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cvV-1 : ˆKeZ© we‡ ªvn

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Abykxjbg~jK KvR

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KvR-2 : ˆKeZ© Kviv? †Kvb ivRvi Avg‡j ˆKeZ© we‡`ªvn nq?

cvV-2: mbœ vmx-dwKi we‡ ªvn

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2 evOvwji ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg

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Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : †mKv‡j Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ wK‡mi Ici wbf©ikxj wQj? K…lK‡ì Ici †Kb †ewk AZ¨vPvi n‡Zv?

KvR-2 : Bs‡iR Avg‡ji †Mvovi w`‡K `xN©w`b a‡i †Kvb †Kvb AÂj Ry‡o †Kb we‡ ªvn n‡qwQj?

KvR-3 : †Kvb we‡`ªvn‡K mbœ¨vmx-dwKi we‡`ªvn ejv nq?

KvR-4 : mbœ¨vmx-dwKi we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ„Z¡`vbKvix K‡qKRb we‡`ªvnx †bZvi bv‡gi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

cvV-3 : bxjwe‡ ªvn

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evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 3

bxjwe‡`ªv‡ni cÖ_g cÖev`cyiyl n‡jb m`©vi wek¦bv_| †mKv‡j Avgv‡ì RvZxq †PZbvi Afv‡e `yf©vM¨µ‡g we‡k WvKvZ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| wek¦bv_ A‡bK mdj exiZ¡c~Y© msMÖv‡gi bvqK| 1808 mv‡j evi Rb m½xmn Bs‡iR‡ì nv‡Z aiv c‡o Zuviv mK‡j cÖvY`‡Ê `wÊZ nb|

Zv‡Z Aek¨ bxjwe‡`ªvn _v‡g wb| ag©ms¯‹vig~jK Iqvnvwe Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Î a‡i 1831 mvj bvMv` wZZygx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ PweŸk ciMYv GjvKvq we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡‡j I‡V| `wi`ª I wbt¯^ gvbyl Zuvi Wv‡K mvov †`q| wZZzgx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ GK ch©v‡q PweŸk ciMYv, b`xqv, dwi`cyi wb‡q GK weivU f~LÊ gy³vÂ‡j cwiYZ nq| GK ch©v‡q Bs‡iR bxjKi I Zv‡ì †`vmi Rwg`vi QvovI Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ mvaviY gvbyl Bs‡iR kvmb‡KB P¨v‡jÄ Rvbvq| Ae‡k‡l 1831 mv‡ji 19†k b‡f¤î BwZnvmL¨vZ euv‡ki †Kj−vi jovB‡q kwn` n‡jb exi wZZzgxi I Zuvi cÂvkRb mn‡hv×v| Avi e›`x n‡q c‡i g„Zz¨`‡Ê `wÊZ nb A‡b‡KB|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : bxjPv‡li Rb¨ Bs‡iRiv †Kb GZ †RviRyjyg PvjvZ?

KvR-2 : bxjKi‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii aib Kx iKg wQjÑÑ`y‡qKwU D`vniY `vI|

KvR-3 : bxj we‡`ªv‡ni cÖ_g cÖev`cyiyl †K?

KvR-4 : we‡`ªvnx †bZv wZZygx‡ii cwiPq `vI| cvV-4 : muvIZvj we‡ ªvn

DËie½, cwðge½ I wenv‡ii wKQy AÂ‡j emwZ Av‡Q muvIZvj RvwZi| G AÂj‡K GK mgq muvIZvj ciMYv ejv n‡Zv| muvIZvjiv wQj LyeB `wi`ª| g~jZ Pv‡li Kv‡R LvUv‡bvi Rb¨ cwðg fviZ †_‡K GB muvIZvj‡ì wb‡q G‡mwQj Rwg`viiv| ZvB Avm‡j AiY¨ cÖK…wZi †Kv‡j Af¨¯— n‡jI muvIZvj ciMYvq Zv‡ì ¯’vbxq Rwg`vi‡ì Rwg‡Z †eMvi LvU‡Z n‡Zv| gRywi †cZ mvgvb¨| Bs‡iR kvmbKv‡j Rwg`vi‡ì AZ¨vPvi †e‡o †M‡j GK mgq 1855 mv‡ji w`‡K Zviv cÖwZev`x n‡q I‡V| †bZv Zv‡ì `yB fvBÑÑwmay Avi Kvby| †m eQi 30†k Ryb mfv K‡i cÖvq `k nvRvi muvIZvj we‡`ªvn ïiy K‡i| Rwg`vi‡ì cv‡k G‡m ùvovq Bs‡iR ‰mb¨ I Zv‡ì cywjk| d‡j AwP‡iB we‡ ªvnx‡ì gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq Bs‡iR ˆmb¨ I miKv‡ii| we‡`ªvnxiv welv³ Zxi Avi abyK w`‡q hy× K‡i evievi DbœZ A¯¿mw¾Z Bs‡iR evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i| muvIZvj‡ì HK¨ I mvdj¨ †`‡L cÖwZ‡ekx wn› y-gymwjg mvaviY evOvwjivI Zv‡ì cv‡k G‡m ùvovq| KLbI Kvgviiv A¯¿ evwb‡q w`‡q‡Q, KLbI Kvgvi, Kzgvi, K…lKiv, muvIZvj‡ì cv‡k ùvwo‡q hy× K‡i‡Q| Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ †gRi ev‡iv‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ weivU evwnbx Kvgvb e› yK wb‡q AvµgY K‡i

wZZzgxi


muvIZvj evwnbx‡K| wmay I Kvbyi †bZ…‡Z¡ †mw`b Bs‡iR evwnbx‡K civwRZ I aŸsm K‡i muvIZvjiv weRqx n‡qwQj| weR‡qi G w`bwU wQj 1855 mv‡ji 16B RyjvB|

civwRZ Bs‡iR fxZ n‡q eojvU jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi (1848-1856) wb‡`©‡k AviI eo ˆmbëni wb‡q we‡`ªvnx‡ì `gv‡Z Av‡m| wKš‘ muvIZvj †bZv wmay, Kvby, ˆfie I Puv‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ †h cÖwZ‡iva nq Zv‡Z Bs‡iR evwnbx A‡bK ¶q¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡q QÎf½ n‡q hvq| evievi Gfv‡e civ¯Í n‡q †k‡l Bs‡iRiv wekvj evwnbx ˆZwi K‡i muvIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z wbg©g AvµgY Pvjvq| GK Rwg`v‡ii cÂvkwU nvwZ‡K D‡ËwRZ K‡i MÖv‡g MÖv‡g ZvÊe Pvjv‡bvi R‡b¨ †Q‡o †Ìqv nq| MÖv‡gi evwoN‡i Av¸b †Ìqv nq| AvZ¥i¶vq e¨¯— wkï I gwnjv‡ì wbwe©Pv‡i ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Kvcyiy‡li g‡Zv wbixn bvix-cyiyl nZ¨v I MYnv‡i Nievwo R¡vwj‡q Zviv GB we‡`ªvn ax‡i ax‡i cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| GB we‡`ªv‡ni †bZvivI ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi gnvb kwn`|

GiKg AmsL¨ we‡`ªvn msNwUZ n‡q‡Q evsjvq| 1857 mv‡ji HwZnvwmK wmcvwn we‡`ªvn wQj Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× mviv fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ cÖ_g we‡`ªvn, ZviI m~Pbv n‡qwQj wKš‘ evsjvq|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : Pvi `‡j wef³ n‡q cÖwZ `‡j GKwU K‡i we‡`ªvn m¤ú‡K© mwPÎ †Ìqvj cwÎKv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR- 2 : we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv‡ì m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ I Qwe w`‡q K¬v‡m †mwgbvi Ki| c‡i †mwgbv‡ii mvims‡¶c †jL|

KvR- 3 : mvuIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni eY©bv `vI| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. ˆKeZ© we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ„Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb †K? K. wè¨ L. i“‡`vK M. fxg N. ivg

2. dwKi-mbœ¨vmx‡ì AmsLëvi Bs‡iR‡ì AvµgY i“‡L †`qvi KviYÑÑ

i. wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi HK¨

ii. we‡`ªvnx †bZ„e„‡›ì `~i`wk©Zv

iii. dwKi mbœ¨vmx‡ì Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii


wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI

Avãyi iv¾vK wgVvcyi Mªv‡gi GKwU HwZnëvnx NUbv ï‡b Lye wewm¥Z nb| ga¨hy‡M H Mªv‡g Livi Kvi‡Y dmj bv nIqvq `ywf©¶ †`Lv †`q| IB mgq Rwg`viiv cÖRv‡ì †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ bv Ki‡j K‡qKRb †bZ„¯’vbxq †jvK wg‡j Gi cÖwZev` K‡i Ges Rwg`vi evwnbx‡K civ¯Í K‡i|

3. DÏxc‡Ki NUbv †Kvb we‡`ªv‡ni †¶Î ˆZwii NUbv‡K Bw½Z K‡i? K. bxj we‡ ªvn L. dwKi mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªvn M. ˆKeZ© we‡ ªvn N. mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn

4. Bw½ZKvix we‡`ªv‡ni we‡kl w`K wQj wb‡Pi †KvbwU? K. we‡`wk kvmK I †kvlYKvix‡ì `gb L. `wi`ª I Amnvq gvby‡li AvZ¥Z¨vM M. kvmK‡ì Amn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g `gb N. mKj agx©q †bZv‡ì gnvb AvZ¥Z¨vM

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. dzjcyi AÂ‡ji Amvay eëmvqxiv wb‡R‡ì ¯^v‡_© Pvwl‡ì w`‡q †Rvi K‡i ZvgvK Pvl Kiv‡”Q| G‡Z av‡bi Drcv`b K‡g hvIqvq D³ AÂ‡ji †jvKR‡bi Lv`¨ msKU †`Lv †`q| ZeyI eëmvqx‡ì Pv‡c Pvwliv ZvgvK Pv‡l eva¨ nq| d‡j Pvwliv we‡ ªvnx n‡q D‡V| Pvwl‡ì G AZ¨vPvi †_‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ wbRvg mv‡ne `wi`ª wbt¯^ gvbyl‡ì‡K GKwÎZ K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì wb‡q GKwU †¯^”Qv‡meK evwnbx MVb K‡ib| K. †mKv‡j Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj ? L. Bsj¨v‡Û wkíwec−e Kxfv‡e ïi“ n‡qwQj ? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. dzjcyi AÂ‡ji K…lK‡ì we‡`ªv‡n †Zvgvi cvVëB‡qi †Kvb we‡`ªv‡ni êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q eY©bv Ki| N. wbRvg mv‡ne I wZZygx‡ii Kg©Kv‡Êi Zyjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki|

2. mwLcyi Mªv‡gi K…lK m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvKRb gnvRb‡ì Øviv Lye AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡Zv| Zv‡ì‡K Aí gRywi‡Z mvivw`b LvUvZ| G Ae¯’vq weRb I wec−e bv‡g `yB e¨w³ Zv‡ì‡K msNwUZ K‡i| Zv‡ì †bZ„‡Z¡ AZ¨vPvwiZ †kªwY HKë× nq| mvaviY RbMYI Zv‡ì mg_©b Rvbvq| gnvRb‡ì Rbej I A¯¿k¯¿ Zv‡ì‡K `gv‡Z cv‡iwb| K. ˆKeZ© Kv‡ì ejv n‡Zv? L. Bs‡iR Avg‡j AmsL¨ evi K…lK we‡`ªvn n‡qwQj †Kb ? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡K gnvRb‡ì g‡a¨ muvIZvj we‡ ªv‡n Kv‡ì êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡QÑÑe¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡K AZ¨vPvwiZ †kªwYi g‡bvfveB mvuIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni mvd‡jï †cQ‡b g~j KviY wQjÑÑ e³e¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki|


Aa¨vq-`yB

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf~wg

¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥ evOvwji RvZxq Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv| evOvwjiv cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi †kvlY, AZ¨vPvi I êl‡gï weiy‡× avivevwnKfv‡e msMÖvg I Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q G‡mwQj| Gi g‡a¨ fvlv Av‡›`vjb, 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui weRq, mvgwiK kvmb we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, 1962 I 1964 mv‡ji QvÎ Av‡›`vjb Ab¨Zg| GQvov 1966 mv‡ji 6 `dv Av‡›`vjb, HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv, mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb, 1969 mv‡ji MYAfy¨Ìvb Ges 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb evOvwji RvZxq RvMi‡Yi †¶‡Î e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| Gme Av‡›`vjb I NUbvi ga¨ w`‡qB cvwK¯—vb we‡ivax †PZbv †eMevb n‡q‡Q, evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡` DØy× n‡q‡Q gvbyl| Gi d‡jB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q 1971 mv‡ji gnvb gyw³hy‡×i g‡Zv i³¶qx mk¯¿ hy‡× e¨vcK RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY Ges †`k I RvwZi mvwe©K gyw³ AR©b| Avgv‡ì RvZxq BwZnv‡m 1947 †_‡K 1971 mvj ch©š— cvwK¯—vb ce©wUi NUbvcÖevn my`~icÖmvix| GB mg‡q cvwK¯—v‡bi Av`wk©K msKU cwi®‹vi n‡q hvq| †m m¤ú‡K© Ges cvwK¯—v‡bi weiy‡× cwiPvwjZ Av‡›`vjb I msMÖv‡gi K‡qKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

cvV-1 : cvwK¯Ív‡bi msKU

eû AvKvw•¶Z ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci cvwK¯—v‡bi mªóv †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvnmn †`kwUi †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ iv‡óªi bxwZ, Av`k© wb‡q weåvwš— †`Lv †`q| G Ae¯’v‡K ejv hvq cwiP‡qi msKU| wn›`y gymwjg `yB c„_K RvwZ, GB `vwe wQj cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi c‡¶ Zv‡ì cÖavb hyw³| wKš‘ ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i †bZ…e„›` eyS‡Z cvi‡jb ag© QvovI gvby‡li AviI cwiPq Av‡Q| fvlv Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ c~e© evsjvq AwaKvsk gvbyl evsjvfvlx n‡jI cwðg As‡k AšÍZ PviwU wfbœ fvlvfvlx gvbyl evm K‡i| D`y©fvlvi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì HKë× Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI AvÂwjK I †jvKms¯‹…wZi cv_©K¨ NyPv‡bvi Dcvq wQj bv| d‡j gymwjg RvZxqZvev‡ì cÖavb cÖe³v wRbœvn wb‡R ¯^vaxbZvi K‡qKw`b c‡iB MYcwil‡` ej‡jb, gymwjg-wn›`y-wLªóvb-†eŠ× wKsev cvÄvwe-evOvwj-wmwÜ-cvLZzb cwiPq fy‡j mKj‡KB GLb GK cvwK¯—vwb n‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ †mB cvwK¯—v‡bi HK¨m~Î ˆZwi Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv Bmjvg I D`y©fvlvi Ici †Rvi †`q Avi Ab¨vb¨ ag© I Ab¨vb¨ fvlv-ms¯‹…wZi weiy‡× Ae¯’vb †bq| GgbwK evsjvfvlvi mg„× mvwnZ¨, iex›`ªbv_-gvB‡Kj-ew¼‡gi g‡Zv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K‡ì cÖwZ êwi Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i| G‡Z †`‡k H‡Kï cwie‡Z© weåvwš— Qovq I †`kevmxi g‡a¨ †`Lv †`q wefvRb|

†h evOvwj gymjgvb cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi R‡b¨ me©vZ¥K msMÖvg K‡iwQj, bZzb †`kwU wb‡q Zv‡ì ¯^cœf½ n‡jv mevi Av‡M| c~e© evsjvi we`»Rb cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii G ai‡bi c`‡¶‡c evOvwji me©bvk †`L‡Z †c‡jb| eû fvlvwe` cwÊZ W. gyn¤§` knx`yj −vnmn G‡`‡ki AMÖYx eyw×Rxex I mvwnwZ¨Kiv evsjvfvlv, evsjv mvwnZ¨, evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ I HwZn¨ i¶vq GwM‡q Av‡mb| G mg‡q W. gyn¤§` knx yj−vn GKwU fvl‡Y e‡jwQ‡jbÑÑÔAvgiv wn›`y ev gymwjg †hgb mZ¨, Zvi †P‡q †ewk


mZ¨ Avgiv evOvwj| GwU †Kv‡bv Av`‡k©i K_v bq, GwU GKwU ev¯—e K_v| cÖK…wZ wb‡Ri nv‡Z Avgv‡ì †Pnvivq I fvlvq evOvwj‡Z¡i Ggb Qvc w`‡q‡Qb †h, Zv gvjv-wZjK-wUwK‡Z wKsev Uzwc-jyw½-`vwo‡Z XvKevi †Rv-wU †bB|Õ

AvR c~e© evsjv ¯^vaxb nIqvi Pwj−k eQi c‡iI GLbI cvwK¯—vb †Zgwb Av`wk©K msK‡U fyM‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci ci evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì ¯^cœ f½ n‡jv †Kb?

KvR- 2 : evOvwj RvwZ cÖm‡½ W. gyn¤§` knx`yj −vni Dw³wU D× „Z Ki|

cvV-2 : ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb cvwK¯—v‡bi mªóv I cÖ_g Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn †NvlYv K‡ibÑÑcvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv n‡e D`y©| 1948 m‡bi Rvbyqvwi gv‡m XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KvR©b n‡j QvÎ-wk¶K‡ì mgv‡e‡k wZwb G †NvlYv w`‡j QvÎiv Ôbv bv bvÕÑÑ aŸwb‡Z cÖwZev` Rvbvq| †`‡ki wk¶vwe`-mvwnwZ¨K I eyw×Rxex Ges AwaKvsk ivR‰bwZK †bZv evsjv fvlvi c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bb| cvwK¯—vb MYcwil‡` evOvwj m`m¨ GKvË‡ii kwn` Kzwgj−vi ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë ivóªfvlv evsjvi c‡¶ cÖ¯—ve DÌvcb K‡ib| wKš‘ cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb G cÖ¯—v‡ei Zxeª we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| `yt‡Li welq gymwjgjx‡Mi A‡bK evOvwj m`mÏ GB we‡ivwaZvq †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| A_P evsjviB cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv nIqv wQj hyw³hy³| cvwK¯—v‡bi ZrKvjxb †gvU RbmsL¨v wQj 6 †KvwU 90 j¶| Gi g‡a¨ 4 †KvwU 40 j¶ evOvwj| evwK AvovB †KvwU gvby‡li gvZ…fvlv wKš‘ D`©y bq| Zv‡ì ¯^-¯^ gvZ…fvlv wmwÜ, cvÄvwe, ckZz I evjyP ZZ DbœZ bv nIqvq Zv‡ì wk¶vi gva¨g wQj D y©| †`‡ki msL¨vjNy Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv‡K msL¨v¸iy evOvwji Ici Pvwc‡q †Ìqvi †Póv K‡iwQj cvwK¯—vb| A_P evOvwjiv wKš‘ †Kej evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe K‡i wb| Zviv D`y©i cvkvcvwk ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjviI ¯^xK…wZ †P‡qwQj|

gvZ…fvlvi AwaKv‡ii R‡b¨ cÖ‡`‡k GKvwaK D‡`¨v‡Mi K_v Rvbv hvq| Gig‡a¨ cÖMwZkxj ivRbxwZwe` I XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ‡ì mgš^‡q me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq| Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ QvÎ I ZiyY‡ì g‡a¨ mwµq wQ‡jb KvRx †Mvjvg gvneye, kIKZ Avjx, MvRxDj nK, †gvnv¤§` †Zvqvnv, Ave`yj gwZb, †kL gywReyi ingvb cÖgyL|

†K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvi

8 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf~wg

1948 mv‡ji 11B gvP© fvlvi `vwe‡Z ag©NU WvKv n‡j Awj Avnv`, †kL gywReyi ingvb, KvRx †Mvjvg gvneyemn AwaKvsk †bZv †MÖßvi nb| `gb-cxo‡b Av‡›`vjb wKš‘ eÜ nq wb| eis Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ a‡i 1952 mv‡ji kx‡Z XvKvq MY-cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb em‡j QvÎiv MY-cwil` †NivI K‡i ivóªfvlv evsjvi `vwe‡Z ¯§viKwjwc †Ìqvi wm×vš— †bq| w`bwU wQj 21†k †deªyqvwi|

gyL¨gš¿x b~iyj Avwg‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ gymwjgjxM miKvi QvÎ‡ì evav †Ìqvi wm×vš— †bq| miKvi XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq GjvKvq 144 aviv Rvwi K‡i| A_©vr PviR‡bi †ewk GK‡RvU n‡q iv¯—vq wgwQj Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘ msMÖvgx QvÎiv Zv gvb‡e †Kb? Zviv gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v I AwaKvi i¶vq Av‡cvmnxb mvnmx f~wgKv wb‡Z cÖ¯‘Z| Av‡Mi iv‡Z mfv K‡i QvÎiv 144 aviv †f‡O wgwQj †ei Kivi wm×vš— †bq|

†mw`b Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì †VKv‡Z cywjk A¯¿ nv‡Z Suvwc‡q c‡owQj| cÖ_‡g Zviv jvwV PvR© Ki‡jv I Kuv`v‡b M¨vm Qzuo‡jv| Zv‡ZI `gv‡Z cvi‡jv bv we‡¶vfKvix‡ì| wgwQ‡j †bZ…Z¡ w`w”Q‡jb Ave`yj gwZb I MvRxDj nK| Gevi ¸wj Pvjv‡jv cywjk| ¸wj‡Z wbnZ n‡jb iwdK DwÏb, Avãyj ReŸvi Ges Aveyj eiKZ| Avn‡Zi msL¨v wQj A‡bK| Zv‡ì XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R fwZ© Kiv nq| G‡ì g‡a¨ Ave`ym mvjvg wPwKrmvaxb Ae¯’vq gviv hvb| bq eQ‡ii wK‡kvi IwnDj−vnI cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ n‡qwQj| Zuviv mevB fvlv kwn`|

†hLv‡b QvÎ nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q †mB ¯’v‡b 23†k †deªyqvwi ˆZwi Kiv nq GKwU kwn` wgbvi| 1963 mv‡j GB A¯’vqx wgbviwUi ¯’‡j eo K‡i kwn` wgbvi ˆZwi Kiv nq| GwUB XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b Mov †K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvi|

fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K AR©b

evOvwj ey‡Ki i³ w`‡q gvZ…fvlvi m¤§vb i¶v Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| †kl ch©š— c~e© evsjvi AvBbmfv evsjv fvlv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Kivi c‡¶ wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i| Gfv‡e 1956 wLªóv‡ã iwPZ cvwK¯—v‡bi msweav‡b Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgvwß N‡U| evsjv Ges D`y© `yB fvlvB cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v jvf K‡i|

gvZ…fvlvi ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q Avi miKv‡ii weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡i b¨vh¨ `vwe Av`v‡q mdj n‡q wkw¶Z evOvwji g‡b RvZxq †PZbv †Rvi`vi nq| evsjvfvlv, evsjv mvwnZ¨ Ges evOvwji nvRvi eQ‡ii ms¯‹…wZ wb‡q †m Me© I AvZ¥wek¦vm wd‡i cvq|


fvlvi Rb¨ evOvwji GB gnvb Av‡›`vjb‡K kª×v Rvbvq wek¦evmx| 1999 wLªóv‡ã Avgv‡ì fvlv Av‡›`vjb Avš—R©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| †m eQi 17B b‡f¤î BD‡b‡¯‹v 21†k †deªyqvwi‡K Avš—R©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`q| ZvB GLb cÖwZeQi 21†k †deªyqvwi c„w_exi mKj RvwZ wbR wbR gvZ…fvlv‡K we‡kl m¤§vb Rvwb‡q ¯§iY K‡i| †mB mv‡_ ¯§iY K‡i fvlvi Rb¨ evOvwji AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi K_v|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY¸‡jv D‡j −L Ki| KvR- 2 : fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi djvdj m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi aviYv wb‡Ri fvlvq †jL|

cvV- 3 : hy³d«›U

cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡KB kvmK‡ì loh‡š¿ c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi gvby‡li g‡b †¶vf `vbv euva‡Z _v‡K| AvZ¥i¶v I AvZ¥weKv‡ki cÖ‡kœ bvbv g‡Zi gvbyl GK n‡Z _v‡Kb| ¶gZvmxb `j gymwjgjxM †hb lohš¿ Avi †kvl‡Yi cÖZxK n‡q I‡V| evOvwj RvwZi R‡b¨ G wQj µvwš—Kvj| ¶gZvmxb gymwjgjxM‡K civwRZ K‡i evOvwji AwaKvi cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ G‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j I †bZ…e„›` wg‡j wbe©vPb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L 1954 mv‡j GKwU †RvU MVb K‡ib| G †RvUB hy³d«›U bv‡g cwiwPZ| wbe©vP‡b hy³d«›U wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i|

hy³d«›U MVb I 21 `dv Kg©m~wP

hy³d«‡›U KqwU `j wQj Ges †Kvb †Kvb `j Zv GLb †R‡b †bB| GwU wKš‘ cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki cvjv©‡g›U ev msm` wb‡q MwVZ RvZxq cwil‡ì wbe©vPb wQj bv| GwU wQj ïay c~e© evsjvi AvBb cwil‡ì wbe©vPb| G wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›U †hvM †`q AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, K…lK kªwgK cvwU©, †bRv‡g Bmjvgx Ges MYZš¿x `j| 1949 mv‡j MwVZ nq AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| GB `jB wQj eo| 1955 mvj †_‡K ÔgymwjgÕ kãwU ev` w`‡q `jwUi bvg nq AvIqvgx jxM| ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxMmn †gvU 16wU `j G wbe©vP‡b Ask


†bq| Z‡e g~j cÖwZØw›ØZv nq hy³d«›U I gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨| hy³d«›U Ô†bŠKvÕ cÖZxK wb‡q wbe©vPb K‡i| hy³d«‡›Ui †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb ZrKvjxb evsjvi wZb cÖexY †bZv ÑÑ †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK, gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx Ges †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x| ZiyY‡ì g‡a¨ †kL gywReyi ingvb mK‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib I RbwcÖq n‡q I‡Vb|

hy³d«›U RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zv‡ì 21 `dv Kg©m~wP cÖKvk K‡i| G‡Z cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi ¯^xK…wZ, Rwg`vwi cÖ_v evwZj, cvUwkí RvZxqKiY, mgevqwfwËK K…wl eë¯’v, we‡b cqmvq I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v`vb Aš—fy©³ K‡i| GQvov mg¯— Ab¨vq AvBbKvbyb evwZj, 52 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi kwn` ¯§i‡Y kwn` wgbvi wbg©vY, 21†k †deªyqvwi miKvwi QzwU †NvlYv Ges c~e© evsjvi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi K_vI ejv nq| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖwZôvi K_vI G‡Z wQj|

wbe©vP‡bi djvdj ZLb gymjgvb I Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x‡ì Avjv`v Avmb wQj, Avjv`v †fvU n‡Zv| c~e© evsjv AvBb cwil` wbe©vP‡b 237 gymwjg Avm‡bi g‡a¨ hy³d«›U 223 Avmb †c‡q msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM Zv‡ì Rb¨ eivÏK…Z 143wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ me KqwU‡Z Rqjvf K‡i RbwcÖqZvi cÖgvY †`q| Avi ¶vgZvmxb gymwjg jx‡Mi mKj gš¿x civwRZ nb Ges `jwU gvÎ 10wU Avmb cvq| hy³d«‡›Ui G weRq‡K †`k-we‡`‡ki cÎcwÎKv Ôe¨vjU wec−eÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i|

