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生物学的同等性試験におけ例数設計: 正確,近似と漸近 方紅安藤 英一 (株)部 Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data Science Department, GlaxoSmithKline K.K.

Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

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Page 1: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

生物学的同等性試験における例数設計:

正確,近似と漸近

張 方紅・安藤 英一

グラクソ・スミスクライン(株)バイオメディカルデータサイエンス部

Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic

methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu AndoBiomedical Data Science Department,

GlaxoSmithKline K.K.

Page 2: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

要旨:

生物学的同等性試験の症例数設計について,Two One-Sided Test法における検出力の計算に焦点をあてる.正規分布,t分布,非心t分布,またはOwenのQ関数を用いた検出力の算出方法を説明する. POWERプロシジャの指定法を例示する.

キーワード:生物学同等性試験,TOST, POWERプロシジャ,

OwenのQ関数, t分布

Page 3: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

背景(1/2)• 日,米,欧で生物学的同等性(BE)試験のガイドラインが存在

• 同等性の統計的な判定方法は古くから研究されてきた– 信頼区間法:Westlake (1972)– 検定法: Shuirmann (1987)のTOST (Two One-Sided Test)– 検定法: Shuirmann (1987)のTOST (Two One-Sided Test)

• 症例数設計の方法は多く存在し,SASで利用されている手法を含め,初心者にとっては混乱しやすい

• 複数のSAS指定方法が存在

Page 4: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

背景(2/2):手法分類• 正確法:OwenのQ関数を利用して2変量非心tの分布の確率を計算

– POWERプロシジャ

• 近似法:1変量で2変量の分布の確率を近似する• 近似法:1変量で2変量の分布の確率を近似する– 中心t分布を利用

• 近似検出力:浜田・臨床評価研究会(2005);

• 近似症例数:Chow and Wang (2001)

– 非心t分布を利用:Julious (2004)の式(59)

• 漸近法:漸近正規分布を利用,近似症例数– Julious (2004)の式 (60), (62)

Page 5: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

目的

• TOST法における検出力を計算する数理を整理し,SASでQ関数を利用する正確法と複数に存在する近似法,および漸近正規分

布を利用する漸近法を説明する布を利用する漸近法を説明する

• POWERプロシジャの指定法を紹介し,例示

する

Page 6: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

後発医薬品の

生物学的同等性試験ガイドライン

• 試験計画:クロスオーバー• 評価PKパラメータ:AUCとCmax• 統計解析:対数変換して,90%信頼区間,ま• 統計解析:対数変換して,90%信頼区間,または有意水準5%の2つの片側検定(two one-sided tests, TOST)で評価

• 許容域:log(0.8)~log(1.25), -0.223~0.223

Page 7: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

クロスオーバー試験:記号

• X=log(AUC),または,X=log(Cmax)• µ:母平均,µ=EX• 添え字TとR:試験製剤と標準製剤を表す• ∆:許容限界値

群: i 被験者: j 時期:k 差

1: TR 1 xT1(x111) xR1(x112) XT1-XR1

2: RT 2 xR2(x221) xT2(x222) XR2-XT2

Page 8: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

薬剤効果の検定:t-test

ijijij d

XX=

−2

21

ˆ2 2

21 −= ••

n

ddt

)(2ijd dVar=σ

N=2n, nは1群における症例数

)2(

ˆ2 2

−= ••

NtN

XX

W

RT

σ 2

22 wd

σσ = 22

2

1Dw σσ =

)(2RTD XXVar −=σ

Chow and wang (2001)

Page 9: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

クロスオーバー試験:データ

A: 群群群群i

R: 被験者被験者被験者被験者

j

B: 実験時期実験時期実験時期実験時期

k

B1:第:第:第:第1回目回目回目回目 B2:第:第:第:第2回目回目回目回目

R1 C211

C418

図表8.4 最大血中濃度Cmax 「SASによる実験データの解析」

A1

R1R2R3R4R5

C1新

211318459399316

C2従

418319580347303

A2

R6R7R8R9R10

C2従

304428588370317

C1新

465397316325302

Page 10: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

σw2 in SAS output

proc mixed;model cmax=a b c;random r;ods output covparms=cov ;

Covariance ParameterEstimates

Cov Parm Estimater 1080.23Residual 8836.25

model cmax=a b c; Covariance Parameter2σmodel cmax=a b c;

repeated c/sub=r type=CS R;ods output covparms=cov ;

Covariance ParameterEstimates

CovParm Subject EstimateCS r 1080.23Residual 8836.25

model cmax=a b c;repeated c/sub=r type=UN R;ods output covparms=cov;

Cov Parm Subject EstimateUN(1,1) r 6781.90UN(2,1) r 1080.22UN(2,2) r 13051(6781.90+13051-2×1080.22)/2

