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383:xlc` ozpeiYehudah B. Cohn, Tangled up in Text: Tefillin and the AncientWorld

388:xbifxt mc`Marc Saperstein, Jewish Preaching in Times of War, 1800–2001395Îux`d aeyiia miyi` :`eaz wgxnn d`ey ,(zkxer) zxet dpic :dicici sq`

1948±1933 d`eyle mfiv`pl mqgie il`xyi

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.zicegiid ezenc z` eaviry miifkxnd zexewnd on `id1zextqa otec z`vei ef zxeqn

.da zebdpzdd ikxc lr zxtqne dxrn ly aihena yeniy dyer `id oky ,zipaxd2yi

mciwtz ly wcwecn ixehqide izextq xexia mikixvn mde ,miicegii mipiit`n dfd xetiqa

.mzernyne

inexd oehlyd ztewz lr zixehqid zecr i"ayx xetiqa dz`xy ,zgeexd dyibl cebipa

,l`xyi ux`a3ixt'b ,lynl ,jk .izextq aihenk dxrna zedyl eqgiizd mipey mixweg

,dxrnd xe`iz ly izextqd ite`d lr exird xi`n dxtre oiihypiaex4dz`x s` xi`ne

*exirdy oinlw cx'vixe c`xt oaihq ,lbiq xy`Îxa xevil` ,fiid oihqixk ,xy`Îxa dynl dcen ip`

zipkza izinr ,oneip lldle xnxy l`icrl ,ohxbne`a hxal`le ,df xn`n ly zencew ze`qxb lr

wxt ly ceair `ed xn`nd .ea miritend mi`yep lr mnr izpcy ,'dwizrd zra zicedi zeaxz'

:ily hxehwecd onMichal Bar-Asher, Literary Analogies in Rabbinic and ChristianMonastic Sources, PhD dissertation, Yale University 2010qpka e`yipy ze`vxd lye ,

ly 40ÎdAssociation for Jewish Studiesircnl 15Îd inlerd qxbpewae ,(2008 oehbpiyee)

.mdizexrd lr miqepikd itzzynl dcen ip`e ,(h"qyz milyexi) zecdid

mixb`nay zixard oeyll dincw`d zxecdn lr izknzqd df xn`na mi`aend cenlzd on mihehiva

itk ipeeid hqwhd it lr e`aed miihqpend mihehivd .zixard oeyll ixehqidd oelind lrtn ly

:ze`ad zexecdna `aen `edyJean-Claude Guy, Les Apophtegmes des Pères: collectionsystématique, Paris 1993–2005; idem, Les Apophtegmes des Pères du Désert: SérieAlphabétique, Etiolles (Essonne) les Dominos 1968; Benedicta Ward, The Sayings of

the Desert Fathers: The Alphabetical Collection, London 19811,2005 aia`Îlz ,xdefa zihqind dieegd zty lr :ocrn `vi xdpe ,cy`Îxpld dliln :lynl e`x

,(h"pyz) 4 ,dlaw ,'xdefa epax dyne i`gei xa oerny 'x ± `iapn sicr mkg' ,qed fra ;73±40 'nr

.139±103 'nr

2.jynda `aeiy itk ,dxrna mkg ly ezedya wqerd l"fg zextqa cigi hrnkd xetiqd edf

3Îa 'i`gei oa oerny' jxrd onJewish Encyclopedia,1906±1901 mipyd oia mqxet xy` ,(359 'nr)

,oiel 'l l`xyi :e`x .(miizextq znerl miixehqid) xetiqd iwlg z` blhwnd oiel ly exn`nl cre

,(a"nyz) 22 ,dxczw ,'zxeqne dixehqid ± dixah ly dxedihe mizn zenvr ,i`geiÎxa oerny 'x'

.42±9 'nr

4;149 'nr ,(1989) 26 ,giy ilr ,'dxrna i`gei oa oerny 'x xetiq' ,xi`n dxtrJeffrey L.Rubenstein, Talmudic Stories: Narrative Art, Composition, and Culture, Baltimore 1999,

p. 133

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"...oixig` ici lr dyrp ozk`ln mewnd oevxzextqa xetiqd ly ezeicegii lya ,z`f mr .'

rwx lr ,'izin` oirxb' o`k yiy zexyt`d z` dzlrd xi`n s` ,i"ayxl eqegiie l"fg

jezn ef zxeqna dpexg`l dpc hxaexpet dhelxy .mi`nexd zeticx ztewza zexzzqdd

dzxhny ,zizextq dxivi `ed dxrna i"ayx ly ezenc xe`izy dprhe ,zizextq dyib

dxrnd on z`vl aiig seqelitd eay ,oehlt` ly dxrnd lyna ievnd dfl jetd xqn bivdl

.ritydl ick5

gezipy rivdl `a `ed ik m` ,mixkfpd mixwgna zpnzqnd dnbnl sxhvn igkepd xn`nd

ick ea yi miipevig miizextq zexewnl mixacd ly d`eeyd lr qqeand deeyn izextq

envr i"ayx ly epnf lr cnll `a oecpd xetiqd oi` ,mle`e .ixehqidd rwxd lr epcnll

oerhl zywan ip` .eizece` lr zexeqnd exagzp eay ilaad ixehqidd rwxd lr `l`

bivdl ick miiepiy oda qipkde i"ayx lr zeil`xyivx` zexeqn gwl ilaad cenlzdy

ligz` .zipqqd laaa zeievn eidy zeizextqd zexeqnd rwx lr ,zihqpen zenck eze`¨¨

biv`e laaa zixifpd drepzd zeaiyg z` oiadl ick yxcpd ixehqidd rwxd xe`iza `et`

zepeyd ze`qxbd zxiwql dpt` okn xg`l .zynzyn ip` mday miihqpend zexewnd z`

ze`qxbd oia milcadd z` oiadl yiy riv` seqale ,dxrna ezedye i"ayx lr zxeqnd ly

.zilaad dqxbd lr zihqpen zizextq drtyd rwx lr

laaa zihqpend drepzd .`

`id .minecw miixvep zexewna zxkfp dpi`y hrnk mixvepd mixifpd ly zihqpend drepzd

d`nd zligzae ,ziriaxd d`nd seqa wx zixvepd zextqa zernyn zlra dveawl zkted

dxitql ziriaxd d`nd seq onl .diiqpka aeyg ripn gekl zaygp xak `id ziyingd

mi`lnn ef dtewzae ,zexifpl mirbepd mi`yep gxfna ziziiqpk dcire lka hrnk oeicl miler

xifpd.zigxfnd diiqpka eygxzdy mipeyd mizenira ifkxn ciwtz mi

ixehqidd rwxd xwgl dzeaiyg jkn d`vezke ± qxta zihqpend drepzd ly dzeifkxn

ly dtpr zixpeiqin zelirt odae ,zertez xtqna zxkip ± ilaad cenlzd zexveeid ly

.laaae ziqxtd dixtni`d iagxa mixifpd6axwa elit` zeax zc zexndl d`iad ef zelirt

5Charlotte E. Fonrobert, ‘Plato in Rabbi Shimeon bar Yohai’s Cave (B. Shabbat 33b–34a):The Talmudic Inversion of Plato’s Politics of Philosophy’, AJS Review, 31 (2007), pp.

277–2966Arthur Vööbus, History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient: A Contribution to the History

of Culture in the Near East, 1: The Origin of Asceticism: Early Monasticism in Persia(Secrétariat du Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 184, t. 14), Louvain 1958,

pp. 290–291

]3[xifpl ax zkitd281

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.ax ilklk gekn epdp dixfpne diy`xe ,zipinyd d`nd jezl cre ziyiyd9

d`nd seql eze` minicwnd yi :cenlzd zkixr onfl rbepa zewelg xwgna zercd

,ziyiyd d`nd zligze ziyingd10.zipinyd d`nl cr eze` mixg`nd yie11oiae jk oia

dxidnd dginvd one zeagxzdd on mlrzdl cer mileki eppi` ,l"fg zextq ixwegk ,ep` jk

mincew mixwgnl sxhvn df xn`n .ef dtewza ziqxtd dixtni`a zihqpend dlidwd ly

.zihqpend efl ± ilaad cenlzd cgeina ± zipaxd zextqd oia zelawd izrvd mday ,ily

mipeica oeinc ,mitzeyn miizextq mihpnl` :mipeebne mipey minegza od zelawdd

.zeliawn zeibele`z zexdvde 'miizkld'd12

oke ,zinexd dixtni`d ly dixehqidd oiae zexvpd zeclez oiay dwifl zeaiyg qegii

± zigxfnd diiqpkd itlk zilily dihdn drapy mihphqhext mixweg ly dnecwd drcd

.zigxfnd zexvpd xwgn ly eixkera ecnr dl` lk13rwxd zieef oxwl wgcp jkn d`vezk

d`xp jk ,dwizrd zra gxfnd xwg mcwzny lkk ,mle`e .ilaad cenlzd zkixrl ixvepd

zepwqnd z` mb oeayga `iadl yi ilaad cenlzl rbepd ixehqid xe`iz lkay xzeie xzei

rwxd z`e mnvr zexewnd zpad z` xiyrdl ick oda yi oky ,elld mixwgnd on zelerd

yi cenlzd zeibeq z` exiyrdy miipevigd zexewnd mr zexkidly orh` ip` .mzexveeidl

.envr icenlzd dkixrd jildz zpadl mevr l`ivphet14

xe`l ziqxtd dixtni`a mixvepl micedid oiay mixywd lr ecnr mihrn mixweg j`

ly wiecn xeiv eit lr xiivl dywe hren epicia ievnd rcind ok lre ,miixvepd zexewnd

7.261±259 'nr ,my ,qeaee

8.310 'nr ,my

9Cynthia Villagomez, The Fields, Flocks, and Finances of Monks: Economic Life atNestorian Monasteries, 500–850, PhD dissertation, UCLA 1998

10:lynl e`xYaakov Elman, ‘The Babylonian Talmud in Its Historical Context’, Printingthe Talmud: From Bomberg to Schottenstein, eds. Sharon Lieberman Mintz and Gabriel

M. Goldstein, New York 2005, p. 1911.117±69 'nr ,(d"qyz) k ,`xciq ,'cenlzd zeedzda mipeir' ,ipald cec :e`x

12.(dgiztd zxrd ,lirl) xy` xa :e`x miizpia

13ziaihinixt zc zigxfnd zexvpa e`x mixyrd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr ryzd d`na zexvpd ixweg

ipiit`n' :opx hqpx` dxyr ryzd d`nd oa recid zexvpd xweg hhev lynl jk .ziqxewit`e

oihelgl exqg md .rcna e` zepn`a ,zenglna epiihvd `l md .icnl miipepia zixeqd ixaec mixvepd

,(9 dxrd ,lirl) fneblie :e`x .'miaxrde mixard ly zewizrd zene`d ly ...ziheitd y`d z`