G wbe©vPb wQj c~e©-evsjvq cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì †fv‡U cÖ_g me©Rbxb wbe©vPb| evOvwj RvwZ wb‡R‡ì AwaKvi i¶vi Rb¨ D¾xweZ n‡q hy³d«‡›Ui †bŠKv cÖZx‡K †fvU †`q| ïay ag© wb‡q evovevwo K‡i gvbyl‡K †h †avuKv †`qv hvq bv gymwjg jx‡Mi djvdj wech©‡q Zv cÖgvwYZ nq| fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ we‡ivax Ae¯’vb wb‡q K‡Vvi `gbbxwZ I ˆ¯îkvmb Pvwj‡q †Kv‡bv miKvi †h wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv ZvI cÖgvwYZ nq| evOvwji bZzb G RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv cieZ©xKv‡j mKj Av‡›`vjb I wbe©vP‡b †cÖiYv RywM‡q‡Q| Avi Ab¨w`‡K gymwjgjxM GKwU MYwe‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ nq| 1957 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `jwU eûav wef³ n‡q cvwK¯Zv‡bi ivóª¶gZv †_‡K we`vq †bq| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b G `jwU GKwU AvmbI cvqwb|


gymwjgjx‡Mi civRq I hy³d«‡›Ui weR‡qi KviY ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi f~wgKv evOvwj‡K ¶zä K‡iwQj| Avi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi weR‡qi d‡j †`‡k ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi R‡b¨ Zv‡ì AvKv•¶v †eMevb n‡q I‡V| hy³dª‡›U wewfbœ `j I g‡Zi gvbyl GKwÎZ n‡qwQj| GwU hy³d«‡›Ui mnR weR‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY| G `‡ji Kg©m~wP‡Z RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi cÖwZdjb N‡U| evsjvfvlvi gh©v`v `vb, cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb, K…lK, kªwgK, QvÎmn mKj †kªwYi gvby‡li K_v G‡Z wQj| 21 `dv Kg©m~wPI Zv‡ì mnR weR‡qi KviY| hy³d«‡›U cÖexY-ZiyY †bZv I Kg©©©xi mgš^q N‡U| cvkvcvwk ZiyY‡ì cÖPvi Awfhvb wQj †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi Kg©m~wP wQj A¯úó I †MuvRvwg‡j fiv| MYwew”Qbœ †bZv-Kg©xiv hy³d«‡›Ui Kg©x‡ì cÖPvivwfhv‡bi †Rvqv‡i †f‡m hvb| gymwjg jx‡Mi `ytkvmb, ªe¨g~‡jï EaŸ©MwZ, †kvlY, `‡ji g‡a¨ Aš—Ø©›Ø, `yb©xwZ, cvwK¯—v‡bi `yyB As‡ki êlg¨ BZ¨vw`

wQj gymwjgjx‡Mi cZ‡bi KviY|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : hy³d«‡›Ui 21 `dvi g~j `vwe¸‡jv †jL|

KvR- 2 : c„_K c„_K Q‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi civRq I hy³d«‡›Ui R‡qi KviY¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

cvV-4 : MYAv‡›`vjb †_‡K MYAfy Ìvb

mvgwiK kvmb I MYAv‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv cvwK¯—v‡bi lohš¿ KLbI †_‡g _v‡K wb| Zv eivei Ae¨vnZ wQj| yB gv‡mi gv_vq we‡kl ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i hy³d«›U miKvi †f‡O †Ìqv nq| Gic‡i cvwK¯—v‡bi msweavb Abyhvqx †emvgwiK miKvi MVb Kiv n‡jI AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ †`wL‡q B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v 1958 mv‡ji 7B A‡±vei †`‡k mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi K‡ib| mKj ivR‰bwZK `j wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| cÖavb mvgwiK kvmK wbhy³ Kiv nq cÖavb †mbvcwZ †Rbv‡ij gyn¤§` AvBqye Lvb‡K| Gmgq Aveyj gbmyi Avng` I †kL gywReyi ingvbmn eû evOvwj †bZv‡K †MÖßvi Kiv nq| 20 w`‡bi g‡a¨B AvBqye Lvb Zvi wb‡qvMKZ©v B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡i cvwK¯—vb †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| Gevi wZwb wb‡R‡K †NvlYv K‡ib cvwK¯—v‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U|

AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbKv‡j ax‡i ax‡i evOvwj HKë× nq| Zviv GK ch©v‡q mvgwiK kvm‡bi weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb ïiy K‡i| AvBqye Lv‡bi bvbv AZ¨vPv‡iI evOvwj wcQz n‡Uwb| wewfbœ `vwe‡Z ivRc_ cÖKw¤úZ n‡Z _v‡K|

QvÎ Av‡›`vjb

AvBqye Lv‡bi weiy‡× c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi QvÎiv cÖ_g Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| wk¶vi †¶‡Î cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ êlg¨ ˆZwi K‡iwQj cvwK¯—vb kvmKiv| c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b wk¶vi Rb¨ Lye Kg A_© eivÏ Kiv n‡Zv| GLv‡b cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq wk¶v cÖwZôvbI wQj Kg| 1958


†_‡K 1962 mvj ch©š— ivRbxwZ wbwl× wQj Ges ZLb A‡bK ivR‰bwZK †bZv‡K KvivMv‡i e›`x Kiv nq| GB ivR‰bwZK k~b¨Zv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ evOvwj QvÎiv GwM‡q Av‡mb| 1962 mv‡j AvBqye Lvb GKwU msweavb iPbv K‡ib| GB msweav‡b evOvwji MYZvwš¿K AvKv•¶v ¶zYœ nq, mKj ¶gZv †K›`ªxf~Z K‡i †cÖwm‡W›U c×wZi kvm‡bi weavb ivLv nq| 1962-Gi gvSvgvwS GB msweavb evwZ‡ji `vwe‡Z QvÎiv Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| Z‡e QvÎ‡ì Av‡›`vjb A‡bK †ewk †Rviv‡jv i~c cvq miKvi wk¶vbxwZ †NvlYv Ki‡j| kwid Kwgkb bv‡g cwiwPZ GB wk¶v bxwZ‡Z evsjvi e`‡j cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki Rb¨ Awfbœ eY©gvjv Pvjy Kiv, A‰eZwbK wk¶v evwZj Kiv, D”Pwk¶v jv‡fi my‡hvM Kwg‡q †`qv BZ¨vw` weavb †hvM Kiv n‡qwQj|

GB wk¶vbxwZ evwZ‡ji Rb¨ QvÎiv Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| GB Av‡›`vjb ax‡i ax‡i †`‡ki mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b Qwo‡q c‡o| QvÎ‡ì Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j †kl ch©š— miKvi kwid Kwgkb evwZj Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|

†kL gywR‡ei Abb¨ f~wgKv

Gevi AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ evsjvi gvbyl bZzb K‡i ivRc‡_ bv‡g| ¯^vwaKvi i¶vi Av‡›`vj‡b cÖavb †bZ…‡Z¡ P‡j Av‡mb †kL gywReyi ingvb| 1966 mv‡ji 5 †deªyqvwi jv‡nv‡i we‡ivax `‡ji GK m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| GLv‡b †kL gywRe c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b evOvwji me ai‡bi AwaKvi wd‡i cvIqvi Rb¨ 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| GB 6 `dv wQj g~jZ ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi `vwe| A_©vr cvwK¯—v‡bi mv‡_ hy³ †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi kvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv _vK‡e c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi gvby‡li nv‡Z|

6 `dv : evsjvi gvby‡li gyw³i `wjj

6 `dvi gva¨‡g Kx Kx `vwe Kiv n‡qwQj Zv Gevi †R‡b wbB|

1. 1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ¯—v‡ei wfwË‡Z cvwK¯—vb ivóªwU MwVZ n‡qwQj| ZLb ejv n‡qwQj bZyb †`kwU‡Z msm`xq c×wZi miKvi _vK‡e| Avi AvBbmfv ev msm` MwVZ n‡e cÖvßeq¯‹ mKj bvMwi‡Ki †fv‡U| cvwK¯—vb miKvi‡K GB cÖ¯—ve ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡e|


2. c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi wbe©vwPZ †bZviv wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i †`k kvmb Ki‡eb| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e ïay †`ki¶v I ê‡`wkK bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi `vwqZ¡|

3. c~e© I cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨ `y‡Uv wfbœ gy ªv Pvjy _vK‡e, Z‡e `yB As‡kB Zv mn‡R eënvi Kiv hv‡e|

4. AvÂwjK miKvi hvi hvi AÂ‡ji mKj cÖKvi U¨v· I LvRbv avh© Ges Av`v‡qi ¶gZv ivL‡e| Av`vq Kiv A‡_©i GKwU Ask †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Lv‡Z Rgv n‡e|

5. cÖwZ AÂ‡ji ê‡`wkK gy ªv Av‡qi wnmve Avjv`v K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| AvÂwjK miKviB we‡`‡ki mv‡_ evwYR¨ Pzw³ I Avg`vwb-ißvwb Kivi AwaKvi ivL‡e|

6. c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨ Avjv`v K‡i GKwU Avav-mvgwiK evwnbx MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|

6 `dv `vwei cÖwZwµqv 6 `dv `vwe †`‡L kw¼Z n‡q hvb AvBqye Lvb| KviY ¯^vqZ¡kvmb †c‡q †M‡j eÜ n‡q hv‡e c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b †kvlY| ZvQvov GKmgq AÂjwU ¯^vaxb n‡q hvIqvi Avk¼vI Zviv KiZ| Gfv‡e K‡g hv‡e Zv‡ì ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi fvM| KviY c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b Drcvw`Z cvU wewµi UvKvB wQj cvwK¯—v‡bi we‡`wk gy`ªv Av‡qi me‡P‡q eo gva¨g| wKš‘ GB UvKv c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi DbœwZ‡Z e¨q bv K‡i e¨q Kiv n‡Zv cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi mvgwiK I †emvgwiK †¶‡Î| eo eo PvKzwi‡Z evOvwj‡K Lye KgB my‡hvM †`qv n‡Zv| wKš‘ ¯^vqZ¡kvmb †c‡q †M‡j cwðg-cvwK¯—vwb‡ì GK‡PwUqv myweav cvIqv m¤¢e n‡e bv| ZvB Avevi ïiy nq lohš¿| GB mgq †kL gywR‡ei weiy‡× miKvi cÖ‡`‡ki bvbv †Rjvq gvgjv w`‡Z _v‡K| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZv Kg©x‡ì †MÖßvi K‡i Zv‡ì weiy‡× gvgjv w`‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e Pig nqivwbi wkKvi nb †kL gywReyi ingvb I ZvRDwÏb Avng`mn AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZviv| wKš‘ wecyj Rbmg_©b I †kL gywRemn †bZ…e„‡›ì `„pZvi d‡j wKQy‡ZB Av‡›`vjb `gv‡bv hvq wb|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : mvgwiK kvmb-we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv n‡jv †Kb?

KvR- 2 : 1962 mv‡ji QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi K‡qKwU KviY D‡j−L Ki|

KvR- 3 : 6 `dvi-`dv¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|

cvV-5 : HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ivRbxwZi P~ovšÍ jÿ¨ wQj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv| Zuvi wek¦vm wQj †h, mk ¿ msMÖvg e¨ZxZ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB wZwb ¯^k¯¿ cš’vq evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ wecøex cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì Zuv‡ì cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ m¤§wZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| wecøex cwil‡ì cwiKíbv wQj ÒGKwU wbw ©ó iv‡Î Ges GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q evOvjxiv wewfbœ MÖæ‡c wef³ n‡q ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi me¸wj K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U Kgv‡Ûv ÷vB‡j nvgjv Pvwj‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx‡ì A¯¿ †K‡o wb‡q Zv‡ì


e›`x Ki‡e Ges e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Ki‡e|Ó cwiKíbvwU ev¯ÍevwqZ nIqvi c~‡e©B Zv duvm n‡q hvq| d‡j Awbevh©fv‡e RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbmn 35 Rb mvgwiK †emvgwiK Kg©KZ©v I ivR‰bwZK e¨wË‡ì weiæ‡× gvgjv nq I Zuv‡ì †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQj G gvgjvq e½Üz‡K duvwm‡Z Szwj‡q ¯vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb‡K ¯Íä K‡i †Ìqv| wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ QvÎ RbZvi Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L G gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡Z cvwK¯Ívb miKvi eva¨ nq|

11 `dv Av‡›`vjb wKš‘ wec−ex evOvwj `‡g hvevi cvÎ bq| ïiy n‡q hvq e¨vcK MYAv‡›`vjb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎiv 6 `dvi cvkvcvwk bZzb 11 `dv Av‡›`vjb wb‡q gv‡V bv‡g| 11 `dv Kg©m~wP‡Z gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g wk¶v I Awdm Av`vj‡Z evsjvfvlv Pvjy, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq AwW©b¨vÝ evwZjmn wek¦we`¨vj‡q c~Y© ¯^vqË¡kvmb, QvÎ †eZb 50fvM Kgv‡bv, hvbevn‡b QvÎ‡ì 50 fvM Kg fvov MÖnYÑÑGme `vwe hy³ Kiv nq| G QvovI 11 `dvi g‡a¨ AviI A‡bK b¨vqm½Z `vwe wQj| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v e„w×, LvRbv I U¨v· Kgv‡bv, e¨v¼, exgv I wkí cÖwZôvb RvZxqKiY Kiv, ivRe›`x‡ì gyw³ BZ¨vw` D‡j−L‡hvM¨|

EbmË‡ii MYAfy Ìvb 1966 mv‡j e½eÜz 6 `dv `vwe †NvlYv Kivi ci †_‡KB mviv c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi gvby‡li g‡b GKw`‡K †¶v‡fi Av¸b R¡‡j D‡V Avi Ab¨w`‡K fwel¨Z wb‡q Avkvev` m„wó nq| QvÎ‡ì 11 `dvi Av‡›`vjb G ¯^Ztù~Z© RvMiY‡K AviI e¨vcK I †Rvi`vi K‡i| Avi cywjwk wbh©vZ‡bi GKwU NUbv gvby‡li cÖwZev`x †PZbv I Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯ú„nv‡K D¾xweZ K‡i| Gig‡a¨ HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv †hgb e½eÜz‡K wKse`š—xi bvq‡K iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i‡Q †Zgwb cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖwZ gvby‡li N„Yv I †¶vf‡K eû¸Y evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| ivRkvnx‡Z Aa¨vcK kvgmy‡¾vnv, e›`x Ae¯’vq mv‡R©›U Rûiyj nK, wgwQ‡j QvÎ‡bZv Avmv` wKsev wK‡kvi gwZD‡ii g„Zz¨ Av‡›`vjb‡K

MYAfy¨Ìv‡b i~c w`‡q‡Q| 1969 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi †_‡K ïiy K‡i 25†k gvP© Zvui cZb ch©š— msNwUZ MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi †Rvqv‡i AvBqy‡ei ˆ¯îkvmb wU‡K _vK‡Z e¨_© nq| AvBqye Lvb 22‡k †deªyqvwi AvMiZjv wg_¨v gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i mKj e›`x‡K wbtkZ© gyw³i †NvlYv w`‡Z eva¨ nb|


Kvivgy³ †kL gywRe‡K 23‡k †deªyqvwi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gv‡b †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) wekvj MYmsea©bv †Ìqv nq| GLv‡b QvÎ msMÖvg cwil‡ì c¶ †_‡K Zuv‡K Ôe½eÜyÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nq| RvwZi cÖwZ †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi wekvj Ae`v‡bi K_v ¯§iY K‡i Avgiv me mgq Zuvi bv‡gi Av‡M Ôe½eÜzÕ m¤¢vlY Kie|

MYAfy Ìv‡bi ¸iyZ¡ EbmË‡ii MYAfy¨Ìvb wQj AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbvg‡j me‡P‡q kw³kvjx Av‡›`vjb| hwÌ mvaviY `vwe wb‡q G Av‡›`vjb ïiy n‡qwQj wKš‘ µgvš^‡q Zv RbM‡Yi ¯^vqËkvmb I AwaKvi cÖwZôvi msMÖv‡g cwiYZ nq| gvÎ wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡›`vjb XvKv kni †cwi‡q MÖv‡g-M‡Ä Qwo‡q c‡o| RbM‡Yi HK¨, RvMiY †h ˆ¯îvPvix kvmK‡ì ey‡j‡Ui †P‡q kw³kvjx Zv G Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖgvwYZ nq| G Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j QvÎiv RvwZ‡K †bZ…‡Z¡i bZzb cÖRb¥ Dcnvi †`q| QvÎ‡ì HK¨ ivRbxwZwe`‡ìI HKë× K‡i| †kl ch©š— AvBqye Lvb c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nb|

Gfv‡e EbmË‡ii MYAfy¨Ìvb evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì weKvk NwU‡q ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMvq| MYAfy¨Ìvb evOvwji msMÖvgx †PZbv‡K kvwYZ K‡i, evOvwj‡K mvnmx RvwZ‡Z i~cvš—wiZ K‡i| me‡P‡q eo K_v evOvwj‡K Z¨v‡Mi g‡š¿ HKë× K‡i MYAfy¨Ìvb| Gi m~Î a‡iB c~e© evsjvi Ici cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi Avwac‡Zï Aemvb nq| ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi †cQ‡b EbmË‡ii MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi f~wgKv Acwimxg|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c †jL| KvR- 2 : MYAfy¨Ìv‡b QvÎ mgv‡Ri f~wgKv eY©bv Ki| KvR- 3 : evOvwji Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg wb‡q iwPZ †Zvgvi Rvbv KweZv, Mvb, Mí, Dcb¨vm I

Pjw”P‡Îi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

cvV- 6 : 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vPb

AvBqye Lvb cvwK¯—v‡bi †mbv cÖavb Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi nv‡Z †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui `vwqZ¡ w`‡q c`Z¨vM K‡ib| ¶gZv MªnY K‡iB Bqvwnqv Lvb evOvwj‡K kvš— Kivi j‡¶¨ 1970 mv‡j mvaviY wbe©vPb †Ìqvi A½xKvi K‡ib|

1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb wQj cvwK¯—v‡bi `ywU As‡ki †kl wbe©vPb| wbe©vP‡bi djvdj wQj 6 `dvwfwËK evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì weRq| G wbe©vP‡bi d‡j ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi c_ cÖk¯— nq|

Gevi Avgiv †R‡b wbB Kxfv‡e Ges †Kvb †Kvb `j G wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| ZLb cvwK¯—v‡bi cvj©v‡g›U ev


msm` wQj `yBwU| cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB Ask wb‡q RvZxq cwil`, G‡Z m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 300| Gi g‡a¨ RbmsL¨vi wfwË‡Z c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj 162 Ges evwK 138wU cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi wewfbœ AÂ‡ji Rb¨ eivÏ wQj| c~e© cvwK¯—vb cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` 300 Ges cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi 4wU cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì Rb¨ wQj 300 Avmb| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi 1970 mv‡ji 7B wW‡m¤î RvZxq cwil` I 17B wW‡m¤î cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL †NvlYv K‡i| cvwK¯—v‡bi †gvU 24wU `j RvZxq cwil` wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM, cvwK¯—vb wccjm cvwU© (wcwcwc), cvwK¯—vb †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© (wcwWwc), Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx, †bRv‡g Bmjvgx, Bmjvgx MYZš¿x `j, b¨vc (Iqvjx) Ask †bq|

wbe©vP‡bi djvdj

1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb djvd‡ji w`K w`‡q wQj LyeB D‡j−L‡hvM¨| wbe©vPb g~jZ AvIqvgx jxM I AvIqvgx jxM we‡ivax i~c wb‡jI we‡ivax c¶ RbM‡Yi KvQvKvwQB †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡iwb| RvZxq cwil‡` c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi 162 wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM 160wU Avmb cvq| wcwcwc cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b †gvU 83 Avmb †c‡q wØZxq ¯’v‡b _v‡K| msiw¶Z gwnjv Avmbmn RvZxq cwil‡` Gfv‡e 313 Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 167wU Avmb †c‡q AvIqvgx jxM GKK msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| G‡¶‡Î miKvi MV‡bi Rb¨ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb wQj 151wU Avmb, hv cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨ †Kvb `‡ji wQj bv| cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡Ì c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b AvIqvgx jxM GKBfv‡e mdj nq| GLv‡b AvIqvgx jxM 310 Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 298wU Avmb †c‡q wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| AvIqvgx jxM cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b †Kvb Avmb cvqwb Avi wcwcwc c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b †Kvb cÖv_©xB †`qwb|

wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡

cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii eû †Póv m‡Ë¡I AvIqvgxjxM-we‡ivax `j¸‡jv wbe©vP‡b cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡iwb| 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡K evOvwj RvwZ fvlv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZi w`K †_‡K †h ¯^vZš¿¨ `vwe K‡i AvmwQj G wbe©vP‡bi weR‡q †hb Zv ¯^xK…wZ cvq| Gevi wbwðZ nIqv hvq †h, evOvwj GKwU Avjv`v RvwZ| G wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b Ges wcwcwc cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| d‡j GUvB cÖgvwYZ nq †h, cwðg-cvwK¯—vb KZ…©K c~e© cvwK¯—vb‡K kvmb Kiv A‰ea| evOvwji GZw`‡bi ¯^vqËkvmb `vwe †h êa ZvI cÖgvwYZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b Rqjv‡fi gva¨‡g AvIqvgx jxM I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evOvwj RvwZi gyw³i cÖZx‡K cwiYZ nb|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnYKvix `j¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 2 : 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Ki|


cvV- 7 I 8 : c~e© I cwðg-cvwK¯Ív‡bi êlg¨ cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nIqvi ci †`Lv hvq cwðg-cvwK¯—vwb kvmKiv evOvwj‡K Avcb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡iwb| Avi Zv‡Z GK we‡`wk kvm‡Ki e`‡j evOvwjiv †c‡jv bZzb we‡`wk kvmK| cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki ga¨Kvi m¤úK© n‡q coj †kvlK I †kvwl‡Zi| Avgiv njvg †kvwlZ †kªwYi| ivR‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK, mvgwiK, A_©‰bwZK, wk¶v, mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î cvwK¯—v‡bi c~e© I cwðgvÂ‡ji gv‡S e¨vcK êl‡gï gva¨‡g evOvwj‡ì `wg‡q ivLvi †Póv Kiv nq| wKš‘ evOvwjiv wewfbœfv‡e GB †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× cÖwZev` Rvbvq| me‡k‡l gyw³msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g evOvwjiv bZzb ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i|

ivR‰bwZK êlg¨ nvRvi gvB‡ji eëav‡b M‡o IVv cvwK¯Ív‡bi yB As‡ki g‡a¨ ïiy‡ZB ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î evOvwj‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨ Kiv nq| cvwK¯—v‡bi RbmsL¨vi eo Ask evOvwj n‡jI XvKvi e`‡j KivwP‡Z bZzb iv‡óªi ivRavbx ¯’vwcZ nq| iv‡óªi eo c` Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij, cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfvi †ewkifvM m`m¨ cwðg cvwK¯—vb †_‡K †bIqv n‡Zv| 1947-71 mvj ch©š— †K› ªxq gš¿x‡ì 211 R‡bi g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jb gvÎ 95 Rb| AvBqye Lv‡bi Avg‡j 62 Rb gš¿xi g‡a¨ gvÎ 22 Rb wQ‡jb evOvwj| Gme evOvwj gš¿x‡ì Avevi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nqwb|

1958 mv‡j mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Kiv nq| mvgwiK kvm‡b ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kg©KvÊ, msm` Kvh©µg, †gŠwjK AwaKvi me ¯’wMZ K‡i ivLv nq| AvBqye Avg‡j (1958-69) evOvwj ivRbxwZwe`‡ì `g‡b †Rj, Rwigvbv QvovI wewfbœ Av‡`k I Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g wbe©vP‡b A‡hvM¨ †NvlYv Kiv nq| GgbwK lohš¿g~jKfv‡e e½eÜz‡K cÖnm‡bi wePv‡i dvuwm †`qvi Rb¨ Zvu‡Kmn 35 R‡bi weiy‡× ÒHwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (ivóª ebvg †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Ab¨vb¨)Ó `v‡qi K‡i miKvi| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM Rqx n‡jI Zv‡ì miKvi MVb Ki‡Z †`qv nqwb| Gi d‡j cvwK¯—vb ivóªKvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ evOvwji ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe ¯^vaxbZvi `vwe‡Z i~cvš—wiZ nq|

cÖkvmwbK êlg¨ GKwU bexb Dbœqbkxj iv‡óª mvaviYZ miKvwi PvKwi‡ZB †ewki fvM gvbyl †hvM w`‡Z Pvq| G‡Z ivóª †Kv‡bv êlg¨ ev evav m„wó Ki‡j Zv n‡e †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi jsNb| msweav‡bI Avgv‡ì wbR wbR †ckv MÖn‡Yi wbðqZv †Ìqv nq| A_P cvwK¯—vb Avg‡j ivóª ¯^qs êlg¨‡K ivóªbxwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q| cÖkvmwbK †¶‡Î evOvwjiv †hvM¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I b¨vh¨ c`


†_‡K ewÂZ n‡Zv| wb‡R‡ì †jvK‡ì †ewk I ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c‡` wb‡qvM w`‡q cvwK¯—vb‡K Zviv wbqš¿Y KiZ| G Kvi‡Y miKvwi c‡` †ewki fvM wQj cwðg-cvwK¯—vwb| ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvjq †hgb cÖwZi¶v, ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡q evOvwj‡ì eo c‡` †bqv n‡Zv bv| G‡¶‡Î cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖ_g †kªwYi c‡` gvÎ 23 fvM evOvwj †bqv n‡Zv| ZvQvov †K›`ªxq e¨vsK, †ijI‡q, Ki‡cv‡ikbmn miKvi wbqwš¿Z wewfbœ Kvh©vj‡q evOvwj‡ì wb‡qv‡M GKB iKg êlg¨ Kiv n‡Zv|

mvgwiK †¶‡Î êlg¨

†mbv, †bŠ, wegvb evwnbx‡ZI G êlg¨ bxwZ envj wQj| cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi 3wU mì `ßi I mgiv¯¿ KviLvbv wQj cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b| mvgwiK evwnbxi Awdmvi c‡` gvÎ kZKiv 5 fvM wQ‡jb evOvwj| †mbvevwnbxi gvÎ 4 fvM †jvK evOvwj wQ‡jb| †bŠ I wegvb evwnbx‡Z wKQy †ewk wb‡qvM †`qv n‡jI Zv D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wQj bv| mvgwiK evwnbxi Rb¨ ev‡R‡Ui kZKiv 60 fvM eivÏ n‡Zv hvi †ewki fvM e¨q Kiv n‡Zv cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b| c‡`vbœwZi †¶‡ÎI wQj êlg¨| G Kvi‡Y AvIqvgx jx‡Mi 6 `dv `vwe‡Z cÖwZi¶v eë¯’v ¸iyZ¡mn we‡ewPZ nq| miKvwi Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi mxgvš— Aiw¶Z _vKZ| 1965 mv‡ji hy‡× c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi wbivcËvnxbZv cÖejfv‡e aiv c‡o|

A_©‰bwZK êlg¨

cvwK¯—vb iv‡óª †K›`ªxq miKvi wQj me© ¶gZvi AwaKvix| †K›`ªxq e¨vsKmn mKj e¨vsK, exgv, evwYR¨, wkí-cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb Awdm cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b wQj| c~e©-cvwK —vb ê‡`wkK gy ªv †ewk Avq Ki‡jI kZKiv 21 fv‡Mi †ewk A_© c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b eivÏ †`qv nqwb| ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hÏ kZKiv 34 fv‡Mi †ewk c~e©-cvwK¯—vb cvqwb| A_P F‡Yi †evSv evOvwj‡ì enb Ki‡Z n‡Zv| G‡¶‡Î we‡`k †_‡K hv Avg`vwb Kiv n‡Zv Zvi gvÎ 31 kZvsk c~e©-cvwK —v‡bi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj| c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Kg A_© eivÏ nIqvq GLv‡b Dbœqb †Zgb nqwb| A_P Avgv‡ì UvKvq cwðg-cvwK —vb‡K DbœZ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| GQvov c~e©-cvwK —vb †_‡K cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b cÖPzi m¤ú` cvPvi n‡Zv| ißvwb Av‡qi 2000 wgwjqb Wjvi cvwK¯—vb Avg‡j c~e©-cvwK¯—vb †_‡K cwðg-cvwK —v‡b cvPvi n‡qwQj| GB êlg¨ †evSv‡bvi R‡b¨ †m mg‡q eëüZ GKwU cÖZxKx †cv÷vi Dc ’vcb Kiv n‡jv|

