1

]mTy-]-≤Xn

Fw.-F. kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w

2018 ]th-i\w

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥

ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime

2

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bv°p-th≠n

cPn-kvSm¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

A®Sn: ]n‚ v-B¿Svkv Hm^vsk‰v, ^dqJv 0495 2485210

3

BapJw

kwkvIm-cw, ss]XrIw XpS-ßnb Bi-b-߃ hf-sc-°m-e-ambn \ΩpsS A°m-

Z-an-I-hy-h-lm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. F∂m¬ kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]T\w Hcp]tXyI ]T-\-ta-J-e-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v A[nIw Ime-am-bn-´n-√.kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w, kwkvIm-c-hy-h-km-bw, \h-N-cn-X-hmZw XpS-ßnb ]pXnbAt\z-j-W-ta-J-e-Iƒ kr„n® kwhm-Zm-fl-I-X-bn¬ \n∂mWv ][m-\-ambpwCu hnjbw cq]-s∏-´p-h-∂-Xv. ss]Xr-IsØ kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb tijn-∏p-IƒF∂ \ne-bn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ NcnX tIµnX kao-]-\hpw hna¿i-\m-flI kwkvIm-

c-]-T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn kao-]n-°p∂ ]T-\-co-Xnbpw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ C∂vkPo-h-am-Wv. A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-k-ao-]-\-amWv Cu hnjbw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw ta¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se, ]cn-t]-£y-Ønepw Du∂-en-ep-ap≈hyXymkw kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ ]T-\-co-Xnsb sshhn-[y-ap-≈-Xm-°p-∂p.

Cu sshhn-[ysØ ]c-am-h[n Dƒs°m-≈m\pw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw ]mTy-]-≤Xnian-®n- p-≠v. Hcp ]T-\-hn-j-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ CXns‚ A¥m-cm-„-am-\-ß-sfbpw

A\p-`-h-ß-sfbpw km[y-X-I-sfbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ G‰hpwXt±-io-b-amb am\-sØbpw A\p- -h-sØbpw km[y-X-sbbpw CXnse tImgvkp-Iƒ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂p-≠v. H∂mw ska-Ã-dnse 102, 105 tImgvkp-IƒCXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ A\p-_-‘-hn-j-b-ß-sfbpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-⁄m-\-sØbpw Ign-bp-∂X ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒt®¿°m≥ ian-®n-´p-≠v.A©p-h¿j-ambn ]T-\-h-Ip-∏nse A[ym-]-I¿°v Cu taJ-e-bn-ep≈ Adnhpw

]cn-N-bhpw A[y-b-\m-\p- -hhpw ]c-am-h[n ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv CXv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ]T-\-t_m¿Uw-K-ß-fpsS tbmPn-∏p-Ifpw hntbm-Pn-∏p-IfpwCXns\ kºp-„-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. s]m^. kvIdnb k°-dn-b-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ap≥]-T-\-t_m¿Uns‚ kw`m-h\ hfsc hne-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.

k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS tIma¨ tImgvkv Dƒs∏sS 19 tIm¿ tImgvkp-Ifpw 24sF—nI tImgvkp-I-fp-ambn BsI 43 tImgvkp-I-fmWv CXn¬ D≈-Xv. At∏mgpw

Cu ]T-\-hn-j-b-Øns‚ taJ-e-Isf kºq¿W-ambn ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-te°psIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-™p-sh∂ A`n-]m-b-an-√. ka-Im-en-I-X-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠vap≥K-W-\m-I-a-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n taJ-e-Isf hnhn[ tImgvkp-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXns\ IqSp-X¬ ka-K-am-°m≥ kam-\-amb Nne tImgvkp-Isf ]c-kv]cw ebn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. hnj-b-Øns‚ ]c-am-h[n km[y-X-I-fn-te°vk©-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]th-iIw amX-amWv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn. ¢mvap-dn-°p-≈nse

kwhm-Zm-fl-I-X-bn-eqsS AØcw km[y-X-I-fn-te°p hnI-kn-°m≥ Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn klm-b-I-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.

s]m^.- kvI-dnb k°-dnb

A≤y£≥, kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI]T\-t_m¿Uv

4

]T-\-t_m¿Uv AwK-߃

s]m^. kvIdnb k°-dnb

tUm. Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

tUm. ]n. ]hn-X≥

tUm. Fw. ssk\_

tUm. APp sI. \mcm-b-W≥

tUm. Znt\-i≥ hS-°n-\n-bn¬

tUm. IhnX _me-Ir-jvW≥

tUm. sI.-Fw. A\n¬

tUm. kp\oX Sn.-hn.

tUm. sI.-Fw. `c-X≥ (A-≤y-£≥)

5

H∂mw ska-ÿMU CC 1001 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

MU CHS 4102kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw

MU CHS 4103tIcfw: A[n-hm-kLS-\bpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-`q-an-im-kvXhpw

MU CHS 4104lkvX-en-JnXhn-⁄m\obw

MU CHS 4105Xt±-io-b-Xbpw ss]Xr-Ihpw

c≠mw ska-ÿMU CHS 4201tIc-fob-I-em-ss]-XrIw

MU CHS 4202tIc-fo-b-ssh⁄m-\nI-ss]-XrIw

MU CHS 4203tIc-fo-bhm-Wn-Py-ss]-XrIw

MU CHS 4204ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-a-bhpw hymJym-\hpw

MU CHS 4205ss]XrI]cnc-£: XXzw, ]tbm-Kw, \n-ba-w

aq∂mw ska-ÿMU CHS 4301 -]pcm-XXz]T-\w (Archaeological Study)

MU CHS 4302 ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m\obw

MU CHS 4303 tIc-fw: hnizmkw aXw Z¿i\w

MU CHS 4304 sF—n-Iw

MU CHS 4305 s]mXpsF—n-Iw

\memw ska-ÿMU CHS 4401 ]pcm-tc-Jmeb-]-T-\w

MU CHS 4402 ]_-‘-cN-\: -X-Xz-hpw ]tbm-Khpw

MU CHS 4403 sF—n-Iw

MU CHS 4404 s]mXpsF—n-Iw

6

H∂mw ska-ÿ

MU CHS 4101 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

MU CHS 4102 kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw

MU CHS 4103 tIcfw: A[n-hm-kLS-\bpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-`q-an-im-kvXhpw

MU CHS 4104 lkvX-en-JnXhn-⁄m\obw

MU CHS 4105 Xt±-io-b-Xbpw ss]Xr-Ihpw

7

MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

\thm-∞m-\-Imew apX¬ ssh⁄m-\n-Iw, hnZym- ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-Iw, cmjvSobw

F∂o cwKß-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j -t\-Sp∂ hf¿® ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Cu

t]∏¿.

bqWn‰v 1\thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ht_m-[hpw:-˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw amXr-`m-j-bpw.

temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ ae-bm-fØns‚ ÿm\w, \thm-∞m-\hpw tIc-fw, ae-bmfw

F∂o k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ia-߃

˛ a‡n-X-߃, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, ]T-\-am-[y-aw, sFIy-

tI-cfw F∂ k¶¬∏w, sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\w.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n tPm¿÷v amØ≥, "_mem-`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp ]kwKw' (aq∂mw

Jfiw amXw) (1867)

(tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ˛ IrXn-Ifpw ]T-

\hpw, ]p. 435 ˛ 447)

n a‡n-X-߃, "Xan-gp-cmPyw apX¬ ae-bm-f- cmPy\nhm-kn-I-fmb ap…nw

P\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw' (a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIcf

CkvemanIv anj≥, Xncq¿ 6, 1981)

n F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, "\m´p- m-jm-hn-Zym- ymkw' (F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-

bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, amΩq-Sv,

1987)

n ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS A`n-hr≤n am¿§w (1934)

(k-tlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw Fw.]n. joP (F-Un.)

ssaXn- _p-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2010)

n KqKn hm Xn HmwtKm, B^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj (a-\-ns‚ A]-

tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)

n Xmbm´v i¶-c≥, am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw (C-¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-

≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)

8

bqWn‰v 2

`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw B[p-\n-IoI-c-W-hpw.

hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te-°v, ae-bmfw A°-߃, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-

߃, \nL-≠p-°-fpsS hc-hv, ]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-

hv, eIvkn-t°m-Km-^n, A®-Sn, ]Xw, ]X-`m-j, am[y-a-`m-j, `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-

IX: ae-bmfw ssS∏vssd-‰¿, en]n-bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw, en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-I-Ω-‰n-

Iƒ, A®Sn: ]pXnb en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXn-

\p≈ ia-߃, ÿm]-\-߃.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n C.- hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, "h¿Ø-am\ ]X-ß-fp-sSbpw A®Sn b¥-ß-fp-

sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¶¬∏-\-ß-fnepw mjm

hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃'

(Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥ (F-Un.) \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaq-lw,

hmeyw 2)

n Sn.- _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, "ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw: `qXhpw

`mhnbpw' (P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).

n kt¥m-jv tXm- p-߬, "bq\n-t°mUv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kw -hn-°p-∂-sX¥v?'

(P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).

n \nJn¬ \ºym¿, hna¬ tPmk^v, "ae-bmfw C≥kvIn-]vj≥ Iot_m¿Uv

Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?' (P-\-]Yw, \hw. 2009).

n Fw. apIp-µ≥, "Hcp km£m¬ Xnø≥ as‰mcp Xnø-t\mSv Cw•ojv ]d-

bptam?'

(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2010 P\p. 24 -˛ 30)

bqWn‰v 3hn⁄m-\- mjhn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-

Øns‚ hf¿®, hn⁄m-\-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-kw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃, ae-bmf

]Z-tIm-i-Øns‚ B[p-\n-IoI-c-Ww. A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-aw, hnh¿Ø-\-K-Ÿ-߃,

imkvX-K-Ÿ-߃, `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw, C¥y≥ `mj-I-

fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\w. Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, a‰p-

temI`mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃, kmt¶-XnI

]Z-kq-Nn, ]mT-]p-kvXI IΩn-‰n, amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw

amXr- m-j-bpw, ]IrXn imkvX kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w ae-bmf am[y-a-Øn¬.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-

I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ A[ymbw. ]p. 104 ˛ 123)

n tPml-∂kv t^m¨ tab¿, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Ønse ka¿∏W teJ\w

(1883)

9

(Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥, aebmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp

]T\w ˛ A\p-_-‘w)

n tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw imkvX-K-Ÿ-ßfpw, (`-c-W-`m-j,

1935)

n ANyp-Xvi-¶¿, imkvX-`mj (\-ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn.

Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)

n ]n. ]hn-X≥, `mjbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw: D]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øn\pw \n¿W-b-hm-

Z-Øn\panS-bn¬, amXr-`m-jbv°vth≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, 2014.

n cho-µ≥, "Ne-®nX kma-Kn-bmbn amdp∂ `mj' (a-e-bm-fw, amXr-`qan

tImgn-t°m-Sv)

bqWn‰v 4

`c-W-`mj ˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS `c-W-]-chpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb hnImkw

`c-W-`m-jbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-hpw, temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\w, C¥y≥ `c-

W-L-S-\-bn¬ `mjI-fpsS ÿm\w, ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-hn-

S-ß-fnse `c-W-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ae-bmf`mj-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. `c-W-`m-

j-bv°p≈ IΩo-j≥, tImam-´n¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩo-j≥. HutZym-KnI

`mjm ]Jym-]-\w 1969. tImSXn `mj ˛ \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ ˛ `c-W-`m-jm-t]m-

’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Pn√m Xmeq°v Xe HutZym-KnI `mjm-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, `mj-

bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]ÿm-\-߃.

hnti-j-]-T\w:

n iqc-\m-´p-Ip-™≥]n≈, "ae-bmfw c-W-`m-jm-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v' (`-c-W-`m-j,

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿).

n PÃnkv \tc-µ≥, 1. "ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬'†(`c-W-`m-j)

2. \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ kwKlw (Hu-tZym-KnI `mjm-kw-_-‘-

ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØc-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-

I-fpw, A\p-_‘w 1, tIcf k¿°m¿, 2002)

n ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, "`mj-bpsS cmjvSobw'†

n Sn. Sn. ioIp-am¿, "`mjm-]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew' (hn-

⁄m\ ssIc-fn, 1990 Pqembv)

n tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, "ae-bmf kwc-£-Ww, F¥n\v'? Fßs\? (a-e-bm-

fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿ 1992).

n Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥, "`mj kwkvImcw hnZym-`ymkw' (\-ΩpsS `mj,

\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)

n Fw. hn. tXmakv, tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w: ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eqsS (`-c-W-

`mjm ]iv\-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

A_vZpƒIcow, apl-ΩZv sI. sP. (k-ºm), 2006 a‡n-X-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ

IrXn-Iƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv.

BZ¿iv hn. sI, 2009, C\n hmb-\, C. hmb-\, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

10

C. -Fw.- F-kv, 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, 2003, `c-W-`m-j tIc-f-

k¿°m¿.

Hma\ ]n. -hn, 1990, \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

Imc-t»cn Fw. F≥, 2004, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 2002, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]

-Im-iw

tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan, 1983, ]X-`m-j, sIm®n, tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan.

tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, A®-Snbpw FgpØpw: Hcp ssì ]pkvX-Iw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

IrjvW-Ip-am¿ Fkv, 1996, ae-bmf Kth-jWw k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬, Xncp-h-

\-¥-]p-c, am¿Kn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, .

KtWjv kn (F-Un), 2016, `mj-bpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v Hcp P\XbpsS

k©m-cw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]nb-X.

Kncojv ]n. Fw. 2013, ae-bmfw: kzXzhpw hn\n-a-b-hpw, ip-I-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w tUm, 2012, ae-bmfw ¢mknIv `mj: ]g-°hpw

hy‡n-Xz-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

KqKn hm XnHmwtKm, 2007, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, sIm√w, Kmwjn

_pIvkv.

tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ F≥, (F-Un.), 2006, `mjbpw kaq-lhpw: `mjm-imkvX

]T-\-߃, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-im-e.

Nmt°m ]n. kn, 1940, ae-bmfw Npcp-s°-gpØv am\z¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Kh.

]v.

Pb-Ir-jvW≥ F≥, (F-Un.), 2011, ae-bm-fhpw ¢mkn-°¬ ]Z-hn-bpw, Xncp-h-

\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

Pb-cmPv Fw, 2017, ae-bmf A®-Sn-am-[yaw : `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

Pbm kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un.), 1997, X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-

Øn¬, Xmc-Xay ]T-\-kw-Lw.

tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-bpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 2010, ˛ "ae-bm-fn°v Btcm-SmWv Iqdv' `mj kmlnXyw

kwkvIm-cw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

tPmk^v ]n. Fw, 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-߃, Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cw,

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

tPmk^v, kvIdnb tUm, 2007, ]g»n tcJ-I-fnse hyh-lm-c-`m-j, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

tZh-cm-P≥ Pn. tUm., 2005, C≥^¿ta-j≥ kb≥kv: Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

11

\mb¿, s]cp∂ sI. F≥., 1976, ae-bmf ]X-Øns‚ IY, tIc-f- h¿°nwKv

tP¿W-enÃv bqWn-b≥.

]hn-X≥ ]n, 2014, amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn.

]Im-iv sI. Fkv. tUm, tUm. Fkv. F. jm\-hmkv (kw-tim.), 2010, ae-

bmf `mjbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw, ]Im-i-\-hn-`m-Kw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e,

]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿ hn. B¿, 1999 ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥

-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

]`m-I-c≥ F≥, 2012, "ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn', Bg-Øn¬ sh® I√p-Iƒ, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]mcw`kzcq-]w, Xriq¿, tIcf

kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂v, at\m-ca ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhnj≥.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ sI. Fw, 2004, ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-

tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn., 2007, BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy

A°m-Zan.

t^m¨ta-b¿, tPml-∂kv, 1983, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvXw, _mk¬ anj≥ _p°v

B‚ v SmIv‰v knwt_mkn-‰-dn.

_m_p sNdn-bm≥ tUm, 2009, s_©-an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw, kmlnXy ]h¿Ø-

I-kl-I-cWkw-Lw.

_m_p-cmPv ]n. Fw., 2009, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fßs\ tªmKmw, tIm´-bw, Un.- kn.

_pIvkv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, Imhp-ºmbn, 2007, ae-bmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp

]T\w, Xriq¿, tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥ Imhp-ºmbn (F-Un.), 2017, \ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw,

tIc-f-im-kvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv.

ae-bmfw hn°n ]oUnb ]h¿Ø-I¿ 2012 G]n¬, hn°n ]oUnb Hcp ssI∏p-

kvX-Iw, ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb ]h¿Ø-I¿, .

amcm¿ sI.-sI., 2008, tIc-f-Ø-\n-a, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

amXyp sP. ap´Øv tUm, 2007, hm¿Ø-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ, ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.

amXr-`qan _pIvkv tP¿W¬ (k-am.), 2008, ae-bmfw ˛ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn-sb-

°p-dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-߃, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

amXr- qan, 2014, "knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmf-w', amXr- qan Cb¿_p-

°v, ]p. 746 -˛ 750.

an\n \mb¿, tUm, 2012, knhn¬ k¿∆okv ]co-£-I-fnse ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw,

at\m-ca _pIvkv.

aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥, 1985, Nn”-\w, tIm´-bw, hnZym¿∞n-anXw _p°v Unt∏m.

cho-µ≥ sI., 2009, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\-‰n¬, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

12

cho-µ≥ sI, 2001, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.

_pIvkv.

cmL-h≥ ]pXp-∏≈n, 1985, tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿, tIc-f-

km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.

cmPp amhp-¶¬ tUm, 2004, hnZym-`ymk C≥^¿am-‰n-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω F. B¿, F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-bpsS ]_-‘-߃, amΩq-Sv.

cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿, 2008, `mjbpw `c-W-`m-j-bpw, tIcf `mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿ (F-Un.), HutZym-KnI `mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIc-f-

k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-I-fpw.

cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv tUm, 2012, `uXn-I-imkvX \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.

_pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥ ]n. sI, Fkv. F≥. Pb-]-Imiv, 2003 am[ya \nL-≠p,

tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥ Fkv, 2010, ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bm-fw, tIm -bw, kmlnXy ]h¿ØI

kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw.

cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿ ]∑\, 2000, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpw, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v

_pIvkv.

cma-N-µ≥ ]pXp-t»cn, 2010, sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-

lnXy A°mZan.

cma-h¿Ω (a-cp) Xºp-cm≥, F. B¿. AJn-te-iz-c-ø¿ (hym-Jym.), 1128, aI-cw,

Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿bp‡n-`m-jm, awK-tfm-Zbw enan-‰-Uv.

hk-¥≥ Fkv. sI, 2007, kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw,

Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

h¿°n ]´n-a‰w, 2008, Iwπo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

hnP-b≥ Fw. F≥ (P-\. FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛

1901 ˛ 2000, 1˛4 hmey-߃, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan.

thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ Fkv. hn (F-Un.), 2010, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cw, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

hmkp-°p-´≥, sI. Fw s]m^, 1991, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v: ]›m-Ø-ehpw

]h¿Ø-\-hpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

hnf-°pSn cmtP-µ≥ tUm, 2011, `mjm ip≤nbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cw, ]nb-Z¿in\n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv skmssk-‰n.

inh-Ip-am¿. B¿, 2013, `c-W-`mjm ]tbm-K-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

inh-Ip-am¿ B¿., F. B¿. kvanXm tibv, 2013, ae-bm-fw˛Cw•ojv HutZym-

KnI `mjm-\n-L-≠p, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

13

ioIp-am¿ ]n, 2008, `mj A[zm\w hntam-N-\w, hntam-N-\m-flI `mjm-im-kvX-

Øn\v Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tjgvkv

ioIp-amcn Fkv., ae-bmf `mjm-\-thm-∞m-\hpw kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Ifpw

joP Fw. ]n., 2010, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, ssaXn _pIvkv.

jmcp sP. h¿Ko-kv, F. hnP-b-e£van, 1992, A®-Sn, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n tUm, 1992, dh-d‚ v tPm¿÷v amØ≥: IrXn-Ifpw

]T-\-hpw, Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v Nµ-\-∏-≈n.

kmw F≥, 2003, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬,

tIm´-bw, Un.- kn. _pIvkv.

kp\oX Sn.- hn, 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bm-fw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kp\oX Sn. hn, 2012, C ae-bmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

kptcjv ]n. tUm, (F-Un) 2017, ae-bm-fw: tZihpw kzXzhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv,

t]mKkv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

tkXp-cm-a≥ sI, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

kvIdnb k°-dnb tUm., 1996, Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]-kw.

Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-߃

n Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1992.

n Asha Surangi, Language and Politics in India, Oxford Univesity Press, 2009.

n Satyendranath Bose, 'The Mother Tongue', Satyendra Nath Bose His Life and

Times Selected works, Ed. Kamseshwar C. Wali, World Scientific, 2009.

n John E. Joseph, Language and Identity, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.

n imkvX kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw

n `c-W-`mjm i_vZm-hen

n hnhn[ ]Z-tIm-i-߃

teJ-\-߃

n ]n. kn. Nmt°m, "\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n sIm´nbw apl-ΩZv, "I∏-en-\-I-sØ- Pew' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n Fw. hn. tXmakv, "am‰w aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n F. F≥. ]n. DΩ¿Ip´n, "`c-W-`m-jbpw `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n tUm. Fw. B¿. Xºm≥, "`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)

\nb-a-߃, IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ

n `c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-߃

n tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw

n XpS¿ \nb-a-߃ 1973, 1975.

14

B\p-Im-en-I-߃

n `c-W-`mj, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.

n hn⁄m-\-ssI-cfn, Pqembv 1990, ae-bmfw hnti-jm¬ ]Xn.

n P\-]Yw, 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-

≤o-I-cWw.

n ae-bm-◊, ae-bmf kan-Xn, 1990.

tcJ--Iƒ

n sI. Pb-Ip-am¿, Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-

im-e, kao-]-\hpw LS\bpw, sabv, 2012 (a-e-bmf k¿h-I-em-imem ÿm]-

\-Øn-\p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v)

n sFIy-a-e-bmf ]ÿm\w eLp-teJ, tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bm-f-k¿h-

I-em-im-ebpw cq]-tc-J, 2011.

15

MU CHS 4102 kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw

kn≤m-¥hpw

bqWn‰v 1

ss]XrIw, kwkvImcss]XrIw F∂o k¶¬∏-\-߃-˛-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-

]-T\w F∂ hn⁄m\]≤Xn˛LS-\m-\-¥-c-Nn-¥-bpsS kµ¿`w-˛-B-[p-\n-Im-\-

¥-cX F∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-˛-N-cn-X-]-I-cWw˛kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w F∂

hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-bpsS Ncn-Xw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbm-Kw-˛-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w: hgnbpw

s]mcpfpw˛c≠p hgn-Iƒ: Ncn-X-am-Xr-I-˛-kw-kvIm-c-am-XrI I≠-dnhpw sIm≠-

dnhpw ˛ c≠p-X-e-߃: D]-]m-Z-\-Xew (discursive terrain)-`uXn-I-X-ew (Physical

terrain), coXn -t` -Z -߃: hkvXp -\n -jvTw, A\p -`q -Xn -] -cw, kwth-Z -\w

(Communication), ]I-S-\w (Performance), hyh-lmcw (discourse) F∂o \ne-

I-fn¬˛kwkvImc]-T\w Hcp coXn-im-kvX-sa∂ \ne-bn¬- -ss]-Xr-I-]-T-\-Ønse

⁄m\-im-kvX-hn-t—Zw: Hm¿a, ]I-S-\w, kzXzw, s]mcpØw s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sv,

CSw, ÿew XpS-ßnb ]ta-b-ß-fn-te-°p≈ hnIm-kw-˛-ssh-⁄m-\n-I-k-aq-l-

Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w.

bqWn‰v 2kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[-\w, slPn-a-\n, kwkvIm-c-irw-J-e (cultural circute)-˛-ss]-

XrIirwJe (heritage network) XpS-ßnb ]cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-Øn¬-

˛-N-cn-Xhpw kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-Ihpw: ss]XrIw F∂ L\o-`q-X-N-cn-Xw-˛-]m-c-

º-cy-hp-am-bp≈ hn\n-a-b, hnt—-Z-߃-˛-ss]-XrIw: X∑m (identity) \n¿am-W-bp-

‡n˛ss]Xr-I-]-T\w: `mhn-bpsS Ncn-Xw (history of future) -˛-B-[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-

Xbpw ss]Xr-I-]-T-\hpw: bmYm¿Yyw, hkvXp, hm°v, temIw-˛-C-h-bpsS ]mc-

kv]cyw ˛ CW-°epw CW-°-gn-°epw (coding-decoding)˛-kw-th-Z-\-]-T-\w,

Nn”-hn-⁄m-\obw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS k¶¬∏-\-߃, Bi-bm-h-en-Iƒ, kn≤m-

¥-߃ F∂n-h-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-߃-˛-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w kmaq-ly-]-T\w F∂

\ne-bn¬-˛-]-bp-‡-am-\-hn-I-hn-⁄m-\w-˛-Np-s´-gp-ØpIƒ (signages).

16

bqWn‰v 3

hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw-˛-hym-Jym-\hpw bmYm¿Yy-hpw-˛-hym-Jym-\m-kq-X-Ww

(interpretive planning) -˛-Bƒ°q-´-Øn¬\n∂p≈ Adn-hp-ti-J-c-Ww (crowd

sourcing)-˛-ss]-Xr-I-hn-\n-a-b-tI-µ-߃˛alm-hn-⁄m-\-ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘hpw

C©n-am-Xr-I-bpw-˛-kz-Xz-Øns‚ D’-ho-I-c-Ww-˛-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w:

A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-]-T-\-]-≤-Xn-˛-A-\p-_-‘-⁄m-\-cq-]-߃: \c-hw-i-im-

kvXw-˛-]p-cm-h-kvXp-im-kvXw-˛-km-aq-ln-I-im-kvXw-˛-NcnXw˛-a\ximkvXw-˛-km-

º-Øn-I-im-kvXw-˛-kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\w-˛-Sq-dn-kw-]-T\w˛am[yahn-⁄m-\o-bw-˛-tc-Jm-

hn-⁄m-\w-˛-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w: en]n-hn-⁄m-\-hpw-˛-ssI-sb-gp-Øp-hn-⁄m-\-hpw-

˛-]m-T-kw-tim-[-\w-˛-tcJIfpsS h¿Ko-I-c-Ww-˛-hy-h-lm-c-am-Xr-I-Iƒ-˛-hy-h-lm-cm-

]-K-Y-\w (discourse analysis)-˛-ayqknhn⁄m-\obw: ]mT-J-\-\w (tect mining) -˛-

ayq-knbw: tcJ-I-fpsS hymJym-\-tI-µ-߃-˛tc-J-Iƒ, kw`-h-߃ (events) -˛-

kw-th-Z-\-kw-`-hw.

bqWn‰v 4

ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-Ønse ]pØ≥]pXp-a-Iƒ˛ss]-Xr-I-߃: tIc-f-Øns‚

kmwkvIm-cn-I-X-∑-bpsS \n¿an-Xn, \n¿h-N-\w, hni-Zo-I-c-Ww, km[q-I-c-Ww-˛-P-

\-Iob/P\-]n-b-hy-h-lm-c-߃: Ne-®n-Xw-˛-N-e-®n-X-Km-\-߃-˛-]-c-ky-߃-˛-]e

ss]Xr-I-߃-˛-]-e-Xcw ss]Xr-I-߃-˛-]m≥ C¥y≥ kµ¿`w-˛-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w:

hna¿i-\-Øns‚ hgn-Iƒ: enwK-]-Z-hn-˛-Z-fn-Xv-˛-`n-∂-enw-K-˛-kvXo-hn-tam-N-\m-i-b-

M-M-fp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-Jo-I-c-Ww-˛-B¿Øn-\m-K-cn-I-Xbpw BtKm-fo-I-c-W-hpw-

˛-am-bp∂ tZim-Xn¿Øn-Iƒ-˛-ss]-Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw: ]h-W-X-Iƒ, \b-߃,

]k‡ hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃, kn≤m-¥-߃- -Sq-dn-khpw ss]Xr-I-hpw- -Sq-dnÃv Xpdn-

®p-t\m-´-߃-˛-tI-c-fo-b-k-µ¿`-߃, hn\n-a-b-߃, hna¿i-\-߃.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

BZ¿iv, kn., 2006, aXw, PmXn, \m´p-]m-c-ºcyw: sImSp-ß-√q-cnse aX/PmXn-hn-

`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ IYIƒ, Xm]-kw, hmeyw1, e°w4.

BZ¿iv, kn., 2013, hn`mh-\-Iƒ, hn\n-a-b-߃: sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ hymh-lm-

cnI-N-cn-Xw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

Awt_-Zv°¿, _n.-B¿., 1999, `K-h-Z vKo -X-sb-°p-dn -®p≈ D]-\ym-k-߃,

kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ.

_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F. tIkcn, 1957, ]mNo-\-tI-c-f-N-cn-Xw, tImgn-t°m-Sv:

sI.-B¿.- _-tZgvkv.

_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F. tIkcn, 1992, Ncn-X-]-T-\-߃, Beph: _mwkp-cn.

_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F. tIkcn, 1995, Ncn-X-Øns‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ,- Xriq¿:

tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an.

ae-bm-f-]-T\kwLw, 2007, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w: Ncn-Xw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbm-Kw,

ImeSn.

-hn-P-b≥, Fw.-F≥. (FUn.), 2002, \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw \ΩpsS kaqlw, Xriq¿:

tIc-f-km-ln-XyA°m-Z-an.

17

io-Ip-am¿, Sn.-Sn., 2002, Ncn-Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v_pIvkv.

kvIdnb k°-dnb, 2015, ss]Xr-I-]-T\w: apkn-cnkv ss]Xr-I-]-≤Xn ap≥\n¿Øn

Hcp ho≠p-hn-Nm-cw, Xm]-kw, hmeyw 9, e°w 1˛4, 2013- Pq-sse-˛2014 -G-]n¬.

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Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso Books.

Anderson, Gail, 2004, Reinventing the Museum: Historical and Contemporary

Perspectives on the Paradigm Shift, Walnut Creek, Calif, Oxford: AltaMira Press.

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Perspective, Cambridge University Press.

Arnold, Matthew, 2009, Culture and Anarchy, Oxfor University Press.

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Barthes, Roland, 1977, Image, Music, Text, Fontana Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre, 1986, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste,

(Trans: R.Nice), London: Routledge.

Corsane, Gerard, 2005, Heritage, Museums and Galleries: An Introductory Reader,

London: Routledge.

Crooke, Elizabeth, 2008, Museums and Community: Ideas, Issues and Challenges,

London: Routledge.

Cummings, Neil and Lewandowska, Marysia, 2000, The Value of Things, Basel:

Birkhauser.

Gay, Paul Du, Hall, Stuart, 1996, Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony

Walkman, London: Sage Publications.

Gramsci, Antonio, 1996, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Madras: Orient

Longman.

Harvey, David, C., 2001, Heritage Pasts and Heritage Presents:Temporality,

Meaning and the Scope of Heritage Studies, International Journal of Heritage

Studies, Volume 7, No. 4.

Helmut Anheire, 2011, Heritage, Memory and Identity, London: Sage Publications.

Hein, Hilde, 2000, The Museum in Transition, Washington: Smithsonian Books.

Hewison, Robert, 1987, Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline, London:

Metheun.

Hewison, Robert, 2014, Cultural Capital : The Rise and Fall of Creative Britain,

London: Verso.

Howard, Peter, 1994, The Heritage Discipline, International Journal of Heritage

Studies, 1 (1) 3-5.

Jussay, P.M., 2005, The Jews of Kerala, Universty of Calicut.

Kosambi, D.D., 1998, Myth and Reality, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.

Lefebvre, Henri, 1983, Everyday life in the Modern World, New Brunswick.

Lefebvre, Henri, 1991, Critique of Everyday Life Vol.I, London: Verso.

Lowenthal, David, 1998, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, CUP.

Lowenthal, David, 1985, he Past is a Foreign Country, OUP.

Lowenthal, David, 1998, Fabricating Heritage: History and Memory, Indiana Uni-

versity Press.

18

Lumley, R., 2005, The Debate on Heritage Reviewed, in G. Corsane (ed) Heritage,

Museums and Galleries: An introductory reader, 15-25, London: Routledge.

Macdonald, Sharon (ed), 2006, A Companion to Museum Studies, Wiley- Blackwell.

Mani, Braj Ranjan, 2005, Debrahmanising History: Dominance and Resistance in

Indian Society, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Marstine, Janet (Ed), 2008, New Museum Theory and Practice: An Introduction,

MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Marx, Engels, 1968, Selected Works, Moscow: Progress Publishers.

Narayanan, M.G.S., 2013, The Perumals of Kerala, Thrissur: Cosmo Books.

Panikkar, K.N., 1995: Culture Ideology Hegemony, New Delhi: Tulika Books.

Reas, P., & Cosgrove, S., 1993, Flogging a Dead Horse: Heritage Culture and its

Role in Post-industrial Britain, Manchester: Cornerhouse Publications.

Renfrew, Colin, 2000, Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Ar-

chaeology, Bloomsbury Academic.

Ricoeur, Paul , 2004, Memory, History, Forgetting, Chicago/London: University

of Chicago Press.

Samuel, Raphael, 1995, 'Theme Parks - Why Not?: History is everybody's', London:

The Independent.

Samuel, Raphael, 1994, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary

Culture, London: Verso.

Scaria Zacharia, 2005, Jewish Malayalam Folk Songs: Text, Discourse and Identity,

International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Vol. XXXIV No. 2.

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Harvard University Press.

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Cultural studies, London: Routledge.

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London: Sage Publications.

Walsh, Kevin, 1992, The Representation of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the

Post-Modern World, London: Routledge.

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Britain, OUP.

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TAPASAM (A Journal for Kerala Studies), Vol. I, Issue 3 ,4& Vol. VI, Issue I, article of

Jewish heritage of Kerala by MGS, Kesavan Veluthattu, M.N.Karassery, Galio

Hacco, Albrecht Frenz, Barbara Johnson, Marci Waerstin, Ophira Gamliel, Shalva

Weil, Michael Glatzier, Edwn Serussi, Scaria Zachariah etc.

Ipdn∏v:

ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m-\o-bw, ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fpsS KŸ-kqNn

H∏w ImWp-I.

19

MU CHS 4102 tIcfw: A[n-hm-k-L-S-\bpw

kmwkvImcnI`qan-imkvXhpw

BapJw

`q]-Ir-Xn, cm„ob˛k-ap-Zm-b-L-S-\-Iƒ, hntZ-i-_-‘-߃ XpS-ßnbhbnse

khn-ti-j-X-I-fm¬ Gsd kzm[o-\n-°-s∏-´-XmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-ss]-

Xr-Iw. tIcfw Hcn-°epw henb kmam-Py-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂n-´n-√. BI-a-

W-߃ Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ bp≤-]m-c-º-cyhpw hnI-kn-®n-´n-√.

kz¥-am-sbmcp kwkvIrXn t\c-tØ-Xs∂ ChnsS cq]-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ Pohn-

Xw-sIm≠pw kwkvIm-cw-sIm≠pw ka-K-amb Bcy-Zm-hn-U-an-iWw D≠m-bn.

