu a munthu ndicholinga chopereka mphamvu kwa wanthu kuti athe kubweretsa kusinthu m’ma banja mwao komanso kudera kwao. Izi ndizotheka pamene anthu wamba angakhale ndi mphamvu zokambirana ndi amaudindo osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka ndi cholinga chobweretsa kusintha m’dera mwao. ANGAGWIRITSE NTCHITO BUKULI NDI NDANI? Wina aliyense angathe kugwiritsa ntchito buku limeneli. Pamene wina angafune kuphunzitsa anthu pa nkhani ziri mkatimu, angathe kuligwiritsa ntchito. Komanso magulu akumudzi amene anali nawo pa maphunziro, angathenso kuligwiritsa ntchito buku lophunzitsirali pophunzitsa anzao komanso kugwiritsa ncthito pofuna kuti akumbukire zimene anaphunzira, ndi cholinga chakuti moyo wao usinthe. Aliyense ayenera kutengapo mbali- atsogoleri akumudzi; aboma; atsogoleri a mipingo yosiyanasiyana; mabungwe omwe siali aboma ndi anthu wamba. BUKULI LINGABWERETSA KUSINTHA KWANJI? Bukuli siloti lingowuza anthu za mmene zinthu ziliri, koma ndi chida chomwe cholinga chake ndikubweretsa kusintha anthu ndicholinga chakuti ufulu wao umene unaphwanyridwa uthe ubwerezedwera kwa iwo kuti iwo athe kukhala nzika zotha kupititsa mtsogolo chilungamo. Cholinga chachikulu cha buku lophunzitsirali ndi chakuti maphunzirowa athe kuwamasula anthu munsinga za kulephera kuperekapo maganizo pa zinthu zokhudza moyo wao wa tsiku ndi tsiku. ANTHU AMENE ANAKAPHUNZIRA NAWO ZA MBUKU LIMENELI Maphunziro amene za mbuku limeneli zigwiridwitsira ntchito anachitikira m’maboma anayi: Lilongwe, Dedza, Zomba ndi Chikwawa. Amene anasankhidwa kubwera kumaphunzirowa anali ma memembala ma Area Development Committee (ADC) a Khongoni ku Lilongwe; Tambala ku Dedza; Mlumbe ku Zomba ndi Maseya ku Chikwawa. Enanso amene anabwera ndi mabanja amene amayenderedwa pakafukufuku wa madyedwe ndi mapezedwe a zina zofunikira pa moyo wa munthu wa tsiku ndi tsiku (Rural Basic Needs Basket), komanso amene amagwira ntchito ndi a CCJP pankhani yobweretsa chilungamo m’madera akumudzi. ZA MAUFULU (Human Rights) Zoyenera kudziwa Pomaliza pa maphunzirowa, ophunzira ayenera kudziwa izi:

� Mbiri ya ma ufulu � Mfundo za maufulu � Zitsanzo za ma ufulu � Mabungwe oyimira anthu pa nkhani za ma ufulu

Kodi maufulu a anthu amachokera kuti? Mbiri ya maufulu a anthu ndi yakale kwambiri. Kuyambira pomwe anthu adayamba kukhalira pamodzi ngati gulu, adaazindikira kuti kunali kofunika kulabadira ndi kuganizira zofuna ndi zokonda za munthu aliyense pakati pao.


Kodi mbiri ya maufulu a anthu m’maiko onse apadziko lapansi ndi yotani? Chinthu chachikulu chomwe maiko osiyanasiyana pa dziko lapansi adachita pofuna kusonyeza kuti amakhulupirira maufulu a anthu ndiye kuvomereza ndi kusainirana mgwirizano wakudzipereka kwao pa nkhani yovomereza, yoteteza ndi yolemekeza maufulu a munthu aliyense. Maikowo adachita izi m’chaka cha 1948. Asanavomereze ndi kusainira mgwirizanowo, maboma ankaphwanya maufulu a anthu popanda wina wodzudzula kapena wowaletsa kuti asatero. Pa nthawiyo kudaalibe mabungwe oona za maufulu a anthu omwe akanakhala ndi mphamvu zoteteza maufuluwo. Dziko lirilonse linkachitira anthu zinthu monga likadafunira popanda wolijejemetsa. Kuwonjezera apa, kunalibe bungwe kapena mabungwe oimira maufulu a anthu m’maiko monse omwe akanatha kuumiriza maiko kuti azilemekeza ndi kuteteza maufulu a anthu. Mfundo za mu mgwirizano ndi za m’mapanganowo zimapereka ndondomeko zomwe maiko ayenera kutsata pofuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu monga kufunikira. Kuyambira pamene mfundo za UDHR zidavomerezedwa, maiko ndi maboma ambiri adasainira mgwirizano ndi mapangano osiyanasiyana okhudza maufulu a anthu. Mapangano ndiponso mgwirizanowo zimachititsa kuti maboma akhale ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti maufulu osiyanasiyana a anthu azilemekezedwa ndi kutetezedwa mogwirizana ndi zomwe adasainira. M’munsimu, tidzaona mapangano ndi mgwirizano womwe maiko adasainira ndi boma la Malawi, nalo lidasainira

√ Mapangano okhudza chuma, chikhalidwe ndi maufulu a anthu. √ Mapangano okhudza ufulu wa anthu pandale. √ Mapangano ndi mgwirizano wa maiko a mu Afrika pa za maufulu a anthu. √ Mapangano ndi mgwirizano pa za maufulu a mwana. √ Mapangano ndi mgwirizano pa zotetsa mchitidwe uliwonse wosala akazi. √ Mapangano ndi mgwirizano wothetsa mchitidwe wozunza, wankhanza, wosalabadira

ubwino wa munthu, wosukulutsa, wonyoza ndi wopereka chilango chosayenera. √ Mapangano ndi mgwirizano wa maiko a m’bungwe la Umodzi wa maiko a mu Afrika

(OAU) pa za kusamalira anthu othawa nkhondo ndi mavuto ena mu Afrika. √ Mapangano ndi mgwirizano woletsa atsogoleri kuti asamalekerere mchitidwe wophetsa

anthu ambiri ndi kupereka chilango kwa anthu odzetsa imfa zochuluka kwa anthu ao. √ Mapangano ndi mgwirizano pa za kulemekeza ndi kuteteza ndiponso kulandira ndi

kusamalira anthu othawa kwao pa zifukwa zankhondo ndi ndale. Nchiyani chimene chimachititsa ufulu wa munthu? Ufulu wa munthu, poyamba ndi chinthu chimene munthu amakhala nacho mwachibadwidwe. Ufulu ndi chinthu chimene chili chomuyenera munthu. Pamene munthu ali woyenerezedwa kukhala ndi chinthu, zitanthauza kuti sayenera kuchita kuchipempha, chifukwa iye monga munthu ndi chake mwachibadwidwe. Maufulu a munthu ndi osiyana ndi zinthu zina chifukwa munthu sayenera, kapena sakakamizidwa kuti achite kanthu kena kapena agwire ntchito ina kuti alandire maufulu ake. Munthu aliyense amakhala ndi maufulu kuyambira pamene wabadwa.


Zinthu zokhudzana ndi Maufulu a Anthu (HR) Kusachotsedwa/Kusalandidwa Maufulu a anthu sangathe kuchotsedwa kapena kulandidwa kwa munthu wina aliyense. Maufulu a anthu angathe kuphwanyidwa; angathe kuchepetsedwa, angathe kutsekerezedwa, koma sangathe kutengedwa ndi wina aliyense mwa njira ina iliyonse. Maufulu ndi a aliyense Anthu onse apadziko lapansi, ali ndi maufulu ao mosayang’anira mtundu kapena kumene akuchokera, onse ali ndi maufulu ofanana. Kudalirana Maufulu a anthu amadalirana, kutanthauza kuti ufulu umayamba ndi kulekezera pamene payambira ufulu wa munthu wina. Pachifukwachi, maufuluwo amadalirana. Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kuti munthu achite zinthu mwaufulu wake monga ufulu wovota, ayenera kuchita ulendo wopita ku malo okavoterawo. Izi zitanthauza kuti ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu woyenda mosajejemetsedwa.

Chithunzi choyamba: Kuonetsa Mamembala a ku Kasiya


Mfundo zomwe ufulu wa munthu umatsamirapo. Ulemerero Munthu aliyense ali ndi umunthu umene umatanthauza kuti ayenera kuchitidwa zinthu moganizira ulemerero wake ngati munthu. Mfundo yakuti munthu ndi waulemerero kapena kuti ndi woyenera kulemekezedwa, itanthauza kuti monga munthu wosati monga nyama kapena monga zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi zina zotero. Kugawana ndi kusasalana Munthu aliyense ndi wofanana ndi munthu aliyense, motero, sayenera kuchitidwa zinthu zoipa, zosukulutsa kapena zonyoza umunthu wake. Kutengapo gawo Munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wochitapo kanthu pa zinthu zimene zimakhudza moyo wake wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchita zinthu mwapoyera Kuchita zinthu mwapoyera kutanthauza kuchita zinthu mosabisa, mopanda chiphamaso ndiponso mopanda chinyengo. Ufulu uliwonse umatsatana ndi udindo, kutanthauza kuti pamene munthu agwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake, adziwenso kuti ali ndi udindo wolemekeza maufulu a anthu ena. Apatu ndiye kuti ufulu wa munthu umathera pamene payambira ufulu wa munthu wina. Maufulu

∗ Ufulu wokhala ndi moyo

∗ Ufulu wolemekezedwa ndi ufulu wa iye mwini ∗ Ufulu wosasalidwa

∗ Ufulu wokhala ndi maganizo ake, chipembedzo chake ndi chikhulupiriro chake, zolingalira maphunziro ake.

∗ Ufulu wolankhula zakukhosi kwake ndiponso ufulu wokhala ndi mwai wopeza nkhani kudzera m’mabungwe ofalitsa mau.

∗ Ufulu wokhala m’bungwe ndiponso ufulu wopanga bungwe. ∗ Ufulu wotenga nawo mbali pandale

∗ Ufulu wolandira chilungamo

∗ Ufulu wa anthu omangidwa ndi oikidwa m’ndende

∗ Ufulu wokhala ndi banja, kutanthauza kukhala ndi ufulu wokwatira/kukwatiwa.

∗ Maufulu a ana • Ufulu wokhala ndi dzina ndi unzika • Ana ali ndi ufulu wochitidwa zinthu mofanana potsata lamulo.

• Ana ali ndi ufulu wodziwa ndi woleledwa ndi makolo ao.

• Ana ali ndi ufulu wotetezedwa ku nkhanza mokhudzana ndi chuma


∗ Maufulu a akazi • Akazi ayenea kutetezedwa ndi lamulo mofanana.

• Akazi sayenera kusalidwa pa zifukwa zoti ndi akazi, kapena pa zifukwa zoti ndi okwatiwa kapena pa zifukwa zoti ndi osakwatiwa.

• Akazi amene banja linatha, ali ndi ufulu wolandira gawo lao la katundu wapabanja, koma mofanana.

• Akazi ali ndi ufulu wochitiridwa zinthu mofanana pa ntchito yatikiti ndi pa ntchito zamalonda.

• Akazi ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi katundu waowao kuphatikizapo wosiyiridwa ndi makolo kapena amuna ao.

• Ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wokhala ndi

∗ Katundu

∗ Wophunzira ∗ Chikhalidwe ndi chilankhulo chaochao ndiponso ufulu

∗ Woganiza, wokonza ndi wopititsa patsogolo moyo wao Mabungwe omwe sali a boma ndi mabungwe oimira anthu Mabungwe omwe sali a boma ali ndi ntchito ndiponso udindo waukulu wolimbikitsa maufulu a anthu.

- Mabungwe amenewa amathandiza kupititsa patsogolo, kuteteza ndi kulimbikitsa kuti maufulu a anthu azilemekezedwa ndi kutetezedwa.

- Mabungwe amenewa amagwira ntchito yophunzitsa anthu za maufulu ao ndi kuwauza

ndondomeko yomwe angatsate kutakhala kuti maufulu ao aphwanyidwa.

- Mabungwe omwe sali a boma amalangizanso anthu zochita ngati anthuwo aphwanyiridwa maufulu ao ndipo akufuna kutengera nkhani zao kukhoti kudzera ku bungwe, kudzera ku ofesi ya Ombudzumani ndiponso kudzera ku bungwe loona za chisankho.

Ena mwa mabungwe omwe sali a boma koma amathandiza kulimbikitsa maufulu a anthu m’Malawi ndi awa:

1. Bungwe lopereka uphungu, maphunziro ndi kuchita kafukufuku wa za maufulu a anthu la Malawi Centre for Advice, Education and Research on Rights (Malawi CARER)

2. Bungwe loona za maufulu a anthu la Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre (MHRCC)

3. Bungwe loona za maufulu a anthu la Civil Liberties Committee (CILIC)

4. Bungwe loona za maufulu a anthu la Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (CHRR)

lomwe mkulu wake ndi a Undule Mwakasungula.


5. Bungwe la Liwu la Amai la Women’s Voice.

6. Bungwe loona ndi kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha Amai la Society for the Advancement of Women la (SAW)

7. Bungwe loona ndi kuunika za chilungamo pa chuma la Malawi Economic Justice Network

(MEJN) ndiponso bungwe loimira mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani la National Media Institute of Southern Africa (NAMISA)

Mabungwe oona za kayendetsedwe kabwino ka boma ndi mabungwe ndiponso loona za maufulu a anthu

1. Bungwe lothana ndi ziphuphu ndi katangale la Anti Corruption Bureau (ACB). 2. Bungwe lomva madandaulo a anthu la Ombudsman. 3. Bungwe loona za maufulu a anthu la Malawi Human Rights Commission (MHRC) 4. Nyumba ya Malamulo 5. Khoti Lalikulu, khoti lomva milandu yochitidwa apilo 6. Bungwe loona za chisankho la Electoral Commission (MEC) 7. Bungwe loona za Malamulo (Law Commission)

Ombudzimani Bungweli limalandira madandaulo ndipo limaitanitsa anthu okhudzidwa kuofesi kwake kuti lifufuze ndi kumva momwe nkhani zoperekedwa zidayendera. Pambuyo pa kumva mbali zonse zokhudzidwa, mkulu wa ofesiyo amapereka chigamulo chake. Malamulo oyendetsera dziko la Malawi, amapereka mphamvu zoti mkulu wa ofesiyo apereke chilango kwa opezeka wolakwa mokhudzana ndi kuphwanya maufulu a anthu ena. Bungwe loona za maufulu a anthu la Malawi Humani Rights Commission Bungweli limapereka thandizo kwa anthu amene maufulu ao aphwanyidwa mwa njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo

• Limafufuza maufulu amene aphwanyidwa ndi kupereka uphungu wothandiza kuti maufulu a anthu azitetezedwa.

• Limapeza akatswiri a Malamulo othandiza mwaulere anthu amene maufulu ao aphwanyidwa.

• Limaphunzitsa anthu za maufulu ao ndi momwe angatetezere maufuluwo.

Bungwe loona za chisankho Bungweli limayendetsa ndi kuwongolera zisankho, aphungu a ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ndiponso za mtsogolereri wa dziko (President)


Momwe tingadziwire kuti maufulu a anthu aphwanyidwa Kuphwanyidwa kwa maufulu a anthu osiyanasiyana kungathe kuchitika kudzera m’kuwona momwe zinthu zikuyendera kapena momwe zikuchitikira. Izi zitanthauza kuti anthu okhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyi, amayenera kukhala tcheru ku zolankhula ndi zochitika pakati pa anthu. Ndani amathandiza anthu omwe maufulu ao aphwanyidwa? Kumudzi: Mabungwe oimira anthu kumidzi amathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito yolimbikitsa maufulu a anthu ndi kuwateteza. M’dziko Mabungwe okhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo opangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndipo mabungwe otere amayendetsedwa ndi ndalama za boma. Mwachitsanzo: Pali mabungwe oona za maufulu a anthu, ofesi ya Ombudzimani, bungwe loona ndi kuyendetsa zisankho ndi mabungwe ena otero. Mgwirizano wa boma la Malawi ndi maiko kapena mabungwe akunja Boma la Malawi lidachita mapangano ndi mgwirizano ndi mabungwe akunja omwe amaona za maufulu a anthu omwe amaumiriza boma la Malawi kuti likwaniritse udindo wake ndipo mabungwewo ndi awa:

1. Pangano la pakati pa boma la Malawi ndi maiko kapena mabungwe a mu Afrika pa za Maufulu a anthu.

2. Pangano la pakati pa boma la Malawi ndi maiko akunja pa za ufulu wa anthu ndi maufulu a

anthu pandale.

3. Pangano la pakati pa boma la Malawi ndi maiko akunja pa za maufulu a anthu pa chuma, pa ubale ndi pa chikhalidwe cha anthu.