MiywU c~e©-cvwK —v‡bi (eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k) Nvm Lv‡”Q Avi `ya †`vnb K‡i wb‡q hv‡”Q cwðg cvwK¯—vwbiv| A_©vr Drcv`b nq c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b Avi A_© P‡j hvq cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b|


mvs¯‹…wZK êlg¨ cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡KB evsjv fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ aŸsm Ki‡Z cvwK¯—vwb kvmKiv Zrci n‡q I‡V| 1948 mv‡j †Rvic~e©K D y©‡K Pvwc‡q †`qvi †Póv K‡i| 1952 mv‡j evsjv fvlvi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq evOvwj‡K Rxeb w`‡Z nq| 1956 mv‡j msweav‡b evsjv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi wØZxq fvlv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡jI evsjv fvlvi weiy‡× Pµvš— †_‡g hvq wb| G mgq c~e©-evsjvi bvg c~e©-cvwK¯—vb Kiv nq| †ivgvb ni‡d evsjv †jLvi †Póv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Pjw”PÎ, bvUK, cwÎKv, eB cÖKv‡k mxgvnxb wbqš¿Y QvovI iex› ªmsMxZ cÖPvi eÜ Ges evsjv beel© D`hvcb wbwl× Kiv nq| Gfv‡e evOvwji mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ê wewfbœfv‡e AvNvZ nvbv nq|

êl‡gï weiy‡× cÖwZwµqv

evOvwj jovKz RvwZ| gyNj, weªwUk Avg‡j evOvwj Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Q| cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii êlg¨g~jK AvPiYI evOvwj RvwZ KLbI gyL ey‡R mn¨ K‡iwb| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q evOvwjiv cvwK¯—vb we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| 1954 mv‡j gymwjg jxM‡K civwRZ K‡i evOvwj cÖ_g ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ miKvi MV‡bi my‡hvM cvq| AvBqye Lv‡bi mvgwiK kvm‡bi weiy‡× QvÎiv wk¶v-Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g AvBqye we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb ïiy K‡i| lv‡Ui `k‡K mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§jb, mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g AvBqye we‡ivax ZrciZv Pvjv‡bv nq| 1961 mv‡j wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Rb¥kZevwl©Kx cvjb Dcj‡¶ XvKv, PÆMÖvgmn mviv‡`‡k mvs¯‹„wZK RvMiY N‡U| GKB eQi ÔQvqvbUÕ bv‡gi mvs¯‹„wZK msMVb cÖwZwôZ n‡j evOvwji msMxZ PP©v I wewfbœ Drme cvj‡bi gva¨‡g mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi n‡Z _v‡K| cy‡iv lv‡Ui `kK Ry‡o P‡j‡Q mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^vwaKv‡ii Av‡›`vjb| 1966 mv‡j 6 `dvi gva¨‡g êlg¨ `~ixKi‡Y evOvwj wb‡R‡ì †`k Pvjv‡bvi cwiKíbv †ck K‡i| evOvwji GB `vwe miKvi cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j ïiy nq QvÎ‡ì 6 I 11 `dvwfwËK †hŠ_ Av‡›`vjb|

MYAv‡›`vj‡bi Pv‡c ÒHwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (ivóª ebvg †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Ab¨vb¨)Ó cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i AvBqye Lvb c`Z¨v‡M eva¨ nb| 1970 Gi wbe©vP‡b e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi GB wbi¼zk weR‡qB g~jZ ¯^vaxbZvi j‡¶¨ GwM‡q hvq evOvwj| cvwK¯—vb ¶gZv n¯Zvš—‡i bvbv lohš¿ I Kvj‡¶cY Ki‡Z _v‡K, kyiy K‡i bvbv Uvjevnvbv| 1971 mv‡ji 25‡k gvP© iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx wbi¯¿ evOvwji Ici Suvwc‡q c‡o, Pvjvq nZ¨vhÁ| e½eÜy‡K e›`x Kiv nq H iv‡Z| e½eÜy †Mªßvi nIqvi Av‡M H iv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| ïiy nq gyw³hy×| †kl ch©š— 1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤¦i weRq AR©‡bi gva¨‡g cvwK¯—vwb‡ì 24 eQ‡ii †kvlY Avi êl‡gï Aemvb NUvq evOvwj|


cy‡iv lv‡Ui `kK Ry‡o Pjw”PÎ, bvUK, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ PP©vqI we‡`wk cÖfv‡ei e`‡j wkK‡oi mÜvb ïiy nq| wewfbœ Av‡›`vj‡b wkíx, mvwnwZ¨K I eyw×Rxexiv AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| gyw³hy‡×I Zviv G f~wgKv Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : Z`vbxšÍb c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ cwðg-cvwK¯Ívwbiv †h me †¶‡Î êlg¨ m„wó K‡iwQj Zvi ZvwjKv Ki|

KvR- 2 : mvgwiK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì êl‡gï Zyjbvg~jK wPÎ †`LvI|

KvR- 3 : c~e© I cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK êl‡gï †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 4 : cwðg-cvwK¯—vwb‡ì wbcxob I êl‡gï djvdj Kx n‡jvÑÑZvi aviYv `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡` †Kvb m`m¨ ivóªfvlv evsjvi c‡¶ cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib? K. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© L. ax‡i›`ª bv_ `Ë M. G, †K, dRjyj nK N. g‡bviÄb ai

2. cvwK¯Ívb ivóª m„wói c‡iI †`‡k HK¨ cÖwZôv bv cvIqvi KviYÑÑ

i. m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb bv Kiv

ii. ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi `vwei cÖwZ AeÁv Kiv

iii. msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv‡K gh©v`v bv †`qv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. ii I iii wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vIÑÑ

wiwg g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †Uwjwfk‡b GKwU Abyôv‡bi `„k¨ †`LwQj| GKRb †bZv ewjô K‡É QvÎ-wk¶K‡ì mgv‡e‡k ivR‰bwZK wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡¶ †NvlYv †`b| QvÎiv bv, bv, bvÑÑ aŸwb‡Z cÖwZev` Rvbv‡”Q|

3. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †bZvi e³e¨ †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi K_v m¥iY Kwi‡q †`q? K. ivóª fvlv L. EbmË‡ii MYAfy¨Ìvb M. GKvË‡ii gyw³hy× N. Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb


4. D³ Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© djvdj wQjÑÑ K. RvZxq †PZbvq DØy× Kiv L. fvlvi mvsweavwbK ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv M. c„_K RvwZi gh©v`v †`qv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. enigcyi AÂ‡ji RbMY Zv‡ì `xN©w`‡bi kvm‡Ki ˆ¯îvPvix g‡bvfve I Kvh©Kjv‡c AwZô n‡q Av‡›`vjb I we‡¶vf cÖ`k©b K‡i| D³ ˆ¯îkvmK †cwkkw³i cÖ`k©b, i³cvZ NwU‡qI Av‡›`vjb w¯ÍwgZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| RbM‡Yi HK¨, msMªvgx †PZbv, AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi Kv‡Q Zuvi ¶gZv `ye©j n‡q c‡o| GK ch©v‡q MYRvMi‡Y D³ ˆ¯îkvmK ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| K. 1958 mv‡j Z`vbxšÍb cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgwiK AvBbRvwi K‡ib †K? L. 1954 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b gymwjgjxM †Kb civwRZ nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. enigcy‡ii MYRvMi‡Y Z`vbxšÍb c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi êwkó¨ dz‡U

D‡V‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. enigcy‡ii RbM‡Yi g‡bvfveB cieZx©‡Z ¯^vaxbZv msMªv‡gi Aby‡cÖiYv

†hvMvqÑÑe³e¨wU cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki|

2. NUbv-1: RqbM‡i wewfbœ fvlvfvlx †jv‡Ki evm wQj| wKšÍy kvmK †Mvôx msL¨vMwi‡ôi fvlv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i| G‡Z msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôx Av‡›`vjb K‡i| Av‡›`vj‡bi GK ch©v‡q Zv‡ì fvlv ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i|

NUbv-2: Z`vbxšÍb cvwK¯Ív‡bi wefw³ wb‡q `v`v bvwZ Mí KiwQj| `v`v Zvi bvwZ †ZŠwn`yj‡K ej‡jb Zuvi evev Avbmvix mv‡ne RvZxq cwil‡ì m`m¨ wQ‡jb| Zuvi `j RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` wecyj †fv‡U Rqx nIqv m‡Ë¡I kvmK‡Mvôx ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Kvj‡¶cY K‡ib|

K. KZR‡bi weiy‡× AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq?

L. 6 `dv‡K evsjvi gvby‡li gyw³i `wjj ejv nq †Kb?

M. NUbv-1 : Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kvb NUbvi Bw½Z enb K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. NUbv-2 : 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b weRqx `j‡K ¶gZv n¯’všÍi bv Kivi cÖwZ”QweÑÑg~j¨vqb Ki|


Aa¨vq-wZb

evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK êwPÎ¨ wewfbœ b„‡Mvôxi mswgkª‡Y M‡o D‡V‡Q e‡j evsjvi Rbgvby‡li AvKv‡i, Aeq‡e, †Pnvivq GZ êwPÎ¨| †Zgwb bvbv fvlvRvwZi AvMg‡b ms¯‹…wZ‡ZI êwPÎ¨ †`Lv hvq| Z‡e cwj− I K…wlcÖavb GB †`‡k MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi ms¯‹…wZi cÖfveB †ewk| Avevi b`xi †Lqvwj AvPiY Avi cÖK…wZi FZz‰ewPÎ¨ evOvwj gvbm‡K wewPÎfv‡e mg„× K‡i‡Q| evOvwji ms¯‹…wZ eyS‡Z Zvi GB êwPÎ¨gq cUf~wg †Lqvj ivLv ìKvi|

cvV-1 : ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖK…wZi f~wgKv

gvbyl c„w_exi †h AÂ‡jB Rb¥ wbK Avi evm KiyK Zvi c‡¶ †mLvbKvi cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I Rjevqy‡K D‡c¶v Kiv m¤¢e bq| evOvwjI Zvi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖK…wZ‡K D‡c¶v K‡iwb| Ggb m¤úbœ cÖvYeš— cÖK…wZ‡K ev` w`‡q evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi K_v fvev hvq bv|

GLvbKvi De©i gvwU ¯^fveZB gvbyl‡K K…wlKv‡R DØy× K‡i‡Q| Zv‡ì eënvh© ˆZRmcÎ †ewki fvM wQj gvwUi| K…wl †_‡KB Zviv †c‡q‡Q Zzjv hv Zv‡K Kvco eyb‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| Avi cÖPzi b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej _vKvq gvQ aiv Zvi Av‡iK KvR| K…wl, gvwUi KvR, gvQaiv Avi ZuvZ †evbv ÑÑeûKvj a‡i G PviwU wQj evOvwji cÖavb †ckv| ax‡i ax‡i mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Kvgvi, Pg©Kvi I Kv‡Vi KvwiMi, ¯^Y©Kvi cÖf„wZ †ckvi cÖmvi n‡Z _v‡K| evsjvi cÖK…wZ †hgb D`vi I `vbkxj †Zgwb mgq mgq fxlY †Lqvwj Avi wbôziI n‡Z cv‡i| b`x fvO‡b, Abve„wó‡Z, eb¨vq, e‡RªI AvNv‡Z wbôziZv fv‡jvB †evSv hvq| Avi ZvB gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K bvbvfv‡e mš‘ó Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q eivei| evsjvi MÖvgRxe‡b GiKg bvbv wek¦vm I †jvKvPv‡ii cÖPjb i‡q‡Q M„n¯’‡ì g‡a¨| cÖK…wZi Lvg‡Lqvwjcbv gvbyl‡K Rxe‡bi fwel¨Z I wb‡Ri fvM¨ m¤ú‡K© AwbðqZvq †fvMvq| GB AwbwðqZvi †eva Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mªóvi m‡½ †evSvcovi wbR¯^ aviYv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| GUv evOvwji G‡Kev‡i wbR¯^ aib| evsjvi evDj-fvwUqvwj-gvidwZmn me ai‡bi †jvKMv‡b Gme †ev‡ai cÖKvk N‡U|

evsjvq QqFZzi êwPÎ¨ _vK‡jI kxZKvj Qvov eQ‡ii Ab¨ mgq Mi‡gi cÖvavb¨B †ewk| ZvB GLvbKvi †`kxq †cvkv‡K kvwo, jyw½, a~wZ, Pv`‡ii g‡Zv KvcoB cÖPwjZ wQj hv‡Z kix‡i mn‡RB evZvm XyK‡Z cv‡i|

euvk, kb, gvwU w`‡qB mvaviY MÖv‡gi Ni ˆZwi n‡Zv| †cvovgvwUi djK, ZvjcvZvi cuyw_ I Qwe, Kv‡Vi wkíKg©, k‡•Li KvR, gvwUi ˆZwi miv I m‡Li nuvwo Avgv‡ì K…wói Ask| bvbv iKg †bŠKvi cÖPjb Av‡Q G †`‡kÑÑwWwO, wQc, Mqbv, eRiv, gqyic•Lx, mv¤úvb Ggwb KZ bvg ejv hvq|

gvQ-fvZB Avgv‡ì cÖavb Avnvh© AvR| Z‡e kvK-mewRi w`‡KI evOvwji †SuvK Av‡Q| cyi‡bv GKwU Qovq Av‡QÑÑKwP k‡l© kvK, bZzb Pv‡ji fvZ, non‡o `B-cÖPzi| avb‡¶‡Z ùvwo‡q AvKvk I f~wgi D`vi we¯—…wZ Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i K…lK| †R‡j gvwS †Zv e‡UB, GB evsjvi Rjvf~wg‡Z †h‡Kvb gvbyl b`xc‡_ Pj‡Z Pj‡Z cÖK…wZi GKB wekvj D`viZvq Awff~Z nq| cÖK…wZB †hb GLvbKvi gvbyl‡K D`vi I gvbweK K‡i M‡o Zz‡j‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : evOvwji ms¯‹„wZ I Rxe‡b cÖK…wZi cÖfve D‡j −L Ki|

KvR- 2 : evOvwj ms¯‹„wZi wbR¯^ aib ej‡Z Kx eyS?

wWwO Mqbv eRiv

gqyic•Lx mv¤úvb

24 evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK êwPÎ¨

cvV-2 : ms¯‹…wZ‡Z RxweKvi f~wgKv

evsjvi gvby‡li cÖavb RxweKv K…wlKvR| K…wl m¤ú~Y© wbf©i KiZ cÖK…wZi Ici| we‡klfv‡e gvwU, †gN, e„wó, †iv` Gm‡ei Ici| Avgv‡ì evsjv K¨v‡jÛvi I cwÄKv g~jZ GB K…wlmgv‡Ri Rxebhvc‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© †i‡LB ˆZwi| K…wl‡K †K›`ª K‡i bvbv iKg AvPvi-Abyôvb cÖPwjZ wQj| Gi g‡a¨ bZzb avb IVvi c‡i †ngš—Kv‡j n‡Zv bevbœ Drme| kxZKvj Ry‡o bZzb Pv‡ji wcVvcywj LvIqvi Pj wQj|

gvwUi cÖwZ A½xKvi Rvwb‡q Avgv‡ì †jvK I bvMwiK mvwn‡Z¨ A‡bK Mvb Av‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †`kvZ¥‡evaK GKwU Mv‡bi cÖ_g PiY n‡jvÑÑ I Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU †Zvgvi c‡i †VKvB gv_v| bRiy‡ji Mv‡bI gvwUi RqMvb MvIqv n‡q‡Q|

†R‡j I gvwSgvj−viv b`x I mgy`ªc‡_ Pj‡Z wM‡q Avengvb Kvj †_‡K ¯§iY K‡i Av‡m cxi eì‡K; Avevi my›ìeb AÂ‡ji gvbyl ebwewe‡K ¯§iY K‡i bvbvfv‡e| RvMÖZ cÖK…wZi mv‡_ RxweKvi mÜv‡b SuywK wb‡q Pj‡Z wM‡q gvbyl Gme AvPvi-Abyôv‡b Rwo‡q‡Q|

ZuvwZ, Pg©Kvi, Kvgvi-Kz‡gvi-¯^Y©Kvi cÖf„wZ KvwiMi‡kªwYI wb‡R‡ì †ckvi cÖwZ GKvMÖZv bvbv AvPvi-Abyôv‡b cÖ`k©b K‡i Avm‡Q| KvwiMi I ewYKiv we‡klfv‡e bee‡l©i w`‡b nvjLvZv D‡Øvab K‡i|

Avgv‡ì †jvKms¯‹…wZ‡Z Gfv‡e gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi bvbv wPÎ dz‡U I‡V|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : Avgv‡ì †jvKms¯‹„wZ‡Z mvaviY gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi Kx wPÎ dz‡U I‡V?

cvV-3 : ms¯‹…wZ‡Z a‡g©i f~wgKv

ag© gvby‡li e¨w³ I mgvR Rxe‡b LyeB eo f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GKmgq G‡`‡k AwaKvsk gvbyl wQj cÖK…wZ-c~Rvix| Zviv †hgb cÖK…wZi eo kw³ wn‡m‡e AvKvk, evZvm, m~h©, P›`ª‡K c~Rv KiZ †Zgwb cÖK…wZi Rxeš— Dcv`vb b`x, mgy ª, e„¶ cÖf„wZ‡KI fRbv K‡i‡Q| eªvþY¨ ag© cÖPvwiZ nIqvi ci cÖPwjZ cy‡iv‡bv †è‡èxi wKQy †_‡K †Mj| Avi wKQy †è‡èx bZzb hy³ n‡jv| ¯’vbxq fw³MxZ, gš¿, Zš¿, cyuw_, Kve¨ cÖPwjZ _vKj| mv‡_ hy³ n‡jv ms¯‹…Z fvlvq Avh©‡ì bvbv êw`K gš¿ I ag©MÖš’| g~wZ© ˆZwi I Gi mvRm¾v, Aj¼iY, cU wbg©vY BZ¨vw` PviyKjvi PP©v †hgb i‡q‡Q †Zgwb Avivabv, AviwZ, †nvghÁ wg‡j MvbevRbvi PP©vI †ek AcÖwZnZ _vKj| wn›`y ag©xq Abyôv‡b b„‡ZïI ¯’vb i‡q‡Q|

Z‡e wn›`y a‡g©i eY©cÖ_vi KovKwoi R‡b¨ wbgœe‡M©i gvbyl Bmjv‡gi mv‡gï evYx‡Z AvK…ó n‡q‡Q| mywdmvaKivB cÖavbZ G‡`‡k Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb| ga¨hy‡M Bivb, Zzivb, AvdMvb †_‡K Avmv fvM¨v‡š^lx gvby‡li gva¨‡gI gymwjg mgv‡Ri cÖmvi N‡U‡Q|


Kv‡j Kv‡j G‡`‡k wekvj GK gymwjg m¤cÖ vq ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖvPxb K…wlwfwËK MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri avivevwnKZvq wn› y-gymwjg G‡`‡k cvkvcvwk kvwš—‡Z emevm K‡i Avm‡Q| Zv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ‡Z a‡g©i wfwË‡Z evDj-Mvbmn †jvKMv‡b Avi bKwkKuv_vmn AwaKvsk †jvKwk‡í Dfq m¤cÖ v‡qi gvby‡li Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| a‡g©i wfwË‡Z wn› y-gymjgvb †hgb cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Avevi AvenvIqv I fvlvMZ Kvi‡Y evsjvi gymjgvb I Avi‡ei gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡k †eŠ× m¤cÖ`vq †QvU| †MŠZg ey‡×i Rxeb‡K wN‡i êkvLx c~wY©gvq Zuviv DrmegyLi Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K| G‡`‡ki wLªóvb m¤cÖ`vq AviI †QvU| Zuviv wb‡R‡ì bvbv agx©q Abyôvb I cve©Y D`&hvcb K‡i _v‡Kb| eow`b ev whïL„‡ói Rb¥w`‡b Aek¨ eo Abyôvb Av‡qvwRZ nq| G‡Z Ab¨vb¨ m¤cÖ`vqI Avgwš¿Z nq| †`‡ki ¶z`ª RvwZ‡Mvôxi gvbylI bvbv ag©xq I mvgvwRK Drm‡e †g‡Z I‡Vb| bee‡l©, em‡š—, we‡q‡Z Avb›`gq Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb K‡ib Zuviv|

GBme evn¨ cv_©K¨‡K AwZµg K‡i gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡a me a‡g©i, me fvlvi, me †ckvi me †`‡ki gvbyl kvwš—‡Z-m¤cÖxwZ‡Z evm Ki‡Z cv‡i| GUv me a‡g©iB g~j wk¶v| Avi evsjvi mvaviY gvbyl AvRxeb †mB RxebmvabvB K‡i‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : ag© Avgv‡ì ms¯‹„wZ I Rxebhvc‡b Kx ai‡bi cÖfve †d‡j‡Q?

KvR- 2 : G‡`‡k emevmKvix bvbv gvby‡li bvbv a‡g©i g~j wk¶v Kx?

cvV-4 : Drme I †gjv

evsjvq cÖev` Av‡Q ev‡iv gv‡m †Zi cve©Y| A_©vr GLv‡b Nb Nb Drme-Abyôvb n‡q _v‡K| ag©xq Drme †Zv Av‡QB| Gi evB‡i bevbœ, beel© D`hvwcZ n‡q _v‡K| Avi Av‡Q bvbv Dcj‡¶ AmsL¨ †gjv| evsjv‡`k ¶z`ª I KzwUi-wkí ms¯’vi GK Rwi‡c Rvbv hv‡”Q mviv‡`‡k eQ‡ii 1005wU †gjv rnq| Gme †gjvi beŸB fvMB MÖvgxY †gjv| gymjgvb, wn›`y, †eŠ×, wLªóvb, GgbwK ¶z ª b„-RvwZ‡Mvôxmn mKj m¤cÖ`vqB †gjvi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K| Zv e‡j GK a‡g©i †gjvq Ab¨ a‡g©i †jvK hvq bv Zv bq| mevB mevi †gjvq wewKwKwb Ki‡Z hvq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †gjv Avevi mevB wg‡j mvgvwRKfv‡e Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K| †gjvq †Kej †h Nimsmv‡ii Avi k‡Li wRwb‡mi wewKwKwb nq Zv bq| cÖvq me †gjv‡ZB hvÎv, w_‡qUvi, cuvPvwj, KweMvb, KxZ©b, evDjMv‡bi Av‡qvRb _v‡K, A‡bK


†gjv‡Z bvMi‡`vjv, g¨vwRK, jvwV‡Ljv, Kzw¯—, cyZzjbvP, ev‡qv‡¯‹vc BZ¨vwÌ _v‡K|

B`vbxs miKvwi-†emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M bvbv iKg evwYwR¨K I mvs¯‹…wZK †gjvI n‡”Q, †hgbÑe¯¿‡gjv, Avevmb †gjv, weRq †gjv, êkvLx †gjv BZ¨vw`| GKz‡k †deªyqvwi‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjv GKv‡Wgx Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K gvme¨vcx GKz‡ki eB‡gjv| G †gjv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki m„Rbkxj MÖš’ cÖKvkbv n‡q _v‡K| ZvB evOvwji mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb I mvwnZ¨mvabvq GKz‡ki wekvj Ae`vb A¯^xKvi Kiv hv‡e bv| B`vbxs †`‡ki wewfbœ †Rjvkn‡iI GKz‡k D`&hvc‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ eB‡gjvI Av‡qvwRZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k †gjvi †¶‡Î Av‡iKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ w`K n‡”Q e‡iY¨ gbxlx‡ì ¯§i‡Y †gjvi Av‡qvRbÑÑKzwóqvi jvjb‡gjv, wkjvB`‡ni iex›`ª‡gjv, `wiivgcy‡ii bRiyj †gjv, mvMi`vwoi gay‡gjv, mybvgM‡Äi nvmb‡gjv, Aw¤^Kvcy‡ii Rmxg‡gjv Ab¨Zg|

†mvbvi evsjvi K_v

Avgv‡ì Rwg De©i| Avgv‡ì cÖK…wZi `vw¶Y¨ Amxg| Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ bvbv êwP‡Î¨ mg„×| Avgv‡ì gvbyl ¯^fveZB mij I ¯^‡í Zzó| Zviv nvRvi eQi a‡i †h ms¯‹…wZ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q Zvi gg©K_v n‡jv gvby‡l gvby‡l †f`v‡f` †bB| evOvwj mvaK ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` e‡j‡QbÑÑ Rx‡e †cÖg K‡i †hRb †mRb †mwe‡Q Ck¦i| Avi evOvwj Kwe †kL dRjj Kwig e‡j‡QbÑÑ†Kv_vq ¯^M© †Kv_vq biK †K e‡j Zv eû`~i/gvby‡li gv‡S ¯^M© biK, gvby‡l‡Z myivmyi|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : †Zvgvi †`Lv GKwU †gjvi eY©bv `vI|

KvR- 2 : K‡qKwU `‡j fvM n‡q †gjv wb‡q gy³ Av‡jvPbv K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K `j †_‡K wfbœ iK‡gi †gjvi cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR- 3 : evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ Amv¤cÖ`vwqK I gvbweKÑÑ G K_vi mg_©‡b `y‡qKwU †gjvi bvg ej|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. bevbœ Drme nq †Kvb FZy‡Z ? K. el©v L. kir

M. †ngšÍ N. kxZ

2. evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹„wZ‡Z êwPÎ¨ i‡q‡Q, KviYÑÑ

i . evOvwj msKi RvwZ

ii. G †`‡ki FZy êwPÎ¨c~Y©

iii. wewfbœ fvlvfvwl †jvKR‡bi Ae¯’vb

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i M. ii L. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vIÑÑ

Szgvi `v`v b`xi Zx‡i ùvwo‡q ¯§„wZPviY KiwQ‡jb| b`xi DËi w`‡K Zv‡ì evwo wQj| evwoi cv‡kB wQj GKwU gmwR`| †Mvqvj NiwU wQj evwoi wcQ‡b| †m mg‡q gwZ gvwS H b`xi Dci w`‡q g‡bi Lywk‡Z fvwUqvwj Mvb †M‡q †hZ|

3. DÏxc‡K evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb `y‡h©vM‡K BswMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q ? K. R‡jv”Q¡vm L. b`x fv½b

M. Abve„wó N. eb¨v

4. D³ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m‡Ë¡I gwZ wgqvi g‡Zv G‡`‡ki gvby‡li Lywk nevi cÖavb KviYÑÑ

i . Rjevqyi we‡kl cÖfve

ii. b`b`xi wecyj m¤ú`

iii. †`‡ki mvs¯‹„wZK êwPÎ¨

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. igRvb Avjxi Rb¥w`‡b Zvi wZb eÜy wc›Uvi †Mv‡gR, AcY©v wek¦vm I mykxj eoyqv wekvj GKwU dz‡ji †Zvov wb‡q Av‡mb| `xN© bq eQ‡ii eÜyZ¡ Zv‡ì| G mg‡q SMov‡Zv `~‡ii K_v, †KD KvD‡K bv †`L‡j GKUv w`bI _vK‡Z cv‡i wb| C yj wdZi, yM©vc~Rv, †eŠ× c~wY©gv, eow`b BZ¨vw` Drm‡e Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †`Lvmv¶vr I fvewewbgq K‡ib|

O. KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg m¥i‡Y †Kv_vq †gjv AbywôZ nq?

P. evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl cÖavbZ wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj? e¨vL¨v Ki|

Q. ms¯‹„wZ msi¶‡Y DÏxc‡K †Kvb wel‡qi cÖfve dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

R. Ôagx©qfv‡e G‡K Aci †_‡K Avjv`v n‡jI Zv‡ì g~j¨‡eva GKB DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡KÑÑ welqwU g~j¨vqb Ki|

2. evsjv cÖ_g gv‡mi cÖ_g w`b| dvwiev, ivBmv, iycwšÍ, wcÖqZx mK‡j wg‡j wVK K‡i Zviv igbv eUg~‡j hv‡e| mK‡j jvj-mv`v i‡Oi kvwo ci‡e| †mLv‡b Drm‡ei Mvb I KweZv ïb‡e| cÖwZ eQiB GLv‡b A‡bK bvixcyiyl Av‡m| Giv gy‡Lvk c‡i, Mvb Mvq, A‡b‡K Avevi gy‡L wewfbœ Qwe Avu‡K|

K. evsjvi gvby‡li cÖavb RxweKv Kx?

L. me a‡g©i g~j wk¶v †KvbwU? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. DÏxc‡K evsjvi †Kvb †gjv‡K BswMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹„wZK êwPÎ¨ weKv‡k DÏxc‡Ki ewY©Z †gjvi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki|