Ime-h¿j-°m-‰v, \Zn-I-fpsS s]cp-∏w, ag-bpsS B[n-Iyw, Pekar-≤n, aÆns‚

^e-`q-bn-jvTX F∂nh \nanØw CXc C¥y≥tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb

A[n-hm-k-am-XrI tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. AXn¿Øn-I-fn-√m-Ø, `nØn-I-fn-√m-Ø,

XpS¿®-bmb Xpd∂ Kma-ß-fmWv Ah-bn-te-sd-bpw. sNdp-\m-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp∂p

\q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw tIc-f-Øns‚ cm„o-b-L-S-I-߃. hn`-h-kam-l-cWw Ipd-

hm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬ Chn-SsØ t£X-ßfpw tImhn-e-I-ßfpw Xmc-X-

tay\ sNdp-Xm-Wv. acp-a-°-Øm-bhpw IpSn-∏-Ibpw Dƒs∏sS \nc-h[n tKmX-

]m-cºcy-߃ Zo¿LImew XpS¿∂p-h-∂p. \ne-\n¬]n-\m-h-iy-amb Irjnbpw

henb Ne-\-an-√mØ Dƒ\m-Sp-Ifpw hntZ-i-_-‘-ß-fm¬ Ne-\m-fl-I-amb

IS¬°-c-]-tZ-ihpw \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS kap-Z-hym-]mchyK-X-bp-sa√mw tIc-f-

Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bncp∂p. CXns‚sb√mw XpS¿®-sb-t∂m-W-amWv hntZ-

in-ItfmSp≈ hnt[-bXzw, aX-k-ln-jvWp-X, kwkvIm-c-k-ln-jvWp-X, kap-Zm-

b-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-cm-in-XXzw XpS-ßn-bh tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚

`mK-am-bnXocp-∂-Xv. B[p-\n-I-Z-i-bnse bqtdm-]y≥ A[n-\n-th-i-apƒs∏sS \nc-

h[n LS-I߃ Cu kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw AXns\ ]cn-

h¿Øn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-

Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-sØbpw ]cn-Wm-a-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ hni-Z-amb At\z-j-

W-amWv Cu tImgvkv.

bqWn‰v 1

`qanimkvXkhntijXIƒ ˛ `qhn`mK߃ ˛ Imemhÿ ˛ age`yX ˛

kapZw, \ZnIƒ, ImbepIƒ ˛ ]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw ˛ inembpKPohnXw,

D]IcW߃ ˛ kq£vainembp[߃ ˛ Im¿jnIhnZy ˛ PohnX]cnkcw ˛

BZna\nhmknIƒ ˛ sXmgn¬, kmaqlnI cq]oIcWw ˛ CcpºpbpKw. tIcfw:

kmwkvImcnI ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ apZ-Iƒ. ]pcmhkvXp kmaKnIƒ ˛ \m´p-I-

√p-Iƒ (Menhier), ap\nbdIƒ (dolmen & dolmenoid cysts), \∂ßmSnIƒ ˛

IpS°√v, sXm∏n°√v, KplmNnX߃ (F-S-°¬, ad-bq¿), imk\߃

˛]mNo\ enJnX߃, ]mNo\ \mWb߃, hmkvXpine v]߃,

ÿe\ma߃ ˛ tImhneIw tcJIƒ, Bcm-[-\m-ebtcJ-Iƒ, Xdhm´p

tcJIƒ, --k--©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, \mS≥]m´pIƒ, sFXn-ly-߃ ˛ kmlnXy

IrXnIƒ.

20

bqWn‰v 2

Ccp-ºp-bp-K-kw-kvIm-cw (Iron Age Cultures) -˛-a-lm-in-e-Ifpw Ah-bpsS -h¿Ko-

I-c-Whpw- ˛- kº-ZvL-S\˛ A-dnhpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw˛teml,- I-c-Iu-i-e,-

hm-kvXp-hn-Zy-Iƒ, hnizm-khpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-hpw-. Ch-bn¬ sXfn-bp∂ Pohn-

Xhpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ ]cn-t]-£yhpw ˛ -A-[n-hm-k-am-Xr-I. ]pXn-b- A-[o-i-Xz-

Øn-te-°v-˛-km-aq-ly˛km-º-Øn-I- `q-an-imkvXw˛ ]g-¥-an-gv]m-´p-Iƒ˛XnW-k-

¶¬∏w, Pohn-Im-k-º-Zm-b-߃-˛-hn-`-thm¬∏m-Z\w; FgpØpw A£-cm-`ym-k-

hpw-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I- ]-cn-k-cw (Cultural milieu), c‡-_‘w (Kinship), hnhm-lw,

Ihn-X, BNm-c-߃, hnt\m-Z-߃- -th-jhpw B -c-W-ß-fpw- -]p-Xnb ]cn-h¿Ø-

\-Øn-te°v (towards new transformation).

bqWn‰v 3

Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-cw, Irjn kº-Zm-b-ß-fnse ]cn-W-Xn-Iƒ -A-[n-hm-k-am-XrI-

˛-_m-“-W-Ip-Sn-tb-‰w, _m“-W-Km-a-߃, CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS A[n--hm-k-am-

Xr-I-Iƒ, D¬∏m-Z-\-_-‘-߃- -hn- -h-hn-X-c-Ww- -A-[n-Im-c-L-S-\- -]-Xn,- Ducmf≥,

Ducv, k`, \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ, s]cp-am-°-∑m¿; kmaq-ly-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-]-cn-k-cw.

Irjn-hym-]-\w, Im¿jn-I-hn-Zy-˛]p-Xnb kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-Ww-˛-Pm-Xn-ti-Wn-˛-tI-

c-f-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w.

bqWn‰v 4

tImf-\o-I-c-Ww-˛-tIm-f\n B[p-\n-IX: aX-]-chpw cm„o-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-

hp-amb ]Xym-Lm-X-߃˛A[n-\n -th-i-hn -cp -≤-k-a-c-߃˛Pm-Xn -k-aq -l-

Øn¬\n∂v PmXy-Xo-X-k-aq-l-Øn-te-°v- -s]m-Xp-a-fieØns‚ cq]o-I-cWw: A®-

Sn,-]-X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, B[p-\n-I-Iemkm-ln-Xy-cq-]-߃: \mS-Iw, Ne-®n-Xw, NnX-

I-e, in¬∏-I-e,-t\m-h¬, sNdp-I-Y-˛-am-Xr-`m-jm-[n-jvTn-X-s]m-Xp-a-fi-ew-˛-\-thm-

∞m-\-]-ÿm-\߃-˛-I¿j-I-]-ÿm-\-߃-˛-sF-Iy-tI-c-fw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

KtWiv, sI.F≥., 1990, tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ, Xncph\¥]pcw:

kmwkvImcnIhIp∏v.

tKm]meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., 1974, tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnINcnXw,

Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

tKm]meIrjvW≥, aeb≥Iogv, tIcfNcnXkm£y߃, Xncph\¥]pcw:

tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v.

ZmtamZc≥, sI., tIcfNcnXw, Xncph\¥]pcw: ]`mXv _p°v lukv.

\ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, C.Fw.Fkv., 2008, tIcfNcnXw: am¿IvknÃvho£WØn¬,

Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.

]Wn°¿, sI.F≥., kwkvImchpw tZiobXbpw, Xr»q¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

_meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., PmXnhyhÿnXnbpw tIcfNcnXhpw, tIm´bw:

Un.kn _pIvkv.

21

`mkv°c\pÆn, ]n., ]sØm≥]Xmw\q‰m≠nse tIcfw, tIm´bw: Un.kn

_pIvkv.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., 2014, NcnXØnse C¥y, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr`qan

_pIvkv.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ, 1999, tIcfNcnXw, c≠phmeyw,

ipI]pcw: h≈tØmƒ hnZym]oTw.

h¿§okv, hn.sP. (FUn), A™qdvh¿jsØ tIcfw, Nne AdnhSbmf߃,

Nß\mt»cn: Xm]kw.

hnPb≥, Fw.F≥. (FUn), 2002, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛

1901˛2000, Xriq¿: tIcfkmlnXyA°mZan.

i¶pÆn, sIm´mcØn¬, 2015, sFXnlyame, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

ioIpam¿, F.Pn., 2014, A®p-Iq-S-Ønse tIc-fw, IÆq¿: ssIc-fn _pIvkv.

io[ctat\m≥, F., 2012, tIcfNcnXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

io[ctat\m≥, F., 2007, tIcfkwkvImcw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

Jeffrey, Robin, 2000, The Decline of Nair Dominance in Kerala, Oxford University

Press.

Logan, William, 2001, Malabar Manual, Vol. I, II, Asian Educational Services.

Nagam, Aiya, V.,The Travancore State Manual, Vol. - I - III, Thiruvananthapuram:

Department of Cultural Publications.

Narayanan, M. G. S., 2013, Perumals of Kerala, Calicut: Cosmo Publications.

Panikkar, K.N., Colonialism, Resistance and Culture, New Delhi: OUP.

Rajan Gurukkal, Raghava Varier, M. R., 1999, Cultural History of Kerala, Vol. I,

Trivandrum: Dept. of Cultural Publications.

Ramachandran Nair, S., 1999, Social & Cultural History of Colonial Kerala, Kalady:

Sree Sankaracharya University.

Ramachandran Nair, S., Shobhanan, B., John, K.J., The History of Freedom Move-

ment in Kerala, Government of Kerala.

Sreedharan, E., 2007, A manual of Historical Research Methodology, Trivandrum:

The Centre for South Indian Studies.

Velu Pillai, T. K., 1996, The Travancore State Manual, Trivandurm: Government of

Kerala.

22

MU CHS 4103 kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrIw: ZØ-k-am-l-c-Whpw

coXn-im-kvXhpw

bqWn‰v 1

ZØw F∂ ]cn-I¬∏-\-: hymJym-\m-fl-Iw-˛-\n¿am-Wm-fl-Iw˛\n¿h-N-\w˛-N-cnXw-

˛kn≤m¥w˛hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-߃-˛--ZØw F∂ \n¿anXn˛kmw-kvIm-cn-I-\n¿an-Xn-˛-N-

cn-X-\n¿an-Xn˛-ZØ-hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww: L-S-\-˛-L-S-\m-\-¥-c-]-cn-k-cw-˛-tIm-f-\n-b-\-¥-

c-]-T-\w˛UnPn-‰¬ am\-hn-I-im-kvX-ß-fpw A°m-Z-an-I-]-T-\-ß-fpw˛coXnbpw coXn-

im-kvX-hpw˛-ss]Xr-I-]-T\Ønse `mjm-im-kvXm`n-apJyw: kwkvIm-c-]-T\w

coXn-]-≤-Xn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬˛A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-X _lp-ssh-⁄m-\n-I-X-

F∂o kwh¿K-߃ ss]XrI]-T-\-Øn¬˛D]m-Zm-\w (-Z-Øw) F∂ F∂ NcnX/

kmwkvIm-cn-I-\n¿an-Xn-˛- D]m-Zm\hpw ssk≤m-¥n-I-k-ao-£-bpw-˛-D-]m-Zm\w F∂

ssk≤m-¥n-I-\n¿anXn- D-]m-Zm-\hpw NcnX-hpw- -D-]m-Zm\w F∂ hyh-lm-cw- D]m-

Zm-\hpw hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw: kmln-Xyw, Ncn-Xw, imkvXw, km-t¶-Xn-I-

imkvXw˛D]m-Zm-\-߃ hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬/hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ D]m-Zm-\-

Øn¬˛hn⁄m\w (Adn-hv) F∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-\n¿an-Xn: hnhcw hymJym\w

hna¿iw˛⁄m\w, ⁄m\n -aw, ⁄m\im-kvXw F∂o ]cn -I¬∏-\ -

Iƒ˛Adnhpw Adnhp\n¿amWhpw: D]m-Zm\w>hnhcw>⁄m\w>hn⁄m\w˛

tI-c-fo-b-am-Xr-I-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 2

kw-kvImcss]Xr-I-]-T\w: _lp-hn-j-b,-hn-j-bm-¥-co-b-k-ao-]-\-߃-˛-N-cn-Xw,-

]p-cm-XXzhn-⁄m\bw,- \-c-hwi-im-kvXw F∂n-h-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w-˛-Ncn-X-

co-Xn-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]tbm-Kw-˛-K-th-j-W-hn-j-b-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v-˛-K-Ÿ-kq-Nn-˛-A-

Sn-°pd∏v -]-am-W-߃- -]-am-W-ti-J-cw- -km-ln-Xy-, ]p-cm-h-kvXp-]amW-߃˛hm-

sam-gn-]-am-W-߃-˛-an-Øp-Iƒ: A]-K-Y-\w, D]-tbm-Kw,˛K-th-j-W-]-≤-Xn-bpsS

cq]-tc-J-˛-A-]-K-Y-\-]-In-b-˛-F-gp-Øp-L-´w-˛]pcm--XXzhn-⁄m-\o-b, -\-c-hw-i-im-

kvX-k-ao-]-\-߃-˛-]p-cm-XXz]-T-\-co-Xn-im-kvXw: -D¬J-\-\hpw ]pcm-h-kvXp-

tiJ-c-W-hpw˛`uXn-tIm]m-Zm\-߃ ss]Xr-I-sa∂ \ne-bn¬-˛-hn-i-I-e-]-T-\w-˛-

\c-hw-i-im-kvXk-ao-]-\-ß-ƒ˛-A-`n-ap-Jw-˛-hw-im-h-en-˛-D-≈-S-°-hn-i-I-e\w˛h-

kvXp-hn-j-b-]-T-\w- -hw-io-b-]-T-\w- -F-gp-Øp-kw-kvIm-chpw \h-hw-io-b-]-T-\-hpw.

lkvX-en-Jn-X-hn-⁄m-\o-b-hpw- C≥tUm-f-Pn-coXn-imkvXhpw ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-

Øn¬-˛-l-kvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ-˛-lyq-dn -Ãn-Ivkv, -

dnsU≥j≥,-F-a≥tU-j≥,- l-b¿In-´n-kn-kw.

bqWn‰v 3

ZØkam-l-cWw, Iao-I-c-Ww, tcJm-ebw F∂n-h-bpsS ][m\yw˛-enJn-X-

]mTw˛Zriy-]mTw˛UnPn-‰¬]mTw--˛Ch-bpsS Iao-I-cWw ˛ kam-lrXcq]-tØmSv

A\p-_-‘-am-bp≈ ZØ-ßfpsS Iao-I-c-Ww-˛tcJm-ebw˛ÿm\\n¿W-

23

b\w˛Imem-hÿ˛LS\˛Xm]-\n-e-bpsS Iao-I-cWw˛ayq-kn-bhpw tcJm-e-

bhpw˛hyXym-k-߃˛ss]Xr-I-Z-Ø-ß-fpsS ]km-cWw˛A-Xns‚ kmwkvIm-

cnI cm„ob][m-\yw˛^o¬Uv˛\n¿∆-N\w˛XrXob^o¬Uv \n¿W-bn -

°¬˛]mY-anI/ZznXo-bZØw˛^o¬Uvh¿°ns‚aps∂m-cp-°-߃˛Bkq-

XWw˛ hn`-h-k-am-l-cWw ˛ ss]e‰vk¿t∆ ˛ ^o¬Uv ]th-i-\w-˛ ^o¬Uv

h¿°v k¿t∆A`n-apJw kzX¥w˛\nb-¥-Ww. \nco-£Ww˛amdn-\n-∂p≈ \nco-

£Ww˛]¶m-fnØ\nco-£Ww˛kl-\n-co-£-Ww˛kµ¿`w˛k∂n-lnXw˛hnZqcw

˛^o¬Uvt\m´v ˛^o¬Uv Ubdn˛^o¬UvD]-I-c-W-߃. ^o¬Uvh¿°ns‚

[m¿a-n-I-X.B¿ss°-hp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw -Z-Ø-߃ kaml-cn-°p∂ hn[w˛-ZØ-

hn-`-P\w: kv]¿iyw, kv]¿tiy-X-cw-˛-hm-sam-gn-˛-h-c-sam-gn-˛-Hm¿a-˛-Z-Ø-ß-fpsS

ÿe,-Im-e-_-≤-X-˛-N-cn-X-_-≤-X.

bqWn‰v 4

ZØ kam-l-cWw˛kam-lr-X-Z-Ø-ß-fpsS Iao-I-cWw-˛k-hn-ti-j-ss]-XrIw

B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ ]mtbm-Kn-I-]-h¿Ø\w.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

hnP-b-∏≥, F., 1997, ]mT-hn-a¿iw, ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw tPW¬, ae-bm-f-hn-`m-Kw,

-tIm-gn-t°mSv k¿h-I-em-im-e.

io[-c≥, C. (-hn-h.)-, 2010, Ncn-X-K-th-j-W-co-Xn-im-kvXw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tI-c-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn‰yq´v.

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Perri 6 & Bellamy, Christine, 2011, Principles of Methodology: Research Design in

Social Science, U.K.: Sage Publications.

24

Rajan, K., 2002, Archaeology: Principles and Methods, Thanjavur: India Manoo

Pathippakam.

Rajan Gurukkal, 1996, The Kerala Temple and Early Medieval Agrarian System,

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Silverman, David, 2004, Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice, U.K.:

Sage Publications.

Singh, Sanjay Kumar, 2012, Research Methodology In History, New Delhi: Maxford

Books.

Tinkler, Penny, 2013, Using Photographs in Social and Historical Research, U.K.:

Sage Publications.

Upadhyay, Anilkumar, 2013, Research Methodology in Social Science, New Delhi:

Manford Books.

Verma, Deepak, 2014, Research Methods in Anthropology, New Delhi: Lakshmi

Publishers.

Yang, Keming, 2010, Making Sense of Statistical Methods in Social Research, U.K.:

Sage Publications.

25

MU CHS 4104 lkvX-en-JnXhn-⁄m\obw

]T-t\m-t±iyw

lkvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ D≈-S°w sNbvXn-´p≈ kmlnXy˛hn⁄m\tiJ-c-sØ-

°p-dn®v a\-n-em-°p-I. Ah-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bpI.

kwkvImcss]XrI]T-\-Øn¬ lkvX-en-Jn-X˛ hn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]k‡n

a\-n-em-°p-I. lkvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww hmb-\, ]km-[-\w, XpSßnb

taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-N-bn-°p-I.

bqWn‰v 1

hmsamgn ˛ FgpØv ˛ hmƒ´¿ sP. HmPv lkvX-en-JnXw ˛ lkvX enJnX

hn⁄m-\obw ˛ ][m-\yhpw ]k-‡nbpw ˛ kwkvImcss]XrI]T-\hpw

lkvX-en-Jn-X-ßfpw ˛ Fgp-Øp-]-I-c-W-ßfpw Fgp-Xp-∂Xn\p≈ am[y-a-ßfpw˛

hnhn-[-Xcw lkvX-en-Jn-X-߃ Ah-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hnj-b-ssh-hn[yw ˛

FgpØv ˛ Adn-hns‚ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øepw ssPhn-I-X-bpw.

bqWn‰v 2

lkvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fnse en]nbpw `mjbpw ˛ lkvX-en-Jn-X-tiJ-cWw ˛ lkvX-

en-Jn-XKŸm-eb߃ ˛ \mj-W¬ am\p-kvIn]v‰v anj≥ ˛ lkvX-en-Jn-X-kwc-

£Ww ˛ h¿Ko-I-cWw ˛ Im‰-tem-KnMv.

bqWn‰v 3

lkvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS FUn-‰nßpw ]km-[-\hpw ˛ H‰ KŸ-Øns‚ ]km-

[\w ˛ kw-tim-[nX kwkvI-c-Ww (In´n-°¬ FUn-j≥) -hnhn[ L´-߃ ˛

A®Sn ˛ UnPn-‰¬ tcJo-I-c-W-Ønse IpXn®p Nm´-߃.

bqWn‰v 4

lkvX-en-JnX KŸm-e-b-߃ / tiJ-c-߃ kµ¿in-°pI. ]cn-N-bn-°p-I.

sXcs™-SpØ Xmfntbme KŸ-߃ / Xmfn -tbme hmbn -°m\pw

Sm≥kvIn]v‰v Xøm-dm-°m\pw ]cn-N-bn-°p-I. UnPn-ss‰-tk-j≥ ]cn-N-bw.

klm-bIKŸ-߃

awK-ew, Fkv.-sP., 1997, ]mNo\ `mc-Xob en]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bm-f-en-]n-bpsS

hnIm-k-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

cmL-h-hmcnb¿, Fw.-B¿., 2011, ae-bmfen]nNcn-Xw, tIm´-bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

hnim-em-£n, ]n., 2011, lkvX-enJnXkwc-£Ww, tIc-f-kw-kvImc]T-\-߃,

tIm´-bw: Id‚ v_pIvkv.

hnP-b-∏≥, ]n.Fw., 2009, ]mT-hn-a¿i-\w, ]kn-≤o-I-cWhn`m-Kw, tImgn-t°mSv

k¿h-I-em-ime.

26

Agarwal, O.P. (Ed), 1992, Conservation of Manuscript and Documents, INTACH.,

Lucknow: Indian Conservation Institute.

Agarwal, O.P., Barkeshli Mandana, 1977, Proceeding and Transaction of the All

India Oriental Conference Fortieth session, Chennai: A.I.O.C. Bhandarkar Oriental

Research Institute and the Sanskrit Academy.

Ahmed Ali, 2006, Fundamentals of Manuscripts Conservation, Hyderabad: IMPACT.

Burnell, A.C.,1968, Elements of Indian Palaeography, Delhi: Indological Book house.

Diringer, David, 1996, The Alphabet, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt.Ltd.

Katre, S.M., 1954, Introduction to Indian Textual criticism, Poona: Deccan College.

Murthy, Shivaganesha, R.S., 1996, Introduction to Manuscriptology, Delhi: Sharada

Publishing House.

Sukthankar, V.S., 1933, Prolegomena to the critical edition of Adiparva of

Mahabharata, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.

Visalakshy, P., 2003, The fundamentals of Manuscriptology, Thiruvananthapuram:

DLA.

Walter J. Ong, 2002, Orality and Literacy, London and New York: Routledge.

S. Raju, A Randum Walk to Historeography of South India - KCHR.

27

MU CHS 4105 Xt±-io-b-Xbpw ss]Xr-I--hpw

]T-t\m-t±iyw

Xt±-io-b-X-sb∂ k¶¬∏\w. AXns‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww, hn\n-a-bw, tZio-b-X-tbm-

Sp≈ _‘w, ss]XrIw XpS-ßn-bhsb ]c-kv]-cw- _-‘-s∏SpØn hna¿i-\m-

flIhpw XmXzn-I-hpambn ]Tn-°p--bmWvv tImgvkns‚ e£yw. Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS

khn-tij LS-I-߃ kv]riym-[n-Imcw ssIh-cn®v kmwkvIm-cn-I-tI-µ-ß-

fmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂- kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-Inb A]-K-Yn-°p-I. CØcw tIµ-

߃ ap≥\n¿Øn Xt±-io-b-X-Iƒ tZio-b-X-I-fpambn DZvK-Yn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw

Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n»-–-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw hna¿i-\m-flIambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

bqWn‰v 1

Xt±-io-bX: \n¿∆N\w˛Hmtcm ]tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn®pw P\Xbn¬ cq]-s∏´v \ne-

\n¬°p∂ Ah-t_m[w˛Xt±-io-bX Ncn-X-]-c-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw

cm„o-b-ambpw \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂ hn[w. ]mtZ-in-Im-Jym-\-߃; ]cn-ÿn-Xn,

hmsam-gn, Ie,- kw-kvIm-cw, `mj, hnizm-km-Nm-cw, NcnXw XpS-ßn-b-h-˛-]m-tZ-

in-Im-Jym-\-ßfpw tZi-cm-„hpw. Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS tZio-b-Xm-hm-b-\-˛-tZ-io-b-

X-bpsS Xt±-io-b-Xm-hm-b-\. Xt±-io-b-X-˛-tI-c-f-tZ-io-b-X-˛-C-¥y≥tZ-io-b-X-˛-

km¿h-tZ-io-b-X. ]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS ]mT-t`-Z-\n¿anXn. Xt±-io-b-X-˛-Z-Ø-k-am-l-

c-W-Øns‚ coXn-im-kvXw.

bqWn‰v 2

-tI-c-fobXt±-io-b-X-Iƒ: Zmhn-U-kw-kvIr-Xn-˛-D¿h-c-Xm-cm-[-\-˛-hw-io-b-]p-cm-hr-

Ø-߃(tIc-tfm¬∏-Øn, ]m°-\m¿]m´v)˛]-Xn-s\´p \mSp-Iƒ-˛-D-’-h-߃,

BtLm-j-߃ (-Hm-Ww- -hn-hn-[-Im-e-ß-fnepw tZi-ß-fnepw P\-hn- m-K-ßfn-epw) -

Xt±io-b-X-bnse PmXn, aXw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-, Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS kl-Po-h-\-

߃, sIm≈-s°m-Sp-°-ep-Iƒ. Xt±-io-b-X-˛-B-tKm-f-h¬°-c-W-k-µ¿`-Øn¬

]Xn-tcm-[-cq-]w-˛-X-t±-io-bX: D¬∏m-Z-\-L-S-I-߃-˛-Po-h-\w-˛-A-Xn-Po-h-\w-˛-]m-cn-

ÿn-Xn-I-A-ht_m[w

bqWn‰v 3

tIc-f-Ønse ][m-\- kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-tI-µ-߃˛ss]Xr-I-tI-µ-sa∂

Bibw Hcp kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw: Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-chpw tZio-b-ss]-

Xr-I-Øn-te-°p≈ IÆn-tN¿°-epw. amSm-bn-°m-hv, - ]-d-»n-\n-°-S-hp-ap-Ø-

∏≥t£Xw, ]njm-cn-°m-hv, sImSp-ß-√q¿t£-Xw, h≈n-bq¿°m-hv, Xr°-Wm-

28

a-Xn-e-Iw, hS-°pw-\m-Y≥, Kpcp-hm-bq¿,i_-cn-a-e. ssP\-˛-_u-≤-˛-ap-…ow-˛-ssI-

kvX-h-˛PqX--tI-µ-߃.- ssP\-ta-Sv, Ic-pam-Sn-°p-´≥, tNc-am≥a-kvPn-Zv, amSm-bn-

∏-≈n, _oam-∏-≈n, Xmg-Ø-ßm-Sn-∏-≈n, a´m-t©-cn-∏-≈n, ae-bm-‰q¿ A¿Øp-¶¬∏-

≈n-Iƒ. A[n-Im-c-˛-cm-„o-b-ss]-Xr-I-tI-µ-߃: I\-I-°p∂v sIm´m-cw, (Xr∏q-

Wn-Øp-d), Xe-t»-cn-t°m-´, t_°¬t°m-´, Xt±-io-b-amb a¨tIm-´-Iƒ:

tIt®cn, tIm -°¬, Ad-bv°¬tIm-hn-e-Iw, t\∏n-b¿ayq-kn-bw. X-t±-io-b-Xbpw

ss]Xr-I-hpw˛Xt±-io-bm-Jym-\-߃, h¿Ø-am-\-]-Xn-\n-[m-\-߃. tZio-b-Xbpw

Xt±-io-b-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-ßfpw Nm¿®-I-fpw. Xt±-io-b-X-Iƒ tZio-

b-X-bn-te°v DZvK-Yn-°p-∂-Xns‚ hn\n-a-b-_-e-X¥w. Akv]r-iy-kw-kvIr-Xn-

Iƒ°v (intangible) kv]riyX ssIh-cp∂ hn[w˛ss]-Xr-I-tI-µ-ß-fpsS cm„o-

bw- ˛ -ss]-Xr-I-tI-µ-ß-fn-te°pw tZio-b-X-bpsS apJy-[m-c-bn-te°pw Xt±-io-

b-X-Iƒ ]th-in°p∂hn[w, kv]r-iy-X-bn-√msX t]mIp-Ibpw ]m¥o-b-am-bn-

t∏m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ss]Xr-I-߃-, Xt±-io-b-X-I-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßfpw

ss]Xr-I-hpw, am[y-a-ßfpw Xt±-io-b-X-bpw, kwkvIm-cw: ]mtZ-in-I-a-fi-ehpw

s]mXp-a-fi-e-hpw˛kmwkvIm-cn-I-Sq-dn-khpw Xt±-io-b-X-bpw˛]mtZ-in-I-N-cn-Xw,

hmsam-gn-N-cnXw˛Xt±-io-b-Xbpw kmln-Xy-hpw:

tkm-Zm-l-c-W-]-T-\w:

ac°m-∏nse sXø-ß-ƒ : Aw_n-Im-kp-X≥ amßm-Sv

Nmshm-en : ]-n.-F. DØ--a≥

bqWn‰v 4

-GsX-¶nepw Hcp kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrItIµ-sØ-∏‰n ]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

A[ym-]-I-cpsS am¿K-\n¿t±-i-Øn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-

dn®v ]Øv ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmØ ]T-\-tcJ (]-_-‘w)Xøm-dm-°-Ww.

k¶¬∏\w, ]T-\-ta-J-e, coXn-im-kvXw, ]q¿h-]-T-\-߃ F∂nh hy‡-ambn

]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-h-bm-IWw ]T-\-߃. (Hcp sIUn-‰n-\p≈ Hcp t]∏¿)

klm-bIKŸ-߃

APp \mcm-b-W≥, Icp-am-Sn-°p- ≥: \m -dnhpw tI -dn-hpw, Nß-\m-t»-cn: Xm]kw.

APp \mcm-b-W≥, tIc-f-Ønse _p≤-a-X-]m-c-ºcyw \mS≥]m-´p-I-fn-eq-sS,

tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.

tKm]meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., 1974, tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnINcnXw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

\ºq-Xn-cn, F≥.-Fw., inh-Zmkv, ]n.-sI., tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ \m´p-h-gn-Iƒ,

tIm´bw: Un.kn.- _pIvkv.

\mcmbW≥, Fw.Pn.Fkv., tIcfNcnXØns‚ ASnÿm\ ineIƒ, en]n

]ªnt°j≥kv.

apcfn, tImhneIßfpw sIm´mcßfpw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr`qan _pIvkv.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., ssP\aXw tIcfØn¬ .

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., tIcfobX NcnXam\߃, h≈tØmƒ

hnZym]oTw.

29

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ, 2012, 1. anØpw kaqlhpw,

tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ. 2. tIcfNcnXw (1˛2), h≈tØmƒ

hnZym]oTw.

thembp[≥, ]Wn°t»cn, 2012, tIcfØnse cmPhwi߃, tIm´bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

i¶p Aø¿, tIcfhpw _p≤aXhpw, Xriq¿: cmah¿Ω dnk¿®v C≥Ãn‰yq´v

_p≈‰n\pIƒ.

io[ctat\m≥, F., 2013, tIcfNcnXinev]nIƒ, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

io[ctat\m≥, F., 2012, tIcf NcnXw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

kvIdnb k°-dnb (F-Un.), tIc-tfm¬∏-Ønbpw a‰pw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.

_p-Ivkv.

Anheier, Helmut, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, 2010, Heritage, Memory and Identity, Lon-

don: Sage Publications.

Bharatiya Vidyabhavan, The Cultural Heritage of India, 8 Vols.

Chaudhary, Poonam (Ed.), 2012, Heritage and Cultural Routes: An Anthology,

New Delhi: Shubhi Publications.

Cleere, Henry (Ed.), 2009, Approaches to the Archaeological Heritage, Cam-

bridge University Press.

Fopp, Michael, 1997, Managing Museums and Galleries, London: Routledge.

Gupta, S.P., 2002, Cultural Tourism in India, Indraprastha Museum of Art and Ar-

chaeology.

Narayanan, M.G.S., 1972, Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala, Trivandurm: Kerala Histori-

cal Society.

Padmakumari Amma, B., 2008, Jain -Buddhist Centres in Kerala, Kuppam: Dravidian

University.

Raghava Varier, M.R., Rajan Gurukkal, 1979, Cultural History of Kerala,

Thiruvananthapuram: Dept. of Cultural Publication.

Rao, Gopinatha, T.A., Travancore Archaeological Series, Thiruvananthapuram:

Dept. of Cultural Publications.

Sarkar, H., 2004, Museums and Protection of Monuments and Antiquities in India,

New Delhi: Sandeep Prakashan.

Sreedhara Menon, A., Prof., 2011, Cultural Heritage of Kerala, Kottayam: D.C.

Books.

