Cho cc em, ngn ng ni chung v ting Anh ni ring lun c nhng hnh thc rt gn. l xu hng "tit kim" ca con ngi. Khi ni rt gn m ngi ta vn hiu th sao mnh khng p dng cho tn li phi khng cc em? Tuy nhin tr tru ch ngi dng th thy tin li bao nhiu nhng ngi c ( nhng ngi hc ting Anh nh chng ta n ) li thy " kh s" by nhiu v khng hiu ht khi cu b rt gn v ngc li khi phi t mnh lm cc bi rt gn th cng khng bit lm th no cho ng. gip cc em hiu thm v phn ny, thy k ra y mt s dng rt gn thng dng cc em lm quen nh. ng ra, khi i su vo phn tch s c 2 dng l "rt gn" v "tnh lc" nhng phn loi theo 2 ci ny cng phc tp nn thy gom chung li v th hin thnh mt lot cc hnh thc thng gp cc em d tham kho nh.Dng thng gp nht l dng rt gn t mnh thnh cm t.Cc em cn nm r ch ny : mnh l phi c ch t v km theo l ng t chia th, cn cm t l khng c ch t v km theo l ng t khng c chia th ( c th l Ving, l to inf, hay qu kh phn t p.p ....)Nguyn tc cn bn cn nh nht l mun rt gn c th ch t ca 2 mnh phi ging nhau, v khi rt gn s b ch t m nu ch t khc nhau th khi b mt lm sao bit hnh ng ai lm?V du:When I saw the dog, I ran away.=> When seeing the dog, I ran away. ( hoc : Seeing the dog, ...)i vi mnh quan h th i t quan h lm ch t mi rt gn c.The manwhois standing over there is Mr cucku.=>The man standing over there is Mr cucku.The manwhomyou are talking about.... => khng rt gn c

Sau y chng ta ln lt xem qua cc dng rt gn nh:1. Rt gn mnh quan h:Rt gn mnh quan h c cc dng sau:1) Dng cm Ving : participle phrases (V-ing phrase) Dng cho cc mnh ch ng (active)Bwho, which,thatvbe(nu c ) ly ng t thmINGThe manwho is standing thereis my brotherThe manwho isstanding thereis my brother->The manstanding thereis my brother

2) Dng cm P.P: past participle phrase (V-de phrase)Dng cho cc mnh b ng .Bwho, which,thatvbeI like bookswhich were written by my fatherI like bookswhich werewritten by my father->I like bookswritten by my father

3) Dng cm to inf. (3 dng)Dng khi danh t ng troc c cc ch sau y b ngha :ONLY,LAST,s th t nh:FIRST,SECOND...so snh nhtBwho, which,that ,ch t (nu c ) vmodal verbnhcan ,will...thmtotrc ng t/to beThis is theonlystudentwho can do the problem.This is theonlystudentwho cando the problem->This is theonlystudentto do the problem.-ng t lHAVE/HADIhavemuch homeworkthat I must do.Ihavemuch homeworkthat I mustdo.Ihave much homeworkto do.-u cu cHERE (BE),THERE (BE)There aresix letterswhich have to be written today.There are six lettersto be written today.- Mt s ng t khc nh need , want ..v..v.. ni chung l khi ta dch ch to inf. vi ngha "" m nghe sung tai th c th dng c.

GHI NH :Trong phnto infny cc bn cn nh 2 iu sau:- Nu ch t 2 mnh khc nhau th thm cmfor sbtrcto inf.Wehave some picture books thatchildrencan read.We have some picture booksfor childrento read.Tuy nhin nu ch t l i t c ngha chung chung nhwe,you,everyone.... th c th khng cn ghi ra.Studying abroadis the wonderful thing thatwemust think about.Studying abroad is the wonderfulthing(for us )to think about.- Nu trc relative pronounc gii tth phi em xung cui cu. ( y l li d sai nht).We have a pegonwhich we can hang our coat.We have a peg to hang our coaton.