:it lr zhhvnd ,13 'nrWilliam Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature, London 1894,pp. 1–2.:mb e`xSebastian P. Brock, ‘Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided

Loyalties’, Religion and National Identity, ed. Stuart Mews, Oxford 1982, p. 914.249±202 ,46±1 'nr ,(dgiztd zxrd ,lirl) xy` xa :lynl e`x

282lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]4[

.qxta miherind zeveaw oia miqgid15xxal miqpnd mixwgn ly dxeyl sxhvn df xn`n

dwicae miliawn mirhw ly iedif ,mnvr miicenlzd zexewna oeir jezn elld miqgid z`

.mda miievnd mibel`ice miqenlet ly16

) 'mexht dhnbhtet`'d ,ea wqer ixwgny ifkxnd hqwhdApophthegmata Patrum,(

qihwq ly zihinx`Îinqde zihinx`d dlidwd ly meiÎmeid iign egnvy mixeaigd cg` `ed

.dpezgzd mixvnay17mpeiqipn clep df xeaig mb ,dnkgd zextqa zeievnd zexn`l dneca

ia zixletet dziid 'dhnbhtet`'d .miaeh miigl zeiyrn zevr wtqn `ede ,mixifpd lyxze

,xzei mixge`nd zexecd ipae dpnf ipa mixifpd oia18zencwend on zeiecr epl zwtqn `ide

.ihqpend mlerd lr xzeia19etq`p ode ,dt lr dligz evetp df xeaiga zelelkd zexn`d

15Jacob Neusner, A History of the Jews in Babylonia, Leiden 1969; Isaiah M. Gafni,‘Babylonian Rabbinic Culture’, Cultures of the Jews: A New History, ed. David Biale,

New York 2002, pp. 223–253:e`x laaa micedid lr ditxbeilaial .The Cambridge Historyof Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, ed. Steven T. Katz, Cambridge 2006,

p. 9216Naomi Koltun-Fromm, ‘A Jewish-Christian Conversation in Fourth-Century Persian

Mesopotamia’, Journal of Jewish Studies, 47 (1996), pp. 45–63; Adam H. Becker,‘Beyond the Spatial and Temporal Limes: Questioning the “Parting of the Ways” Outsidethe Roman Empire’, The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquityand the Early Middle Ages, eds. Adam H. Becker and Annette Yoshiko Reed, Tübingen2003, pp. 373–392; Peter Schäfer, Jesus in the Talmud, Princeton, NJ 2007; Richard L.Kalmin, Jewish Babylonia between Persia and Roman Palestine, Oxford–New York2006, p. 11; Holger M. Zellentin, Late Antiquity Upside-Down: Rabbinic Parodies ofJewish and Christian Literature, PhD dissertation, Princeton University, 2007; idem,‘Margin of Error: Women, Law, and Christianity in Bavli Shabbat 116a–b’, Heresy andIdentity in Late Antiquity, Tübingen 2007, pp. 339–363; Daniel Boyarin, Borderlines:The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity, Philadelphia, PA 2007; idem, ‘Hellenism in JewishBabylonia’, The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature, eds.

Charlotte Elisheva Fonrobert and Martin S. Jaffee, Cambridge 2007, pp. 336–36317:e`x l"fg zextql dhnbhtet`d oiay qgid lr dcigi dxiwqCatherine Hezser, ‘Apophthegmata

Patrum and Apophthegmata of the Rabbis’, La Narrativa Cristiana Antica: Codici Narrativi,Strutture Formali, Schemi Retorici (Studia Ephemeridia Augustinianum, 50), Rome 1995,pp. 453–464; idem, ‘Die Verwendung der Hellenistischen Gattung im frühen Christentum

und Judentum’, Journal for the Study of Judaism, 27 (1996), pp. 371–439:mb e`x .RichardKalmin, ‘Holy Men, Rabbis, and Demonic Sages’, Jewish Culture and Society under

the Christian Roman Empire, Leuven 2003, pp. 213–249.9±8 'nr ,(16 dxrd ,lirl) oinlw ;

18:e`x dxiwql .miax ci iazka dievn `ide zeax zetyl ce`n xdn dnbxez dhnbhtet`dDouglasBurton-Christie, The Word in the Desert: Scripture and the Quest for Holiness in Early

Christian Monasticism, Oxford–New York 1993, pp. 85–8819:e`x mexht dhnbhtet`d lr ditxbeilaialWilliam Harmless, Desert Christians: An

Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism, Oxford–New York 2004, pp. 183–186

]5[xifpl ax zkitd283

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milbrnd ly miite`n rap zizhiy dkixr xqge 'mkgezn epi`y' oepbqa zepey zexn`

.mdiig l` dxicp dvvd rivne miixifpd21

ze`wqtd ixagn ly mzyib xexial cgeina miaeyg 'dhnbhtet`'d ly miixeqd minebxzd

ziyingd d`na zixeql dnbxez zixvnd zihqpend zextqd .miixvepd zexewnl zeicenlzd

.ziyiyd d`nd on cid iazk zvwna dcxye22eid 'dhnbhtet`'d ly zeil`ehqwh zexeqn

zihqpend drepzd `veny epin`d my mixifpde ,ziqxtd dixtni`a miihqpen milbrna zevetp

mya cg` xwirae ,qeinewt ly eicinlzy migeecn miax miixeq zexewn .mixvna mdly

) obF` xnMar Awgenobe` xn eze`y s` ,dinheteqnle dixeql zeihqpend z` e`aii ,(

.ziriyzd d`nl mincewd ci iazka xkfen epi`23zexewna xfegd ,sqep ibelezin xetiq

.qxta mixfpn znwd myl mixvnn mixifp miray ly d`ivi lr geecn ,miax24qeaee mpn`

r zniiw dziid qxta zeihqpendy ilhpnepend extqa d`xddrtydd ly dzxicg iptl ce

,ziriaxd d`na zixvnd25cenlzd ly ezkixr ztewza qxta mixifpdy aeyg eppiiprl j`

eqgiiy daxd zeaiygd o`kne ,mixvna mixifpd ipey`x ly mdikiynn mnvr e`x ilaad

.xacnd zea` ly zexn`d itqe`l my`xae miixvnd miazkl

,miixvnd miazkd z` dxdn cr exikd ixeqd gxfnd on miixifp mibegy xzeia xiaq

.xwywn mdxa` ly daeygd zihqpend dnxetxd xg`l ,ziyiyd d`nd rvn` ixg` cgeina26

ocrd ob' sqe`a miifkxnd mihqwhd etq`p ziriayd d`nd cr ,xwgna zercd lk it lr

) 'zea`d lyThe Paradise of the Fatherslr eyi`Îop` mya igxfn ixeq xifp jxry ,(

20:e`x zexn`d ly zil`xyivx`d dkixrd lrLucien Regnault, ‘Les Apophtegmes des pèresen Palestine aux Ve–VIe siècles’, Irénikon, 54 (1981), pp. 320–330lv` zeiptdde ;Graham

Gould, The Desert Fathers on Monastic Community, Oxford–New York 1993, pp. 9–17.

eid ziriaxd d`nd seqa xaky zei`x xtqn yi j` ,azkidl zexn`d elgd izn ixnbl xexa `l

.(79 'nr ,[18 dxrd ,lirl] ihqixkÎoehxa :e`x) zexn` itqe` miniiw

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:e`x .mixwegd oia zwelgna iepy elld mitqe`d ipy oia qgid .iziatl`d sqe`deJean-ClaudeGuy, Recherches sur la tradition grecque des Apophthegmata Patrum (Subsidia

Hagiographica, 36), Brussels 1962zeizextq zecigia wqer ,mixg` ly dl` enk ,ixwgn .

rbep epi` mitqe`d oia qgid okle ,eikxer icia xnegd xeciqae elek sqe`a `le mitqe`d jeza

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23:e`xSebastian P. Brock, ‘Early Syrian Asceticism’, Numen, 20 (1973), p. 324.217 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) qeaee

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zecewp xtqn mixacd jldna yibc` ,miihqpend mihpnl`l izextqd xywd zprh wefigl

ilka xfri` df jxevl .zrvend dixe`zl ober onvr ipta s` zeynynd i"ayx xetiqa

27:xtql wexa ly ezncwda e`xIsaac of Nineveh (Isaac the Syrian): ‘The Second Part’,chapters IV–XLI, ed. [and trans.] Sebastian Brock, Louvanii 1995, p. XXXV

28.my e`x

29:e`xRuth F. Frazer, The Morphology of Desert Wisdom in the Apophthegmata Patrum,PhD dissertation, University of Chicago 1977, pp. 10–11

30.222 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) qeaee

31.229±227 'nr ,my

32:eizeliawne iriaxd `xfr xtq lr oexg`d dxwgnaHindy Najman, Destruction, Mourning,and Renewal in Jewish Antiquity, Cambridge [forthcoming], ch. 1

]7[xifpl ax zkitd285

.'zenezid ze`wqtd' ogan :ohxbne`a hxal` dpexg`l rivdy33e`eaa z`f rivd `ed

j` ,elld mi`yepa mipeicl deelznd zeiziirad z`e zeizzike zezik mibyend z` xicbdl

eaky' xy` ze`wqt od 'zenezid ze`wqtd' .o`k mb epze` ynyl leki df ilky dnec

.ipevig rcin xcrida ozernyn z` xxal e` ozeaiyg lr cenrl did ozip `le 'zenezi

xetiqa miaikx xtqn xiaqdl epl zexyt`n ollka zeihqpend zeliawnd ,dnec ote`a

.xetiqd aevirl mzeaiyg zxxazn jke ,mipaen izla e` otec i`vei mi`xpd i"ayx

z` milrdl `l s`e ep`vny oeinca 'reahl'n xdfidl yi zeliawn xwga ,z`f mr

eca`iy xeq` zeiextqd oiay milcadd .miicnn cg mikted d`eeydd zepexziy cr milcadd

zxeqna ccvle hlgend lcadd z` dcind lr xzi yibcdl oi` oiteligle ,zedf ly giya

extqa yibcn 'zinqy itk .dzerx ipt lr zg`Drudgery Divinely dtya jxev yi ,

ly ziphyt dwixehx .zeicnn cg ze`eeydl oaxw letiz `ly ,'d`eeyde beeiq ,zepiiczd'