30

ska-ÿ 2MU CHS 4201 tIc-fob-I-em-ss]-XrIw

MU CHS 4202 tIc-fo-b-ssh⁄m-\nI-ss]-XrIw

MU CHS 4203 tIc-fo-bhm-Wn-Py-ss]-XrIw

MU CHS 4204 ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-a-bhpw hymJym-\hpw

MU CHS 4205 ss]XrI]cnc-£: XXzw, ]tbm-Kw, \n-ba-w

31

MU CHS 4201 tIc-fob-I-em-ss]XrIw

]Tt\mt±iyw

A\p-`qXncq]-Øn¬ kwI-an-°p-∂- \nXy-k-h-¥n-bmb a\pjyPo-hnXamWv

kmwkvIm-cn-I-ss]-Xr-Øns‚ Hcp apJw.- Cu A\p-`q-Xn-I-fmWv cm„-\n¿am-W-

Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-bp-‡n-I-ƒ. A\p-`q-Xyp¤hØns‚ ]Y-a-]-[m-\tkmX-

p-IfmWv Iem-km-ln-Xy-ß-ƒ. tIcfw F∂]/tZi-X-∑sbbpw kaq-l-X-

∑sbbpw km[y-am-°p∂ A\p-`q-Xn-ta-J-e-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ tIc-fo-b-Zr-iy-I-e-

Iƒ A]-K-Yn-°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn Bfl-t_m[y-Øn-te-°p-W-cm\pw hnZym¿Yn-

Isf k÷cm°p-I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. (A-\p-`q-Xn)Ncn-X-]-T-\-sa-

∂m¬ Bfl-]-T\a√msX as‰m-∂p-a-√.

bqWn‰v 1

]Ir-Xn-˛-Ie: A\p-jvTm-\w-˛-I-e: Ncn-Xw, [¿aw, Ie Ncn-X-Øn¬-˛-N-cnXw Ie-

bn¬˛Ie-bpsS Ncn-XXzw (historicity of text)˛-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Iem-Xzw(textuality

of history)˛-A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-Xm-fl-I-X˛Pm-Xn-P-∑n-\m-Sp-hm-gn-L-S-\bpw A\p-

jvTm-\-ß-fpw-˛-⁄m-t\m-Zbw: B[p-\n-I-Xbpw ]uc-k-aq-l-hpw-˛-hy‡n˛apX-em-

fn-Øhpw D]-tbm-KyX F∂ aqey-hpw˛B-[p-\n-I-Xbpw Ie F∂ hnti-j-hy-

h-lm-c-Øns‚ cq]-s∏-S-epw˛hy‡n-bpsS Bflw˛Bfl-Øns‚ Bhn-jvImcw/

]I-S\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ie˛Ie F∂ khnti-j-A\p-`qXntaJe˛A-\p-`q-

Xn-I-fpsS Dcp-h-s∏-S¬˛ A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS NcnXw˛ A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS ]Z-hnbpw

-tZ-i-cq-]o-I-c-W-Ønse [¿a-hpw˛A-\p-`q-Xn-I-ƒ F∂ kq£va-N-cn-Xw AYhm

cm„o-b-A-t_m[w-.

bqWn‰v 2

A\p-jvTm-\-˛A\p-jvTmt\X-c˛\mtSm-Sn]I-S-\-߃: sXøw, ap-Sn-tb-‰v,- If-sa-

gp-Øv, Xobm-´v, ]S-b-Wn, am¿Kw-I-fn, H∏-\, s]m-dm´p\mS-Iw, Ipd-Øn-\m-S-Iw,-

Nhn-´p-\m-S-Iw, I-Wym¿Ifn, ao\m-£n-\m-SIw XpS-ßnbh˛Xp≈¬: D’-ho-I-

32

c-Ww˛]mtZ-inIt`Z-߃˛Pm-Xn-P-∑n-\m-Sp-hm-gn-L-S-\-bn¬ Ch-bpsS [¿ahpw ]Z-

hn-bpw˛ \mtSm-SnAc-ßv˛ ¢mn-°¬ Zriy-I-e-I-ƒ: IqØv,- Iq-Sn-bm-´w,- ]m-T-Iw,

cma-\m- w, IY-Ifn˛Ch-bpsS A\p- q-Xn-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb [¿aw˛IY,-

A-c-ßv,- thjw, A-`n-\bw ChbpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-[¿aw.

bqWn‰v 3

\mSIw: a-e-bmf \mS-I-Øns‚ -D¤-h-hn-Im-k߃˛\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚bpw

tZio-b]t£m`ß-fp-sSbpw Im¥n-I-ta-Je \mS-I- hn-h¿Ø-\-߃ - kwKoX-

\m-SIw--, -]mgvkn, adm-Tn, X-angv kw-Ko-X-\m-S-IkwI-aWw-- ae-bmfkw-Ko-X-\m-S-

I߃,- N-hn- p-\m-S-Iw,- shf-fcn \mS-Iw, -tImf-\n-B-[p-\n-IX: kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw˛

PmXn-hn-cp-≤X, -a-X-]-cn-jvI-c-W-]tab߃˛ASp-°-f-bn¬\n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v,

_mem-I-teiw, adn-bm-Ωm-\m-S-Iw˛I¿j-I, sXm-gn-emfn]ÿm-\-߃: \m-S-I-k-

an-Xn-Iƒ: ]m´-_m-°n, Iayq-Wn-Ãm-°n, s]m^-j-\¬ \mS-Iw: FIvkv]-j-\nÃv

\mS-Iw, F-∏nIv \mS-Iw, -A-kw-_-‘-\m-S-Iw, \mS-I-°-fcn]ÿm-\w, ]e- \mS-

I-߃ -˛ ]e-Xcw \mS-I-߃: X\-Xp-\m-S-Iw, Imhy-\m-S-Iw, -sXcp-hp-\m-S-Iw ˛

Xntb-‰¿ kvsI®p-Iƒ, kvXo,- Z-fnXv]£\mSIw˛Nn-Xin¬∏-Ie.

bqWn‰v 4

Ne-®nXw F∂ ani-Ie: Zriyw, imhyw˛kmln-Xyw, \mSIw,kw-KoXw XpS-

ßn CX-c -I -em -cq -] -ßfpsS kwk-cWw˛a -e -bmfNe-®n - X -Øns‚

D¤hhnImk߃-˛tIc-f-Øns‚ ]Yas]mXp-Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]w˛Ne-®n-X-Km-\-

߃: tIc-fØns‚ ]Yas]mXpkw-Ko-Xw˛-Zr-iy-`m-j,- kmt¶-Xw, -I-em-kn-\n-a,-

I-®-hS kn\n-a, tUmIyp-sa-s‚-dn, tjm´v^nenw, sS-en-^nenw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Im´¿, sP. sUman\nIv, tUm., 2011, Xnc°Y : kn\nabpsS Zriy]Imiw,

Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

IrjvW-ssI-aƒ, A-bva\w, 1989, B-´-°YmkmlnXy Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tI-c-f-`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

IrjvW-ssI-aƒ, A-bva\w, I-Y-Ifn hnPvRm-\-tIm-iw-, tIm- -bw: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.

Ir-jvW-]n-ff, Pn., 1957: IY-I-fn-, Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ -k¿h-I-em-im-e.

KtW-iv, sI.-F≥., 1996, Ip-©≥ \ºym¿ hm°pw kaq-l-hpw-, ipI-]pcw:

h-f-f-tØmƒ hnZym]oTw.

tKm]meIrjvW≥, tNeßm´v, 2013, temIkn\nabpsS NcnXw, Xriq¿:

Id‚ v_pIvkv.

Kw-Km-[-c≥ \mb¿, Pn.-, 1991, a-ebmf \mS-Iw, KŸ-]m-Thpw, cwK-]m-T-hpw,

tIm´bw: Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.

Kma-]-Im-iv, F≥.B¿., 1991, t]-£-I-cpsS Ac-ßv-, Xr»q¿: lcnX ]pkvX-I-

tI-µw.

Nµ≥, sI.sI., 2008, Hcp kn\na Fßs\ D≠mIp∂p, Xncp -h -\ -¥-

]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.

33

PntXjv, Sn., 2009, kn\nabpsS hymIcWw, tImgn-t°mSv: Heohv ]ªn-tjgvkv.

tPmkv sI. am\ph¬, 2004, kn\nabpsS ]mT߃: hniIe\hpw ho£Whpw,

tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

tPmkv sI. am\ph¬, 2003, Xnc°YmcN\: Iebpw kn≤m¥hpw, Xriq¿:

Id‚ v _pIvkv.

tXm-a-kv, kn.-sP., 2010, D-b-cp∂ bh-\n-I-, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: am-fp-_≥ ]ªn-

t°-j≥kv.

tXm-akvIp´n, F¬., 2000, I-dpØ Nncn-bpsS Ac-ßv-, tIm´bw: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.

ZnhmIc≥, B¿.hn.Fw., 2008, aebmfXnc°Y hf¿®bpw h¿Øam\hpw, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

ZnhmIc≥, B¿.hn.Fw., 2005, IYbpw Xnc°Ybpw, tImgnt°mSv: Heohv ]ªn-

tjgvkv.

\m-b¿, F-kv.sI., 1955, tI-c-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \mS-I-߃-, a-Zn-cmin k¿h-I-

em-im-e.

\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-c-Sn, sI.-]n. -(-hn-h¿Ø-\w)-, \m-Sy-im-kvXw-, Xriq¿: tIc-f-km-

lnXyA°m-Z-an.

`m¿K-h≥ ]nf-f, Pn., 2000, \m-´-cßv: hnIm-khpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:

tI-c-f-`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

`mkn, a-S-hq¿, 1996, a-ebmf\mS-IthZn-bpsS IY, tIm´bw: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.

a[p, Cdh¶c, 1999, aebmfkn\nabpw kmlnXyhpw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

apcfoIrjvW, 2006, kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\nIv, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

tat\m≥, sI.-]n.-Fkv., 1957, I-Y-Ifn cwKw, tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.Fkv.

-cmaNµ≥\mb¿, ]∑\ (FUn.), Ne®nX]T\߃, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

cma≥Ip´n, sI.hn., 1989, B[p\nI aebmfkn\na, Xncp -h-\-¥]pcw:

tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

sh¶ntSizc≥, kn.Fkv., 2008, aebmfkn\nam]T\߃, tIm-´-bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

i¿a, hn.Fkv., 1981, Xp-f-f¬ kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw-, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw: tI-c-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

i¶-c-]n-f-f, Pn., 1987, a-ebmf \mS-I-km-lnXy NcnXw, Xr-iq¿: tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°m-Z-an.

io-Ip-am¿, sI., 2002, a-e-bm-f-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-N-cn-Xw, Xriq¿: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.-

kXn, am¿Kn, iocm-a-N-cn-Xw \-ßymcΩ°q-Øv- (A-h-X-c-W-]-Im-cw), 1999,

tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

kPnX, aT-Øn¬, 2010, ae-bmf-\m-S-I-kvXoN-cnXw-, tImgn-t°mSv: am-Xr-`qan

_pIvkv.

kPojv, F≥.]n., 2007, Xnc aebmfØns‚ Ahÿm¥c߃, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:

tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v-.

kptem-N-\, sI. -]n. -F.kn., 2007, A-c -ßnse A\p-` -h߃, Xriq¿:

I-d‚ v _pIvkv.

sk-_o\ dm^n, 1964, N-hn-´p-\m-SIw, tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.

34

sk-_m-Ãy≥ Ip-™p Ip-™p -`m-K-h-X¿, 1986, \m-S-I-kva-c-W-Iƒ-, Xriq¿:

tI-c-f- kwKo-X-\m-SI A°m-Z-an.

l-cn-i¿a, F.-Un., 1997, \mS-I-]th-inI, B¿.kn. i¿a, tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-

kn.-F-kv.

Andrew, J. Dudley , 1984, Concepts in Film Theory, Oxford University Press.

Arijon, Daniel, 1991, Grammar of Film Language, Silman-James.

Boyum, Joy Gould, 1989, Double Exposure : Fiction into film, Signet.

Boyum, Joy Gould, 1981, Taking about Films.

Field, Syd, 2005, Screenplay:The Foundations of Screenwriting, Delta.

Harrington, John, 1973, The Rhetoric of Film, New York: Holt, Rinchart & Winston.

Hayward, Susan, 2000, Cinema Studies : The Key Concepts, Routledge.

Kuhn, Annette & Westwell, Guy, 2012, Oxford Dictionary of Film Studies, Oxford

University Press.

Martin, Carol (Ed), 1996, A Source book on Feminist Theatre and Performance:

On and Beyond the stage, Routledge.

Philip Parker, 2006, Intellect: The Art and Science of Screenwriting, Chicago

Press.

Rajagopalan, L.S., 1997, Women's Role in Kutiyattam, Chennai: The Kuppuswami

Sastry Research Institute.

35

MU CHS 4202 tIc-fobssh⁄m\nIss]-XrIw

bqWn‰v 1

-Adnhv F∂ k¶-ev]\w: hnZy, ⁄m\w hn⁄m\w F∂o Xmt°m¬]-Z-

߃-˛-A-dn-hns‚ Ncn-Xm-fl-I-X-˛-A-dnhv Ncn-X-Øn¬/NcnXw Adn-hn¬-˛-hm°pw

hkvXp-hpw-˛-`m-jbpw temI-hpw-˛-kXyw kuµcyw bmYm¿Yyw XpS-ßnb KW-

߃-˛-C-µn-b-h-evIr-X-bm-Ym¿Yyw-˛-A-dn-hp-ev]m-Z-\ÿm]\-߃˛Kp-cp-Ip-ew-˛-im-

e-Iƒ-˛-]-≈n-°q-S-߃-˛-tIm-f\n B[p-\n-I-Xbpw Adn-hpw-˛-⁄m-\-Øn¬ \n∂v

hn]-Wn-bn-te-°v-˛-A-dn-hns‚ Xe-߃: hnhcw hymJym\w hna¿iw.

bqWn‰v 2

Poh-\-hy-hÿ: Irjn; hn⁄m\w ]tbm-Kw-˛-km-aq-ln-I-X-bpsS ]tbm-K-hn-

⁄m-\w-˛-D-ev]m-Z-\-_-‘-ßfpw kwkvIr-Xnbpw˛`q-hp-S-a-ÿ-Xbpw Irjnbpw

PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpw-˛-h-kvX-hn-⁄m-\w-˛-ssI-Ø-dn-˛-]m¿∏n-S\n¿amW-im-kvXw-˛-I-

c-Iu-iew; Dcp-˛-]m-Xw-˛-B-`-c-Ww-˛-B-d-∑pf IÆm-Sn-˛-tem-l-hy-h-km-bw-˛-Du-Øm-

e-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

sshZyw: ]mtZ-in-Ihpw tZio-b-hp-amb hgn-Iƒ-˛-\m-´p-ssh-Zyw-˛-tKm-X-ssh-Zyw-

˛-B-bp¿thZw; _u≤-˛-_m-“-W-hn-\n-a-b-߃-˛-Hu-j-[-˛-kky Adn-h-Iƒ:

tlm¿Øpkv ae-_m-dn-°kv C≥Un-°-kv-˛-I-fcn; A`ym-kw, hnZy, NnIn-’-˛-

Imew: Ime-K-W-\- IS-]-bm-Zn˛`qX-kw-Jy- -Ir-jn-Ko-X- -]-©mw-K-hn-⁄m-\w, Rm‰p-

th-e-˛-I-S-e-dn-hv-˛-tIm-f\n B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS CS-s]-S¬-˛-]m-tZ-in-I-hn-⁄m-\-ß-

fpsS A´n-a-dn-°¬.

bqWn‰v 4

Adn-hns‚ kr„yp-∑p-JX: PymXn-»m-kvXw, KWnXw: Bcy-`-So-bw-˛-Zr-§-Wn-Xw,

bp‡n-`m-j-˛-Nn-¥bpw ]tbm-Khpw: XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS kmaq-ly-Imfiw; io\m-

cm-b-W-Kp-cp, N´-ºn-kzman F∂n-h-cpsS hgn-Iƒ-˛-]m-tZ-inI Adn-hp-cq-]-ßfpw

tImf\n B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw-˛-hn-a¿i-\m-fl-IX hn⁄m-\-Øn¬-

˛-A-dnhpw \h-tem-I-\n¿am-W-hpw-˛-_u-≤n-I-Xbpw ]uc-k-aq-l-hpw-˛-B-[p-\n-I-

Xbpw Adn-hns‚ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øepw: hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-˛-kw-kvIr-Xo-I-c-Ww-˛-

A-dn-hns‚ B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww-˛-s]m-Xp-h-evI-c-Ww-˛-_u-≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-iw-˛-

BtKm-f-Xbpw Adn-hp-]-≤-Xn-I-fpw.

36

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

A\n¬, sI.Fw. (F-Un.), \m´-dnhv.

tImbn-Ø-´, F≥., X®p-im-kvXw.

tIi-h-\m-Nm-cn, ]ø-∂q¿, X®p-imkvXw

IrjvW-]n-≈, Nß-ºp-g, ]©mw-K-K-WnXw

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn-Xw.

tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈, ]n., imkvXw Ncn-X-Øn¬.

tPm¿Pv h¿Kokv tPmk-^v, abq-c-inJ.

Zncm¿, hn.-F-®v., tIc-f-Ønse DuØm-e-Iƒ.

`mkvI-c\pÆn, ]n., 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse tIcfw.

aWn-em¬ tlm¿Øqkv C≥Un-°kv ae-_m-dn-°-kv.

aq-Xv, F≥.-F≥., tIc-f-Ønse KWn-X-]m-c-º-cyw.

cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.B¿., -\m-´-dnhv ]c-ºc ˛ Irjn Adn-hp-Iƒ.

cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.B¿., -\m-´-dnhpIƒ ˛ ssIth-e.

kpPn-ØvIp-am¿, Ir-jn-a-e-bm-fw.

tkma≥, ]n., AΩkwkvImcw.

io[-c≥, kn.]n., imkvXw ae-bm-f-Øn¬.

tIc-f-Ønse \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ ˛ sshZyw.

Panikkar, K.N., 1997, Culture Ideology Hegemony, New Delhi: Tulika.

37

MU CHS 4203 tIc-fobhmWn-Py-ss]-XrIw

]T-t\m-t±iyw

tIc-f-Øns‚ NcnX ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ˛ ssh⁄m-\nI ss]Xr-I-ßsf cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ hmWn-Pyhpw hmWn-Py-_-‘-ßfpw \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶mWv

hln-®n-´p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ hmWn-Py-ss]-Xr-I-sØbpw AXv tIc-fob

kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-sØbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

bqWn‰v 1

-tIc-f-Øns‚ `qanim-kvX-]-c-amb InS∏v ˛ IS¬am¿K-ap≈ kº¿°-km-[y-X-

Iƒ ˛ kzm`mhnI Xpd-ap-J-߃ ˛ IS¬hm-WnPyw ˛ Ic-hm--WnPyw ˛ tIcfw

A¥m-cm-„-X-e-Øn¬. hym]m-cn-I-fpsS BI¿j-W-tI-µw. Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Nµ-

\w, tX°v CXym-Zn-I-fpsS hmWn-Pyw. bqtdm-∏n¬ Ipcp-ap-f-In-\p≈ Poh¬

]m[m-\yw. tdmam kmam-Py-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w. bqlq-Z-˛-ssI-kvX-h-˛-C-…m-

anI hym]m-cn-I-fpsS IpSntb‰ tIµ-߃. hngn-™w, sIm√w, sImSp-ß-√q¿,

]¥-em-b-\n, sIm√w ˛ Ggn-ae ˛ ssP\ ˛ _u≤ tIµ-߃ ˛ B]-W-ßfpw

hmWn-Pyhpw ˛ tIc-fob hmWn-Py-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-c-amb Is≠-

ج. apNn-cn, sXm≠n, IpW-hm-bn¬tIm´w ˛ ]me-°mSv hb-\m-S≥ Npc-ß-

fpsS hmWnPy ]m[m\yw ˛ I¿Wm-S-I-_-‘-߃ ˛ sIm®n-bn-sebpw Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw Npc-߃ ˛ tNmf-]m-fiy--_‘-߃.

bqWn‰v 2

hmWn-Py-kw-_-‘n-bmb Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw hnh-c-ß-fpw. bh-\-cpsS hmWn-Py-°p-

dn-∏p-Iƒ Atd-_y≥, ssN\o-kv, B[p-\nI bqtdm-]y≥ hym]m-cn-Iƒ C_v\p

_Øq-Ø-bp-sSbpw _m¿t_m-k-bp-sSbpw a‰pw hym]m-c-h¿W-\-Iƒ ˛ amam-

¶-Øns‚ hym]mc ]m[m\yw ˛ aWn ]hm-f-Im-hy-ß-fnse AßmSn h¿W-\-

Iƒ A©p-h-Æw, aWn-Km-aw, A™q-‰p-h¿, \m\m-tZ-in-Iƒ XpSßnb hym]m-

c-kw-L-߃ ˛ Ah-bpsS kwLm-S\w ˛ Xcn-km-∏≈n sNt∏-Sp-I-fnse Ah-

Im-i-ßfpw \nIp-Xn-Ifpw ˛ tPmk^v d∫m-\pw, kwL-Øn\pw \¬I-s∏´

hym]m-c-ku-P-\y-߃ ˛ Cc-hn-t°m¿Ø≥ F∂ tNc-am≥ temIs∏cpw sN´n-

bpsS sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

hym]m-c-_‘w At\z-jn-®p≈ k©m-c-߃ ˛ hmkvtIm-Un-KmabpsS hchv

˛ hmWn-Py-Ip-Ø-I-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ kwL¿j-߃ ˛ tImgn-t°m-Sv, sIm®n,

Xe-t»-cn, amln˛bqtdm-]y≥ ^mŒ-dn-Iƒ˛hym]m-c-im-e-Iƒ˛kw`-c-W-tI-µ-

߃˛hmWnPy kw_-‘n-bm-sb-Ønb hntZ-io-b-cpsS ssk\nI˛kmap-Zm-

bnI˛cm„ob CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ˛P\-Iob ]Xn-tcm-[-߃. `mj, Ie, kwkvImcw

XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ hym]m-c-_-‘-ß--fn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ ]c-kv]-c-kzm-[o-\-X-Iƒ˛

hmWnPyw: Irjn, a‰p ]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-߃, ssIsØm-gn¬, hyh-km-bw, imkvX-

38

km-t¶-Xn-IX apX-em-b-hsb tIc-fo-b-h¿Ø-am-\sØ ap≥\n¿Ønbpw Ncn-

X-]-c-ambpw Ah-tem-I\w sNøp-I.

bqWn‰v 4

tIc-f-Øn¬ Is≠-Ønb DØ-tc-¥y≥ Nm∏ \mW-b-ßfpw tdma≥ kz¿W-˛-

sh≈n \mW-b-ßfpw ˛ \mW-b-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y-\hpw kmº-ØnI kmwkvIm-

cnI \nK-a-\-ßfpw ˛ Np¶-∏n-cn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Ingn-hp-Iƒ ˛ AwKo-Im-c-ßfpw Ingn-

hp-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ hym]m-cn-Iƒ ˛ \mS≥ sN´n-Iƒ ˛ aWn-]-hm-f-Im-

hy-ß-fnse hym]m-c-N¿®Iƒ ˛ \K-c-h¿W-\-Iƒ ˛ ]ø-∂q¿ ]m´v, hS-°≥]m-

´ v CXym-Zn -I-fnse hym]m-c -_-‘-߃ ˛ hmWn-Py-hp -ambn _‘-s∏´

t]m¿®pKokv˛ U®v bp≤-߃ ˛ IS-enepw Ic-bnepw ˛ CuÃn-¥ym-°-º-\n-I-

fpsS hym]m-c-°-cm-dp-Iƒ ˛ hym]m-c-Øn-eqsS `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-°v. tIcfw

˛ kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c hmWn-Py-sØ-°p-dn®pw ka-Im-en-I-hm-Wn-Pyw, hmWn-Py-

_-‘-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I-\w. hmWn-Py-hy-hÿ

˛ kwhn-[m\w ˛ ÿm]\w ˛ \nbaw XpS-ßnbhbn-ep-≠mb cq]m-¥-c-Ww.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Ip™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1960, DÆp-\oen ktµiw (hymJym-\w), tIm´bw:

kmlnXy]h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.

sI.hn.Fw., t-I-cfw hntZ-io-b-cpsS Zr„n-bn¬.

-Kw-Km-[-c≥, Fw., hmWn-Py-tI-c-fw, tIm-´-bw: Un.-kn-. _pIvkv.

tXm-akv, ]n.-sP., ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw InkvXym\nIfpw.

\mcm-b-W≥, Fw.Pn.Fkv., tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., 1990, tIc-fo-bX NcnXam\-߃, ipI-]pcw:

h≈tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., cmP≥Kp-cp-°ƒ, tIc-f-N-cnXw c≠p-hm-eyw,

ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

temK≥, hneyw, 2009, ae-_m¿ am\z¬, Sn.-hn. IrjvW≥ (hn-h.), tImgn-t°mSv:

amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

hk-¥≥, Fkv.sI., 2006, \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ, Xriq¿: ae-bmf]T\

KthjWw.

them-bp-[≥, ]Wn-°-t»cn, tIcfw 15-Dw, 16Dw \q‰m-≠pIfn¬.

\ºq-Xncn, F≥.Fw., inh-Zmkv, ]n.sI., tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ \m´p-h-gn-Iƒ.

Panikkar, K.M., 1997, Malabar and The Portuguese, Noida: Voice of India Publica-

tion.

39

MU CHS 4204 ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-a-bhpw hymJym-\hpw

ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-Ønse AXn-]-[m-\-amb c≠p taJ-e-I-fmWv ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-a-

bhpw ss]Xr-I-hym-Jym-\-hpw. Hmtcm hymJym-\-Ønepw hn\n-a-bhpw D≈-S-

ßn-bn-´p-≠v. Bcv/Ft∏mƒ/F¥n\v/FhnsS/Fßs\ hymJym-\hpw hn\n-a-

bhpw \n¿h-ln-°p∂p F∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v AXns‚ A¿∞hpw kz`m-hhpw

amdn hcpw. AXn-\m¬ kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ XpS¿®-sbbpw \ne-hn-ep≈

kmaq-ly-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-Im-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®v hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn°qSn

hymJym-\-sØbpw hn\n-a-b-sØbpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. am[y-ao-Ir-X-

amb temI-Øn¬ hnhn-[-ß-fmb hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v

ss]Xr-IsØ ^e-]-Z-ambn hn\n-abw sNøm\pw hymJym-\n-°m-\p-ap≈

Adnhpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw hna¿im-h-t_m-[-tØm-sS-bp≈ CS-s]-S¬tijnbpw

]Zm\w sNøp-I-bmWv e£yw.

bqWn‰v 1

-hn\n-abw F∂ k¶-ev]\w ˛ ss]XrIw Hcp hn\n-ab ]Inb F∂ \ne-

bn¬ ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hn\n-a-bhpw ss]Xr-I-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw ˛ ss]Xr-I-

hn-\n-abw: coXn-Iƒ ˛ amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ `n∂ BJym-\-P-\p-p-Iƒ: hmsamgn/

FgpØv ˛ Zriyw ˛ AZriyw ˛ kv]¿iyw ˛ UnPn-‰¬ ˛ sshXr-I-hn-\n-ab

tIµ-߃ ˛ hn\n-a-bhpw hrØn-h¬°-c-W-hpw. hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ss]Xr-I-

h-gn-Iƒ ˛ hymh-km-bn-I-h-gn-Iƒ. ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-abw: aXw-˛-cm-jvSobw ˛ tZio-

b-X.

bqWn‰v 2

hymJym\w A¿∞-\n¿amW ]Inb F∂ \ne-bn¬ ⁄mt\m-ev]m-Z-\-Øns‚

coXn-imkvXw ˛ Adnhv F∂ Ncn-X-_‘w ˛ Adn-hns‚ Xe-߃: hnh-cw-˛-

hym-Jym-\w-˛-hn-a¿iw-˛-hym-Jym-\m-kq-X-Ww-˛-ss]-Xr-IhymJym\ tIµ-߃ ˛

ayqkn-b-߃ ˛ am[y-a-߃ ˛ DIKW ]nc-anUv ˛ `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw ˛ `qX-

\n¿amWw ˛ `qXw h¿Ø-am-\-Øn-te-°v˛ h¿Ø-am\w `qX-Øn-te°v ˛ `qX-_-

lpXzw ˛ `qX-ß-fp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cWw ˛ B[n-Im-cn-XI F∂ k¶-ev]\w

˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°fpw ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw ˛ ]mam-Wn-I-X-bpsS ]iv\-h¬°-cWw

˛ ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw ˛ enwK-]-Zhn ˛ Iogm-fX ˛ kzXz-kw-ÿm-]\ hyh-

lmcw.

bqWn‰v 3

Hm¿a-Iƒ ˛ BJym-\-߃ ˛ hn`n∂ ss]Xr-Im-hn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ hn\n-a-b-߃

˛ ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-ab tIµ-߃ ˛ ayqknbw ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ ˛ ]pcm-tc-J-

Iƒ ˛ ]c-ky-߃ ˛ Ne-®n-X-߃ ˛ A°m-Z-an-I-hy-h-lm-c-߃. am[y-ao-IrX

Ime-L´w ˛ hnhn-[-Xcw am[y-a-߃ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ hn\n-a-bkm[yX-

Iƒ ˛ ayqkn-b-߃ ˛ ]Z¿i-\-߃ ˛ Im¿Wn-h-ep-Iƒ ˛ ]c-ky-߃ ˛

40

]pkvX-I-߃ ˛ t^mt´m tPW-enkw ˛ HmUn-tbm-˛-ho-Untbm kn.-Un.-Iƒ.

tdUntbm ˛ Iayq-Wn‰n tdUntbm ˛ sSen-hn-j≥ ˛ UnPn-‰¬ tUmIyp-sa-t‚-

j≥ ˛ lkz-Nn-X-߃ ˛ Ne-®n-X-߃ ˛ C‚-dm-Œohv C˛-_p-°v. kmaqly

am[y-a-߃ ˛ UnPn-‰¬ B¿ss°-hp-Iƒ ˛ aƒ´n-ao-Unb ]Z¿i-\-߃ ˛

Hm¨sse≥ N¿®m Kq∏p-Iƒ ˛ tªmKp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ hn\n-

ab km[y-X-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

Cu tImgvkns\ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]mtbm-KnI hn\n-a-b-

kw-cw- w.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

tPmk-^v, hn.-sI., ImgvN-bpsS kwkvIm-chpw s]mXp-t_m-[-\n¿an-Xn-bpw,amXr`qan.

sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥, kn.-F-kv., 2018, ae-bm-fn-bpsS \h-am-[y-a-Po-hnXw, tIm´bw:Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

jmPn tP°-_v, 2007, am[y-a-ß-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-cm-„o-bw, kwkvIm-c-]-

T\w:NcnXw kn≤m¥w kao-]-\w, ImeSn: aebmf]-T-\-kw-Lw.

Anom, 2013, Community radio celebrating a decade of people's voice

compendium.

Ast Friedrich, 1808, Hermautic and critic, Thomann Landshed.

Dilthey, Wi...., 1977, Descriptive psychology and Historical Understanding.

Eric Louw, P., The Media and Cultural Production, London: Sage.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 1975, Truth and Method, London: Sheed and Ward.

Gregory Amn, Planning and Managing Public relation campaigns: A strategic

approach, Logan page.

Helmut Anheier and Yudhisthir Rag Isar (Ed.), 2011, Heritage, Memory and Identity,

London: Sage.

Jameson, Fredric, 1983, The political unconscious Narrative as socially Symbolic

Act, London: Routledge.

Kellner, Douglar, 1996, Media Culture-Culture Studies, Identity and Politics

between the Modern & the Post Modern, London: Routledge.

Lowenthal, David, 1998, Fabricating Heritage: History and Memory, IUP.

Niamh Moore and Yvonne Whelan (Ed.), 2007, Heritage Culture and Identity: New

Perspectives on the Cultural Landscape, London: Ashgate books.

Paschel Preston, Reshaping Communications: Technology, Information and Social

Change, Sage Publication.

Raphael Samuel, 2012: Theatres of Memory, London: Verso.

Recocur, Paul, 1970, Freud and Philosophy: An Essay in Interpretation, New Heaven

Yale.

Rohal Dewalk, Introduction to Online Journalism, Allyn & Bacon.

41

Schleirmacher, Friedrich, 1977, Hermaneutics: The Hand Written Manuscripts, (Ed.

Heinz Kimmerle), Missoula.

Srivasthava, Krishna, Radio and Television Journalism.

William, Reymond, 1990, Television: Technology and Cultural Form, London:

Routledge.

42

MU CHS 4205 ss]XrI]cnc-£: XXzw,

]tbmKw, \nb-a-w

kwkvImcw, ss]XrIw F∂o k¶-¬∏-\-߃ H∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ hni-I-e\w

sNbvX-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ss]XrI kwc-£-W-Øns‚ ]m[m-\y-sØ-

°p-dn®pw ss]XrI kwc-£W GP≥kn-Iƒ \nb-a-߃ Ch-sb-°p-dn®pw Ah-

t_m-[-ap-≠m-°p-I-bmWv e£yw.

bqWn‰v 1

ss]XrIkwc-£-W-Øns‚ ]k-‡nbpw ][m-\y-hpw ˛ss]XrImht_m[w

˛ hyXykvXss]XrI߃ ˛ss]XrIkwc-£Ww-˛`n∂ kwc-£W am¿K-߃

˛ ss]XrIhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw˛ss]XrIkwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈ A¥m-cm„

GP≥kn-Iƒ˛bps\kvtIm˛temIss]XrI ktΩ-f\w(1972), sFt°m-tam-Uv

(ICOMOS)˛sFtImw (ICOM)˛sFtImw (ICCROM).

bqWn‰v 2

ss]XrIkwc-£WtaJ-e-bnse C¥y≥ÿm]-\-߃, hy‡n-Iƒ, _wKmfnse

Gjym -‰nI v skmssk‰n (1784)˛Gjym -‰nI v dnk¿®kv˛amIvkvaqf¿,

hneywtPm¨kv˛Nmƒkv hn¬°n≥kv˛Pbnwkv ]n≥sk∏v ˛t_mws_ Gjym-

‰nIv skmssk‰n˛B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿sh Hm^v C¥y˛Ae-Ivkm-≠¿

IÆnMv lmw Igvk¨ ]`p˛tPm¨ am¿j¬˛Un. B¿ km”n˛B¿. Un.

_m\¿Pn˛tam¿´n-a¿ hoe¿˛_n._n em¬˛B¿._n `fim¿°¿ Pbnwkv d\¬,

tImfn≥ sa°≥Un, ^m≥knkv _p°-\≥, Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ _¿W-Uv, Pbnwkv

^¿Kp-k≥.

bqWn‰v 3

ss]XrI kwc-£Ww˛tIc-fobÿm]-\-߃˛Xncp -hn -Xmw -Iq¿ ]pcm -

hkvXphIp∏v˛]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw˛]Z¿i\mebw˛Smh≥Iq¿ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-

°¬ kocokv˛hnimJw Xncp-\mƒ˛kpµ-cw-]n-ff˛ Sn.F.tKm]n-\mY dmhp˛sI.-

hn.kp_-aWy Aø¿˛F.Fkv cma-\mY Aø¿˛Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-

‰yq´v B‚ v am\pkvIn]v‰vkv sse_dn ˛ Sn. KW-]Xn imkvXn-Iƒ ˛ sIm®n-

]pcm-hkvXp hIp∏v˛cma-h¿Ω dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v _p≈-‰n≥kv˛A\p-P≥

A—≥˛G. B¿.]njm-cSn˛G.-B¿. ]njm-cSn˛G.-Pn.hmcy¿˛hn. -sI.-B¿

tat\m≥, Kp≠¿´v˛ImƒUz¬˛_m_n -MvS¨˛tdm_¿´vsk-h¿˛hneyw

temK≥˛t^mk‰v˛A∏≥ Xºp-cm≥ kvamcIKŸm-ebw˛ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-tIµw

(ln¬∏m-e-kv)˛tIcf]pcm-hkvXp hIp-∏v˛tIcfNcn-XKthjWIu¨kn¬,

F.-F-kv.sF.