4) Dng cm danh t (ng cch danh t)Dng khi mnh tnh t c dng:S + BE + DANH T /CM DANH T/CM GII TCch lm:-bwho ,whichvbeFootball,which is a popular sport, is very good for health.Football,which isa popular sport, is very good for health.Football,a popular sport, is very good for health.Do you like the book which ison the table?

Do you like the bookon the table?

PHNG PHP LM BI LOI RT GN:Khi hc th ta hc t d n kh nhng khi lm bi th ngc li phi suy lun t kh n d.Boc 1:-Tm xem mnh tnh t nm ch noBc ny cng d v mnh tnh t thng bt u bngWHO,WHICH,THAT...BC 2:Bc ny ch yu l gim t mnh xung cm t, tuy nhin cch suy lun cng phi theo th t nu khng s lm sai.V d:This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday.Mi nhn ta thy y l cu b ng ,nu vi vng th s d dng bin n thnh :This is the first manarrestedby police yesterdaysaiTht ra p n l :This is the first manto be arrestedby police yesterdayngVy th cch thc no khng b sai ?Cc em hy ln lt lm theo cc boc sau.

1. Nhn xem mnh c cng thcS + BE + CM DANH Tkhng ? Nu c p dng cng thc 4 .2. Nu khng c cng thc th xem tip trocwho which... c cc du hiufirst ,only...v..vkhng ,nu c th p dng cng thc 3 (to inf. ) lu thm xem 2 ch t c khc nhau khng ( dngfor sb )3 .Nu khng c 2 trong hp trn mi xt xem cu ch nghayb ngm dngVINGhayP.P..( k sau: rt gn mnh trng t)