4. Pangano la maufulu a ana.

5. Pangano loonetsetsa kuti pasakhale mchitidwe uliwonse wosala akazi.


KUMEMEZA/KULANKHULIRA ENA (Lobbying & Advocacy) Pakutha phunziro lino, tidziwe izi:

1. Tanthauzo la Advocacy 2. Mitundu ya kulankhulira (Advocacy) 3. Zitsanzo za kulankhulira 4. Upangiri wofunikira polankhulira 5. M’mne tingagwiritsire ntchito upangiri wolankhulira

Tanthauzo la Advocacy Advocacy ndi liwu lochokera ku uloya ndipo limatanthauza kulankhula kapena kuchondelera mmalo mwa anthu ena kuti zinthu zisinthe mokomera aliyense. Mitundu ya kumemeza (advocacy)

• Kumemeza kochitiridwa • Kumemeza kopangira limodzi

• Kumemeza kopanga eni ake okhudzidwa Tingadziwe bwanji kuti ikuchitika apa ndi Advocacy?

a) Ngati zimene zikuchitika zikufuna kusintha momwe zinthu zakhala zikuchitikira b) Ngati zikuthandiza kuikapo maganizo pa zinthu zomwe zikukhudza anthu c) Ngati zikufuna kusintha mmene zinthu zakhala zikuchitikira kuti zikomere aliyense d) Ngati zikuthandiza aliyense podzera nkukambirana e) Ngati zikupereka mayankho kumavuto omwe anthu akukumana nawo f) Ngati zikupereka mwayi woti anthu akambirane.

Kumemeza kutanthauzanso:

a) Dongosolo lantchito yolinga kusintha chikhalidwe cha ulamuliro b) Kumemeza ndi dongosolo lomwe limathandiza kupeza kusintha kwa njira yapadera komwe

kumapindulira anthu okhudzidwa c) Kumemeza ndi kukuwa, kupatsa anthu chidwi ku nkhani yofunikira ndi kuwongolera anthu

omanga mfundo kuti apeze njira yoyendetsera nkhaniyi d) Kumemeza ndi kugwira ntchito pamodzi ndi anthu ena ndi kupanga dongosolo kuti

pawoneke kusintha e) Kumemeza ndi kunyengelera ndipo kumatchula mosamala ntchito zapadongosolo f) Kumemeza nthawi zones cholinga chake ndi kugwedeza dongosolo, malamulo ndi

ndondomeko g) Kulankhulira ena kaya pa mulandu pofuna kuti pakhale kapena pachitike chilungamo

kapena kusintha. Ndondomeko yoyenera kutsatidwa polankhulira ena

1. Kupeza vuto- kodi vuto ladza chifukwa chiyani? Inu kapena anzanu mufuna muchite chiyani? Kodi mpofunika kuti wina athandizepo?

2. Kupeza umboni- apampofunikakuyendera dera kapena Madera okhudzidwawo, kulankhula ndi anthu osiyanasiyana ndi kuchita kafukufuku.


3. Kumanga mfundo- pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga. • Anzanu ogwira nawo ntchito ndi okonzeka kugwira nanu?

• Mfundo zomwe mudapeza ndi zowona kapena zolondola? • Kodi akulu akulu adzakhulupilira zomwe mwapeza?

• Ngati pena pakuperewera, chitani kafukufuku wina. 4. Pulani

• zomwe muchite ndi njira yomwe muchitire

• ndondomeko zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito • mgwirizano ndi magulu ena kapena mabungwe othandizapo pa ntchitoyo • maudindo osiyanasiyana a olamulira ndiwo ayenera kuwafikila moyambilira

5. Kuchitapo kanthu- powonetsa kuti zidzatsamira pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, moyo wao wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Ntchito idzakhala yokhudza anthu ambiri (yomwe ili mkamwa mkamwa mwa anthu ambiri). Mfundo ya kumemeza idzikhala yothandiza, ifotokoze mwatchutchutchu ndi mwa mphamvu pokwaniritsa mfundo ndipo mfundo ikwaniritse izi:

a) Yolunjika (specific) b) Yolingika (measurable) c) Yotheka (achievable) d) Yoonadi (realistic) e) Timely (yapa nthawi yoyenera)

NJIRA ZINA ZOLANKHULIRA ANTHU

1) Kupempha thandizo – Njirayi ndiyolankhula ndi anthu ( ma ofesala akuluakulu) powayitana pa msonkhano kuti akayendere ndi kucheza ndi anthu.

2) Kampeni – Njira yolankhula ndi anthu pofuna kuwakopa kuti achite kapena agwire ntchito ina ya chitukuko.

3) M’bindikilo – Njira yochita mapemphero a usiku wonse ngati njira imodzi olankhulira anthu ena.

4) Chionetsero chokhala pansi – Iyi ndi njira yomwe anthu okhudzidwa ndi anthu zina monga pa ntchito/ pandale amapita kuma ofesi kukakhala pansi osagwira ntchito ndi cholinga chofuna kudzetsa kusintha.

5) kupunguza/ kusala kudya- Kukakamiza ena kuti absinthe pa zinthu zomwe sizikuyenda bwino.

6) Kuchita ziwonetsero – Zothanziza anthu oponderezedwa. Izi ndi njira za mtendere 7) Kupereka zikalata – Zopempha zimathekanso kulembedwa ngati kalata ndi

kukaperekedwa kwa ofikiridwa. 8) Kugwiritsa ntchito mabungweofalitsa nkhani

Kugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani kumathandiza: • Mabungwe amafikila anthu ambiri

• Kulankhula pa wailesi

• Kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi atolankhani


Zigawo zimene zilipo pa nkhani yomemeza (Advocacy) • Mneneri ndi abale okhudzidwa

• Uthenga/ nkhani/ vuto • Anthu ofikiridwa

• Njira yopititsira uthenga Ndondomeko ya kulankhulira (Advocacy Process)

1) Kupeza vuto ( Issue identification) 2) Kupanga zolinga (Goal & Objectives setting) 3) Kusanthula okhudzidwa (Stakeholder analysis) 4) Kusanthula ofikiridwa (Power mapping) 5) Kuchita kalondolondo ndi Kauniuni ( Monitoring & Evaluation)


UTSOGOLERI NDI KAYENDETSEDWE KA MAGULU ( Leadership and Group Dynamics) 1.0 Mau Oyambirira

• Kugwira ntchito yaulangizi waulimi kapena kugwira ntchito yachitukuko ngati gulu ndi chinthu chimene mabungwe a boma ndiponso amene sali a boma akhala akulimbikitsa.

• Umodzi wa udindo wa alangizi ndiponso wa mabungwe amene Sali a boma pa nkhani ya kupereka uphungu pa za ulimi wakhala wokonza ndi wokhazikitsa magulu kapena makalabu pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana.

Ubwino wogwira ntchito ngati gulu

• Kuchititsa kuti ntchito yaulangizi waulimi izichitika mwamsanga.

• Magulu akhala ndi mwai woti aliyense mwa membala ake aunike momwe zinthu zikuyendera, amagawana luso ndi mfundo zothandiza kuti ntchito ya maguluwo iziyenda bwino, amagawananso nzeru ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana za kagwiridwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito yao.

• Magulu amathandiza kulimbikitsa umodzi, amalimbikitsa mtima wochita zinthu

mogwirizana ndiponso amathandizana posonkhanitsa zinthu zothandiza kuti gulu ndiponso ntchito zithe kumayenda bwino pakati pao.

• Kukhala pagulu kumathandiza kuti apeze misika ya zokolola zao mosavuta monga alimi

a m’bungwe la Alimi a mbeu ya Khofi, a m’bungwe la NASFAM, Alimi a Njuchi a Beekeepers Association of Malawi (BAM).

• Kukhala pagulu kumachititsa kuti mamembala azigawana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito luso losiyanasiyana limene aliyense ali nalo pofuna kupeza mayankho ku mavuto amene amakumana nawo pa ulimi wao.

PHUNZIRO 1: Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa magulu Cholinga cha phunziro Kuti pakutha pa phunziro, ophunzira adzakhale atadziwa:

- Kuunika momwe magulu akuyendera, mphamvu zao, kufooka kwao, zokonda zao ndiponso mgwirizano wa pakati pao.

- Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa magulu othandiza kuti alimi azipeza zosowa ndi zokonda zao. Ndani amakhala m’gulu? Alimi ang’onoang’ono omwe amakhala ndi mavuto ndi zosowa zofanana.


1.1. Magulu opangidwa ndi mamembala • Zosowa za alimi ndi zimene ziyenera kuchititsa kuti alimiwo afunefune zokonza ndi

kukhazikitsa gulu.

• Kusowa thandizo la gulu ndi chinthu chofunikira ndipo chiyenera kuutsa chidwi m’maganizo a mamembala ndipo ndi chimene chiyenera kuwakoka kuti afunefune kukhala membala.

1.2. Gulu lochita zakupsa

• Ndi lomwe limazindikira ndi kumvetsa zolinga zao: zolinga zazikulu ndi zolinga zapompopompo.

• Ndi lomwe liyenera kukhala lomasuka posankha njira zoyendetsera gulu lao pamene akufunitsitsa kuti akwaniritse zolinga za gulu.

• Ndi lomwe liri ndi mwai wolumikizana ndi womvetsetsana pakati pa mamembala ake. Liyenera kukhala gulu limene mamembala ali omasuka kulankhula zakukhosi kwao malinga ndi m’mene aliyense akuwonera zinthu zomwe akukhulupirira kuti gulu litha kupindula nazo.

• Ndi lomwe liri ndi mwai ndi mphamvu zotha kupanga ndi kumanga mfundo mosamala poganiziranso maganizo a mamembala ena a m’gululo ndi kuchititsa kuti membala aliyense athe kudzipereka ku ntchito ndi ku cholinga cha gululo.

• Ndi lomwe limapereka mwai woti membala aliyense agwire ntchito momasuka ndi mokwaniritsa zolinga ndi zosowa za membala aliyense.

• Ndi lomwe mamembala onse amapatsidwa mwai wosenza udindo mokomera aliyense.

• Ndi lomwe liri ndi mwai wosunga ndi wokopa membala aliyense kuti pasamakhale kugawikana.

• Ndi lomwe liamachita zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito luso ndi luntha la membala aliyense mokomera gulu lonse.

• Ndi lomwe liri ndi mwai wounika momasuka momwe likutsatira ndondomeko zoyendetsera gululo. Ndi lomwenso liri ndi mwai wolimbana ndi mavuto ndi kupeza mayankho oyenera.

• Ndi lomwe limakwanitsa kulunzanitsa anthu ngakhale pamene memambala atasiyana maganizo pa kagwiritsidwe ka ntchito.

1.3. Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yochititsa kuti gulu likhale lolimba pakuchita zotsatirazi

• Mamembala ayenera kumamasukirana pokambirana, popatsana ndi pakupeza thandizo kwa wina ndi mnzake, komanso ndi omwe ayenera kugawana mfundo, maganizo ndi zinthu zothandiza kutukula ndi kupititsa patsogolo zolinga za gulu.

• Membala ayenera kudziwa ndi kuzindikira kufunikira koti aliyense azigwira ntchito mwapamwamba. Ndipo aliyense avomereze kuti membala aliyense ndi wofunikira pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga za gulu ndipo kuti membala aliyense adzipereke kwathunthu.


• Tsono popeza pali mwai woti mamembala atha kupatsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, magulu ayenera kugawana ntchito poyang’anira kuthekera komwe aliyense ali nako pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zao.

• Ngati mphotho zingathe kuperekedwa, ziperekedwe ku gulu potengera ntchito yapamwamba imene gululo lachita, koma wosapereka kwa membala mmodzi, ai.

• Ngati pali zovuta, zifotokozedwe bwino ndi kuti ziyenderane ndi zosowa ndi zolinga za gulu. Ntchito iyi iyenera kuchitika ndi alimi eniake.

• Kwa mamembala omwe ali ndi maudindo, ntchito ndi maudindo ao ziyenera kudziwika bwino kwa mamembala onse a gulu.

• Pakhale ndondomeko yodziwika ndi yokhazikika ya kagwiridwe koyenera ka gululo ndipo pakhale kufotokoza zolinga ndi zomwe gulu likufuna kukwaniritsa

• Pakhale malamulo odziwika bwino a kayendetsedwe ka gulu. Ngati gulu lipemphedwa kuti ligwire ntchito ina, liyenera kufotokoza bwino kuthekera komwe gululo liri nako, mavuto a gululo adziwike bwino ndipo kufooka kwa gululo kudziwike. Kuunika kotere kungathe:

o Kuchepetsa zomwe mamembala analikuyembekezera kuti akwanitsa. o Kudzathandiza kuchepetsa maganizo olakwika omwe angakhale nako

mokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi zochita za gululo. o Kudzathandiza kuti zomwe membala aliyense akuyenera kuchitira gululo

zidziwike bwino. PHUNZIRO 2: Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa gulu Cholinga cha phunziro Kuti pakutha kwa phunziro lino, ophunzira adzakhale atadziwa:

- Ndondomeko, njira ndiponso masitepe okhudza kakonzedwe ndi kakhazikitsidwe kagulu ndi momwe gululo liyenera kugwirira ntchito zake.

- Kuti pakutha pa phunziro lino ophunzira adziwe kuunika zinthu zina zokhudza mgwirizano wa mamembala ndi kuti aliyense azidziwa momwe khalidwe lake lirili pamene akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi anzake pagulu.

2.1. Ndondomeko zoyenera kutsata pokonza ndi pokhazikitsa magulu

Pali njira kapena kuti ndondomeko zingapo zoyenera kutsata pamene anthu akufuna kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa gulu loti lidzathe kugwira ntchito mokomera membala aliyense.

2.1.1. Kukhazikitsa (kudziwa zochita)

Pamene gulu likhazikitsidwa, poyamba pamakhala nkhawa pa momwe gululo liziyendetsedwera kaamba koti mamembala sakudziwa choyenera kuchita, komanso nthawi zina pamakhala kunthunthumira pomaganizira zomwe aliyense amayembekezera kupindula ndi ntchito za gululo. Mamembala mwina amataya mtima kaamba kosadziwa kayendetsedwe ka gulu. “malamulo a momwe mamembalawo ayenera kuchita amayenera kukhazikitsidwa.” Apa mamembala amakhala ndi chiyembekezo cha momwe zinthu ziyendere, sadziwa chabwino nchiti, kapena chovuta nchiyani.


Ndime iyi yoyamba ya gulu, zinthu zimayenda koma mokhala ngati kungoyembekezera. Motero, atsogoleri amayenera kukonza momwe gululo lizikhalira, ntchito za gulu ndiponso payenera kukhala mwai woti mamembala adziwane. Anthu ambiri, poyamba amaonetsa mtima wodekha ndi waulemu pamene akuyesayesa kukhazikika. Zotsatira zake, anthu poyambapo, amaoneka kuti ali ogwirizana ndipo zonse zimaoneka kuti zikuyenda bwino. Apa mpamne atsogoleri amayenera kuchita zinthu zokopa ndi kulimbikitsa mamembala pofuna kuti aliyense akhale ndi mtima wodzipereka ku ntchito yokhazikitsa gululo. Mwina mamembala amatha kulankhula za momwe aliyense akuwonera za gululo ndipo potero, amachita zinthu mwamtima umodzi makamaka pamene zikuwoneka kuti gululo layamba bwino. Apatu ndi pomwe atsogoleri ayenera kuwonetsa luntha ndi luso lophunzitsa mamembalawo ntchito zomwe akuyenera kuzidziwa. Komanso atsogoleri ayenera kukhala ndi khalidwe loutsa chidwi mwa mamembala kuti akhale ndi mtima wodzipereka potengapo gawo pa zochitachita za gululo. Kuti akwanitse izi, atsogoleri azipeza nthawi yokhala ndi kucheza ndi aliyense momasuka.

2.1.2. Kulimbana ndi zovuta

Pa ndime iyi ndi pomwe membala aliyense amafuna atadziwika kuti iye ndi wofunikira ndiponso kuti aonetse kuti ali ndi kuthekera. Izi ndi zina mwa zinthu zimene zingadzetse mpungwepungwe m’gulu. Iyi ndi nthawi imene aliyense amayamba kudzimva kuti akukhazikika m’gululo ndipo mpamene amaonetsa poyera chomwe ali. Aliyense amayamba kudziwonetsera poyera kuti iye ndi wofunikira kwambiri m’gululo ndipo amafuna kuti mamembala amuzindikire ndi kuti azimvera ndi kutsata mfundo ndi maganizo ake. Izi makamaka zimadziwika pamene mamembala amayamba kupatsidwa maudindo ndi kuti tsopano anthuwo akufika pa ndime yokhwima pa zochita zao. Utsogoleri umene umafunika ndiponso umene ungachititse kuti zinthu ziyende bwino ndi wolira chamuna. Pa ndime imeneyi ndi pamene atsogoleri ayenera kukhala tcheru chifukwa mpamene kukhulana kumabuka pakati pa mamembala. Ili ndi gawo limene liyenera kuchitika mwachikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo ndimeyi ndi imenenso gulu limayamba kukhwima ndi kudziimira palokha.

2.1.3. Kukhazikika (Nthawi yoyamba kukhazikitsa ubale ndi ubwenzi) Pa ndime iyi ndi pamene mamembala amakhala akudziwana ndi kumakhazikitsa maubwenzi ndi maubale a wina ndi mnzake. Pa ndime iyi ndi pomwenso mamembala amakhala atazindikira kuti ngati akumana ndi zovuta,angathe kuthetsa okha ndipo potero, amakhalanso akulimbikitsa umodzi wa mamembala m’gululo. Pa nthawi iyi atsogoleri, amene poyamba analikugwira ntchito yambiri, amayamba kuchepetsa mphamvu yao pozindikira kuti tsopano mamembala a gululo ayambapo kudziyendetsera okha zochita za gulu lao. Koma pomwe zili apa, amasowabe kuchirikizidwa pa nkhani ya ubale ndi mgwirizano wa mamembala.