dwiprn ipey ly dwixehx eli`e ,d`eeydd qiqaa micnerd milcadd on znlrzn zedf

oexzi zwprdl dliaen `idy dteqe ,ixehqid eqiqaa `edy lcadl zibelehpe` zernyn

.dzxag lr znieqn zcl34l"fg zextq oiay milcadd gezipl cgeina daeyg ef dcnr

.zicenlzd zextqd ly miicegiid mipiit`nd lr cenrl ick zihqpend zextql

ecvn il`ehwlhpi` jldna dielz zizextq dlawd lk ,'zinq yibcdy itk ,efn dxzi

migezipd ogleyl mi`aen mdy `l` ,mrah mvrn minecd mixac ipy oi` .deeynd xwegd ly

dyrn' `id ,zinq raew ,dnvr d`eeydd .mzaizk xg`l mipy ,envr xwegd icia incw`d

dpzyn zkxrn xwegl wiprnd ,tewqeciilw enk ,diipae wexit ly ,ipaaey mizrl ,iaihw`

qgia l`ey `edy zeihxe`zd zel`yd oiay miqgid z` xicbdl eilr mz`y mipiit`n ly¦

.'bviink xgapy rcinl35drya ogana cenrl dkixv ,di`vnn wx `le ,dnvr d`eeydd mb

.zepwqnd z` mipgea mi`xewdy

cenlzd ly zicegiid zxeqna riten `edy itk i"ayx xetiql zepey zeliawn biv` oldl

e`aed mzvwe ,el miliawnd zexewnl deey izextq orhn `yep xewn lk `l .ilaad

zexewnl miicenlzd zexewnd oiay ipeyde oeincd ly zillkd dnbnd z` wfgl ick wx

xacd `id ,drhn mizrl dibelp`y s`' :xlha l`enq ly eixacn hhvl ie`xe .miixvepd

.'epzeyxay drhn zegtd36zeliawnd ,lirl ebvedy mibiiqd lk s` lry riv` ip`

i"ayx ly ezenc aevir ly zizextqd dibeqa oeicl wzxn gzt epl zegzet zeihqpend

laaa zexvpl zecdid oiay mirbnd ly zixehqidd dibeqd xexiale ,hxta ilaad cenlza

.llka zipqqd

33Albert I. Baumgarten, ‘How Do We Know When We Are On To Something’?, Sectsand Sectarianism in Jewish History, ed. Sacha D. Stern, Leiden 2011, pp. 3–19

34Jonathan Z. Smith, Drudgery Divine: On the Comparison of Early Christianities andthe Religions of Late Antiquity, London–Chicago 1990, pp. 42–43

35.51±50 'nr ,my ,'zinq

36Henry Festing Jones (ed.), The Notebooks of Samuel Butler, New York 1912, p. 94

286lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]8[

dpeyde szeynd :ezxrna i"ayx zexeqn .a

dxrna ezedy j` ,mii`pzd zexewna xak ihppinec mkg aygp i`gei xa oerny 'x mpn`

zexewn dpenya zepey ze`qxba driten ef zxeqn .xzei mixge`n zexewna wx zxkfen

axc `zwiqt ,dax ziy`xa ,inlyexid oebk ,miilaa od miil`xyivx` od ,mipey miizextq

.ilaad cenlzde `pdk37ip`y dn z` oga`e xetiqd ly oey`xd wlga fkxz` df xn`na

.micenlzd ipya zeritend dl` ,xetiqd ly zeixwird ze`qxbd izyk ddfn

a"r bl zay ,ilaa

cxetqwe` i"k)Fol. Opp. 23 [366](38(ociil i"k) c"r gl ,` h ziriay ,inlyexi

aizie oerny 'xe iqei 'xe i`rl` 'xa dcedi 'x

dnk 'n`e dcedi 'x gzte diiab mixb oa dcedi

epwz miweey epwz ef dne` ly diyrn mi`p

'x dpr wzy iqei 'x 'e`vgxn epwz mixyb

jxevl `l` epwz `l epwzy dn lk 'n`e oerny

ocrl ze`vgxn zepef oda aiyedl miweey onvr

dcedi jld qkn mdn lehil 'ixyb onvr oda

zeklnl ernype mixac xtiqe [?mixb] qixb oa

dlbi wzyy iqei dlrzi dliry dcedi exn`

bxdi dpiby oerny ixetivl

37`zwiqt ;(945±941 'nr ,wal`Îxece`z zxecdn) hr dax ziy`xa ;c"r gl ,` h ziriay ,inlyexi

bl zay ,ilaa ;i ,g dax zldw ;(194±191 'nr ,me`alcpn zxecdn) fh ,glya idie ,`pdk axc

.a"r

38eayi :zixarl mebxziaxdcediiaxe i`rl` iaxaiqeiiaxeoernyayiedcedi mzi`oa.mixb

gztiaxdcedidnk' :xn`emi`ply mdiyrn.'ze`vgxn epwz mixyb epwz miweey epwz ef dne`

iaxiqeidpr .wzy'xoerny:xn`elk'epwzy dn`lepwz`l`jxevlmiweey :onvraiyedl

mixac xtiqe mixb oa dcedi jld .'qkn mdn lehil mixyb .onvr oda ocrl ze`vgxn .zepef oda

jld .bxdi dpiby oerny .ixetivl dlbi wzyy iqei .dlrzi dliry dcedi .exn` .zeklnl ernype

epae `edexzzqdeziaaezy` dziid mei lk .yxcndd`ianmdlewfgzdyk .elk`e mgl,zeticxd

mewn z` mi`nexl=) mdl dlbze dze` exrvi `ny odilr dlw ozrc miypy eprci :epal xn`

.(m`eagn.dxrna e`agzde eklddyrpqp elel `xapeurmiaexgoiirne.mincr miayei eid

onfa .ecnle meid lk lega mdix`eevdlitzdeyalecixed okn xg`le elltzde eqkzde mdicba

ick mdicba`ly:xn`e dxrnd gzt lr cnre edil` `a .dxrna dpy dxyr mizy eayi .elazi

in'riceii`gei xaldlhazde xqiwd zny.e`vi ?'dxfbde`xmiyp`migipn' :exn` mirxefe miyxeg

aixgdl' :mdl dxn`e lew za dzvi .sxyp mdipir epzpy mewn lk ?'dry iiga miwqere mler iig

htyn' :exn`y itk .dxrna miyceg xyr mipy eayie .exfge ekld .'mkzxrnl exfg ?mz`vi inler

]9[xifpl ax zkitd287

ded `nei lk `yxcn ia eyhe dixae edi` lf`

siwzck ikxke `ztix edziac edl `iziin

dlw ozrc miypc `prci dixal dil 'n` `zxfb

ol `ilbine ol ixrvn `nlic odilr

`qip edil yigxzi` `zxrna eyhi`e elf`igei oa oerny iax39zlz `zxrna xinh car

.'mkzxrnn e`v' :mdl dxn`e lew za dzvi .(i ,a zeicr ,dpyn) 'ycg xyr mipy mpidiba miryx

.'dz`e ip` mlerl eic ,ipa' :el xn` .oerny 'x `txn did xfrl` 'x aixgn didy dn lk .e`vi

owf e`xeciaeipy[ixd]e' :el exn` .'zay ceakl' :mdl xn` ?'el` jl dnl' :el exn` .miqcd ixf

"xeny" cbpk cge "xekf" cbpk cg' :mdl xn` ?'cg` jl witqndaiag dnk d`x' :epal el xn` .'

exyaa jkgn did .ugxnd zial elr .eil` jld ,epzg xi`i oa qgpt iax rny .'l`xyi lr devn

meyn geevn [i"ayx] dide [mirvtd lr] eipir zernc eltpe ,dkea dide eteba mirvt el eidy d`xe

`l `lnli`y .jka ipzi`xy jixy`' :el xn` .'jka jizi`xy il ie`' :xn` .eirvta el ekxgy

qgpt iax did ,diyew dywn i`gei oa oerny iax didyk xara .'jk ia iz`vn `l jka ipzi`x

iax did ,diyew dywn xi`i oa qgpt iax didyk seqal .mivexiz xyr mipy el uxzn xi`i oa

dyr` ,qp il ygxzdy oeeikn :[i"ayx] xn` .mivexiz drax`e mixyr el uxzn i`gei oa oerny

z` ogie' .ezxeza mly epenna mly eteba mly :ax xn` .'mly awri `aie' aezky enk .dpwz

ze`vgxn :xn` opgei 'x .mdl owz miweey :xn` l`enye .mdl owiz rahn :ax xn` .'xird ipt

mipdkl xrv yie .d`neh wtq ea yiy mewn yi' :el exn` ?'oewiz yxecy xac yi' :xn` .mdl owiz

oa uvw o`k' :mkgd eze` xn` ?'xara dfd mewnd zxdha rciy in yi' :xn` .'etiwdl mivl`pd

mewn lke ,ea urep didy ,Fpiiv ietx didy mewn lk .jk `ed s` car .'dnexz iqenxez i`kf

xn`e el gly .'zexawd zia i`gei oa xdih' :owfd eze` xn` .dxdhn did dyw rwxwd dziidy

ziidy eiykr la` .'ne` ziid dti .epnr zipnp `le epnr ziid elit`e .epnr ziid `l `lnl`' :el

ea ozp .'dnke dnk zg` lr minkg icinlz ,ef z` ef zeqkxtn zepef :[exn`i] epnr zipnpe epnr

weyl `vi .zne eipir z`d`xez`dcedioaea eipir ozp ?'mlera dfl epyi oicr' :xn` .mixb

.zenvr ly lb dyrpe

39,dnexz ly oiaexg zxrna ,mipy dxyr yely dxrna `agzd i`gei oa oerny iax :zixarl mebxz

el ayie `vi .mlera lew dn d`x`e `v` :xn` ,mipy dxyr yely xg`l .dcelg eteb dlrdy cr

'qenic' :zxne` lew za rny .eizecekln z` qxt .mixetiv cvy cg` ciiv d`x .dxrnd dt lr

În)dimissio:e`x .'xeht' ernyny ,ipihldDaniel Sperber, A Dictionary of Greek and LatinLegal Terms in Rabbinic Literature, Ramat-Gan 1984, p. 87icrlan xetiv :xn` .dlvipe (

ze`vgxn z` d`x` ,cx` :xn` erbxp mixacdy d`xyk .mc` oa oky lk `l ,dcaz `l minyd

eidy ,'xird ipt z` ogie' .mipey`xd epizea` eyry enk dpwz zeyrl ep` oikixv :xn` .dixah

lkae ,wilwne uvwne oiqenxez gwel dide .`ixah z` xdh` :xn` .weya oixkene oqilhi` oiyer

mkg eze` z` xcq`e jl` `ny :xn` ,cg` izek eze` d`x .dlrnl dlere sv did zn didy mewn

zxdh `l :el xn` ,i`gei oa oerny iaxl `a .xdhp xaky mewna e`iagde ,cg` zn gwl .micedid

Fpzpy ycew gexa i`gei oa oerny 'x dtv .myn zn jl `iven ip`e ,[zn mewna] yi ?ipelt mewn

,lcbn iptl xaryk .el dziid oke ,elriy mipezgzd lre ecxiy mipeilrd lr ip` xfeb :xn`e my

dixahy izrny `l m` ilr `eai :el xn` .`ixah xdhn i`gei xa dpd :xne`y xteq ly elew rny