Aa¨vq-Pvi

A_©bxwZ

cvV-1 I 2 : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ

evsjv‡`k GKwU K…wlcÖavb †`k| G‡`‡ki †ewki fvM gvbyl MÖv‡g evm K‡i| Avi K…wlB Zv‡ì RxweKvi cÖavb Dcvq| Z‡e knivÂ‡ji weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wkí I evwY‡Rï f~wgKvI Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡Z µ‡g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡Q| GKwU AvaywbK iv‡óª K…wl, wkí, eëmv-evwYR¨ †Kv‡bv Lv‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ Ab¨ LvZ †_‡K Kg bq| †`k‡K DbœZ Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡K me w`K †_‡K mej I MwZkxj K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| Zvi Rb¨ K…wl, wkí, eëmv-evwYR¨ me‡¶‡ÎB Avgv‡ì DbœwZ Ki‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© we‡k¦ Gi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|

bvbv A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg

A_©‰bwZK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q Ggb †h-†Kv‡bv KvR, †mev ev wewbgq‡K A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg ejv nq| Avi †h-†Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg‡K AbvbyôvwbK I AvbyôvwbK GB `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †h-me Kv‡Ri Rb¨ gRywi wba©vwiZ †bB, K‡ii AvIZvq AvbvI KwVb Ges †h-me A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg miKvi KZ©„K wbqwš¿Z nq bv, ms‡¶‡c AbvbyôvwbK Kvh©µg ej‡Z †m¸‡jv‡KB †evSvq| †hgb : wb‡Ri Rwg, †`vKvb ev eëmv cªwZôv‡b KvR, M„n¯’vwj Kg©, nKvwi, w`bgRywi cÖf„wZ| AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki †ewki fvM A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg GB AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K| AZxZKvj †_‡K P‡j Avm‡Q e‡j A‡b‡K Gme KvR‡K A_©bxwZi cÖ_vMZ LvZI e‡j _v‡Kb|

MÖvgvÂ‡ji AbvbyôvwbK A_©‰bwZK KvR

we‡k¦i Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡ZI AbvbyôvwbK LvZ cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| MÖv‡gi GKRb Pvwl I Zvi cwiev‡ii m`mïv mKvj †_‡K mÜ¨v ch©š— Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i| wb‡R‡ì Rwg‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ Zviv †Kv‡bv gRywi cvq bv ev †bq bv| wKš‘

Zv‡ì †m KvR ev cwikª‡gi d‡j †Kej Zv‡ì cwieviB bq, mgvR I ivóªI DcK…Z n‡”Q| †`‡ki †gvU Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi eo AskUv ZvivB Drcv`b Ki‡Q| Gfv‡e Avgv‡ì K…lKiv RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q| Kvgvi-Kz‡gv‡ii KvR, MÖv‡gi KzwUi wkí, †`vKvb I Ab¨vb¨ †QvULv‡Uv eëmvI AbvbyôvwbK A_©‰bwZK Kv‡Ri Aš—f©y³| Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡K mPj ivL‡Z Gme KvRI g~jëvb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j K…wlmn MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ‡Z AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi j¶ Kiv †M‡jI, cÖ_vMZ ev AbvbyôvwbK LvZwU GLbI cÖavb f~wgKvq i‡q‡Q| RvZxq A_©bxwZi w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡jI GB LvZwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

knivÂ‡ji AbvbyôvwbK A_©‰bwZK KvR

evsjv‡`‡ki kni¸‡jv‡Z D”PweË, ga¨weË, wbgœweË I weËnxb mKj †kªwYi gvbylB evm K‡i| weËnxb‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡K Avevi fvmgvb ev A¯’vqx| A_©vr Zv‡ì wbR¯^ ev ¯’vqx evmvevwo †bB| Zviv ew¯—, dzUcvZ, cvK©, †ij‡÷kb BZ¨vw`‡Z evm K‡i| D”PweË I ga¨weË †kªwYi †jv‡Kiv mvaviYZ AvbyôvwbK A_©‰bwZK KvR †hgb miKvwi I †emiKvwi PvKzwi, eëmv-evwYR¨ BZ¨vw`‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| wbgœweË I weËnxbiv †QvULv‡Uv †`vKvb, dzUcv‡Z nKvwi, †dwiIqvjv, wiKkv ev †VjvMvwo PvjK, gy‡U, wgw¯¿, †hvMvwj, Mv‡g©›U‡m PvKzwi wKsev evmvevwoi KvR K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| G¸‡jv‡K AbvbyôvwbK A_©‰bwZK KvR e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq|

A_©bxwZ‡Z AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi Ae`vb

MÖvgcÖavb evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡j emevmKvix †ewki fvM gvbyl wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M I kª‡g avb-cvU, iwekm¨, kvKmewR I djg~j Drcv`b, gvQ aiv, Miy-QvMj I nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, KzwUiwkí, nvUevRv‡i cY¨ wewµ Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì RxweKvi ms¯’vbB Ki‡Q| ïay ZvB bq, Zviv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Rxeb‡K mPj ivLvi †¶‡ÎI cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| GKBfv‡e knivÂ‡j emevmKvix ¯^í I gvSvwi Ggb wK D”P Av‡qi A‡bK gvbylI AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê wb‡R‡ì wb‡qvwRZ †i‡L‡Q| Gfv‡e cÖ_g †_‡KB evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi Ici †ewk wbf©ikxj| miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q AvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi f~wgKv e„w× I Zv †Rvi`vi nIqvi ciI Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖ_vMZ ev AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ K‡gwb|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : †Zvgvi GjvKvi †h-†Kv‡bv GKwU AbvbyôvwbK A_©‰bwZK Kv‡Ri weeiY `vI| RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Zv Kxfv‡e Ae`vb iv‡L eywS‡q ej|

KvR-2 : AvbyôvwbK A_©‰bwZK KvR ej‡Z Avgiv †Kvb¸wj‡K eywS? Avgv‡ì RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z †m¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki|


cvV-3 I 4 : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wk‡íi f~wgKv

evsjv‡`k GKwU K…wlcÖavb †`k n‡jI weªwUk Avgj †_‡KB GLv‡b wKQz wKQz wkí ev KjKviLvbv

M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K| Zvi g‡a¨ cvU, myZv I Kvc‡oi KjB wQj cÖavb| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci c~e©-

evsjvi bvivqYM‡Ä cÖwZwôZ nq c„w_exi me©e„nr cvUKj Av`gwR RyU wgj&m| cvwK¯—vwb Avg‡j

wkí ev KjKviLvbv cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î G-AÂjwU cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡ì êlg¨ ev eÂbvi wkKvi nq|

1971-G ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b bZzb bZzb wkíKviLvbv M‡o DV‡Z ïiy K‡i|

GK mgq Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cvUwkíB wQj cÖavb, †mB m‡½ wQj Pv, wPwb, wm‡g›U, mvi, Pvgov,

†ij I BwÄwbqvwis KviLvbv| eZ©gv‡b Mv‡g©›Um I Jla wk‡íI evsjv‡`k weivU mvdj¨ AR©b

K‡i‡Q| AvKvi, g~jab, Drcv`‡bi cwigvY, Kg©x ev kªwg‡Ki msL¨v BZ¨vw` wePv‡i wkí

cÖwZôvb‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :

e„nr wkí

cvU, e¯¿, wPwb, wm‡g›U, mvi, †ij, BwÄwbqvwis, we`y¨r cÖf„wZ e„nr wkí| Gme wkí cÖwZôv‡b

cÖPzi g~jab, `¶ kªwgK I KvwiMi, cÖ‡KŠkjx, we‡klÁ I AwfÁ eë¯’vc‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq|

32 A_©bxwZ

Gme wk‡íi Drcv`b ¶gZvI A‡bK †ewk| †`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡qI Drcvw`Z mvgMÖxi GKUv Ask we‡`‡k ißvwb nq| RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z G ai‡bi e„nr wk‡íi ¸iyZ¡ ZvB AZ¨waK| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK †giy`Ê wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i GB wkí¸‡jv|

gvSvwi wkí

†hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b †ò †KvwU UvKvi AwaK g~jab Lv‡U †m¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ gvSvwi wkí e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| †hgbÑÑ nvév BwÄwbqvwis, wmé, wmivwgK, †Kvì‡÷v‡iR ev wngvMvi cÖf„wZ| †`‡ki Pvwn`v c~iY I A‡bK †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g G ai‡bi wkí RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

¶z`ª wkí

†ò †KvwU UvKvi Kg g~jab Lv‡U †h KviLvbv ev wkí cÖwZôv‡b Zv‡K ¶z`ª wkí aiv nq| Pvj Kj, †QvU †QvU RyZv ev c−vw÷K KviLvbv, Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZ wkí Gi D`vniY|

KzwUiwkí

GB wk‡í Drcv`b I wecY‡bi KvRwU cÖavbZ gvwjK wb‡R ev Zvi cwiev‡ii m`mïvB K‡i _v‡Kb| Avgv‡ì †`‡k ZuvZe¯¿, gvwUi ˆZwi wRwbmcÎ, euvk, †eZ I Kv‡Vi KvR, kvwo ev wgwói c¨v‡KU, AvMievwZ BZ¨vw` KzwUiwk‡íi K‡qKwU D`vniY| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv e„nr RbmsL¨vi I wk‡í AbMÖmi GKwU †`‡k AmsL¨ gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’vb I ¯^wbf©iZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q KzwUiwkí RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z g~jëvb Ae`vb ivL‡Q|


evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wk‡íi Ae`vb

bM‡ii we¯—vi I gvby‡li Rxebgvb e„w×i d‡j c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI wk‡íi f~wgKv µ‡g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡Q| Lv`¨, e¯¿, Jl‡ai g‡Zv wRwbm¸‡jv †Zv e‡UB; R¡vjvwb, we`y¨r, M„nwbg©vY mvgMÖx Qvov Avgv‡ì Rxeb AvR APj| Avi G¸‡jv Avgiv cvB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv wkí †_‡K| K…wli ci †`‡ki weivUmsL¨K gvby‡li RxweKvi ms¯’vbI n‡”Q GB wkíLvZ †_‡KB| Gi Afv‡e †`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi AviI evoZ| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi we¯—vi j¶ j¶ gvbyl we‡kl K‡i bvix‡ì Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GwU †`‡ki mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ‡ZI f~wgKv ivL‡Q| wkíLv‡Z Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM gvbyl‡K wk¶v I cªhyw³i cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i Zzj‡Q| AvaywbK Z_¨ cÖhyw³i eënvi †`‡ki MwÊ Qvwo‡q Avgv‡ì wek¦bvMwiK wn‡m‡e fve‡Z DØy× Ki‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡k wk‡íi fwel¨r m¤¢vebv

evsjv‡`k GKwU wkí m¤¢vebvgq †`k| Gi i‡q‡Q wekvj Rbm¤ú`| GLv‡b A‡c¶vK…Z Kg gRywi‡Z `¶ I A`¶ Dfq ai‡bi cÖPzi kªwgK cvIqv hvq| d‡j we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvixiv G‡`‡k wkí ¯’vcb I wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nb| Mv‡g©›Um wkí Gi GKwU eo D`vniY| wewfbœ we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb evsjv‡`‡k GKKfv‡e I G‡`kxq‡ì m‡½ †hŠ_ Askx`vwi‡Z¡ Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| G‡`‡k Drcvw`Z †cvkvK AvR we‡k¦i evRv‡i mgv`„Z n‡”Q| Mv‡g©›Um QvovI Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íI we‡`wkiv cuywR wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z AvMÖn †`Lv‡”Qb| we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì AvK…ó Ki‡Z miKvi †`‡k K‡qKwU ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY GjvKv cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| ZvQvov e›ì I cwienb myweav e„w×, we`y¨r I M¨vm mieivn eë¯’vi DbœwZ, Iqvb †÷c †mev Pvjy Kivi gva¨‡gI miKvi wkíLv‡Z we‡`wk wewb‡qvM‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Q| Gme c`‡¶‡ci d‡j AvMvgx‡Z †`‡k bvbv ai‡bi wkíKviLvbv M‡o IVvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv hv‡”Q| B`vbxs we‡`‡k Kg©iZ evsjv‡`wk‡ìI A‡b‡K Zv‡ì AwR©Z A_© †`‡k wkí cÖwZôvq wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z AvMÖn †`Lv‡”Qb| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU wkímg„× ga¨ Av‡qi †`k nIqvi m¤¢vebv µ‡g D¾¡j n‡q DV‡Q| Gi d‡j ïay †h †`‡k `vwi`ª¨ n«vm I †eKvi mgm¨viB mgvavb n‡e ZvB bq, mvaviYfv‡e gvby‡li Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ Ges RvZxq A_©bxwZI kw³kvjx n‡e|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : ¶z ª, gvSvwi, e„nr wKsev KzwUiwkíÑ Gi †h †Kv‡bv GK ai‡bi wk‡íi bv‡gv‡j−L K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Zvi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki|

KvR-2 : evsjv‡`‡ki fwel¨r wkí m¤¢vebv m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c †jL|

34 A_©bxwZ

cvV-5 : evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb I ißvwb

Avg`vwb I ißvwb

mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv †`kB Zvi Pvwn`vi mg¯— wRwbm wb‡Riv Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨ †`k †_‡K wKQy wKQz wRwbm Zv‡K Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| GKBfv‡e †`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡q Drcvw`Z mvgMÖxi GKUv Ask we‡`‡k ißvwb Kiv nq| †h †`‡k †h mvgMÖx cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Drcbœ nq mvaviYZ †m¸‡jvB we‡`‡k ißvwb Kiv nq| Gfv‡e we‡`‡k cY¨ ißvwb K‡i AwR©Z ê‡`wkK gy`ªv †hgb we‡`k †_‡K cY¨ Avg`vwb‡Z e¨q nq †Zgwb †`‡ki Dbœq‡bI Kv‡R jv‡M| GB †h we‡`k †_‡K cY¨ Avg`vwb I we‡`‡k cY¨ ißvwb, Gi bvgB ê‡`wkK evwYR¨| †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| AvaywbK we‡k¦ GB ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï my‡hvM A‡bK †e‡o‡Q| †Kv‡bv †`kB AvR Zvi Pvwn`vi mg¯— wRwbl wb‡Riv Drcv`b Kivi K_v fv‡e bv| eis †`‡ki A_©bxwZi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i †h cYÜv Avg`vwb ev ißvwb Kiv mnR I jvfRbK, ZvB Kiv nq| GKwU cwiKíbv I bxwZi AvIZvq KvRUv Kiv nq| wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Pzw³i AvIZvq GB Avg`vwb-ißvwb A_©vr ê‡`wkK evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| Avi GB evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg Z`viwK, wbqš¿Y I evwYR¨ ïé wba©viY BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv †`Lvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q KZ¸‡jv Avš—R©vwZK I AvÂwjK ms¯’v ev msMVb| †hgb wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (World Trade Organisation : WTO), `w¶Y Gkxq gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv (South Asian Free Trade Area : SAFTA) cÖf„wZ| ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î †h †`‡ki Avg`vwbi †P‡q ißvwbi cwigvY †ewk Zv‡K DbœZ †`k aiv nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb cY¨mvgMÖx

evsjv‡`k c„w_exi wewfbœ †`k †_‡K wbqwgZ †hme cY¨ Avg`vwb K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv Pvj, Mg, Wvj, ˆZjexR, Zzjv, Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvj I †c‡UªvwjqvgRvZ `ªe¨, †fvR¨‡Zj, mvi, K…wl I wkí hš¿cvwZ, myZv cÖf„wZ| Avi †hme †`k †_‡K Gme mvgMÖx Avg`vwb Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Pxb, fviZ, Rvcvb, wm½vcyi, `w¶Y †Kvwiqv, gvj‡qwkqv, hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ I Rvg©vwb| miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dfq Lv‡ZB GB Avg`vwb evwYR¨ P‡j| evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki wn‡me Abyhvqx MZ 2009-2010 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`k we‡`k †_‡K cÖvq GK †KvwU 72 j¶ gvwK©b Wjv‡ii cY¨mvgMÖx Avg`vwb K‡i‡Q| GB cwigvY Av‡Mi `yB A_©eQ‡ii †P‡q Kg| A_©vr Avg`vwb Lv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki A_©e¨q K‡g Avm‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb cY¨mvgMÖx

GK mgq cvUB wQj Avgv‡ì cÖavb ißvwb mvgMÖx| cvU I cvURvZ ªe¨ †hgbÑÑP‡Ui e¨vM, Kv‡c©U cÖf„wZ ißvwb K‡i evsjv‡`k cÖPzi ê‡`wkK gy`ªv DcvR©b KiZ| wKš‘ gv‡Si K‡qK eQi mviv we‡k¦ cvU I cvURvZ `ª‡eï Pvwn`v K‡g hvq| m¤cÖwZ evsjv‡`wk weÁvbx‡ì Øviv cv‡Ui Ô†R‡bvgÕ ev Rb¥inm¨ Avwe®‹vi Ges wek¦e¨vcx cwi‡ek m‡PZbZv e„w×i d‡j AveviI cvU I


cvURvZ mvgMÖx ißvwb‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki m¤¢vebv D¾¡j n‡q DV‡Q| KuvPv cvU I cvURvZ `ªe¨ Qvov AviI †hme cY¨ evsjv‡`k we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i _v‡K Zvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv Pv, Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨, ˆZwi †cvkvK, wngvwqZ wPswo I Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨, n¯—wkíRvZ `ªe¨, kvKmwâ cÖf„wZ| evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki wn‡me Abyhvqx MZ 2009-2010 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`k ˆZwi †cvkvKmn Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖx ißvwb K‡i cÖvq GK nvRvi GK‡kv 54 †KvwU gvwK©b Wjvi DcvR©b K‡i‡Q| †cvkvKmn evsjv‡`‡ki cY¨mvgMÖxi me‡P‡q eo †µZv n‡jv hy³ivóª| Gi c‡ii mvwi‡Z Av‡Q Rvg©vwb, hy³ivR¨ I d«vÝ| Avg`vwb I ißvwbi ¸iyZ¡

evsjv‡`k we‡`k †_‡K cÖavbZ †mme cY¨B Avg`vwb K‡i hv †`‡ki gvby‡li Lv`¨ I Ab¨vb¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ hv ìKvi| mgq g‡Zv Gme cY¨ Avg`vwb bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †`‡k Gme c‡Yï Pig Afve I g~jë„w× NUZ| Avi Zv‡Z †`‡k mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv †`Lv w`Z| c„w_exi †Kv‡bv †`kB Zvi Pvwn`vi mg¯— mvgMÖx wbR †`‡k Drcv`b K‡i bv| cwiKwíZ evwYR¨ bxwZi AvIZvq Ab¨ †`k †_‡K myweavRbK `v‡g Avg`vwb K‡i| evsjv‡`kI Zvi e¨wZµg bq| Z‡e GiB cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`k †ek wKQz cY¨ wbqwgZ we‡`‡k ißvwb Ki‡Q| Zv †_‡K g~jëvb ê‡`wkK gy`ªv DcvR©b Ki‡Q| †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K mPj ivL‡ZB Zv †h mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q ïay ZvB bq, Gi d‡j †`‡k wkí m¤úªmviY I Kg©ms¯’v‡biI my‡hvM m„wó n‡”Q| Avg`vwb n«vm K‡i ißvwbi cwigvY e„w×i gva¨‡g Avgiv RvwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^vej¤^x n‡q DV‡Z cvwi| RbMY‡K hZ †ewk Avgiv Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cvie ZZB A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^wbf©i n‡q DVe| evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU ga¨ Av‡qi wkí m¤¢vebvgq †`k wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡j ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ we‡kl K‡i ißvwbi welqwU‡K Avgv‡ì ¸iyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb I ißvwb c‡Yï GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR-2 : Avg`vwb I ißvwbi ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© K‡qKwU evK¨ †jL|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. †Kvb †`kwU †cvkvKmn evsjv‡`‡k Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgMªxi me‡P‡q eo †µZv ?

K. dv›m L. Rvg©vwb

M. hy³ivóª N. hy³ivR¨

36 A_©bxwZ

2. evsjv‡`k GKwU wkí m¤¢vebvgq †`k KviY, GLv‡bÑÑ

i . Kg gRywi‡Z kªwgK cvIqv hvq

ii. wewb‡qvM mnvqK miKvwi Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q

iii. Drcvw`Z c‡Yï ¸Yv¸Y Ab¨ †`‡ki †P‡q fv‡jv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

ivwKe mv‡ne GKRb wkícwZ| wZwb XvKvi †ZuRMvI GjvKvq 30 jvL UvKv w`‡q GKwU †cvkvK ˆZwii KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvi G KviLvbvwU‡Z 200 Rb kªwgK KvR K‡i| wZwb G KviLvbvi jf¨vsk w`‡q AviI GKwU KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| ˆZwiK…Z †cvkvK wZwb BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ †`‡k ißvwb K‡ib|

3. ivwKe mv‡n‡ei ¯’vwcZ KviLvbwU †Kvb wk‡íi AšÍM©Z ?

K. KzwUi wkí L. ¶z`ªwkí M. gvSvwi wkí N. e„nr wkí

4. D³ KvRwU evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq A_©bxwZi †Kvb †¶‡Î me©vwaK cÖfve †dj‡Q ?

K. †`kxq KvuPvgv‡ji mØënvi L. ¯^wbf©iZv AR©b M. Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó N. g~jab e„w×

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. ZwgR DwÏb Zvi wZb †Q‡j‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Zvi Rwg‡Z avb, Mg, mwilv, fyÆvmn bvbv ai‡bi dmj Pvl K‡i| Zvi ¯¿x I cyÎeayivI dmj †Zvjvi Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i| Aemi mg‡q †m evwoi mvg‡b GKwU gyw` †`vKvb Pvjvq| wKšÍy Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †KD Zv‡K †Kv‡bv †eZb †`q bv| Zv‡Z †m g‡b Kó bv †c‡q eis Me©‡eva K‡i|

K. SAFTA Gi cy‡iv bvg Kx?

L. gvSvwi wkí ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. ZwgR DwÏ‡bi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì KvR †Kvb ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK Kv‡Ri AvIZvfy³ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ZwgR DwÏ‡bi g‡Zv gvby‡li KvR RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡QÑÑ g~j¨vqb Ki|


2. Rwibv Mªv‡gi Mwie weaev gwnjv| †m GKw`b evRvi †_‡K evuk I †eZ wK‡b wb‡q Av‡m| `yB †g‡q‡K wb‡q Wvjv, Kzjv I dzj`vwb ˆZwi K‡i| Zvi †Q‡j ZvgwR` G¸‡jv evRv‡i wewµ K‡i| G‡Z Zv‡ì †h jvf nq Zv w`‡q msmvi P‡j| w`‡b w`‡b Zv‡ì ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡eï Pvwn`v evo‡Z _v‡K| cieZx©‡Z ZvgwR` Zvi evevi GK eÜyi mn‡hvwMZvq ¯’vbxq GKwU e¨vsK †_‡K FY †bq| †m †KK, we¯‹yUmn wewfbœ Lv`¨ `ªe¨ ˆZwii KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i| ZvgwR` Zvi KviLvbvq Lv`¨`ªe¨ cÖwµqvRvZ Ges c¨v‡KURvZ K‡i evRv‡i wewµ K‡i cÖPyi jvf K‡i|

K. ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY GjvKv cÖwZôvi D‡Ïk¨ Kx ?

L. AbvbyôvwbK A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. ZvgwR‡ì ¯’vwcZ KviLvbvwU †Kvb wk‡íi AšÍM©Z Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ¯^wbf©iZv AR©‡b Rwibv †eM‡gi Kv‡Ri Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki|

38 A_©bxwZ

Aa¨vq-cuvP

evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb eë¯’v AvaywbK MYZ‡š¿i wfwËB n‡jv wbe©vPb| GB eë¯’vq bvMwiKiv GKvwaK cÖv_©xi ga¨ †_‡K Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa †e‡Q †bq| GB †e‡Q †bIqvi e¨vcviwU nq †Mvcb †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g| †fv‡Ui djvd‡j Rqx cÖv_©xiv ¯’vbxq I RvZxq ch©v‡q miKvi MVb, AvBb cÖYqb I kvmb cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib| Avgv‡ì †`‡k BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †cŠimfv, bMi K‡c©v‡ikb, RvZxq msm` GgbwK ivóªcwZ c‡` ch©š— †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv c×wZi wbe©vPb nq| myôz wbe©vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Dchy³ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kiv †M‡jB †Kej †Kv‡bv †`‡k mwZ¨Kvi MYZš¿ cÖwZôv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cvV-1: wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡ I wbe©vPb c×wZ

AvR‡Ki w`‡b GKwU †`‡ki ev kn‡ii mKj gvbyl GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡q AvBb cÖYqb ev †`k kvmb Ki‡e GUv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ RbMY‡K Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwaivB Zv‡ì n‡q kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| GB cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi e¨vcviwU nq †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g| †fvU w`‡q RbMY †Kej Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwaB wbe©vPb K‡i bv, Kx iKg kvmbeë¯’v Zviv Pvq, †m-m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì gZvgZI cÖKvk K‡i| †mw`K †_‡K AvaywbK iv‡óª wbe©vP‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ hZ iKg kvmbeë¯’v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ MYZš¿‡KB m‡e©vËg we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Avi wbe©vPbB n‡jv MYZ‡š¿i wfwË| MYZ‡š¿i g~jK_v n‡jv bvMwiK ev Rbmvavi‡Yi gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z wm×vš— MÖnY| Avi wbe©vPb n‡jv RbgZ cÖKv‡ki cÖavb I wewam¤§Z cÖwµqv| myZivs wbe©vPb Qvov MYZš¿ Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|

wbe©vPb c×wZ

wbe©vPb c×wZ cÖavbZ `yB-ai‡bi : (K) cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb I (L) c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb|

cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb

bvMwiKiv hLb mivmwi †fv‡U Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb ejv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k RvZxq msm‡ì m`mïv cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb c×wZ‡Z wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| GQvov ¯’vbxq miKvi †hgb BDwbqb cwil‡ì m`m¨ I †Pqvig¨vb, Dc‡Rjv cwil‡ì m`m¨ I †Pqvig¨vb, †cŠimfvi Kwgkbvi I †Pqvig¨vb Ges bMi K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Kwgkbvi I †gqi RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb|

c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb

G c×wZ‡Z bvMwiKiv mivmwi †fv‡U Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i bv| GLv‡b wbe©vPbwU nq `yB av‡c| cÖ_‡g bvMwiKiv Zv‡ì mivmwi †fv‡U gaëZ©x GKwU ¯—i ev cÖwZwbwa ms¯’vi Rb¨ m`m¨ wbe©vPb K‡i| Zvici GB cÖwZwbwaivB †fvU w`‡q P~ovš— cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki

ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb Ges RvZxq msm‡ì msiw¶Z gwnjv Avm‡bi m`m¨ wbe©vPb G iKg c‡iv¶ c×wZ‡ZB n‡q _v‡K| †hgb Avgv‡ì †`‡ki ivóªcwZ RbMY ev †fvUvi‡ì mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb bv| mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi mgq bvMwiKiv †fvU w`‡q RvZxq msm‡ì m`m¨ wbe©vPb K‡ib| GB wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaivB Zuv‡ì †fv‡U ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb K‡ib| GKBfv‡e RvZxq msm‡ì msiw¶Z gwnjv Avm‡bi m`mïvI RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb bv| RvZxq msm‡ì wbe©vwPZ m`mïvB IB Avmb¸‡jvi Rb¨ †fvU w`‡Z cv‡ib|

wb‡P GKwU Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi ZdvZ ev êwkó¨ †evSv‡bv n‡jv| cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb

c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : †Zvgvi †`Lv †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU wbe©vP‡bi weeiY `vI|

KvR-2 : †Zvgv‡ì †kªwYK‡¶ cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ c×wZ‡Z †bZv wbe©vP‡bi cÖwµqv Abykxjb Ki|

40 evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb eë¯’v

cvV-2 I 3 : evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq I ’vbxq ch©v‡qi wbe©vPb

RvZxq I ¯’vbxq Dfq ch©v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i| GB cÖwZwbwaiv Zv‡ì n‡q RvZxq I ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q miKvi I Dbœqb Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv K‡i|

(K) RvZxq ch©v‡qi wbe©vPb : evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq ch©v‡q mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|

1. RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb : †`ke¨vcx mKj cÖvßeq¯‹ bvMwi‡Ki mivmwi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g RvZxq msm‡ì 300wU Avm‡bi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| GB cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ m`m¨MYB Avevi wb‡Riv †fvU w`‡q RvZxq msm‡ì 50wU msiw¶Z gwnjv Avm‡bi m`m¨ wbe©vPb K‡ib| GjvKvwfwËK wbe©vwPZ n‡jI RvZxq msm‡ì GB †gvU 350Rb m`m¨ mgMÖ †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib| ZuvivB †`‡ki Rb¨ AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib I Ab¨vb¨ bxwZwba©viYx wm×vš— †bb| GB RvZxq msm` m`m¨‡ì ga¨ †_‡KB msL¨vMwiô m`‡mï mg_©‡b †`‡ki miKvi MwVZ nq| Gme w`K †_‡K GwUB RvZxq ch©v‡q Avgv‡ì me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wbe©vPb|

2. ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb : ivóªcwZ wbe©vPbI Avgv‡ì GKwU RvZxq ch©v‡qi wbe©vPb| hwÌ GB wbe©vPbwU cÖZ¨¶ bq, c‡iv¶ c×wZ‡Z n‡q _v‡K| †`‡ki cÖvßeq¯‹ mKj bvMwi‡Ki †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g RvZxq msm‡ì m`mïv wbe©vwPZ nb| Avi RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ GB cÖwZwbwaivB †fvU w`‡q cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`‡ki ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb K‡ib|

3. MY‡fvU : †`‡ki †Kv‡bv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ev bxwZwba©viYx wel‡q mivmwi RbM‡Yi gZvgZ MÖnY ev hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ MY‡fvU Abyôvb Kiv nq| G wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgq ev †gqv` †bB| cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †h-†Kv‡bv mgq GB MY‡fvU AbywôZ n‡Z cv‡i|

(L) ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi wbe©vPb : †`‡ki kvmbeë¯’v I Dbœqb Kg©KvÊ †hb myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq Zvi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q AviI K‡qK ai‡bi miKvi Pvjy i‡q‡Q| †hgb MÖvgvÂ‡j BDwbqb cwil` I Dc‡Rjv cwil`, knivÂ‡j †cŠimfv, bMi ev wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb BZ¨vw`| wb‡P Gme ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wbe©vPb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

1. BDwbqb cwil` : BDwbqb cwil`¸‡jv MÖvgwfwËK| eZ©gv‡b †`‡k †gvU 4498 wU BDwbqb Av‡Q| cÖwZwU BDwbqb cwil‡` GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, bq Rb mvaviY m`m¨ Ges msiw¶Z Avm‡b wZbRb gwnjv m`m¨ _v‡Kb| mswk−ó GjvKvi bvMwiK‡ì cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U Zuviv cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nb|

2. Dc‡Rjv cwil` : eZ©gv‡b †`‡k 483 wU Dc‡Rjv Av‡Q| cÖwZwU Dc‡Rjvq i‡q‡Q Dc‡Rjv cwil`| GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, K‡qKRb mvaviY m`m¨ I msiw¶Z Avm‡bi gwnjv m`m¨ wb‡q GB cwil` MwVZ nq| Dc‡Rjv †Pqvig¨vb mswk−ó GjvKvi bvMwiK‡ì cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nb|


3. †cŠimfv : †cŠimfv kniwfwËK miKvi KvVv‡gv| †`‡k eZ©gv‡b 309 wU †cŠimfv Av‡Q| GKRb †gqi, K‡qKRb KvDwÝji I msiw¶Z gwnjv Avm‡bi K‡qKRb KvDwÝji wb‡q †cŠimfv MwVZ nq| Avi Zuviv mevB mswk−ó †cŠimfvq emevmiZ bvMwiK ev †fvUvi‡ì cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nb|

4. wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb : evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b QqwU gnvbMix Av‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, ewikvj I wm‡jU| G-QqwU gnvbMix QvovI bvivqYMÄ I Kzwgj−v‡ZI wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb i‡q‡Q| wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖavb n‡jb †gqi| cÖwZwU wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb K‡qKwU Iqv‡W© wef³ _v‡K| cÖwZwU Iqv‡W©i Rb¨ GKRb KvDwÝji _v‡Kb| †gqi I KvDwÝjiMY mevB mswk−ó GjvKvi bvMwiK‡ì cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nb|

5. †Rjv cwil` wbe©vPb : wZbwU cve©Z¨ †Rjv Qvov evsjv‡`‡ki evwK 61wU †Rjvq GKwU K‡i †Rjv cwil` Av‡Q| GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, 15 Rb m`m¨ I msiw¶Z gwnjv Avm‡bi cuvPRb m`m¨ wb‡q †Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq| Zuviv mK‡j c‡iv¶ †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| †Rjv cwil‡ì Aš—M©Z wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb I †cŠimfvi †gqi I KvDwÝji Ges Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb I m`m¨‡ì Øviv Zuviv wbe©vwPZ nb| †Rjv cwil‡ì Kvh©Kvj cuvP eQi|

6. cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` : evsjv‡`‡k wZbwU cve©Z¨ †Rjv Av‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›ìevb| cÖwZwU †Rjvq GKwU K‡i cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` Av‡Q| GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, wbw`©ó msL¨K DcRvZxq I A-DcRvZxq m`m¨ mgš^‡q GB †Rjv cwil`¸‡jv MwVZ nq| Zuviv mswk−ó cve©Z¨ †Rjvi †fvUvi‡ì cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb|

Dcwbe©vPb : †Kv‡bv Avm‡bi wbe©vwPZ †Kv‡bv m`m¨ gviv †M‡j, c`Z¨vM Ki‡j wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Avmb k~b¨ n‡j D³ Avm‡b cybivq wbe©vPb Abyôvb K‡i bZzb m`m¨ ev RbcÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| G‡KB Dcwbe©vPb e‡j| Dcwbe©vPb RvZxq I ¯’vbxq Dfq ch©v‡qB n‡Z cv‡i|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : †Zvgvi wb‡Ri GjvKvq m¤cÖwZ n‡q‡Q Ggb †Kv‡bv ¯’vbxq wbe©vPb ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

(1) wbe©vP‡bi bvg (2) c‡ì bvg (3) cÖv_©x msL¨v I (4) djvdj|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡ì msiw¶Z gwnjv Avmb msL¨v KZwU ?

K. 20 L. 30

M. 40 N. 50

2. wbe©vPb ¸iyZ¡c~Y©, KviYÑÑ

i . mK‡j wg‡j †`k kvmb m¤¢e bq

ii. wbe©vP‡b cQ›`gZ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kiv nq

iii. GwU GKwU MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv


K. i L. i I ii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”QwU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Rbve mvnvbv Av³vi GKwU ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwa| wZwb GjvKvi iv¯ÍvNvU, eªxR, KvjfvU© wbg©v‡Yi e¨vcv‡i Zvi Aax‡b wbe©vwPZ 09 Rb m`‡mï mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| †m mgq msiw¶Z Avm‡b wbe©vwPZ m`m¨MYI AskMÖnY K‡ib|

3. mvnvbv †h ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi cÖavb RbcÖwZwbwa Zvi bvg Kx?

K. †Rjv cwil` L. wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb

M. †cŠimfv N. BDwbqb cwil`

4. D³ ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi Kvh©µ‡gi Dci miKv‡ii wbf©i K‡iÑÑ

K. Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Êi mwVK ev¯Íevqb

L. bxwZgvjvi mwVK cÖ‡qvM

M. c‡¶ RbgZ MVb Kiv

N. ev‡RU cÖYqb Kiv


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. mßg †kªwYi †kªwYwk¶K Rbve AvgRv` K¬vk K¨v‡Þb wbe©vwPZ Kivi K_v ej‡j A‡b‡KB K¨v‡Þb nIqvi AvMªn cÖKvk K‡i| †kªwYwk¶K GKwU ev· evwb‡q mKj wk¶v_x©‡K Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì cÖv_x©‡K †fvU †`qvi eë¯’v K‡ib| †fvU MYbv †k‡l dwi`v 1g, mvweŸi 2q Ges †bnvj 3q ¯’vb AwaKvi Kivi †NvlYv w`‡j wk¶v_x©iv KiZvwj w`‡q wZb K¨v‡Þb‡K Awfb›`b Rvbvq| Gici hviv cÖwZØw›`¡Zv K‡iwQj Zviv G‡K Aci‡K Awfev`b Rvbvq|

K. AvaywbK MYZ‡š¿i wfwË Kx?

L. ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb cÖwµqv †KvbwU? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. AvgRv` mv‡n‡ei K¬v‡ki wbe©vPb cÖwµqvwUi aib e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔcÖwZØÜx cÖv_x©iv wbe©vwPZ K¨v‡Þb‡K Awfb›`b Rvbv‡bv MYZ‡š¿i wfZ‡K gReyZ Ki‡eÕÑÑ DË‡ii c‡¶ †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|

2. NUbv-1

†Rjv kn‡ii †iwRbv †PŠayix RvZxq msm‡ì m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q GjvKvi Dbœq‡b †hgb KvR K‡ib †Zgwb †`‡ki bxwZ wba©viYx wel‡qI Ae`vb iv‡Lb|

NUbv-2

myRvZ Avjx gÊj Zvi BDwbq‡bi wbe©vP‡b wecyj †fv‡U Rqjvf K‡i GjvKvq Dbœq‡b KvR K‡ib| wZwb BDwbqb cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì cvkvcvwk GjvKvi MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡ì civgk© wb‡q Dbœqb cwiKíbv MªnY K‡ib|

K. ivóªcwZ Kv‡ì †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb?

L. P~ovšÍ cÖwZwbwa †Kvb wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ nq| e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. myRvZ Avjx gÊ‡ji †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nIqvwU †Kvb wbe©vP‡bi AšÍM©Z ZvÑÑe¨vL¨v Ki|

N. †`‡ki RvZxq Dbœq‡b NUbv-1 I 2 Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i e‡j Zywg g‡b Ki| hyw³ `vI|


Aa¨vq-Qq evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy

ÔAvenIqvÕ I ÔRjevqyÕ K_v `y‡Uvi gv‡b GK e‡j g‡b n‡jI y‡Uv K_vi Øviv wVK GK welq †evSvq bv| AvenvIqv gv‡b n‡jv †Kv‡bv GKwU GjvKvi we‡kl GK w`b ev w`‡bi we‡kl mg‡qi †iv`, e„wó, So BZ¨vw` wgwj‡q Zvi cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v| ZvcgvÎv, evqyi Pvc I MwZ, evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv Ges e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY wnmve K‡i GUv wba©viY Kiv nq| AvenvIqv cÖwZw`b, Ggb wK NÈvq NÈvq e`jv‡Z cv‡i, e`jvqI| Ab¨w`‡K †Kv‡bv GjvKvi 30 †_‡K 40 eQ‡ii Mo AvenvIqv‡K ejv nq Zvi Rjevqy| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †`k ev AÂ‡ji Rjevqy †evSvi Rb¨ IB Dcv`vb¸‡jv QvovI AviI wKQz ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq Av‡Q| †hgb †Kvb A¶vs‡k ev `ªvwNgvs‡k †`kwUi Ae¯’vb, mgy`ª †_‡K Zvi `~iZ¡, mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K D”PZv, evqycÖevn, mgy`ª-†mªvZ, f~wgi Xvj, g„wËKvi MVb, ebf~wgi cwigvY I Ae ’vb cÖf„wZI Rjevqyi cÖK…wZ wbY©‡qi Dcv`vb|

cvV-1 : evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqyi cÖK…wZ

evsjv‡`k µvš—xq AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z nIqvq GLvbKvi Rjevqy bvwZkx‡Zvò, A_©vr bv-kxZ-bv Mig| mgy‡`ªi wbKUeZ©x nIqvq I †gŠmywg evqyi cÖfv‡e GLv‡b kxZ ev MÖx®§ †Kv‡bvUvB Lye Zxeª bq| GLv‡b MÖx®§KvjUv Dò I e„wóeûj Ges kxZKvj ï®‹| wngvjq ce©Zgvjv hwÌ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvš—eZ©x bq, †ek DË‡i, Zey Zv kxZKv‡j evsjv‡`k‡K mvB‡ewiq wngcÖevn †_‡K i¶v K‡i| ZvB kxZKvj GLv‡b `xN© nq bv| kxZKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ZvcgvÎv 18-21 wWwMÖ †mjwmqv‡mi g‡a¨ _v‡K| Z‡e DËi I c~e©-`w¶YvÂ‡j GB ZvcgvÎv KLbI KLbI 40/50 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ch©š— †b‡g Av‡m| VvKziMuv, cÂMo, kªxg½j Gme RvqMvq me‡P‡q †ewk kxZ|

êkvL gvm †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k MÖx®§ FZz Avi¤¢ nq| Bs‡iwR K¨v‡jÛv‡ii wn‡m‡e mgqUv GwcÖ‡ji gvSvgvwS| MÖx®§Kv‡j †`‡ki DËi I DËi-cwðgvÂ‡j KLbI KLbI ZvcgvÎv 400-450 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ch©š— I‡V| †gŠmy‡gi ïiy‡Z †Kv_vI †Kv_vI Kvj‰ekvLx So nq| mgy`ª DcK~‡j N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vmI nq| el©vKv‡j e‡½vcmvM‡ii `w¶Y w`K †_‡K Rjxq ev®úc~Y© evZvm e‡q

hvq| G‡K †gŠmywg evqy ejv nq| GB †gŠmywg evqyi cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k cÖPzi e„wó nq| Z‡e †`‡ki me GjvKvq mgvb e„wócvZ nq bv| wm‡jU, PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi Gme GjvKvq †ewk e„wó nq| Ab¨w`‡K ivRkvnx, cvebv, Kzwóqv Gme GjvKvq Kg e„wó nq| kiZKv‡jI evsjv‡`‡k e„wó nq, Z‡e G mgq e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY _v‡K Lye Kg| el©vKv‡j b`x-fvO‡bi cwigvYI †e‡o hvq| GwcÖj-†g I A‡±vei-b‡f¤î eQ‡ii G `ywU mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k †ek N~wY©So I R‡jvPQ¡vm nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy‡K ejv nq mgfvevcbœ| A_©vr GLv‡b AbyK~j I cÖwZK~j `yB ai‡bi AvenvIqviB cÖfve mgvb| AbyK~j AvenvIqvi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ myRjv-mydjv-km¨-k¨vgjv| Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZK~j AvenIqvi cÖfv‡e So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, eb¨v, Liv, Kvj‰ekvLx, U‡b©‡Wv I AwZe„wói g‡Zv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv `y‡h©vM evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨ `y‡f©vM e‡q Av‡b|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqyi êwkó¨¸‡jv `jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Zz‡j ai|

KvR-2 : evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZK~j AvenvIqvi Kvi‡Y Kx ai‡bi `y‡h©vM nq?

cvV-2 : evsjv‡`‡k Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi KviY eûKvj Av‡M c„w_ex‡Z WvB‡bvmi bvgK GK ai‡bi AwZKvq cÖvYx evm KiZ| AvR †m WvB‡bvmi‡ì †Kv_vI Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| gv‡S gv‡S gvwU Luy‡o †mB nvwi‡q hvIqv wekvj cÖvYxi K¼vj ev UzK‡iv nvo cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ †Kb GB cÖvYx¸‡jv nvwi‡q †Mj? êÁvwbKiv AbymÜvb K‡i †ei K‡i‡Qb AvR †_‡K mv‡o Qq †KvwU eQi Av‡M c„w_exi AvenvIqvq e¨vcK A¯^vfvweKZv †`Lv †`q| Avi Zvi wei~c cÖfve c‡o c„w_exi ¯’jfvM, RjfvM, evqygÊj, †gvUK_v cy‡iv c„w_exi Ici| cÖvq wek j¶ eQi a‡i P‡j AvenvIqvi GB

46 evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy

iè`j| my xN© mgq a‡i AvenvIqvi Mo cwieZ©‡bi d‡j c„w_exi RjevqyiI cwieZ©b N‡U| Avi GB cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve c‡o cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki Ici| WvB‡bvmi‡ì wejywßi KviY Rjevqyi GB cwieZ©b|

†hme Kvi‡Y ZLb Rjevqyi cwieZ©b N‡U Zvi GKwU n‡jv Av‡MœqwMwi †_‡K Nb Nb AMœy¨rcvZ| AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j wbM©Z M¨vm, jvfv, QvB cÖf„wZ evqygÊ‡j wg‡k †h evavi m„wó K‡i Zv‡Z m~h©iwk¥ †_‡K Avmv Zvc c„w_exc„‡ô AvU‡K _v‡K| Gi d‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvq| evqygÊ‡j evavi m„wó K‡i c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w×Kvix GB M¨v‡mi bvg ÔwMÖbnvDm M¨vmÕ| GB wMÖbnvDm M¨v‡mi cÖfv‡e c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv A¯^vfvweKfv‡e †e‡o hvIqvq †giy AÂ‡ji eid Mj‡Z ïiy K‡i| G‡Z mgy ªc„‡ôi D”PZv 200 †_‡K 300 dzU ch©š— †e‡o hvq| ¯’jfvM I ebvÂ‡ji cwigvY K‡g hvq| cÖvYx‡ì Rb¨ e¨vcK Lv`¨NvUwZ †`Lv †`q| Avi Zv‡ZB c„w_ex †_‡K WvB‡bvmimn A‡bK cÖvYxi wejywß N‡U|

AvRI mviv c„w_ex‡ZB Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi g~j KviY wMÖbnvDm M¨vm| Kve©b WvBA·vBW, wg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW, †K¬v‡iv †d¬v‡iv Kve©b cÖf„wZ M¨vm‡KB GKmv‡_ wMÖbnvDm M¨vm ejv nq| evqygÊ‡j GB M¨vm¸‡jv AwZwi³ gvÎvq mÂvwiZ n‡q c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv evwo‡q †Zv‡j| Avi evqygÊ‡j wMÖbnvDm M¨vm e„w×i Rb¨ gvby‡li KvRKg©B me‡P‡q †ewk `vqx| gvby‡li ˆZwi wMÖbnvDm M¨v‡mi g‡a¨ Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cwigvYB me‡P‡q †ewk| we`y¨r Drcv`b, hvbevn‡bi †Zj I M¨v‡mi †auvqv, B‡Ui fvUv cÖf„wZ †_‡K GB Kve©b WvBA·vBW M¨vm Drcbœ nq| Av‡Mi Zzjbvq eZ©gv‡b evqygÊ‡j wMÖbnvDm M¨vm mÂv‡ii cwigvY 80 †_‡K 90 kZvsk †e‡o †M‡Q| G †_‡K Avgiv mn‡RB Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi wec`wU eyS‡Z cvwi|


c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ AÂ‡ji g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡bi KviY¸‡jv cÖvq GKB| Z‡e c„w_exi wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv †hcwigvY R¡vjvwb eënvi K‡i, evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv ZZUv K‡i bv| †mw`K †_‡K Rjevqyi cwieZ©b ev cwi‡e‡ki wech©‡qi Rb¨ DbœZ †`k¸‡jvB †ewk `vqxÑÑ hwÌ Zvi djUv Avgv‡ì‡KB †ewk †fvM Ki‡Z nq|

µgvMZ ebf~wg aŸs‡mi Kvi‡YI c„w_exi DòZv e„w× cv‡”Q| we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z GKwU †`‡ki †gvU AvqZ‡bi kZKiv cÖvq 25 fvM ebf~wg _vKv ìKvi| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k GB ebf~wgi cwigvY gvÎ 16 fvM| ZviciI Aev‡a MvQ I cvnvo KvUv I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y GB ebf~wgi cwigvY µgvMZ K‡g Avm‡Q| d‡j mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k e„wócv‡Zi cwigvYI K‡g †M‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR-1 : wMÖbnvDm M¨vm ej‡Z †Kvb †Kvb M¨vm‡K †evSvq? evsjv‡`‡k G M¨vm¸‡jv Kxfv‡e

DòZv e„w× Ki‡Q? KvR-2 : c„w_ex †_‡K WvB‡bvmi wejyß nIqvi K‡qKwU KviY †jL|

cvV- 3, 4 I 5 : Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j m„ó y‡h©vM

evsjv‡`k GKwU `y‡h©vMcÖeY †`k| G‡`‡k bvbv ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM N‡U| Gme `y‡h©v‡Mi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm, eb¨v, b`xfvOb, Liv, ˆkZ¨cÖevn, U‡b©‡Wv, Kvj‰ekvLx cÖf„wZ| GQvovI evsjv‡`k f~wgK‡¤úi SuywKi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q|

N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi evZv‡mi Zvc e„w× †c‡j †mLvbKvi evZvm Dc‡i D‡V hvq| d‡j IB AÂ‡ji evZv‡mi Pvc K‡g hvq| G‡K wbgœPvc m„wó nIqv e‡j| G mgq Av‡kcv‡ki AÂj †_‡K evZvm cÖej †e‡M IB wbgœPvc AÂ‡ji w`‡K Qz‡U Av‡m | G‡KB e‡j mvB‡K¬vb ev N~wY©So| evsjv‡`‡k

AwaKvsk N~wY©So nq e‡½vcmvM‡i m„ó wbgœPv‡ci Kvi‡Y| mgy‡`ª m„ó wbgœPvc I S‡oi d‡j mgy‡`ªi †jvbv Rj wekvj D”PZv wb‡q I Zxeª‡e‡M DcK~‡ji ¯’jfvM‡K c −vweZ K‡i| G‡KB e‡j R‡jv”Q¡vm| evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq AÂ‡j G-ch©š— K‡qKevi N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm gvivZ¥K AvNvZ †n‡b‡Q| G‡Z AmsL¨ gvby‡li cÖvYnvwb N‡U‡Q| Mevw` cky I


dm‡ji e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ n‡q‡Q| 1970 mv‡ji 12B b‡f¤î evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq AÂ‡j N‡U hvIqv Ggwb GKwU N~wY©So I R‡jvPQ¡v‡m cÖvq `k j¶ gvby‡li g„Zz nq| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j N‡U hvIqv G iKg ywU eo N~wY©So n‡jv wmWi I AvBjv| 2007 mv‡ji 15B b‡f¤î wmWi-G †`‡ki 28wU †Rjvi cÖvq 30 j¶ gvbyl ¶wZMÖ — n‡qwQj| Avi 2009 mv‡ji 20†k GwcÖj AvBjvqI gvbyl, cïcvwL, dmj I Nievwoi e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ nq| N~wY©S‡oi Av‡M mvaviYZ AvenvIqv wefvM †_‡K G msµvš— c~e©vfvm I mZK©evYx cÖPvi Kiv nq| Avgiv hw` †m mZK©evYx †g‡b Av‡M †_‡K mveavb nB, Z‡e N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi mgq cÖvYnvwb Gov‡bv hvq| G mgq y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ ‘wZ wb‡q N~wY©So-Avkªq‡K› ª I wbivc` ¯’v‡b Avkªq wb‡Z n‡e|

eb¨v

evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQiB Kg‡ewk eb¨v nq| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wZbwU b`x cÙv, †gNbv I hgybvmn G‡`‡ki cÖvq me¸‡jv b`xiB Drm fvi‡Z| Gme b`b`x wngvj‡qi eidMjv I DRv‡b e„wócv‡Zi d‡j m„ó wecyj cvwbcÖevn evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨ w`‡q e‡q wb‡q e‡½vcmvM‡i †d‡j| e„wói cvwb I cvnvo †_‡K †b‡g Avmv cvwb GK m‡½ wg‡k b`x¸‡jvi cvwb Dc‡P y-K~‡ji Rbc`‡K c −vweZ K‡i| Gfv‡e eb¨v m„wó nq| Ab¨w`‡K el©v †gŠmy‡g b`x¸‡jv j¶ j¶ Ub cwj e‡q Av‡b, hvi meUv mvM‡i hvq bv, wKQz Ask b`xi Zj‡`‡k Rgv n‡q Zv‡K fivU K‡i †d‡j| G‡Z b`xi Rj-aviY ¶gZv K‡g hvq| cvwb Dc‡P Av‡kcv‡ki GjvKv c −vweZ nq| cÖvq cÖwZ eQi eb¨vq Avgv‡ì †`‡k gvbyl I m¤ú‡ì A‡bK ¶wZ nq| e¨vcK dmjnvwb N‡U, d‡j Lv`¨vfve †`Lv †`q| A‡bK gvbyl KvR nvwi‡q †eKvi n‡q c‡o| 1988, 1998, 2004 I 2007 mv‡j G‡`‡k eo AvKv‡ii eb¨v n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b we‡klÁiv e‡jb, eb¨v G‡Kev‡i cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e eb¨vi ¶q¶wZ Kgv‡bv m¤¢e|


b`xfvOb

b`xfvOb evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU wbqwgZ y‡h©vM| cÖwZeQi we‡kl K‡i el©v †gŠmy‡g b`xfvOb †`Lv †`q| b`xfvO‡bi GKwU KviY n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki b`x¸‡jvi MwZc‡_i aib| Avgv‡ì A‡bK b`xiB MwZc_ AvuKveuvKv| b`xi euvK¸‡jvI NbNb| d‡j cvwbi cÖej †Zvo †mvRvc‡_ cÖevwnZ n‡Z bv †c‡i b`xi cv‡o G‡m AvNvZ K‡i| d‡j b`xi cvo fvO‡Z _v‡K| GQvovI b`xi MwZc_ cwieZ©b, b`xcv‡oi gvwUi ye©j MVb, b`x-fivU I †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b euva w`‡q b`x kvm‡bi †Póv, b`xi cv‡o h‡_ó MvQcvjv bv _vKv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YI b`xfvOb N‡U| b`xfvO‡bi d‡j G‡`‡k nvRvi nvRvi GKi Avevw` Rwg, emZevwU I Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vcbv b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q hv‡”Q| Gi d‡j cÖwZeQi G‡`‡ki nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl wf‡UgvwU I Kv‡Ri ms¯’vb nvwi‡q me©¯^vš— n‡q co‡Q| †hme Kvi‡Y b`xfvOb N‡U _v‡K †m-m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡j b`xfvOb I Zvi ¶q¶wZ A‡bKLvwb Kgv‡bv m¤¢e|

Liv

Liv evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM| cÖ‡qvRbxq e„wócv‡Zi Afv‡e Liv nq| cÖvq cÖwZ eQi em‡š—i †kl I MÖx‡®§i ïiy‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki DËivÂ‡j Liv †`Lv †`q| cvwbi Afv‡e Rwgi †mPKvR e¨vnZ nq, dmj bó nq| e„wócv‡Zi Afve QvovI wewfbœ b`xi DRv‡b euva wbg©vY, cwi‡ek `~lY BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YI Liv nq| GB


cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMwU cy‡ivcywi cÖwZ‡iva Kiv nq‡Zv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e m‡PZb n‡j I mgqg‡Zv eë¯’v wb‡j LivRwbZ ¶q¶wZ A‡bKLvwb Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯—i cix¶v K‡i gvwUi wbP †_‡K cvwb D‡Ëvjb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| el©v †gŠmy‡g e„wói cvwb msi¶Y K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| myôz cvwb-eë¯’vcbv I cvwb-eënv‡i MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|

ˆkZ¨cÖevn

evsjv‡`k kxZcÖavb †`k bv n‡jI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eQi g„`y †_‡K gvSvwi ˆkZ¨cÖevn †`Lv hvq| we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki DËivÂ‡j Gi ZxeªZv †ewk nq| cÖej kx‡Z gvby‡li cÖvYnvwbI N‡U| ˆkZ¨cÖev‡ni d‡j RbRxeb wech©¯— n‡q c‡o| mvaviY †L‡U LvIqv gvbyl KvR cvq bv| ˆkZ¨cÖev‡n dm‡ji e¨vcK ¶wZ nq| evm¯’vb I kxZe‡¯¿i Afv‡e `wi`ª Rb‡MvôxB †ewk `y`©kvq c‡o| miKvi I mgv‡Ri m‡PZb gvby‡li mnvqZv I D‡`¨v‡M ˆkZ¨cÖev‡n gvby‡li Kó A‡bKUv Kgv‡bv m¤¢e|