2.1.4. Kugwira ntchito limodzi Pa nthawi iyi ndi pomwe mamembala amaonetsa kuti ndi ogwirizana ndiponso kuti angathe kudalirana. Iyi ndi ndime imene aliyense amakhala tcheru kuwonetsetsa momwe akugwirira ntchito ndi cholinga choti ngati wina akuperewera pa zochita zake, athandizidwe moyenera ndiponso pa nthawi yake. Pakakhala mavuto, onse amalumikizana ndi kugawana maganizo pa momwe angathanirane ndi zovuta zimene akukumana nazo. Iyitu ndi nthawi yomwe gulu limaonetsa kuti likukhwima pa zochita zake ndiponso kuti lingathe kudzipezera zosowa zao mokhudzana ndi udindo ndiponso ubale wa mamembala onse. Utsogoleri woyendetsa gulu lotere ndi uja wopereka mwai kuti mamembala azidzichitira zinthu m’malo modalira kuti atsogoleri achitepo kanthu nthawi zonse.

PHUNZIRO 3: Kuyendetsa gulu kudzera m’makomiti Cholinga cha phunziro: Nkuti pakutha pa phunziro lino adzakhale atadziwa zotsatirazi:

- Kupeza zosowa za komiti - Kukonza ndondomeko yokhazikitsira komiti - Kudziwa malamulo ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera komiti - Akhale atazindikira za komiti yabwino - Atadziwa luntha ndi luso la utsogoleri wabwino.

3.1. Mau Oyambirira

Makomiti ochita zakupsa ndi amene angathe kukhala ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera mabungwe kapena magulu. Ntchito ya yakomiti iyenera kukhala yopatsa chimwemwe ku bungwe ndiponso kwa membala aliyense payekhapayekha. Cholinga ndiponso zimene komiti iyenera kukwaniritsa zingathe kukhala zomveka bwino, koma pamene komiti iyamba kugwira ntchito, pang’onopang’ono, pamabwera zovuta zina zimene zimachititsa kuti komitiyo ichite bwino kapena ai. Gawo lino likufotokoza ndi kuyankha mafunso angapo monga zifukwa zokhazikitsira gulu ndiponso momwe gululo lingagwirire ndi kuyendetsera ntchito zake. Gawo lino lakonzedwa ndi cholinga chofuna kuthandiza inu ngati mtsogoleri wa bungwe lanu, kuti muwonetsetse kuti komiti yanu ikugwira bwino ntchito ndiponso kuti ikwaniritse zolinga ndi zifukwa zimene idakhazikitsidwira.

3.2. Kodi ndi koyenera kuti tikhale ndi komiti?

Pamakhala zifukwa zambiri zokhazikitsira komiti ndipo zifukwazo ndi zodziwika kwa anthu ambiri mosayang’anira zomwe komiti imayenera kukwaniritsa.

• Maudindo amaperekedwa kwa mamembala osiyanasiyana.

• Mamembala amakhala ndi mwai wotengapo mbali pa zochitika m’komiti. • Luso losiyanasiyana la membala aliyense limathandiza kukometsa ndi kupititsa

patsogolo ntchto za komiti.


• Mamembala amene alibe luso lokwanira a zochitika, amaphunzira kuchokera kwa anzao.

• Zochitika ndi komiti zimaunikidwa mozama ndi mamembala a komiti. • Ntchito ya bungwe lomwe lakonza ndi kukhazikitsa makomiti, imagwirika ndi

kutsirizika bwino kudzera m’makomiti.

3.3. Kodi tisowa kukhala ndi komiti tsopano lino? Kupatula ngati cholinga chokhazikitsa komiti chitalembedwa, komiti singakhale yofunikra. Ngati pali maganizo oti pakhale komiti, mafunso otsatirawa ayenera kuyankhidwa pofuna kukonza malamulo ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera komitiyo.

• Kodi cholinga chofuna kukhala ndi komiti ndi chiyani? • Nanga ntchito ndi zofooka za komitiyo ndi zotani?

• Nanga tsatanetsatane wa ntchito za komitiyo ndi wotani? • Kodi ntchito ya komitiyo idzayembekezeka kutsirizika liti, nanga

padzayembekezeka lipoti lotani? • Kodi udindo wa osankhidwa pa mipando yosiyanasiyana ndi wotani, nanga

komitiyo idzakhala ndi mamembala angati? • Kodi pali ndalama zoyendetsera komitiyo?

• Kodi amaudindo adzayenera kugwira ntchito yao kwa nthawi yaitali bwanji, ndondomeko yosankhira anthu pamaudindo ndiponso kasankhidwe ka wapampando kudzakhala kotani?

• Mphamvu ya komitiyo ndi yotani?

• Kodi pafunika zinthu ziti zothandiza pa kuyendetsa komitiyo? Kodi pakalipano komitiyo ili kale ndi zinthu ziti?

Ndi udindo wa bungwe lalikulu, kawirikawiri kudzera m’komiti yapamwamba, kufotokozera cholinga cha komiti, zofooka zake ndiponso maudindo ake. Zimenezi ziyenera kuphatikizidwa ku malamulo ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera komitiyo potsamira pa mfundo imene inadzetsa maganizo ofuna kukhazikitsa komiti. Maina a mamembala okhazikika a komitiyo ayenera kulembedwa. Ndipo chilichonse chochitika ndi komitiyo chizilembedwa pofuna kuti bungwe lalikulu lizikhala ndi mwai wowaona ndi kuwawerenga pamene pali kofunikira kuti zitero. 3.4. Mitundu ya makomiti Pali mitundu iwiri ya makomiti 3.4.1. Komiti yokhazikika

Mtundu uwu wa makomiti ndi womwe umakhazikitsidwa potsata malamulo a bungwe lalikulu, ndondomeko ndi mfundo zoyendetsera bungwe lalikulu. Makomiti amtunduwu amakhala okhazikika ndipo zitsanzo za makomiti otere ndi monga: Makomiti oyang’anira za chuma, za maphunziro, oona za kusankha anthu pamaudindo ndi ena otere.


3.4.2. Makomiti ongoyembekezera Makomiti otere ndi omwe amakonzedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa pa zifukwa zapadera koma kwa kanthawi kochepa.

Mitundu iwiri ya makomiti, mogwirizana ingathe kukonza zoti pakhale timakomiti topatutsira kukaoneka kuti ntchito yakula kapena ngati kuwoneka kuti pali ntchito yosowa kuunikidwa ndi kugwiridwa mwapadera. 3.5. Tisowa kukhala ndi komiti- tikhazikitse komiti yabwino Njira ziwiri zochititsa kuti komiti ikhale yabwino ndi izi: 3.5.1. Kusankha mamembala

Kusankha mamembala a m’komiti ndi njira yabwino chifukwa imathandiza anthu osankhidwa potengera luso, luntha, zokonda zao ndipo izi ndi zomwe zimachititsanso kuti komiti ikhale yaikulu kapena yaing’ono malinga ndi zolinga zimene komitiyo ikuyembekezeka kukwaniritsa. Anthu asanu kapena asanu ndi anai, ndi nambala zabwino kwa makomiti ambiri.

3.5.2. Zoyembekezeka kukwaniritsidwa

Wapampando wa komiti ndi amene amaunikia mamembala pa za cholinga chokhazikitsira komiti ndiponso pa zomwe akuyembekeza kuti komitiyo idzachitire bungwelo. Kasanjidwe ka maudindo komwe aliense adzatule malipoti ake, zidzayenera kukazikitsidwa ndi kufotokozedwa momveka bwino. Komanso zokonda ndi chiyembekezo cha membala aliyense ziyenera kutchulidwa pa nthawi iyi. Wapampando wa komitiyo ndiye mtsogoleri wamkulu woyang’anira za ntchito yoonse ya komiti. Munthu wotere ayenera kusankhidwa mosamala pambuyo poti bungwe laganizira mozama. Sankhani munthu amene ali ndi chidwi ndi kufuna kwabwino ndipo ayenera kukhala munthu womasuka kugwira ntchito ndi mamembala onse a m’komiti mosavuta. Udindo wa wapampando si wodzetsa luso ku gulu (Chokacho choti munthu ndi wodziwa zamalonda, sikuti angachite kutsogolera msonkhano wa komiti) wapampando ayenera kukhala wodziwa kukoka anthu ndi kuwachititsa kuti azitha kukumana mosavuta kuti azikambirana za ntchito ya komitiyo ndi za mavuto a anthu. Ayenera kukhala wodziwa kukoka anthu ndi kuwachititsa kuti azitha kutengapo gawo pa zokambiana ndi pa kugwira ntchito zimene membala aliyense akuyambekezeka kugwira. Komanso ayenera kukhala munthu wotha kuwalimbikitsa ngakhale pamene zinthu sizikuyenda bwino.

Ntchito zina za wapampando wa komiti ndi izi:

• Kukonza ndi kulemba malipoti ndiponso kufotokozera ndi kupereka malipotiwo ku bungwe lalikulu.

• Kuwonetsetsa kuti munthu wina akukonzekeredwa kuti adzathe kutenga udindo wa wapampando mtsogolo.


• Kukonza mitu ya misonkhano, kuitanitsa misonkhano, kupempha maganizo kuchokera kwa mamembala ndi zina zotero.

Bungwe lalikulu liyenera kuunikira ndi kuphunzitsa wapampando kuti athe kugwira ntchito yake mwapamwamba. Sibwino kungomuuza kuti “Ntchito ndi imeneyi, palibe choopsa”, kuchita choncho sichanzeru, nkosapindulitsa ndipo sizoona, ai!

3.5.3. Kulemba ndi kupereka malipoti

Makomiti ali ndi udindo wochita zinthu mogwirizana ndi gulu kapena bungwe limene linawakhazikitsa Malipoti ochokera ku makomiti ayenera kukhala gawo la zokambirana pa misonkhano ya pachaka ya bungwe lalikulu. Kawirikawiri, wapampando wa komiti ndi amene amapereka malipoti a komitiyo a msonkhano waukulu wapachaka wa bungwe lalikulu. Maganizo kapena mfundo zoyenera kuganziridwa pa msonkhano waukulu ziyenera kukhala kumapeto kwa lipoti lochokera ku komiti. Koma kwa lipoti lochokera ku komiti liyenera kukhala lalifupi koma lokhala ndi mfundo zoyenera pofuna kuti pa nthawi yopereka lipotilo, asakataye nthawi. Lipotilo liyenera kuwonetsa kuti komiti idaakambirana mozama za ntchito yao mokhudza mbali zonse zofunikira. Ngati komitiyo singachite izi, bungwe lalikulu lidzatha kukayika za zomwe komitiyo idakambirana. Onani ndondomeko ya kalembedwe ka lipoti m’munsimu.

Mfundo zokhudzana ndi lipoti (kawirikawiri lolembed wa ndi wapampando wa komiti) ndi izi

• “Kulandira lipoti”- Izi ndi zimene zimayembekezeka ngati palibe maganizo ena otsutsana ndi mfundoyi kapena ngati sipakuyembekezeka kuti pachitike kanthu.

• “Kuvomereza lipoti”- Ngati lipoti lovomerezedwa, ndiye kuti mfundo zopezeka mu lipotilo zimasanduka za bungwe lalikulu ndipo kuti mfundozo ziyenera kutsatidwa. Udindo woonetsetsa kuti lipotilo likutsatidwa umakhala m’manja mwa bungwe lalikulu.

Bungwe lalikulu liyenera kufotokozera komiti kuti mwachitsanzo, lalandira kapena lavomereza lipotilo:

• Kuti lapereka lipotilo ku komiti ina kapena kwa munthu wina kuti achitepo kanthu.

• Kuti lipotilo libwezedwe ku komiti kuti ikafotokozere bwino magawo ena kapena kuti komitiyo ichitepo kanthu kena.

• Kuti aimitsa lipotilo mpaka nthawi ina.

• Kuti lipotilo lakanidwa. Payenera kukhala kuthokoza kapena kuyamikira kaamba ka ntchito yokoma yomwe yachitika ndi komitiyo ngakhale kutakhala kuti magawo ena sadalandiridwe. Izi ndi zofunika pofuna kulimbikitsa komiti kuti ipitirize kuchita bwino.


3.6. Zizindikiro za komiti yogwira bwino ntchito zake • Cholinga cha komiti ndi chodziwika bwino.

• Misonkhano ya komiti imayenda ndi kuchitika mu nthawi yake. • Kuzindikira ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa zosowa za wina ndi mnzake, kulumikizana ndi

kukhalirana mwaubale pakati pa mamembala.

• Kukhala momasukirana • Kukhala ndi mamembala okonda ntchito yao ndi okhulupirika ndi odzipereka.

• Malipoti a misonkhano amelembedwa momveka bwino. • Amakhala ndi mwai wounika momwe ntchito yao ikuyendera ndiponso momwe

membala aliyense akuchitira pa ntchito yake.

• Kuyamikira mamembala kaamba ka ntchito yabwino imene akuchita pothandiza ndi potukula komiti yao.

• Ntchito ya komiyi imalandiridwa ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi bungwe lalikulu kaamba kokwaniritsa zolinga za bungwe lao.

3.7. Maganizo othandiza kuti mamembala azitengapo gawo pa zochitika m’komiti

• Pofuna kulimbikitsa mamembala kuti asamajombe ku zochitika za komiti, pafunika kuganizira zotsatirazi;

• Onetsetsani kuti apampando a komiti akumvetsa ndipo angathe kufotokozera zolinga ndi udindo wa komiti kwa mamembala ndi kuwonetsetsanso kuti apampando ndi mamembala akudziwa ndi kumvetsa ntchito zomwe akuyembekezeka kumagwira.

• Onetsetsani kuti pali maphunziro othandiza kufotokozera za ntchito ndi udindo wa bungwe lalikulu kapena za gulu, kapenanso za ntchito zimene zomwe bungwelo limagwira ndiponso zomwe komiti imachita pofuna kuthandiza pa zolinga za bungwe.

• Kumbukirani kuti ndi kofunikira kuti makomiti ayenera kukhala olimba ndi kumatengapo gawo pa zochitika m’bungwe pofuna kuti bungwelo likhale lolimba. Musagwe m’chinyengo chongotengapo munthu aliyense kuti atsogolere komiti. Nkofunika kuti mtsogoleri azikhala wodziwa ntchito yake.

• Onetsetsani kuti membala aliyense wa m’komiti akupatsidwa zochita.

• Nkofunika kuti mamembala a komiti asamajombe ku zochita za komitiyo. Komanso nkofunika kuti pakhale masiku amene membala angavomerezedwe kujomba mokhudzana ndi misonkhano ya komiti.

• Khazikitsani nthawi imene msonkhano wa komiti uyenera kuchitika, komanso payenera kukhala malire a nthawi imene zokambirana ziyenera kutsirizika ndipo nkofunika kuti mamembala onse azithandizidwa kuti azimvetsa momwe ntchito za komitiyo zikuyendera.

• Malipoti a misonkhano ya komiti, ayenera kukhalanso maina a anthu amene amabwera kumsonkhano kuphatikizapo maina a amene amajomba.


3.8. Utsogoleri Kukhala mtsogoleri wokwanitsa kugwira bwino ntchito yake, ndi china mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri. Ena mwa maudindo ndi ntchito za mtsogoleri ndi monga:

3.8.1. Maudindo ndi ntchito za mtsogoleri ndi izi

• Chitetezo

• Kukhulupirika • Kudalirika

• Kuphunzitsa ena luso losiyanasiyana

• Kukhala pachiwopsezo • Kukhala chitsanzo chabwino

• Kuyanjanitsa anthu

• Kukhala wosatepeka

• Kumanga mfundo • Kulimbikitsa anthu

• Kulimbikitsa kuti anthu azikhala ogwirizana ndi otha kuchezerana mosavuta

• Kuthandiza magulu kuti azitha kusintha nkumapita patsogolo • Kudziwa ndi kuzindikira zosowa za gulu ndi za mamembala ake.

• Kuwonetsetsa kuti zokonda ndi zofuna za anthu zikukwaniritsidwa. 3.8.2. Maudindo a mtsogoleri

• Kukhala munthu wotha kumva ndi womvetsera za anthu • Kukhala munthu wosunga zinsinsi • Kukhala woyambitsa zinthu kuti zichitike

• Kukhala womanga mfundo • Kukhala wodekha ndi wotha kumaona momwe zikuyendera

• Kukhala wolamula ndi mphamvu • Kukhala phungu

• Kukhala wotha kulumikizana bwino ndi anthu

• Kukhala bwenzi la onse • Kukhala munthu wotha kulankhulira ena.

3.8.3. Ntchito za mtsogoleri

Utsogoleri umene tifuna kunena pano ndi wa munthu wogwira ntchito limodzi ndi gulu ndipo cholinga cha utsogoleri umenewu nkukwaniritsa zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, nkufuna kugwira ndi kutsiriza ntchito zimene gulu lidakonza kuti lichite. Chachiwiri, ndiye kupitiriza kukometsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo ubale wa mamembala a m’gululo. Izi zitanthauza kuti utsogoleri wotere uli ndi maudindo awiri omwe ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito za gulu ndiponso kulimbikitsa umodzi ndi ubale wa iye ndi mamembala, ndiponso ubale wa pakati pa mamembala okhaokha. Zitsanzo za zimene tatchulazi zili m’munsimu:


3.8.3.1. Maudindo, ntchito ndi makhalidwe • Udindo wopereka mauthenga ndi maganizo: Amafotokoza zinthu monga ziliri,

amaikapo mfundo zake, amapereka maganizo ake ndi china chilichonse chimene chingathandize kuti zokambirana za gulu zikhale zaphindu.