.zenvr ly lb dyrp cin ?ziid epzi` `l ,ok elit` ,xdhidl dcizr

288lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]10[

cr iazi eed `inc `pire `aexig edl ixai`ednexzc oiaexg zxrna oipy xyr40dlrdy cr

iielv ocirl iqxbe `nei ilek `lga ed[i]ixeevdcelg eteb

ikid ike dip`n igly xcde elvne eqkne iyal

elail `lc

edil` `z` `zxrna oipy ixq ± izxz eaizi`dn ing [wtp] dp il 'n` oipy xyr zlz seql

xal dirce` o`n 'n` `zxrnc `gzit` i`we`nlr `lw

`zxifb dlhae xqiw zinc i`gei

oigipn 'n` irxfe iaxk `wc iypi` ef`g ewtpciiv cg `ng `zxrnc `net lr dil aizie wtp

epzpy mewn lk dry iig oiwqere mler iigdxn` `lw zxa rny dizcevn qxt oixtiv ciiv

aixgdl odl dxn`e lew za dzvi sxyp mdipir`l `iny icrlan xetiv xn` zafizyi`e qenic

lef`e xecd mkzxrnl exfg mz`vi inler`yp xa oky lk `cai41

ixn` `zxrna `zy igxi xqixz eaizi`e

40xe`l .'mixnz' :dax zldwae ;'`cexb iaexg' :dax ziy`xaa dqxbd .`pdk axc `zwiqta mb jk

mb inlyexia dywd dqxbdy erivdy yi ,mewn ly my d`xpk dxikfnd ,dax ziy`xaa dqxbd

ly myl zpeeknyi .(21 dxrd ,17 'nr ;13 dxrd ,12 'nr ,[3 dxrd ,lirl] oiel) mieqn mewn

zerh elit`e (14 dxrd ,159±158 'nr ,[4 dxrd ,lirl] xi`n) milin wgyn inlyexid zqxba e`xy

'nr ,f"nyz milyexi ,a ,qwilt dcedi i"r zx`eane zyxetn ,ziriay zkqn ,inlyexi cenlz)

ly oewiz zepeiqip od dax zldwae dax ziy`xaa zexg`d ze`qxbdy il d`xp .(84 dxrd ,233

ik oiivl ie`xy dnec .zxeqnd ly ixwird gqepd z` ea ze`xl yie inlyexiay dywend gqepd

dfk ur mle`e .dxrna ievnd mieqn miaexg url zeqgiizn dl` zeyw milinl zeiepyxtd aex

'dnexzc oiaexg zxrna' iehiaa ze`xl yiy okzii .cala ilaad xetiqa `l` ef dqxba xkfen epi`

zetq`p zenexzd eid oaxegd ixg`y xg`n .miaexg ur mr dxrn `le mnvr miaexgd ly dxrn

,ab` jxc .dnexzk miaexg etq`p day dxrnl o`k dpeekdy okzii ,mixra mnvr mipdekd icia

dnexz' ,degipfd mipdekde daygp `ly dnexzk dnexzd iaexg z` i"ayx mya zpiivn `ztqezd

`ztqez ,onxail :e`x .(h ,d my) lk`nl xzen dwtqe (e ,d zenexz ,`ztqez) 'micitwn oi`y¥

.364 ,359 'nr ,dheytk

41dpey`xd ± zg` wx `le lew za ly zexn` izy zelikn zexg`d zeil`xyivx`d ze`qxbd

dil aizie wtp' :dax ziy`xaa dqxbd lynl ef .dzqitz lr diipyde xetivd xexgy lr dricen

"qinic" :`iny on dxn` `lw zxa rny ded cke oixtiv ciiv i`w ciiv cg dng ,dzxrnc dnet lr

ytp onke onk cg ,dcvzin `l `iny icrlan xetiv" :xn` ,dcvzin zeed "dlewitq" ,dbyt zeed

"yp xacoeeikn ,xetiqa ef dwqt ueaiyay dnixvd lr riavd ,13 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) oiel .'

`ng ck' :d`ad dwqta riteny xaqdd lr itelg xaqd ezxrnn i"ayx z`ivil zwtqn `idy

sevx xetiq dxizen inlyexia xetiqd on xetivd lr dwqtd z`ved .'...zegip 'n` `iilin okcyc

'n` `iilin okcyc `ng ck `nlr `lw dn ing wtp dp il 'n` oipy xyr zlz seql' :envrlyk

hxal` 'text il xird ,o`k dritend 'qenic' dlind lr .'`ixaihc oiqenic oicda ingip zegip

fnx jka yiy okzii .mixacd jynda zxkfpd 'oiqenic' dlind oiae dpia oeinc yiy ohxbne`a

.ze`vgxna uegxl zexyt`d `id `id iytegl d`ividy

]11[xifpl ax zkitd289

dzvi ycg xyrÎmipy mpidiba miryx htyn

ewtp mkzxrnn e`v mdl dxn`e lew za

oerny 'x iqn ded xfrl` 'x ign dedc `kid lk

`eddl ef`g dz`e ip` mlerl eic ipa el 'n`

exn` `q`c ip`cn ixz dicia hiwp dedc `aq

exn` zay ceakl edl 'n` jl dnl ipd dil

cge xekf cbpk cg edl 'n` cga jl ibqze dil

daiag dnk zifg dixal dil dxn` xeny cbpk

l`xyic ediilr devn

diliir dit`l wtp dipzg xi`i oa qgpit 'x rnyoicda ingip zegip 'n` `iilin okcyc `ng ck

dixyal dil jikg `w ded digq`e ipa ial`ixaihc oiqenic

`we ika `w ded diaba ilit dil zi` eedc `fg

eba okixgc meyn dil ogeevn `we irnc oxzp

jixy` el 'n` jka jizi`xy il ie` 'n` ilit

pzi`x `l `lnli`y jka ipzi`xy`l jka i

oerny 'x iywn ded ik `xwirnc jk ia iz`vn

oa qgpit 'x dl wixtn ded `iyew i`gei <oa>

'x iywn ded ik seqale iwexit xqixza xi`i

oerny 'x dl wixtn ded `iyew xi`i oa qgpit

iwexit drax`e mixyra i`gei oa

`zlin oiwzi` `qip il yigxzi`e li`ed 'n`epiza` eyry enk dpwz zeyr[l] op` oikixv 'n`

eteba mly ax 'n` 'mly awri `aie' 'izkcoiyer eidy 'xird ipt z` ogie' mipey`xd

'xird ipt z` ogie' ezxeza mly epenna mlyweya oixkene oqilhi`

miwey 'n` l`enye mdl owiz rahn ax 'n`

mdl owiz ze`vgxn 'n` opgei 'x mdl owz

`ki` dil exn` oiwzi`c `zlin `ki` 'n``ixaih ikcp 'n`

`xrv edl zi`e d`neh wtq da zi`c `zkec

wfgzi`c rcic `ki` i` 'n` itew`l ipdkl

oa uvw o`k `aq `edd 'n` `nil `kd dxdh

dnexz iqenxez i`kf

dipiiv itx dedc `kid lk ikd inp edi` cardedc od lke wilwne uvwne oiqenxez aqp dede

> ia liwy dedcdedc `kid lke uirce `virc <lirl on dil wlqe siih ded `zin

dixdh dyw

290lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]12[

`aq oeda iltn lf` dp il 'n` izek cg dizng

`z` ikcc od dixnh`e lf` zin cg aqp i`ceic

xz` zikc `l dil 'n` igei oa oerny 'x diabl

'x dtv onz on `zin jl witn `p`e `zi` olt

xfeb 'n`e my epzpy ycewd gexa igei oa oerny

oke elriy mipezgzd lre ecxiy mipeilrd lr ip`

dil zeed

'n` `xtqc dilw rny `lcben inew [x]ar in

zexawd zia i`gei oa xdih `aq `edd 'n`m` ilr `eai dil 'n` `ixaih ikcn igei xa `d

i`e epnr ziid `l `lnli` dil 'n`e dil gly`l ok elit` xdhil dcizr `ixaihy izrny `l

'ne` ziid dti epnr zipnp `le epnr ziid inpzenvrly lb dyrp cin ziid oipnid

[exn`i] epnr zipnpe epnr ziidy eiykr la`

zg` lr minkg icinlz ef z` ef zeqkxtn zepef

dipir dia aidi dnke dnk

'n` mixb oa dcedil diifg `weyl wtpzine

lb dyrpe ea eipir ozp mlera dfl epyi oicr

zenvr ly

miil`xyivx`d mixeaiga zeievnd ze`qxbd lr dticrd dqxbd izrcl `id inlyexid zqxb

.ef zxeqn ly bviind gqepd izrcl `ide ,mixg`d42ezenc lr xwira zqqazn ef iztwyd

lirt `ede hlea mewn xfrl` 'x ly ezenc zqtez ilaaa .i"ayx ly epa ,xfrl` 'x ly

ievn `edy itk xetiqd ly ilxbhpi` wlg ea ze`xl yi ok lre ,mipeyd xetiqd iwlga

ziy`xa miyxcna eli`e ,xkfen epi` epae ecal i"ayx lr xteqn inlyexiay dqxba .epiptl

xy xkfp dax zldwe `pdk axc `zwiqt ,daxepi` oad j` dxrna eia` mr ddy xfrl` '

zxeya `l` dyrnl xkfen `ed oi` dax ziy`xaa dqxbd jynda .llk ifkxn ciwtz `lnn

.zg` dwqtae dgiztd43

42zixehqid dpigan inlyexid zqxbn xzei zwiecn dax ziy`xa zqxby xaq ,42±9 'nr ,my ,oiel

ip` ,xen`k .df xetiqa epcy mitqep mixweg lr drityd ef ezpwqn .zenewnd zenya hexitd lya

,ok` .i"ayx zxeqn ly il`xyivx`d gqepl ixwird xewnd z` inlyexia dqxba ze`xl dticrn

.mfil`xl yxcnd ziihpn miraep ile` dax ziy`xa zqxba xzei miwiecnd mihxtdy xikfn oiel mb

43zgzetn xfrl` 'xl zqgeind '`iixahl `iikcnl op` oikixv' e` '`ixaih ikcp' zinzqd dxin`d

.'diilehw on dzi oiikcn op` zile dixah ol zcar `zah `cd lk `a`' :xzei hrn wx ef dwqta