U‡b©‡Wv

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi g‡a¨ U‡b©‡Wv Ab¨Zg| GwU GK ai‡bi cÖPÊ MwZm¤úbœ N~wY©So| ¯’jfv‡M wbgœPv‡ci d‡j Gi DrcwË nq| U‡b©‡Wv Ggb GKwU cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM hvi m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv c~e©vfvm ev mZK©ms‡KZ †Ìqv hvq bv| GwU †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b AvPgKv AvNvZ †n‡b gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ mewKQz jÊfÊ K‡i w`‡q hvq| Gi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj nq LyeB Aí, K‡qK †m‡KÊ †_‡K K‡qK wgwbU gvÎ| Lye Kg RvqMvq GwU AvNvZ nv‡b| evsjv‡`‡k mvaviYZ dvêy‡bi †kl †_‡K ˆR¨ô gv‡mi gvSvgvwS ch©š— mg‡q U‡b©‡Wv n‡q _v‡K|


Kvj‰ekvLx

Kvj‰ekvLx n‡jv GK ai‡bi ¶Y¯’vqx I ¯’vbxqfv‡e m„ó cÖPÊ So| mvaviYZ êkvL gv‡mB G So †ewk nq e‡j G‡K Kvj‰ekvLx ejv nq| cÖvq mgq DËi-cwðg w`K †_‡K G SoUv Av‡m| evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQiB Kg‡ewk G So n‡q _v‡K| U‡b©‡Wvi g‡Zv AZ weaŸsmx bv n‡jI G S‡oI Rvbgv‡ji cÖPzi ¶wZ nq| Nievwo Dwo‡q †bq, MvQcvjv Dc‡o †d‡j| †bŠPjvP‡j weNœ NUvq| Kvj‰ekvLxi Ke‡j c‡o fqven †bŠ-`yN©UbvI N‡U| GRb¨ Kvj‰ekvLxi †gŠmy‡g b`xc‡_ †bŠKv I jÂ PjvP‡j we‡kl mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

f~wgK¤ú

c„w_ex‡Z hZ iKg cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM N‡U Zvi g‡a¨ f~wgK¤úB me‡P‡q Aí mg‡q me‡P‡q †ewk aŸsmhÁ NUvq| f~wgK‡¤úi e¨vcv‡iI †Kv‡bv AvMvg mZK©ms‡KZ †Ìqv m¤¢e bq| gvbyl wKQz ey‡S IVvi Av‡MB GKwU ev K‡qKwU SuvKzwb‡Z cy‡iv GjvKv‡K aŸsm¯—‚‡c cwiYZ K‡i w`‡q hvq| GKB ¯’v‡b mvaviYZ ci ci K‡qKevi eo, gvSvwi I g„`y ai‡bi f~wgK¤ú n‡Z cv‡i| Bivb, Pxb, †gw·‡Kv, wPwj I Rvcv‡bi f~wgK‡¤ú Avgiv Zvi cÖgvY †c‡qwQ| evsjv‡`k f~wgK¤ú SuywKi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i XvKv, wm‡jU, iscyi I PÆMÖvg AÂ‡j GB SuywK †ewk| PÆMÖvg I wm‡jU AÂ‡j B`vbxs cÖvqB g„`y f~wgK¤ú n‡”Q| 2011 mv‡ji 18B †m‡Þ¤¦i msNwUZ f~wgK¤úwU wQj †ek cÖPÊ| G f~wgK‡¤ú mviv evsjv‡`k †Ku‡c I‡V| f~wgK¤ú cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Kv‡bv eë¯’v GLbI gvby‡li Rvbv †bB| Z‡e f~wgK‡¤úi mgq AvZ¥i¶v Ges f~wgK‡¤úi ci D×vi I ÎvYKvR m¤ú‡K© gvbyl‡K aviYv w`‡Z n‡e| f~wgK‡¤ú KiYxq m¤ú‡K© aviYv, m‡PZbZv I cÖ¯‘wZ _vK‡j cÖvYnvwb A‡bK Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|


Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : evsjv‡`‡k Kx Kx cÖvK„wZK `y‡h©vM N‡U Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR-2 : wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi aib I Zvi ¶q¶wZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. evsjv‡`‡k mvaviYZ †Kvb †gŠmy‡g b`x fvOb †`Lv †`q? K. Mªxl¥ L. el©v

M. kxZ N. emšZ

2. Avgv‡ì †`‡k b`xfvO‡bi KviY n‡”QÑÑ

i . b`x¸‡jvi Pjvi c_ †mvRv bv nIqv

ii. b`xi cv‡oi gvwUi `ye©j MVb

iii. b`xi cv‡o cÖPyi MvQcvjv _vKv


wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vIÑÑ

mvwenv †Uwe‡j e‡m cowQj| nVvr †m †Ui †cj Zvi covi †Pqvi, †Uwej I Ab¨vb¨ AvmevecÎ g„`yfv‡e Kvuc‡Q| †m welqwU eyS‡Z †c‡i AvZw¼Z n‡q iyg †_‡K `ªyZ †ewi‡q c‡o|

3. mvwenvi Abyfe Kiv welqwU Kx? K. R‡jv”Q¡vm L. f~wgK¤ú

M. N~wY©So N. U‡b©‡Wv

4. mvwenvi AvZw¼Z nIqvi KviY n‡”QÑÑ

i . cy‡iv GjvKv gyn‚‡Z©B aŸsm¯—‚‡c cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i

ii. GKwU K¤ú‡bi ciciB Avi GKwU K¤úb ïiy n‡e

iii. AvZ¥i¶v msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv aviYv bv _vKv


K. i I ii L. i I iii



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. 23†k †m‡Þ¤¦i 2011 Gi ˆ`wbK cwÎKvq GKwU Lei †`‡L Rvwid Pg‡K I‡V| wek¦e¨vcx GK ai‡bi M¨v‡mi AwaK nv‡i wbtmi‡Yi Rb¨ Rjevqyi e¨vcK cwieZ©b n‡”Q| d‡j evsjv‡`k I gvjØx‡ci g‡Zv mgy`ªc„‡ôi KvQvKvwQ D”PZvi †`k¸‡jv AvR ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o‡Q| GB wech©‡qi Rb¨ Rvwid gvbem„ó bvbv Kg©KvÊ‡K `vqx K‡i GK ai‡bi DrKÉv Abyfe K‡i|

K. evsjv‡`k †Kvb AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z?

L. evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy‡Z †gŠmywgevqyi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. evsjv‡`k Kx ai‡bi ûgwKi gy‡LvgywLÑÑe¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ wech©‡qi Rb¨ gvbem„ó Kg©KvÊB `vqxÑÑ †Zvgvi DË‡ii ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

2. AvwiK †Uwjwfk‡b ÔÔevsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMÕÕ msµvšÍ GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †`LwQj| cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cÖ_g As‡k †`Lv‡bv nq Kxfv‡e DËivÂ‡ji GKwU Mªv‡g cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j K…wlRwg¸‡jv ïwK‡q hv‡”Q| cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wØZxq As‡k †`Lv‡bv nq DcK~jxq AÂ‡j cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM Kxfv‡e Gi RbRxeb I cwi‡ek‡K ¶wZMÖ¯Í Ki‡Q| H AÂ‡ji Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y cÖvqkB `y‡h©vMc~Y© AvenvIqv weivR K‡i|

K. cÖPÊ MwZm¤úbœ N~wY©So‡K Kx e‡j?

L. Kvj‰ekvLx Kx? eywS‡q †jL|

M. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wØZxq As‡k †`Lv‡bv `y‡h©vM NUvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cÖ_g As‡k †`Lv‡bv `y‡h©v‡Mi ¶q¶wZ Kgv‡Z Kx ai‡bi eë¯’v MªnY Kiv hvqÑÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|


Aa¨vq-mvZ

evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v cwiw¯’wZ

cvV- 1 I 2 evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v

evsjv‡`k c„w_exi NbemwZc~Y© GKwU †`k| G †`‡ki AvqZb 1,47,570 wK‡jvwgUvi| †`‡ki eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v 14 †KvwU 97 jvL 72 nvRvi 364 Rb Ges cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i evm K‡i 964 Rb| G †`‡ki RbmsL¨v µgvMZ evo‡Q| `k eQi Av‡M, 2001 mv‡j G †`‡ki RbmsL¨v wQj 12 †KvwU 93 jvL Ges cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i evm KiZ 839 Rb gvbyl|

1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| Gici 1974 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx G †`‡ki RbmsL¨v wQj gvÎ 7.64 †KvwU| 2001 mv‡j G RbmsL¨v ùvovq 12.93 †KvwU| A_©vr 27 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v †e‡o‡Q 5.28 †KvwU| 2001 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwii cÖv_wgK wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi kZKiv 1.48 fvM| RbmsL¨v e„w×i GB nvi c~e©eZ©x eQi¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Kg| 2007 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨v 14 †KvwU 6 jvL| RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi 1.41|

Avgv‡ì RbmsL¨v `ªyZ evo‡Q| 1961 mv‡j RbmsL¨v 5.52 †KvwU Ges 1991 mv‡j Zv e„w× †c‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q 11.15 †KvwU‡Z| A_©vr, †`‡ki RbmsL¨v GB 30 eQ‡i µgvMZ e„w× †c‡q cÖvq wØ¸Y n‡q‡Q| AZx‡Z wKš‘ GZ `ªyZ RbmsL¨v e„w× †cZ bv| 1860 mv‡j evsjv‡`k f~L‡Ê RbmsL¨v wQj gvÎ 2 †KvwU| 1941 mv‡j Zv n‡q‡Q 4.20 †KvwU| A_©vr 80 eQ‡i RbmsL¨v wØ¸Y n‡q‡Q| ZviI Av‡M wØ¸Y n‡Z mgq †j‡M‡Q cÖvq `yk eQi|

RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY GKwU †`‡ki RbmsL¨v A‡bK Kvi‡Y e„w× cvq| Zvi g‡a¨ cÖavb K‡qKwU KviY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

Rb¥nvi I g„Zz¨nv‡ii eëavb

RbmsL¨v n«vm-e„w×i gyL¨ KviY n‡”Q Rb¥ I g„Zz¨| †Kv‡bv †`‡k eQ‡i hZ wkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Zvi †P‡q KgmsL¨K gvbyl gviv †M‡j †m †`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w× cvq| Aciw`‡K hZ wkï Rb¥jvf K‡i Zvi †P‡q †ewk gviv †M‡j RbmsL¨v n«vm cvq| Avi Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ mgvb n‡j RbmsL¨v w¯’i _v‡K| G †_‡K eySv hvq †h, Rb¥ I g„Zzï d‡jB g~jZ RbmsL¨vi cwieZ©b n‡q _v‡K| GB cwieZ©‡bi nvi ¯’~j Rb¥nvi I ¯’~j g„Zz¨nvi Øviv wba©vwiZ nq| cÖwZ eQi †Kv‡bv AÂj ev †`‡k cÖwZ nvRvi †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ †h-msL¨K RxweZ wkï Rb¥jvf K‡i ZvB †m AÂj ev †`‡ki ¯’~j Rb¥nvi| cÖwZ eQi †Kv‡bv AÂj ev †`‡k cÖwZ nvRvi †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ †h-msL¨K †jvK g„ZzëiY K‡i ZvB †m AÂ‡ji ¯’~j g„Zz¨nvi| hLbB ¯’~j Rb¥nvi ¯’~j g„Zz¨nv‡ii †P‡q †ewk n‡q hvq ZLbB RbmsL¨v e„w× cvq|

GK wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi Rb¥ wb‡”Q 25 j¶ wkï Ges g„ZzëiY Ki‡Q mKj eq‡mi cÖvq 6 j¶ †jvK| d‡j cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 19 j¶ †jvK e„w× cv‡”Q| ZvB RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖavb KviY n‡jv GKw`‡K D”P Rb¥nvi I Ab¨w`‡K wbgœ g„Zz¨nvi|

g„Zz nvi n«vm g„Zz¨nvi n«vm RbmsL¨v e„w×i Ab¨Zg KviY| c~‡e© c„w_exe¨vcx, we‡kl K‡i Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkïg„Zz¨nvi AwaK wQj| nvg, †cvwjI, abyósKvi, wWc‡_wiqv, ûwcsKvwk, h²v BZ¨vw` †iv‡M A‡bK wkïi g„Zz NUZ| wKš‘ G mg¯Í gvivZ¥K †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wUKv Avwe®‹vi I eënv‡ii d‡j A‡bK wkï AKvj g„Zzï nvZ †_‡K †eu‡P hv‡”Q| Lvevi m¨vjvB‡bi eënv‡ii d‡j A‡bK wkï AKvjg„Zzï nvZ †_‡K †eu‡P hv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b wPwKrmv-weÁv‡bi DbœwZi d‡j wkïg„Zzï nvi A‡bK K‡g †M‡Q| gvZ…g½j Kg©m~wP nv‡Z †bIqvi d‡j cÖm~wZ gv‡qi g„Zzï nviI K‡g †M‡Q| K‡jiv, emšÍ, g¨v‡jwiqv BZ¨vw` msµvgK †ivM c~‡e© gnvgvixi~‡c †`Lv w`Z, nvRvi nvRvi †jvK g„ZzëiY KiZ| wKšÍy GLb cÖwZ‡laK Avwe®‹vi nIqvq g„Zz¨nvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e n«vm †c‡q‡Q| d‡j RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|

ZvQvov c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿i DbœwZi d‡j gvby‡li Mo Avqy®‹vj e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 2001 mv‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡k gvby‡li Mo Avqy e„w× †c‡q n‡q‡Q 60.8 eQi| Avqy®‹v‡ji GB e„w× RbmsL¨v e„w×‡Z cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Q| wk¶v cÖmv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯^v¯’¨ wk¶viI cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| gvbyl Lv‡`ï cywógvb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Q| mylgLv`¨ MÖn‡Yi DcKvwiZv eyS‡Z cvi‡Q| dzUv‡bv cvwb Ges wUDeI‡q‡ji Av‡m©wbKgy³ I wbivc` cvbxq R‡ji eënvi wk‡L‡Q| RbMY ¯^v¯’¨Ki, cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ~lYgy³ cwi‡e‡k _vKvi †Póv Ki‡Q| d‡j †ivMgy³ `xN© Rxe‡bi AwaKvix n‡”Q| Gfv‡e g„Zz nvi µgk K‡g hv‡”Q| wKš‘ Rb¥nv‡ii Lye †ewk cwieZ©b n‡”Q bv| d‡j ªyZ RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q| evj¨weev‡ni Kvi‡YI wkï Rb¥nvi e„w× cvq|

emwZ ¯’vbvšÍi RbmsL¨v e„w×i Av‡iKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ KviY n‡”Q emwZ ¯’vbvšÍi| `yB †`‡ki g‡a¨ Awaevmx‡ì ¯’vbvšÍi‡K †`kvšÍi e‡j| †`kvšÍi `yBiKg-ewnivMgb I ewnM©gb| †`‡ki evB‡i †_‡K †`‡k †jv‡Ki AvMgb‡K ewnivMgb e‡j| ewnivMg‡bi d‡j RbmsL¨v †e‡o hvq| †Kv‡bv †`k †_‡K †jv‡Ki Ab¨ †`‡k Mgb‡K ewnM©gb e‡j| ewnM©g‡bi d‡j RbmsL¨v K‡g hvq| †Kv‡bv †`‡k ewnM©g‡bi †P‡q ewnivMgb †ewk n‡j †m †`‡ki RbmsL¨v †e‡o hvq| †`‡ki wfZi A‡bK mgq GK GjvKvi †jvK Ab¨ GjvKvq wM‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm K‡i| GUv‡K e‡j AvšÍt¯’vbvšÍi| GB Ae¯’vq cÖ_g GjvKvi RbmsL¨v K‡g hvq I wØZxq GjvKvi RbmsL¨v †e‡o hvq| Gfv‡e evm¯’vb cwieZ©b ev ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ GjvKvi RbmsL¨vi cwieZ©b N‡U| †hgb g‡b Ki, †Zvgiv Kzwgj−vi evwm›`v wQ‡j wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b mevB XvKv‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm KiQ| G‡Z Kzwgj−vi RbmsL¨v K‡g †Mj Ges XvKvi RbmsL¨v †e‡o †Mj| Z‡e AvšÍt¯’vbvšÍ‡i †`‡k †gvU RbmsL¨vi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi e„w× N‡U ZLbB hLb Ab¨ †`k †_‡K ewnivMgb N‡U|

56 evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v cwiw¯’wZ

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖeYZv GKwU Q‡K †`LvI|

KvR-2 : RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY D‡j−L Ki|

cvV-3 : RbmsL¨v e„w×RwbZ mgm¨v

RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j wb‡gœ ewY©Z mgm¨v¸‡jv m„wó nq :

K. cwiev‡ii Avq AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †jvKmsL¨v µgk e„w× †c‡j cwiev‡i Am”QjZv †`Lv †`q|

L. wbw`©ó Av‡qi cwiev‡i †jvKmsL¨v e„w× †c‡j cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì gv_vwcQy Avq K‡g hvq|

M. mxwgZ Av‡qi cwiev‡i RbmsL¨v AwaK e„w× †c‡j cwiev‡ii RxebhvÎvi gvb n«vm cvq|

N. cwiev‡ii †jvKmsL¨vi Avwa‡Kï Kvi‡Y A‡bK mšÍvbB wk¶vi my‡hvM cvq bv| †Kbbv miKvi ev mgv‡Ri c‡¶ Gi~c `ªyZ RbmsL¨v e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ we`¨vj‡q my‡hvM e„w× Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|

O. wbw`©ó Av‡qi cwiev‡i mšÍv‡bi msL¨v e„w×i Rb¨ cywóKi Lv`¨ µq Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| cywóKi Lv‡`ï Afv‡e mK‡jB `ye©j ¯^v‡¯’ï AwaKvix n‡q c‡o|

RbmsL¨vRwbZ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq

RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j cwievi I †`‡k †h mKj mgm¨v †`Lv †`q Zv mgvav‡bi cÖavb Dcvq n‡jvÑ

cÖ_gZ, evj¨weevn †iva Kivi Rb¨ we‡qi b~¨bZg eqm wba©vi‡Yi †h AvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q (cyiy‡li Rb¨ 21 eQi Ges †g‡q‡ì Rb¨ 18 eQi) Zv cy‡ivcywi Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e|

wØZxqZ, bvix mgv‡Ri Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Drcv`bgyLx K‡g©i my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| gwnjviv AwaK cwigv‡Y Drcv`bgyLx KvRK‡g© AskMÖnY Ki‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB RbmsL¨v K‡g hv‡e|

Z…ZxqZ, wk¶v gvbyl‡K mgvR m‡PZb K‡i Ges RxebhvÎvi D”Pgvb m¤ú‡K© AvMÖnx K‡i| GRb¨ Avgv‡ì †`‡k me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kg©m~wP AviI †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

PZz_©Z, †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì wk¶v`vb I ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vi e¨vcv‡i gv-evev‡K m`v m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e| GB m‡PZbZv Avbvi Rb¨ mvgvwRKfv‡e GKwU Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GB Kg©m~wP‡Z MYwk¶v I eq¯‹ wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡, ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vi cÖv_wgK aviYv, cwievi cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv BZ¨vw` AšÍfy©³ _vK‡e|


cÂgZ, †QvU cwiev‡ii DcKvwiZv m¤^‡Ü RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| †QvU cwiev‡ii my‡hvM-myweav †hgb, cywóKi I cwiwgZ Lv`¨, Dchy³ wk¶v, wPwKrmvi myweav BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© RbmvaviY‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

lôZ, RbmsL¨v †`‡ki Rb¨ m¤ú` n‡Z cv‡i, hw` RbmsL¨v‡K `¶ Rbkw³‡Z i~cvšÍi Kiv hvq| cÖev‡m Avgv‡ì †`‡ki K‡qK j¶ †jvK `¶ I A`¶ kªwgK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Qb| ZvQvov Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wewfbœ †ckvRxexI we‡`‡k Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| Zviv †h wecyj cwigvY A_© †`‡k †cÖiY Ki‡Qb Zv Avgv‡ì ê‡`wkK A_©-DcvR©‡bi †¶‡Î D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Q| ZvQvov Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Rbm¤ú‡ì GKwU eo Ask AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi bvbv Dcvq D™¢veb K‡i †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Q| myZivs †`‡ki wekvj RbmsL¨v c‡iv¶fv‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Rbkw³ wn‡m‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Q| Z‡e, g‡b ivLv ìKvi Avgv‡ì †`‡k Rwgi cwigv‡Yi Zyjbvq RbmsL¨v AZ¨waK e„w× †c‡j bvbv mgm¨vi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Gw`‡K j¶ †i‡L RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y ivLvB n‡e evÃbxq|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j m„ó mgm¨v¸‡jv D‡j−L Ki|

KvR- 2 : Avgv‡ì RbmsL¨v Kxfv‡e Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv †jL|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. 1974 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v KZ wQj?

K. 4.20 †KvwU L. 5.28 †KvwU

M. 5.52 †KvwU N. 7.64 †KvwU

2. evsjv‡`‡k g„Zy¨nvi n«v‡mi KviY¸‡jv n‡jvÑÑ

i . wk¶vi nvi e„w×

ii. wPwKrmv †mevi DbœwZ

iii. Lv‡`ï cywógvb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv e„w×


K. i I ii L. i I iii



wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI

dIwRqv GKRb mgvRKgx©| wZwb bqbcyi Mªv‡g `xN© cuvP eQi hveZ Dbœqb Kg©KvÊ Pvwj‡q Avm‡Qb| m¤cÖwZ GK Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq bqbcyi MÖv‡g MZ GK eQ‡i 50 Rb wkï Rb¥MªnY K‡i Ges wewfbœ Kvi‡Y 5 Rb wkï g„ZyëiY K‡i|

3. bqbcyi Mªv‡g `ªyZ RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY Kx? K. D”P Rb¥nvi I wbgœ g„Zy¨nvi L. Rb¥nvi I g„Zy¨nvi mgvb

M. wbgœ Rb¥nvi I D”P g„Zy¨nvi N. D”P Rb¥nvi I D”P g„Zy¨nvi

4. bqbcyi Mªv‡g RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq n‡”QÑÑ i . evj¨weevn †iva

ii. RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb

iii. RbmsL¨vi ewn©ivMgb

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. mviwYwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖeYZv

1961 5.52 †KvwU

1974 7.64 †KvwU

1991 11.15 †KvwU

2001 12.93 †KvwU

2007 14.06 †KvwU

K. evsjv‡`‡k †g‡q‡ì we‡qi b~¨bZg eqm KZ?

L. emwZ ¯’vbvšÍi Kxfv‡e RbmsL¨v e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡iÑÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. 1961 mv‡ji Zyjbvq 2007 mv‡ji RbmsL¨v wZb¸Y e„w×i KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ô1991 mv‡ji ci †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi µgk n«vm cv‡”QÕÑÑ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Dw³wU we‡k−lY Ki|


2. NUbv-1 mdj eëmvqx wnmv‡e †PŠayix cwievi I nvj`vi cwievi wm‡j‡Ui KzjvDov GjvKvi A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QB cwiwPZ| A_P †PŠayix‡ì Avw`wbevm wK‡kviM‡Ä Ges nvj`vi cwiev‡ii g~jevwo eªvþYevwoqvq|

NUbv-2

ˆmq`cyi, †mvnvMxmn cvkvcvwk wZb-PviwU Mªv‡gi A‡bK †jvK cÖvq 15 eQi hveZ ga¨cÖv‡P¨ emevm Ki‡Qb| Zv‡ì †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì A‡b‡KB GL‡bv c~e© cyiyl‡ì Rb¥¯’vb †`‡Lwb|

K. ¯’~j Rb¥nvi Kv‡K e‡j?

L. evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Mo Avqy®‹vj e„w×i GKwU KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ NUbv-1 †Kvb ai‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔNUbv-2 G Dwj−wLZ ¯’vbvšÍiwU †`‡ki RbmsL¨v n«v‡mi gyL¨ KviY|Õ e³e¨wU‡K Zywg Kx mg_©b Ki? DË‡ii c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|


Aa¨vq-AvU

evsjv‡`‡k bvix AwaKvi

cvV-1: mgv‡R bvixi f~wgKv

evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq A‡a©K n‡jv bvix| mgv‡Ri GB A‡a©K Ask‡K AwaKviewÂZ ev †cQ‡b †d‡j †i‡L mgv‡Ri DbœwZ ev †`k‡K GwM‡q †bIqv m¤¢e bq| †eMg †iv‡Kqv cyiyl I bvix‡K Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb GKwU Mvwoi `ywU PvKvi m‡½| Mvwoi GKwU PvKv eo I GKwU PvKv †QvU n‡j †m Mvwo †hgb wVKfv‡e mvg‡b G‡Mv‡Z cv‡i bv, mgv‡Ri †ejvqI †Zgwb| bvixiv †Kej mgv‡Ri A‡a©KB bq, wKsev Zviv ïay gv, †evb, fvwe, PvwP, dzdz, Lvjv, `vw`, bvwbiB f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib bv, cwiev‡ii cyiyl m`‡mï Abycw¯’wZ‡Z msmvi cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡I ZvivB cvjb K‡ib| mš—vb jvj‡bi cÖavb `vwqZ¡Uv bvixB cvjb K‡ib| Gfv‡e RvwZi fwel¨r Zv‡ì nv‡ZB M‡o I‡V|

evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb

bvbv w`K †_‡KB evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv cyiy‡li Zzjbvq wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK A‡bK AwaKvi †_‡KB Zviv AvRI ewÂZ| wewfbœ êlg¨-eÂbviI wkKvi n‡Z nq Zv‡ì‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡k GLbI A‡bK wcZv-gvZv Kb¨v-wkï‡K †evSv wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i| Zviv g‡b K‡i cyÎ eo n‡q evev-gv‡K DcvR©b K‡i LvIqv‡e, msmv‡ii nvj ai‡e| Ab¨w`‡K Kb¨v we‡qi ci ¯^vgx ev k¦ïi evwo P‡j hv‡e, Dciš‘ Zv‡K we‡q w`‡Z wM‡q wcZv-gvZv‡K A‡bK UvKv LiP Ki‡Z n‡e| GB g‡bvfve †_‡KB Zviv cyÎ-mš—vb‡K Kb¨v-mš—v‡bi †P‡q AwaK ¸iyZ¡ †`q| hwÌ eZ©gv‡b Ae¯’vUv e`jv‡”Q| †g‡qivI †Q‡j‡ì g‡Zv mgvbfv‡e evev-gv, cwievi I mgv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z GwM‡q Avm‡Q| GKBfv‡e bvixi cÖwZ mgv‡Ri `„wófw½iI ax‡i ax‡i n‡jI cwieZ©b NU‡Q| Z‡e wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wcwQ‡q _vKvq Ges ag©xq I mvgvwRK bvbv Kzms¯‹v‡ii d‡j mgv‡R bvix‡K Zvi cÖvc¨ AwaKvi w`‡Z A‡b‡KB GLbI cÖ¯‘Z bq| Avgv‡ì msweav‡b, miKvwi wewa-weav‡b bvMwiK wn‡m‡e bvix‡K cyiy‡li cvkvcvwk mgvb AwaKvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| PvKwi ev Ab¨vb¨ †ckv Ges gRywii †¶‡ÎI Zv‡ì AwaKvi mgvb| wKš‘ ev¯—e Rxe‡b A‡bK‡¶‡ÎB bvix‡ì Gme AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ ivLv nq| cwiev‡i I mgv‡R Zviv bvbv iKg êlg¨-eÂbvi wkKvi nq| †Q‡j-mš—vb‡ì †jLvcovi e¨vcv‡i cwievi hZUv AvMÖn †`Lvq, †g‡q‡ì †ejvq Zv †`Lvq bv| we‡kl K‡i MÖvgvÂ‡j Kg eq‡mB †g‡q‡ì we‡q w`‡q †Ìqv nq| d‡j fv‡jv QvÎx n‡qI †g‡qiv A‡bK mgq cÖv_wgK ev gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii †ewk cov‡jLvi my‡hvM cvq bv| GQvov bvix‡ì Ici kvixwiK-gvbwmK wbh©vZ‡bi NUbv †Zv Av‡QB| cÖwZw`‡bi cwÎKvi cvZvq Avgiv bvix wbh©vZ‡bi bvbv Lei †`L‡Z cvB|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : mgv‡R bvixi f~wgKv †Kb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki |

cvV-2: evsjv‡`‡k bvixi AwaKvi

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b bvix-cyiy‡li mgvbvwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨ we‡jvc msµvš— RvwZmsN mb‡Ì bvixi GB mgvbvwaKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b mgvbvwaKvi ej‡Z cwiev‡i, mgv‡R, iv‡óª A_©vr RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©¯—‡i cyiy‡li cvkvcvwk bvixi mgvb AwaKv‡ii K_v †evSv‡bv n‡”Q| ïay †fvU cÖ vb ev wbe©vP‡b uvovevi my‡hv‡Mi †ejvqB cyiyl I bvix †h mgvb Zv bq| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b cov‡jLv, PvKwi ev Kg©ms¯’vb, †eZb ev gRywi me e¨vcv‡iB bvix I cyiyl mgvb my‡hvM jv‡fi AwaKvix| †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vqB bvixi cÖwZ †Kv‡bv êlg¨ Kiv hv‡e bv|

bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨ `~i I Zvi mgvbvwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z miKvi KZ¸‡jv we‡kl eë¯’v wb‡q‡Q| †hgb D”Pgva¨wgK †kªwY ch©š— †g‡q‡ì webv †eZ‡b †jLvcovi my‡hvM I Zv‡ì Rb¨ Dce„wËi eë¯’v| mš—v‡bi bv‡gi m‡½ Av‡M †hLv‡b ïay evevi bvg †jLvi wbqg wQj, †mLv‡b gv‡qi bvg †jLvI eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvix wbh©vZb I GwmW mš¿vm †iv‡a miKvi K‡Vvi AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q| bvixi gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb QzwUi mgq evov‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gme eë¯’vi wKQz dj bvixiv †c‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q| Z‡e mgv‡R wk¶vi we¯—vi I m‡PZbZv m„wó Qvov Ae¯’vi cy‡ivcywi cwieZ©b nq‡Zv NU‡e bv| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv †h µ‡g Zv‡ì AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡q DV‡Q †mUv ¯úó| wewfbœ mfv-mwgwZ-msMV‡b Zv‡ì AskMÖnYB Zvi eo cÖgvY|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : Avgv‡ì mgv‡R bvixi AwaKvi AR©‡bi c‡_ cÖavb evav¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

KvR-2 : bvixi AwaKvi cÖwZôv I Zv‡ì Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b miKv‡ii MÖnY Kiv K‡qKwU c`‡¶‡ci D‡j−L Ki |

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi KZfvM bvix?