• Ndi munthu amene amafuna kumva maganizo a ena: Amafuna kudziwa zoona zenizeni, mauthenga osiyanasiyana, mfundo zosiyanasiyana, maganizo osiyanasiyana ndiponso amafuna kudziwa momwe mamembala a gulu akuwonera ndi kumvera kuchokera kwa mamembala pofuna kuthandiza kuti zokambirana za gulu ziyende bwino.

• Ndi munthu amene amayambitsa kuti zinthu ziyambe kuyenda: Amapereka mfundo, maganizo ndi ntchito zimene gulu lingachite pakati pao.

• Ndi munthu amene amaongolera zinthu: Amakonza ndondomeko ya momwe zinthu zingayendere ndi kupita patsogolo ndipo amaika mtima pa ntchito zomwe ziyenera kugwirika.

• Ndi amene amasonkhanitsa mfundo zonse zokambidwa pamisonkhano nkuzilemba mwachidule koma momveka bwino koma mosataya mfundo zofunikira zimene zinakambidwa pamsonkhano.

• Ndi amene amaongolera zinthu pakuwonetsa mgwirizano wa maganizo osiyanasiyana, pakuwaika pamodzi ndi kuthandiza magulu, nthambi za magulu ndi mamembala kuti athe kugwira ntchito zao mogwirizana.

• Ndi amene amaunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera ndipo amafufuzafufuza gwero la mavuto amene akuchititsa kuti gulu lisamachite bwino pa ntchito zimene linayenera kugwira.

• Ndi amene amalimbikitsa mamebala kuti agwire ntchito yapamwamba ndi yotamandika.

• Ndi amene amaunika maganizo kuti aone ngati ndi otheka, amayesayesa kupeza mayankho ku mavuto amene gulu likukumana nawo ndi kuchita zotheka kuti achepe kapena atheretu.

• Ndi amene amaunika mfundo za gulu, ndi kuwona ngati gulu lakwaniritsa zolinga zomwe lidaakonza kuti ligwire ndi kukwaniritsa.

3.8.3.2. Ubale, ntchito ndi makhalidwe

• Mtsogoleri ndi amene amakopa mamembala kuti akhale ndi chidwi chomatengapo gawo molimbika pa ntchito za komiti. Iye amachita izi poyamikira zabwino zimene mamembala achita, amavomereza zinthu zikayenda ndipo amakhala womasuka kumva maganizo a anthu ena, amakhala bwenzi la aliyense ndipo amachita chotheka kumva madandaulo a mamembala.

• Ndi amene amadzetsa chiyanjano ndi umodzi pakati pa mamebala ndipo ngati pali kusiyana maganizo pakati pa mamembala, iye amawalunzanitsa mwaubale, mwabata ndi mwamtendere.


• Ndi amene amathuzitsa mitima ya mamembala ndi kuchititsa kuti mamembalawo azimva kukoma pakulimbikitsa mamembala kuti pamene akuchita ntchito zao zosiyanasiyana ngati gulu, pazikhala machezedwe oselewulana mwaubale ndi kuti potero azikhala omasuka ndi okondwa koma popanda wina kunyoza kapena kusukulutsa mnzake.

• Ndi amene ali ndi luso pakulumikizana ndi anthu ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti mamembala akutha kumvetsetsana bwino pa zomwe amalankhulana.

• Ndi amene amaunika momwe ntchito ya gulu lao ikuyendera, komanso amafunsa maganizo a mamembala pa momwe gulu likugwirira ntchito zake, komanso amafuna kudziwa za ubale kapena mgwirizano wa mamembala ndipo amaikapo maganizo ake pa momwe mbali zonse zikuchitira.

• Ndi amene amaonetsetsa momwe ntchito ikuyendera ndipo zimenezi

zimamuthandiza kuti aone ngati gulu likuchitadi zomwe linayenera kuchita pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga za gulu.

• Ndi amene amaonetsetsa kuti mamembala akudziwa momwe ntchito ikuyendera

ndiponso komwe ikupita ndipo amafotokozera momwe gulu limafunira kuti ntchito ikhale yapamwamba ndi yovomerezeka. Koma kuti ntchito ikhale yapamwamba, ikuyenera kuchitika mogwirizana ndi mlingo wokhazikitsidwa ndi komiti.

• Mtsogoleri ayenera kukhala wodziwa kumvetsera ndi wokhala ndi chidwi mwa

zochita za mamembala, womva maganizo a anthu ena ndipo amachita zinthu limodzi ndi gulu ngati palibe kusagwirizana kulikonse.

• Ndi amene amadzetsa chikhulupiriro mwa mamembala ndipo amalimbikitsa umodzi ndi kumasuka pakati pao, komanso amalimbikitsa mamembala kuti aliyense azidziwona kuti ndi wofunikira ku ntchito za gulu.

• Ndi amene ali ndi luso loyanjanitsa anthu pamene asemphana maganizo. Motero, amalimbikitsa mtima wokhala ndi kukambirana mwaubale ndi momvetsetsana pofuna kuthetsa mpungwepungwe uliwonse umene wabuka pakati pao.

Msonkhano woyamba wa komiti

• Yambani pa nthawi yabwino • Ikani nthawi imene msonkhano uthere

• Konzani mitu ya msonkhano

• Itanani mamembala kuti afike pa malo amsonkhano.

• Fotokozani cholinga cha msonkhano. • Sankhani mlembi woti azilembera zokambirana


• Kodi ntchito yathu ndi yotani

• Kambiranani ntchito za komiti ndi kulimbikitsa mamembala kuti akhale ndi chidwi chotengapo gawo pa zokambirana, makamaka pakupeza mayankho ku zovuta zina zokhudza kayendetsedwe ka komiti ndi zina zotero.

• Kukhazikitsa mfundo zofunikira o Kodi ndi ziti zimene tisowa kudziwa? o Lembani mndandanda wa zomwe ziyenera kuchitika pofuna kuti ntchito za

komiti ziyambe bwino. o Kodi pali ntchito zina zoyenera kuziganizira kwambiri? o Kodi alipo wina kapena bungwe lomwe linachitapo kale zamtunduwu? o Kodi pali bungwe lina lomwe linachitapo pa zinthu ngati izi? o Kodi nkofunikira kuti pakhale munthu wina wothandiza kulangiza komiti pa

ntchito zake? o Potsiriza, sankhani nkhani zikuluzikulu, pezani chochita ndipo mugwirizane

za nthawi imene nthcitoyo ingatsirizike.

• Kukwaniritsa ntchito zikuluzikulu zimene zasankhidwa. o Ntchito iliyonse iyenera kuperekedwa kwa munthu mmodzi kapena ku

nthambi ya komiti. o Khazikitsani tsiku limene malipoti a momwe ntchito ikuyendera ayenera

kuperekedwa pa ntchito iliyonse.

• Gwirizanani za tsiku la msonkhano wina

• Tsekani msonkhano


3.10. Lipoti la komiti Dzina la komiti: __________________________________________________________________ Ntchito ya komiti: ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Mfundo zoyenera kukambidwa: _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Maganizo kapena mfundo zoti nkudzakambidwa nthawi ina: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Maina a mamembala amene afika ku msonkhano ___________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ _________________________________ Tsiku: _______________________________________________ Saini ________________________________________________ Wapampando


PHUNZIRO 4: Kukambirana ndi kuthetsa mikangano Zoyenera kukwaniritsidwa m’phunziro lino:

- Kuti ophunzira athe kuzindikira ndi kupeza gwero la mikangano. - Kufuna kuwonetsa momwe ophunzirawo angapezere yankho ku mikangano imene

yabuka pakuisandutsa gwero la mtendere. - Kufuna kuzindikiritsa ophunzira kusiyana pachikhalidwe pa nkhani yothetsa mikangano.

4.1. Mau Oyambirira

(Gawo lino lidzatha kutsatidwa bwino ngati muli ndi chitsanzo cha mkangano umene munakhudzidwa nawo chaposachedwapa) M’kati mwa sabata (Mlungu), yapitayi, takhala tikukumana ndi zokhoma zofunikira kuti papezeke mayankho ake kudzera m’kukambirana; zokhomazo kapena mkanganowo ukhale woti unachitikira mu nthawi yogwira ntchito. Kusiyana maganizo kapena kukangana kumadza kaamba ka kusiyana kwa zokonda kapena kusiyana kwa zofuna zao kaamba koti zokonda kapena zofuna za wina, sizomwenso wina amakonda, ndipo kumakhala kosavuta kupeza mayankho, kotero kuti mwina anthu okanganawo amasankha kupeza mayankho m’malo mongozisiya. Pakati pathu, ndi anthu ochepa amene amakhala ndi chidwi chothana ndi mikangano ya pakati pa mabwana, anthu amisinkhu yofanana, anthu amaudindo aang’ono pantchito, pakati pa anthu ogwirizana kapena pakati pa anthu achilendo. Izi ndi zoona makamaka ngati mkanganowo udzetsa udani komanso ngati palibe wofuna mtendere. Kuthetsa mikangano ndi ntchito yotopetsa kwambiri m’maganizo. Koma chofuna kuzindikira nchakuti mikangano imene imasowa mayankho siyabwino komanso siyoipa. Kupeza mayankho ku mikangano kungathe kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kapena zoipa. Ntchito yothana ndi mikangano itha kukhala yovuta komanso ingathe kukhala ndi zokoma kwa iwe amene ukuyesa kuthana ndi mikanganoyo, komanso ingathe kukhala ubwino pa nkhani ya ubale ndiponso pa nkhani yaluso pa ntchto. Chachikulu pamenepa nkuti mkangano uthe, wosati kupondereza kapenanso kuchititsa kuti mkangano upitirire. Ambiri a ife, amasankha kupewa mkangano pamene wabuka, komatu nkwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito mkangano ngati njira yophunzirira zinthu zina pamoyo wathu ndiponso ngati njira yotilimbikitsa kuchita zabwino. Pa moyo wathu wapantchito komanso pa moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku, tidzakhala tikukumana ndi mavuto odzetsa mikangano yomwe idzasowa kuti ife tichitepo kanthu pofuna kuthetsa ndi kuyanjanisa anthu okanganawo. Pamene mabungwe azinka kokhala ndi amaudindo ochepa, osadalira utsogoleri, okhala ndi malire pa maudindo, mikangano sidzakhala nkhani yachilendo mtsogolo muno. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti luso poyanjanitsa anthu okangana ndi chinthu chothandiza munthu kuti akhale wochita bwino. Pomwe kuthandiza anthu okangana ndi luso lofunikira, pali zinthu zina zoyenera kuti


munthu aphunzire kumvetsa luso lotere ndiponso kukulitsa lusolo, chidzakhala chinthu chofunikira pantchito panu ndiponso pamoyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku, chinthu chomwe chidzakuchititseni kuti mukhale wochita bwino.

NNjj ii rr aa zzoossaakkhhuuddzziikkaa:: ZZiinntthhuu zziinnaa zzooyyeennddeerr aannaa nnddii kkuukkaammbbii rr aannaa mmookkhhuuddzzaannaa nnddii kkuutthheettssaa mmiikkaannggaannoo Ndi kofunikira kulumikizana bwino ndi anthu. Malankhulidwe ndiponso chilankhulo chathupi, ndi zina mwa zinthu zothandiza kapena zolepheretsa kuti mikangano ithe bwino kapena ai. Motero, munthu woyesayesa kuyanjanitsa anthu okangana ayenera kudekha ndi kukhala tcheru ku zomwe wina mwa olakwiranawo akulankhula m’malo momalowerera wina akulankhula. Chinthu china nchakuti pokambirana ndibwino kumaonana maso ndi maso. Gwiritsani mau oti “ndi” m’malo mwa “Koma” zimenezi zimathandiza kupereka chithunzi chabwino cha momwe zinthu ziliri ndiponso cha momwe zinthu ziyenera kukhalira. Zinthu zosakhudzika ndi zofunikira kwambiri pokambirana zothetsa mikangano. Zina mwa zinthu zosakhudzika ndi izi: 4.5.1. Njira zolimikizirana

Samalani pa nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito lamya kapena kutumiza uthenga pogwiritsa ntchito makina akomputa pa nkhani ya e-mail ndi zina zosaoneka ndi maso. Pamene mukukambirana zothetsa mkangano, onetsetsani kuti polankhulapo, nkhope yanu, mamvekedwe a mau ndiponso zizindikiro zina zapathupi panu zizisonyeza kuti mukufunitsitsa kuti mkanganowo uthe mwabata ndi mwamtendere, chifukwatu kupanda kutero, mwina kukangana sikungathe. Kuwonjezera apa, onetsetsani kuti mukukhudzidwa ndi mbali ya wolakwiridwa ndipo kuti mukufuna kuti zonse zithe bwino mokomera mbali zonse.

4.5.2. Khalani tcheru ku umunthu wanu

Mokhudzana ndi zokonda, zosowa zanu ndiponso momwe inu mumalumikizirana ndi anthu komanso khalani tcheru ku umunthu wa winayo. Zinthu zimenezi zidzakhala ndi gawo lalikulu ndipo kumvetsa za inu nomwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri.

4.5.3. Umunthu wanu ndiponso momwe mumalumikizirana ndi anthu

Kodi mukukhulupirira za inuyo motani, ndinu omasuka bwanji, ndi zinthu ziti zimene mufuna kubisa kapena kuulula?

4.5.4. Malo okambiranako za mkangano umene wabuka

Nthawi zina malo amene tili pokambirana za mkangano umene wabuka amatha kuchititsa kuti zokambirana ziyende bwino kapena ai. Kodi tili omasuka ndi malo amene takhala pokambiranapo?


4.5.5. Zochitika zam’mbuyo

Ngati pali mbiri yakuti panabukapo mkangano ndi amene tikukumana naye tsopano lino, ganizirani momwe mbiri imeneyo ingakhudzire momwe mkangano walero ungayendere.

4.5.6. Kuchepa kwa nthawi

Ganizarani za nthawi imene muli nayo yoti nkukambirana za mkanganowo. Kodi musowa nthawi yaitali kapena mukufuna kuti nkhaniyo ithe m’kanthawi kochepa?

4.5.7. Zinthu zofunikira kuziganizira kwambiri

Khalani tcheru ndipo muzindikire kuti anthu amaona mosiyana pa zomwe amaganizira kuti nzofunikira kwambiri pamene akukambirana zothetsa mkangano. Mwachitsanzo, pokambirana zofuna ntchito mungathe kuganizira za malo amene munthu wofuna ntchitoyo azikagwirira ntchitoyo koma osaika mtima kwambiri pa malipiro amene munthuyo azidzalandira; motero, ndi kofunikira kwambiri kuganizira za zomwe munthu winayo amaona kuti nzofunikira ndi zopambana kwa iye. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti nkovuta kudziwiratu momwe nkhani idzayendere mtsogolo ndipo sitingadziwe momwe nkhaniyo idzathere. Kupeza chinthu chomwe munthu amachiwona chofunikira ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kuiganizira kwambiri pokambirana zothetsa mkangano.

Chithunzi chachiwiri: Kuonetsa Mamembala a ku Dedza


4.5.8. Khazikani mtima pansi ndi kumamvetsera modekha, funsani mafunso ambiri kuti zoona zituluke ndiponso kuti pamene sipadamveke bwino, patambasulidwe mokwanira. Pamfundoyi, gwiritsani ntchito luso labwino pokambirana ngakhale kuti nkhani ikafika potentha, luso lolumikizirana bwino limaiwalika.

4.5.9. Zoyenera kupewa

Pewani kulankhula kwambiri za mbali imodzi, pewani kukambirana zakale komanso pewani kudzudzula mbali imodzi ya anthu okanganawo.

4.5.10. Khalani tcheru ndi kumvetsera modekha

Izi zitanthauza kuti pamene mukukambirana zothetsa mkangano, wofuna kuyanjanitsa anthuwo, kawirikawiri, ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti akumvetsa za mbali inayo. Ganizirani za mtsogolo, kambani zoyenera kuchitika, thetsani vuto mogwirizana. Funsani mafunso ochuluka kuti pakhale kumvetsetsana bwino. Bwerezani kutambasula bwino zomwe mbali iliyonse ikunena pofuna kuwonetsa kuti za mbali iliyonse zikumveka bwino.


KUCHITA ZINTHU MWAPOYERA ( Transparency and Social Accountability) Kuchita zinthu mwapoyera

• Kuchita zinthu mwapoyera kutanthauza kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wodziwa zomwe anthu amaudindo akuchita tsiku ndi tsiku.

• Kuchita zinthu mwapoyera kutanthauza kuti zosowa za anthu za tsiku ndi tsiku zikupezeka ndiponso kuti maufulu a anthu pandale ndi pa chuma akulemekezedwa.

• Kuwonetsetsa kuti mbali ya atsogoleri ndi olamulidwa zikukhutitsidwa ndi momwe zinthu zikuyendera.

Tanthauzo la – kuchita zinthu mwapoyera � Ufulu wa anthu onse wopeza chilungamo ndi kuuzidwa zoona pa za:

• Kugawidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwa chuma cha boma ndiponso katundu wa boma mokomera nzika zonse.

• Kuti kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka anthu amaudindo, kakuwathandiza kuzindikira zosowa zao, maufulu ao ndiponso kuthekera komwe ali nako.

� Ku mbali inayi, amaudindo akuumirizidwa kuti:

• Azifotokoza mokwanira ndi mwachilungamo za momwe akugwirira ntchito yao ndiponso,

• Kuti ngati chuma ndi katundu wa boma sakugawidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, azichitapo kanthu kuti zolakwikazo zikonzedwe.