.cer xkfen epi` oade xird z` xdhny ink i"ayx wx xkfp jynda mle`e

]13[xifpl ax zkitd291

ieaixd zexev jnq lr ,inlyexia xetiqa mb oad ly eze`ivnl mifnx `evnl eqipy eid

.'op` oikixv'e 'ingip' ,'zegip' ,'ikcp' :inlyexiay i"ayx ixaca44milind yely mle`e

oikixv' iehiad z` .zililbd zinx`a cizrd zxev ly cigi oey`x seb dyrnl od zepey`xd

iayeil riiql ick zepwz oiwzdl minkg ly mzaeg lr zillk dxrdk izrcl oiadl yi 'op`

.dne`d zea`n cnlpy itk ,mixrd

epa xkfp oi` ,zeil`xyivx`d ze`qxbd lkn ,inlyexia wx eay il`ehqwhd avnd ,ok m`

zeil`xyivx`d ze`qxbl qpked xfrl` 'xy dxrydd z` wfgl ick ea yi ,llk i"ayx ly

migqepd z` ef jxca oiadl xzei lwy dnec .ilaad ly drtydd ax gqepd zrtyda

inlyexia zxeqnd xagn wx eit lry ,jetdd avnl xaqd wtql xy`n xetiqd ly mipeyd

.xetiqd on i"ayx ly epa z` hinydl xga45dqxbd z` `et` xnyn inlyexia gqepd

.dxrna i"ayx xetiq ly zil`xyivx`d zxeqnd ly xzei zixewnd

:mirexi` ly dnec svx yi inlyexiae ilaaa xetiqd ly ze`qxba

.`.dpy dxyr yely dxrna ig i"ayx

.a.zelaia e` dgixta dqkzn etebe miaexg lke` `ed

.b.lew za zaxrn cenild ziieeg

.c.oevigd mlera zelkzqdn zeraepd zepwqn zexkfp dxrnd zaifr zrya

.dweqtd cenil ly ixtk zbvend dhlgd ,'dpwz owzl' hilgne ze`vgxna laeh i"ayx

.ziy`xan xkfpd

.e.miqenxez ea miaxerny jildza xir ly xedihk zxxazn dpwzd

.fwlg did ik) ezektktd lr eze` xwan i"ayx eli`e ,i"ayx lr zxewia gzen owf mc`

.(dligza jldna dknzy dveawn

.g.epevxk miyp` bexdl lbeqn i"ayx

zexkfp d`ad dniyxa .ze`qxbd oia mixexa milcad mpyi mixetiqd ihxta df oeinc cvl

:zilaad ezqxba xetiqd ly oey`xd wlga wx zeievnd zecewpd

.1.mi`nexd on cgtd ± dxrnl gexal i"ayx ly ripnd xaqd :divifetqw`46

.2dciban cgt lya ,dxrnl okn xg`le yxcnd zial dligz :mialy ipya dgixa

.dyi`d ly

.3.dxrna enr ddey ,xfrl` 'x ,i"ayx ly epa

.4.oirne iqp ur

44d ,lirl) qwilt.90 dxey ,231 'nr ,(40 dxr

45xetiqa ohwd ewlg lya i"ayx ly epa z` hinyd inlyexia gqepdy oerhl mb xyt` ,z`f znerl

zeihqpen zeliawn xaca ,xn`nd ly ifkxnd oerihd z` xrxrl ick ef dcewpa oi` mle`e .dlilrd

.ilaad cenlza i"ayx ly ezenc z` eaviry

46ly ecgt enk ,dxrnl dgixal enxby zei`nex zeticxl mifnx yi inlyexiay gqepa s`y okzii

z`va '`iilin okcyc `ng ck' iehiad on s`e ,ciivde xetivd zwqtn dlery itk ,qtzidln i"ayx

zldw lynl ,xzei cer zexexa df htyn ly zeil`xyivx`d ze`qxbd zvwn .ezxrnn i"ayx

.(149 'nr ,[4 dxrd ,lirl] xi`n :e`x) '`cnya' :g ,i dax

292lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]14[

.5.meid lk dlitzae cenila weqir

.6.lega sebd ieqik

.7.edil` zrted

.8.mzcear llba miyp` ztxye dxrnd on d`ivid¥

.9.yperk dxrnl dxfg

.10.dxrnd on diipy d`ivi

.11.zayl opekznd owfd yi`d

.12zeleki i"ayxl dwiprd dxrna diidydy dxkdde ugxnd ziaa epzg mr dgiyd

.zecgein

milerd mihxt z`ad (`) :dyelyl wlgl xyt` ilaad zqxba wx miievnd mipiit`nd z`

y eziihp mr cg` dpwacenil ly oexwird z` yibcdle miizkld mipiipr mcwl ilaad l

xi`n dxtr epiiv xaky itk) dxezd47oiihypiaex ixt'be48xyt` dl`d mihxtd llka .(

ick dxrna diidyl i"ayx ly epa ztqed z`e yxcnd zial dpey`xd dgixad z` zepnl

oiivp xetiqd ly ipyd wlgae .yxcnd ziaa micnel eidy itk ,cgi cenll elkei mdipyy

.dixah xedih ly iqp zegtde izkldd ite`d z`

ze`wqta miievnd mixnega ipyn yeniyk mxiaqdl ozipy ilaaa miievnd mihxt (a)

dilr riavdy itk ,miiepiyd ly dfd beql zifkxnd dnbecd .envr ilaad cenlza zeliawn

,mely oa l`xyi49a dxf dceara dliawn dwqt zcarnd ,ilaaa dpey`xd dwqtd `id

d"awde ,mnvr mi`nexd itn zernyend ,mi`nexd ibyid lr zenec zeprh zeievn my .`"r

ilaad zqxba miiepiye zetqed ly dl` mibeq ipy .o`k i"ayx ly eizelina oze` dgec

,mincew mixwgna xen`k epecp xak i"ayx xetiq ly50i"ayx zexeqn lr xe` ekty xy`

.l"fg zextqa mixg`d mixnegl qgia zecner ody itk

zexewnl d`eeydn milbzn ilaad zqxba miievnd ,izrcl ,xzeia miwzxnd mipiit`nd (b)

.ixvnd xacna zexrna eigy zepey`xd zeihqpend zeiencd z` mix`znd miizextq51exe`iz

ez`va lecb mc`l jk lya jtede iqp oiirnne urn oefip ,dxrna ayeid mkgk i"ayx ly

47.157±150 'nr ,my ,xi`n

48.120±119 ,114±112 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) oiihypiaex

49.24±9 'nr ,(c"nyz) hn ,oeiv ,'inex l` eqgie i`rli` xa dcedi iax' ,melyÎoa l`xyi

50.(4 dxrd ,lirl) oiihypiaex ;(4 dxrd ,lirl) xi`n :lynl e`x

51:e`x zixvepd zextql zncew d`eeydlBen Zion Rosenfeld, ‘R. Simeon b. Yohai – WonderWorker and Magician Scholar, “Saddiq” and “Hasid”’, Revue des études juives, 158

(1999), pp. 351–386,'ciqg'ke 'wicv'k mipeyd l"fg zexewna i"ayx ly ezenca wqer `ed .

yecwd yi`d ly epxw ziilrn ertyed i"ayx ly zeiqpd zexeqndy jk lr dxvw dxrd xirne¦

zextqa ald zneyz z` fkxne ef dxrd gztn igkepd ixn`n .(378±377 'nr ,my) zixvepd dxaga

zicedid zextqd oia zeliawna zcgein zecwnzd jez ,`weec mixvn zeixacna mipey`xd mixifpd

.zixvepd efl

]15[xifpl ax zkitd293

zexrna zedyl ebdp `l cenlzd inkg .l"fg zextqa xzeia otec `vei xe`iz `ed dpnn

.zecceazd i`za e`52yiy zexyt`d z` dlrn df xetiqa i"ayx ly zicegiid ezebdpzd

zywan ip` .zxkene zpaen ef oirn zebdpzd mday ,mixg` zexewnn dai`yk dze`xl

'x zgixa xaca zxeqn dyrnl dxind dxrnde i"ayx xetiql ilaad zqxby ,o`k oerhl

z` dpyn dxrnd .mecw ihqpen xifp oirnk ezenc z` zx`znd zxeqna dxrnl oerny

divnxetqpxh) ipgex dxev xeair ly mewnl hltn mewnn zktede xetiqa dciwtz

.onfd ipa miihqpen miizextq zexewna mixkfpd mixwnl dneca ,(zil`ehixitq

miizextq mirvn`a envrlyk ilaaa xetiql dtqed e` iepiy lk xiaqdl ozip ,mpn`

ilaad cenlza i"ayx xetiq z`eeydn dlerd zllekd dpenzdy `id izprh ,mle`e .mixg`e

zkted jke .miixvepd mixnega oeekn yeniy lr driavn zenecwd zeihqpend zexeqnl

.minecw micceazn mihqpen mixifp mze`k ,zixifp zencl i"ayx ly ezenc

xacnd zea` ixet iqe i"ayx ixet iq .b

zexfpzdd iig ly qiqwxtde dixe`zd' mye ,mixvn zeixacna xen`k did zexifpd yxr

.'mnekgze miehia `iyl eribd53zeaiqp awr xacnl egxay ,zepey`xd zeixifpd zeiencd ¨

reawd mpkyn mewnl minid zeaxa ektd dl`e ,zexrna hltn e`vn ,mincewd odiiga zeyw

qihwqn qeiheptt ziriaxd d`nd oa xagnd azk ,lynl ,jk .mixifpd ly il`ci`de

)Paphnutius of Scetis:zilird mixvna zeihqpend zelidwd iig lr exeaiga (

izxkpzde xacnl iz`ae iznw .dyi`d mr i`hgn gexal izgny [:iheniz `a` ly exetiq]

z`fd dxrnd z`e min ly dfd oiirnd z` iz`vn .dyi`d dze` oiae ipia didy dn lkl

zeleky` xyr mipy il `ivnd dfd lwcd :d`ad jxca eldpzd iig .dfd lwcd ur z`e

miyelyl il witqn ,ccead lwcd urn ,dfk leky` lke ,yceg lka cg` ,dpy lk mixnz

`xt gnev ixrye lk`nl mgl il oi` .xg` leky` enewna lcb mei miyely ixg`e ,mei

inrhn] zeqkl yiy iteb iwlg z` iy`x xrya dqkn ip` zrk .ixnbl miiela xak icbae

.[zeripv54

xezqnd mewnk dxrn zxkfp zexewnd ipya .xzeia xexa i"ayx xetiql df xewn ly oeincd

miqtzp oiirnde urd ;zifkxnd zencd ly miiptebd mikxvd z` miwtqnd oiirne ur dcile

xkfen ilaaay i"ayx xetiqa mbe qeiheptt ly exe`iza mb .qpk e` l`d glyy dpznk¥

52.oldl e`x cigie sqep dxwnl

53:oe`xa xhit recid zexifpd xweg ly eizelina mixacd geqipkPeter R.L. Brown, ‘The Riseand Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity,Berkeley 1982, pp. 103–153 (originally printed in Journal of Roman Studies, 61 [1971],

pp. 81–101)54Tim Vivian, Histories of the Monks of Upper Egypt; and The Life of Onnophrius by