K. cÖvq A‡a©K L. GK PZy_©vsk

M. `yB Z„Zxqvsk N. wZb PZy_©vsk

2. RvwZi fwel¨r bvixi nv‡ZB M‡o D‡V KviY, bvixÑÑ

i . gv, †evb, fvex, PvwP, `vwì f~wgKv cvjb K‡i

ii. mšÍvb-mšÍywZ jvjb cvjb K‡i

iii. msmvi cwiPvjbv K‡i

62 evsjv‡`‡k bvix AwaKvi


K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

†iwRbv Zvi ¯^vgx‡K †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì Rb¨ †Ljbv Avb‡Z e‡jb| evRvi †_‡K Zvi ¯^vgx †Q‡ji Rb¨ wµ‡KU ej I e¨vU Ges †g‡qi Rb¨ cyZyj I nvwo-cvwZj wK‡b Avb‡jb|

3. †iwRbvi ¯^vgxi †Ljbv µ‡qi NUbv †Q‡j-†g‡qi cÖwZ †h ai‡bi AvPi‡Yi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvn‡jvÑÑ i. A_©‰bwZK êlg¨

ii. „wófw½i cv_©K¨ iii. Av`‡ii cv_©K¨

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. ii I iii M. ii N. i, ii I iii 4. D³ êl‡gï Kvi‡Y wkïi †Kvb w`KwU AwaK evavMÖ¯Í n‡”QÑÑ

K. wbivc‡` †e‡o IVv L. ¯^v¯’¨ myi¶v

M. wk¶v MÖnY Kiv N. mwVK gvbwmK weKvk

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. ¯^vgx Ges wZb mšÍvb wb‡q nvwdRvi msmvi| ¯^vgxi GKK Av‡q Zvi msmvi P‡j bv| msmv‡ii Afve c~i‡Y nvwdRv wbg©vY kªwg‡Ki KvR †bq| mßvn †k‡l gRywi Mªn‡Yi mgq gvwjK Zv‡K ˆ`wbK 100 UvKv nv‡i gRywi †`q| A_P GKB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cyiyl kªwgK‡ì 150 UvKv nv‡i ˆ`wbK gRywi †`q| †m Gi cÖwZev` Ki‡j gvwjK Zv‡K Kv‡R Avm‡Z wb‡la K‡i|

K. †eMg †iv‡Kqv bvix I cyiyl‡K wK‡mi m‡½ Zyjbv K‡i‡Qb?

L. msmvi-Rxe‡b bvixi cÖavb f~wgKv eY©bv Ki|

M. nvwdRv †Kvb ai‡bi êl‡gï wkKvi n‡q‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. nvwdRvi g‡Zv bvix‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡q KiYxq wel‡q gZvgZ `vI|


Aa¨vq-bq

cÖexY AwaKvi

cvV-1 : mgv‡R cÖexY‡ì Ae¯’vb

Rxe‡bi wbq‡g me gvbylB GK mgq cÖexY A_©vr ey‡ov nq| Avi ey‡ov eq‡m kvixwiK ye©jZvi m‡½ m‡½ mgv‡R-msmv‡i gvbyl bvbv iKg mgm¨v ev Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nq| GB mgm¨v cvwievwiK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK, gb¯—vwË¡K| DcvR©b Kivi mvg_© bv _vKvq A‡bK mgq cwiev‡i ey‡ov gvby‡li ¸iyZ¡ K‡g hvq| Zviv bvbv iKg Ae‡njv ev D‡c¶vi wkKvi nq| Av‡qi Afv‡e RxebaviY Kiv, wb‡Ri Avkªq I wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Kiv Zv‡ì c‡¶ KwVb n‡q c‡o| GRb¨ Zv‡ì‡K A‡bï Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z ev Zv‡ì Kv‡Q nvZ cvZ‡Z nq| GUv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ GK iKg nxb¤§b¨ZviI m„wó K‡i| c„w_exi DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z ivóª ev miKvi cÖexY‡ì Rb¨ bvbv iKg my‡hvM-myweavi eë¯’v K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡kI eZ©gv‡b cÖexY‡ì mgm¨v I Zv‡ì AwaKv‡ii welqwU ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q we‡ePbv Kiv n‡”Q|

Avgv‡ì meviB cwiev‡i I AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi g‡a¨ cÖexY †KD bv †KD Av‡Qb| cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì g‡a¨ wKsev iv¯Zvq †eiy‡jI Avgiv A‡bK cÖexY †jvK‡K †`L‡Z cvB| Pjv‡divq, iv¯—v †ciy‡Z, hvbevn‡b DV‡Z Zuv‡ì Amyweav¸‡jv Avgiv wbðq eyS‡Z cvwi| GB cÖexYiv me mgq cÖexY wQ‡jb bv| GK mgq Zvuiv cwievi I mgv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡bK wKQz K‡i‡Qb| AvR e„× eq‡m Zuv‡ì cÖwZI mgv‡Ri wKQz `vwqZ¡ ev KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ AvgivI †h GKw`b e„× ne †m-K_vUvI Avgv‡ì g‡b ivLv ìKvi| eqm ev AmyL-wemy‡Li Kvi‡Y KvR Kivi mvg_ © K‡g G‡jI, cÖexYiv Zuv‡ì Ávb I AwfÁZv w`‡q Avgv‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †mw`K †_‡K Zuviv Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv eq‡mi gvby‡li g‡ZvB mgv‡Ri m¤ú`| g~jëvb gvbem¤ú`| Ab¨vb¨ bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii cvkvcvwk mgv‡R cÖexY‡ì Rb¨ wKQy we‡kl AwaKvi _vKv ìKvi| †hgb bvix, wkï I mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki gvby‡li RbÏ wKQy we‡kl AwaKvi _v‡K| Z‡e mevi Av‡M cÖexY‡ì cÖwZ Avgv‡ì `„wófw½i cwieZ©b NUv‡Z n‡e| cwiev‡i I mgv‡R Zuv‡ì‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq ev †evSv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kivi gvbwmKZv e`jv‡Z n‡e|

Avgv‡ì †`‡k mvaviYZ lv‡UvaŸ© eq‡mi gvbyl‡K cÖexY e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| KviY H eq‡mi ci gvbyl ˆ`bw›`b RxweKv DcvR©‡bi KvR †_‡K Aemi †bq| evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi PvKwi †_‡K Aem‡ii eqm 59 eQi| wePvicwZ, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K I †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ckvRxex‡ì Rb¨ eq‡mi GB mxgv m¤cÖwZ 65 eQi ch©š— evov‡bv n‡q‡Q| hwÌ H eq‡mi ciI †h me gvbyl Zvi KvR Kivi mvg_¨© nvwi‡q †d‡j Zv bq| Z‡e we‡k¦i DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡ZI 60 ev 65 eQi eq‡mi ci GKRb gvbyl‡K cÖexY ev Ôwmwbqi wmwU‡RbÕ MY¨ Kiv nq| mgv‡R Zuv‡ì‡K we‡kl m¤§vb I

my‡hvM-myweav †Ìqv nq| RvwZmsN cÖexY Rb‡Mvôxi AwaKvi i¶vq KwZcq bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| GQvovI RvwZmsN cÖexY‡ì AwaKvi I Zuv‡ì cÖwZ KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z GKwU we‡kl w`b‡K ÔcÖexY wèmÕ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : cÖexY Kviv? cÖexY‡ì †Kb m¤§vb Kiv DwPZÑÑ†jL|

cvV-2 : cÖexY‡ì mgm¨v

Avgv‡ì mgv‡R cÖexY‡ì mvaviYZ †hme mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv :

(K) cvwievwiK : Avgv‡ì †`‡k GK mgq cwievi¸‡jv wQj GKvbœeZ©x| †m-mgq cwiev‡i cÖexY‡ì GK ai‡bi KZ©©„Z¡ ev gyiyweŸ¯’vbxq f~wgKv wQj| wKš‘ wkívqb, bMivqb I gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Rxebavivi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j GKvbœeZ©x cwievi¸‡jv †f‡O wM‡q †QvU †QvU cwiev‡i cwiYZ n‡”Q| ¯^vgx-¯¿x, †Q‡j‡g‡q I eo‡Rvi Kv‡Ri †jvK wb‡q GB cwievi eë¯’vq e„× evev-gv ev k¦ïi-kvïwoi ¯’vb _vK‡Q bv, wKsev Zuviv †KvYVvmv n‡q evm Ki‡Qb| Zuv‡ì †`Lvïbv ev AmyL-wemy‡L †mevh‡Zœi †jv‡Ki Afve NU‡Q| Zuv‡ì‡K m½ †Ìqvi ev Zuv‡ì m‡½ Mí¸Re Kivi †jvK _vK‡Q bv| d‡j Zuviv GK ai‡bi wbtm½Zv I wegl©Zvi wkKvi n‡”Qb| A‡bK‡¶‡Î ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qB Kg©Rxex nIqvq wkï‡ì †`Lvïbv, ¯‹z‡j †cŠuQv‡bv, evRviNvU Kiv I †Mi¯’vwj Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡I cwiev‡ii cÖexY m`m¨-m`m¨v‡ì Ici c‡o| e„× eq‡m A‡bK mgqB G-me KvR Kiv Zuv‡ì c‡¶ KwVb nq| e„×‡ì A‡bK mgq cwiev‡ii †evSv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|

(L) A_©‰bwZK : wbR¯^ Avq-†ivRMv‡ii my‡hvM bv _vKvq Ges mwÂZ A_© I m¤úwËI DËivwaKvix‡ì g‡a¨ ewÈZ n‡q hvIqvq †ewkifvM cÖexYB A_©‰bwZKfv‡e Amnvq n‡q c‡ob| Zuv‡ì‡K mš—vb‡ì Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q co‡Z nq| wb‡Ri B‡”Qg‡Zv Zuviv wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| we‡kl K‡i ga¨weË ev `wi`ª cwiev‡ii cÖexY‡ì `y`©kv G‡¶‡Î †ewk nq| eva©‡K¨ †cuŠQevi Av‡MB msmvi Pvjv‡Z Ges mš—vb‡ì †jLvcov I †g‡q‡ì we‡qi LiP †hvMv‡Z wM‡q A‡b‡KB cÖvq wbt¯^ n‡q c‡ob| eb¨v I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM I b`x fvO‡bi d‡jI A‡b‡K me©¯^vš— n‡q hvb| G Ae¯’vq h‡_ó †ivRMvi ev mvg‡_©ï Afv‡e †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì c‡¶I cÖexY evev-gvi fvi enb Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| B‡”Q _vK‡jI Zviv Zuv‡ì wVKg‡Zv †mevhZœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

(M) kvixwiK : cÖexY eq‡m gvby‡li kvixwiK kw³ K‡g Av‡m| bvbv †ivMe¨vwa kix‡i evmv euv‡a| G mgq gvby‡li GKUz wekªvg ev Aviv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A‡bK cªex‡YiB GB AvivgUzKz †Rv‡U bv| Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq cÖ‡qvRbxq wPwKrmv myweavUzKzI Zuviv cvb bv| †ivMe¨vwa‡Z Ilyac_¨ †Kbvi mvg_©¨ Zuv‡ì _v‡K bv|


(N) mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK : GK mgq Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖexY‡ì cÖwZ †h-ai‡bi m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv n‡Zv ev Zv‡ì gZvgZ‡K hZUv ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqv n‡Zv, AvR Avi Zv †`Lv hvq bv| Gi †cQ‡b mgv‡R g~j¨‡ev‡ai wech©q, ˆbwZK wk¶vi Afve, we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve, AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK g‡bvfv‡ei cÖmvi BZ¨vw` A‡bK KviY KvR Ki‡Q| cwiev‡i I mgv‡R cÖexY‡ì AvR cÖvq AcÖ‡qvRbxq we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Zuv‡ì gZvgZ‡K ¸i“Z¡ †Ìqv nq bv| Zvu‡ì cv‡k GKUz e‡m `y‡Uv K_v †kvbvi mgqI †hb KviI †bB| Aemi hvcb ev wPËwe‡bv`‡bi my‡hvMI Zuv‡ì †bB ej‡jB P‡j|

(O) gb¯—vwË¡K: cwiev‡i I mgv‡R cÖexY‡ì †KvYVvmv Ae¯’v Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi nxb¤§b¨Zvi Rb¥ †`q| Zuviv wb‡R‡ì‡K Lye Ae‡nwjZ I Amnvq fve‡Z ïiy K‡ib| wbR¯^ mnvq-mvg‡_©ï Afve Ges †mB m‡½ kvixwiK Amy¯’Zv I wbtm½Zv GB nxb¤§b¨Zv‡K AviI evwo‡q †Zv‡j| cÖexY eq‡mi ¯§„wZweågI G‡¶‡Î evowZ mgm¨v m„wó K‡i|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : cÖexY‡ì mgm¨v¸‡jv D‡j −L Ki|

KvR- 2 : †Zvgvi cwiwPZ †Kv‡bv cÖexY e¨w³ †hme mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb Zvi weeiY `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi PvKwi †_‡K Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix‡ì Aemi Mªn‡Yi eqm KZ ? K. 57 eQi L. 69 eQi

M. 60 eQi N. 65 eQi

2. Avgv‡ì mgv‡R cÖexY‡ì mgm¨vi KviYÑÑ

i . Zv‡ì DcvR©‡bi mvg_©¨ †bB

ii. mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ae¶q

iii. mgv‡R ˆbwZK wk¶vi AebwZ


K. i L. i I iii


66 cÖexY AwaKvi


mwjg MvRx GKmgq GjvKvq cÖfvekvjx wQ‡jb| cwiev‡iI wQj Zvi GK”QÎ wbqš¿Y| wKšÍy eZ©gv‡b e„× nIqv‡Z cÖvqB Amy¯’ _v‡Kb| ZvB GjvKvevmxI Zv‡K ¸iyZ¡ †`q bv| Zvi A_© DcvR©b K‡g hvIqvq cwiev‡ii m`mïvI Zv‡K Kg g~j¨vqb K‡i| mevB wb‡Ri Kv‡R e¨¯Í _v‡K| mnvq-m¤¦j, cÖfve cÖwZcwË nvwi‡q wZwb GLb nxb¤§b¨Zv I wbtm½Zvq fyM‡Qb|

3. mwjg MvRxi nxb¤§b¨Zv I wbtm½Zvi KviY n‡jvÑÑ

i. kvixwiK

ii. A_©‰bwZK

iii. gb¯ÍvwË¡K


K. i L. ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

4. mwjg MvRxi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi KiYxq n‡”QÑÑ

K. cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK mnvbyf~wZ L. A_©‰bwZK wbf©iZv m„wó Kiv M. kvixwiK m¶gZv e„w× Kiv N. mvgvwRK c`ghv©`v cÖ`vb Kiv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. †iRv mv‡n‡ei eqm 70 eQi| wZwb †Kvg‡ii e¨_vi Kvi‡Y Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| DbœZ wPwKrmvi Rb¨ wZwb Zvi ¯¿x‡K wb‡q †`k †Q‡o Av‡gwiKvq cÖevmx †Q‡ji Kv‡Q Avkªq †bb| K‡qK eQi ci H †`‡k A_©‰bwZK g›`v †`Lv w`‡j Zvi †Q‡ji c‡¶ evev-gvi LiP enb KóKi n‡q c‡o| GiB g‡a¨ wZwb MÖxbKvW© †c‡q hvb| Zv‡Z †Q‡ji evmv †Q‡o wZwb ¯¿x‡K wb‡q Avjv`v evmvq I‡Vb Ges miKvi Zvui wPwKrmvi LiP †hvMvb †`q|

K. cÖexY Kviv?

L. cÖexY‡ì gZvgZ‡K ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki|

M. †iRv mv‡ne Zvi mšÍvb‡ì evmvq Ae¯’v‡bi †¶‡Î †Kvb ai‡bi mgm¨vq c‡ob ? cvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ô†iRv mv‡n‡ei g‡Zv cÖexY‡ì †¶‡Î ivóªxq my‡hvM myweavi ¸iyZ¡ AcwimxgÕÑÑ G e³‡eï h_v_©Zv we‡k−lY Ki|


Aa¨vq-`k

evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK mgm¨v evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR Rxe‡b bvbviKg mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ K‡qKwU mvgvwRK mgm¨v n‡”Q `vwi`ª¨, RbmsL¨v ùxwZ, wbi¶iZv, Kzms¯‹vi I †hŠZzK cÖ_v| Gme mvgvwRK mgm¨vi d‡j †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb evavMÖ¯Í n‡”Q| Gme mgm¨vi cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZKvi cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ e¨vcK mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb Ges cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM ìKvi|

cvV- 1 : evsjv‡`‡k †hŠZzK cÖ_v

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki bvbv mvgvwRK mgm¨vi Ab¨Zg n‡”Q †hŠZzK cÖ_v| G‡`‡ki weevn msµvšZ AvB‡b †hŠZzK Av`vb cÖ`vb wbwl×| Zey AwaKvsk we‡q‡Z eic¶ K‡bc‡¶i KvQ †_‡K †hŠZzK MÖnY K‡i|

we‡qi mgq ei ev K‡b wecixZ c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K †h A_© ev m¤úwË `vwe K‡i I MÖnY K‡i Zv‡KB ejv nq †hŠZyK| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq me †¶‡ÎB eic¶ K‡bc‡¶i KvQ †_‡K †hŠZzK `vwe K‡i| †hŠZzK Qvov cÖvq †Kv‡bv we‡qB nq bv| GwU GKwU mvgvwRK KzcÖ_vq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

†hŠZzK GKwU cÖvPxb cÖ_v| cÖvPxb Px‡b we‡qi ci K‡b ¯^vgxi N‡i †hŠZzK m‡½ wb‡q †h‡Zv| G‡_‡ÝI we‡qi ci K‡b ¯^vgxi N‡i wb‡q †h‡Zv A_©-m¤úwË| †mLv‡b †hŠZzK MÖnY‡K mvgvwRK gh©v`v wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡Zv| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k †hŠZzK n‡”Q we‡qi mgq ei‡K cÖ`Ë A_©, m¤úwË I bvbv ai‡bi g~jëvb Avmeve I miÄvg| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki weevn AvB‡b †hŠZzK †Ìqv I †bIqv `y‡UvB wbwl×|

evsjv‡`‡ki mKj mgv‡RB †hŠZzK cÖ_vi Kg‡ewk cÖPjb Av‡Q| †hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡Y mgvR-Rxe‡b bvbv mgm¨vi m„wó n‡q‡Q| weevwnZ bvixi cªwZ AZ¨vPvi I mwnsmZvi g~j KviY †hŠZzK| †hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡Y ¯^vgxi msmv‡i ¯¿x‡K wbMÖn †fvM Ki‡Z nq| †hŠZz‡Ki `vwe c~iY Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j A‡bK †¶‡ÎB ¯¿x‡K msmvi Qvo‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq| †hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡YB weevnwe‡”Q` I KLbI KLbI ¯¿xi cÖvYnvwbi NUbvI N‡U|

evsjv‡`‡k †hŠZzK cÖ_v GKwU gvivZ¥K mvgvwRK e¨vwa| Gi †cQ‡b bvbv KviY i‡q‡Q| Z‡e `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡YB G mgm¨vi m„wó n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡YB eic¶ K‡bc‡¶i Kv‡Q A_©-m¤c` `vwe K‡i| K‡bi wcZvi A_©-m¤ú` eënvi K‡iB ei cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡Z Pvq| G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk bvix †Kej M„nK‡g©B wbhy³ _v‡K| N‡ii me KvR Ki‡jI Zvi †Kv‡bv A_© †ivRMvi nq bv| Zviv ¯^vgxi msmv‡i ciwbf©ikxj Rxebhvcb K‡i| G ai‡bi bvixivB AwaKvsk †¶‡Î ¯^vgxi wbMÖn I wbh©vZb †fvM K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK m¤ú`kvjx gvbyl Zv‡ì Kb¨vi we‡q‡Z wecyj A‡¼i †hŠZzK †`q| abx wcZv-gvZvi aviYv †hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì Kb¨v ¯^vgxi N‡i gv_v DuPz K‡i _vK‡e| G Kvi‡YI †hŠZzK cÖ_v mgvRgvb‡mi Mfxi g~‡j evmv †eu‡a‡Q|

Avgv‡ì †`‡k †hŠZzK wb‡iv‡ai Rb¨ AvBb i‡q‡Q| A‡bK mgq G AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM bv nIqvq †hŠZz‡Ki `vwe‡K †K›`ª K‡i ¯¿xi Ici wbh©vZb evo‡Q| †hŠZz‡Ki Rb¨B we‡qi ci `v¤úZ¨ Kjn, wbh©vZb, ¯¿xnZ¨v I weevn-we‡”Q‡ì NUbv NU‡Q| mgv‡R `vwi`ª¨, `ybx©wZ, Aciva cÖeYZv, evj¨weevn I eûweev‡ni g~‡j i‡q‡Q GB †hŠZzK mgm¨v| Avgv‡ì g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h †hŠZzK †Ìqv I †bIqv `yB-B mgvb Aciva|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : †hŠZyK m¤c‡K© †Zvgvi aviYv wb‡Ri fvlvq †jL|

KvR- 2 : †hŠZy‡Ki Kvi‡Y mgv‡R Kx Kx Aciva N‡U Zv †jL|

cvV- 2 : †hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb

gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡b we‡qi †gvnivbv‡K †hŠZzK wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq bv| GQvov, we‡qi mgq 500 UvKv ch©šÍ Dcnvi w`‡j Zv †hŠZzK wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡e bv| wKšÍy eZ©gv‡b we‡qi †¶‡Î †hŠZz‡Ki Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi NUbv A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| G R‡b¨B †hŠZzK eÜ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k 1980 mv‡j †hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G AvBb Abyhvqx †hŠZzK cÖ`vb ev MÖnY Ki‡j m‡e©v”P 1 eQ‡ii Kviv`Ê ev cuvP nvRvi UvKv A_©`Ê n‡Z cv‡i| wePviK Acivax‡K GKm‡½ Dfq `Ê w`‡Z cv‡ib| †hŠZzK Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b mnvqZvKvixI GKB kvw¯Í cv‡e|

1986 mv‡j †hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| ms‡kvwaZ AvBb Abyhvqx †hŠZzK cÖ`vb ev MÖnY Ki‡j Acivax me©wbgœ 1 eQi Ges m‡e©v”P 5 eQ‡ii Kviv`‡Ê `wÊZ n‡e| 1983 mv‡ji bvix I wkï wbh©vZb `gb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx †hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡Y wbh©vZb K‡i bvixi g„Zz¨ NUv‡j ev g„Zz¨ NUv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡j Acivax‡K g„Zy¨`Ê ev hve¾xeb Kviv`Ê I A_©`‡Ê `wÊZ Kiv hv‡e| bvixi B”Qvi weiy‡× we‡q I †hŠZzK MÖn‡Yi RbÏ KwVb kvw¯Íi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q|

†hŠZzK cÖ_v evsjv‡`‡ki cwievi I mgvR Rxe‡b e¨vcK mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i‡Q| G cÖ_vi Kzdj †_‡K gy³ n‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| †hŠZzK cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e cwievi‡K| †hŠZzK †Ìqv I †bIqv †_‡K wb‡R‡ì weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| GKB m‡½ Avgv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx‡KI G wel‡q m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e AvB‡bi AvkÖq|


cwiev‡ii Kb¨v mšÍvbmn mevB‡K D”PZi wk¶v MÖn‡Y DØy× Kiv ìKvi| Zviv AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡j †hŠZz‡Ki Awfkvc Zv‡ì ¯úk© Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

†hŠZz‡Ki nvZ †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z PvB‡j cwiev‡ii m‡½ mgv‡Ri mevB‡K m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| G R‡b¨ †hŠZzK we‡ivax mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv ìKvi|

mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb n‡”Q msMwVZ mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡iva| Awk¶v, `vwi`ª¨, bvix wbh©vZb, bvix AcniY I weevn we‡”Q`ÑÑGme NUbv Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k cÖwZw`b N‡U P‡j‡Q| Gme NUbvi AwaKvs‡ki †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q †hŠZz‡Ki `vwe| Avgv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx Ges cvov-gnj−v-MÖv‡gi gvbyl‡K †hŠZz‡Ki Kzdj m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| GB KzcÖ_v cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ mevB‡K GwM‡q Avmvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡Z n‡e| mgv‡Ri me gvby‡li g‡a¨ m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e †hŠZzKwe‡ivax g‡bvfve|

†hŠZzKwe‡ivax mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ wkw¶Z gvbyl, AvBbRxex, BDwbqb cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb I m`m¨ Ges ¯’vbxq Dbœqb Kgx©‡ì mnvqZv MÖnY Kiv ìKvi| mevB wg‡j GKwU †hŠZzKwe‡ivax msMVb M‡o Zzj‡j GB mvgvwRK mgm¨v †_‡K gyw³ cvIqv hv‡e| GB msMVb †hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡Y wbh©vwZZ gvby‡li cv‡k ùvov‡e Ges Zv‡ì me ai‡bi mnvqZvmn AvBwb mnvqZvI †`‡e| ZvQvov, G msMVb †hŠZzKwe‡ivax mfv, c`hvÎv Ges i¨vwj Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z me gvby‡li g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv ˆZwi n‡e Ges †hŠZz‡Ki _vev †_‡K i¶v cv‡e Avgv‡ì mgvR|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : 1986 mv‡ji †hŠZyK wb‡iva AvB‡b Acivaxi Kx ai‡bi kvw¯Íi weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv †jL|

KvR- 2 : †hŠZy‡Ki Kzdj m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ Zywg Kx Kx Ki‡e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. †hŠZyK wb‡iva AvBb ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q KZ mv‡j ?