Udindo wa boma Boma liyenera kupereka katundu ndi zinthu zina zothandiza kuti nzika zizipeza ndi kukhala ndi zosowa za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuti maufulu ao azilemekezedwa ndi kutetezedwa. Boma liwonetsetse kuti: � Likupeza ndalama zokwanira zogwirira ntchito zachitukuko pakati pa anthu. � Kuti iwo amene ali ndi udindo wosamalira chuma ndi katundu wa boma akusamalira ndi

kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chuma ndi katunduyo. Kusintha boma kuti lizichita zinthu mwapoyera

• Kuwonetsetsa kuti pali ndondomeko yabwino, yokhazikika yothandiza kuti ogwira ntchito za boma ndi boma akuchita zinthu mwapoyera.

• Kuwonetsetsa kuti pasakhale kam’bisalirano pa nkhani yotsata ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosamalira chuma ndi katundu.

� Pakhale kuzindikira pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito m’boma kuti ali ndi udindo woonetsetsa

kuti zinthu zikuchitika mwapoyera.


� Izi zitanthauza (a) Kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wodziwa zifukwa zomwe amaudindo amamangira mfundo

mokhudzana ndi zosowa za anthu, kagawidwe ka chuma ndi katundu wa boma ndiponso pa kasamalidwe ka zinthuzo.

(b) Kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu amaudindo osunga ndi kusamalira katundu wa boma ali ndi udindo wofotokozera momwe zosowa za anthu zikugawidwira ndipo kuti ngati pali zolakwika zina, zikonzedwe msanga.

Kuunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera ndiponso kuchita zinthu mwapoyera • Zomwe amaudindo ayenera kukwaniritsa ziyenera kukhala zoziwika ndi zooneka. • Zizindikiro za momwe angakwaniritsire mlingo wokhazikika ziyenera:

- Kuwonetsa tchutchutchu wa momwe ntchito ingagwirikire pofuna kufika pa mlingo woyembekezeka.

- Kuwonetsatsa kuti mabwana akufotokozera bwino momwe ntchito ikuyendera.

• Ntchito zokonzedwa kuti zichitike: - Ziyenera kukhala zodziwika kuphatikizapo nthawi imene ntchito inatsirizika. - Ziyenera kuchitika mu nthawi monga chaka chimodzi pofuna kupereka mwai

wokonzanso zinthu zimene zinalakwika m’kati mwa chaka. - Kuwonetsetsa kuti ndalama zofunikira kuti ntchito itheke zilipo ndipo ndi

zokwanira.

• Payenera kukhala anthu amaudindo oyenera kuyang’anira kapena kugwira ntchito imene ayenera kuichita. - Mgwirizano wakagwiridwe ka ntchito uyenera kugwirizana ndi ndondomeko imene

yakonzedwa ya momwe ntchito idzagwirikire ndiponso mogwirizana ndi cholinga cha ntchitoyo.

Kagawidwe ka chuma ndi katundu wa boma mokhudzana ndi kuchita zinthu mwapoyera Ufulu wodziwa momwe chuma ndi katundu wa boma zikugawidwira ndi kugwiritsidwira ntchito

• Ndi udindo wa anthu audindo kuwonetsetsa kuti kagawidwe ka cha chuma ndi katundu wa boma akugawidwa mwachilungamo ndi mokomera nzika zonse za m’dziko.

• Kagawidwe ka chuma ndi katundu wa boma kazikonzedwa limodzi ndi ndondomeko ya ndalama zoyendetsera boma ndipo izi ziyenera kuchitika pofuna kuti pasamakhale chinyengo ndi kubisirana pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndiponso pofuna kupereka mwai woti aliyense wokhudzidwa akutengapo gawo.

Kodi ufulu umenewu ungakwaniritsidwe bwanji?

• Pakufunitsitsa kuti pakhale kufotokozera bwino zifukwa zochititsa kuti katundu ndi chuma cha dziko zigwiritsidwe ntchito mwa njira imene yasankhidwa.

• Pakhale kufunsa ngati chuma ndi katundu woperekedwa kuti athandize anthu, akwaniritsa zosowa ndi maufulu a anthu.


• Ngati chuma ndi katundu woperekedwa kuti atumikire anthu, sanagwiritsidwe ntchito mothandiza anthu pa zosowa zao, pazipezeka njira zokonzera vutolo pofuna kuti ufulu wa anthu wopeza zosowa zao usaphwanyidwe.

• Pafunika kulankhula molimba kuti kaperekedwe ndi kagawidwe ka chuma ndi katundu kakhale kachilungamo, kochitika mwapoyera ndiponso kuti anthu okhudzidwa azitengapo gawo pa momwe chuma ndi katundu akugawidwira mokhudzana ndi kuthandiza anthu kuti apeze zosowa zao.

Kayendetsedwe ka chuma ndi aktundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito

• Ndi udindo wa audindo kuwonetsetsa kuti akufotokoza bwino za momwe chuma ndi katundu wa boma akugwiritsidwira ntchito ndi kuti ngati pena sizikuyenda bwino, zizikonzedwa msanga pamene pali kufunikira kutero.

• Pofuna kuti oyang’anira chuma ndi katundu akugwira ntchito yao mopanda chinyengo, funsani kuti:

√ Kodi pali ndalama ndi katundu wochuluka bwanji wokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha

kumidzi? √ Kodi akuganiza kuti ndalama ndi katundu wa boma zigwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu

ziti? √ Kodi ndalama ndi katundu wa boma yemwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito kale,

anagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?

• Kuti ndalama ndi katundu wa boma wagwiritsidwa bwino ntchito, sizitanthauza kuti ufulu wa anthu pa chuma wakwaniritsidwa.

√ Ndi kofunika kudziwa ngati ndalama ndi katundu wa boma zagwiritsidwa ntchito

moyenera, ngati maboma aang’ono ayendetsa bwino ku mbali yao ndipo nkofunikiranso kuwona ngati ntchito yogwiridwayo inachitika moyenera ndi mwapamwamba.

• Komabe, ndi chinthu chabwino kuunika ngati ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya chuma chomwe chinayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo kuunikako kumathadiza kuti anthu adziwe ngati panali chinyengo kapena ai.

Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ndi ufulu wodziwa momwe zinthu zikuyendera

• Iwo amene ali ndi udindo wosamalira chuma ndi katundu wa boma, ali oumirizidwa kufotokozera momwe chuma ndi katunduyo zagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikizapo momwe ntchito yonse yayendera.

• Kuwonetsetsa kuti amene akuyenera kugwira ntchito za boma kupereka zinthu ku boma, ayenera kuwonetsa momwe katundu ndi chuma chagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo nkoyenera kufunsa kuti:


√ Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zimene zilipo mokhudzana ndi ntchito zachitukuko cha kumadera akumidzi?

√ Nanga akuganiza kuti zinthunzo azigwiritsa ntchito pa ntchito yotani? √ Kofi katundu amene analipo anagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera? √ Kodi ntchito zimene zidaakonzedwa kuti zichitike zinatsirizika bwino? Kodi

ntchitozo zinakwaniritsa zolinga ndi zosowa za anthu okhudzidwa ndi chitukukocho? Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunika kuunika ndi kuwona m omwe katundu ndi chuma cha boma zagwiritsidwa ntchito?

• Kuchita zinthu mwapoyera kumatanthauza kuti iwo amene ali ndi udindo wosunga ndi wosamalira chuma ndi katundu wa boma, akuyenera kufotokoza bwino za momwe chuma ndi katundu wa boma zagwiritsidwira ntchito ndipo kuti ngati kupezeka kuti zinthu zina sizinayende bwino, papezeke njira yokonzera zinthu kuti chilungamo pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito chilipo.

• Motero, nkoyenera kuwona kuti ndi njira ziti zimene zakonzedwa ndi amaudindo osiyanasiyana ngati kwapezeka kuti ntchito sinayende mwachilungamo kapena ngati akuluakulu ena agwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zao pakuwononga chuma ndi katundu wa boma. 1. Motero, tiyenera kuwona: Zomwe ziyenera kuchitika kwa amaudindo osiyanasiyana pa

nkhani yosagwiritsa ntchito bwino kapena pa nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito chuma ndi katundu molakwika.

2. Ngati njira zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa pofuna kukonza zinthu zikugwiradi ntchito

yoletsa kapena yolepheretsa anthu amaudindo kuwononga ndalama ndi katundu wa boma.

Kodi ndi njira ziti zimene zingathandize kuti chuma ndi katundu wa boma agwiritsidwa ntchito motumikira zofuna ndi zosowa za anthu? Ntchito yoonetsetsa kuti chuma ndi katundu wa boma zikugwiritsidwa ntchito motumikira ndi mokomera nzika zonse, ili m’manja mwa nzikazo. Kuti ntchitoyi itheke, pali zinthu zingapo zimene nzika, magulu ndi mabungwe oimira anthu ayenera kuchita pofuna kuti akuluakulu a boma asamachite zinthu mwachinyengo ndi mwachiphamaso kuphatikizapo kuti pokonza ndondomeko ya chuma ndi katundu wogwirira ntchito zachitukuko anthu azitengapo gawo, pazikhala kuunika momwe ntchito zikuyendera ndi kuwonetsetsa kuti pali kalondolondo wakathithi wa momwe ndalama zikugwiritsidwira ntchito. Kuwonjezera apa payenera kukhala ndondomeko yothandiza kuti nzika, anthu a m’midzi, akatswiri oona za chuma azikhudzidwa pa kauniwuni wa momwe ntchito zikuyendera. Njira zina ndi zopereka mwai woti anthu okhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyo azitha kutsata bwino zochitikazo kudzera m’mapologalamu a wailesi zakumidzi ndi magulu ena osiyanasiyana. Cholinga chokhazikitsira njira zounikira momwe chuma ndi katundu wa boma akugwirira ntchito. Zolinga zounikira momwe chuma ndi katundu wa boma akugwiriritsidwira ntchito zingathe kugawidwa m’magawo angapo motere:


(a) Kuchititsa kuti boma lizidziwa kayendetsedwe kabwino ka zinthu ndi kuti zochita za boma zizichitika mwapoyera

(b) Kuti ntchito zachitukuko zigwiridwa mwapamwamba, ndiponso, (c) Kuti nzika zikhale ndi mphamvu, ndi kofunikira kudziwa kuti nkhani ya kuchita zinthu

mwapoyera, simaganizo chabe, koma ndi chinthu chosowa kuti pakhale anthu olankhula ndi kulimbikitsa mchitidwewo ndipo ndi chinthu chosowa kupereka mphamvu kwa anthu okhudzidwa ndi zochitikazo. Kuwonjezera apa, kuunika momwe ntchito ikuyendera ndiponso momwe chuma ndi katundu akugwiritsidwira ntchito, si nkhani yongokhudza katangale, ai. Ngakhale zili choncho, kawirikawiri njira zounikira momwe ntchito ikuyendera ndiponso momwe chuma ndi katundu akugwiritsidwira ntchito amalinga poonetsetsa kuti pasamachitike mchitidwe wakatangale ndi waziphuphu. Malipoti a nzika ndi a magulu a anthu kumadera akumidzi, amachititsa kuti mabungwe ogwira ntchito za boma azifotokoza bwino pa momwe ntchito ikuyendera ndi kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito zogwiridwazo ndi zapamwamba.

Kusiyana kwa pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi ndi kwakuti malipoti a nzika (CRC) amaika mtima kwambiri pa kuunika momwe ntchito zikuyendera ndi kumalembera zochitika pa malo antchito pomwe malipoti a anthu (CSC) okhudzidwa ndi ntchito yachitukuko yochitika m’dera mwao, amaika mtima pa kulandira malipoti ochokera kwa anthu a m’madera mochitika chitukuko, osati kulembera momwe ntchito ikuyendera. Kwenikweni a CRC ndi a CSC angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati

• Chida choperekera uthenga wa magawo amene akuperewera pa momwe ntchito ikuyendera ndiponso kufotokozera momwe nzika zikudziwira za maufulu ndi maudindo ao.

• Chida choperekera mauthenga oonetsa magawo amene ogwira ntchito akulephera kukwaniritsa mlingo umene umayenera kufika pa kagwiridwe ka ntchito yao ndipo kuti pakutero, akuluakulu okhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyo achitepo kanthu kukonza magawo operewerawo.

• Chida chounikira ngati ntchito ikuyenda ndi kugwiridwa mwa mlingo wofunikira.

• Chida chothanirana ndi mchitidwe wakatangale, choonetsa kapena chothandiza kuulula ndalama zoonongeka, waziphuphu ndipo kaamba ka ndalama zomwe ena amalandira koma osazigwirira ntchito kuphatikizapo kuwona magawo amene akuperewerera (Mwachitsanzo: kuulula kuti ntchito yomwe kugwiridwa ndi yotsika kwambiri).

Njira zounikira momwe chuma ndi katundu zikugwiritsidwira ntchito, zimathandiza kuti iwo amene ali ndi udindo wosunga, wosamalira ndi wogawa zinthu kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito, achite ntchitoyo mwapoyera, mwachilungamo ndi mopanda chiphamaso ndiponso mosatsata njira zakatangale ndi zachiphuphu. Izi zimachitika kudzera mwa nzika, kudzera m’kuunika momwe boma likuyendetsera ntchito yonse. Cholinga cha anthu ounika momwe chuma ndi katundu akugwiritsidwira ntchito, singolekezera pa zomwe a CEC ndi a CSC amachita, koma amaunika momwe ntchito yonse imene ikuchitika ikuyendera, kuphatikizapo kuwona mfundo ndi ndondomeko imene idakonzedwa yokhudza momwe ntchito yonseyo imayenera kuyendera. Kuwonjezera apa, pamakhalanso kuwona ngati ndalama zikugwiritsidwa mosamala, ngati


zochitika zonse zikudziwika kwa onse okhudzidwa, kuwona ngati palibe chinyengo kapena chiphamaso, kuwona ngati anthu okhudzidwa akutengapo gawo pa zochitikazo. Zifukwa zina zochitira kauniwuni ndi monga:

• Kuchititsa kuti pasakhale mchitidwe wakatangale ndiponso kutulutsira poyera machitidwe onse olakwika ku mbali ya boma (Mchitidwe wakatangale pakati pa ogwira ntchito m’boma)

• Cholinga china nkufuna kudziwitsa boma kuti lizindikire zotsatira za mfundo ndi mapologalamu a boma. Kudziwitsa anthu za mfundo ndi za ntchito za boma ndi kunena zomwe nzika zimayembekezera kuti boma liwachitire. Chinanso nkufuna kuwona ngati pali mgwirizano pakati pa malonjezo ndi zotsatira za malonjezowo pofuna kudziwa ngati ntchito yagwirika moyenera ndi mokwanitsa zolinga ndi zosowa za anthu m’madera mwao.

Amene amagwira ntchito ya momwe ntchito ikuyendera Magulu a CRC, CSC ndi amene amaunika za chuma amakhala mabungwe omwe sali a boma ngakhale kuti nthawi amathandizidwa ndi ogwira ntchito za boma ndiponso anthu amene akugwira ntchitoyo.

• Makadi a nzika amasiyana pa momwe amaperekera malipoti ndiponso pa kapangidwe kao malinga cholinga chikuyenera kukwaniritsidwa. Ngakhale zili choncho, kawirikawiri zimakhudza mfundo ziwiri zoyenderana: (a) Kupeza mauthenga a momwe ntchito ikugwiridwira ndiponso kuwona kuchuluka kwa

katundu wogwiritsira ntchito, ndiponso (b) Kuzindikiritsa ndi kulankhulapo mokhudzana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku CRC ndi

ntchito imene ingachitikire ku boma ku chigawo ndiponso mokhudza dziko lonse.

• Makadi a CSC, amachititsa kuti anthu okhudzidwa asonkhane pamodzi kuti aone ndi kuunika mavuto ndiponso kuti apeze njira zothetsera mavuto amene ntchito yochitikayo ikukumana nawo. Izi ndi zosiyana ndi zolembedwa pa makadi a CRC mwa njira yoti sadalira pa chinthu chimodzi koma amaonetsetsanso kuti anthu okhudzidwa ndi ntchito yochitika m\dera mwao azitengapo gawo.

Kuunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera kumachitika mwa njira zosiyanasiyana ndiponso kumakhudza anthu ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana. Ntchitoyi ingathe kuchitika ndi munthu payekha kapena ingathe kuchitika ndi boma, mabungwe oimira anthu kapena ndi anthu akumidzi komwe kukugwiridwa ntchitoyo. Ntchito yamtunduwu ingathe kukhudza ntchito imodzi imene ikuchitika kapena ingathe kukhudza ntchito zingapo zimene boma lakonza kuti zichitike (Mwachitsanzo: ntchito ya CDF ku Kenya) Njira iliyonse mwa njira zitatuzi, imakhudza anthu pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ndiponso ndime zosiyanasiyana zomwe ntchitotyo ikudutsamo. Ngakhale zili choncho, zochitikazo zingathe kugawidwa m’magawo atatu- gawo lokonzekera, gawo lokwaniritsa zomwe zokonzedwa ndiponso gawo lounika momwe ntchito yayendera. Mfundo ya kukonzekera ndi kuunika ndi yofanana pa katsatidwe ka njira zitatuzi.