43

bqWn‰v 4

ss]XrIkwc-£W\nb-a-߃˛A¥-cm„\nb-a-߃˛temI-ss]-XrI-kvam-c-I-

ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ bps\-kvtIm-bpsS Xocp-am-\-߃. C¥y≥ \n[n-\n-b-aw (The

Indian Treasure-Trove Act 1878) ˛ Z Gjy‚ tamWyp-sas‚kv Bs‚ B¿°n-

tbm-f-Pn-°¬ ssk‰vkv dnsabv≥kv BŒv 1958. Z B‚nIzn‰okv B‚ v B¿´v

Stj-gkv BIvSv 1972. tIcf]mNo\kvamcI]pcm-h-kvXp-k-t¶X ]pcm-

hin„\nbaw (1968)˛tIc-f-Øn¬ ]n¬°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-´p≈ ]k-‡-\n-b-a-

߃˛ F.Fw.F.Fkv.B¿ t\m´v 2010 Kk‰v t\m´n-^n-t°-j≥.

klm-bIKŸ-߃

cma-h¿a C≥Ãn-‰yq´v dnk¿®v _p≈-‰n-\p-Iƒ.

Fopp, Michael, 1997, Managing Museums and Galleries (Heritage: Care -

Preservation - Management), Routledge.

Henry, Cleere (Ed),1984, Approaches to the archaeological heritage, Cambridge

University Press.

Rao, Gopinatha, T.A., 1998, Travancore Archaeological Series, Trivandrum: Dept.

of Cultural Publications.

Sarkar, H., 2004, Museums and Protection of Monuments and Antiquities in India,

New Delhi: Sandeep Prakashan.

44

aq∂mw ska-ÿMU CHS 4311 -]pcm-XXz]T-\w (Archaeological Study)

MU CHS 4312 ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m\obw

MU CHS 4313 tIc-fw: hnizmkw aXw Z¿i\w

MU CHS 4314 sF—n-Iw

MU CHS 4315 s]mXpsF—n-Iw

45

MU CHS 4301 ]pcm-XXz]T-\w (Archaeological Study)

bqWn‰v 1

]pcm-hkvXp]T\w ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ ]k-‡n, km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ Ncn-Xhpw imkvX-

hp-am-bp≈ _‘w ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp]T\ NcnXw ˛ ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂pw B[p-\nI

]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T-\-Øn-te-bv°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø\w ss]XrI kwc-£-Whpw ]pcm-

hkvXp ]T-\hpw ˛ ASn-ÿm\ k¶-ev]-߃ ˛ ^o¬Uv sSIv\n-°p-I-fpsS

hnImkw ˛ D]m-Zm-\-߃ (Artifacts) ˛ kwkvImcw ˛ \mK-cn-IX ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp

au≠v aÆ-S-cp-Iƒ (layer) kvSm‰n-Km^n ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T-\hpw a‰p ]T\imJ-

I-fpw.

bqWn‰v 2

]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T\ coXn-imkvXw ˛ ^o¬Uv Is≠-ج ˛ ]cy-th-jWw ˛

e£y-ßfpw XXz-ßfpw ˛ Is≠-Ø-ens‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ D]-cn-Xe k¿thbpw

]pcm-h-kvXp-°-fpsS tiJ-c-Whpw ˛ `q]S D]-Kl NnX-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛

Kma-Km-am-¥c k¿th-Iƒ ˛ ]co-£W DXvL-\\w ˛ Gcn-b¬ k¿th ˛

imkvXob ]cy-th-j-W-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ D¬J-\\w sSIv\n-°p-Iƒ ˛ km¬thPv

B¿°n-tbm-fPn ˛ Pntbm-^nkn-°¬ coXn ˛ kmºvfnwKv coXn ˛ ew_hpw kam-

¥-c-hp-amb DZvJ-\\w ˛ ih-Ip-So-c-ßfpw kvXq]-ßfpw DZvJ-\\w sNøp∂

coXn ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp DZvJ\\ sdt°m-Up-Iƒ ˛ S©v t\m´p-_p°v ˛ te_¬ ˛

Um‰m-tj∏v ]pcm-hkvXp cPn-ÿ B‚zn-Izn‰n cPn-ÿ ss^\¬ sdt°m¿Uv

˛ Ime-K-W-\-\n¿Wb coXn ˛ Im¿_¨ 14 coXn-imkvXw ˛ sX¿tam-ep-an-\n-

sk≥kv ˛ se≥tSm-sIm-tWm-f-Pn, kvSm‰n-Km^n XpS-ßn-b-h.

bqWn‰v 3

C¥y-bnse ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T\w ˛ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ C¥y-bnse ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-

T\ NcnXw ˛ 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ kzmX¥y e_v[n-hsc ˛ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-

°¬ k¿th Hm^v C¥y ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-߃ ˛ Ae-Ivkm-

≠¿ IÆnMv lmw ˛ tdm_¿´v _qkv dq´v ˛ tPmav am¿j¬ tam¿´n-a¿ hoe¿ ˛

46

kzX¥ C¥y-bnse ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T\w ˛ F®v.-Un. kwLm-enb Fkv.-B¿.

dmhp XpS-ßn-b-h.

bqWn‰v 4

tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ DZvJ-\\ ]cy-th-j-W-߃ tIW¬ sa°≥

kn tPm¨ _m_n-MvS¨ ˛ hneyw temK≥ ˛ A\p-P-\-—≥ ˛ F. Aø-∏≥ ˛

DZvJ-\\ ssk‰p-Iƒ ˛ t]m¿°fw ˛ tNc-a-ßmSv ˛ Føm¬ ˛ DΩn-®n-s]m-bn¬ ˛

IS-\mSv ˛ B\-°c ˛ ]´Ww ˛ hngn™w ˛ tIm´-∏pdw ˛ \mWb tiJ-c-߃ ˛

h≈p-h≈n ˛ tIm´bw s]mbn¬ ˛ sIm√w; inem-bpK sXfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Kplm -Np-

h¿Nn-X-߃ ˛ CS-°¬, sXmh-cn, ad-bq¿ ˛ enJn-X-߃ ˛ ]mNo\ t£X-

߃ ˛ ]≈n-Iƒ ˛ sIm´m-c-߃ ˛ tIm´-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh ˛ tIcf ]pcm-hkvXp

hIp-∏ns‚ \mƒh-gn-Iƒ

klm-bIKŸ-߃

Ajit Kumar, 2011, Archaeology in Kerala: Emerging Trends, Thiruvananthapuram:

Department of Archaeology.

Ayyapan, A., 1933, Rock Cut Cave Tombs of Feroke, South Malabar. The Quarterly

Journal of the Mythic Society, 23 (13).

Babington, J. , 1823, Description of the Pandoo Coolies in Malabar, Transactions

of the Literary society of Bombay, 3:324-330.

Cherian, P.J., 2007-2013, Interim Reports of Pattanam Excavations,

Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Council for Historical Research.

Drewett, L. Peter, Field Archaeology: An Introduction, University College London:

Routledge.

Fagan, M. Brian, 2011, Archaeology, A Brief Introduction, Routledge.

Jayasree, K., 2008, Rock- cut chambers of Ummichipoyil, Advances in Arts and

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(ed), Indian Archaeology: New Perspectives, New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.

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dead and the Malabar tribes, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Calicut University.

Krishnaswami, V.D., 1949, Megalithic Types of South India, Ancient India 5:35-45.

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Moorti, Udayaravi. S., 1994, Megalithic Culture of South India: Socioeconomic

Perspective, Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House.

Raghava Varier, M.R., Rajan Gurukkal, 1991, Keralacharithram, Sukapuram:

Vallathol Vidyapitam.

47

Rajan Gurukkal and Raghava Varier, M.R. (ed), 1999, Cultural History of Kerala,

Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Cultural Publication.

Rajan, K., 2002, Archaeology: Principles and Methods, Thanjavur: Manoo,

Pathippakam Publication.

Rajesh, K.P., 2014, Muthumakkathazhi, Kottayam: National Book Stall.

Rao, B.K. Gururaja, 1972, Megalithic Culture in South India, Prasaranga: University

of Mysore.

Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn, Archaeology: theories, methods and Practice.

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times to the fall of Vijayanagar, with an introduction by R. Chambaka Lakshmi

and an epilogue By P.M. Rajan Gurukkal, New Delhi: OUP.

Sathyamurthi, T., 1992, Catalogue of Roman Gold coins, Trivandrum: Department

of Archaeology Kerala.

Sathyamurthi, T., 1992, The Iron Age in Kerala-A Report on Mangad Excavation,

Kerala, Trivandrum: Department of Archaeology.

Selvakumar, V., Gopi, P.K., Shajan, K. P., 2005, Trial Excavations at Pattanam: A

preliminary Report, Thripunithura: The Journal of the Centre for Heritage Studies

Vol.II.

Sewell, Robert, 1882, Lists of the antiquarian remains in the presidency of Madras

Vol.1. Madras.

Sharma, Y.D., 1956, Rock- Cut chambers of Kerala, New Delhi: Ancient India

Vol.12.

Thapar, B.K., 1952, Porkalam 1948: Excavations of a Megalithic Urn Burial, Ancient

India,vol. 8.

Wheeler, R.E.M., 1941, Brahmagiri and Chandravalli Excavations, Ancient India,

Vol. 4.

48

MU CHS 4302 ayqknbhn⁄m\obw

]T-t\m-t±iyw

Ncn-XkmwkvIm-cn-I-]m-[m-\y-ap≈ (artifacts) hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw hkvXp-X-I-

fp-sSbpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, Nn´-s∏-Sp-ج, Iao-I-c-Ww XpSßnb khn-ti-j-

kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fneqsS `qX-Im-e-sØbpw AXp-hgn tZi-X-∑-I-sfbpw kq£va-

cq-]-Øn¬ \n¿an®v, \n¿h-Nn®v, km[q-I-cn-°p∂ hyh-lm-c-ß-fmWv ayqkn-b-

߃. h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ NcnXw \n¿an-°p∂ hyhlmc-߃ F∂p kq£vaw.

-Cub¿Y-Øn¬ Ch KmV-]-T\w A¿ln-°p-∂p. Aß-s\, h¿Ø-am-\sØ Dcp-

h-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ayq-kn-b-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ kq£va-cm-„obw hna¿i-\m-

flIw A]-K-Yn-°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn Ncn-XsØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m\pw ]Tn-Xm-

°sf k÷-cm-°p-I-bmWv tImgvkns‚ Dt±-iyw.

bqWn‰v 1

ayqknbw: \n¿hN\w˛NcnXw˛kmaqlyNcnX[¿a߃˛]eayqknb߃˛]e-

Xcw ayqkn-b-߃-˛-AhbpsS hen∏w, [¿aw, ayqknb]T\taJeIƒ ˛

kwkvImchniIe\w \SØp∂Xn¬ `uXntIm]mZm\ßfpsS [¿Ωw,

hymJym\w, hniZoIcWw, ]p\¿\n¿hN\w, A¿Yw, bmYm¿Yyw, kXyw F∂o

KW-ß-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\w, \n¿hN\w, D]mZm\ßfpsS aqey\n¿Wb\w,

tcJs∏Spج, kwc£Ww, ]mcnÿnXnI \nco£Ww˛\nb¥Ww˛

hkvXp°fpsS Nn´s∏SpØepw Ias∏SpØepw˛]´nI\n¿amWw˛

ÿm\\n¿Wbw˛]Z¿i\w.

bqWn‰v 2

Hcp°w˛]›mØeIaoIcWw˛ayqknbw hmkvXp-im-kvXw-˛-h-kvXp-°-fpsS

kwc -£-Ww˛kwKoXw ˛i–w˛au\w˛\ni–X˛]Imihn\ymkw˛

\ncsbmcp°¬˛tcJmNnX߃˛cq]-I¬∏\˛]e ]Z¿i\߃˛]eXcw

]Z¿i\߃ ˛]ehn[w ]Z¿i\kao]\w ˛ aqey\n¿Wb\w ˛

]Z¿i\Øn\v ap≥]v, ]n≥]v, H∏w˛ hymJym\mflI kwLmS\w˛hkvXp°ƒ

\ncØp∂Xnse IcpXepw Nn´bpw˛Iaw˛ ]tab\njvTLS\

˛tÃmdnt_m¿Uv˛tcJbpsS ZriymflIhnhcWw˛ hkvXp°fpw

tÃmdnt_m¿Upw ˛CtaPdnIƒ˛AhbpsS hn\ymkIaw˛h¿Ww, ssien

ChbpsS Is≠ج, kzoIcWw.

bqWn‰v 3

hkvXp°fpsS IaoIcWw˛kwLmS\w˛Nn´s∏Spج˛Ime-K -W-

\˛hymJym\w˛ ChbpsS [m¿ΩnI, \oXnt_m[w ]Z¿i\w: F¥v? Fßs\?˛

]Z¿i\coXnimkvXw˛ sshcp[yßfpambpff A`napJoIcWw ˛

sh_vssk‰v \n¿amWw ˛ CetŒmWnIv kwhn[m\ßfpsS ]tbmKw ˛

49

]m[m\yw ˛[m¿anIX˛`q-X-Im-e-Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\w-˛-hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww-˛-km-[q-I-c-

Ww-˛-A-Xns‚ kq£va-`uXn-Iw˛]m-T-J-\-\w (text-mining)˛ayqknbw: tcJ-I-fpsS

hymJym-\-tI-µ-߃˛tc-J-Iƒ, kw`-h-߃ -(textmining)˛-kw-th-Z-\-kw-`hw˛--

NcnXw: ]Xy-b-im-kvX-\n-jvT-amb BJym-\w- -h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ C—-Ifpw qX-

Øns‚ Ombbpw Ncn-X-\n¿amWØn¬-˛-ayq-knbw: Ncn-X-\n¿am-W-bp-‡n.

bqWn‰v 4

]tZiw ˛ tZiw˛ cm„w ˛ tZicm„w XpSßnb KWßfpsS \n¿anXnbn¬

ayqknb߃°pff ]¶v ˛ ayqknbßfpsS cm„obw ˛ hkvXp°fpsS

sXcs™Sp∏v ˛ kwt£]Ww ˛ kwc£Ww ˛ \maIcWw ˛

]Zhnaqey\n¿Æbw ˛ km[qIcWw ˛ kmwkvImcnIamb ASbmfs∏Spج

˛ kmwkvImcnI apZWw ˛ ayqknbhpw P\PohnXhpw ˛ ayqknbhpw

NcnXhpw ˛ NcnXcN-\-˛-]p-\¿c-N\˛hymJym\w ˛ \n¿∆N\w ˛ km[qIcWw

˛ BibßfpsSbpw ÿm]\ßfpsSbpw ]oTh¬°cWw ˛ X∑m\n¿anXn ˛

\n¿Wb\w ˛ km[pIcWw ˛ XpSßnbh ˛ ayqknbßfpsS CSs]S¬ ˛

h¿Øam\sØ \n¿hNn°¬ ˛ `qXw : h¿Øam\Øns‚ km[qIcWbp‡n.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Alexander, Porter Edward, Mary Alexander, 2000, Museums in Motion, UK: Alta

Mira Press.

Ambrose, Timothy, Paine Crispin, 2001, Museum Basics, London: Routledge.

Anderson, Benedict, 1991, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso.

Anderson, Gail, 2004, Reinventing the Museum: Historical and Contemporary

Perspectives on the Paradigm Shift, Walnut Creek, Calif, Oxford: AltaMira Press.

Ascherson, N., 1987, Why Heritage is Right-Wing, London: Observer.

Bedno, Jane and Bedno, Ed, 2001, Museum Exbitions: Past Imperfect, Future Tense,

(Lord &Lord 2001).

Bennett, Tony, 2006, The Birth of the Museum: History, theory, politics, London and

New York: Routledge.

Boym, Svetlana, 2001, The Future of Nostalgia, New York: Basic books.

Boylan, P.J., 2006, The Museum Profession, in S. Macdonald (ed) A Companion to

Museum Studies, 415-430, Malden, Mass., Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Brett, David, 1996, The Construction of Heritage, Cork: Cork University Press.

Bryk, Nancy Villa, 2001, Reports of Our Death have been Greatly Exaggerated:

Reconsidering the Curator, Lord and Lord 2001.

Burcaw, George Ellis, 1997, Introduction to Museum Works, Rawman Altamira.

Burrell, Ian, 2003, Museum grants tied to rise in ethnic minority visitors, 6th Decem-

ber, London: The Independent.

Camarena, C., & Morales, T., 2006, Community Museums and Global Connections:

the Union of Community Museums of Oaxaca, in I. Karp, C.A. Kratz et.al. (ed)

Museum Frictions: Public cultures/global transformations, 322-346, Durham, N.C.;

50

Duke University Press.

Candlin, Fiona, 2012, Independent Museums, Heritage, and the Shape of Mu-

seum Studies, Museum & Society, March 2012 10(1) 28-41.

Carlin, John, W., 2001, Your Past is Disappearing: What Museums should know

about the 20th century Archive's crisis, (Lord & Lord 2001).

Carnegie, E., 1994, Trying to Be an Honest Woman: Making Women's Histories, in

G.Kavanagh (ed) Making Histories in Museums, 54-65, London: Leicester University

Press.

Cherry, D. and Cullen, F., 2008, Spectacle and Display, Maiden, Mass.; Oxford:

Blackwell Publishing.

Corsane, Gerard, 2005, Heritage, Museums and Galleries: An Introductory Reader,

New York: Routledge.

Crooke, Elizebath, 2007, Museums and Community: Ideas, issues and challenges,

London: Routledge.

Cummings, Neil, Lewandowska, Marysia, 2000, The Value of Things, Basel:

Birkhauser.

Debary, O, 2004, Deindustrialisation and Museumification: From Exhibited Memory

to forgotten history.

Deuchar, Stephen, 2002, Whose Art History? Curators, academics, and the

museum visitor in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s', in C.W. Haxthausen (ed) The Two

Art Histories: The museum and the university, 3-13, Yale University Press.

Dicks, B., 2000, Heritage, Place and Community, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Dudley, Sandra, 2009, Museum Materialities: Objects, Engagements,

Interpretations, London: Routledge.

Duncan, Carol, 1995, Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums, London:

Routledge.

Fitzgerald, L., 1996, Hard men, hard facts and heavy metal: making histories of

technology, in G. Kavanagh (ed) Making Histories in Museums, 116-130, London:

Leicester University Press.

Giebelhausen, Michaela, 2003, The Architecture of the Museum: Symbolic

Structures, Urban Contexts, Manchester/New York: Manchester University Press.

Haan, R.B., 2006, Re-Staging Histories and Identities in S. Macdonald (ed) A

Companion to Museum Studies, 186-197, Malden, Mass. Oxford: Blackwell

Publishing.

Lord, Barry and Lord, Gail Dexter, 2001, The Manual of Museum Exhibitions, New

York and Oxford: Alta Mira Press.

Mc Lean, Kathleen, 2001, Museum Exhibitions and the Dynamics of Dialogue,

(Lord and Lord 2001).

Moses, Richard Pearce, 2001, Janus in Cyberspace: Archives on the threshold of

Digital Era, The American Archivist Vol. 70.

Maroevic, Ivo, 1998, Introduction to Museology: The Euoropean Approach,

London: Muller-Straten.

51

Schlebecker, John, T., 1977, The Use of objects in Historical Research, Quarterly

journal of the Agricultural History Society Vol. 51.

Thakurta, Tapati Guha, 2002, The Endangered Yakshi: Careers of An Ancient Art

Object in Modern India, in Partha Chatterjee and Anjan Ghosh, ed., History and

the Present, New Delhi: Permanent Black.

Vergo, Peter, 2011, The New Museology, Reaktion Books.

Ipdn∏v:

kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw, ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw F∂o

hnj-b-ß-fpsS KŸ-kqNn H∏w ImWp-I.

52

MU CHS 4313 tIcfw: hnizmkw aXw Z¿i\w

tIc-f-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hnizm-k-ss]-Xr-Iw, aX-ss]-Xr-Iw, Z¿i-\-ss]-

XrIw F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI. Ch-tbm-tcm-∂n-s‚bpw Ncn-X-]-c-amb XpS¿®-

Isf ]Tn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ Hmtcm∂pw AXm-Xn-\-IØpw ]c-kv]-chpw

Db¿Ønb kwhm-Zm-fl-I-X-sbbpw AXns‚ h¿Ø-am-\ -_-e-X-¥-ß-sfbpw

IqSn ]Tn-°p-I. tIc-f-Øns‚ kv]¿iy-˛-kv]¿tiy-X-c-ss]-Xr-I-ß-fn¬ Ch

sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\sØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn

hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v tijn \¬Ip-I.

bqWn‰v 1

]]-t©m-ev]-Øn, a\p-tjym-ev]Øn XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mtZ-inI

hnizm-k-߃ ˛ ]Ir-Xym-cm-[\ ˛ \mKm-cm-[\ ˛ hr£m-cm-[\ a‰p ]IrXn

hkvXp-°-fpsS Bcm-[-\-Iƒ ˛ ]mtZ-in-Im-cm-[\ ˛ Zmhn-Um-cm-[\. a¥-hm-

Zw, D®m-S-\w, Xm¥n-Iw. kwL-Ime tZh-X-am¿ ˛ AΩ-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ ˛D¿h-c-

Xm-cm-[\ ˛ hocm-cm-[\ XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnizm-khpw Z¿i-\hpw

˛ A\p-_-‘-kw-kvImcw.

bqWn‰v 2

ssih-˛-ssh-jvWh `‡n-]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw _p≤-˛-ssP-\-˛-b-lq-Z-a-X-ß-fp-

sSbpw kq^n-k-Øn-s‚bpw DZ-b-hn-Im-k-߃. Ch apt∂m-´p-sh® Z¿i-\-

ßfpw Z¿i-\-k-a-\z-bhpw. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI qan-imkvXw, hn⁄m-

\-˛-km-ln-Xy-ss]-Xr-Iw, `uXnI kwkvIm-cw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃, BtLm-

j-߃ CXym-Zn-I-fn¬ Ch-bv°p≈ kzm[o-\w.

bqWn‰v 3

lnµp-˛-ap-…ow-˛-ssI-kvXh aX-߃ ˛ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃. Z¿i-\-߃ ˛

Zm¿i-\n-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI kwhmZw ˛ kwL¿j ka-\zbw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI

kl-Po-h\w ˛ aXm-XoX hn\n-a-b-߃ \nXyPohn-X-Øn¬. tZiob˛km¿h-tZ-

iob aX-]m-T-ßfpw ]mtZ-in-I -am-X-]m-T-ßfpw hnizm-kw, BNm-cw, BtLm-

jw, A\p-jvTm-\w, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃, thjw, `£-Ww, hX-߃, `uXn-I-

kw-kvImcw XpS-ßn-b-h. Imhv, t£Xw, ]≈n, aJmw, Nµ-\-°pSw Fgp-∂-≈-

Øv, B≠p-t\¿®, ]mtZ-inI ]≈n-Iƒ, ]pWy-hm-f-∑m¿, ]≈n-s∏-cp-∂mƒ XpS-

ßn-b-h.

bqWn‰v 4

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-IX ˛ kmaq-ln-I-˛-cm-jvSo-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI CS-s]-S-

ep-Ifpw AXns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-]-cn-k-chpw \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Z¿i-\hpw kmaq-

53

ln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw. tkmjy-en-Ãv-˛-I-ayq-Wn-Ãv-˛-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-

Nn-¥-Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-˛-cm-jvSob CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw. hn]-Wn-˛-]-

c-kyw-˛-am-[ya/hnizm-k-hy-h-km-bw, kzXz-hmZw: kvXohm-Zw, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hm-Zw,

ZfnXvhmZw-˛ssk≤m-¥nI]cn-kcw˛hnizm-k-Øns‚ BhnjvImcw: hmsamgn---- - -

FgpØv -˛ -Ie -˛ -kwkvImcw XpS-ßn-b-h-taJ-e-Iƒ˛ hnizm-k-ß-fpsS

cmjvSob]tbmKw: PmXn-˛-aX kwL-S-\-Iƒ, aX-˛-cm-jvSob kwL-S-\-Iƒ, aX-

au-en-I-hm-Zw, ]p\-cp-∞m-hm-Zw, h¿Ko-bX bp‡n-hm-Zw˛s]mXp-a-fi-ew, s]mXp-

Po-hn-X-Ønse h¿Ko-b-X.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X-hm-cy¿, Fkv., 2008, tIc-f-kw-kvIm-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

AkvK¿ Aen F©n-\n-b¿, 1992, Hcp C¥y≥ ap…o-ans‚ kzX-¥-Nn-¥-Iƒ,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.

BZ¿iv, kn., 2006, aXw, PmXn, \m´p-]m-c-ºcyw: sImSp-ß-√q-cnse aX/PmXn-hn-

`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈IY-Iƒ, Xm]-kw, hmeyw1, e°w 4.

BZ¿iv, kn., 2013, hn`mh-\-Iƒ, hn\n-a-b-߃: sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ hymh-lm-cn-

I-N-cn-Xw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

Awt_-Zv°¿, _n.-B¿., 1999, `K-h-ZvKo-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ D]-\ym-k-߃,

kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, 1983, C…m-an-I-Z¿i-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Imc-t»-cn, Fw.-F≥., 2008, DΩ-am¿°p-th≠n Hcp k¶-S-l-c-Pn, tIm´-bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

Imc-t»-cn, Fw.-F≥., 2012, atX-X-c-hm-ZsØ ap…o-߃ t]Sn-t°-≠-Xpt≠m?,

tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

KtWiv, sI.F≥., 1997, tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ, Xncp -h-\-¥-]p-cw:

kmwkvImcnI]kn≤o-I-cWhIp∏v.

Km‘n, Fw.sI., lnµvkzcmPv.

tKm]meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., 1974, tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnINcnXw,

Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

KwKm-[-c≥, Fw., 2007, am∏n-f-]-T-\-߃, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

ZmtamZc≥, sI, tIcfNcnXw, Xncph\¥]pcw: ]`mXv _p°vlukv.

]Wn°¿, sI.F≥., 1997, kwkvImchpw tZiobXbpw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

]oXmw-_-c≥ ]n.sI., 2014, tIc-f-b-lq-Z -cpsS kmwkvIm-cn -I-N-cn - Xw,

Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

]Pn-Øv, sP.-]n., 2010, X¥-km-ln-Xyw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq-´v.

_meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., 2014, PmXnhyhÿnXnbpw tIcfNcnXhpw.

_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈ F. tIkcn, 1957, ]mNo-\-tI-c-f-N-cn-Xw, tImgn-t°m-Sv:

sI.B¿.- _-tZ-gvkv.

54

_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈ F. tIkcn, 1992: Ncn-X-]-T-\-߃, Bep-h: _mwkp-cn.

_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈ F. tIkcn, 1995: Ncn-X-Øns‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ,- Xriq¿:

tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an.

apl-Ω-Zp-Ip-™n, ]n.-sI., 1982, ap…o-an-ßfpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, Xriq¿:

tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., 2012, ssP\aXw tIcfØn¬, tIm´bw: kmlnXy

]h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ, 2013, anØpw kaqlhpw, tIm´bw:

F≥.-_n.-F-kv.

cmtP-µ≥, ]n.-Pn., 2012, Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse alm-t£-X-߃, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.

_pIvkv.

cmaNµ≥\mb¿, ]∑\, 2012, tIc-f-kw-kvImc]T\߃, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.

_pIvkv.

cmam-\pPv ]km-Zv, 2012, D]-\n-j-Zv⁄m-\w, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

io-Ip-am¿, Sn.-Sn., 2002, Ncn-Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kvIdnb k°-dnb, tUm., 2015, ss]Xr-I-]-T\w: apkn-cnkv ss]Xr-I-]-≤Xn

ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp ho≠p-hn-Nm-cw, Xm]kw, hmeyw 9, e°w1˛4., 2013- Pq-sse-

˛2014- G-]n¬.

kn±oJv apl-Ω-Zv, 2010, kq^nkw A\p-`q-Xnbpw Bkzm-Z-\-hpw, tImgnt°mSv:

Henhv _pIvkv.

lm^nkv apl-Ω-Zv, F≥.-]n., 2013, tIc-f-Ønse ap…ow kvXoI-fpsS h¿Ø-am-

\-Im-ew, tImgn-t°m-Sv: Henhv _pIvkv.

lpssk≥, sI.-Sn., 2008, tIcf ap…o-߃ A[n-\n-th-i-hn-cp-≤-t∏m-cm-´-Øns‚

]Xy-b-im-kvXw, tImgn-t°m-Sv: C…m-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv.

55

\memw ska-ÿMU CHS 4401 ]pcm-tc-Jmeb-]-T-\w

MU CHS 4402 ]_-‘-cN-\: -X-Xz-hpw ]tbm-Khpw

MU CHS 4403 sF—n-Iw

MU CHS 4404 s]mXpsF—n-Iw

56

MU CHS 4401 ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb]T-\w

bqWn‰v 1

]pcm-tcJ BapJw ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]pcm-

tc-J-I-fpsS aqeyw ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃ sse_-dn-I-fpw, ayqkn-b-ßfpw ]pcm-

tc-Jm-e-b-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ][m\ hyXym-k-߃ ˛ hyXykvX ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ

˛ kzImcy ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw hymh-km-bnI ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw ˛ hyXykvX ]pcm-

tc-Jm-e-b-߃ ˛ D¤hw ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃.

bqWn‰v 2

bqtdm-∏nse ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb ]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ bqtdm-∏n¬

]pcm-tc-Jm-eb k¶-ev]-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ^m≥kn-sebpw Cw•-≠n-sebpw

kvs]bn-\n-sebpw tZiob ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ ˛ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse (U.S.A.) ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb ]ÿm\w ˛

tZiob ]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw \mj-W¬ B¿ss°hvkv B‚ v sdt°mUvkv AUvan-

\n-kvtS-js‚ (NARA) ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ C¥y-bnse tZiob ]pcm-tc-

Jm-ebw (National Archives of India) ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ Dt±iy e£y-

߃ ˛ ][m-\-s∏´ ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]m[m-\yhpw ˛ tIc-f-

Ønse ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃ (Kerala State Archives) ˛ ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃

˛ ][m-\-s∏´ ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

]pcm-tc-J-⁄¿ (Archivist) tbmKy-X-Ifpw ISa-Ifpw ˛ Btem-Ny-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS

Xøm-dm-°¬ (Preparation of Reference Media) ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb kw_-‘n-

bmb Icp-X¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ]tbmKw ˛ ]pcm-tc-J-I-fpsS

Iao-I-cWw ˛ Iao-I-cW N´-߃ ˛ k¿°m¿ Be-b-ß-fnse tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج

˛ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ˛ tcJ-I-fpsS Ass]-k¬ ˛ tcJm-e-b-Øns‚ Bh-iy-h-kvXp-

°ƒ ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww.

57

bqWn‰v 4

]pcm-tcJm\b-cq-]o-I-cWw tcJm-eb kwc-£Ww D]-tbmKw am¿§ \n¿t±-

i-߃ ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-kw-c-£Ww ˛ ]Xn-_-‘-߃ ˛ `uXn-Ihpw [m¿Ωn-I-hp-

ambh ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS iXp-°ƒ ˛ kwc-£-W-Øn\v BapJw ˛ kwc-£-

W-X-Xz-߃ ˛ kwc-£-W-Ønse [¿Ω-\oXn ˛ \nb-¥W kwc-£W am\-Z-

fi-߃ ˛ timjW LS-I-߃ (Deterioration Factors) ˛ Poh-im-kvX-]cw ˛

ck-X-¥-]cw ˛ `uXn-I-im-kvX-]cw ˛ kwc-£-W-L-S-I-Øns‚ Bh-iy-h-kvXp-

°ƒ ˛ sdsÃm-td-j≥ ˛ ]In-b-Iƒ ˛ kt¶-X-߃ ˛ ip≤o-I-cWw ˛ sdt°m-

Up-I-fpsS \nh¿Ø¬ ˛ Uo Akn-Un-^n-t°-j≥ ˛ ^yqan-t\-j≥ ˛ Ie-I-

fpsS kwc-£Ww ˛ eman-t\-j≥ ˛ t]Pn-t\-j≥ ˛ ^pƒt]-Ãnßv coXn-Iƒ ˛

\\hp ]‰n-b-h-bpsS kwc-£Ww ˛ tcJ-IfpsS UnPn-‰-sse-tk-j≥ ˛ ]kn-

≤o-I-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 5

B¿ss°hvkv kµ¿i\w k_vPIvSv enÃv Xøm-dm-°¬, UnkvIn-hn-‰nhv enÃv

Xøm-dm-°¬, C≥UIvkv (index) Xøm-dm-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ ]mtbm-KnI

]cn-io-e\w ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS Ass]-k¬, dns´≥j≥ sjUyqƒ Xøm-dm-

°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ sdt°m¿Uv ]cn-]m-e\w ˛ ]n-k¿th-

j≥ sSIv\n-°p-Iƒ ˛ ip≤o-I-c-Ww, ^yqan-tK-j≥ (Fumigation), t]Pn-t\-j≥,

Un Akn-Un-^n-t°-j≥, Snjyq dn∏-b¿, eman-t\-j≥, ^pƒt]-Ãnßv XpS-ßn-

b-h-bn-ep≈ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\w.

klm-bIKŸ-߃

Agnes, Millar, Laura, 2015, Archives: Principles and Practices, London: Facet Pub-

lishing.

Bales, Frank, 2005, Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts, Chicago:

Chicago Society of American Archivists.

Bohade, Bhunjangaro, 2010, Archives and Museums, Delhi: BR Publishing Corpora-

tion.

Brown, Caroline (ed.), 2010, Archives and Record Keeping, London: Facet Pub-

lishing.

Duchein, Michel, 1992, The History of European Archives and the Development of

the Archival Profession in Europe, Chicago: Society of American Archivists, Pub-

lished in The American Archivist, Vol. 55, No. 1, Special International Issue (1992),

PP - 14-25.

Jenkinson, Hilary, 1937, A Manual of Archive Administration, Perey Land, Humphries

& Company Ltd.

Jimerson, Randall, C., 2000, American Archival Studies: Readings in Theory and

Practice, Society of American Archivists.

Joan, M. Schwartz, Terri cook, 2002, The Making of Modern Memory, Archival

Sciences, Vol. 2, , PP - 1-19, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

58

Purnendu Basu, 1960, Archives and Records, What are they?, , New Delhi: National

Archives of India.

Schellenberg, T.R., 1956, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, Chicago:

The Society of American Archivists.

Sundararaj, M., 1999, A manual of Archival Systems and the World of Archives,

Siva Publications.

59

MU CHS 4402 ]_-‘-cN-\: XXzhpw

]tbmKhpw

\mev sIUn-‰p-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Cu tImgvkv Kth-j-W-co-Xn-imkvX]T-\-

Øn¬ Du∂p∂p. kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T-\-Ønse ZØ-k-am-l-c-W-sØ-°p-

dn®pw hnhn[ ^o¬Uv saØ-tUm-f-Pn-sb-°p-dn®pw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ Ah-t_m-

[-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. CXnte°v, A[ym-]-I-cpsS am¿K-\n¿t±-i-Øn¬ sXc-

s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v ap∏-Øn-b©v ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmØ

Hcp eLp]-_-‘w Xøm-dm-°n ka¿∏n°-Ww. k¶¬∏-\w, ]T-\-ta-J-e, coXn-

im-kvXw, ]q¿h-]-T-\-߃ F∂nh hy‡-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-h-bm-IWw ]T-

\-߃.