K. 1980 L. 1983

M. 1986 N. 1988

2. †hŠZyK cÖ_v cÖwZ‡iv‡a †hme eë¯’v MªnY Kiv hvq Zv n‡”QÑÑ

i . mKj‡K mywk¶vq wkw¶Z Kiv

ii. †g‡q‡ì AvZ¥wbf©ikxj K‡i M‡o †Zvjv

iii. gvby‡li gv‡S m‡PZbZv ˆZwi Kiv

70 evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK mgm¨v



wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Rbve wgRvb Zvi †g‡q gwiq‡gi we‡qi mgq RvgvB‡K GKwU †nvÛv †`b| we‡qi wKQyw`b ci gwiq‡gi k¦ïi evwoi †jvKRb Zv‡K UvKv Avb‡Z evevi evwo cvVvq| gwiqg UvKv Avb‡Z e¨_© nq| d‡j Zvi Ici kvvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb †b‡g Av‡m|

3. gwiqg †Kvb mvgvwRK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q ? K. wbi¶iZv K. †hŠZyK

M. Kzms¯‹vi N. RbmsL¨v ùxwZ

4. D³ mgm¨vi KviY n‡”Q- i . `vwi`ª¨ ii. bvixi wbf©ikxjZv iii. AvB‡bi `ye©j cÖ‡qvM

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. bvwmgv evev gv‡qi GKgvÎ mšÍvb| bvwmgvi mv‡_ Rvwn‡ì we‡q‡Z bvwmgvi evev gv wKQy g~jëvb DcnvimvgMªx I eëmv Kivi Rb¨ 5 j¶ UvKv w`‡Z PvB‡j Rvwn` †m¸‡jv wb‡Z ivwR nbwb| eis wZwb Zv‡ì‡K eywS‡q ej‡jb †h, GKRb m‡PZb gvbyl wn‡m‡e G¸‡jv MªnY Kiv wKsev GB KzcÖ_v‡K mg_©b Kiv Zvi c‡¶ Am¤¢e| bvwmgvi evev-gv wb‡R‡ì fyj eyS‡Z cvi‡jb|

K. `vwi`ª¨ evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb ai‡bi mgm¨v?

L. Kb¨v mšÍvb‡K D”Pwk¶v Mªn‡Y DØy× Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. bvwmgvi evev gv‡qi cÖ¯ÍvewU Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †Kvb cÖ_vwU‡K Bw½Z K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Aby‡”Q‡` Dwj−wLZ cÖ_vwUi cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kx c`‡¶c MªnY Kiv hvq? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|


Aa¨vq-GMvi

Gwkqvi K‡qKwU †`k

evsjv‡`k Gwkqvi GKwU †QvU †`k| Avgv‡ì Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k G iKg †QvU I eo †gvU 27wU †`k i‡q‡Q| †`k¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwU †ek DbœZ Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU ZZ DbœZ bq| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki ch©v‡q c‡o †m¸‡jv| Z‡e RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, †fŠ‡MvwjK I RjevqyMZ êwkó¨ Ges BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZi w`K †_‡K Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A‡bK wgj i‡q‡Q| Gwkqvi eû‡`‡ki m‡½B evsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q PgrKvi eÜzZ¡| wk¶v, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹„wZ, evwYR¨, wkí, cÖhyw³mn wewfbœ †¶‡Î Zv‡ì m‡½ Avgv‡ì mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK© Av‡Q| GLv‡b Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ wbweo eÜzZ¡ I mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Ggb K‡qKwU †`‡ki msw¶ß cwiwPwZ Zz‡j aiwQ|

cvV-1: evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ eÜyZ¡ I mn‡hvwMZvi m¤cK©

fviZ

fviZ Avgv‡ì wbKUZg cÖwZ‡ekx| GwU `w¶Y Gwkqvi GKwU e„nr I kw³kvjx ivóª| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki ga¨-`w¶‡Y fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb| Gi DË‡i i‡q‡Q c„w_exi e„nËg wngvjq ce©Zgvjv| c~e©vÂ‡j AvivKvb ce©Z I Avmv‡gi R½j| cwðgvÂ‡j wn›`yKzk I my‡jgvb ce©Zgvjv| †`kwUi `w¶‡Y fviZ gnvmvMi Aew¯’Z| fvi‡Zi AvqZb cÖvq 32 j¶ 87 nvRvi eM©wK‡jvwgUvi Ges †jvKmsL¨v cÖvq 120 †KvwU| †`kwUi ivRavbx bqvw`wj −|

fviZ‡K c„w_exi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb I mf¨Zvmg„× †`k ejv nq| cuvP nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi mf¨Zvi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q G †`kwU‡Z| `w¶Y fvi‡Z ARš—v ce©Z¸nvi wPÎKg©, mviv †`‡k Qwo‡q _vKv ARmª cÖvPxb gw›ì I fv¯‹h©, AvMªvi ZvRgnj, w`wj−i KzZye wgbvi, jvj‡Kj−v cÖf„wZ fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi cwiPq enb K‡i| hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ ê‡`wkK kw³ fviZel©‡K `Lj K‡i‡Q, GLv‡b Zv‡ì kvmb I †kvlY Pvwj‡q‡Q| cZz©wMR, Ij›`vR, gyNj, cvVvb I me©‡kl Bs‡iRiv fviZel©‡K kvmb K‡i‡Q| `y‡kv eQ‡ii Bs‡iR kvm‡bi ci 1947 mv‡ji 15B AvM÷ fviZ ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| †`kwUi kZKiv 80 fvM †jvK Mªv‡g Ges 20 fvM †jvK kn‡i evm K‡i| kZKiv 70 fvM †jvK K…wlRxex| cÖavb Lv`¨k‡mï g‡a¨ avb, Mg, evwj©, he, Kwd, Pv D‡j−L‡hvM¨| cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z fviZ Zvi e¯¿wk‡íi Rb¨ mviv c„w_ex‡Z weL¨vZ wQj| eZ©gv‡b B¯úvZ, wm‡g›U, hš¿cvwZ, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, mvi Ggb wK RvnvR I Mvwo ˆZwi‡ZI fviZ GwM‡q †M‡Q|

fviZ‡K ejv nq c„w_exi e„nËg MYZvwš¿K †`k| msm`xq MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’v eû eQi a‡i fvi‡Z mvd‡jï m‡½ KvR Ki‡Q|

fviZ eû RvwZ, m¤cÖ`vq I fvlv‡Mvôxi gvby‡li GKwU †`k| G‡`‡k wn›`y, gymjgvb, †eŠ×, wkL, wLªóvb, ˆRbmn eû a‡g©i †jvK evm K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ fvi‡Zi eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| 1971 Gi gnvb gyw³hy‡× fvi‡Zi mnvqZvi K_v Avgiv ¯§iY Kwi|

Pxb

Pxb c~e©-Gwkqvi GKwU †`k| Gi ivóªxq bvg MYcÖRvZš¿x Pxb, Avi ¯’vbxq bvg SzsNy| †`kwUi ivRavbxi bvg †eBwRs| cÖvq 140 †KvwU gvbyl wb‡q GwU we‡k¦i me©vwaK RbmsL¨vi †`k| AvqZb cÖvq 95 j¶ 97 nvRvi eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K we‡k¦i Z„Zxq e„nËg †`k GwU| †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e fviZ I ivwkqvi ga¨Lv‡b †`kwUi Ae¯’vb| Gi c~‡e© cÖkvš— gnvmvMi, cwðg I DËi w`‡K ivwkqv, g‡½vwjqv Ges fvi‡Zi wKQz Ask Ges `w¶‡Y wngvjq| †`kwUi ¯’jfv‡Mi GK-Z„Zxqvs‡ki †ewk Ry‡o i‡q‡Q cvnvo-ce©Z| we‡k¦i m‡e©v”P ce©Zk„½ gvD›U Gfv‡i÷ †bcvj I Px‡bi mxgvš— eivei Aew¯’Z| Px‡bi Rjevqy cÖavbZ bvwZkx‡Zvò| Z‡e †`kwUi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AÂj eQ‡ii `xN© mgq ei‡d XvKv _v‡K|

eûRvwZ I m¤cÖ v‡qi evm G †`kwU‡Z| Px‡bi RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 95 fvM nvb PvBwbR es‡kv™¢~Z| GQvovI i‡q‡Q AviI 56wU RvwZi emevm| hvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv Ryqvs, gvÂz, ûB, wgqvI, DBNyi, †gv½j, wZeŸwZ cÖf„wZ| Px‡bi msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li fvlv n‡jv gv›`vwib| Rbmgwói kZKiv 95 fvM G fvlvq K_v e‡j| Z‡e G fvlv mviv we‡k¦ Pxbv fvlv bv‡g cwiwPZ|


Px‡bi A_©bxwZ GLbI cÖavbZ K…wlwbf©i| K…wlRvZ `ª‡eï g‡a¨ avbB cÖavb| Ab¨vb¨ K…wlRvZ ª‡eï g‡a¨ D‡j −L‡hvM¨ n‡”Q Mg, Avjy, exU, Zyjv, Pv, ZvgvK cvZv, †ZjexR, AvL, mqvweb,

†Kv‡Kv, cvg‡Zj cÖf„wZ| †`kwUi cÖavb wkí †jŠn, B¯úvZ, †ikg, mvi, hš¿cvwZ, wm‡g›U, KvMR, wPwb, Ilya cÖf„wZ| LwbRm¤ú‡ì w`K †_‡KI Pxb AZ¨š— m¤ú`kvjx| †`kwUi f~M‡f© i‡q‡Q g~jëvb LwbR m¤ú`, †hgb †c‡U«vwjqvg, AvKwiK †jŠn, Zvgv, A¨vjygywbqvg, ¯^Y©, Kqjv cÖf„wZ| Gi ebf~wg‡Z i‡q‡Q 32 nvRv‡iiI †ewk DbœZ cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` I mv‡o 11k cÖRvwZi cvwL| †nvqvs‡nv I Bqvswm Px‡bi e„nËg b`x|

cÖkvmwbK w`K †_‡K Pxb‡K 22wU cÖ‡`k Ges 5wU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ AÂ‡j fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`kwUi wk¶vi nvi kZKiv 86 fvM Ges gv_vwcQy Avq 25 nvRvi gvwK©b Wjvi| evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ Px‡bi eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© Av‡Q| wkí I evwYR¨ †¶‡Î Px‡bi mv‡_ Avgv‡ì mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK©I i‡q‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : Avgv‡ì wbKU cÖwZ‡ekx K‡qKwU iv‡óªi bv‡gi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR- 2 : cvV¨cy¯ÍK Aej¤^‡b fvi‡Zi ms‡M evsjv‡`‡ki m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡ D‡j−L Ki|

KvR- 3 : Px‡bi ms‡M evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i weeiY `vI|

cvV : 2 evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ eÜzZ¡ I mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK©

Rvcvb

Rvcvb c~e© Gwkqvi GKwU Øxcgq †`k| †QvUeo cÖvq Pvi nvRvi Øxc wb‡q G ivóªwU MwVZ| Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb PviwU Øxc n‡jv †nv°vB‡Wv, nb&my, wk‡KvKz Ges Kz ï| †`kwUi Pviw`‡KB mgy ª| Rvcvb mvMi Ges c~e©-Pxb mvMi Rvcvb‡K Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki g~j f~LÊ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †i‡L‡Q|

†`kwUi ivóªxq bvg wKsWg Ae Rvcvb I ¯’vbxq bvg wbnb ev wbàb| Gi ivRavbx †UvwKI| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki G‡Kev‡i c~e© cÖv‡š— G †`kwU Aew¯’Z| Rvcvb‡K ZvB Ôm~‡h©v`‡qi †`kÕI ejv nq| AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K Rvcvb GKwU ¶z`ª †`k| 3 j¶ 78 nvRvi eM©wK‡jvwgUvi AvqZ‡bi G †`kwU‡Z cÖvq 13 †KvwU †jvK evm K‡i| Rvcv‡bi kZKiv 99 fvM gvbyl Rvcvwb fvlvq K_v e‡j| G‡`‡ki wk¶vi nvi GKkZ fvM Ges gv_vwcQy Avq 37 nvRvi 6 †kv gvwK©b Wjvi| wm‡›Uv Rvcvwb‡ì RvwZMZ ag©|

Rvcv‡bi Rjevqy DògÊjxq| GLvbKvi DËi-c~ev©Â‡j †gŠmywg Rjevqyi cÖfve ¯úó| Mªxl¥Kv‡j †`kwUi AvenvIqv Av`ª© Ges kx‡Zi ZxeªZvI Kg| K…wlc‡Yï g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv avb, Mg,

74 Gwkqvi K‡qKwU †`k

evwj©, mqvweb, wgwó Avjy, AvL, weU, Av‡cj I AvOyi | Rvcv‡bi cÖavb wkí n‡”Q †jvnv I B¯úvZ, B‡jKU«wb·, RvnvR I Mvwo wbg©vY, e¯¿, KjKeRv, Ilya, we y r mvgMªx Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi fvwi hš¿cvwZ| wk‡í Rvcvb we‡k¦i kxl©¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| †`kwUi A_©bxwZi g~j PvwjKvkw³B n‡jv wkí| †`kwU‡Z cÖPyi LwbR m¤úÌ i‡q‡Q| hvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, Kqjv, †jvnv, g¨vsMvwbR, †c‡U«vwjqvg, mxmv, †mvbv, iycv cÖf„wZ| Rvcv‡b 6 †_‡K 15 eQi eqm ch©š— †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jK| evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Rvcv‡bi m¤úK© eiveiB AZ¨š— eÜyZ¡c~Y©| Rvcvb evsjv‡`‡ki wkí-Dbœq‡b cÖavb mn‡hvMx| G‡`‡ki mv‡_ Zv‡ì evwYR¨ m¤úK©I i‡q‡Q|

†Kvwiqv

Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki DËi-c~e© †Kv‡Y †Kvixq DcØx‡ci Ae¯’vb| GwU DËi †_‡K `w¶Y w`‡K cÖmvwiZ| DËi n‡Z `w¶YvÂ‡ji ~iZ¡ cÖvq 1 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi| DËi w`‡Ki mxgv‡š—i AwaKvskB Px‡bi mv‡_ Ges wKQy Ask ivwkqvi mv‡_ mshy³| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i †Kvwiqv yÕfv‡M wef³ n‡q hvq| Gi GKwU `w¶Y †Kvwiqv Ges AciwU DËi †Kvwiqv| cÖ_gwUi miKvwi bvg †Kvwiqv cÖRvZš¿ I wØZxqwUi bvg MYcÖRvZš¿x †Kvwiqv| ywU †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vI wfbœ| †Kvwiqvi AwaKvsk AÂjB ce©Zgq| Gi c~‡e© Rvcvb mvMi| Z‡e `w¶Y †Kvwiqvq Rvcvb mvMi‡K c~e© mvMi e‡j _v‡K| cwðg I `w¶‡Yi A‡bKUvB mgZjf~wg| yB Ask wg‡j †Kvwiqvi Øx‡ci msL¨v cÖvq wZb nvRvi|

†Kvwiqvq Pvi ai‡bi FZy we`¨gvb| GQvov wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ iKg AvenvIqvi Dcw¯’wZ j¶ Kiv hvq| Ryb, RyjvB I AvM÷ gv‡m cÖPyi e„wócvZ nq| b‡f¤¦i †_‡K gvP© ch©š— kxZKvjxb AvenvIqv weivR K‡i| †Kvwiqvi K…wl c‡Yï g‡a¨ avb, evwj©, euvavKwc, Av‡cj, AvOyi, ZvgvK cÖf„wZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨| wk‡íi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv †Zj, wm‡g›U, †jŠn I B¯úvZ, ZvgvK, ivmvqwbK Zš‘, hš¿cvwZ, RvnvR I †gvUiMvwo, B‡jKU«wb· mvgMªx cÖf„wZ| LwbR m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨


i‡q‡Q †jvnv, U¨vs‡÷b, Pybvcv_i, MªvbvBU, mxmv, iycv, `¯—v cÖf„wZ|

†Kvwiqvbiv RvwZMZfv‡e GK fvlv‡Mvôxi Aš—fy©³| fvlvMZ I b„ZvwË¡K êwk‡óï w`K w`‡q †Kvwiqvbiv Pxb I Rvcvwb‡ì †_‡K Avjv`v| hwÌ kvixwiK MV‡bi w`K w`‡q Pxb I Rvcv‡bi gvby‡li mv‡_ Zv‡ì wgj i‡q‡Q| †Kvwiqvbiv mevB GKB †Kvwiqvb fvlvq K_v e‡j I †j‡L|

gvj‡qwkqv

gvj‡qwkqv `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †`k| gvjq DcØxc, weªwUk, wm½vcyi Ges ewb©Ii DËi I DËi-cwðgvsk wb‡q gvj‡qwkqv MwVZ| †`kwUi f~cÖK…wZ êwPÎ¨c~Y©| Gi cwðgvs‡k Rjvf~wg, c~e©vs‡k evwjgq GjvKv Ges ga¨fv‡Mi ce©Z‡kªwY DËi I `w¶‡Y we¯—…Z|

gvj‡qwkqvq Bmjvg, †eŠ×, wLªóvb, wn› y cÖf„wZ a‡g©i †jvK evm K‡i| Gi ivRavbxi bvg Kzqvjvjvgcyi Ges RR©UvDb, B‡cv I KzwPs Ab¨Zg cÖavb kni|

gvj‡qwkqv GKwU K…wlcÖavb †`k| †gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 50 fv‡MiI †ewk K…wli Ici wbf©ikxj| cÖavb wkíc‡Yï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ivevi, mvi, PxbvgvwUi `ªe¨ cÖf„wZ| LwbR m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ wUb, †jvnv Ges †c‡U«vj D‡j−L‡hvM¨| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g n‡jv †ij, moK I wegvbc_| RR©UvDb, K¬¨v½, KzwPs Ges †cbvs gvj‡qwkqvi cÖavb mgy`ª e›ì| ¯^vaxbZvi ci ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ gvjqwkqv bvbv †¶‡Î DbœwZ jvf K‡i‡Q|


Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : G cvV Aej¤^‡b Rvcvb I †Kvwiqvi cwiPq `vI|

KvR- 2 : gvj‡qwkqv g~jZ K…wl cÖavb bv wkí cÖavb †`k? Avgv‡ì ms‡M G †`‡ki Kx ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK m¤cK© i‡q‡Q †Zvgvi Rvbvg‡Z Zvi Av‡jvPbv Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. KzwPs †Kvb †`‡ki cÖavb mgy`ªe›ì? K. †Kvwiqv L. Rvcvb

M. fviZ N. gvj‡qwkqv

2. Rvcv‡bi Rjevqy‡Z cwijw¶Z nqÑÑ

i . †gŠmygx evqyi cÖfve

ii. Av`ªZvc~Y© Mªxl¥Kvj

iii. e„wóeûj kxZKvj




wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Rbve Av`bvb c~e©-Gwkqvi wkíwbf©i GKwU †`k cwi`k©‡b hvb| †`kwU mgy`ª‡ewóZ| †`kwUi RvwZMZ ag© wm‡›Uv|

3. Rbve Av`bvb †Kvb †`k cwi`k©‡b hvb?

K. fviZ L. Pxb M. Rvcvb N. gvj‡qwkqv

4. Av`bv‡bi †`Lv †`kwU wkíwbf©i nIqvi KviY n‡”QÑÑ

i . DbœZ RxebhvÎv

ii. LwbR m¤ú‡ì cÖvPyh©

iii. DògÊjxq Rjevqyi cÖfve


wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. Awb›`¨ Mªx‡l¥i QywU‡Z gv-evevi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki cvk¦©eZx© GKwU †`‡k hvq| †`kwUi DË‡i wngvjq ce©Zgvjv Ges cwð‡g wn›`yKzk I my‡jgvb ce©Zgvjv| †`kwU cÖvPxb wkíKjv I mf¨Zv mg„×|

O. gvj‡qwkqvi ivRavbxi bvg Kx ?

P. eûRvwZ †`k ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

Q. Awb‡›`ï ågYK…Z †`kwUi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqyi mv`„k¨ eY©bv Ki|

R. Awb‡›`ï ågYK…Z †`‡ki mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki eÜyZ¡ I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki|

2. NUbv 1 : Rbve mvwdDj `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi GKwU †`‡k †eov‡Z wM‡q‡Qb| mgy`ª‡ewóZ †`kwUi cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ AZ¨šÍ g‡bvig| †`kwU Øxc cÖavb n‡jI PviwU ØxcB A_©bxwZi †¶‡Î g~j f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

NUbv 2 : Rbve Kexi `xN©w`b hver c~e© Gwkqvi GKwU †`‡k Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| †`kwU c„w_exi g‡a¨ me©vwaK Rbeûj †`k n‡jI mg„×|

K. c„w_exi e„nËg ce©Zgvjvi bvg Kx ?

L. fviZ‡K c„w_exi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb mf¨Zv mg„× †`k ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Rbve mvwdD‡ji †eov‡Z hvIqv †`kwUi Rjevqy †Kgb? eY©bv Ki|

N. NUbv-1 I NUbv-2 Gi †`k `ywUi A_©bxwZi Zyjbvg~jK we‡k−lY Ki|


Aa¨vq-evi

AvÂwjK ms¯’v c„w_exi †Kv‡bv †`kB GKKfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| cÖwZwU †`k‡KB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e Ab¨ †`‡ki Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU †`kB Pvq wb‡Ri RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z, †mB m‡½ wb‡R‡K DbœZ ev mg„× Ki‡Z| Avi Gi Rb¨ Zv‡K cÖwZ‡ekx ev Ab¨ †`‡ki Kg‡ewk mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv wb‡Z nq| †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GB cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB mviv c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv ms¯’v ev †RvU M‡o D‡V‡Q| `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ Ggwb wZbwU ms¯’v n‡jv mvK©, Avwmqvb I wegm‡UK| GLv‡b Avgiv D³ wZbwU AvÂwjK ms¯’v m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kie|

cvV- 1 I 2 : Gwkqvi K‡qKwU AvÂwjK ms¯’v

mvK© (SAARC) : `w¶Y Gwkqvq mvZwU †`k evsjv‡`k, fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, †bcvj, fyUvb, kªxjsKv I gvjØxc wb‡q 1985 mv‡j mvK© MwVZ nq| 1983 mv‡ji 2iv AvM÷ fvi‡Zi ivRavbx bqvw`wj−‡Z `w¶Y-Gwkqvi GB mvZwU †`‡ki ciivóª gš¿xiv GK Pzw³‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡ib, hvi d‡j AvbyôvwbKfv‡e MwVZ nq ÔmvK©Õ| ms¯’vwUi cy‡iv bvg South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation-hvi evsjv Ki‡j nq Ô`w¶Y Gkxq AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’vÕ| K…wl, AvenvIqv, cwj− Dbœqb, weÁvb, †hvMv‡hvM, wk¶v, cwi‡ek I KvwiMwi †¶Îmn 9wU †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZvi D‡j−L wQj GB Pzw³‡Z| cieZ©x mg‡q 2005 mv‡j AvdMvwb¯Ívb mv‡K©i m`m¨c` jvf K‡i| mv‡K©i eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v AvU| ms¯’vwUi mì `ßi †bcv‡ji KvVgyÊy‡Z Aew¯’Z| cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ AvÂwjK mgm¨vi mgvavb I mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi Dbœqb G ms¯’vi cÖavb j¶¨| ZvQvov GB mvZ RvwZi †bZ…e„›` mš¿vm, GBPAvBwf/GBWm, evwYR¨ wewb‡qvM, wk¶v I cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bI cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi e¨vcv‡i GKgZ n‡q‡Qb|

Avwmqvb (ASEAN) : GwU `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi GKwU AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v| ms¯’vwUi cy‡iv bvg Association of South East Asian Nations, evsjvq Ô`w¶Y-c~e© Gkxq RvwZmg~‡ni ms¯’vÕ| `kwU †`k wb‡q G mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v MwVZ nq| †`k¸‡jv n‡jv B‡›`v‡bwkqv, wm½vcyi, wdwjcvBb, gvj‡qwkqv, _vBj¨vÛ, eªybvB, wf‡qZbvg, gvqvbgvi, K‡¤^vwWqv I jvIm| Avwmqv‡bi mì `ßi B‡›`v‡bwkqvi ivRavbx RvKvZ©vq Aew¯’Z| ms¯’vi cÖavb j¶¨ n‡jv m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK, êÁvwbK I KvwiMwi Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|

wegm‡UK (BIMSTEC) : wegm‡UK Gi cy‡iv bvg Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sector Technical & Economic Cooperation| e‡½vcmvMi ZxieZ©x `w¶Y-Gwkqv I `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖhyw³MZ I A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZvi j‡¶¨ 1997 mv‡ji 6B Ryb G ms¯’vwUi Rb¥ nq| Gi m`m¨ ivóª ‡jv n‡jv evsjv‡`k, kªxjsKv, _vBj¨vÛ, gvqvbgvi, †bcvj I fyUvb| eZ©gv‡b m`m¨ ivóª ‡jvi mn‡hvwMZvi †¶Î AviI m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| evwYR¨, wewb‡qvM, cÖhyw³, ch©Ub, gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb, K…wl, grm¨ Pvl, cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM, Ilya, e¯¿, Pvgov, K…wl cÖf„wZI Gi Aš—f©y³ n‡q‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb †Kb- G wel‡q †Zvgvi gZvgZ e¨³ Ki|

KvR- 2 : mvK© ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? G †Rv‡Ui AšZfy©³ ivóª¸‡jvi bvg wjL|

KvR- 3 : mvK©- Gi cÖavb KvR Kx Kx?

KvR- 4 : Avwmqvb †Kvb †Kvb ivóª wb‡q MwVZ?

KvR- 5 : wegm‡UK Kx? Gi AšZfy©³ ivóª¸‡jvi bvg D‡j −L Ki|

80 AvÂwjK ms¯’v

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. mvK©fy³ †`k †KvbwU? K. gvjØxc L. gvj‡qwkqv

M. B‡›`v‡bwkqv N. wf‡qZbvg

2. wegm‡UK MwVZ n‡qwQj-

i. ci¯c‡ii cÖhyw³ I A‡_©i Afve `yi Kivi Rb¨

ii. wewb‡qvM I evwY‡Rï NvUwZ cyi‡Yi j‡¶¨

iii. cwi‡ek `yl‡Yi fqvenZv †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z


wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI-

fyUv‡b `w¶Y Gwkqvi 8wU †`‡ki GKwU ms¯_vi m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| G‡Z †`k¸‡jv cvi¯cwiK wewfbœ mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges K‡qKwU Pyw³ m¤cv`b K‡i|

3. Aby‡”Q‡` †Kvb ms¯_vi m‡¤§j‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? K. Avwmqvb L. wegm‡UK

M. mvK© N. BBwm

4. D³ ms¯_v MV‡bi KviY, m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨-

i. K…wl welqK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv

ii. weÁv‡bi wewfbœ †¶‡Î AwfÁZv wewbgq

iii. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶v


K. i M. i I ii

L. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1. AvÂwjK ms¯_vi wKQy Z_¨:

ms¯_vi bvg cÖavb Kvh©vjq me©‡kl m`m¨ eZ©gvb m`m¨ K. RvKvZ©v K‡¤¦vwWqv 10 L. KvVgyÊy AvdMvwb¯Zvb 08 M. e¨vsKK • †bcvj

• fyUvb 06

K. fvi‡Zi ivRavbxi bvg Kx? L. AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki| M. ÔKÕ I ÔMÕÑms¯_vi j¶¨ GKB- e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔL ms¯_vwUi m`m¨ wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek msi‡Y ms¯_vi mKj iv‡óªi mn‡hvwMZv jvf Ki‡eÕ- Dw³wU we‡k −lY Ki|

2. m¤cÖwZ c~e© BD‡iv‡ci K‡qKwU †`k wg‡j GKwU ms¯_v MVb K‡i| ms¯_vwU g~jZ K‡qKwU †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZvi j¶¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq| †¶Î¸‡jv n‡”Q- (1) mvgvwRK (2) A_©‰bwZK (3) mvs¯‹„wZK (4) êÁvwbK (5) KvwiMwi (6) mšÎvmev`x ZrciZv †iva Ges (7) wewfbœ msµvgK e¨vwa wbqšÎ‡Y cvi¯cwiK mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|

K. 2005 mv‡j †Kvb †`k mvK©fy³ nq?

L. wek¦e¨vcx wewfbœ †`‡ki †RvU M‡o DVvi KviY eY©bv Ki|

M. Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z ms¯_vwUi 1 †_‡K 5 ch©šZ †¶Î¸‡jv †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb ms¯_vi Abyi~c e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ô7 b¤¦i †¶ÎwU wegm‡UK MV‡bi GKgvÎ j¶¨Õ-Dw³wUi c‡¶ †Zvgvi hyw³ Dc¯_vcb Ki|

82 AvÂwjK ms¯’v

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