Mfundo zikuluzikulu ndiponso mavuto Mfundo zikuluzikulu ndiponso mavuto amene ntchito younika momwe zikuyendera zimakhudza ndime zokonzekera za njira zitatuzo, zomwe zatchulidwa pano zomwe ndi kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zonse zili bwino mfundo younika momwe zinthu ziliri isanayambike. Bungwe loona momwe zinthu zokhudza miyoyo ya anthu zikuyendera la Public Affairs Centre ku Bangalore, amene adayambitsa njira ya CRC, akutchula zinthu zisanu ndi zinai (9) zomwe ndi zoyenera kuunikidwa ntchito ya CRC isanayambike ndipo zinthuzo ndi monga; Momwe anthu andale akuziwonera, zotsatira za kupereka mphamvu kwa anthu, chitetezo, ufulu wa nzika wolankhula zakukhosi kwao, anthu olankhula m’malo mwa CSO; ntchito za mbaungwe omwe sali a boma; magwiridwe a ntchito a mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani, utsogoleri wa opatsidwa kontarakiti yogwira ntchito zotumikira anthu ndiponso zofuna ndi zokonda za boma. Kuwonetsetsa kuti njira younikira momwe zinthu zikuyendera ikuchitika mwachilungamo. Pofuna kuti gulu lomwe likuunika kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ligwire ntchito yake bwino gululo limayenera kukhala ndi nzeru ndi luso la kachitidwe kuntchitoyo kuphatikizapo kuti liyenera kukhala ndi zida zofunikira kuti agwire bwino ntchitoyo. Mokhudzana ndi CRC, mwachitsanzo, luso la atsogoleri pa ntchitoyo ndi lofunikira kwambiri pofuna kuti ntchito younika momwe zinthu zikuyendera ichitike bwino. Zina mwa zimene atsogoleriwo ayenera kukhala nazo ndi kukhala odziwa ntchito yao, odalirika ndiponso okhulupirika, osakondera, osatenga mbali, odzipereka ndiponso aluntha pa ntchito yochita kafukufuku ndiponso akhale oti anagwirapo nchitoyo ndi anthu ndi magulu osiyanasiyana. M’malo moti oyang’anira ntchitoyo akhale ochokera ku bungwe limodzi nkofunikanso kuti pazikhala anthu ena oima paokha monga (akuluakulu a ku boma, mamembala a mabungwe oimira anthu, oimira mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani ndi akatswiri ena a za maphunziro), amene adzathandiza kuti ntchito yogwiridwayo ikhale yovomerezeka. Pa nkhani ya a CSC, gawo lofunikira ndi ya kukumana maso ndi maso pakati pa oimira anthu akumidzi ndi ogwira ntchitoyo omwe mwina angachititse kuti pabuke kusagwirizana. Ichi nchifukwa choti angathe kuchititsa kuti anthu ena otengapo gawo achite mantha ndi kumaoneka kuti akuwopsezedwa, motero, anthu otere asowa anthu aluso othandiza kuti aliyense akhale womasuka pa zokambiranazo. Utsogoleri wodzipereka Mfundo ina yofunikira kwambiri pa nkhani yoonetsetsa kuti pazikhala kuchita zinthu mwapoyera, ndiye kukhala ndi atsogoleri akufuna kwabwino ndi odzipereka pa milingo yosiyansiyana. Izi zikuphatikiza utsogoleri wa pakati pa ogwira ntchito komanso kupezeka kwa anthu oimira anzao a m’dera momwe mukuchitika ntchito yachitukuko kuphatikizapo chidwi ndi kudzipereka ku mbali ya boma. Koma choti tidziwe nchakuti chilimbikitso cha akuluakulu sichokwanira. Payenera kukhala ndondomeko yochititsa kuti anthu azidziwa chomwe chikuchitika, yochititsa kuti anthu okhudzidwa (eni chitukuko) azitengapo gawo komanso kuti pakhale kuchita zinthu mwapoyera ndi mopanda chinyengo kapena chiphamaso. Izi zikphatikiza kuti pakhale njira zothetsera mikangano ndi madandaulo a anthu pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti zochitika zonse zikuchitika mwaubale, mwabata ndi mwamtendere.


1. Magawo ofunikira pogwira ntchito younika momwe ntchito ikuyendera. Makadi a lipoti la

nzika Makadi a anthu akumudzi

Kuunika momwe ndalama ndi katundu zikugwiritsidwira ntchito

Kukonzekera 1- Kuwona momwe nkhani yandale iliri m’deralo, kumasuka kwa ogwira ntchito ndiponso mphamvu za mabungwe oimira anthu ndi mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani. 2- Kuzindikiritsa anthu okhudzidwa 3- Kuwona ngati anthu ali ndi luso, ndalama/katundu, kuwona ngati bungwe lakwaniritsa ntchitoyo ndi losakondera pogwira ntchito ya a CRC. 4. Kuphunzitsa anthu zofunikira ndiponso ndondomeko ya CRC; 5. Kupeza zoyenera kukwaniritsidwa, zolinga, gawo lowunikidwa ndiponso chitsanzo chake. 6. Kukonza mafunso ndi kuwona ngati mafunsowo akonzedwe bwino.

1- Kupeza gawo lokhudzidwa, anthu ogwira ntchitoyo ndiponso kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu a m’deralo akhale m’gululo. 2- Kupeza momwe ntchito idzagwiridwire. 3. Kuwonetsetsa kuti atsogoleri a m’deralo akutengapo gawo. 4. Kuphunzitsa oyang’anira ntchito, kugwirizana pa za kugwiritsa ntchito makadi popereka malikisi 5- Kumva maganizo ena pa zoyenera kuunika

1- Kupeza anthu ndi kuwaphunzitsa kagwiridwe ka ntchito (awa ndi anthu ongodzipereka mabungwe oimira anthu ndiponso oimira mgwirizano wa mabungwe omwe sali a boma. 2- Kukonza nthawi yogwiriea ntchitoyo, zida zogwirira ntchitoyo, pasoweka kudziwa zambiri.

Gawo logwira ntchito

7- Kusankha ndi kuphunzitsa oyang’anira za

6- Kusonkhanitsa anthu, kukambirana zofunikira, kukonza zizindikiro ndi

3- Kupeza ndi kuunika mabuku a ku ofesi yowerengera chuma.


kafukufuku; 8- Kuchita kafukufuku pakati pa anthu osankhidwa. 9. Kuunika mauthenga mokhudzana ndi cholinga cha ntchitoyo (Kufunikira kwake, kupezeka kwake kudalirika, nkhani ya ziphuphu ndi katangale ndi zina zotero).

njira yoperekera malikisi; kutsiriza kupereka malikisi (kuunika ogwira ntchito). Kupeza magawo oyenera kukonzanso. 7- Kukumana ndi ogwira ntchito, kukambirana zofunikira, kukonza zizindikiro ndi njira yoperekera malikisi. Kutsiriza kulemba malikisi (Kudziwunika kwa ogwira ntchito) Kupeza maganizo.

4- Kucheza ndi magulu okhazikitsidwa, limodzi ndi akuluakulu a boma, anthu oimira anzao kumidzi ndi ena okhudzidwa pofuna pa za ntchito imene ikugwiridwa. 5- Kulemba lipoti lokhudza momwe ntchito younika kagwiridwe ka ntchito yayendera.

Ndime yoona momwe zinthu zayendera

10- Kufalitsa zomwe zachitika ndi kupezeka kudzera m’manyuzipepa, wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema ndiponso kudzera m’misonkhano. 11- Misonkhano ya pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito chitukukocho pofuna kuti pakhale kukabirana ndi kuwona magawo oyenera kukonza. 12- Kukonza zoyenera kuchita mtsogolo polemba pa makadi a malipoti pofuna kuwona momwe zinthu zikusinthira pakupita pa nthawi.

8- Kufalitsa zotsatira za malipoti kudzera malipoti kudzera m’manyuzipepa, wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema. 9- Kupempha kuti pakhale kusintha pa kagwiridwe ka ntchito. 10- Kuwona momwe mapulani akukwaniritsidwira. 11- Kubwereza kulemba ndondomeko yoonera momwe zinthu zikusinthira pakupita kwa nthawi.

6- Kufalitsa zopezeka kudzera m’mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani kudzera m’misonkhano ndi zina zotero. 7- Kukonza misonkhano ndi akuluakulu pofuna kukambirana zopezeka ndi kukonza ndondomeko ya zoyonera kuchitika. 8- Kuulula za mchitidwe wakatangale ndi waziphuphu; 9- Kuwona momwe ntchito ikukwaniritsidwira potsata malangizo a ounika za chuma ndi katundu. 10- Kukonza


ndondomeko younikira zinthu mtsogolo ndi kuwona momwe zinthu zikusinthira pakutha pa nthawi.

Chithunzi chachitatu: Kuonetsa Mamembala a ku Zomba


KUSINTHA KWA NYENGO ( Climate Change) PHUNZIRO 1 Nyengo ndi kutentha/kuzizira Choyenera kukwaniritsidwa

√ Kupereka mfundo zosiyanasiyana zokhudza nyengo ndi kutentha/kuzizira √ Kufuna kudziwa kusiyana kwa pakati pa nyengo ndi kutentha/kuzizira.

Mau Oyambirira Liwu loti “Wheather” pa Chingerezi, limatanthauza momwe kunja kuliri kwa nthawi yochepa pomwe nyengo imatanthauza momwe zinthu ziliri mumlengalenga, koma kwa nthawi yotalikirapo. Tikamanena za momwe kunja kuliri, timanena momwe tsiku lirilonse limachera, monga momwe kwatenthera, kwazizilira ndiponso momwe mphepo iliri. Koma tikamanena za nyengo, timatanthauza momwe kunja kuliri mophatikiza zonse zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku. Ponena za nyengo timanena za momwe kutentha, kuzizira kapena momwe mphepo ikuyendera kwa nthawi yotalikirapo mwina mpaka zaka makumi atatu. Kusiyana kwa nyengo ndi momwe tsiku lirilonse lirili, kuli pa kuchepa kapena kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe zinthu zimachitikira. Momwe kutentha, kuzizira kapena momwe mphepo kapena mpweya ukuyendera tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi chinthu chimene anthu amachimva m’thupi mwao. Koma nyengo ndi chinthu chimene mumayembekezera ndipo ndi chinthu chokhalitsa kwakanthawi. Zotsatira za nyengo ndi zomwe munthu amalandira. Muyeso wa kuzindikira Gwiritsani ntchito njira ino yokambirana ndi ophunzira mukatsiriza mutu uliwonse. Funsani mafunso atatu kwa ophunzira ndipo perekani mwai woti aliyense angathe kuyankha. Apatseni mwai wokhala m’magulu kuti ayankhe ndi kukambirana mafunsowo kapena afotokoze nkhani zimene iwo amadziwa. Mafunso atatu oti ayankhidwe mofulumira: NDIME YOYAMBA √ Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nyengo ndi momwe tsiku lirilonse limachera? √ Kodi nyengo imatenga zaka zingati kuti idziwike? √ Lero ndi pa 14 February. Kwacha bwino chifukwa kulibe mitambo. Koma mwadzidzidzi,

kumwamba kwaoneka mitambo yambiri ndiponso kwayamba mphepo, Kodi imeneyi ndiye kusintha kwa zinthu m’kati mwa tsiku kapena ndi nyengo?

Zoyenera kudziwa Monga tanena kale, “Weather” ndi momwe tsiku lachera, monga kuti mwina kwacha ndi mphepo, kwazizira kapena kwatentha. Koma nyengo ndi kusintha kwa zinthu kochitika mu nthawi yaitali kuphatikizapo zomwe zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku. Mvula imagwa m’nyengo yadzinja, pomwe


chisanu chimadza m’nyengo yamwamvu ndipo kutentha kumadza m’nyengo yachilimwe ndipo zimenezi ndi zomwe zimapanga nyengo. Kutentha, kuzizira ndiponso mphepo, ndiye zipatso za nyengo, yomwe ndi chinthu chokhalitsa kapena chotenga nthawi yaitali. PHUNZIRO 2 Zotsatira za mpweya woipa ndi kutentha kwa dziko lonse lpansi Zoyenera kukwaniritsidwa

√ Kufotokozera za kuipa kwa mpweya ndi zotsatira zake ndiponso kumene kumachokera

mpweya woipawo. √ Kufotokozera za ubale wa mpweya woipa ndi kutentha kwa dziko lapansi. √ Kuzindikiritsa anthu za mlingo wa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi.

Mau Oyambirira Pamene mphamvu ya dzuwa ifika pa dziko lapansi, zinthu zambiri zamumlengalenga kuphatikizapo nthaka ya dziko lapansi, zimatentha. Ndipo dziko lapansi likatentha, nalonso limatumizanso kutentha ku mlengalenga mwa njira yooneka ngati nyetsi yamagetsi. Mpweya woipa wotchedwa (Green house gasses), umawakha nyetsi zimenezi zisanapitirire m’kati mwa mlengalenga. Ndipo zikatero, zimaonjezera mphamvu yotentha yomwe imafikiranso gawo lamlengalnga lozungulira dziko lapansi. Zotsatira za kuwakhidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa kutentha kaamba ka mpweya woipa m’gawo lozungulira dziko lapansi, kumadziwika ndi mau oti, “Green House Effect”. Zotsatira za gawo la mpweya wachilengedwe wa dziko lapansi ndi lomwe limachititsa dziko lapansi kuti likhale loyenera kuti anthu athe kukhalamo ndi moyo wabwinobwino. Kukadakhala kuti kunalibe zotsatira za mpweya woipa (Green House Effect), kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kukadafika pa (180c), kutanthauza kuti, dziko lapansi likadakhala lozizira kuposa m’mene chisanu choundana chimakhalira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti moyo ndi wotheka kaamba ka Green House Effect. Ngakhale zili choncho, zochita za mtundu wa anthu, makamaka mchitidwe wotentha zinthu zamafuta ndiponso kutentha ndi kudula mitengo m’nkhalango mwachisawawa kuphatikizapo mafuta oyendetsera galimoto, kuwonjezerapo mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito m’mafakitale, ndi zinthu zimene zimapereka chiwopsezo ku moyo wa anthu chifukwa zimachititsa kuti kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kukule. Limeneli ndiye vuto lalikulu ndipo ndi lodetsa nkhawa. Kutentha nkhalango ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa Mitengo imatenga mpweya wotchedwa “Carbon Dioxide” pamene dzuwa likuwala ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito mpweyawo pokonza chakudya chake kudzera m’ndondomeko yomwe imatchedwa “Photosynthesisi”. Nkhalango imakhala mbiya ya mpweya wa “carbon”. Pamene mitengo ya m’nkhalango idulidwa kapena kutenthedwa, mpweya wa “carbon” womwe nkhalango imagwiritsa ntchito, umauluka mumlengalenga nkumakulitsa vuto la mpweya woipa wa Green


House. Ku mbali inayi, magulu ena a mpweya kuphatikizapo wotchedwa CO2, umauluka nkumakwera mumlengalenga pamene mitengo itenthedwa. Mafuta agalimoto ndi a m’mafakitale Kusakanikirana kwa zinthu zoipa mumlengalenga, monga magulu a mpweya wosiyanasiyana, kumapereka chiwopsezo ku moyo wa munthu, ku moyo wa zomera ndiponso ku moyo wa nyama. Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumathandizira kuwonongeka kwa Green House. Kufalikira kwa zinthu zoononga mpweya kulibe malire. Motero, kuchokera komwe kwayambira zoononga mpweyazo, zimafalikira ku maiko ena omwe zamtunduwu kulibe. Kufalikira kwa mpweya woipa, makamaka wa Green House mumlengalenga kudzera m’mafakitale, kudzera ku galimoto ndi zina zotero, kumakulitsa vuto lobwera ndi mpweyawo ndipo potero, kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kumakulanso. Kusamalira zinyalala Pamene zinyalala ziwola popanda mpweya wotchedwa (Oxygen), mpweya wotchedwa “Methane” umapangidwa. Mpweya wa “methane” ndi woipa ndi woononga kuposa mpweya wa Carbon kwa mlingo wochuluka ndi 21 peresenti ndi kuipa kwa Carbon pa kudzetsa mpweya wa Green House. Izi zitanthauza kuti Methane mmodzi amafanana ndi ma Carbon 21. Kutentha matayala Kutentha matayala kumatulutsa mpweya woipa womwe umafalikira mumlengalenga. Utsi wandege Usti wandege nawonso ndi woipa ndipo ndi gwero lina la mpweya wa Green House. Kutentha kwa dziko lapansi Kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kumachitika kaamba ka kukwera kwa mlingo wa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi ndiponso kutentha kwa m’madera ozungulira nyanja zikuluzikulu za mchere kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 2000 kupitirira apo. Njira yozindikirira nzeru za ophunzira NDIME YACHIWIRI

√ Kodi kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kumachitika kaamba ka mpweya wa Green House. √ Kodi gwero la mpweya wa Green House ndi chiyani? √ Kodi mpweya wa Green House ndi wabwino kapena ai? Chifukwa chiyani?

Zoyenera kudziwa Zotsatira za kukutidwa kwa kutentha kaamba ka kuchuluka kwa green House m’dera lozungulira dziko lapansi zimadziwika ndi dzina loti “Zotsatira za mpweya wa Green House”. Gwero lalikulu la kutentha kwa dziko lapansi ndi zotsatira za kutentha kwa mpweya wa Green House kaamba ka kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa Green House.