Paphnutius, Kalamazoo, Mich. 1993, pp. 174–175

294lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]16[

lr xzi .'zeqkl yiy' dn z` zeqkl gxekde dlaznd cebiad ly dirad oexzta jxevd

rian mb `l` ezxrna xifpk bdpzn wx `l i`gei xa oerny 'x ,ipevigd oeincl xarn ,ok

.zihqpend dibele`ci`d z` wdaen ote`a min`ezd zepeirx

micaerd lr zxewia migzen epae i"ayx day ,ilaaay dxrnd on d`ivid zpvql dliawn

:qepaliq a`l zeqgeind zexn`d zg`a `evnl xyt` ,'mler iig' eafry lr zecya

,dyw micaer mig`d z` d`x `ed xy`k .ipiq xda qepaliq `a` z` xwal `a cg` g`

' :owfl xn` `ed"[mler iigl miiwd lke`d cra `l`] ,cae`e dlkd lke`d cra elnrz l`"

xn` owfd .'(an ,i qwel) "[dpnn gwlii `l xy`] aehd wlga dxga mixne" ,(fk ,e opgei)

,ziriyzd dryd dribd xy`k .'ecal wix `za eze` miye xtq g`l oz ,dixkf' :ecinlzl

`evnl jlde enewnn mw `ed ,`a `l yi`yk .dcerql el `exwl `eai edyiny dtiv xwand

`l recn' :xn` .elk` mdy owfd dpr ?'meid elk` `l mig`d' :el xn`e owfd yi`d z`

,epgp` .dfk oefn beql wewf jpi`e ipgex mc` dz`y oeeikn' :owfd el dpr ?'lek`l iz`xwp

dz`e ,daehd dwlga zxga dz` mle`e .micaer epgp` okle ,lek`l mivex ,miinyb epzeida

g`d dgn elld milind z` erneya .'inybd lke`d z` lek`l dvex jpi`e meid lk `xew

mixn dzxn llba ,dyrnl .dzxnl dwewf mixn' :owfd yi`d el xn` .'`a` il glq' :xn`e

.'zgazyn55

miyecw miyp`a xaecn mdipya :i"ayx xetiq oiae ihqpend hqwhd oia oeinc yi o`k mb

mixg` ly ziqit dcear lr zxewia migzen mde ,zeipgex iigle cenill mdiig z` eyicwdy

jetidk ziqit dcear dxicbn ,zexewnd ipya ,zxewiad .mdiig gxe` z` zewgl mdn mitvne

cnel xwand zexewnd ipya .'mler iig'k mihqwhd ipya zx`eznd ,zipgex dcear ly

.`za e` dxrna zecceazd ick jez z`f dyer `ede ,dceara mixg`d ly jxevd z` oiadl

jxeve jxr yie dxingnd ezxiga z` zewgl leki cg` lk `ly cnel `ed mixetiqd ipya

z` dpyn dxrnd ,inlyexid zqxba `le ilaad zqxba ,jke .ynn ziqit dceara mb

.i"ayx xaery ipgexd jildza ilkl xezqn mewnn dciwtz56xzei cer miccgzn mixacd

.d`ad dcewpa

55Silvanus 4 (Ward [above n. *], p. 223)56icil `a ,ux` jxcl dxez oia e` ,dyrn iiga jxevd oiae cenil iigl zhlgen zexqnzd oia gznd

z` d`iand ,a"r dl zekxa ,ilaae ,an dwqt ,mixac ixtqa dritend znqxetnd dibeqa iehia

`vniiy ywazn df gzn .l`rnyi 'xl qgeind iyrnd aeliyd znerl i"ayx ly zvxgpd ezrc

iyewl mircene ,`qib cgn ,l`d zcearl jxck zipgex zebdpzdl mi`xewd zc iyp` ly miazka

miihqpend miazka mb dfk gzn zedfl xyt` .`qib jci`n ,dl`ky mil`ci` ly agx meyiia

xqiizdle mevl mixifpd ly ze`ltend zeiqitd mdizeleki lr mibiltn mixe`iz cvl oky ,minecwd

dqpxt ikxevl miineiÎmei dyrn iiga jxevd z` zexiaqnd ,lirly ef oebk ze`wqt mb `evnl ozip

miigl dti`yd cbp zxewiade ,xifpd zcearn igxkd wlg `id dceardy driawd ,mle`e .lk`ne

mixg` zexewna mb zeievn dl` ± mdn rpnidl yie miiyrn mpi`y inyb qiqa ixqg miipgex

cg` mei' :(86 'nr ,[ziakek dxrd ,lirl] cx`e) 2 qeaelew opgei :lynl ,e`x .xacnd zea` iazka

]17[xifpl ax zkitd295

on llkd yenink mzxfg z` xiaqn ilaad ,dxrnl aeyl miglyp epae i"ayxy drya

zcnln dpynl zeqgiizdd .'ycg xyr mipy mpidiba miryx htyn' :(i ,a zeiecr) dpynd

.miihqpen mihqwha zenec zeqitz mi`ven epgp` .mepidib oirn `ide yperk dqtzp dxrndy

qtzp `lkd .epevxn ea xgea mc`dy `lkk did xfpznd `zy hxece`z raew ,lynl ,jk

.`hgd on envr xdih mye ei`hg melyzl dkig `heg lk eay ,htynd mewnk57mpn`

dxrnd ly ciwtzd qtzp weica df lreta j` ,cenlzay gqepa zxkfen dpi` '`lk' dlind

,epiptl `idy itk zicenlzd dibeqae ,dxrnl dxfg mze` zgley lewd za .epae mkgd ipira

.'miryx'k mzii`x lr zcnlnd dpynd z`adae miieby mdiyrny dfxkda deeln `id

,inlyexid zqxba oaenk xqgd aikxn ,yperk dxrnl aeyl miyxcp epae i"ayxy dcaerd

zilkz dxrnl yi ilaaa .cala `eagn mewnk cer zqtzp dpi` dxrndy `id s` dxidan

zeycgd zeicenild eizelekil daiq okn xg`le ,dyipr mewn zynyn `id :zi`nvr

.i"ayx ly zeccegnde

iripn mr xetiqd zligza dxrnl i"ayx ly ezgixal daiqd ly `id ztqep d`eeyd

zky ,'oey`xd xifpd qele`t iig' .zepey`xd zeixifpd zeiencd on dnk ly dgixada

iiazn qele`t' ly eiig z` x`zn ,dixeq xacna did xy`k ,375±374 aiaq qenipexid

:'drepza bidpn didy

z` ekty ebhxwa o`ixtwe `nexa qeilpxew xy`k ,o`ixlee qeiqc ly zeticxd ztewza

mixacy onfa ...iiazae mixvna zeax zeiqpk dxrqa eaxged ,miyecwd mixihxnd ly mnc

,mdixedn enziizd dpzgzd dzr dfy ezeg`e qele`t ,iiaz mexca eygxzd dl` minei`

...`iagdl xen` did eze`y xrpa cebal opkz eqib ...cala dxyr yy oa did qele`tyk

lgd `ed .zeticxd meiql cr mixdl gxa zeaiqpd gxekl m`zdae z`f oiadl likyd xrpd

rleqn xd `vn `ed seqal .xacnd l` encwzda zeaexw mizrl xvre zexidfa erqna

miyp` md mipxwq dnk) enewnn rlqd z` wizrd `ed .rlqa dneqg dphw dxrn eilbxle

df j` ,minyl geztd agx ghyn da d`xe dxrnd z` zexidna xwq ,(!xzqpd z` oegal

rbxl erapy ,milelvd mind oiirn z` xizqd `l urd .wizr lwc ur ly eitpra lven did

dlia mye .mewna ad`zd `ed ,l`d on dpzn epkyna d`xy xg`n ...rwxwa aey erlape

.eicba z`e epefn z` el wtiq urd .zecicaae dlitza eiig zix`y z`58

`l` ,micaer mpi`y mik`lnd enk ,db`cn iyteg zeidl dvex iziid" :lecbd eig`l xn` `ed

l` xfg `ed reay xg`l .xacnl jlde eznilb z` lhp `ed f`e ."dwqtd `ll l`d z` mizxyn

dpr `ed j` ."jig` ip`" :dpr `ede ?"df in" :g`d l`y ,el gzty iptl ,ezlc lr wtcyk .eig`

,"df `ed ip`" :xn`e eipta opgzd eig` f` ."mc`d ipa oia cer epi` okle ,j`lnl jtd `ed" :el

:el xn` ,zlcd z` egzta ,f`e .xwead cr ezwevna eze` xi`yde ,qpkidl el gipd `l eig` j`

"il glq" :ywiae `xw `ed f` ."lek`l dn jl didiy ick cearl jilre ,mc` dz`".'

57Shafiq AbouZayd, Ihidayutha: A Study of the Life of Singleness in the Syrian Orient:×

From Ignatius of Antioch to Chalcedon 451 A.D., Oxford 1993, p. 25658‘The Life of Paulus the First Hermit’, Early Church Fathers, Nicene and Post-Nicene

Fathers, Series II, 6, Peabody, Mass. 1994

296lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]18[

mi`nexl rcin xqend ietv izla oiyln xkfp ,ilaaa i"ayx xetiqak ,qele`t ly exetiqa

aihen z` ep`vn o`k mb .zeticxd ztewz seql cr gexal zifkxnd zencd z` gixkne

dxeyw dgixad zaiqy oiiprn .cceaznd ly epefn z` miwtqnd oiirnde urd mr dxrnd

,dl`ky mi`hgn cgt e` ,miypl mixeywd mi`hg eid zeaexw mizrl .dyi`a `id s`

dpyldl dxeyw zeg`dy cgtd ,ok` .zepey`x zeienc oze` lv` dxrnl dgixal minxebd

xibqz ezy`y i"ayx ly cgtd mr szeynd on da yi ,dlra jxc ,xiyi ote`a mi`nexl

zxievn dxrnde ,eiptn yeygl yiy eite`a ylg mxebk zeqtzp miypd .mi`nexl eze`

.epnn dgixad mewnk59

dievnd ,edil` ly zi`xwnd zenca yeniyd xe`l mb zccgzn zihqpend zextql daxwd¦

.miihqpend mihqwha zernyn lra izextq hpnl`k zxkene ,ilaad zqxba wx `id s`60

,zexifp iig igy mc` ly zepey`xd ze`nbecd zg`k zetekz mizrl mda xkfen edil`

.sebiq iigl zil`ci` dnbec ynyn (a 'a mikln ± fi '` mikln) eiig ly i`xwnd xe`izde

izi`x ,edil` z` izi`x' :mqxetnd ipezp` ly hehiv `aen qenipexid ly exe`iza ,dnbecl

59mitqep mihxt lre ,inlyexiae ilaaa i"ayx ixetiql qenipexid ly mixe`izd oia df oeinc lr

:e`x ,mdipia d`eeydaSusan Weingarten, The Saint’s Saints: Hagiography and Geographyin Jerome, Leiden–Boston 2005, pp. 42–75ohxbpiie dribd ,mihqwhd ipy z` dxwqy ixg` .

cebipa ,ixvepd yecwd yi`d ly zctwen dpenz xiivn ,ely ile`t dhieea ,qenipexid'y dpwqn icil

ynzyn qenipexidy zpreh `id .(43 'nr) 'icedid i`gei xa oerny iax xaca zeniiw zexeqnl