2. Rt gn mnh trng t:Mnh trng t l mnh ni nhau bng cc lin t nhwhen, because, while...iu kin rt gn l hai ch t phi ging nhau.Cng thc:- B lin t ( hoc li th bin thnh gii t): because -> because of - Ch ng th i ng t thnh Ving- B ng th dng p.p ( nhng nu gi li lin t, hoc c NOT th phi li to be v thm ing vo to be : ( being + p.p )- ngoi tr cc lin twhen, if, thoughth li c th b lun to be.i vi lin twhen, as( khi) m ng t chnh trong mnh l to be + N v mang ngha "l" th c th b lun to be m gi li danh t thi.V d:Ch ng:When he went home,.....=> (When) going home,....B ng:Because Iwas givena book, I .....=> Because of being givena book, I ..... ( gii t ca because l because of, bt buc li to be )When hewas attackedby a big dog, he ran away.Cp 1: b ch t=> Whenbeingattckedby a big dog, he....( theo nguyn tc li lin t phi li to be)Cp 2: b to be=> Whenattackedby a big dog, he....( nhng vi when th c th b lun to be )Cp 3: b lin t=>Attackedby a big dog, he .....Because hewasn't rewardedwith a smile, he ....Notbeing rewardedwith a smile, he ....( cNOTnn bt buc li to be )Ashe was a child, he lived in the countryside.=> Asa child, he lived ............ ( b lun to be )Nu sau to be l mt cm danh t th ngi ta cn c th lc b cASm ch cn li cm danh t tr tri. Nu cc em khng hiu cc nguyn tc ny th s khng th no hiu c l do g m mt cm danh t li ng u cu nh vy, m khng hiu th lm sao phn tch cu c m lm bi phi khng? Cc thi thng li dng s rc ri ny m "by" th sinh. M khng ch "by" nhiu u, ngi ta cn kt hp vi cng thc khc trong na c ch ! hy ly v v 1 cu trong thi H nm 2008 xem nh:A childofnoble birth,his namewas famousamongthe childrenin thatschool. lm c cu ny th sinh phi hiu r cm danh t u cu l rt gn t mnh trng t:Cu gc lc cha rt gn :As he was a child of noble birth.Rt gn cp 1 :As beinga child of noble birth. ( b ch t, ng t thm ING )Rt gn cp 2 :Asa child of noble birth. ( b lun ng t v n l to be mang ngha "l " )Rt gn cp 3 :A child of noble birth. ( b lun lin t )Hiu c ti y ri cng cha lm c bi m phi thuc lng nguyn tc khi rt gn:ch t 2 mnh phi ging nhauR rng sau khi "phc hi" li cu gc lc cha rt gn cc em s thy ch t 2 mnh khc nhau:Ashewas a child of noble birth,his namewas famous...(hevhis name) =>phi sa 1 trong 2 ch t , m ngi ta ch gch ch t mnh sau nn ta chn,his namesa thnh he-Sau y l cc trng hp +Reduced in passive only:Once , until , whenever , where , wherever , as+Reduced in active only:after , before , since , while+Reduced in all:if , unless , whether , although , though, when Eg : Once you finish your test, you should double-check it before you hand it in. ----> cannot be reduced Once your test is finished, it should be double-check it before you hand it in. ----->Once finished, your test double-check it before you hand it in( reduced in passive only) Mnh bt u bngwhenta c th bwhenv chuyn sangupon hoc onex :wheni opened the door,i saw a black dog=>uponopening the door,i saw a black dog MT S MU RT GN KHCBn trn l cc mu rt gn thng dng m cc em c hc chnh thc trong cc chng trnh hc ph thng, cn sau y l cc mu khc m c th cc em vn thy hng ngy nhng i khi khng hiu c n c rt gn t u v rt gn nh th no. Theo l thng, vn ni c rt gn nhiu hn vn vit cho nn khi dng cc em cng lu trnh lm dng s dng cc mu vn ni vo vn vit.1. Hon i mnh khi rt gn.Theo nguyn tc chung th khi rt gn mnh quan h s gi nguyn v tr, tuy nhin mu ny li ngoi l. Cc em xem v d hiu lun cch dng nh.She,who had not seen me since 1990, couldn't regconize me at first.=> She couldn't regconize me at first,not having seen me since 1990.Hoc:=>Not having seen me since 1990, she couldn't regconize me at first.2. Dng cm gii t thay cho mnh quan h.Mu ny p dng khi mnh quan h bao gm to be v cm gii t v cch rt gn cng kh d v ta ch vic b a t quan h v to be l xong.V d:The bookwhich is on the tableis Mr cucku's.=> The bookwhich ison the tableis Mr cucku's.=> The bookon the tableis Mr cucku's.3. Dng cc gii t thay th ng t trong mnh . ( cc gii t thng gp l WITH, WITHOUT, IN, OF)A. Dng WITH, WITHOUT:Hai gii t ny dng trong cc mnh quan h m t b phn thn th, mt s mu c ng t HAVE ( c ), CARRY hoc there be ( c ) .V d:A girlwho had big eyes..... => A girlwithbig eyes...A robberwho was carrying a gun.... => A robberwitha gun ...A housewhich had no windows...=> A housewithoutwindows ....The potin which there is no food...=> The potwithoutfood in it.....B. Dng IN :Khi mnh quan h din t trang phc trn ngi nh, qun o, nn, giy dp,....V d:A womanwho is wearing a red dress... => A womanina red dress....The manwho is wearing dark glasses.... => The manindark glasses....C. Dng OF :Thng ch v nng lc, tui tc..V d:A whohas a great deal of energy and enthusiasm.... => A manofenergy and enthuasiasm....A manwho was thirty-five years old... => A manofthirty- five....MT S HNH THC RT GN KHCV cc mu rt gn rt a dng nn trong phn ny ch yu thy a ra cc v d minh ha cc em lm quen.1. Rt gn i t + to beI'll goif(it is) necessary.--If(it is) true, this will cause us a lot of trouble.--If( it is) not well managed, irrigation can be harmfulHe glanced aboutas if(he was) in search of something.--It looksas if( it is) going to rain.--She worked extremely hardthough(she was) still rather poor in health-We'll send an engineer over to meet youas soon as(it is) possible.--George never speaksunless(he is) spoken to.--Unless(I am) compelled to stay in by bad weather, I go for a walk every day.--Though(he was ) very tired, he did not give up.--Once( it is) seen, the picture can never be forgotten.--Once(he is ) there, he is lost.--Whether(he is) waking or sleeping, he breathes noisilyAnyone, no matterwho(he is), may point out our shortcomings.(Is there) Anything you want to take with you?2. Rt gn to beIn our country everybody is an ordinary worker no matter what his position (is).--She pledged to complete her father's unfinished task, whatever the task (is).--I refuse , however favorable the conditions (are), to work there2. Rt gn ng tYou could have come and (you could have) told meJean hasn't been told, but I have (been told).Only one of us was injured, and he (was) just (injured) slightly.--John has written a poem and Bob (has written) a short story3. Lc b complement

I am tired. Are you? (= Are you tired?)