60

sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃

MU CHS E01 ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw

MU CHS E02 ]mN-o\en-]n-]cnN-bw: KŸ-en-]n, hs´-gpØv

MU CHS E03 ka-Im-en-I-tI-c-f-kw-kvImcw: ]h-W-X-Iƒ ]Xn-\n-[m-\-

߃

MU CHS E04 kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w: kn≤m-¥hpw Ncn-Xhpw

MU CHS E05 ]mcn-ÿn-XnIAh-t_m-[hpw tIc-fo-b-ss]-Xr-Ihpw

MU CHS E06 kvXo]-Zhn tIc-fob-]-cn-t]£yw

MU CHS E09 IogmfX: N-cnXhpw ss]XrIhpw

MU CHS E10 ss]Xr-I-hym-Jym\w

MU CHS E11 ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw (Heritage Industry)

MU CHS E12 tIc-fo-b-sshZyw

MU CHS E13 sF°-tWm-Km^n

MU CHS E14 ]m›mXy-sshZyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-[o-i-Xzhpw

MU CHS E15 aebm-f-N-e-®nXw: kwkvIm-chpw ss]XrIhpw

MU CHS E16 am[ya-ss]-XrI-w: kwkvIm-chpw N-cnXhpw

MU CHS E17 Nn”-hn-⁄m-\obhpw P\-Iob/P\-]nbkwkvIm--c-ßfpw

MU CHS E18 tIcfw: `£-Ww hkvXw kwkvIm-c-]-cn-Wm-aw

MU CHS E19 ¢mkn-°¬ cwK-Ie

MU CHS E20 C¥y≥ tZiobss]Xr-Iw

MU CHS E21 enwK-]-Z-hnbpw tIc-f-k-aq-lhpw

MU CHS E22 tIcfw: tImf-\o-I-c-W-hpw -km-aq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw

MU CHS E23 t^mIvtem¿

MU CHS E24 ]mNo\ en]n ]cn-Nbw ˛ _m“n

61

MU CHS E01 ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw

bqWn‰v 1

kwkvIm-c-N-cn-X-Øn¬ `mj-bpsS ]m[m-\yw, [¿aw-˛-]-Xn-^-e-\-hm-Z-Øn¬\n-

∂p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn-˛-D-]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øns‚ hna¿i-\w-˛-`m-j-bpsS `mh-\m-fl-Ihpw

k¿Km-fl-Ihp-amb ]tbm-K-߃. ]e `mj-Iƒ-˛-]e Xcw `mj-Iƒ-˛-Zriy-`m-j-

bpsS ta¬t°m-bva, mj-bnse GtIm-]-\w (convergence), am[y-a-]-T-\-Øns‚

]k-‡n. -`mjbpw amXr-`m-jbpw: k¶¬∏-\w, hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃-˛-am[y-aw,

Nn”w, ]Xy-b-im-kvXw, LS-\, hyh-lmcw F∂o \ne-Ifn¬. tImf\nB[p-

\n-I-Xbpw `mjm-ht_m-[hpw˛`mjbpw X∑m-\n¿an-Xn-bpw: tIc-fhpw ae-

bmfhpw˛ -am-Xr-`m-jmhmZw˛amXr-`mj-:]-T-\-am-[yaw: -a‡n X߃, tPm¿Pv

amØ≥, G.B¿.- cm-P-cmPh¿a ˛ sFIy-tI-cfw: tZihpw `mjbpw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

_mem-`y-k\w (1867) : tPm¿Pvv amØ≥

]Ir-Xn-imkvXw B-apJw (1883) : tPml-∂kv t^m¨tab¿

XangpcmPyw apX¬ ae-bmfcmPy

-\n-hm-kn-I-fmb ap…nwP\hpw

hnZym- ymkhpw (1880) : a‡n X߃

\m-´p-`mjmhnZym-`ymkw (1990) : G.-B¿. -cm-P-cmPh¿a-

bqWn‰v 2

ae-bmfw: tZihpw `mj-bpw, `m-tjm-¤-h-kn-≤m-¥-߃˛`m-jbpw Ncn-X-hpw-˛-

N-cnXw `mj-bn¬˛`m-jm-N-cn-Xw-˛-hmsam-gn-, hc-sam-gn-InkvXp-h¿jw Hº-Xmw-i-

X-Iw-h-sc: imk-\-߃, inem-en-Jn-X-߃, sN-t∏-Sp-Iƒ˛H-º-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠p-ap-X¬

]Xn-t\-gp-hsc: imkvXw, kt¶-Xw, kmln-Xyw, XXz-Nn-¥, F∂nh ae-bm-f-

Øn¬˛ae-bmfA°-߃˛Cw•o-jvkw-I-a-Ww-˛-an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS `mjm-km-w-kvIm-

cnI]h¿Ø-\-߃-˛-K-tZym-Zbw: KZyhpw B[p-\n-IXmbp‡nbpw˛\thm-∞m-

62

\-k-µ¿`w.tImf-\o-I-cWØn\papºv: ssh⁄m-\n-I-Xbpw `mjbpw: ae-bmfw

ssh⁄m-\n-I-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬-˛-ssh-⁄m-\n-I-]-h¿Ø-\-߃-˛-X-Xz-im-

kvXw, sshZyw, kmt¶-Xn-I-imkvXw XpSßnb taJ-e-I-fnse KŸ-]-cn-i-a-

߃˛hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃˛tImf-\o-I-cWkµ¿`w: X¿Pa: C¥y≥`m-j-I-ƒ-˛-

Cw-•o-jv˛ CXc temI-`m-j-Iƒ F∂n-hbn¬\n-∂v˛kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-߃-˛-]m-T-]p-

kvX-I-°-Ωn-‰n- -\nL-≠p-°-ƒ, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-߃˛]mtZ-inI mjm-t -Z-ß-ƒ˛am-

Xr- m-jm-hnZyme-b-߃, k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ- -C-h-bnse amXr- m-j-bpsS \nebpw

]Z-hn-bpw˛hn⁄m\`mj˛X¿Pa: imkvX,`uXnIimkvX-,kmaq-ly-im-

kvXKŸ-߃. ae-bmfw: `c-W-`m-jbpw cm„o-b-`mj-bpw˛ P\m-bØ-h¬°-

c-W-w: kaq-lw, cm„o-bw, kwkvIm-cw, A\p-`q-Xn-ta-J-e˛`c-W-L-S-\-: `mjm]Z-

hnbpw ÿm\hpw˛`c-WtaJ-e-I-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ÿm\w. kmln-Xyw,

XXz-im-kvXw, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw, kmt¶-Xn-I-im-kvXw, imkvXw, \nb-aw, Zriy-

imhyam[y-a߃, \h-am-[y-a-߃, Ne-®nXw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS ae-bm-f-`m-

jbpw kwkvIm-c-hpw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

h¿Ø-am\]X-ßfpsSbpw A®Snb¥-ß-

fp-sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS

kmln-Xy-k-¶-ev]-\-ßfnepw `mjmhyh-

lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃ : C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥

hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw ae-bm-fhpw : hn.-sI. BZ¿iv

Ne-®nXam[y-a-ambn amdp∂ `mj : cho-µ≥

ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ : PÃnkv \tc-µ≥

`mj-bpsS cm„obw : ]n.- tKm-hn-µ-]n-≈

`mjm]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-›m-Øew : Sn.-Sn.- io-Ip-am¿

bqWn‰v 3

`mjbpw kmln-Xy-hpw˛kmlnXyw, FgpØv F∂o k¶¬∏\߃: `n∂ \n¿h-

N-\-߃˛kw-kvIr-XNn-¥-Ifn¬: `mhw, ckw, kuµcyw, A-\p-`qXn XpS-ßnb

]cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ˛ckw F∂ `uXn-Im-\p-`hw: `c-X≥ apX¬ A`n-\-h-Kp-]vX≥

hsc-˛-a-X-t`-Z-߃-,hn-Im-k-߃˛hn-Zy, ]pcpjm¿Y-km-[\mam¿Kw-˛-Im-hyw,

kmlnXyw XpS-ßnb io¿j-I-߃˛imiz-X-ku-µ-cyw˛kXyw, inhw, kpµ-cw˛

Zmhn-U-ku-µ-cy-hn-Nm-c-߃˛ae-bm-f-kmlnXyw F∂ k¶¬∏w-˛-D-Z-b-hn-Im-k-

߃-˛kw-kvIr-Xw Xangv F∂n-h-tbm-Sp≈ hn\n-a-b-߃, A`n-ap-Jo-I-c-W-߃.

tImf-\o-I-cWw: ]m›m-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-kw-I-aWw˛\thm-∞m\w: ]uc-k-aq-lw-

˛-P-\m-b-Ø-kw-kvIr-Xn-˛-hy-‡n-˛-B-flw-˛-B-hn-jvImcw, Bflm-hn-jvImcw F∂

k¶¬∏w˛kmlnXyw: hy‡n-bpsS Bflm-hn-jvIm-cw-˛-km-lnXyw: hy‡n-

bpsS˛B-[p-\n-I-]u-cs‚ Bfl-IY˛-B-[p-\n-IX: `n∂ km-lnXyw F∂ ÿm]-

\w-˛kmlnXyw F∂ KWw-˛IY, Ihn-X,- `m-h-Ko-Xw,- t\m-h¬ XpS-ßnb P\p-

pIƒ. kmln-Xy-N-cnXw F∂ k¶¬∏\w.

63

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cnXw (B-ap-Jw) : ]n.- tKm-hn-µ-∏n≈

cq]-a-RvPcn : tIkcn

bqWn‰v 4

kmln-Xyhpw Ncn-Xhpw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ N-cn-Xhpw˛kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-ß-fpsS

[¿aw˛ aem-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnX߃˛kmam\ymh-tem-I\w, hyXn-cn-‡-X-Iƒ.

kmln-Xyhpw Ncn-X-hpw ˛tIkcn F.-_m-e-Ir-jvW-]n-≈bpsS Nn¥m-temIw,

L-S-\m-hm-Z,-L-S-\m-\-¥-c-hm-Z-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬, tIc-fob,a-e-bmfkmln-Xyw-˛tImf-

\n-B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, kmlnXyw Hcp hyh-lm-cw. kuµ-cyhpw

cm„o-b-hpw, \h-N-cn-X-hm-Zw, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w F∂n-h-bpsS kµ¿`w˛

kmlnXyw Ncn-X-Øn¬˛N-cn-X-Øns‚ ]mT-]-c-X, ]mT-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-cX F∂o

k¶¬∏-\-߃, A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-Xm-fl-I-X. X-\n-a-bm¿∂ tIc-f-P-\p-kp-

Iƒ˛Xp≈¬,- B-´-°Y F∂n-h. hmsam-gn,-h-c-samgnkmln-Xyw˛_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿

lpkv\p-P-am¬˛]-g-s©m-√p-Iƒ,- \m-tSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ,- (sF-Xn-ly-am-e). X-\n-a-bm¿∂

tIc-f-P-\p-kp-Iƒ˛Xp≈¬,- B-´-°Y F∂n-h. hmsam-gn,- h-c-samgnkmln-

Xyw˛_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿ lpkv\p-P-am¬˛]-g-s©m-√p-Iƒ,- \m-tSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ, -(sF-Xn-

ly-am-e).

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\vA\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS N-cnX]cX : _n.- cm-Po-h≥

\thm-∞m-\hpw \f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ cwK]-Nm-chpw : F≥.- A-P-b-Ip-am¿

\f-N-cnXw aq∂mw Znhkw : DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿

tLmj-bmX : Ip©≥\-ºym¿

]kn-≤\mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fn¬\n∂v Hcp `m-Kw. ]Øp ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ]Øp IS-

¶-Y-Iƒ, sFXn-ly-am-e, P\-Io-bkm-lnXyw,- P-\-]n-b-km-lnXyw.

(1) ]mSm-Ø-ss]-¶n-fn,-

(2) sX-c-s™-SpØ A©p ]c-ky-߃(A-®Sn,Ce-IvtSm-WnIvam[y-a-߃)

(3) ]kn-≤-ß-fmb c≠p Ne-®n-X-Km-\-߃:

(I) Imb-e-cn-IØv he-sb-dn-™....

(J) e÷m-h-Xntb \ns‚....

ae-bm-f-Ønse apJy-[m-cm-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp IrXn sXc-s™-SpØv

AXnse tIc-fo-b-ss]-XrI-ap-Z-Iƒ A]-K-Yn-®v ]T-\-tcJ Xøm-dm-°-Ww.

64

klm-bIKŸ-߃

B‚-Wn, kn.-F¬., 2000, `mjm-KZyw, kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-Djm \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv, ae-bm-f-Ønse kwt_m-[-\m-]-Z-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-]-›m-Øew, Xncp-h-

\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f- m-jmC≥Ãn-‰yq- v.

Ip™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw, -1997, tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃,

tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.

Ip™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1963, Nne tIc-f-N-cn-X-]-iv\-߃, tIm-´-bw: F≥.-

_n.-Fkv.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 1964, ae-bm-f-ssien, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 1985, mjm-]-cn-N-bw, tImgn-t°mSv: amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]-Imiw.

KtW-iv, sI.-F≥., 1996, Ip©≥ \ºym¿ hm°pw kaq-lhpw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-

tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

Knco-jv, ]n.Fw., 2002, `mjbpw A[n-Im-c-hpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv: ]m∏n-tbm¨.

KqKn hm XntbmtKm, 2011, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww, sIm√w: Kmwjn

_pIvkv.

tKmZ-h¿a, sI., 1971, tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\o-bw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-

`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

tKm]n-\m-Y-]n≈, F≥.B¿., 1987, A[ym-lm-cw, tIm´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.

tKm]n-\m-Y-]n≈, F≥.B¿., 1980, A\p-_-‘w, tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.

tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈, ]n., 1992, kmlnXyw: At[m-K-Xnbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpw, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.

tPm¿Pv, kn.sP. (FUn.), 1996, B[p\nIm\¥c˛kmlnXy kao]\߃,

Xriq¿: _p°vthw.

tPmk^v, ]n.Fw., 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Io-b-]-Z-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf-

`m-jmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

tXma-kv, ]n.sP., 1989, ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw N¿®bpw ]qc-

Whpw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

\ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, C.-Fw.-Fkv., 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`m-

jmC≥Ãn‰-yq-´.v

\mcmb--W≥, hn.sI., 1985, `c-W-`m-jm-]o-Tn-I, tIm´-bw: F≥.-_n.-Fkv.

]hnX≥, ]n., 2000, B[p\nIXbpsS Ip‰kΩXw, tIm´bw: Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.

]hnX≥, ]n., 2002, Bim≥I-hnX B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c-]mT-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

kmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip-∏v.

]t_m-[-N-µ≥\mb¿, ssieo-`w-KnIƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`m-jmC≥Ãn-

‰yq-´v.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.Fw., 1982, ]q¿h-tI-c-f-`m-j, aZmkv k¿h-I-em-im-e.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.Fw., ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-]-T-\-߃, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

_m_pcm-Pv, sI.sI., tPm¿Pv amØ≥, 1869, hwio-b-Xbpw `mjbpw: ae-bm-gva-

bpsS hymI-c-Ww, tIm´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.

choµ≥ (FUn.), 1983, Iemhna¿iw am¿IvknÃv am\Zfiw, sIm®n:

\nf ]ªn-tjgvkv.

65

c-ho-µ≥, ]n.-]n.,- 1997, C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, tIm-´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.B¿.,- 1998, hmb-\-bpsS hgn-Iƒ, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw. B¿., 2007, eoem-Xn-e-I-Øns‚ cm„o-bw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v

_pIvkv.

cmP-cm-P-h¿a, G.-B¿., 1996, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-w, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

cmP-cm-P-h¿a, G.-B¿.,- 1971, i–-tim-[n-\n, Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: Ia-em-e-b _pIv

Unt∏m.

cmPoh≥, _n., 1990, P\\n_nUamb Z¥tKm]pcw, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥

]ªn-tjgvkv.

hnPb≥, Fw.F≥., 1987, IhnXbpw a\ximkvXhpw, tImgnt°mSv: amXr`qan

_pIvkv.

k®nZm\µ≥, sI., 1987, kwkvImcØns‚ cm„obw, tImgnt°mSv: aƒ_dn

_pIvkv.

k®nZm\µ≥, sI., 1993, kuµcyhpw A[nImchpw, tImgnt°mSv: aƒ_dn

_pIvkv.

tkXp-cma≥, sI., 2011, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`q-an _pIvkv.

tkmati-J-c≥ \mb¿, ]n., `mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m-\o-bw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-

`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Andrewskutty, A.P., 1994, Traditional Grammars in Malayalam, Trivandrum:

International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics.

66

MU CHS E02 ]mNo\en]n-]-cn-Nbw ˛ KŸ-en-]n,

hs -gpØv

bqWn‰v 1

Fgp-Øns‚ NcnXw ˛ Kplm-Nn-X-߃ ˛ NnX-en]n ˛ BWn FgpØv (Iyq-Wn-

t^mw) ˛ ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Ønse A£-c-ap-Z-Iƒ ˛ ssN\okv en]n ˛ ska-

‰nIv en]-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 2

`mc-Xob en]n NcnXw DØ-c-Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ en]n-Iƒ kmam-\y-[m-c-W. _mΩn,

Jtcm-jvTn, \µn \mK-cn, tImse-gpØv apX-em-b-h.

bqWn‰v 3

KŸ-en]n D¤hw ˛ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃ kmam-\y-[m-c-W. KŸ-en]n Fgp-

Xm\pw hmbn-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ KŸ-en-]n-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bmf en]n-bn-

te°pw Xncn®pw Fgp-Xm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\w.

bqWn‰v 4

hs´-gpØv D¤hw ˛ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃ kmam\y [mc-W. hs´-gpØv

Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ KŸ-en-]n-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bmf en]n-

bn-te°pw Xncn®pw Fgp-Xm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\w.

klm-bIKŸ-߃

Peo¬, sI.-F., 1989, en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-

`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈, hn.-B¿., inem-en-JnXhn⁄m-\o-bw.

]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈, hn.-B¿., en]nhn⁄m-\o-bw.

awK-ew, Fkv.-sP., 1997, ]mNo\`mc-Xoben]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bmfen]n-bpsS

hnIm-k-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

chn-h¿Ω, F¬.-F., ]mNo\tIcfen]n-Iƒ.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., 2011, ae-bm-f-en]nNcn-Xw, tIcfkwkvIm-c-]-T-

\߃, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kmw, F≥., 2010, tIc-f-Ønse ]mNo\en]namXr-I-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

kwÿm\ B¿ss°-hvkv.

Buhler, G., 1987, Indian Palaeography, Poona: Eastern Book House.

Burnell, A.C., 1968, Elements of South Indian Palaeography from the fourth to the

Seventeeth Centuary AD, New Delhi: Indological Book House.

David Diringer, 1996, The Alphabet: A key to the history of Mankind, New Delhi:

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

67

Gaurishankar Hirachand, Ojha, Rai Bahadur, 2011, The Palaeography of India.

Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2003, Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest times to the

Sixth Century A.D., Harward University.

Mahalingam, T.V., 1967, Early South Indian Palaeography, Madras University, T.A.S.

Volumes, I, II & III.

Visalakshy, P., 2003, The Grantha Script, Thiruvananthapuram: DLA.

68

MU CHS E03ka-Im-enItIcfkwkvImcw: ]h-W-X-Iƒ

]Xn-\n-[m-\߃

BapJw

A\p-kyq-Xn-bmWv kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ auen-I-kz-`mhw. ]c-º-cm-K-XkwkvIm-c-

Øns‚ h¿Øam\-Xp-S¿®-bmWv ss]Xr-Iw. P\-X-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Hmtcm kaq-

lhpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw ssIam-dn-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp∂ kmwkvIm-cnImh-t_m[w

CXn¬ \neo-\-am-bn-cn -°pw. Cu Ah-t_m-[-am-Is´ AXmXp ImesØ

kmaqlybmYm¿Yy-ß-tfm-tS-‰p-ap´n kzbw ]cn-W-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-Iq-Sn-

bm-Wv. CØ-c-Øn¬ h¿Ø-am\ tIc-fobkwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ XpS¿®-

bpw kmwkvIm-cnIkzXz-hpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I, AXn¬ h∂ptN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ am‰w

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I, AXn¬ ap∂n´p \n¬°p∂ ]h-W-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂n-

h-bmWv tImgvkns‚ e£yw. CØcw ]h-W-X-I-fnepw kmwkvIm-cnI ]Xn-

\n-[m-\-ß-fnepw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-]-chpw P\-Io-b-hp-amb ]Xy-b-

im-kvX-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw, hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ]m]vX-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. kwkvIm-c-Ønepw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-t_m-

[-Øn-ep-ap-≈ ]h-W-X-I-fpw ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ kuI-cyw

ap≥\n¿Øn ka-Im-enIkwkvIm-cw ]ta-b-]-c-ambn \mep bqWn-‰p-I-fmbn Xncn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p. ka-Im-enItIcf kwkvIm-cØn¬ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ Adn-™n-cn-t°-

≠Xpw F∂m¬ CXn¬ khn-ti-j-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°msX t]mb-Xp-amb GsXmcp

kmkvIm-cnI]h-W-sX-bbpw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cm-\p≈ Xpd∂

CSw IqSn CXn-ep-≠v. tIcfkwkvImcss]Xr-I-sØbpw kmaqlyNcn-X-

sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ Adn-hn-s‚bpw AXp-hgn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb `mhn-sb-°p-dn-

®p≈ [mc-W-bp-sSbpw \ne-]mSpXd-bn¬ \n∂p-thWw Cu hn`mKw ]Tn-t°-

≠-Xv.

bqWn‰v 1

tIc-fob PohnXw : ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-߃

]IrXn: \Zn ˛ IS¬ ˛ Pe-tkm-X-p-Iƒ ˛ IS-temcw ˛ ae-tbmcw ˛ hb¬ ˛

Izmdn, ]m¿∏nSw : ˛ hoSv ˛ ^vfm‰v ˛ tImf-\n-Iƒ ˛ ]pdw-t]m°v ˛ `h-\-c-ln-

X¿,KXm-KXw: BIm-i-k-©mcw ˛ hnam-\-Øm-hfw ˛ Pe-K-Xm-KXw ˛ sdbn¬ ˛

tdmUv,BtcmKyw : P\-\-˛-a-cW \nc°v ˛ Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw ˛ NnIn-’m-ku-I-

cy-߃ ˛ BtcmKyw/NnIn’ ˛ ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ ˛ `£Ww. ]mc-º-cy-

Øn-te-°p≈ Xncn-®p-t]m-°v.,hnZym-`ymkw : ]mY-anI ˛ D∂X ˛ kmt¶-XnI

hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-߃.]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ - ˛ hmb-\-ime ˛ km£-c-Xm-

]-ÿm\w XpS¿hn-Zym-`ymkw,sXmgn¬ taJe : Irjn \n¿ΩmWw tkh\w

˛ tXm´w ˛ a’y-_-‘\w ˛ ]c-º-cm-KX ssIsØm-gn¬ ˛ hyh-kmbw ˛

hmWnPyw ˛ sF.-Sn.˛ BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ-,k¿°m-

cns‚ ]n∑m-‰hpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw

69

bqWn‰v 2IpSpw-_-_‘w: AWp-Ip-Spw_w ˛ IpSpw-_-L-S\ ˛ _‘-ß-fnse P\m-[n-]-

Xy-h¬°-cWw ˛ A[n-Imcw ˛ hy‡n kzmX¥yw ˛ kZm-Nmcw ˛ ssewKn-IX ˛

IpSpw-_-_-‘-ß-fnse ]Zhn am‰-߃/]cn-Wm-a-߃˛ IpSpw-_-_‘w ˛ hoSn-

\-IØpw ]pdØpw.

kmaq-ly-_-‘-߃: kmaq-ly-L-S\ ˛ \m´p-Iq-´m-bva-Iƒ/]mtZ-inIIq´m-bva-

Iƒ˛PmXn ˛ aXw ˛ PmXn aX kwL-S-\-Iƒ, h¿§ ˛ _‘-߃ ˛ I£n-cm-

jvSob sXmgn-emfn _lp-P\ kwL-S-\-Iƒ. kmwkvIm-cnI ˛ k∂≤ kwL-S-

\-Iƒ ˛ F≥.-Pn.H Iƒ ˛ Iem-k-an-Xn-Iƒ ˛ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fpsS ÿm]-\-

h¬°-cWw ˛hnZym-ebIq´m-bva-Iƒ ˛ Kma-k-`-Iƒ ˛ Ab¬]°Iq´m-bva-Iƒ

˛ IpSpw-_io ˛ P\io ˛ kzmi-b-kw-L-߃ ˛ dkn-U≥jy¬ Atkm-kn-

tb-j≥ ˛ A\m-Ym-ebw ˛ AKXn aµncw ˛ hm¿≤Iy aµncw ˛ BXp-c-tk-h\

klmb kwL-߃. ]hmkw: Pohn-X-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Øn-epw.

kvXo ]pcpj _‘-߃: kvXo ]Zhn ˛ kmº-ØnI kzmX¥yw. ]pXnb

sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ ˛ hnhmlw ˛ kl-Po-h\w ˛ ]Wbw ˛ cXn ˛ ssewKn-IX

˛ kZm-Nmcw. DZm-c-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ kzm[o\w kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fn¬.

bqWn‰v 3

kmº-ØnI tkmXv: ]Ir-Xn-hn-`hw ˛ DXv]m-Z\w/Irjn/hyh-kmbw/

tkh\w/\n¿ΩmWw/sF.Sn/˛ aqe-[\\nt£]w ˛ hntZi sXmgn-e-h-kcw ˛

Kƒ^v hcp-am\w,A\y-kw-ÿm\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ˛ hmWnPyw ˛ Sqdnkw ˛

_m¶n-ßv. hn⁄m-\-ta-Je : imkvX ˛ kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m\w ˛ ]c-º-cm-KX

hn⁄m-\w ˛ `uXnI kzØ-h-Imi \nb-ahpw ]mc-ºcy hn⁄m-\hpw. tIc-

fob hnI-k\ amXr-I-Iƒ : XnXe Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ ˛ kvXo im‡o-I-

cWw ˛ BtcmKyw ˛ hnZym-`ymkw ˛ tIc-fob amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ P\-Io-bm-kq-

XWw ˛ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w ˛ tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I.

D]-t`mKw: `qan , sh≈w, `£-Ww, ]m¿∏n -Sw, ˛ dnb¬ FtÉv ˛

kuµcyh¿≤IhkvXp-°ƒ.,BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw DZm-co-I-c-W-Øn-

s‚bpw kzm[o-\w.

bqWn‰v 4

Bi-b-hn-\n-ab amXrI: _lp-P\ Bib hn\n-abw ˛ A®Sn ˛ Zriy-˛-imhy

am[y-a-߃ ˛ Ah-t_m-[-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ `mj, kmlnXyw,

Ie, Bkzm-Z\w ˛BtKm-f-am-[y-a-ßfpw tIc-fob s]mXp-a-WvU-ehpw

70

klm-bIKŸ-߃

ANyp-X≥, F., Dbn¿h-e, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

BZ¿iv, kn., 2006: aXw, PmXn, \m´p-]m-c-ºcyw: sImSp-ß-√q-cnse aX/PmXn-hn-

`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ, Xm]-kw, hmeyw 1, e°w 4.

Hcp-kwLw teJ-I¿, `qan s]mXp-kz-Øm-Wv, tIcfimkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv.

tIcfimkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv, tIcfw:aÆpw a\p-jy\pw.

tIcfimkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv, tIc-f-]-T-\w.

tKm]n-aWn, B¿., BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-\-b-ß-fpw...

\-µ-Ip-am¿, B¿., 2008, tIƒhn-io-e-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-imkvXw, tIc-f-]-T-\-

߃ -6.

]hn-X≥, ]n., 2012, Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥ F∂ tIc-fo-b-Nn-¥-I≥, IÆq¿: ssIcfn.

]-Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v, 2012, GIPo-hn-Xm\-iz-c-Km\w.

a[p, Sn.hn., 1999, \ham¿IvknÃv kmaqlyhna¿iw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

cm-Po-h≥, _n.-, 1992, h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: t^m-°-kv.

cm-Po-h≥, _n.-, 2011, hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

cm-Po-h≥, _n.-, 2013, ssPh-cm-„o-bhpw P\-k-©-bhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv: dmkv_dn.

hnP-b≥, Fw.-F≥., 2009, kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

iin, Xcq¿, ]pXp-bpKw ]pXp-C¥y.

ssiJv ssk\p-±o≥, 2008, tIcfw ]Xn-\©pw ]Xn-\mdpw \q‰m-≠p-I-

fn¬ (hnh: them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn), tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an _pIvkv.

ioIp-am¿, Sn.Sn., 2013, \h-km-aq-ln-I-X, IÆq¿: ]Xo-£.

ioP≥, hn.kn., 2005, ]Xn-hm-Z-߃, Xriq¿: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.

jnPp Geymkv, 2008, aXhpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: Nn¥ ]ªn-

tjgvkv.

k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, sI., 1986, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ cm„o-bw, tImgn-t°mSv: aƒ_-dn

_pIvkv.

kpIp-am¿, Ago-t°mSv, 1986, XXz-a-kn, Xriq¿: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.

kpIp-am¿, Ago-t°mSv, 1995, Kpcp-hns‚ ZpxJw sIm√w: Cw-]n‚ v.

kpIp-am¿, Ago-t°mSv, 2001, `mc-Xo-b-X, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

kp\n¬, ]n. Cf-bnSw, 2013, hos≠-Sp-∏p-Iƒ: am¿Ivkn-khpw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hn-

a¿i-\hpw.

skkv, tImgn-t°mSv, 2012, Hcp kmaq-ln-I-Im-gvN-∏m-Sn¬\n∂v, tImgn-t°mSv:

skkv.

Braj Rajan Mani, 2011, Debrahmanising History: Dominance and Resistance in

Indian History, New Delhi: Manoharlal Publishers.

Panikkar, K.N., 1995, Culture Ideology Hegemony, New Delhi: Tulika.

71

MU CHS E04 kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w: kn≤m-¥hpw Ncn-Xhpw

]Tt\mt±iyw

kwkvImc]T\w (Cultural Studies) F∂ hn⁄m\]≤-Xn-bpsS XmXznI

kzcq]w, NcnXw coXnimkvXw F∂nh Adn-bpI.

bqWn‰v 1

kwkvImcw F∂ k¶¬∏\w: Ncn-Xw˛A¿Yw˛-hn-Imk-]-cn-Wm-a-ß-ƒ-˛amXyp -

B¿t\mƒUv, F^v.-B¿.eohn-kv, t^mbvUv XpS-ßnb-h-cpsS kao-]-\-߃,

\n¿h-N-\-߃-˛-`m-jm-im-kvX-hnNm-c-ß-fpsS CS-s]-Sepw KXn-am-‰hpw˛-kw-

kvImcw:ka-K-Po-hn-X-coXn˛--_¿anMvlmw kvIqƒ˛k-a-Im-enIkwkvIm-c-]-T-\-

tIµw (CCCS)-˛-sd-bva≠v hneyw-kv, dn®m¿Uv slmKm¿Øv, C.-]n.-tXmw-k¨,

Ãph¿´v lmƒ F∂n-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ-˛kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\ amXr-I-Iƒ-: -_n-

´o-jv-, Atacn°≥, ^©v, It\Un-b≥,BkvtS-en-b≥, C¥y≥ kao-]-\-߃˛-

A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-X-bpw _lp-ssh-⁄m-\n-I-Xbpw˛-t]mƒ Zp sK˛kw-kvIm-

c-irw-J-e -(cultural circuite)˛k-a-Im-en-I-k-a-ky-Iƒ˛kw-th-Z-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃-˛-

]-I-S-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃-˛-hy-hlmcw.

bqWn‰v 2

kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ-˛-`mj, Ncn-Xw, imkvXw, km-ln-Xyw, -I-e-Iƒ, -am[y-

a-߃, N-e-®n-Xw, ]c-kyw, hmkvXp-hn-Zy, hml-\-߃, ]e-Xcw Ifn-io-e-߃,

\m´-dn-hp-Iƒ,^mj≥, `£Ww, Btcm-Kyw, sshZyw, X¿P-a, XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS

KmV]T\w˛-N-cn-Xhpw kwkvIm-c-N-cn-X-hpw-˛-P-\-Iob/P\-]nb kwkvIm-cw--˛-

kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw- i-co-chpw-˛-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ssZ\w-Zn\-Xzw (every

dayness)˛D]-t`m-K-/hn]Wnkw-kvIm-cw, ssk_¿kw-kvIm-cw, buh-\-kw-

kvImcw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-\-߃-˛-B-tKm-f/]mtZ-inI /tZio-bkwkvImc

k¶¬]-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ff hyXym-kw-˛- imkvXhpw kwkvIm-c-hpw˛kwkvIm-

chpw km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw-˛-ssk-t_m¿Kv˛_-lp-`m-h-kw-kvIm-cw (multi-culturalism).

bqWn‰v 3

kwkvIm-c-]-T-\Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-W-Xn-Iƒ˛am¿Ivkn-khpam-bp≈ hn\n-a-b-

߃-:-A-Sn-Ød/ta¬∏p-c˛- --ta¬t°m-bva (hegemony), A\y-h¬°-c-Ww, kmam-

\y-t_m-[w, -]-Xy-b-imkvXw, AXn-\n¿W-b-\w, cm„obAt_m[w XpS-ßnb

]cn-I¬∏-\Iƒ-˛-X∑m-]-T-\w-˛- ]cnÿnXn-- -˛]n-bsc t_m¿Zyp: kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-

e-[-\-w˛-]u-c-kvXy-hm-Zw (orientalism): skbvZv, sFPmkv Al-Ω-Zv-˛-an-Jm-tb¬

_JvXn\pw kwkvIm-c-hn-i-I-e-\-hpw-˛-kmwkvIm-cn-I-`u-Xn-I-hm-Z-w,- \-h-N-cn-X-hm-

Zw ˛-Nn-”hn-⁄m-\obw, ]I-S\-kn-≤m-¥ßƒ,- A-]-\n¿Ωm-Ww, hyh-lm-cm]-

KY\w, eIm\pw \h-a-t\m-hn-t«-jWhpw --enw-K-]-Z-hn (gender)]T-\-ßfpw-˛-

tIm-f-\n-b-\-¥c]T-\-߃.