,mle`e .(47 'nr) 'icedi ax ly eab lr' ,ixifp yecwk let ly ezenc z` avrl ick miipax zexewna

ztzeynd xetivd zxethn ,lynl ,jk .szeyn xewnn miae`y ohxbpiie dtq`y mihxtd on miax

zerpkyn opi` d`ian `idy ze`nbecd on dnk ,ok enk .hk ,i iznn dgwlp ile`t dhieele inlyexil

dzprh .let `vny milka dcelgl i"ayx ly eteba 'dcelg'd oia xywd xaca dprhd oebk ,izrcl

xikd qenipexidy dgipn `id j` ,daygn zxxern ilaad zcb`n zixvep dai`y xaca zillkd

ohxbpiie zaiig ,qenipexid ly epnf ixg` jxrp ilaady xg`n .inlyexiae ilaaa mixetiqd ihxt z`

ux` zexewna ecxy `ly minecw miizextq mixnega zynzyn zxge`nd ilaad zqxby gipdl

ly df jaeqn xe`iz .(49 'nr) z`fd 'zixewn'd dqxbd z` xikd qenipexidy oke ,miil`xyi

zexewnd on :dxiqn ly xzei dheyt jxc rivdl ozip oky ,jxev ea oi` zexeqnd zelylzyd

szeyn ixvep xewn mdipyl didy e` ixvepd xewnd `ed qenipexid m` oia ,micenlzd l` miixvepd

lr :cenlza zexvpd' ez`vxda oneip lld rinyd ohxbpiie ly dxwgn lr dnec zxewia) xg`

mihaid :ixehqid xewnk cenlzd zextq' :qpka ,'ipxcen xwgne dixehqid ,cenlz oia ybtnd

zxeqnl zeliawn ly oeebn rivn ily xwgnd .(2008 ileia 7 ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` ,'miibelecezn

ohxbpiie eli`e ,qenipexid iazk wx `le ,dhnbhtet`d cgeinae ,miihqpen zexewn xtqn ± zicenlzd

zexewnl dz`eeydn dlerd ilaad cenlza zxeqnd ly cgeind ite`d .ile`t dhieea dcwnzd

z` migiken dl` lk ± miihqpen zexewnn dai`yn miraep milcaddy xaqdde ,miil`xyivx`d

.zexewnd ly xzei dagx dii`xa jxevd

60) dhnbhtet`a ,dnbecl .zeaeyg zei`xwn zeienc mr zg` dtitka aexl my xkfen edil`Ward[above n. *], p. 154qeic`lt lv` .xard on zeil`ci` zeienck ciece mdxa` mr xkfen `ed (

)Palladius: The Lausiac History, translated and annotated by Robert T. Meyer,Westminster, MD 1965, p. 25(,dyn ,mdxa` :azka egvpedy zeaeyg zeienc oia xkfen `ed

.opgeie edil`

]19[xifpl ax zkitd297

,'ipyd edil`' `xwp liahnd opgei .'ocr oba qele`t z` zn`a izi`xe ,xacna opgei z`61

miyp` ly mixekf` `evnl xyt` zepey zexeqna .zexifpd iigl oey`xd lcenk qtzp edil`e

.'eilr dzxy edil` `iapd ly egex' :xn`p eilry edil` eze` oebk ,edil` e`xwpy miyecw62

xd xef`a izilnxkd xfpnd znwd llek ,xzei zexge`n zeiaxrn zexeqnl lcen did edil`

erap edil` ly eizegeky dprhd zxkfp zeaexw mizrl .i`xwnd edil` lrt eay lnxkd

.miiptbqd eibdpnn63,ilaaa i"ayx xetiqa zlretd ,edil` ly ezenc xekf`y `et` dnec

.zeihqpen zexeqna zeaexw mizrl zxkfend zenc ly oeekn aeliy `l` ixwn hxt epi`

.ilaaa mixg` mixetiqak o`k zlret dppi` i"ayx xetiqa edil` ly ezency oiivl oiiprn

eli`e ,mc`d ipal miny oia jeezne l`d ly epevx lr rcin edil` wtqn mixg` zexewna

zrceid ziniiny zenck oexzi lk el oi`e `idd zra mc` lkl recid rcin xqen `ed o`k

.cebxtl xarn dyrpd z`64

mdizexrna mixifp lv` mixewiaa laewny dn lr rcin epl miwtqn miihqpend zexewnd

edil` `eaa .ilaad xetiqa ddenz dcewp zpada riiql ick ea yi df rcine ,mdi`zae

ezen lr i"ayxl xtqlin' :lewa `xewe dxrnd ly dgzta cnerk x`ezn `ed xqiwd ly

ly dbixgd ezebdpzda d`x cltpfex oeiv oa .'dxifbd dlhae xqiwd zny i`gei xal ricei

zexeqn ly mcwend alyl dgked ('cala fnxa ,iyily seba ,xiyi `l xeaic') edil`

.mixg`d edil` ixetiql d`eeyda 'libx xwan' edil` oi` df dxwna oky ,cenlza i"ayx65

oiae zipgexd dxrnd oia il`pinild mewna' dxrnd gzta xvr edil`y orh oiihypiaex

.'uegay mlerd66xetiq zpada zriiqn miixvepd zexewnl d`eeydd df dxwna s`y ipnec

.epizexryd z` zwfgne i"ayx

rcin eit lry ,ohxbne`a rivdy 'zenzeind ze`wqtd' ogana aey riizqdl lkep o`k

61Theodoret of Cyrrhus, A History of the Monks of Syria, translated by R.M. Price,Kalamazoo, Mich. 1985; Eusebius 4, p. 51

62The Lives of the Desert Fathers: The Historia Monachorum in Aegypto, translated byNorman Russell, London 1981, p. 69edil` ly ekxc ikiynn mnvr e`x mixifp mze`y d`xp .

litkn elet` ,lynl ,jk .mdl dpzipy zeknqaz`f wicvne miarxl zg` mgl xkikn miax mingl

i`pza mi`ad zexeca mixifpl mdizeieknq z` exiard edil`k miyecwd miyp`de mi`iapdy jka

.mnr dxey midel`dy

63The Life of Onnophrius.177 'nr ,(54 dxrd ,lirl) o`ieie ,

64dbeeiq dpexg`l .28 dxrd ,336 'nre ,144±113 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) oiihypiaex ixacl cebipa

i"ayxl mixen mdipy :lewd zal liawna cwtzny ink i"ayx xetiqa edil` z` wacpil oihqixw

oken `edy iptl ,icn mcwen dribn edil` ly ezpnfdy `l` ,qpkidl e` z`vl dxrna ddeyd

:e`x .jklKristen Lindbeck, Elijah and the Rabbis: Story and Theology, New York 2010,p. 57xqen wx `l` z`vl miipyd z` oinfn epi` edil` .miipyd oia oeincd z` d`ex ippi` ip` .

ly eqrk z` zlnqn `ide ,yiprdle oegl dgeka yi lewd za eli`e ,lekl oinf ixehqid rcin mdl

.enlera mirbety in lr d"awd

65.368 'nr ,(51 dxrd ,lirl) cltpfex

66.114 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) oiihypiaex

298lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]20[

.ozernyne ozeaiyg z` rztl xi`n ycg ipevig67dxrnl e`eaa edil` ly ezebdpzd

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,xetiqa mitqep miaikxnl dneca ,miihqpend mihqwhd rwx lr dze` yxtp m` ,mle`e

.dzernyn z` xidadl xacd riiqi

yi`le ely ihxtd dignd agxn dziid xifpd zxrny micnl ep` miax miihqpen zexewnn

z` qeiheptt x`zn jke .jkl zyxetn zeyx xifpd ozpy `la eil` xecgl zeyx dziid `l

iriaxd meiae ,xacnd jezl zkll izkynd' :dxrnl eaxwzda ipevigd xwand ly ebdpn

ick mixifpd ly mdizegxe` it lr dxrnd gzt lr izwtc dil` iaxwzda .dxrnl izrbd

.'enr ggeyl lke`e il` `vii g`dy68`zl uegn e` dxrnl uegn `et` cner did xwand

ixacl ekf s` minieqn mixifp .e`zl eqipkdl e` enr ggeyl ez`xwl `vii xifpdy dkgne

z` `zl uegn `exwl evl`p eay dxwna enk ,llk m`zn z`vl `ly mbdpn lr gay

) on`et `a` glyy azkndPoemen(.e`zn `vi `l dfe li`ed owfd a`l69rcindy okzii

drvd it lr ,edil` .i"ayx xetiql ilaad zqxba edil` ly ezebdpzd lr xe` jtey dfd

`ed :mixifpd i`z l` m`eaa mibdpzn mixwany itk epae i"ayx ly ezxrna bdpzn ,ef

oiznn jkitle ,ely ihxtd agxnl xceg epi`e cceaznd ly ihxtd enewnk dxrnd z` cakn

.dvegd z`vl exgai epae i"ayxy cr

oixcdpq ,ilaaa zg` dwqta .i"ayx ly ezencl zekinqa mitqep zexewna xkfp edil`

zxrn gzta cner edil` z` iel oa ryedi 'x `ven ,cid iazkn dnk it lr ,`"r gv

.i"ayx ly dxeawd70edn mc`l xtqnd ,jeeznk libxd eciwtza ynyn edil` df dxwna

eze` l`ey iel oa ryedi 'x .ilaaa i"ayx xetiqa xkfpd eciwtzl cebipa ,l`d oevx

miyecw miyp` ly mdixaw xe`izy oiivl oiiprn .giynd z`ia lre `ad mlerd lr zel`y

miyecwd ly mzene mdiig xetiqa uetp zeiqp zeieygxzd lye zidel` zelbzd ly zenewnk¦

.mixvepd71

`ed ,`qib cgn .oiite`a zepey zeaebz izy i"ayxl zqgiin dxrnd on diipyd d`ivid

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67.my ,(33 dxrd ,lirl) ohxbne`a :e`x

68Paphnutius of Scetis.172 'nr ,(54 dxrd ,lirl) o`ieie ,

69Poemen 90 (Ward [above, n. *], p. 179)70digky`' :bevxd axd ci i"k .i"ayx mr cgi ,`weec ocr ob gzta cner edil` cid iazk zvwna

dvpxit i"k ;'i`gei oa oerny iaxc dizxrnc `gzit` ii`w dedc edil`l l"aixII.I.9'yedi 'x' :

iel oa reyedi 'x' :2 oilkiex ,dexqlxw i"k ;'igei oa 'rny 'xc `zxrn` aizic edil`l digky`

iel oa 'yedi 'x' :95 okpin i"k ;'ocr obc 'gzit` iniiw eedc igei oa 'ny 'xle edil`l igky`

iel oa ryedi iax' :dplie qetc ;'ocr obc 'gzit` iniiw eedc igei oa 'rny 'xle edil`l edpigky`

.'i`gei oa oerny iaxc `zxrnc `gzit` iniiw iedc edil`l gky`

71egztzd epnny oirxbd elld zenewnd eid zeaexw mizrl .298 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) qeaee :e`x