2Wσ

)(2

121

2 yyVarW −=σ

Page 11: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

同等性仮説

• 帰無仮説1: H01: µT – µR≦ -∆• 対立仮説1: H11: µT – µR > -∆

• 帰無仮説2: H02: µT – µR≧ ∆

• 対立仮説2: H12: µT – µR < ∆

Page 12: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

TOST:検定統計量

H01: -∆ H02: ∆

µT – µR

XX ∆+−=XX

T RT ∆−−=

:試験製剤と標準製剤の標本平均

XT1, XR1, …, XTN, XRN :N人の被験者に対する観測値RT XX ,

N

XXT

W

RTL

2σ̂

∆+−=

N

XXT

W

RTU

2σ̂

∆−−=

Page 13: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

TOST:有意水準

)2( −Nt

N

XXT

W

RTL

2σ̂

∆+−=

N

XXT

W

RTU

2σ̂

∆−−=

H10 :-∆

αα

2,1 −−> NL tT α

2,1 −− Nt α2,1 −−− Nt α

2,1 −−−< NU tT α

H20 :∆

Page 14: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

TOST:検出力

対立仮説-∆≦µT - µR≦∆の下で

N

XXT

W

RTL

2σ̂

∆+−=

N

XXT

W

RTU

2σ̂

∆−−=

{ }RTNUNL tTtTPPower µµαα −−<>= −−−− | and 2,12,1

NWσ̂NWσ̂

Page 15: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

検出力:1変量へ変形

• 対立仮説-∆≦µT - µR≦∆の下で

Power

2)-(ˆ

)(2

NtXX

TNW

RTRT~

σµµ

µ−−−=

−−∆+−<<−+∆−= −−−−

N

tT

N

tP

Power

W

RTN

W

RTN

)(

)(2,12,1

σ

µµ

σ

µµαµα

NW

矢船(2000), Chow and Wang (2001)

Page 16: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

検出力

H1

µT2,112

ˆ

)(−−+∆+−−= N

W

RT t

N

C α

σ

µµ2,12

)(−−−∆+−−= N

W

RT t

N

C α

σ

µµ

C1

β10

C2

β2

N

( )21

1Power

CTCP ≤≤=−=

µ

β

Page 17: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

近似検出力:中心t分布

{ })2,(PROBT)2,(PROBT

Power

12

21

−−−≈

≤≤=

NCNC

CTCP µ

2,112

ˆ

)(−−+∆+−−= N

W

RT t

N

C α

σ

µµ2,12

)(−−−∆+−−= N

W

RT t

N

C α

σ

µµ

浜田・臨床評価研究会(2005)

Page 18: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

近似症例数:中心t分布

• µT= µRの場合, β1=β2=β/2, -C1=C2 =t1-β/2, N-2

2

22,2/12,1

2 )(2

∆+

= −−−− NNW ttN βασ

• µT - µR >0の場合,β1=0, β2=β, C2 =t1-β, N-2

Chow and Wang (2001)

2

22,12,1

2

))((

)(2

RT

NNW ttN

µµσ βα

−−∆+

= −−−−

Page 19: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

症例数:漸近正規分布

• 大標本の場合,• µT= µR

αα −−− ≈ 12,1 zt N

2

22/11

2 )(2

∆+

= −− βασ zzN W

• µT - µR >0

Julious (2004)の式(62), (60)

2

211

2

))((

)(2

RT

W zzN

µµσ βα

−−∆+

= −−

Page 20: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

近似検出力:中心t分布の問題点

• C1とC2が確率変数 を含んでいるため,定

数ではない.中心t分布は, の変動を考慮

していない.

{ }Power 21 ≤≤= CTCP µ

Wσ̂Wσ̂

{ })2,(PROBT)2,(PROBT

Power

12

21

−−−≈

≤≤=

NCNC

CTCP µ

2,112

ˆ

)(−−+∆+−−= N

W

RT t

N

C α

σ

µµ2,12

)(−−−∆+−−= N

W

RT t

N

C α

σ

µµ

Page 21: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

検出力:非心t分布

対立仮説-∆≦µT - µR≦∆の下で

2σ̂

∆+−=

N

XXT

W

RTL

2σ̂

∆−−=

N

XXT

W

RTU

),2( 1δ−NtN

~ ),2( 2δ−NtN

W

RT

µµδ2

1

∆+−=

W

RT

µµδ2

2

∆−−=

Page 22: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

近似検出力

• Bonferroniの不等式

{ }{ }|1

|Power

RT

RT

BAP

BAP

µµµµ

−∪−=−∩=

)|()|(1 RTRT BPAP µµµµ −−−−≥

{ } { }2,12,1 , −−−− −<=>= NUNL tTBtTA αα

),2( 1δ−NtTL~ ),2( 2δ−NtTU~

Page 23: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

近似検出力

Power≈

),2,(PROBT),2,(PROBT

Power

12,122,1 δδ αα −−−−=≈

−−−− NtNt NN

Julious (2004) の式(59)

この近似法が正確法より小さい検出力を算出

症例数を大きい方で近似

),2,(PROBT),2,(PROBT1

Power

22,112,1 δδ αα −−−−−≈

−−−− NtNt NN

Page 24: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

正確な検出力

2

2

1

+=

N

S

ZTL

δ

2

2

2

+=

N

S

ZTU

δ

)2(

),1,0(22 −NS

NZ

χ~~

Sun (2010)