72

bqWn‰v 4

aq∂mw-temIhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw: -Km-‘n-Pn, ^m\≥, I_mƒ, KqKn hm-

XntbmwtKm XpS-ßn-b-h¿˛]uc-kvXy-hm-Zw˛sskZv-˛-sF-Pmkv Al-Ω-Zns‚

hna¿i-\w-˛-C-¥y≥ amXr-I-Iƒ: kwkvIm-chpw imkvXhpw˛Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃-

˛B[p-\n-I-Xm-hn-a¿i-\-hpw- -imkvX-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnIhna¿i-\w- -A-dn-hns‚

kwkvIm-c-]-c-X˛ aqey-\njvT-X˛aqey-hnap-‡-X--˛ -tXm-a-kvIq≥, _¿W¬,

XpSßnbh¿˛-⁄m\-k-ap-®bw (paradigm)-˛-an-Yym-h-XvI-cW kn≤m-¥w (theory

of falsification)-˛-A-jnjv \µn, t¢mZv A¬hm-cn-kv, KmbXn kv]nhm°v˛tXmakv

Iq≥-- ˛im-kvX-hn-a¿i-\hpw Xt±-iob ⁄m\-hm-Z-hpw-˛-Km-‘n-Pnbpw B[p-\n-

I-Xm-hn-a¿i-\-hpw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

tKmhn-µ-∏n-f-f, ]n., 2010, kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-T-\-߃, kwkvIm-chpw \thm-∞m-\-hpw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ -]-ªn-tj-gvkv.

ae-bm-f-]-T-\-kw-Lw, 2006, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w: Ncn-Xw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbm-Kw,

ipI]pcw: hfftØmƒ hnZym]oTw.

cho-µ≥, ]n.]n., 2006, kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.

cho-µ≥, ]n.]n., 2004, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥cw: hnNm-cw, hmb-\, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.-

_p-Ivkv.

cmPo-h≥, _n., 2009, hm°p-I-fpw hkvXp-°-fpw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.-hn., 2012, A\p-`-h-ßsf B¿°mWv t]Sn, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.-

_p-Ivkv.

Barker, Chris, 2002, Making Sense of Cultural Studies, London: Sage.

Bennet, Tony, 1998, Culture: A Reformers Science, Allen & Unwin, st. Leomands.

Bennett, Tony (etal), 2006, New York Words, Oxford University Press.

Bhabha, H., 1994, The Location of Culture, London: Routledge.

Fiske, J., 1989, Understanding Popular Culture, London: Unwin Hyman.

Hall, Garry & Clare Birchall (eds), 2006, New Cultural Studies: Adventures in Theory,

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Hall, Stuart, et.al., 1981, Encoding/Decoding. In Culture Media Language, London:

Hutchinson.

Hall, Stuart, Grossberg et.al., 1992, Cultural Studies and its Theoritical Legacies in

Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.

Hasslet, Moyra, 2000, Marxist Literacy and Cultural Theories, London: Macmillan.

Hoggart, Richard, 1957, The Uses of Literacy, London: Penguin.

Lewis, Jeff, 2002, Cultural Studies: The Basics, London: Sage Publications.

Nayar, Pramod, K., 2006, Reading Culture: Theory, Prexis, Politics, New Delhi: Sage

Publications.

Storey, John (ed), 1996, What is Cultural Studies, London: Arnold.

Thompson, E.P., 1963, The Making of English Working Class, NewYork: Vintage.

73

Turner, G., 1990, British Cultural Studies: An Introduction, London: Unwin Hyman.

Williams, Raymond, 1981, Culture, London: Fontana.

Williams, Raymond, 1983, Keywords, London: Fontana.

Williams, Raymond, 1959, Culture and Society, London: Fontana.

74

MU CHS E05 ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-IAht_m-[hpw

tIc-fo-b-ss]-Xr-Ihpw

]T-t\m-t±iyw

⁄mt\mZbB[p-\n-IXbpsS hna¿i-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Dcphw-sIm≠ am\-

hn-I-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-⁄m\w. C-Xns‚ XmXzn-Ihpw

]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb kzcq]hpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-IØn¬ CXns‚ CShpw

hn\n-a-b-_-‘-ßfpw Bg-Øn¬ AdnbpIbmWv tImgvkns‚ ]Yae£yw.

Bhm-k-hy--hÿ-bpw A\p-`q-Xn-ta-J-e-bpambn, a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xhpw kwkvIm-

chpw cq] -s∏ -Sp -Øp∂ hyh-lm -c -sa∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ ]cnÿn-Xnbpw

P\PohnXhpambp≈ A\-\y-hn\n-a-b-_-‘-Øns‚ AKm-[-kq-£va-ta-J-e-Iƒ

Xncn-®-dnbp-I, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hm-Z-Øns‚ ⁄m\-ta-Jebpw cm„o-bhpw a\-n-em-

°m≥ hnZym¿Yn-Isf k÷-cm-°pI, -]mcn-ÿnXnIt_m[-Øns‚ _lp-hn-jbm-

fl-Ihpw (multidisciplinary) A¥¿ssh⁄m\nI-hpamb (interdisciplinary) [m-

c-Iƒ Adnbp-I-, XXzhpw ]tbm-Khpw- am-Xr-I-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn A]-K-

Yn®p]Tn°p-I- F∂nhbpw CXns‚ e£y-ta-J-en¬s∏Sp-∂p.-kwkvIm-cw,

NcnXw, kuµcyw XpS-ßn-- Po-hn-X-Øns‚ -k-akvXtaJ-e-I-fnepw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-

t_m[w B`y -¥-tcm¿P-ambn ]h¿Øn°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw Cu

]T\ØneqsS hy‡-amIpw.

bqWn‰v 1

B[p-\n-I-Xmhn-a¿i\sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]cn-ÿnXnNn¥bpsS Dcp-hw-sIm-≈¬˛

]cn-ÿn-Xn-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn -Wm-a-߃˛ ]cnÿnXnhnNmchpw

aXßfpw˛apX-em-fnØhnI-k\ amXr-I-bp-sS hna¿i-\w˛ Fta-gvk¨, tXmtdm,

dkvIn≥,- am¿Ivk,v FwK¬kv, tSmƒtÃm-bn, Km‘n, jqam-°¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-

cpsS ]cn-ÿn-XnhnNm-c-߃˛]n¬°me N¿®-I-fpsS amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ Ah-bpsS

A]-K-Y-\w.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. \n-»-–-h-k-¥w (BapJw) : td®¬ Igvk¨

2. ]mcn-ÿn-XnIAh-t_m-[-Øns‚

Ncn-X-]-›m-Ø-ew : F≥.-Fw.- ]n-tb-gvk¨

bqWn‰v 2

]cnÿnXn PmXn--P∑n\mSp-hm-gn-k-µ¿`-Øn¬: ]cnÿnXn, ]IrXn F∂o

KW߃˛]IrXn˛]pcpj k¶¬]\w, kwkvImcw, Ie, kmlnXyw, Irjn

75

XpSßnb hyhlmcßfn¬˛Imemhÿ˛A\p-jvTm-\-I-e, Zriy-I-e, NnX-

in¬∏I-e˛hkvXw, ]m¿∏nSw, X®pimkvXw˛kwkvIrXkmlnXyØn¬

˛kwLkmlnXyw˛XnWk¶¬]w. tZio-b-X-bpsS kwI-a-Waplq¿Øw˛

]cnÿnXn: khntijmht_m[sa∂ \nebn¬˛]cnÿnXnt_m[w hn`n∂

am\hnIhyhlmcßfn¬.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

kztZin: alm-flm-Km‘n

bqWn‰v 3

]cnÿnXn ⁄mt\mZbL´Øn¬: B[p-\n -I -X˛apX-em -fn -Øw˛]Ir-

Xnbpw˛hnI-k-\-hpw˛ B[p\nIXbpw ]IrXnbpw˛]IrXn: hn`-h-sa∂ \ne-

bn¬˛]ptcm-K-Xnbpw hnI-k-\-hpw˛⁄mt\mZbk¶¬∏-\-ßfpw tImf\oI-c-

Whpw˛Is≠-ØpI IogS°pI, sacp°pI˛ bp‡nt_m[w˛]ptcmKXn,

kzmX¥yw XpSßnb k¶¬]\߃˛]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw˛]Ir-Xnbpw

am¿Ivknkhpw˛]IrXn: a\p-jys‚ AssPhicocw˛apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hnI-

k-\-k-¶¬∏w, amXr-I-Iƒ˛tImf\nb\¥cL´w˛]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I-ho-≠p-hn-Nm-c-

߃˛]mcnÿnXnIkwXpe\w.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

]cn-ÿn-Xn-ku-µ-cy-im-kvX-Øn\v apJ-hpc : Sn.-]n.- kp-Ip-am-c≥

bqWn‰v 4

]cnÿnXn B[p\nIm\¥cL´Øn¬˛tImf\nb\¥cX˛]cnÿnXn F∂

KWw˛_lp-hn-j-bm-fl-Ihpw A¥¿hn-⁄m-\-]-c-hp-amb kao-]-\-߃˛

]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw, hna¿i\mflI hnNmc߃ ˛ ]mcnÿnXnI

Aht_m[w ˛ hntijhyhlmcsa∂ \nebn¬˛ kuµcyimkvXw,

kmaqlyimkvXw, NcnXw F∂nhbpam-bp≈ hn\nab߃-- ]mcnÿnXnI

kn≤m¥ßfpsS Dcp-hs∏S¬ ˛hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-Øw-˛-]cn-ÿnXn]ÿm\w:

\n»–Xmghc apX¬ ]›naL´kwhmZbmXhsc. B-tKm-f-X-bn¬ ]cn-ÿn-

Xn˛B-tKm-f-Km-aw-˛-BtKm-f-h-e-bn¬ tIcfw: ]-›n-a-L-´w-˛]cn-ÿn-Xn-Pm-KX: -

Km-UvKn¬ ip]m¿i-Iƒ˛tIc-f-Øn¬ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ: hnhn-[-

am\hnI-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬˛cm„o-bw, Zriy-im-hyIe-Iƒ, NnX-in¬∏Ie-Iƒ,

t^mt´m-K-^n, ]Ir-Xn-˛-a-\p-jy≥ A\-\y-X, ]cn-ÿnXn: ]pXnb temI-t_m[w

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tIcfØnse hnip≤h\߃ : C. DÆnIrjvW≥

76

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-Xm-\-µ≥, hn.-Fkv., 2012, ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw hnI-k-\hpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv:

amXr`q-an _pIvkv.

Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, 1999, C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w: ]k-‡nbpw km[y-Xbpw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

Bjm-ta-t\m≥, 1997, ]cm-K-tIm-i-߃, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

FwK¬kv, ]Ir-Xn-bp-sS sshcp-[ym-fl-I-X, t]mKkv ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

Imgvk¨, td®¬, \n-»-_vZ-h-k-¥w (BapJw amXw), tIc-f-imkvXkmln-

Xy-]-cn-jØv.

tPm¿Pv, sI. -A-e-Ivkv, 2003, lcn-X-cm-jvSobw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

\m-cm-b-W≥, sI.-kn., 2002, ]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-im-kvXw.

]ntb-gvk¨, F≥.-Fw., 2005, ]cn-ÿnXn]Xy-b-im-kvXhpw am¿Ivkn-b≥ ]Xn-

k-‘nbpw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

s]mXp-hmƒ, ]n.-]n.-sI., 2002, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m-[hpw kwkvIm-chpw, tImgn-t°mS:v

amXr-`q-an _pIvkv.

]im-¥vIp-am¿ (hnh), 2010, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-T-\w, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

]km-Zv, Fw.-sI., 2006, lcn-X-Nn-¥-Iƒ, tIcfimkvXkmln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv.

a[p-kq-Z-\≥, Pn. (FUn.), 2002, lcn-X-\n-cq-]Ww ae-bm-f-Øn¬, Xriq¿: Id‚ v

_pIvkv.

al-a-qZm_oKw, ]mcn-ÿn-XnIkvXohmZw.

alm-flm-Km‘n, (kºm) cmaNµ≥\mb¿, sI., kztZin, Km‘nkmlnXy

kwKlw, tIcfKm‘nkvamcI kanXn.

taml-≥, sI.-Fw.B¿., 2005, ]Ir-Xn-bn-te°p aS-ßm≥, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.

_pIvkv.

hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥, Ie-bnse ]Ir-Xn-_nw-_-߃.

kpIp-am-c≥, Sn.-]n., 1992, ]cn-ÿnXnkuµ-cy-imkvXw: Hcm-apJw, tImgn-t°mSv:

t_m[n _pIvkv.

Bell, Michael Mayerfeld, 2001, Invitation to Enviromental Sociology, Sage Publi-

cations.

Coupe, Lawrence (Ed), 2000, The Green Studies Reader, London: Routledge.

Engels, Frederick, 1986, Dialectics of Nature, Moscow: Progress Publishers.

Fetscher, Iring, 2000, Ecology, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Tom Bottomore

(Ed), Delhi: Maya Blackwell.

Garrard, Greg, 2004, Eco criticism (The New Critical Idiom), London: Routlege.

Glotfelty, cheryll & Harrold, Fromm (Eds), 1996, The Ecocritical Reader: Landmarks

in Literary Ecology: Athens University of Georgia Press.

Kerridge, Richard, Sammels, Neil, 1998, Writing the Environment: Ecocriticism and

Literature, Zed Books.

Peter, Barry, 2010, Beginning Theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory

(Beginnings), Routledge.

Pratt, Vernon, Brady, Emily, Howarth Jane, 1999, Enviroment and Philosophy, Tay-

lor & Francis.

77

MU CHS E06 kvXo]Zhn tIcfob-]-cn-t]£yw

bqWn‰v 1

en_-d¬ am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zw--˛ASn-aØØns\-Xncmb -t]m-cm-´-߃,- thm-´-h-

ImiØn\mbp≈ ka-c-߃, kvXohntam-N\kao-]-\-߃˛ am¿Ivkn-kw, at\m-

hn-t«-jWw. enwKw˛enwK]Zhn˛]nXm-[n-Im-cw (XmXm[nImcw) ˛ icocw ˛

ssewKnIX˛hnhmlw˛IpSpw_w˛ amXrXzw˛hnZymebw˛kaqlw˛ `cWIqSw ˛

kzImcyambXv cm„obamWv˛ssewKnIcm„obw ˛ icocØns‚ cm„obw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. IpSpw_w kzImcykzØv F∂nh-bpsS D¤hw : FwK¬kv

2. Vindication of the Rights of Women : Mary Wollstonecraft

3. The Second Sex (Introduction) : Simon De Beauvoir

bqWn‰v 2

kmaqlnIw

enwK]ZhnbpsS kmaqlnIX ˛ s]¨Ip´n apX¬ kvXohsc˛

]mb]q¿ØnbneqsS Ddbv°p∂ hne°pIƒ, AkaXzw˛icoc]cw ˛

icocØns‚ cm„obw ˛ ssewKnIXbpsS cm„obw ˛ amXrXzw F∂

ÿm]\w˛cm„ob]Xntcm[߃ ˛ ekv_nb≥, aq∂mw enwK]ZhnIƒ

(transgender) ˛ hn]Wn ˛ BtKmfX ˛ hn]WnbpsS t\m´ßƒ ˛ (gaze) ˛

kvXoicocw ˛ thjw ˛hkvXØns‚ cm„obw˛ssewKnIhn]Wnbpw

kvXohntamN\hpw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. kvXosb ]Xn-h-X-bm-°n-bXv : ]n.- ]-hn-X≥

2.Ipe-kvXobpw N¥s∏Æpw D≠m-b-sX-ßs\? : sP. tZhnI

3. There Comes Pappa : G. Arunima

bqWn‰v 3

tImf\nB[p-\n-I-X˛`mc-XobkvXo˛kvXo˛a-Xy,- kw-kvImc]m-T-ß-fn¬˛tZio-

b-hmZkµ¿`-ß-fn¬˛acp-a-°-Ømbw, hnhml\nb-a-]-cn-jvI-c-W-߃, hnZym-

`ymk]h¿Ø-\-߃˛F.sF.Uªyp.kn, Iogmf ]T-\-߃, ]cn-ÿnXnI

s]¨hn-SpXn, kvXokwL-S-\-Iƒ. tIcftamU¬˛kvXobpsS BtcmKyw˛

hnIk\w˛ kvXoim‡oIcWhpw hntamN\hpw˛kvXobpsS BtcmKyw

IpSpw_Øn¬˛ PohnXssientcmK߃˛]pcpjs‚ khntijm[nImc߃

˛]pcpjm[nImcw˛kvXobpsS AhImiw˛A[nImcw˛B-tKm-fo-I-c-W-k-µ¿`-

Øn¬ kvXo.

78

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. kwkvIm-c-]mTßfnse kvXo]cnNcWw : KoX

2.hnthN\Øns‚ `n∂apJ߃ : tIcf-im-kvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv

3. hnIk\w, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kvXo : hµ\ inh

4. ]pcpjm[n]XyhyhlmcßfpsS

sshhn[yw : Dam NI-h¿Øn

bqWn‰v 4

kvXoapt∂-‰ -߃ tIc-f -Øn¬, Nm∂m¿e-l-f, kvXo]Zhnbpw

ssh⁄m\nIXbpw ˛ kvXobpsS CSs]S¬ ˛ kw`mh\ ˛ am\hnIimkvX

imJIfn¬ ˛ NcnXw, kwkvImcw, imkvXw, kmlnXyw, kn\n-a,NnX-

in¬∏Ie˛kmt¶XnIw˛cm„obw˛ `cWIqSw˛XXzNn¥˛A°mZanItaJe˛

A[ym]\w ˛kvXo-]-T\-߃˛]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃˛am-[y-a-߃˛kvXokwL-S-

\-Iƒ, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, ZfnXvs]¨hn-Sp-Xn-hm-Z-߃-.-

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v1. tIc-f-Ønse kvXoap-t∂-‰-ßfpsS NcnXw : kn.-F-kv.- N-µnI

2. cXn-tbm-Sp≈ kao-]-\hpw Nn¥-bpsS apc-Sn∏pw : G.-sI.- P-bio

3. sXΩm-Sn-Ifpw Xºp-cm-°-∑m-cpw (A[ymbw H∂v) : sP\n tdmhn\

klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃

B\µn, Sn.sI., ho´Ω: Hcp kvXo hnNmcw, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv.

Cµnc, sI.B¿., kvssXWImakqXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn _pIvk.v

Dam NI-h¿Øn, PmXnsb enwK-h¬°-cn-°p-tºmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an

_pIvkv.

GwK¬k,v s^U-dnIv, 1980, IpSpw_w kzIm-cykzØv `c-W-IpSw F∂n-h-bpsS

DZv`hw, t]mKkv ]ªn-tjgvkv.

KoX, kvXohm-Z-Øns‚ tIc-fob]cn-kcw, tImgnt°mSv: ssaXn _pIvkv.

KoX, kvXohntamN\sa∂m¬ a\pjy hntamN\w, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥

]ªntjgvkv

N-µnI, kn.-F-kv., tIc-f-Ønse kvXoap-t∂-‰-ßfpsS NcnXw.

P-bio, G.-sI.-, tIcfw ssewKn-IX enwK-\oXn.

Pm-\-In, sI.- tKm-]n-\mYv (hnh.), kvXohmZkuµ-cy-imkvXw, Xr-iq¿:

_p°vthw.

tZhnI, sP., kvXohmZw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvk.v

tZhnI, sP., Ipe-kvXobpw N¥-s∏Æpw D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?, Xncph\¥]pcw:

kn.Un.Fkv.

tZhnI, sP., BWcip\m´nse ImgvNIƒ (FUn), hna¨kv Cw]n‚.v

tZhnI, sP., 2013, ]ucn-bpsS t\m´-߃, tImgn-t°m-Sv: Henhv ]ªn-tjgvkv.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, F.sI., th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥, sI.-Fw., 1989, kvXohn-tam-N\w

79

NcnXw kn≤m¥w kao-]\w, ]ø-∂q¿, \b\ _pIvkv.

tcjva `cZzmPv (FUn.), anYyIƒ°∏pdw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

hµ\inh, BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw kvXo ]IrXn.

k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, sI. (FUn.), 1999, kvXo]T-\-߃, t_m[n ]ªn-jnwKv lukv.

kPnX, sI.B¿., 2012, Zfn-X-a-£-c-kw-bp‡w, Xncph\¥]pcw: ]cn[n.

kc-kz-Xn-bΩ, sI., 1958, ]pcpj∑mcn-√mØ temIw.

kmdm tPmk^v, `K-hZvKoX-bpsS ASp-°-f-bn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ thhn-°p-∂Xv,

tImgnt°mSv: sk°pe¿ _pIvkv.

kqkn Xmcp, k-RvPo-hv, Fkv. (FUn.), Iogmf ]T-\-߃, tIm´bw: Un.kn

_pIvkv.

kwL-SnX ZfnXvkvXo]Xn∏v, 2012, tImgn-t°mSv, At\zjn.

‰nkn adnbw tXmakv (FUn), s]Ænc, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

Beauvoir, Simone de, 1983, The second Sex, Penguin Books.

Belsey Catherine and Jane Moore (ed), 1997, The Feminist Reader: Essays in

Gender and the politics of literary criticism, Palgrave Macmillan.

Butler, Judith, 2006, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,

Routledge.

Chandra Talpade, Mohanty, 2003,ëUnder Western Eyesí (Book : Feminism without

Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity), Duke University Press.

Cixous Helene, 2001, The Laugh of the Medusa.

Dileep Raj (Co-ordinator), RE-vision, Calicut University, Home Page.

Foucault Michel, Hurley Robert, 1990, The History of Sexuality, Vol:1, An Introduction,

Vintage.

James, Joy, T., Denean Sharpley -Whiting, (Eds), 2000, The Black Feminist Reader,

UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishers.

Jayawardena Kumari, 2009, Erasure of the Euro-Asian: Recovering Early

Radicalism and Feminism in south Asia: Women unlimited.

Jennifer Coates, Jones Beryl Madoc (Eds), 1995, Introduction to Women's Studies,

UK: Wiley Blackwell.

Kumar Radha, 1994, The History of Doing: The Womens Movement in India, Verso.

Millet, Kate, 2000, Sexual Politics, University of Illinois Press.

Sontag, Susan, 2001, Illness as metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors, Picador.

Wolf, Virginia, 2014, The Room of One's Own, The University of Adelaide.

80

MU CHS E.. IogmfX: Ncn-Xhpw ss]XrIhpw

bqWn‰v 1

Iogm-fX: Ah-ÿ˛kw⁄, h¿Ww, PmXn,-Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿ, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-

߃. Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃: k¶¬∏-\w, coXn-im-kvXw, Ncn-Xw. aXw-˛-a-X-]-cn-

h¿Ø\w ˛ aX-h¬°-c-Ww-˛ -a -tX-X-c -h¬°-cWw˛a-tX-X-c -k-ao -]-\w-˛ -

ZfnXvssIkvX-h-X, ZfnXvap…ow,

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

C¥y-bnse PmXn-Iƒ: AXns‚ bm¥n-I-

]-h¿Ø-\w,- D¬∏-Øn, hnIm-kw : Awt_-Zv°¿

aX]cnh¿Ø\ckhmZw : Ipamc\mim≥

ZfnXv`mj (A[ymbw H∂v) : Ihn-bq¿ apcfn

PmXnbpw aqe-[-\-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw : k\¬ taml≥

bqWn‰v 2

ssP\-_u-≤-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-Pm-Xn-hn-cp-≤-k-a-c-߃, ]Xn-tcm-[-߃, \thm-∞m-\-

L´w: sshIp-WvTkzman, ssX°m´v Aømhv, \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, Aø-¶mfn, N´-

ºn-kzm-an, s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥, \thm-∞m-\-km-ln-Xyw, Ie-˛-s]m-´≥sX-øw,

sNß-∂q-cm-Xn, B[p-\n-IX: s]mXp-a-fi-e-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

PmXn-e-£Ww : \mcm-b-W-Kpcp

tIc-f-\-thm-∞m\w Hcp am¿IvknÃvho£Ww,

k©nI H∂v : ]n. -tKm-hn-µ-∏n≈

s]m´≥sXøw: Adp-°-s∏´ \m°pw hm°pw : ]n.- ]-hn-X≥

ZfnXv]T\w: kzXzw kwkvIm-cw kmln-Xyw : ]Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v

bqWn‰v 3

Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃˛Bi-bm-h-en-Iƒ, Iogm-f-kw⁄-I-fpsS NcnXw, hnIm-kw˛Io-

gm-f-N-cn-X-]-T\w˛]Xn-\n-[m-\-]-T\w:-kz-Xzw, I¿Xr-Xzw-˛-A-]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw:

^m≥kv ^m\≥, KmbXn kv]nhm-°v, Im©-C-f-ø, enw_-se, Hmwsh-Zv. am[y-a

]Xn-\n-[m\-߃˛t]mÃvsIm-tfm-Wn-b¬hn-a¿i-w,kwkvIm-c-hn-a¿iw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Iogm-f-]-T-\-ß-fpsS NcnXw Npcp-°-Øn¬ : ]m¿Ym Nm‰¿Pn

B[p-\n-I-Xbpw AXn-cp-Ifpw : tKm]m¬Kpcp

ae-bmfam[y-a-ß-fnse ZfnXv (A)km∂n-[yw : jmPn tP°_v

81

bqWn‰v 4

Iogm-f-ss]-Xr-Iw-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[-\w-˛-tZ-io-b-X-Ifpw kmaq-ly-P-\m-b-Ø-

h¬°-c-W-hpw-˛-tI-c-fo-b-Xbpw Iogm-fss]-Xr-I-ßfpw˛kmln-Xyw, Ncn-

Xw˛cm„o-bw˛htc-Wy-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-a-fi-ew -A-\p- q-XnI-fpsS temIw˛B-tKm-

f-X-bpsS kq£va-`u-Xn-Iw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

ImWp-∂o-tem-c-£-chpw : s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥

tIcfNcnXcN\: Zen-X-cpsS CSw : sI.-sI. sIm®v

kc-kz-Xot£Xw:h¿Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hmMvabw : kPnX, sI.-B¿.-

klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃

Awt_-Zv°¿, _n.B¿., 1996, Awt_-ZvI¿ kºq¿W IrXn-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:

tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Dam-N-I-h¿Øn, 2008, PmXnsb enwK-h-XvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr`qan

_pIvkv.

Hmwsh‰v, Kbn¬, 2009, Awt_-ZvI¿: Hcp ]_p≤C¥y-bv°m-bn, tIm´-bw:

s]≥Kzn≥-˛-a-t\m-c-a.

Hmwsh‰ v , Kbn¬, 2010 , ZfnX vNn¥-Iƒ (X¿P-a) , tIm -g n -t°mS v :

amXr-`q-an _pIvkv.

Im© F-eø, 2004, FcpatZio-b-X, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _p-Ivkv.

Im© F-eø, 2008 , Rms\-¥p -sIm≠v Hcp lnµp -h -√, tIm´bw:

Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Ip™m-a≥, Fw., 1990, tIc-f-Øns‚ hnI-k\]Xn-k-‘n, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

sIm®v, sI.sI., 2011, _p≤-\n-te-°p≈ Zqcw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

sIm®v, sI.sI., 2012, tIcfNcnXw: kmaq-ly -cq-]o-I-c-Ww, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIc-f-`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

InkvXy≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿ Zn ÃUn Hm^v dneo-Pn-b≥ B≥Uv skmssk-‰n.

KwKm-[-c≥ (F-Un.), 1999, PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-m-]-T-\-߃, Xriq¿: P\-Iob]kn-

≤o-I-cWw.

tPm¨ hn¬k¨, 2006, C¥y≥ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ (hnh: F.F≥. kXy-Zm-kv),

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: Btcm- _pIvkv.

tPymXn -dm -hp, ^pse (hnh: F.F≥. kXy-Zm -kv), 2007, ASn -aØw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: \yqC¥ym ]ªn-tjgvkv.

Zmtam-Z-c≥, F≥.sI., 1990, Ah-Xm-cnI-, ]pe-hrØw, kc-k-Ihn Ce-hp-¥n´:

aqe¿ kvamc-I- I-Ωn-‰n.

Zo]Iv kmƒhv, 2008, a\p-hm-Zn-hn-cp≤Bi-b-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw C¥y-bn¬,

cmtPjv Nnd-∏m´v (F-Un.) ZfnXv h¿Ø-am-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ssaXn _pIvkv.

]Wn-°¿, sI.-Fw., k¿Zm¿,- 1962, tIc-f-N-cnXw, sIm-√w: Fw.Fkv. _p°v

Unt∏m.

82

]≈-Øv, sP.sP., 1993, ZfnXvhntam-N\w ka-kybpw kao-£-bpw, IÆq¿:

kwkvIrXn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

]Zo-]≥, ]mºn-cn-°p-∂v, 2009, ZfnXv]T\w: kzXzw, kwkvIm-cw, kmln-Xyw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

]Zo-]≥, ]mºn-cn-°p-∂v, 2011, ZfnXvkuµ-cy-im-kvXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

_m_p-cmPv, sI.sI., 2006, km¶¬]nIkmam-Py-Øns‚ ]X\w, Zfn-X-]m-X-

Iƒ, Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ssk≥ _pIvkv.

_m-_p-cmPv, sI.-sI., 2003, as‰mcp PohnXw km[y-amWv, tIm´bw: k_vPIvSv

B‚ v emwtKz-Pv ]kv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.sI., 2004, PmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-Xhpw, Xriq¿:

Id‚ v _pIvkv.

`mkvIc-\p-Æn, ]n., 2000, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tIcfw, Xriq¿: tIc-f-

km-lnXyA°m-Z-an.

`mkvI¿, _n.B¿.]n., 2000, AZriycmIp∂ ZenX¿, IemIuapZn hmcn-I, 1269:

31˛34.

at\m-Pv, Fw._n., 2008, AZ¿iw, BZ¿iw FgpØv Ahÿ: ZfnXvkmlnXy]T-

\-߃, sIm®n: ]WX _pIvkv.

at\m-Pv, Fw._n. (-F-Un.), 2009, ZfnXv]T-\-߃, tIm´-bw: ZfnXv sk‚¿ t^m¿

tkmjy¬ Iƒ®-d¬ C\n-tjy‰o-hvkv.

at\m-Pv, Fw._n. (-F-Un.), 2011, tZiw tZin am¿Kw:kmln-Xy-sa∂ D]m-Zm\

kma-Kn, tIm´bw: ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.

apc-fn, Ihn-bq¿, 1997, ZenXv`mj, tIm´-bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

apc-fn, Ihn-bq¿, 1997, Zen-X¿s°-gp-Xnb kphn-ti-jw, tIm´-bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

apc-fo-[-c≥ s\√n-°¬, 2010, tIc-f-Pm-Xn-hn-h-c-Ww, sNß-∂q¿: sdbv≥t_m.

tb-ip-Zm-k≥, Sn.Fw., 1997, ZfnXvkzXz-hpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]iv\hpw, Nß\m-

t»-cn: B¬a≠v _pIvkvv.

cLp, sP., 2008, tZi-cm-„hpw lnµpsImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-hpw, tIm´-bw:

k_vPIv‰v B≥Uv emwtKzPv ]kv.

cma -N - µ≥\mb¿, ]´w, 1987 , \mb¿kap -Zm -b -Øns‚ CXn -lmkw,

Xncph\¥]pcw: kmln-Xy-thZn.

cma-N-µ≥\m-b¿, ASq¿, 2002, ASn-aØw tIc-f-Øn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ]`mXv

_pIvkv.

cma-Zm-kv, sNdm-bn, 2006, Aø≥Im-fn°v BZ-c-tØm-sS, FS-h-\-°mSv: ZqXv

_pIvkv.

cmw at\ml¿ temly (hnh: hnt\mZv ]øSn), 2002, PmXnhyhÿ, IÆq¿:

AkvXm _pIvkv.

h’-e≥, hmXp-t»cn, \oe-°p-bn-ens‚ IqSv: ZenXv A`m-h-Øns‚ cm„obw,

ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tP¿W¬ 15, P\p-hcn˛G]n¬ 2013.

thWptKm]me≥, sI.Fw., 2012, PmXnhyhÿbpw PmXncm„obhpw,

Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.

kPn-X, sI.-B¿.,- 2012, Zfn-X-a-£-c-kw-bp-‡w...-, Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ]-cn-[n.

k\¬ taml≥, 2008, PmXnbpw aqe-[-\-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw, cmtPjv Nnd-∏m´v

(FUn.), ZfnXvh¿Ø-am\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ssaXn _pIvkv.

83

kenw-Ip-am¿, sI.Fw., 2008, ZfnXv]XybimkvXhpw kap-Zm-b-h¬°-c-W-hpw,

tIm´bw: Fw. ]hn-X≥ kvamcI ZfnXv]T-\- tI-µw.

kenw-Ip-am¿, sI.Fw., 2011, s\Kn-‰yq-Uv, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

kÆn, Fw. I]n-°mSv (F-Un.), 2005, sslµh^mkn-k-Øns‚ hn]XvkqN-

\Iƒ, tIm´-bw: \yqGPv _pIvkv.

kpIp-am-c≥, I√-d, 1994, ]q\m-°-cmdpw ZfnXv]Xy-b- im-kvX-hpw.

kp\oXnIpam¿, Nm‰¿Pn (hnh. sI.]n. cmtPµ≥), 2000, ZmhnUw, Xncp-h-

\¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

kpknXmcp, kRvPohv, Fkv. (FUn), 2007, Iogmf]T\߃, tIm´bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

tkmaZØ≥, 1986, h¿Whpw PmXnbpw, ]¥fw, ]pkvXI]km-[I kwLw.

sdmho-\, sP\n, 2011, sXΩm-Sn-Ifpw Xºp-cm°≥amcpw: ae-bmf kn\n-abpw

BW-Ø-ß-fpw, tIm´-bw: k_vPIv‰v B≥Uv emwtKzPv ]kv.

Ambedkar, B.R., 1936, Annihilation of Caste, Delhi: Navayana.

Anand Teltumbde, 2010, Khairlanji A Strange and Bitter Crop, Delhi: Navayana.

Anitha, B.K., 2000, Village, Caste and Education, Jaipur: Rawat Publications.

Arjun Dangle (Ed), 2009, Poisoned Bread, Orient Blackswan.

Arjun Dangle (Ed), 1992, A Corpse in the Well: Translations from Modern Marathi,

Dalit Autobiographies, Sangam Books.

Arundhati Roy, 2011, I'd rather not be Anna (Article), The Hindu, 22 August.

Basham, A.L., 1999, A Cultural History of India, Oxford University Press.

Bernadatte, Casey, 2002, Television Studies:The Key Concepts, Psychology Press.

Boundurand Joan (ed), 1973, Harijan : A journal of Applied Journalism, New York:

Garland Publications.

Castells, Manuel, 2009, The Power of Identity: The Information Age: Economy,

Society and Culture, Vol II, Wiley & Blackwell.

Channa, V.C., 1979, Caste: Identity and Continuity, Delhi: BR Publishing Corpora-

tion.

Croteau, David Rand and William D. Hoynes, 2002, Media/Society: Industries, Im-

ages and Audiences, Sage Publications.