.mixfpn

]21[xifpl ax zkitd299

daebzd .zayd zeevn mdilr daiagy ,l`xyi lr zekf epnn cnel i"ayxe zayl opekznd

i"ayx ehty okl mcew m` :l`xyi lr zekf cenil meyn da yie qeit lr driavn diipyd

daiag dnk zifg' :epal i"ayx ly eixac ixd ,zipctw dcin zn`a mze` miaaeqd z` epae

lr lkzqn `ed eay ote`d lre i"ayx xary iepiyd lr micnln ,'l`xyic ediilr devn

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.'d zcear ly dfd otd z`

erl'dz`e ip` mlerl eic' dxin`d .df ipqiit xqnn oihelgl dpey dpey`xd daebzd z`f zn

zibele`z dcnr dbivne dxrnl uegny miyp`d ly izcd qiqwxtd z` dnlyda zlawn dpi`

yi ik ,jk lya be`cl jxev oi` mle`e .miiebyk miqtzp oiicr miyp`d iyrn dit lry

z` oiap m` ,'oicd on elek mlerd lk z` xehtl' ick witqn mdiig gxe`y mlera miyp`

izy oia izednd ipeyd .a"r dn dkeq ,ilaaa i"ayx ly enya dliawn dxn` xe`l eixac

mipey miizextq zexewn ly aeliy lr `ed mb d`xpk cnln i"ayx ly elld zeaebzd

.ezxrne i"ayx lr xetiqd zxivia

zexewnl dxrnd on ez`va dl` i"ayx ixac ly sqep oeinc lr riavdl oiiprn df xywda

dqitzd mr cg` dpwa dler ,'dz`e ip` mlerl eic ipa' ,zipey`xd dxin`d .miihqpend

mr mdxa` zgiya ,`xwna driten xak ef dqitz .eiyrna mixg` livdl leki wicvdy

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xy`k ,dnbecl .wicv mc` lk iabl miihqpen miazka `evnl xyt` ,mixg` lr xtkl cg`

hehiva dpr `ed ,l`d z` zevxl ick cg` wicv mc`a ic m` qeiptit` z` l`y edyin

dpen` ywan htyn dUr yi m` yi` e`vnz m`" :azk envr `edy itk ,i`cea' :edinxinŸ¤

.'(` ,d edinxi) "dl glq`e72

,zeihqpen zexn`l oeinc dlrn zayl opekznd owfd mr ybtnd on dlerd oexwird mb

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j` zipeeiae zipihla cneln ip` mpn`' :mixki` mze` lr xn` mb qeipqx` `a` .'dyw

.'dfd xki`d ly ziatl`d z` elit` rcei ippi`73

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.i"ayx xetiq ly zilaad dqxba miievnd mihxtd lelkn

72Epiphanius 14 (Ward [above, n. *], p. 58)73Arsenius 5–6 (ibid., p. 10)

300lbiq xy`Îxa lkin]22[

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.'ze`vgxna ugxzdle xirl zkll' mziihp75ezedy onfa xtr dqeknd i"ayx lr xetiqd

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.mipey`xd xacnd zea` ly zeptbqd ibdpn

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.'jixiag mr dztli `lc ?jl 'xb in' :l"` .'dizeaiaq77

74259 'nr ,(57 dxrd ,lirl) c`iifea` :e`x

75Poemen 11 (Ward [above, n. *], p. 168)76Peter R.L. Brown, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity, Berkeley 1982, pp. 131–13277z`fd xird iigy oiipn :dl`ya wqer `edyk mini dyely dxrna `agzd `ved yi` dcedi :mebxz

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]23[xifpl ax zkitd301

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78Christine E. Hayes, Between the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmuds: Accounting forHalakhic Difference in Selected Sugyot from Tractate Avodah Zarah, New York 1997,

pp. 3–479,(b"nyz) 26 ,dxczw ,'zexewnd xe`l dcedi zltya xezqnd zekxrn' ,xniidpte` oxd` :lynl e`x

,oegib ikcxn ;23±4 'nr ,my ,dxczw ,'dcedi zltya xezqnd zekxrn' ,xpelw qenr ;29±24 'nr

.42±30 'nr ,my ,'xezqnd zekxrn xwg it lr `akekÎxa cxn ly i`avd haidd'

80mb daeyg inlyexia i"ayx zxeqn ly dzxivil rwxd xefgyl .41±40 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) oiel

m`d' :`l±hk ,i iznn xetivd zwqtl waxliae wxhy eriavd dilry dycgd zixad on dliawnd

,mz` j` .mkia` zgbyd ilan dvx` letiz `l odn zg` mb ?cg` xq`a mixetiv izy zexknp `l

:e`x .'zeax mixetivn mz` mixwi ;ecgtz l` okl .olek epnp mky`x zexry elit`HermannLebercht Strack and Paul Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und

Midrasch, 1: Das Evangelium nach Matthäus, München 1922, pp. 582–583,lirl) xi`n .

zixetiq dxeva gzety dwizrd zra uetp mbzt lr riavn oeincdy drivn ,149 'nr ,(4 dxrd

:mb e`x .inlyexiaDwight Jeffrey Bingham, Irenaeus’ Use of Matthew’s Gospel inAdversus Haereses, Lovanii 1998, p. 46qeipxi` zepyxte inlyexid oia ixyt` oeinc lr ,

.waxliae wxhyl diptdd lr oneip lldl dcen ip` .iznn miweqtl

]25[xifpl ax zkitd303

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.ixifpd xeaibk ezenc zxigal od s` enxz ,mii`pzd

ze`nd ipa xacnd zea` mr cg` dpwa dler ilaad xetiqa i"ayx ly ezenc ,ok`e

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ux`a ,i`gei xa oerny 'x ly zixehqidd ezenc z` mibivn mpi` epiptl mdy itk l"fg

ziriaxd ze`nd on zeizextq zexivin epl zxkend zenc `l` ,diipyd d`nd ly l`xyi

xn`na epgapy zexewna zegtl ,i"ayx zexeqn ly ditxbeixehqidd xwg ,jkitl .ziyingde

dxrna cceaznd mc` :zizextqd ezenca `l` zixehqidd ezenca cwnzdl jixv epi` ,df

zrxkn drtyd dritydy ,ilaad cenlza zxeqnd .dnec jxca eigy mivxrp mixifp enk

zexeqnl 'izextq aeg' `et` zaiig ,mi`ad zexeca df ifkxn mkg ly ezenc xe`iz lr

.xacna ecceazdy miyecwd miyp`d lr zenecwd zeixvepd

lk z` miihqpend zexewnd on l`y icenlzd xewndy oerhl izpeeka oi`y yibcdl yi

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mb .cenil ly mikxr zycwnd dxag lka zelrl cizr cenile dcear ly aeliy oiae

ip` .zihqpend zextql `le l"fg zextql `l zicegii dpi` 'miheytd miyp`d' zkxrd

ixifp qetihk i"ayx ly ezbvd rwxa zcnerd zizextqd dai`yd z` wx yibcdl zywan

dai`yd z` oiadl xyt`y ,dpwqnd zywazn dil`ne .eizexin`ae eizekilda ,`weec

erinyde minec mixbz` mr eccenzd elld zexagd izyy dcaerd rwx lr zizextqd

.mdizexn`a minec mil`ci`

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d zepwqn oewiza riiqn mb df iedif .dxrnd iayei l`m`d :zeizextqe zeitxbeixehqi

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cenil lr wfgd ybcd oebk ,ilaad zqxba zexeqnd ceair z` z`y xzia yibcn dfd

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,iqenlet rwx lr ilaad cenlza miixvep zepeirx ly mze`vnid82dnip ddfn ip` oi`

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ly ozenca i"ayx ly ezenc xe`ize 'dxrna mkgd zenc ly ixvepd ueni`d' lr xbiz z`ixw

.(126±119 'nr) ixvepd dfl itelg lcenk icenlzd i"ayx z` x`zn `ed .`weec qcipnit`e ixitxet

zxeqn ly dpirxb zpigal aeyg xewn ynyl hlgda lekie ce`n rpkyn ixitxetl oeincd ,izrcl

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82.(16 dxrd ,lirl) xty ;my ,oihplf :e`x

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zexryd xtqn zelrdl xyt` ?ilaaa xetiqd ly eceair qiqaa ecnry zenbnd od dn

zexeqnd on laa inkgl zexken eidy zeipaz it lr ycgn dxteq zxeqndy okzii .jk lr

rcena dvx icenlzd xagndy `id zxg` zexyt` .mnewnae mpnfa egeexy zeihqpend

.mixvepd mipkyd lv` mini mze`a geexy yecwd yi`d lcenl itelg ipax lcen 'weeyl'

epnf zepa zeihqpend zexeqnd oiae ilaaa i"ayx xetiq oiay oeincd lr cner df xn`n

zl`ya rixkdl lkep m` wtq xwgnd ly df alya ,mle`e .ixwn epi` df oeincy orehe

.df jildz ly ezxivil d`iady dnbnd

mlerd on zegewl opi`y zeizextq zexeqn alyl zexig xetiqd ikxer mnvrl elhp cvik

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mi`a mpi` elld mixetiqd .oda miwqer ep`y zeizextqd zexeqnd ite`n miraep miliawnd

,miweqt ly zepyxt e` miibele`z zepeirx bivdl83xqen'e miig zeieeg xwira millek mde

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xyt` ,eixacl .oinlw cx'vix ly extq oebk ,xwgna dpexg`l elry zepwqnl dni`zn

zeigxfnd zeivpiaexta oxewny zexeqn cgeinae ,miipevig miizextq mixneg oeebn `evnl

mcewd xwgnd ly ceqid zegpdl cebipa ,ilaad cenlzd zeibeqa ,zinexd dixtni`d ly

.ziyingde ziriaxd ze`na lgd ilaad cenlzl mkxc z` eyr dl` zexewn .df `yepa85

zextqa mihqwhd qiqaa ecnry zexewnd xyerl qgia epzpad z` miwinrn dl` mi`vnn

miicenlzd zexewnd zpadl igxkd df rwx .hxta ilaad cenlzae llka l"fg

.zipqqd laaa zexg` zeizc zeveaw mr l"fg ly zeizextqd zeivw`xhpi`de

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"zelken" ody rbxay oeeikn ,`xewd z` zetiirn miaezkd lr zewelgn'y meyn miweqt cenill

,mle`e .66±64 'nr ,(54 dxrd ,lirl) o`ieie :e`x .'xg` mewna "zevxtzn" od cin ,cg` mewna

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.mixifpd aex lv` geexd ihqlekqÎihp`d avnd ccgn `ed ,df xywda on`et ly zicegiid ezenc lr

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.46±1 'nr ,(dgiztd

84.my ,(54 dxrd ,lirl) o`ieie

85;(16 dxrd ,lirl) oinlw :e`xRichard Hidary, Dispute for the Sake of Heaven: LegalPluralism in the Talmud, Providence 2010