Ndipo vutoli lidakula kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 1900 kaamba ka mpweya ndi utsi wochokera ku mafakitale opanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana m’maiko a okwera ndi olmera a ku Ulaya. MPHUNZIRO 3 Kodi kusintha kwa nyengo ndiye chiyani? Zoyenera kuphunzira

1. Kudziwa momwe nyengo imasinthira ndiponso zifukwa zimene zimachititsa kuti nyengo isinthe.

2. Kudziwa ndi kuzindikira zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo. Mau Oyambirira Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chinthu chimene chimachitika mwachilengedwe. Koma kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kwakhala kukuchitika m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndi kochitika kaamba ka zochita za munthu zomwe zachititsa kuti dziko lonse lapansi kuphatikizapo mumlengalenga, litenthe kaamba ka mpweya wochuluka woipa wotchedwa (Green House Gasses). Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochitika ndi a IPCC: kusintha kulikonse kwa nyengo kochitika mu nthawi yaitali kaya nkwachilengedwe kapena koyambitsidwa kaamba ka zochita za munthu, konseko ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Nyengo ya dziko lapansi sichinthu chokhazikika, ndipo nyengo yakhala ikusintha kawirikawiri kaamba ka zinthu zochitika mwachilengedwe. ‘Kusintha kwa nyengo’, kumatanthauza kusintha kwa kutentha, mayendedwe kukula kwa mpweya komwe kumadziwika pambuyo pounika ndi makina okhudza za nyengo, ndipo kusinthako kumakhala kutachitika kwa nthawi yaitali, mwina kwa zaka makumi angapo kapena kuposera apo. Kusintha kwa nyengo kungathe kuchitika ka zochitika mumlengalenga ndi anthu. Zinthu zina zimene zimachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa nyengo ndi monga kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka mphamvu ya dzuwa ndiponso kuphulika kwa mapiri komwe kumatulutsa phala lamoto, pomwe kusintha kwina kumachitika mwachilengedwe ndipo izi zimaonjezera mphamvu ya kusintha mwachilengedwe. Mphamvu ina yakunja yomwe imasinthitsa nyengo ndi monga kusintha kwa zochitika mumlengalenga kaamba ka kudza kwa ntchito zamafakitare zomwe zinachititsa kuti mpweya uyambe kuwonongeka, kutanthauza kuti zochita za munthu ndiye gwero lina la kusintha kwa nyengo. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumatanthauzanso kusintha kwa kamwazikidwe kapena kayendedwe ka mpweya, mphepo ndiponso kutentha kwa zaka zochuluka kwambiri mwina mpaka zaka mamiliyoni angapo. Kutha kukhala kusintha kwa mayendedwe a mpweya, mphepo ndiponso potengera m’mene zimachitikira tsiku ndi tsiku (Mwachitsanzo: patha kukhala kuzizira kapena kutentha kwambiri kapena pang’ono komanso pangathe kukhala mphepo yochuluka kapena yochepa kwambiri) kusintha kwa nyengo kungathe kuchitika m’dera kapena m’gawo lina la dziko lapansi kapena kungathe kuchitika mokhudza dziko lonse lapansi.


Zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo. Kukwera kwa kutentha Pamene nyengo yasintha kufika potentha kwambiri, pamakhalanso mwai wa kubuka ndi kuchuluka kwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Kutentha kukakula kwambiri kumapha anthu. Komanso kutentha kwambiri kumachititsa kuti chisanu choundana ndi chooneka ngati ufa woyera chimayamba kusungunuka, chinthu chimene chimachititsa kuti madzi achepe kapena asoweretu. Kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka mpweya wodzetsa mvula Kusintha kwa kapangidwe ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya wodzetsa mvula kukachitika mwadzidzidzi ndi mwamphamvu kumachititsa kuti kugwa mvula yambiri yomwe madzi ake amasefukira ndi kukokolola kapena kugumula nthaka, ndipo mwina kusinthako kumachititsa kuti mvula isagwe nkomwe, chinthu chimene chimachititsa kuti madzi asowe m’dera lokhudzidwa. Zochitika zonsezi zimadzetsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku miyoyo ya anthu (Tidzaona zambiri za izi pa mphunziro 4: Zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo. Zochitachita Kunena nkhani Ikani ophunzira m’magulu a anthu asanu kapena a anthu asanu ndi mmodzi. Funsani ophunzira ngati anamvapo za kusintha kwa nyengo m’dera lao kapena m’dziko lao kuchokera kwa makolo ao kapena kuchokera kwa agogo ao kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa kagwedwe ka mvula, mtundu wa mbeu zomwe ankalima kale, nthawi imene anthu ankayamba kulima, nthawi yobzalira ndi zina zotero. Funsani ophunzira kuti apeze mauthenga kuchokera m’madera mwao. Kenaka auzeni kuti alembe nkhani yokhudza zomwe adamva mokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Dziwani izi: Ngati ophunzira aonetsa kuti akudziwa za kusintha kwa nyengo ndipo ngati anena za kusinthako mu nkhani zomwe alemba, ndiye kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kudachitika. Nkhani yao idzaonetsa kusintha komwe kudachitika m’madera mwao. Kenaka perekani zitsanzo za kusintha kwa nyengo m’chigawo, m’dziko kapena m’dziko lonse pofuna kuti ophunzirawo azindikire kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kukuchitika m’dziko lonse lapansi. Izi zidzaonetsa kukula kwa chiwopsezo chomwe chilipo kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo. Muyeso wakuzindikira Mafunso atatu oti ayankhidwe mofulumira.

1. Kodi ndi zotsatira ziti zazikulu za kusintha kwa nyengo? 2. Kodi kusintha kwa nyengo kumachitika mwachilengedwe kapena kumadza kaamba ka

zochita za munthu? 3. Kodi mukuganiza kuti chimachititsa kusintha kwa nyengo nchiyani?


Zoyenera kudziwa Kusintha kulikonse kwa nyengo kochitika m’kati mwa zaka zochuluka, kaya nkwachilenegdwe kapena ndi kochitika kaamba ka zochita za munthu, kumeneko ndiye kusintha kwa nyengo. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumachitika ndipo kudzakhala kukuchitika, makamaka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mafuta pa ntchito zamafakitale ndiponso kuyendetsera galimoto. Zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kutentha kobzola muyeso, kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka mpweya, mphepo ndiponso kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kuwala kwa dzuwa, komanso kusungunuka kwa chisanu choundana. MPHUNZIRO 4 Zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo Zoyenera kukwaniritsidwa

1. Kufuna kuphunzira zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo m’madera ndi m’magawo osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi.

2. Kufuna kuzindikira ndi kumvetsa za kuipa kwa kusintha kwa nyengo. Mau oyambirira Zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo zafotokozedwa m’munsimu: Akasupe a madzi Kusintha kwa nyengo kukachitika, madzi ndi amene amakhudzidwa kwambiri. Gawo loposa 60 peresenti la mavuto odza kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo ndi lomwe limakhudza madzi. Kusokonezeka kwa kapangidwe ndi kagwedwe ka mvula kaaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo kumaonetsa kuipa kwa kusintha kwa nyengo. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudza madzi mwa njira zotsatirazi. Madzi ambiri kapena madzi ochepa: Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyeno, kagwedwe ka mvula kamasintha. Madera ena amalandira mvula yambiri pomwe madera ena amalandira mvula yochepa, ndipo mwina madera ena salandira nkomwe mvula. Chifuwa cha madzi ochuluka, madera ena amakhala ndi mavuto akusefukira kwa madzi, kugumuka kapena kukokoloka kwa nthaka, pomwe madzi akakhala ochepa, kumakhala chilala kapena ng’amba. Madzi olakwika: Makamaka m’dera kapena m’gawo lathu, chilala, ng’amba ndiponso kuchepa kwa mvula, ndi zinthu zimene zakhala zikuchitika kwambiri ndiponso kwa nthawi yaitali. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti m’madera okhudzidwa mukhale madzi ochepa ndipo mwina madzi amasoweratu, komanso akapezeka, amakhala amatope, madzi amene sakhala oyenera kuti anthu azimwa. Madera amene ali ndi madzi oipa, amakhala ndi vuto lamatenda otsekula m’mimba, ndipo mwina m’madera otero mumabuka mliri wa matenda monga kolera ndipo izi zimachititsa kuti miyoyo yambiri iwonongeke.


Ulimi Ntchito ya ulimi ndi imene idzakhala ikukumana ndi mavuto aakulu kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo. Mavuto onse amene amadza kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo, mwachitsanzo, kutentha kwambiri kwa mpweya, kukwera kwa madzi a m’nyanja yamchere ndiponso kusintha koipa kwa nyengo, kugwa kwa mvula yambiri kapena kugwa kwa mvula yochepa ndiponso kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa nyengo kudzakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya ulimi ndi zokolola zake. Ulimi wathu umadalira kwambiri madzi pa nkhani yochita ulimi wothirira, ntchito imene imachitika m’madera ochepa m’Malawi muno kaamba ka kusowa ndalama ndi zipangizo zoyendetsera ulimi wamtunduwu. Motero, kusinthasintha kwa kagwede ka mvula kumadza kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kukuchititsa kuti zokolola zizikhala zochepa. Chimodzimodzi kusinthasintha kwa katenthedwe ka mpweya, kuchepa kwa mnyontho m’nthaka, kayendedwe koipa ka mphepo ndiponso mvula yamkuntho kwachititsa kuti ulimi usamayende bwino. Kusefukira kwa madzi ndiponso chilala ndi ng’amba yaikulu kumachepetsa chonde kapena kuti chajira m’nthaka, zinthu zomwe zimachititsa kuti zokolola zizikhala zochepa. Kuwonjezera apa, kudza kwa tizirombo tatsopano toononga mbeu ndiponso matenda osiyanasiyana amene amaononga mbeu. Za umoyo Kusintha kwa nyengo kumapereka chiwopsezo ku moyo wa anthu ndipo izi ziyenera kutichititsa kuti tisinthe pa momwe tingatetezere miyoyo ya anthu ochuluka. Miyoyo ya anthu ochuluka ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Matenda ndi kuvulala kobwera kaamba ka kutentha kwambiri, kuzizira kwambiri, kusefukira kwa madzi, mphepo yamkuntho, moto woluza ndiponso chilala, amakula pamene nyengo isintha mwa njira yodzetsa ngozi yaikulu yogwa mwadzidzidzi. Ndipo m’madera ena momwe nyengo imasintha nkuchititsa kuti kutenthe kwambiri, matenda amabuka mwina kusanduka mliri. Kuwonjezera apa, matenda apakhungu, mavuto okhudza mapapo omwe amachititsa munthu kuti asamapume bwino amachuluka. Nkhalango ndi zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana Moto wolusa woononga nkhalango, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kutha kwa mitundu ina ya mitengo kumapereka chiwopsezo ku nkhalango ndi ku zinthu zina zopezeka m’nkhalango. Pakalipano ku Nepal gawo lomwe liripo la nkhalango ndi maperesenti 29 (29%). Nkhalango zimathandiza kuti mpweya, mvula ndi zinthu zina zizisungika ndi kuyenda bwino, komanso nkhalango ndi gwero la chuma kwa anthu ndi dziko. Nkhalango ndi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa carbon ndi kupatsa anthu mpweya wabwino wotchedwa Oxygen ndipo izi zimachepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo. M’nkhalango ndi momwe nyama, tizirombo touluka, zitsamba ndi zina zamoyo zimapezamo pokhala. Motero, kutenthedwa kwa nkhalango ndi kudulidwa kwa mitengo mwachisawawa komwe kudachitika m’zaka za m’ma 1950, zidachititsa kuti mitengo, zitsamba ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zichepe. Mchitidwe umenewu udachititsa kuti mitundu ina ya zomera ndi nyama itheretu.


Nkhalango, zomera ndi nyama zimasowa malo abwino kuti zikule ndi kukhala ndi moyo wabwino, malo amene ali ndi madzi okwanira, chakudya ndi michere yoyenera ndi yokwanira. Zinthu zimenezi sizizolowera kukhala m’malo amene nyengo imasinthasintha, chinthu chomwe chimachititsa kuti mitundu ya mitengo, zomenera ndi nyama ithe. Malinga ndi kafukufuku amene adachitika, pafupipafupi gawo la 2.4 peresenti ya zinthu zopezeka m’nkhalango limakhala pachiwopsezo choti mitundu yao ingathe kutha kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo. Kutentha kwambiri kumachepetsa chinyontho m’nthaka ndi kumachititsa kuti mpweya ukhale wouma, kutanthauza kuti mpweya wopanda mnyontho, chinthu chimene chimachititsa kuti moto wolusa uziyaka kwambiri. Kusefukira kwa madzi, kugumuka kapena kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kumathandiziranso pa kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango. Kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango kumakhudza moipa zomera, nyama ndi anthu amene pa moyo wao amadalira nkhalango pa zosowa za tsiku ndi tsiku. PHUNZIRO 5 Kusintha kachitidwe ka zinthu ndi kupeza njira zopewera mavuto Zoyenera kukwaniritsidwa

1. Kufuna kupereka mfundo zothandiza kulimbana ndi mavuto amene agwa ndi kupereka njira zopewera mavuto amene angabwere mtsogolo.

2. Kufuna kudziwa kufunika kwa kufunikira kwa njirazi ku dziko la Nepal. Mau Oyambirira Pali njira ziwiri zothanirana ndi mavuto obwera kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo:

1. Kupeza njira zopwerera mavuto amtsogolo. 2. Kupeza njira zothanirana ndi mavuto ogwa mwadzidzidzi.

Kodi kupewa nkutani? Kupewa- ndiye kuchita zinthu zothandiza kuti ngati pachitika ngozi yadzidzidzi, zotsatira zake zisadzetse kapena kuika miyoyo ya anthu pachiwopsezo. Nanga kudzikonzekera nkutani? Kudzikonzekera- ndiye kukhala ndi mphamvu zotha kulimbana ndi mavuto odziwikiratu. Mpweya woipa (Malawi’s Green House gas- (GHG) womwe umapezeka kuno ku Malawi umathandizira pang’ono kwambiri ku zotsatira za mpweya woipawo ku dziko lonse lapansi- kutanthauza kuti Malawi ali ndi gawo laling’ono kwambiri pa chiwopsezo chomwe mpweyawo umapereka ku moyo wa anthu. Motero, Malawi ali ndi udindo wochepa woti nkugwira ntchito yochepetsa vutoli. Ngakhale zili choncho, Malawi angathe kuchita bwino ngati atasinthitsa mpweya wa Carbon. Izi zitanthauza kuti mlingo wa mpweya woipa wa Green House ungathe kuchepetsedwa pochotsa gawo lina la mpweya woipa womwe uli ku Nepal pakupempha kuti maiko olemera alipire ndalama kaamba koti maikowo ali oumirizidwa kuti achite kanthu kochepetsa vuto lobwera kaamba ka mpweya woipawo mogwirizana ndi mfundo zomwe zidamangidwa ndi kusainidwa m’pangano lomwe lidachitikira ku Kyoto (Kyoto Protocal).


Komatu chodziwikiratu nchakuti kusintha kwa nyengo kumadzetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana. Chomwe chiyenera kuchitika ndiye kuchepetsa chiwopsezo ku miyoyo ya anthu. Izi zingathe kuchitika pakukonza ndi kukhazikitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zothanirana ndi mavutowo. Kudzikonzekera kumathandiza kuchepetsa chiwopsezo chomwe anthu akanakhala nacho m’madera mwao. Kudzikonzekera kungathe kuchepetsa chiwopsezo chapompopompo ndiponso chiwopsezo chamtsogolo. Iyi ndi njira yabwino yomwe maiko okwera kumene angatsate. Muno m’Malawi muli mabungwe angapo okhalira m’madera akumidzi omwe amathandiza anthu kudzikonzekera bwino za mavuto amene angagwe. Mwachitsanzo’ pali njira izi zomwe anthu angatsate.

1. Kuchepetsa vuto la kugamuka kwa nthaka kaamba ka madzi osefukira, 2. Kumanga madamu kapena kuti maiwe, 3. Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa njira zochepetsera vuto la kusefukira kwa madzi, 4. Kumanga zipupa kapena kuti migula kapenanso kukonza akalozera aakulu othandiza

kuwongolera mayendedwe a madzi, 5. Kubzala mbeu zamakono zosagwidwa matenda msanga ndiponso zocha msanga ndi

zobereka zokolola zambiri. 6. Kuyamba ulimi wa mbeu zoti nkumagulitsa kumisika monga nthochi zobzalidwa m’mbali

mwa munda ya mpunga ndi cholinga chofuna kusunga madzi omwe mpunga umasowa kuti ukule ndi kubereka bwino.

7. Kubzala mbeu mwakasakaniza, kuchita ulimi wakasinthasintha ka mbeu ndiponso kuchita ulimi wolima malo ena, nkugoneka ena.

8. Kumanga nyumba zapansanja m’madera a m’mbali mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu imene imasefukira ndiponso m’mbali mwa nyanja.

9. Kudzikonzekera msanga mavuto ogwa mwadzidzidzi omwe amadza kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo asamachitike m’madera momwe anthu amakhala.

Muyeso wa kuzindikira Mafunso oti ayankhidwe mofulumira

1. Ndi njira iti imene ili yokomera Malawi, kudzikonzekera kapena kupewa? 2. Kodi kudzikonzekera nchiyani?

Zoyenera kudziwa Kudzikonzekera kutanthauza kusintha zinthu kapena kusintha momwe anthu amachitira kapena momwe amayendetsera zinthu pofuna kuthana kapena kulimbana ndi mavuto odza kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo. Kupewa ndi kuchita zinthu zochepetsa mpweya woipa wa (Green House Gas), kuchepetsa utsi wochokera ku galimoto ndi ku mafakitale ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira zochepetsera mpweya woipawo.


PHUNZIRO 6 Ntchito yochitika ndi maiko onse a padziko lapansi Zoyenera kuchita

1. Kudziwitsa anthu za ntchito imene ikuchitika ndi maiko osiyanasiyana pa nkhani yothana ndi kulimbana ndi mavuto a kusintha kwa nyengo.