84

MU CHS E.. ss]Xr-I-hym-Jym\w

bqWn‰v 1

hymJym-\-X-¥-߃˛ss]XrIhymJym\w˛hymJym\w A¿tYm¬∏m-Z-\-]-Inb

F∂ \ne-bn¬- -⁄m-t\m¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ coXn-im-kvXw˛Adnhv F∂ kmwkvIm-

cn-I-]-tbm-Khpw \n¿an-Xn-bpw˛hymJym-\hpw hna¿i-\-hpw, hymJym-\w-˛hna¿i-

\m-fl-I-⁄m\w, A¿Y-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-im-kvXw, hymJym-\-im-kvXw-˛k-hn-ti-j-

⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn˛`mc-Xobhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb ] -h-߃, ]Y-߃- hnNm-c-߃,

hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃. ss]Xr-I-]-T-\hpw hymJym-\-hpw-˛-hym-Jym-\-X-¥-߃-- - hyh-

lm-cm-]-K-Y-\w˛cm„o-b-A-t_m-[w ˛ ss]XrIw Hcp \n¿an-Xn˛hym-Jym-\m-kq-

X-Ww -(interpretive planning)˛-Bƒ°q-´-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ Adn-hp-ti-J-c-Ww

(crowd sourcing)-˛kwkvIm-c-hn-a¿iw˛tIm-f-\n-b-\-¥-c-hn-a¿iw. DIKW ]nc-anUv.

bqWn‰v 2

X∑

ss]-Xr-I-hn-\n-a-b-tI-µ-߃˛]mc-º-cy-A-dn-hp-I-fpsS tImUo-I-c-Whpw

hymJym-\hpw -alm-hn-⁄m-\-ß-fpsS hna¿i-\hpw hnt—-Z-hpw˛ C©n-am-Xr-Ibn-

ep≈ hf¿®-˛ -kz -Xz -Øns‚ D’-ho -I -c -Ww. ss]XrIw: ]Z¿i-\w,

hymJym\w˛ss]XrIw Hcp hyh-lm-cw˛ X∑-bpsS \n¿an-Xn, \n¿h-N-\w, km[q-

I-cWw ˛ kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬, `mhnsb \n¿an-°p∂ Ncn-Xw-˛-

`m-hn-bpsS Ncn-Xw, `mhnsb \n¿an-°p∂ Hm¿a-Iƒ-˛-`m-hn-bpsS Hm¿a, Hm¿a-

Iƒ F∂ Ncn-Xw, P\-X-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-Zhn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ aqe-[-\w-˛-ss]Xr-

Ihpw Bkq-X-Whpw

bqWn‰v 3

tZio-b-X-˛-hw-io-b-X-˛-Pm-Xo-bX, khn-tij tZi-sØbpw P\-X-I-sfbpw

kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \n¿an-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-bp-‡n-˛-hy-h-lm-cw-˛-]-Xy-b-im-

kvXw F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ss]Xr-Iw. tZio-b-X-bpsS kq£va-`u-Xn-Iw-˛-tZ-iw,

hwiw, cm„w˛\n¿am-W-bp-‡n˛ \m-´p-X-\n-a-Iƒ°v ssh⁄m-\n-I-X-bpsS cq]o-

I-c-W-Øn-ep≈ ]¶v.

bqWn‰v 4

ta¬ N¿® sNbvX Bi-b-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hnhn[ hymJym-\-X-¥-

ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v khn-tij tIc-fo-b-am-Xr-I-Iƒ hymJym-\n®v ]T-\-tcJ Xøm-

dm-°p-I. A≤ym-]-I-cpsS am¿K-\n¿t±-i-Øn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp hnj-b-

sØ-°p-dn®v ]Øv ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmØ ]T-\-tcJbmWv Xøm-dm-t°≠Xv.

k¶¬∏\w, ]T-\-ta-J-e, coXn-im-kvXw, ]q¿h-]-T-\-߃ F∂nh hy‡-ambn

]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-h-bm-IWw ]T-\-߃.

85

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Dilthey, Wilhelm, 1977, Descriptive Psychology and Historical Understanding, The

Hague, Nijhoff.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 1989, Truth and Method, London: Sheed and Ward.

Jameson, Fredric, 1981, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Sym-

bolic Act, New York: Cornell University Press.

Lowenthal, David, 1998, Fabricating Heritage: History and Memory, Vol. 10, IUP.

Raphael, Samuel, 2012, Theatres of Memory, London: Verso.

Ricoeur, Paul, 1970, Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation, New Ha-

ven: Yale University Press.

Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 1998, Hermeneutics and Criticism, Cambridge Univer-

sity Press.

Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 1977, Hermeneutics:The Handwritten Manu-

scripts, (Ed. Heinz Kimmerle), Missoula: Scholars Press.

Ipdn∏v:

kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw, ss]-XrI-hyh-km-bw,

ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m-\o-bw F∂nhbpsS KŸ-kqNn H∏w ImWp-I.

86

MU CHS E... ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw (Heritage Industry)

BapJw

BtKm-f-X-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ temIØv hnI-kn-®p-h-cp∂ am\-hn-

I-im-kvX-ta-J-ebpw hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-bp-amWv ss]Xr-I-hy-h-km-bw. A°mZ-

an-I-]-T-\-]-≤Xn, kmaq-ly-hn-a¿iw, kmw-kvIm-cnI]I-S\w F∂o \ne-I-fn¬

CXv C∂v ]k-‡-am-Wv. CXns‚ ssh⁄m-\n-I-kz-cq-]hpw Ncn-Xhpw ]tbm-

K-ta-J-e-Ifpw KmV-]-T-\-Øns\Sp°p-I-bmWv e£yw.

bqWn‰v 1

ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw F∂ ]cn-I¬∏\: \n¿h-N-\w, Ncn-Xw, kn≤m¥w, hni-

Zo-I-c-Ww˛]-tbm-K-am-Xr-I-Iƒ-˛tdm_¿´v lyqbn-k≥, temh-¥mƒ, bqdn XpS-

ßn-b-h-cpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃, kn≤m-¥o-I-c-W-߃-˛-hr-Øn-h¬°-c-Ww

(sanitisation), kuµ-cy-h¬°-c-Ww (aestheticising) F∂o k¶¬∏-\-߃-˛-ss]-

Xr-Ihpw qXhpw: qX-Imew Hcp adp-\m-Sv-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-`q-]-Sw-˛-`q-X-Im-e-Øns‚

DZm-Øo-I-c-Ww-˛h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ \n¿an-Xn˛BtKm-f-Xbpw ss]Xr-I-hpw:- ss]-

Xr-I-®q-Xv (heritage baiting)˛kΩ-tXm¬∏m-Z-\w-˛Hm¿a-I-fpsS \n¿amWw.

bqWn‰v 2

ss]Xr-Iw, hn]Wn, Sqdn-kw: -ss]-Xr-Ihpw Ima\m\n¿amWhpw˛ss]XrIw

F∂ Krlm-Xp-c-X-˛-Sq-dnkw Krlm-Xp-cXzw B[n-Im-cn-IX: `qX-_-‘-ßfpsS

Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-hpw Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-Øns‚ qX-_-‘-ßfpw˛kw-Lm-S-\-Øns‚ Krlm-

Xp-c-X-, -KrlmXpc-X-bpsS kwLm-S-\w˛Imew/]mbw F∂ kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-]m-

Zm-\w (cultural artifact)-˛-]p-cm-h-kvXp-]-c-amb B[n-Im-cn-I-X- (authenticity)˛-

B[nImcn-IXm]Zhn-bpsS \n¿amWw/A]-\n¿amWw˛ss]Xr-I-]-I-S-\w-˛-kmw-

kvIm-cn-I-]-I-S-\w- -ss]-Xr-tIm-]-t`m-Kw˛SqdnÃv Xpdn-®p-t\m- w -(gaze)˛-N-cn-X-Øn-

te-°p≈ Xpdn-®p-t\m-´w -(gaze on history)˛-N-cn-Xw, tZiw, cm„w, tZi-cm„w

F∂n-h-bpsS ]p\¿hn-`m-h-\w-˛-A-`n-cp-Nn-I-fpsS BtKm-fX: i-cocw Sqdnkw

ss]XrIw

bqWn‰v 3

ka-Im-en-I-tem-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ ss]Xr-I-hn-]-W-\w, kwkvIm-c-Sq-dn-kw (Cultural

Tourism), Sqdn-kw-ta-J-em-cq-]o-I-cWw (Packages). Sqdn-kwkmlnXyw (Tourism

Literature)˛hn-hn[ amXr-I-Iƒ, Sqdn-kw-˛-]Xn-—m-bm-\n¿am-Ww-˛-ss]-Xr-I-t^m-t´m-

Iƒ,- ss]-Xr-I-Nn-X߃, ss]-Xr-I-t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ, ss]-Xr-I-]c-ky-߃, kph-

\o-dp-Iƒ, Sqdn-Ãp-I-fpsS Xma-kw, £-Ww, NnIn’, Sqdnkw hgn-Im- ¬ -(tourism

guiding)˛-Im-tW-≠-h, Icp-tX-≠-h-˛-]m-tbm-Kn-I-]-cn-io-e\w

87

bqWn‰v 4

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ ss]Xr-I-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚km[y-X-Iƒ-˛-

sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, tIc-fo-b-kµ¿`Øns‚ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-T-\w. tIc-fo-b-am-Xr-

I-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn ]T-\-tcJ Xøm-dm-°-Ww.

-klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

kvIdnb k°-dnb, 2015, ss]Xr-I-]-T\w: apkn-cnkv ss]Xr-I-]-≤Xn ap≥\n¿Øn

Hcp ho≠p-hn-Nm-cw, Xm]kw, hmeyw 9, e°w 1˛4, 2013- Pq-sse-˛2014 -G-]n¬.

Alsua A., J. OíLeary and A. Morrison (ed), 1989, Cultural and Heritage Tourism.

Ascherson, N ., 1987, Why Heritage is Right-Wing, London: Observer.

Boym, Svetlana, 2001, Future of Nostalgia, Basic books.

Brett, D., 1996, The Construction of Heritage, Cork, University Press.

Dicks, B., 2000, Heritage, Place and Community, University of Wales Press.

Gay, Paul Du, 1997, Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of Sony Wakman, London:

Sage.

Helmut, Anheire, 2011, Heritage, Memory and Identity, London: Sage.

Hewison, Robert, 1987, The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline, London:

Metheun Publishing Ltd.

Hewison, Robert, 2014, Cultural Capital : The Rise and Fall of Creative Britain,

London: Verso.

Johnson, Nuala, 1999, Framing the past: time, Space and the Politics of Heritage

Tourism in Ireland.

Lefebvre, Henri, 1983, Everyday life in the Modern World, New Brunswick.

Lefebvre, H., 1991, Critique of Everyday Life, Vol. I, London: Verso.

Lowenthal, David, 1985, The Past as a Foreign Country, OUP.

Lowenthal, David, 1998, Fabricating Heritage: History and Memory, Indiana Uni-

versity Press.

Lowenthal, David, 1998, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, CUP.

Macdonald, S., 2007, On Old Thingsí: The Fetishization of Past Everyday life in L.

Smith (ed) Cultural Heritage: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural studies,

London: Routledge.

Mitchell, T., 2004, Orientalism and the Exhibitionary Order, in D. Preziosi & C. J.

Farago (eds) Grasping the World: The Idea of the Museum, 442-460, Aldershot:

Ashgate.

Mitchell, T., 2006, The Lost World of British Communism, London: Verso.

Raphael, Samuel, 1984, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary

Culture, London: Verso.

Raphael, Samuel, 1995, Theme Parks-Why Not?: History is everybody's, The

Independent,London.

Reas, P., & Cosgrove, S., 1993, Flogging a Dead Horse: Heritage Culture and its

Role in Post-industrial Britain, Manchester: Cornerhouse Publications.

88

Renfrew Colin, 2000, Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Archae-

ology.

Ricoeur, Paul , 2004, Memory, History, Forgetting, University of Chicago.

Riddell, P., 1989, The Thatcher Decade: How Britain has changed during the 1980s,

Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Rodney, Harrison, 2004, Understanding the Politics of Heritage, Manchester Uni-

versity Press.

Shulman, David, 2012, More than Real : A History of the Imagination in South India,

Harvard University Press.

Smith, Laurajane (ed), 2007, Cultural Heritage: Critical Concepts in Media And

Cultural Studies IV vols., London and New York: Routledge, .

Smith, Laurajane (ed), 2006, Uses of Heritage, London: Routledge.

Urry, John, 1990, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies,

London: Sage Publications.

Waitt, Gordon, 2000, Consuming Heritage: Perceived historical authenticity, An-

nals of Tourism Research, Vol. 27.

Walsh, Kevin, 1992, The Representation of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the

Post-Modern World, London: Routledge.

Walsh, Kevin, 2013, The Archaeology of Mediterranean Landscapes, London:

Routledge.

Wright, Patrick, 1985, On Living in an Old Country, The National Past in Contempo-

rary Britain, London: Verso.

Ipdn∏v:

kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw, ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m-\o-bw,

F∂nhbp-sS KŸ-kqNn H∏w ImWp-I.

89

MU CHS E.. tIc-fo-b-sshZyw

`mc-Xo-b-ssh-Zy-sØ-°p-dn®pw tIc-fob sshZy-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ kmam-\ym-h-

t_m-[-ap-≠m-°p-I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. ChnsS Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-

tIm¬∏-∂-sa∂ \nebv°mWp Xt±-io-b-amb ico-c-c-£m-X-¥-ßsf a\-n-em-

°p-∂Xpw B taJ-e-bnse Ne-\-ßsf Ncn-X-]-c-ambn hni-I-e\w sNøp∂Xpw.

bqWn‰v 1

Bbp¿th-tZm¬∏Øn ˛ sFXn-ly-ßfpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Im¿∞w ˛ tZh-tem-I-

Øp-\n∂p a\p-jy-tem-I-Øn-te°v ˛ Cµ-\n¬\n∂p `c-Zzm-P-\n-te°v ˛ injy-]-

c-º-c-I-fn-eqsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ thZ-ß-fnse sshZyw ˛ a¥u-j-[-Nn-

In-’-Iƒ ˛ kwln-X-I-fpsS hchv ˛ imkvX-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v ˛ _u≤-_‘w ˛

`c-W-Iq-Shpw tcmK-c-£bpw ˛ Atim-Is‚ Kn¿\m¿ imk\w ˛ Bbp¿thZ--

Øns‚ ]Nm-c-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Bbp¿th-tZm¬∏-Øn, Bbp¿thZw Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬°qSn

(-B-bp¿th-Z-N-cn-Xw, F≥hn IrjvW≥Ip´n hmcn-

b¿)

bqWn‰v 2

]mtZ-in-I-ssh-Zyhpw tcmK-]-Xn-tcm-[hpw ˛ ]g-¥-angv ]m´p-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-

Iƒ, sFXn-ly-߃ Ch-bnse sshZy-imkvXmht_m[w ˛ BZy-Im-e-a-Wn-]-

hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fntebpw hntZ-i-k-©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fntebpw ]cm-a¿i-߃

˛ tIc-fo-b-ssh-Zy-Pm-Xn-Iƒ ˛ kn≤-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ bq\m-\n-Nn-In’ ˛ kwln-Xm-

K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS ]Nm-chpw Ah-bpsS `mjm-cq-]-ßfpw ˛ sshZy-a-Wn-]-hmfw ˛

]mtZ-in-I-h-g-°-ß-fn-te°v ˛ Be-Øq¿ aWn-]-hm-fw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

BapJw ˛ Be-Øq¿ aWn-]-hmfw

bqWn‰v 3

tIc-fob_u≤-]m-c-º-cyhpw hnizm-k-Nn-In-’bpw ˛ Hm®n-d, Xncp-hn-g, XIgn,

Ghq¿ t£X-߃ ˛ FSXzm ]≈n. Kpcp-hm-bq-cns‚ hmX-l-cXzw ˛ _m“-

Wm-[n-]-Xyw, cmPm-[n-]-Xyw, amlm-fly-h-XvI-cWw AjvS-ssh-Zy-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-

s∏-S¬ ˛ sFXn-ly-ß-fpsS s]mcpƒ ˛ Krl-ssh-Zyhpw If-cn-ssh-Zyhpw -˛

a¿a-Nn-In-’. sshZy-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ Po¿WX ˛ NmIym¿Iq-Øn-tebpw a¥m-

¶-Øn-tebpw hna¿i-\-߃ ˛ tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°kv ˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw

Xt±-io-b-amb Adn-hp-I-fpsS ]m¿izh¬°-c-W-hpw.

90

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tIc-f-Ønse _p≤-a-X-]m-c-ºcyw

\m´-dn-hp-I-fn-eqsS ˛ 4, 5 A[ym-b-߃ : APp \mcm-bW-≥

a¿a-hn-Zybpw If-cn-Nn-In-’bpw ˛ If-cn-∏-b‰v

tIc-f-Øns‚ i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw : sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿

bqWn‰v 4

tImf-\n-°m-esØ ⁄m\m-fl-I-kw-L¿j-߃ ˛ ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zy-Øns‚

hchpw ]Nm-chpw ˛ tlman-tbm-˛-A-tem-∏Xn sshZy-߃ ˛ BtcmKy-k-¶¬-

]Øn¬h∂ am‰w ˛ \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ timjWw ˛ ]Xn-tcm-[-i-a-߃ ˛

A°m-Z-an-I-]-T-\-Øn-te°v ˛ ae-_m-dn-tebpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-tebpw ]mT-im-

e-Iƒ ˛ ]m®p-aq-ØXpw ]n.Fkv hmcn-bcpw AjvS-ssh-Zy-Ip-Spw-_-ßfpw ˛

tIm´-°¬ Bcy-ssh-Zy-im-e ˛ Huj-[-\n¿am-W-Øns‚ hyh-km-b-h¬°-cWw

˛ ]mtZ-in-I-sshZyw kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cC¥y-bn¬ ˛ BtKm-f-]-k‡n ˛ ka-K-

ssh-Zy-Øn-te°v.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

\m´p-ssh-Zyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ta¬t°m-bvabpw : sI.F≥. ]Wn-°¿

kaK-sshZyw : tUm. sI. am[-h≥Ip´n

klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃

Aa-c-tImiw, ]mc-ta-iz-co-hy-mJym-\w, F≥._n.-Fkv. ]Xn∏v.

tKm]n-\m-Y≥\m-b¿, F≥., DÆn-b-®o-N-cnXw (hym.) DÆn-bm-So-N-cnXw (hym.)

DÆn-®n-cp-tX-ho-N-cnXw (hym.) DÆp-\o-en-k-tµiw (hym.).

sNdn-b-\m-cm-b-W≥\-ºq-Xncn, sshZy-aTw, Bbp¿th-Z-Øns‚ tIc-fob A\p-

jvTm-\-]m-c-ºcyw.

]Wn-°¿, sI.F≥., sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿: tIcfkmln-Xy-

A-°m-Zan.

am[-h≥Ip´n, sI., ka-K-sshZyw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.B¿. (hym.), Be-Øq¿ aWn-]-hmfw, tIm´-°¬: Bcy-

ssh-Zy-im-e.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.B¿., Atim-Is‚ [¿a-im-k-\-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

hmcn-b¿, F≥.hn.sI., Bbp¿th-Z-N-cnXw, tIm´-bv°¬: Bcy-ssh-Zy-im-e.

hnP-b-Ip-am¿, sI., If-cn-∏-b‰v tIc-f-Øns‚ i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw, Xncph\-

¥-]pcw: kmwkvIm-cn-I -]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip∏v.

i¶pÆn, sIm´mcØn¬, 2011, sFXn-ly-ame.

Kenneth G. Zysk, Motilal, 2000, Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine

in the Buddhist Monastery (Indian Medical Tradition Vol. II), Delhi: Banarsidass Pub-

lications Pvt. Ltd.

Niranjana Devi, R. Dr., 2006, Medicine in South India, Chennai: Saujanya Books.

91

MU CHS E.. sF°-tWm-Km^n

]T-t\mt±iyw

]pØ≥]p-Xp-a-bpsS kµ¿`-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®p-h-cp∂ A]-K-Y-\m-fl-I-]-

T\]≤XnbmWv sF°-tWm-Km^n (Iconography) AYhm Nn”-hn-⁄m\w.

sF°¨ F∂m¬ _nw_w, hnKlw Fs∂√mw ae-bm-fw. -Km^n F∂m¬

FgpØv, A¶-\w, hnh-cWw Fs∂√mw hnh-£. _nw_m-fl-I-amb FgpØv

F∂v sF°-tWm-Km^nsb kwt£-]n-°mw. _nw_-hn-⁄m-\obw, hnK-l-hn-

⁄m-\obw F∂o ae-bm-f-sam-gn-Ifpw km[y-am-Wv. ]Xn-\n-[m-\-Øns‚ kq£va-

`u-XnIw (microphysics of power) A]-K-Yn-°p∂ ]T-\-]-≤Xn F∂v AXp-

sIm≠v sF°-tWm- Km -^nsb kq£vao -I -cn -°mw.CXns‚ NcnXw,

XmXznIkzcq]w, coXnimkvXw ]tbmKw F∂nh ]cn-Nbs∏SpØpIbmWv

tImgvkns‚ e£yw. `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb kµ¿`-߃ A]-K-Yn-

°p∂Xpƒs∏sS \mev bqWn‰pIfmbn tImgvkv hn`mh\w sNbvXncn°p∂p.

bqWn‰v 1

sF°¨ F∂ ]cn-I¬∏-\-bpsS s]mcpƒ-˛-A¿Yw, \n¿h-N-\w, [¿aw, hni-Zo-

I--cWw˛sF°-tWm-Km^n F∂ ]T-\-]-≤Xn˛hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn, coXn-imkvXw

F∂o \ne-Iƒ˛ NcnXw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbm-Kw˛ hnIm-k]Y-߃˛CXc hyh-

lm-c-ß-fp-am-bp≈ hn\n-a-b-߃: in¬∏,- Nn-X-I-em-]-T-\-ß-fn¬˛Be-b-L-S-\-

I-fn¬, am\-hn-I-im-kvX-]-T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ sF°-tWm-Km-^n-bpsS CS-s]-

S¬˛ssh⁄m-\n-I-Xbn¬. sF°-tWm-Km-^n Hcp coXn-im-kvX-w, XmXznI-k-

ao-]\w F∂o \ne-I-fn¬.

bqWn‰v 2

sF°-tWm-Km-^nbpw B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xbpw: B[p-\n-Ihpw B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-

c-hp-amb k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬ CXns‚ hnIm-k-]-Y-߃-˛-L-S-\-˛-L-S-\m-\-¥-c-Nn-¥-

bpsS kmaq-ly-]-cn-k-chpw sF°-tWm-Km-^n-bnse hnNm-c-am-Xr-Im-hy-Xn-bm-

\-hpw (paradigm shift)˛`mjm-im-kvXm-`n-ap-Jyw (linguistic turn)˛CXchn⁄m-\-

]-≤-Xn-I-fp-am-bp≈ hn\n-a-b-߃: sF°-tWm-Km-^nbpw Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-

bhpw˛ ss]Xr-I-]-T-\w, \c-hw-i-im-kvXw, Ncn-Xw, ]pcm-h-kvXp-im-kvXw,

kwkvIm-cw, t^mIvtem¿˛-km-aq-ln-I-im-kvXw-˛-NcnXw-˛a\:imkvXw˛kmº-

ØnI-imkvXw˛kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w˛Sqdn-kw-]-T-\w˛\h-am-[y-a߃˛ayq-kn-b-hn-

⁄m-\w, hy-h-lm-cm-]-K-Y-\w (discourse analysis).˛A¥¿hn-⁄m-\ob

(interdisciplinary)hpw _lp-hn-⁄m-\o-b- (multy disciplinary)hp-amb kao-]-

\߃˛cm-„o-b-A-t_m-[ (political unconscoius)hpw sF°-tWm-Km-^n-bpw˛hr-

Øn-h¬°-c-Ww -(sanitisation) ˛- ku-µ-cy-h¬°-cWw (aesthetisisation) F∂o

Bi-b-]-tbm-K-߃.

92

bqWn‰v 3

sF°-tWm-Km-^nbpw ZØ-kw-hn-[m-\hpw˛ ZØ-߃: ]p\¿hn-Nm-c-W-bpsS

]iv\-߃-˛-ZØw: ]Zw, A¿Yw, s]mcpƒ, hnh-£-Iƒ-˛-ZØw F∂ \n¿an-Xn-˛-

kmwkvI-cn-Iw, -N-cn-Xmfl-Iw, -cm-„obw F∂o kµ¿`-ß-fpsS \n¿an-Xn-sb∂

\ne-bn¬-˛hy-h-lm-camXr-I-Iƒ (discourse models): Bcv, Btcm-Sv, F¥n-\v,

Ft∏mƒ, Fßs\˛-]-I-c-W-\n-jvT-Xm-hm-Zw-˛-hym-hlcnI-]-`mhw (discoursive

effect) ˛ -ZØ-߃: \n¿h-N-\w, hni-Zo-I-c-Ww, \n¿am-Ww, km[q-I-c-Ww -˛-

ZØ-ti-J-c-Ww-˛-s]m-cpƒXn-cn-°¬-˛-Nn-´-s∏-SpXX¬-˛-]-´n-I-X-øm-dm-°¬-˛-kw-hn-

[m\w.

bqWn‰v 4

ta¬ kqNn-∏n® ]T-\-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb

kmwkvIm-cn-I-_nw-_-߃ A]-K-Yn-°p-I-˛-_nw-_-߃: tcJ-Iƒ-,hm°pIƒ-,

Zr-iy-߃, i–߃, B-ib߃, hkvXp-°ƒ, hkvXp-X-Iƒ˛inhw, k-Xyw,

kuµ-cyw, bmYm¿Yyw XpS-ßnb KW-ß-fpsS \n¿an-Xnbpw sF°-Wpw. `mc-

Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-ß-ƒ sF°-W-I-sf∂ \ne-bn¬-˛-A-h-

bpsS A]-K-Y\w: ]tZ-iw,-tZ-iw, tZio-b-X, tZi-cm-„w, Blm-cw, thjw,

]m¿∏nSw,- hrØn-io-e-߃. -Po-hn-X-k-µ¿`-߃: hkvXp-°ƒ˛h-kvXp-X-Iƒ-

˛kwkvIm-c-cq-]-I-߃-˛-kw-kvIm-c-]m-T-߃-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-ÿm]߃-˛-cm-„o-

b-L-S-\-˛-sF-Xn-ly-߃-˛-an-Øp-Iƒ-˛-a-X-PohXw˛-a-tX-X-c-Po-hn-Xw-˛-a-X-\n-tj-[-Po-

hn-Xw-˛-a-tX-X-c-Nn-¥-Iƒ˛]tbm-K-߃,-˛IpSpw-_w-˛-hn-Zym-e-bw-˛-]m¿∏n-S-L-S-\-,-

\n¿am-W-hn-Zy-Iƒ˛tImf-\o-I-cWw: kuµ-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw hrØn-h¬°-c-W-

hpw˛s]mXp-a-fi-ew˛A\p-jvTm-\߃˛Zriy,- im-hy-I-e-Iƒ ˛ C¥y: PmXn-i-

co-c-Øn¬ \n∂v ]uc-i-co-c-Øn-te-°v ˛ C-h-bpsS sF°-Wp-Iƒ.

klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃

Awt_-Zv°¿, _n, B¿., 1999, K-h-ZvKo-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ D]-\ym-k-߃, kºq¿W-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ.

Km‘n, Fw.-sI., 1916, lnµvkzcmPv.

Bacca Murtha (ed.), 2002, An Introduction to Art, Image, Access:Issues,

Tools,Standards, Strategies, Los Angles, Getty Research Institute.

Baggley, John, 2000, Festival Icons for the Church's Year, St. Vladimirs Seminary

Press.

Banerjee, Jitendra, N., 1956, Development of Hindu Iconography, New Delhi:

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

Bansal Lal Malla, 2003, Vaishnava Art: Iconography of Kashmir, Abhinav

Publications.

Barthes, Rolland, 1972, Mythologies, London: Routledge.

Barthes, Rolland, 1977, Image, Music, Text, London: Routledge.

Bourdieu, Pierre, 1986, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste,

93

(Trans: R.Nice), Harvard University Press.

Bunge, Gabriel, 2007, The Rublev Trinity, St.Vladmir's Seminary Press.

Cawthorne, Nigel, 2000, The Art of th e Icon, Laurel Glen Press.

Cormak, Robin, 2007, Icons, Harward University Press.

Cummings, Cathleen, 2014, Decoding a Hindu Temple: Royalty and Religion in the

Iconographic Program of the Virupakasha Temple, South Asian Studies Associa-

tion.

Forest, Jim, 1997, Praying with Icons, Orbis Books.

Kosambi, D.D., 1998, Myth and Reality, Mumbai: Popular Prakasan.

Lavin, Irving, 2012, Iconography as a Humanistic Discipline (Iconography at the

Crossroads), Princeton University Press.

Maguire, Henry, 2000, The Icons of Their Bodies, Princeton University Press.

Nes, Solrunn, 2009, The Mystical Language of Icons, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing

Co.

Onasch, Konrad, 1997, Icons: The Fascination & the Reality, Reverside Books.

Peers, Glenn, 2001, Subtle Bodies: Representing Angels, University of California

Press.

Schonborn, Christopher, 2002, God's Human Face: The Christ-Icon, Ignatius Press.

Sendler, Egon, 1988, The Icon: Image of the Invisible, Oakwood Publications.

Vassilaki, Maria, Benake, Mouseion, 2000, Mother of God: representations of the

Virgins in Byzantine art, Athens, Milano: Skira.

Weitzman, Kurt, Chatzedakes, Manoles,1982, Icons, Hippocrene Books.

Williams, Raymond, 1985, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, USA:

Oxford University Press.

Zibawi, Mahmoud, 1993, Icon: Its Meaning and History, Liturgical Press.

94

MU CHS E... ]m›mXysshZyhpw

kmwkvImcn-Im-[o-i-Xzhpw

bqWn‰v 1

]m›m-Xym-K-a-\w˛_n´ojv A[n-\n-th-iw˛ tIW¬ a¨tdm Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬

˛ dmWn Kucn-e-£an mbv˛]cn-jvI-c-W-߃ hkq-cn-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ hmIvkn≥

IpØn-sh-∏v ( ) 1814 se \n¿_-‘nX IpØn-sh-∏v˛hmIvkn≥ IpØnsh∏v

Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v˛]h¿Ø-\-߃: ae-_m-dnse hkqcnIpØn-sh∏v ]h¿Ø-\-

ß-ƒ˛ÿm]-\-߃.

bqWn‰v 2

]m›mXysshZy ÿm]-\-߃ : Unkvs]≥k-dn-Iƒ˛ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ˛ InSØn

NnIn-’-bpsS Bcw-`w˛ ]mekv Unkvs]≥k-dn-bpsS Bcw`w ˛ Xncp-h-\-¥-

]pcw P\-d¬ Bip-]-Xn˛ am\-kn-Im-tcmKy tIµw ˛IpjvT-tcm-Km-ip-]Xn XpS-

ßn-b-h.

bqWn‰v 3

anj-\-dn -amcpw ]m›mXysshZyhpw ˛ e≠≥ anj-\dn skmssk-‰n˛

Unkvs]≥kdn-Iƒ˛ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ ˛tkma¿sh-√ns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛

s\øq¿ Bip-]-Xn, Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ Kh¨sa-‚pw anj-Wdnamcpw

bqWn‰v 2

]m›mXysshZym\nth-ihpw Xt±-iob sshZy-hpw˛ ]p\-cp-RvPn-h\ ]In-b-

Iƒ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛]n.-Fkv.hmcycpw tIm´-°¬ ]ÿm-\hpw ˛ P\-Io-b-

h¬°-cW]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]m›mXysshZyØns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI A[o-iXzw

˛ sNdpØp \n¬∏p -Iƒ˛ BtKmfh¬IrXtemIØv Xt± -iob/

]m›mXysshZyhpw sshZyhn]Wnbpw.

95

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃

Irj-vW≥Ip-´n- hm-cy¿, 2002, Bbp¿th-Z-N-cnXw, tIm-´-°¬: Bcyssh-Zy-ime.

hn\-b-N-µ≥, ]n., 2000, tIc-fo-b-Nn-In’mNcnXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _p-Ivkv.

Achintya Kumar, Dutta, Chittabrata Palit (Eds), 2005, History of Medicine in India,

New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications.

Arnold, David (Ed), 1993, Colonizing the Body: Sate Medicine and Epidemic Disease

in Nineteenth Century India, University of California Press.

Arnold, David (Ed), 1996, Warm Climates and Western Medicine: The Emergence

of Tropical Medicine, 1500-1900, Rodopi.

Arnold, David (Ed), 2000, The New Combridge History of India: Vol. III to V: Science

Technology and Medicine in Colonial India, England: Cambridge University Press.

Innes, Charles Alexander,1997, Malabar Gazetteer Vol 1-2, Trivandrum, Kerala

Gazetteers Dept.

Kawashima, Koji, 2000, Missionaries and a Hindu State: Travancore, 1858- 1936,

New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Kumar, Deepak (Ed), 2001, Disease and Medicine in India : A Historical Overview,

New Delhi: Tulika Books.

Logan, William, 2001, Malabar Manual, Asian Educational Services.

Nagam Aiya.V., 1999, The Travancore State Manual: History Vol 1&2, Trivandrum:

Kerala Gazatteers Dept.

Panikkar, K.N., 2001, Culture, Ideology, Hegemony: Intellectuals and Social

Consciousness in colonial India, London: Anthem Press.

Samual, Mateer, 1871, The Land of Charity: A Descriptive Account of Travancore

and its People, with Special Reference to Missionary Labour, J. Snowden and

Company. (Orginal from University of Michigan).

Velupillai, T.K., 1940, The Travancore State Manual, Vol. 1-5, Trivandrum: Kerala

Gazatteers Dept.