Is this your pen?

- Yes, it is.(= It is my pen)

4.Lc btc t.

Tell me the truth!

Yes, but I will tell you(the truth)this evening.

5.Lc bmnh

She is more beautiful than I thought(she was)

It's cold in December in England, but(it's cold)in July in NewZealand6.Lc bch ng--(I)Thank you.--(It)Doesn't matter.--(It's)All right.= Whatwill happenif it rains?--(I am)Sorry I'm late.--(It is)Well done!--(When one is)Out of sight,(one is)out of mind.BI TP I :

Hy rt gn cc mnh tnh t trong cc cu sau y

1) We had a river in which we could swim .2) Here are some accounts that you must check.3) The last student that was interviewed was Tom.4) We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN.5) My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad.6) I was the only one who realized him.7) I have some homework which I must do tonight.Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.9) I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel.10) There are six reports which have to be typed today.11) Dalat, which is best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather.12) Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild.13) Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America.14) She is the only woman who was appointed to the board.15) The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it.16) A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant17) John, who is my friend, has studied English for ten years.1There are many exercises that we have to finish before school.19) The mistakes which you have to correct are very important.20) We have a few exercises that we have to do.BI TP II :Dng Ving1. Do you know the teacher who is coming toward us?2. The boy who is playing the piano is Bend.3. That man, who is sitting next to Mary, is my uncle.4. Students who play for this course have to pay the registration fee.5. We have an apartment which overlooks the park.6. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting?7. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.8. The students who did not come to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher.9. Students who arrive late will not be permitted to enter the classroom.10. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.11. Anyone who applies to that school must take an entrance examination.12. The boy drew pictures of people who were waiting for their planes at the airport.1. The scientists who are searching the cause of cancer are making progress.

14. The helicopter which was flying toward the lake made a low droning sound.

15. Any student who does not want to go on the trip should inform the office.

Dng p.p

1. John, who was taken by surprise, hardly knew what to say.

2. Most students who were punished last week are lazy.

3. The wild ox which is kept at Cat Tien National Park is of a special kind.

4. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

5. We study in a school which was built in 1956.

6. I come from a village that is covered by paddy fields.

7. The man who was attacked by the crocodile still survived.

8. The people who were injured in the accident were taken to the hospital.

9. The boy who was awarded by the headmaster is one of the best students in this school.

10. We drove along the road that was still flooded after the heavy rain.

11. Our solar system is in a galaxy which is called the Milky Way.

12. Most of the goods which are made in this factory are exported.

13. I come from the city which is located in the southern part of the country.

14. Some of the guests who have been invited to the party cant come.

15. Only a few of the movies which are shown on Channel 15 are suitable for the children.

Dng to inf

1. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light.

2. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.

3. He was the first man who left the burning building.

4. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.

5. We have a lot of exercises that we have to do.

6. I have some homework that I must do tonight.

7. English is an important language which we have to master.

8. The first thingwhich you must do is to learn the new words in the reading.

9. I was the only person who saw the difficulty.

10. Am I the next person who joins the interview?

11. This is the third who is late for the meeting today.

12. He was the second man who was saved in the fire

13. She is the only woman who was appointed to the board.

14. There are some reports which must be written this morning.

15. The fifth man who was interviewed was completely unsuitable.

Dng for sb to inf

1. The language that we should master is English.

2. Here is the novel that she could read.

3. These are picture books that children can read.

4. In the park there are benches on which people can sit.

5. This is the swimming-pool in which children can swim.

6. English is an important language which we have to master.