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Communication across culturesChapter 1: Culture, communication and context

culture that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals,law, custom and other capabilities and habits acquired by man asa member of society (Tylor, 1871)

National cultural differences: five independent dimensions (Hofstede)

1. power distance degree to which members of a culture accept institutions andorganisations having power

2. uncertainty avoidance degree to which members feel uncomfortable with ambiguity anduncertainty and thus the degree to which they avoid these

3. individualism / collectivism distinction between those cultures that place a higher emphasison individual goals in comparison to group achievements

4. masculinity / femininity masculinity is more achievement-oriented and femininity has agreater focus on relationships and maintaining balance amongpeople

5. long-term / short-term orientation some societies emphasize future reward, and pursue thesethrough persistence, savings and flexible adaptions; othersocieties align more towards the past and the present and do sothrough national pride, respect voor traditions

National cultural differences: high-context or low-context (Hall, 1976)

1. high-context cultures those in which much of the meaning exchanged in a context is

done; so without or with relatively few words

low-context cultures those in which detailed verbal messages are favoured

National cultural differences: in-group or out-group (Henri Tajfel, 1982)

1. in-group positively at the centre

out-group negatively on the outside

ethnocentrism view of things in which one's own group is the center ofeverything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it

National cultural differences: positive and negative stereotyping (Scollon, Scollon and Jones, 2012)

1. negative stereotyping binaristic contrast is a negative group difference

positive stereotyping a. solidarity fallacyfalsely combining one's own group with some other group in orderto establish common ground on one single dimension b. lumping fallacyperson makes a false grouping reference to two other groups

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communication a sharing of elements of behaviour or modes of life (Cherry, 1996)

cross-cultural communication one language/cultural group compared to another

intercultural communication communication between one language/cultural group and another

truncated repertoire highly specific 'bits' of language and literacy values combined in arepertoire that reflects the fragmented and highly diverse life-trajectories and environments of such people (Blommaert, 2010)

linguistic sign physical form (pronunciation and meaning) and 'thediscrimination' it makes in the domain of language which sustainsthe coordinator of behavior (Foley, 1997)

a. icon form in which there is a perceptible likeness between the formand the meaning

b.indexform that only derives its meaning from the context it is uttered

c. symbol

entirely conventional, not linked to context nore does it bear iconicrelationship to its referent

code-switching alternating between languages within a single conversation

stylistic variation vary language from moment to moment in order to response to orre-create the context at hand

context frame around a focal event that provides the hearer with theresources for interpreting that event

contextual felicity ?

contextual update ?