• 逐次積分で重積分を計算

{ }

),0;,(),0;,(

),(

| ,Power

12,1222,12

2 ,12 ,1

RtQRtQ

dzdsszf

tTtTP

NNNN

D

RTNUNL

δδ

µµ

αα

αα

−−−−−−

−−−−

−−=

=

−−<>=

∫∫ { }2 ,12 ,1 , −−−− −<>= NUNL tTtTD αα

Sun (2010)

Page 25: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

Owen’ Q関数

{ }),0;,(),0;,(

| ,Power

1,12,1

,1 ,1

RtQRtQ

tTtTP RTUL

δδµµ

νανναν

νανα

−−

−−

−−=−−<>=

∫Φ=

≤−<=

R

dssfst

St

ZPRtQ )()(RS ,),0;,( δδ

R:以下sに関する方程式の解

∫Φ=

≤−<= dssfs

tS

tZPRtQ

0

)()(RS ,),0;,(ν

δν

δν

)(S ),(S 22 νχ~~ sf

2,1

1,1 δ

νδ

ννανα −

−=− −− s

ts

t

Page 26: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

症例数設計:2つのデザイン

• 1標本デザイン:時期効果を無視,自由度N-1• クロスオーバ:時期効果を考慮,自由度N-2• クロスオーバ:時期効果を考慮,自由度N-2

Julious (2004), 2.2.1節

Page 27: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

POWERプロシジャ指定法:1標本(1/3)

proc power;pairedmeans test=equiv_diff dist=normallower = log(0.8)upper = log(1.25)

)(),(2)(2RRTTD XVarXXCovXVar +−=σ

upper = log(1.25)alpha = 0.05pairedmeans=試験製剤平均 | 標準製剤平均pairedstddevs=試験製剤標準偏差 | 標準製剤標準偏差corr = 試験製剤と標準製剤間の相関係数npairs = 総症例数power = 検出力;run;

Page 28: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

POWERプロシジャ指定法:1標本(2/3)

proc power;pairedmeans test=equiv_diff dist=normallower = log(0.8)upper = log(1.25)upper = log(1.25)alpha = 0.05meandiff=平均値の差stddev=σWcorr =0npairs = 総症例数power = 検出力;run;

22 2)()( WRTD XVarXVar σσ =+=

0),( =RT XXCov

2)()( WRT XVarXVar σ==

Page 29: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

POWERプロシジャ指定法:1標本(3/3)

proc power;

pairedmeans test=equiv_ratio=lognormal

lower = 0.8

upper = 1.25upper = 1.25

alpha = 0.05

meanration=幾何平均値の比

cv=被験者内変動係数

corr =0

npairs = 総症例数

power = 検出力;

run;

WWeCV σσ ≈−= 12

浜田・安藤 (2006) p.37-38

Page 30: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

POWERプロシジャ指定法:クロスオーバー

proc power;twosamplemeans test=equiv_diff dist=normallower = log(0.8)upper = log(1.25)upper = log(1.25)alpha = 0.05meandiff=平均値の差stddev=σd

ntotal= 総症例数power = 検出力;run;

22

22 WRTd

XXVar

σσ =

−=

sun (2010)の Example 3

Page 31: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

参考文献 (1/2)

•小川幸男 (1997),生物学的同等性試験における例数設

計. KR 研究会

•高橋行雄,大橋靖雄,芳賀敏郎(1989). SASによる実験

データの解析.第8章.東京大学出版社

• (2006), POWER•浜田知久馬・安藤英一 (2006), POWERプロシジャによる

症例数設計, SASユーザー会総会

•浜田知久馬/監修・臨床評価研究会(ACE)基礎解析分科会/執筆 (2005), 実用SAS生物統計ハンドブック,サイエンティスト社

•矢船明史 (2000),生物学的同等性試験における信頼区

間に基づく例数設計について, 臨床薬理, 31(6)

Page 32: Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, …...Sample size for bioequivalence trials: Exact, approximate and asymptotic methods Fanghong Zhang and Hidekazu Ando Biomedical Data

参考文献 (2/2)

•Chow Shein-Chung and Wang Hansheng (2001), On Sample Size Calculation in Bioequivalence Trials. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Vol. 28, No. 2•Julious, Steven A. 2004. Tutorial in Biostatistics. Sample sizes for clinical trials with Normal data. Statistics in Medicine, 23:1921-1986.•Schuirman, D. J. (1987). A comparison of the two one-sided tests •Schuirman, D. J. (1987). A comparison of the two one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 15, 657-680.•Sun Peng (2010). Using SAS Proc Power to Perform Model-based Power Analysis for Clinical Pharmacology Studies. PharmaSUG2010 - Paper SP05•Westlake, W. J. (1972). Use of confidence intervals in the analysis of comparative bioavailability trials. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61, 1340-1341.