2. Kufuna kudziwa ntchito imene dziko la Malawi likuchita pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo.

Mau Oyambirira Nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo imakhudza maiko onse a pa dziko lapansi, koma zotsatira zake zimazunzitsa anthu ochuluka a m’madera akumidzi. Zotsatira zake zikukhudza mwina mai wathu, dziko lapansi, ndiponso anthu okhala pa dziko lapansi. Tonse ndife nzika za dziko lapansi. Motero ndi udindo wa aliyense kuchitapo kanthu pofufuza njira zolimbanirana ndi kuthanirana ndi mavuto odza kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo. Pakuwona kufunikira kochitapo kanthu, maiko a dziko lapansi, ayambapo ntchito yolimbana ndi kuthana ndi vutolo ndipo Malawi ngati dziko, akuyesayesa kuchita chimodzimodzi. Ntchito yokhudza maiko onse Bungwe la mgwirizano wa maiko onse pa dziko lapansi la United Nations lidayambapo ntchito yolimbana ndi kuthana ndi mavuto obwera kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo. Mfundo ndi ndondomeko za United Nations zokhudza kuthana ndi amvuto obwera kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo- United Nations Frame work Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Mfundo ndi ndondomeko za (UNFCCC), ndi pangano lokhudza maiko onse pa za chisamaliro cha zachilengedwe, lomwe msonkhano wake udachitikira ku Rio de Janeiro m’chaka cha 1992. Cholinga cha panganolo nkufuna kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa Green House mumlengalenga pa mlingo womwe ungachititse kuti pasakhale kuwonongeka pa momwe nyengo imayendera. Ngakhale kuti maiko sakukakamizidwa kutsata mfundo za m’panganolo, maiko, makamaka olemera akulimbikitsidwa kuti achepetse utsi wochokera ku ntchito zamafakitale m’maiko mwao. Pamene tinkafika chaka cha 2009, maiko 192 anali atasaina pangano la UNFCCC. Msonkhano wa mamembala a m’panganolo Maiko onse amene adasainira pangano la UNFCCC, amakumana chaka chilichonse ndipo msonkhanowo umadziwika ndi dzina lachingerezi loti “Conference of Parties (POP). Maikowo akhala akukumana kuyambira chaka cha 1995 ndi cholinga choona ndi kuunika momwe ntchito yolimbana ndi kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ikuyendera. M’chaka cha 1997, pangano lomwe lidavomerezedwa ku Kyoto linatsirizika ndi kuvomerezedwa. Pa chifukwa ichi maiko onse olemera akuumirizidwa kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa Green House.


Pangano la ku Kyoto Pangano la ku Kyoto ndi lopangidwa ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi maiko ambiri mokhudzana ndi mfundo za bungwe la mgwirizano wa maiko onse a padziko lapansi la United Nations Framework Convetion pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo. Panganolo linagawa maiko m’magulu awiri- Maiko olemera ndi maiko okwera kumene. Panganolo likuumiriza maiko olemera kuti achite zotheka kuchepetsa utsi ndi mpweya woipa ndipo anapastidwa malire kapena kuti mlingo umene maikowo ayenera kufika pa nkhani yochepetsa utsi ndi mpweya woipa. Panganolo liri ndi mphamvu yokakamiza maiko olemera kuti achite zomwe anagwirizanazo. Mbali ina iliyonse kapena dziko lirilonse limene linasainira panganolo, lidzayenera kuchita zotheka kukwaniritsa mfundo zomwe anagwirizanazo. Koma ku mbali ya maiko okwera kumene, sakukakamizidwa kuti atsate ndi kukwaniritsa mfundo za m’panganolo. Pangano la ku Kyoto limakakamiza maiko 37 olemera ndi maiko onse a m’bungwe la mgwirizano wa maiko a ku Ulaya a (European Community) kuti achite chotheka kuchepetsa mpweya ndi utsi wa m’mafakitale ndi gawo la 5.2 peresenti kuti adutse mlingo, wa m’chaka cha 1990 womwe maikowo ankayembekezeka kukwaniritsa m’zaka za 2008 mpaka 2012. Nyengoyi imatchedwanso “Nyengo Yakudzipereka Koyamba”. Pangano la ku Kyoto lidavomerezedwa ndi kusainidwa ku Japan, pa 11 December, 1997 ndipo lidayamba kugwira ntchito pa 16 February, 2005. Koma dziko la Nepal lidasainira panganolo pa 16 February, 2005. Koma mpaka pano, dziko limodzi limene limatulutsa mpweya wochuluka woipa kuphatikizapo utsi, la Amereka, silidasainire panganolo. Malawi, Nepal, India ndi China ndi ena ali m’gulu la maiko okwera kumene. Koma tsopano maiko a India ndi China ndi ena mwa maiko amene akutulutsa mpweya ndi utsi woipa. Motero, maiko olemera akupempha maiko awiriwo kuti ayambepo kutsata njira zochepetsera gawo lalikulu la chuma cha maiko olemera limatsamira pa mafuta ndi malasha. Ngakhale kuti pangano la ku Kyoto limaumiriza maiko olemera kuti achepetse mpweya ndi utsi umene maikowo amatulutsa sichinthu chapafupi kuti atero. Ntchitoyo ndi yolira ndalama zambiri kuti itheke. Ndiye pofuna kuti ntchitoyo itheke ndithu, pangano la ku Kyoto laika ndondomeko zitatu zoti zitsatidwe ndi maiko olemera ndi okwera kumene. Ndondomeko za ku Kyoto Ndondomekozo ndi monga: Kugulitsana “Mpweya – wa Carbon” maiko olemera amene adasainira pangano la ku Kyoto akuyenera kuchepetsa mpweya ndi utsi umene amatulutsa mogwirizana ndi mlingo umene adagwirizana. Pa nkhaniyi, ngati achepesa kubzola mlingo umene adapatsidwa, gawo loonjezeralo lidzatchedwa Ngongole ya Carbon. Dziko lirilonse lingathe kugulitsa mpweya wa Carbon ku maiko ena olemera. Potero, maiko ena adzathanso kukwaniritsa mlingo umene adapatsidwa pogula mpweya wa Carbon umene uli pangongole. Kuchita malonda amtunduwu a kuyenera kuchitika ndi maiko olmera okhaokha chifukwa iwowo ndi omwe ali ndi mphamvu yotha kukwaniritsa mlingo umene adapatsidwa.


PHUNZIRO 7 Zoyenera kukwaniritsidwa

1. Kudziwa ndi kuzindikira mfundo zothandiza pa ntchito yolimbana ndi kuthana ndi vuto lobwera kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo.

2. Kugawana mfundo, maganizo ndi mauthenga osiyanasiyana ndi abwenzi ndi apabanja. Chifukwa chochitira izi nchiyani? Nchifukwa chakuti kusintha kwa nyengo ndi nkhani yaikulu imene zotsatira zake zimakhudza magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu ndiponso imakhudza moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Zotsatira kapena mavuto obwera kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo, zidzakhala zikukhudza ndi kuika pachiwopsezo miyoyo ya anthu kwa nthawi yaitali. Pakalipano tidakali kumayambiriro kwa kusintha kwa nyengo, sitinafike pa mlingo woti sitingachiteponso kanthu. Tili ndi mwai woti nkusintha zinthu kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kusapitirire kutisautsa. Ndani akukhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyi? Munthu aliyense payekhapayekha angathe kuchitapo kanthu kosinthitsa zinthu kuti kusintha kwa nyego kusapitirire ndi kuchititsa kuti dziko likhale lokoma kukhalamo ndi kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo idzapindule ndi ntchitoyi. Achinyamata ndi ana angathe kutengapo gawo pa ulendo umenewu. Mwa njira yotani? Chisankho chimene tingachite chingathe kusintha zinthu kaya pakungozisiya kapena pakuchitapo kanthu kochepetsa mpweya woononga zachilengedwe. Nkoyenera kuchitapo kanthu tsopano lino popeza tidakali kumayambiriro kwa kusintha kwa nyengo. Tingachite chiyani?

(1). Kuchepetsa mphamvu (a) Chepetsani mphamvu yamagetsi am’nyumba zanu, zipinda zanu, m’kalasi mwanu.

Sankhani ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabulb ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochepa. (b) Mungathe kuchepetsa mphamvu poyenda pa mabasi, kuyenda pa njinga kapena

pakuyenda pansi. (2). Kuphunzira za kusintha kwa nyengo (a) Poyamba muphunzire panokha kenaka mungathe kugawana zimene mwaphunzira ndi anzanu ndi abwenzi anu za kusintha kwa nyengo. (b) Yambani lero kuchita zimene mungathe.

(3). Sinthani njira zodyera ndi mtundu wa zakudya (a) Gwiritsani ntchito zakudya zosatsira fetereza pozilima chifukwa zimagaidwa msanga ndipo siziwononga chilengedwe. (b)Limbikitsani ndi kugula zakudya zakwathu kuno.


(c) Gwiritsani ntchito mabotolo maulendo angapo m’malo momagula mabotolo atsopano nthawi imene mufuna madzi akumwa ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimalira mabotolo.

(4). Chepetsani ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zapulasitiki zopangidwanso kawiri. Mungathe kugwiritsanso ntchito: (a) Mabotolo akale

(b) Mapulasitiki akale (c) Mungathe kusungunula ndi kupanganso zapulasitiki zina (d) Samalirani ndi kuyeretsanso madzi akukhitchini kuti muthe kuwagwiritsanso

ntchito, samalani ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, akubafa kuti mutsire m’chimbudzi chogwejemula. Ngati muli ndi mapepala ambiri opanda ntchito, mungathe kupita nawo ku makampani omwe amasungunula ndi kupangira mapepala (tissue) akuchimbudzi.

(e) Mapepala otha ntchito angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito atasinjidwa ndi kupanga mibulu yankhuni zophikira.

Pamene mugwiritsa ntchito mapepala ndi zinyalala motere, mudzataya zinyalala zochepa kudzala, potero mudzathandiza kusamalira zachilengedwe monga mitengo , mafuta ndi zinthu zina zazitsulo monga alumiyamu. Musakayike ndi ntchito yotamandika imene kagulu kochepa kangachite pochita zinthu zofuna kusintha zinthu mokhudzana ndi kuchepetsa mavuto obwera kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo- ndipo ndi njira yokhayo imene ingasinthe zinthu- Margaret Mead. Muchitepo kanthu lero pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo. Onani buku lophunzitsira za kusintha kwa nyengo- 27.

(5). Sinthani ndi kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosaononga zachilengedwe pa nkhani yophika ndi younikira m’nyumba zathu pogwiri tsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi (a) Mphamvu ya dzuwa (b) Magetsi ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi (c) Magetsi oyendera mphamvu ya mphepo

(6). Sankhani kubiriwira

Konzani ndi kukhazikitsa njira zokolorera madzi kwanu. (a) Khazikitsani makina oyendera mphamvu yochokera ku zinthu zotha kuwolerana. (b) Yambani kukonza manyowa akompoziti.


Zochitachita Kodi ndinu wobiriwira motani? Ntchito iyi ndi yotchedwa, “Ndinu obwiriwira motani (how green are you)?” Apa ophunzira adzakambirana za chithunzi. Zithunzizo zidzaonetsa mchitidwe wathu wosalabadira zinthu (zitsanzo zili m’munsimu), zimene zimasokoneza ndi kuwononga malo ndi zachilengedwe. Apa wophunzira adzaonetsedwa chithunzi ndipo kenaka gawo lolakwika za “chinthu kapena gawo lolakwika la chithunzicho”. Ngati wophunzira adzatha kuzindikira khalidwe loipalo, adzapitirira kuwonetsedwa chithunzi china, koma ngati wophunzirayo sadzazindikira zomwe amayenera kuzindikira, adzauzidwa za gawo loipalo ndiponso chifukwa chake. Tikuyenera kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa bungwe loona za nyengo, kukonzera inu, ine, ife ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo. Muyeso wakuzindikira Mafunso atatu oyenera kuyankhidwa mofulumira: Ndani ayenera kuchitapo kanthu? Tchulani zinthu zingapo zimene mumachita tsiku ndi tsiku mokhudzana ndi nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo. Ndi chiyani mungathe kuchita panokha? Zoyenera kuudziwa Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yosaononga zachilenegdwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina osalira mafuta kapena osagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapansi pa nthaka monga malasha. Aliyense mwa ife angathe kuchita kanthu kotha kusintha zinthu zothandiza kusamalira zachilenegedwe. Chinthu chimene chingatichititse kuti tichitepo kanthu ndiye kukhala ndi mtima wofunitsitsa kusintha zinthu. MAFUNSO AMENE AMAFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI Kodi pali kusiyana bwanji pakati pa momwe kumachera tsiku lirilonse ndi nyengo? Liwu loti “Weather” pa Chingerezi, limatanthauza kusintha kwa momwe tsiku lirilonse kumachera, mwina kumakhala kwamitambo, kwadzuwa, kapena kwamphepo, kapenanso kwankhungu kapena kozizira pomwe nyengo ndi kusintha koma kotenga nthawi (zaka), zochuluka. Nchifukwa chiyani mu nthawi yachilimwe ikukhala yotentherapo kusiyana ndi m’mbuyomu ndiponso nchifukwa chiyani nthawi yamwamvu kukukhala kozizirako kuposa m’mbuyomu ngakhale kuti dziko lapansi liri lotentherapo? Chachikulu chimene chikuchitika nchakuti kutentha kwa mpweya mumlengalenga ndi komwe kukuchititsa kuti nyengo izisintha. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumakulitsa kutentha kwa mpweya mumlengalenga. Nthawi zina mpweya ungathe kutentha kwambiri pomwe nthawi zinanso mpweyawo umazizira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kumeneku, nthawi yachilimwe kumatentha kwambiri pomwe mu nthawi yamwamvu kumatha kuziziranso kwambiri.


Kodi kusintha kwa nyengo kotere kumakhudza bwanji moyo wa munthu? Pa moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku timadalira madzi kuti tikhale ndi moyo. Kuwonjezera apa, zomera, nyama, zimathandizira kusunga ndi kusamalira zakudya zathu. Koma chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo madzi amakhudzidwa kotero kuti mwina timakhala nawo ohcepa kapena ochuluka, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudzanso ntchito yaulimi. Zomera ndi nyama tsopano zikusowa malo okhala kaamba koti nyengo imatha kusintha mosadalirika kwenikweni. Komanso kusintha kwa nyengo kumachititsa kuti matenda ena azibuka. Pa zonsezi, ife anthu timakhudzidwa kwambiri. Kodi kutha kwa gawo lotchedwa (Ozoni) nkukhala gwero la kusintha kwa nyengo? Chibowo chotchedwa Ozoni ndi nkhani ina yosiyana ndi nkhani ya kutentha kwa mpweya wa dziko lapansi kuphatikizapo kutentha kwa mpweya wamulengalenga; ngakhale zili choncho, pali kulumikizana kwina. Chibowo chotchedwa Ozoni chimayambitsidwa ndi kutha kwa michere yamumlengalenga, yomwe imapangidwa ndi ntchito za mafakitale, mwachitsanzo CFC. Kulumikizana kwao nkwakuti michere yotchedwa CFC ndi mpweya wa mtundu wa Green House. Kukwera kwa kutentha kwamumlengalenga ndi zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa Green House monga wa carbon ndi Methane yomwe ili mumlengalenga. Ngakhale kuti dziko lapansi limatentha, koma ukamakwera m’mwamba, kumazizira, potero, dera lomwe mitambo imapangidwira limakula. Izi zimapereka mwai wakutha kwa gawo la Ozoni ndipo apa mpamene pali kulumikizana kwa ainthu ziwirizi. Ndani adayambitsa kusintha kwa nyengo? Maiko olemera ndi amene adachititsa kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kuyambike kaamba ka kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi utsi wa m’mafakitale omwe maikowo amatulutsa. Nanga dziko la Malawi limakhudzidwa bwanji ndi kusintha kwa nyengo? Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, Malawi akukumana ndi zokhoma zambiri. Kusintha kwa nyengo kwachititsa kuti nyengo ikhale yosadalirika chifukwa masiku ano, mvula ikutha kugwa yochuluka mpaka madzi kumasefukira, mwina kumakhala ng’amba ndipo zimenezi zimasokoneza ntchito zaulimi. Kusadalirika kwa magwedwe a mvula kukuchititsa kuti moyo usamayende bwino. Nthawi zina nkhalango zikupsa ndi moto wolusa. Matenda obwera kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo akubuka ndi kuchuluka. Tingatani kuti tiwongolere momwe nyengo ikuyendera? Munthu aliyense payekhapayekha, angathe kuchitapo kanthu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zosalira kuwononga zachilengedwe, pakusintha kalimidwe ndi kadyedwe ka zakudya zathu, makamaka kuti tisiye kudalira zakudya zopopera mankhwala ndi zotsira fetereza, pakubzala mitengo yochuluka, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosalira mafuta ndi malasha, pakukwera mabasi, njinga zakapalasa kapena pakungoyenda pansi pamaulendo aafupi ndi pakutsata njira yochepetsa zinthu, pakugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe tili nazo ndiponso pakusungunula zapulasitiki nkupanganso zina.

Documents

RURAL BASIC NEEDS BASKET - cfscmalawi.org lophunzitsira magulu.pdf · 2 Rural Basic Needs Basket || The Centre for Social Concern 2014 || Advocacy Group Training Manual ... Buku limeneli