96

MU CHS E.. aebm-f-N-e-®nXw: kwkvIm-chpw

ss]Xr-Ihpw

]T-t\mt±iyw

tImf-\n-B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Zriy (an-i)- Iemcq]-amWv F√m A¿Y-Ønepw Ne-

®n-Xw. tIc-f-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-s]m-Xp-a-fi-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-

\-am-bn-Øo¿∂ ]Y-a-Zr-iy-I-em-hy-h-lmcw F∂v Ne-®n-XsØ ÿm\-s∏-Sp-

Ømw. tIc-fob/ae-bm-f-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ \n¿W-b\w, \n¿h-N-\w, km[q-I-cWw

F∂n-h-bn¬ CXv \n¿h-ln-°p∂ [¿aw A]-K-Yn-®p-]-Tn-°phm≥ hnZym¿Yn-

Isf k÷-cm-°p-I-bmWv tImgvkns‚ e£yw.

bqWn‰v 1

tZio-b-Xbpw Ne-®n-X-hpw. tImf-\o-I-c-W-hp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-Jo-Ic-Ww. tZio-

b-X-bpsS Ne-®n-X-h¬°-c-Ww. C-¥y≥N-e-®n-X-am-Xr-I-Iƒ˛^m¬s°-˛-kn-\n-

a-bnse cm„o-b-`m-h-\-˛-I¬∏n-X-tZ-ihpw `q-X-Im-e-]p-\-cm-Jym-\hpw˛]p-cm-tW-

Xn-lm-k-ß-fpsS Ne-®n-Xm-hn-jvIm-c-߃, Ncn-X-]p-\-cm-Jym-\-߃-. -i-a-W-Im-

hy-kw-kvIm-chpw kn\n-a-bpw˛ `‡-I-hn-Nn-X-߃˛hn-hn[ C¥y≥`m-jm-Nn-X-

߃.

bqWn‰v 2

tZi-\n¿an-Xn- -kzm-X-¥ym-\-¥-cw- -hn- -P-\-Øns‚ cm„o-bw (-C-¥ym-]m-Ivhn- -P\w)

˛s\-lr-hn-b≥tkm-jy-en-kw, kn\n-a-bnse tZi-cm-„-\n¿an-Xn-˛-]-Xym-i-bpsS

]Xy-b-im-kvXw, kXy-PnXv dmbv, L´-°v. ]Nm-c-Wm-bp-[amIp∂ kn\n-a-˛-C]v‰,

Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnse \h-kn-\n-a-˛-A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ, bp≤-Im-em-h-ÿbpw \h-P-\-

Io-b-hm-Z-hpw.

bqWn‰v 3

Z£n-tW-¥y≥kn-\na. ]mtZ-in-I-`m-jm-kn-\n-a-I-fnse cm„-`m-h-\, tZio-b-]-

ÿm-\hpw Ne-®n-Xm-Jym-\-hpw-˛-Zm-hn-U-cm-„o-bhpw kn\n-a-bpw-˛-A-bn-tØm-®m-

S-\w˛kvXo-im-‡o-I-c-Ww-˛-km-aq-ln-I-]-ta-b-߃

bqWn‰v 4

ae-bmfkn\n-a-˛-hn-K-X-Ip-am-c≥-˛-Im-gvN-bpsS cm„o-bhpw ]uc-Xz-\n¿an-Xnbpw.

am¿Øm-fi-h¿abpw ]m-tZ-in-I-X-bpsS \hm-Jym\hpw. Aº-Xp-I-fnse ae-

bm-f-kn-\n -a -˛ -sF-Iy-tI-c-f -Øns‚ Ne-®n -X-h¬°-c-Ww, kn\n -a -bnse

tZiob]uc≥. Adp-]-Xp-I-fnse kn\n-a˛ `n∂ KW-߃, hS-°≥]m-´p-kn-\n-a-

I-fnse \h-cm-„-`m-h-\, kmln-Xyhpw kn\n-abpw˛ \mb-I-Xzw, ]mc-ºcyw F∂n-

h-bpsS A]-\n¿an-Xn˛]-cm-Pn-X-\m-b-I¿, ^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ A]-N-bw-˛-Zm-b-I-

a-Ønse A¥-c-Ww, CS-Xp-]-£-cm-„o-bw-. -\-h-kn\n-a-˛ Fgp-]-Xp-Iƒ, Ne-®n-

X-`m-j-, Xmc-hy-h-ÿ.

97

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃

Achnµ≥ h√®nd, 2010, Xnc°Y: kn\nabpsS ªq]n‚ v, tIm´bw:

Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.

BImihmWn ]t£]Ww sNbvX hnhn[ A`napJ߃.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ASq¿, 1988, kn\n-a-bpsS temIw, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an

_pIvkv.

tKm]meIrjvW≥, tNeßm´v, 2013, temIkn\nabpsS NcnXw, Xriq¿:

Id‚ v_pIvkv.

tKm]n-\m-Y≥, sI., 1996, kvXohm-Zhpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpw, kmln-Xy-temIw,

P\p-hcn˛s^_p-h-cn.

Nµ≥, sI.sI., 2008, Hcp kn\na Fßs\ D≠mIp∂p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:

Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

X¶-Ω, _n. (F-Un.), 1995, ae-bm-f-kn-\na 1928-˛1995, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ]ªnIv

dnte-j≥kv hIp∏v.

ZnhmIc≥, B¿.hn.Fw., 2005, IYbpw Xnc°Ybpw, tImgnt°mSv: Heohv.

ZnhmIc≥, B¿.hn.Fw., 2008, aebmfXnc°Y: hf¿®bpw h¿Øam\hpw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v.

\mZn¿jm, 2002, kn\na: Ifnbpw Imcyhpw.

a[p, Cdh¶c, 1999, aebmfkn\nabpw kmlnXyhpw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

aebmfkn\nabpsS 75 h¿j߃ (kn.Un. tdmw), tIcfkwÿm\ Ne®nX

A°mZan.

cho-µ≥, 2004, \oe-°p-bn-ens‚ XpS-°-߃, `mjmt]m-jnWn.

cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-F-kv., 2012, hS-°≥]m-´p-Ifpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw.

cma-N-µ≥, Pn.]n., 1998, kn\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-hpw, tIm´-bw:

F≥._n.Fkv.

cmaNµ≥\mb¿, ]∑\ (FUn.) , 2008, Ne®nX]T\߃, Xriq¿:

Id‚ v_pIvkv.

hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2007, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS IY, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an.

sh¶ntSizc≥, kn.Fkv., 2011, aebmfkn\nam]T\߃, tIm´-bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

iin, sI.hn. (F-Un.), 2012, ae-bm-f-N-e-®n-X-Km\w: Ima-\, ico-cw, tZiw,

tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.kn.Fkv.

kPojv, F≥.]n., 2007, XncaebmfØns‚ Ahÿm¥c߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

kZm\µ≥, ]n.Pn. , 2006, kn\nabpsS \oXnkmcw, Xncp -h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.

Andrew, J. Dudley, 1984, Concepts in Film Theory, Oxford University Press.

Andrew, J. Dudley, 1976, The Major Film Theories: An Introduction, USA, Oxford

University Press.

Annette, Kuhn & Guy, Westwell, 2012, A Dictionary of Film Studies, Oxford University

Press.

Arijon, Daniel, 1991, Grammar of the Film Language, Silman James Press.

98

Bazin, Andrew, 2005, What is Cinema?, California University Press.

Bluestone, George, 2003, Novels into Film, Johns Hopkins University Press.

Easthope, Antony, 1993, Contemporary Film Theory, (Longman Critical Readers),

Routledge.

Field, Syd, 2005, Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting, RHUS.

Geoffrey, Athelling Wagner, 1975, The novel and the cinema, Fairleigh Dickinson

University Press.

Gupta, Chidananda Das, 1981, Talking about films, Orient Longman.

Hayward, Susan, 2012, Cinema Studies: The key concepts (Routledge Key Guides),

Routledge.

James, Monaco, 2000, How to Read a Film: Movies, Media, and Beyond, Oxford

University Press.

John, Harrington, 1973, The Rhetoric of Film, Thomson Learning.

Joy Gould, Boyum, 1985, Double exposure : fiction into film, Universe Books.

Phillip, Parker, 2006, The Art and science of screenwriting, Chicago University Press.

99

MU CHS E.. am[ya-ss]-XrI-w: kwkvIm-chpw

Ncn-Xhpw

]T-t\mt±iyw

A®-Sn, imhy,- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-߃ tIc-fob/ae-bm-f-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ \n¿W-b\w,

\n¿h-N-\w, km[q-I-cWw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ [¿aw A]-K-Yn-®p-]-Tn-

°phm≥ hnZym¿Yn-Isf k÷-cm-°p-I-bmWv tImgvkns‚ e£yw.

bqWn‰v 1

A®-Snbpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw- - m-j, kmln-Xyw, Ie, kmaq-ln-I-a-fi-e-߃ F∂n-

h-bnse CS-s]-S¬. km£-c-Xbpw hmb-\-bpw˛ kmln-Xo-b,- cm-„o-b-s]m-Xp-a-

fi-e-ßfpw A®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fpw˛ ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w˛ Adnhpw hnt\m-Z-hpw: hn\n-

abcoXn-Iƒ, anj-\-dn-L-´w˛ A®p-Iq-S-߃, Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse XpS¿®-Iƒ.

tZio-b-Xbpw `mh-\bpw, kw-kvImchyh-km-bw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

⁄m\-\n-t£]w: ]mThpw ]T-\-hpw

(-c≠ma[ymbw amXw) : _m_p sNdn-bm≥,

tP°_v sFkIv

A®-Snbpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw : C.hn. cm-a-Ir-jvW≥

Women writing: Man reading? (-H∂ma[ymbw amXw) : J. Devika

bqWn‰v 2

imhy-am-[y-a-߃:tIƒhn-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-X˛htc-WyX,Iogm-f-X, enwK-]-Z-hn,

tdUn-tbm-˛-kw-Ko-X-ta-J-e-˛-im-kvXo-b,-\m-tSm-Sn-kw-Ko-X-߃, b¥-I-e-bpsS

km[y-X-Iƒ, i–-te-J-\hpw ]t£-]-W-hpw- -N-cn-X-Øns‚ tcJo-I-c-Ww. tdUn-

tbmbpw ae-bm-fn-X-∑ -(identity)bpw- -a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-kw-Ko-Xhpw tdUn-

tbm-bpw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tIƒhn-io-e-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-imkvXw : B¿.- \-µ-Ip-am¿

Imeta, \n\-°-`n-\-µ\w! : -kp\n¬ ]n.-C-f-bnSw

GIPo-hn-Xm\-iz-c-Km\w : ]-Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v

bqWn‰v 3

Zr-iy-am-[y-a-߃- -Im-gvN-bpsS temI-\n¿an-Xn, ¢mkn-°¬, t^mIv]m-c-º-cyßfpw

Zriy-am-[y-a-]-c-X-bpw. \mS-I,-kn-\n-am-th-Zn-Ifpw tIc-fo-b-s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-hpw.

100

PmXn,- aX tImbva-Ifpw Zriy- m-hp-I-Xz-hpw˛kn\n-a-bpsS Zriy-ku-µ-cy-imkvXw,

sSe-hn-j≥]T-\-߃, t^mIv-˛-¢m-kn-°¬]m-c-º-cy-߃: P\-]n-b-kw-kvIm-c-

Øns‚ am[y-a-cq-]-߃.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

\oe-°p-bn-ens‚ XpS-°-߃ : cho-µ≥

hS-°≥]m-´p-Ifpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw : ]n.-F-kv.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥

kmln-Xyhpw sSe-hn-j≥kw-kvIm-chpw:

tIc-fob A\p-`-h-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp hnNmcw : jn_p apl-ΩZv

bqWn‰v 4

\h-am-[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-fn-X-∑- (identity)bpw˛`mj, N-cn-Xw, cm„o-bw, kmlnXyw

XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xafi-e-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-ta-J-e-Ifpw.- \ham-

[yaImeØv ChbpsS ]mT-cq-]-ßfpw ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fpw˛ sse_-dn-d-^-\≥kv

apX¬ ]pcm-tc-J-I-fpsS UnPn-‰¬h¬°-cWw hsc˛Ce-IvtSm-WnIv˛ \h-am-

[y-a-߃ hsc kwIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-ß-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S¬- -\n¿h-N-\w, km[q-

I-c-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmfw (aq∂ma[ymbw amXw) : kp\oX Sn.hn

he-bsam-gnbpw Ipdp-sam-gnbpw ]pXnb ]X-`m-jbpw : kpss_¿ ]n.]n

hmb-\-bpsS h¿Ø-am\w: Ce-IvtSm-Wn-Iv

am-[y-a-Im-esØ kmln-Xy-kw-kvImcw : jmPn tP°_v

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃

tKmhn, sI.Fw., 1998, BZn-ap-ZWw mc-X-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw, Xriq¿: tIcf-

km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Zan.

\-µ-Ip-am¿, B¿., 2008, tIƒhn-io-e-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-imkvXw, tIc-f-]-T-\-

߃ -6.

\ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv, C.-Fw.-Fkv., 2006, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-

`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

]-Zo-]≥, ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v, 2012, GIPo-hn-Xm\-iz-c-Km\w, tImgn-t°m-Sv: eoUv

_pIvkv.

_m_p sNdn-bm≥, tP°_v sFkI.v, 2001, ⁄m\-\n-t£]w: ]mThpw ]T-

\hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ]`mXv _p°v lukv.

_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F. tIkcn., 1989, tIkcnbpsS apJ-]-kw-K߃, tIm´bw:

Un.kn. _p-Ivkv.

`mkvI-c-\p-Æn, ]n., 2000, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tIcfw, Xriq¿: tIc-f-

km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Zan.

tat\m≥, hn.B¿., 1998, amXr- q-an-bpsS NcnXw, tImgnt°mSv: amXr- qan _pIvkv.

101

cho-µ≥, 2004, \oe-°p-bn-ens‚ XpS-°-߃, `mjmt]m-jnWn.

cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏≈n, 2001, ae-bm-f-]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cnXw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-F-kv.-, 2012, hS-°≥]m-´p-Ifpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw.

cm-a-Ir-jvW≥, C.hn., 2012, A®-Snbpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw- A£-c-ßsf B¿°mWv

t]Sn?, tIm-´-bw: Un.-kn. -_pIvkv.

iin, sI.hn. (F-Un.), 2012, ae-bm-f-N-e-®n-X-Km\w: Ima-\, ico-cw, tZiw,

tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.kn.Fkv.

jn_p apl-ΩZv, 2002, kmln-Xyhpw sSe-hn-j≥kw-kvIm-chpw: tIc-fob A\p-

`-h-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp hnNmcw,\ΩpsS kmln-Xyw \ΩpsS kaqlw, (FUn.)

Fw.-F≥.- hn-P-b≥, tIc-f-km-ln-XyA°m-Z-an.

kp\n¬ ]n.- C-f-bnSw, 2012, Imeta, \n\-°- n-\-µ\w! Dcn-bm´w, tIm´bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

kp\oX, Sn.hn., 2012, C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmfw, C˛-a-e-bm-fw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

kpss_¿, -hn.]n., 2012, ae-bm-f-hesam-gnbpw Ipdp-sam-gnbpw, Im°-\m-Sv, sIm®n:

tIc-f-]kv A°mZan.

tdm_n≥ P^n, 2010, C¥y≥]X-hn-π-hw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

Croteau, David, R. and Hoynes, William, 2003, Media/Society: Industries, Images,

and Audiences, Sage Publications.

Devika, J., 2013, Engendering Individuals, Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.

Devika, J., 2013, Women Writing=Man reading?, Penguin Books.

Habermans, Jurgen, 1991, The structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an

inquiry into a category of Bourgeois Society (Studies in contemporary German

Social Thought), MIT Press.

Jeffrey, Robin, 2010, Media and Modernity: Communications, Women and the

State in India, Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.

Jonathan, Bignell, 2000, Postmodern Media Culture, Edinburgh University Press.

Lev, Manovich, 2001, The Language of New Media, MIT Press.

McLuhan, Marshall, 1994, Understanding Media: The Extension of man, The MIT

Press.

Meenakshi, Gigi Durham, Douglas M. Kellner, 2012, Media and cultural Studies:

Keywords, Wiley-Blackwell.

Ong, Walter, J., 2002, Orality and Literacy (New Accents), Routledge.

Sardar, Ziauddin, 1997, Postmodernism and the Other: New Imperialism of West-

ern Culture, Pluto Press.

Winston, Brian, 2005, Messages: Free Expression, Media and the west from

Gutenberg to Google, Routledge.

102

MU CHS E... Nn”-hn-⁄m-\obhpw

P\-Iob/P\-]nbkwkvIm--c-ßfpw

]Tt\mt±iyw

]pØ≥hn⁄m-\-]-≤-XnIsf∂ \ne-bn¬ LS-\m-hmZw, Nn”-hn-⁄m-\obw

F∂nhbpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-kz-cq-]hpw, NcnXhpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn, P\-Iob/

P\-]nb kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS KmV-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ Ch-bpsS Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw

coXn-im-kvXhpw D]-tbm-K-∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]Tn-Xm-°sf k÷-cm-°p-I-bmWv Cu

tImgv-kns‚ e£yw.

bqWn‰v 1

`mj: Nn”-hy-h-ÿ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬˛LS-\m-hm-Zw-˛-Nn-”-hn-⁄m-\o-bw-˛-auen-I-

Xm-Xzn-I-]-cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ˛ `mjm-`n-apJyw: A¿Yw-˛-k-Xyw-˛-D-◊-˛-bm-Ym¿Yyw-˛-ku-

µ-cyw-Xp-S-ßnb KW-ß-fpsS \n¿an-Xn-bn¬ `mj-bpsS ÿm\w-˛-lpwt_mƒ´v, hn-

‰vP≥Ão≥, am¿Ivkv, sslU-K¿, skmkq¿, _m¿Øv, eIm≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS

`mjm-hn-Nm-c߃-˛-`m-j-bpsS AXn-cp-I-fmWv temI-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ-˛-`m-

jbv°p shfn-bn¬ H∂p-an-√-˛-`mj: D◊-bpsS hmk--Kr-lw-˛-`mjbpw a\-pw˛`m-

jbpw At_m-[hpw: At_m[w mj-t]mse kpL-Sn-Xw, imkvXhpw mjbpw:

`mj, kaq-lw, ]Xy-b-im-kvXw, NcnXw F∂n-h-bm¬ \n_-≤-amWv imkvXw,

bmYm¿Yyw mjm-L-S-\-sb∂ kqN-I-irw-J-e-bpsS ]`m-hw-˛-t\m-´hpw hnjbn/

hnj-b-h¬°-c-Whpw˛cm-„o-b-A-t_m-[w˛ ZcnZ: LS-\m-hm-Z-Øns‚ hna¿i-

\w˛Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw kwkvIm-c-hn-a¿i-\-Øn-te-°v, `mc-

XobA¿Y-hn-⁄m-\w: Xmc-X-ayw˛km[y-X-Iƒ˛]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 2

P\-Io-b-kwkvImcw, P\-]n-bkwkvIm-cw˛Bƒ°q-´-kw-kvIm-cw˛k¶-ev]-\-

߃-˛-N-cn-Xw, ]m›m-XyhnNm-c-߃-˛-P\-Io-b-/-P-\-]nbkwkvImcw: a-e-bm-f-

kµ¿`w-˛tImf-\nB-[p-\n-I-X: kwkvImcw, Df-f-S-°w, kwth-Z-\w-˛-]p-tcm-Ka-\,-

I-ayq-Wn-Ãv,-tZ-io-b-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS CSw˛B-[p-\n-Iw-/B[p-\n-Im\¥cw: cm„o-

b-kw-kvIm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ˛ssk-_¿kmln-Xyw: tªm-Kp-Iƒ-˛-s^bvkv_p-°v˛am[y-

a-߃: A®-Sn, Zriy,Un-Pn-‰¬-˛-\-h-am-[y-a-߃-˛-kw-kvIm-c-irw-J-e˛--hn]-Wn˛-«o-

ew/-A-«o-e-k-¶¬∏-߃˛ico-cw-˛-h-kvX-߃-˛kvt]mSvkv˛-Nn-X-߃-˛-in¬∏-

߃-: a-eºpg b£n, a’y-I-\y-I˛bp Syq_.v

bqWn‰v 3

kn-\n-am-]-T-\w-˛kn\n-a-˛-Ne-®n-X-Km-\-߃˛--P-\-Io-bX,P\-]n-b-X˛ \oe-°p-bn¬,

sNΩo≥, kzbw-h-cw, bh-\n-I, hnt[-b≥, DZ-b-\m-Wp-Xmcw˛\hXe-apd-kn-

\naIfpsS Nn”-hni-I-e-\w˛ sSen-hn-j≥˛Zriy-]-c-X˛^m-j≥-˛-dn-bm-en‰n

tjmIƒ-˛-ko-cn-b-ep-Iƒ˛]-c-ky-߃-˛hn-i-I-e\w˛P\m-bØm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-ƒ:

103

ktΩ-f-\-߃, ]I-S-\-߃, apZmhIy߃˛D’-h-߃, aXw-˛-a-tX-Xc

BtLm-j-ßfpsS KmV-]-T\w-˛--˛-`£-Ww, th-jw, B`-cWw, N-a-b-߃: P\\w

˛ hn-hm-lw˛ acWw-˛tI-c-fo-b-am-Xr-I-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

P\-Iob/P\-]n-b- mj: ico-c- m-j- -kmln-Xy, a-X,- cm-„o-b,- kmw-kvIm-cn-I- ]I-

S-\-߃, ]`m-j-W-߃, kZ-p-Iƒ-˛-ka-c-߃˛]-c-ky-`m-j-˛-Nn-X-`m-j-˛-in¬∏-

`m-j-˛-Np-h¿NnXc߃-˛-D-’-h-߃-˛-B-tLm-j-߃-˛-]q-c-߃-˛-i-_-cn-a-e-

Xo¿YmS-\w-˛-B-‰p-Im¬s]m-¶m-e-˛-N-µ-\-°pSw˛Hm-Ww-˛-In-kvXp-a-kv-˛-]p-Xp-h¿jm-

tLm-j-߃˛D]-Nm-c-hm-°p-Iƒ-˛-sX-dn-hm-°p-Iƒ-˛-Zz-bm¿Y-]-tbm-K-߃˛

klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃

Babb, A. Lawrence and Susan.S.Wadley (ed), 1995, Media and the Transformation

of Religion in South Asia, University of Pennsylvania Press.

Bhattacharya, Tapan, 1997, The Illusive World of Virtual Reality, National Book

Trust.

Carlson, Marvin, 1998, Performance: A Critical Introduction, Routledge.

Chatterjee, Partha, 1993, The Nation and its Fragments : Colonial and Postcolonial

Histories, Princeton University Press.

Culler, Jonathan, 2002, The Pursuit of signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction,

Cornel University Press.

David Hawkes, 1996, Idealogy, Routledge.

Denzin, Norman, K., 1995, The Cinematic Society: The Voyeur's Gaze, Sage Publi-

cations.

Doyle McCarthy, 1996, Knowledge as Culture: The New Sociology of Knowledge,

Routledge.

Fairclough, Norman, 2001, Language and Power, Longman.

Gay, Paul Du, 1997, Doing Cultural Studies : The Story of the Sony Walkman, Sage

Publications Ltd.

Gay, Paul Du (ed), 1998, Production of Culture/Cultures of Production, Sage Pub-

lications Ltd.

Govindapillai, P., 1997, Studies-Purnatrai Vol XXIV. No 1 & 2., Thripunithura: Govt.

Sanskrit College.

Gramsci, Antonio, 2012, Selections from Cultural Writings, Haymarket Books.

Hall, Stuart (ed), 1997, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying

Practices, Sage Publications Ltd.

Hall, Stuart and Gay, Paul du (ed), 1996, Questions of Cultural Identity, Sage Pub-

lications Ltd.

Hall, Stuart, 1996, Culture Media, Language, Routledge.

Henry, A. Geroux, et.al, 1996, Counternarratives: Cultural Studies and Critical

Pedagogies in Postmodern Spaces, Routledge.

104

Khun, Thomas, 1970, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago

Press.

Mackay, Hugh (ed), 1997, Consumption and Every day Life, Sage Publications.

Matilal, Bimal Krishna, 1991, The Word and the World: India's Contribution to the

Study of Language, OUP.

McChesney, Robert Waterman, 1998, The Global Media, Cassell.

Mclaren, Peter, 1997, Revolutionary Multiculturalism, Westview Press.

Mitchell, W.J.T. (ed), 1981, On Narrative, The University of Chicago Press.

Patnaik, Tandra, 1994, Sabda: A Study of Bhartrhari's Philosophy of Language, D.K.

Print World.

Raja, Kunjunni K., 1963, Indian Theories of Meaning, Adayar Library and Research

Centre.

Storey, John (ed), 1996, What is Cultural Studies: A Reader, Arnold.

Thompson, Kenneth, A. (ed), 1997, Media and Cultural Regulation, Sage Publica-

tions Ltd.

Williams, Raymond, 1993, Culture and Society, London: The Hogarth Press.

Williams, Raymond, 1947, Television : Technology and Cultural Form, London:

Fontana.

Williams, Raymond, 1970, Communications, Penguin Books Ltd.

Woodward, Kathryn (ed), 1997, Identity and Difference (Culture Media and Iden-

tities Series 1-6), Sage Publications Ltd.

105

MU CHS E.. tIcfw: `£-Ww hkvXw

kwkvIm-c-]-cn-Wm-aw

]Tt\mt±iyw

`£-Whpw ]m¿∏nShpw t]mse a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-NcnXØn¬ A\n-hmcyLS-

I-amWv hkvXw. hkvX-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-eqsS tIc-f-Ønse P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚

A\p-kyq-Xnbpw Ne-\-\n-b-a-ßfpw a\-n-em-°p-I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚

Dt±iyw. tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w F∂v H‰-hm-°v.

bqWn‰v 1

tIcf`£Wss]XrIw: Ncn-X-]-c-amb sshhn[yw ˛ tZi-]-c-amb sshhn[yw

˛ h¿Ko-I-cWw: t]bw ˛ -t`mPyw ˛ ]® ˛ ]mIw sNbvXh ˛ ssZ\w-Zn\w ˛

hnti-jm-h-kcw ˛ ]mX¬ ˛ D® ˛ AØmgw ˛ CS-`-£Ww-- ˛]mN-I-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛

hnf-ºp-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Ign-∏p-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ `£-Whpw kmaq-ly-L-S-\bpw ˛ `£-W-

hpw PmXnbpw ˛ `£-Whpw aXhpw ˛ tlm´epIƒ ˛ Im‰-dnwKv sk‚-dp-Iƒ ˛

cpNnbpw cpNn-t_m-[hpw ˛ `£-W-Ønepw A\p-_-‘-L-S-\-bnepw D≠m-°p∂

am‰-߃ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb `£-W-io-e-߃.

bqWn‰v 2-

hkvX-X-˛-hn-h-kvX˛\·-X-˛-hn-h-kvXX (nakedness-nudeness)-hkvXw: \n¿h-

N-\w, Ncn-Xw,-[¿aw-˛-hkvXw: kwkvIm-cw-˛-\m-K-cn-I-X-˛-]-cn-jvIr-Xn˛kmwkvIm-

cn -I-bp -‡n-˛ -ico -chpw hkvXhpw: ico -c -Øns‚ cm„o-bw˛kn≤m-¥-

߃˛NcnXw: tKmXw, ]‰w, kaq-lw, PmXn-P∑n\mSp-hm-gnØw F∂o LS-\-

Ifn¬ ico-chpw hkvXhpw˛kaq-l-]-cn-W-Xnbpw hkvX-hpw-˛hkvXw: X-∑-˛-

Bflw-˛-hy-‡n-˛]/tZiw-˛-Pm-Xn-˛-a-Xw˛-tZ-iw-˛-tZ-io-b-X-˛-tZ-i-cm-„w-˛-hkvXw:

kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn˛tZi-cm-„-bp-‡n-˛-hkvXw Hcp hyh-lm-cw-˛h-kvX-L-S\: Ab-

™Xpw Cdp-In-b-Xpw, h¿Øp-fhpw Np‰n-s∏m-Xn-bp-∂-Xpw-.

PmXn-˛-P-∑n-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn-L-S\: hkvXw,i-co-cw, kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn-bpw˛-Ip-e-Nn-

”w˛hnhn-[-hn-`mKw P\-ß-fpsS hkvX-co-Xn-Iƒ-˛-A-[n-Im-c-ti-Wnbpw hkvX-

ß-fpw -˛ -Pm -Xn -h -kvXw -˛ -a -X -h -kvXw -˛ -hkvXhpw tImUpw: ]p -tcm -ln -

XhkvXw˛k\ym-kn-\n-am-cpsS hkvXw˛PmXn,-a-X-h-kvX-߃-˛-h-kvX-ß-fpsS

\ndw: Imhn, sh≈, a™-˛-k-\ym-kw-˛-euInIw˛tImf-\nB-[p-\n-IX/\thm-

∞m\w: tZio-b-]-ÿm-\-߃-˛-km-aq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-]-ÿm-\-߃˛aXw/atX-

X-cw˛hkvXw: hntam-N-\-Nn-”hpw Bbp-[hpw˛Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sSbpw Awt_-Zv°-

dpsSbpw thj-߃˛hntZ-i-h-kvX-_-ln-jvI-c-Whpw C¥y≥tZ-io-b-XbpsS

\n¿an-Xn-bpw˛hkvX-tI-µn-I-k-a-c-߃-˛-tZ-i-cm-„-]ucXzØn-te-°p≈ kwI-

aWw˛\ºq-Xn-cn-kvXoIƒ: tLmjbpw ad-°p-S-bpw˛Iogm-f-th-jw-˛-kvXo-]p-cp-

j-th-j-߃- amdp-a-d-bv°¬- -I-√p-am-e-]-t£m- -߃- -hnth-Im-\-µ≥, ]¬∏p,\m-

cm-b-W-Kp-cp- XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS thj߃˛A-ø-¶m-fnbpsS thjw: Xe-∏mhpw

tIm´pw˛C-h-bpsS Nn”-]-c-amb [¿a-߃.

106

bqWn‰v 3

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kµ¿`w˛\-thm-∞m-\m-\-¥cw: hkvXhpw ÿnXn-k-a-Xz-k-

¶¬∏-hpw-˛-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ ka-Xm-k-¶¬∏-߃-˛-h-kvX-hn-[m-\-ß-fnse

GI-Xbpw sshhn-[y-hpw-˛-h-kvX-Ønse enwK-]-Z-hn-t`-Z-߃˛hkvX-hn-]-Wn˛

bqtdm-tI-µn-X-h-kvX-L-S-\-bpsS hym]-\w- -\-h-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw hkvX-kwkvIm-

cØn-eq-sS˛kvXohn-tam-N-\-]-ÿm-\-ßfpw thj-k-¶¬∏-hpw-˛-_m -IØn°¬

]t£m-`w˛icocw: ad-bv°epw Xpd-°-epw-˛-hkvXw: Ae-¶m-c-kw-hn-[m-\w.

bqWn‰v 4

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥cw: BtKm-f-Xbpw temI-hn-]-Wnbpw˛-temIw H‰ hn]-Wn-˛-H‰

cpNn˛hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-Øhpw GI-tem-I-hn-]-Wn-bpw-˛-^m-j≥ F∂ hyh-km-

bw˛hkvX-k-¶¬∏-]-cn-Wm-aw-˛-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS temIw-˛-_nw-_m-fl-I-\m-K-cn-I-X-

˛-ssk_¿ap-X-em-fn-Øw-˛-Du-l-ap-X-em-fn-Øw˛tkm-^vt‰z¿kw-kvIr-Xn-˛\h-am-[y-

a-߃˛]-c-ky-߃: khn-ti-j-hy-h-lm-cw-˛-ssew-Kn-I-hn-]-Wnbpw hkvX-k-

¶¬∏-ß-fpw-˛-am-[y-ao-Ir-X-tem-Iw˛- Sex and City -kn-\nabpsS˛Zr-iy-kw-kvIr-Xn-

bpsS AXn-I-a-߃-: ico-chpw hkvX-hpw˛X-∑m-\n¿an-Xn-Iƒ˛i-co-c-Øns‚

hkvXp-h¬°-cWw˛hy-‡n-bpsS UnPn-‰-eo-I-c-Ww.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Akass, Kim & Janet McCabe (ed), 2004, Reading Sex and the City, I.B. Tauris.

Bushnell, Candace, 1997, Sex and the City, Grand Central Publishing.

Edwards, Louise, Roces, Mina, (eds.), 2007, The Politics of Dress in Asia and the

Americas, Sussex Academic Press.

Edwards, Louise (ed), 2004, Women's Suffrage in Asia: Gender, Nationalism and

Democracy, Routledge.

Kingsolver, Barbara, 2007, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, Harper

Perennial.

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1964, The Raw and the Cooked (Mythologiques) (Tr.1969),

University of Chicago Press.

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1979, From Honey to Ashes, (Tr. 1973), Octagon Books.

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1968, The Origin of Table Manners (Tr. 1978), University of Chi-

cago Press.

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1971, The Naked Man, (Tr. 1981), Mina Roce, University of

Chicago Press.

Nestle, Marion, 2002, Food Politics - How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition

and Health, University of California Press.

Patel, Raj, 2007, Stuffed And Starved: Markets, Power And The Hidden Battle For

The World Food System, Melville House.

Peter, Singer, 2007, The Ethics of What We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter,

Rodale Books.

107

Pollan, Michael, 2006, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals,

Large Print Press.

Pollan, Michael, 2008, Food Rules: An Eater's Manual, Penguin Books.

Pollan, Michael, 2002, The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World, Ran-

dom House.

Safran Foer, Jonathan, 2010, Eating Animals, Back Bay Books.

Schlosser, Eric, 2001, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal,

Mariner Books.

Shiva, Vandana, 2005, Earth Democracy: Justice, Sustainability, And Peace, South

End Press.

108

MU CHS E... ¢mkn°¬ cwK-I-e

]T-t\mt±iyw

Hcp ]tZ-isØ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ D]m-Zm-\-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-amb H∂mWv B tZi-Øns‚ ss]XrI cwK-I-

e-Iƒ. Kmao-Whpw ¢mkn°epamb c≠p-Xcw cwK-I-em-]-cm-ºcyw ]c-kv]cw

BZm-\-]-Zm-\-ß-fn-eqsS hnI-kn® NcnXw ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ At\z-jn-°pI

F∂-XmWv Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ ]mY-an-I-amb e£yw. t£X-I-e-I-fmbn Adnb-

s∏-´p-h-cp∂ ¢mkn°¬ -I-e-I-fpsS Hcp al-\ob ]mc-º-cyw tIc-fob cwK-

th-Zn-°p-≠v. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ IqSn-bm-´w, IY-Ifn XpS-ßnb cwK-I-e-

Iƒ temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS `mK-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-ap-≠v. ][m-\-s∏´

¢mkn°¬ cwKI-e-I-fpsS DZv`-hw, Ncn-Xw, ]mc-kv]-cyw, emh-Wy-Z¿i-\w, ka-

Im-en-Im-hÿ XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. skan-tbm-´n-Ivkv, t]mÃv

tamtU-Wn-kw, s^an-\nkw XpS-ßnb ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Ie-I-

fpsS kwkvIm-c-]-T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-Nbw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v e`y-am-

°p-Ibpw thWw. Cu Iem-cq-]-ß-fpsS XmØzn-I-amb ]T\w t]mse Xs∂

][m-\-amWv B Iem-cq-]-߃ t\cn-´p-I≠v ]Tn-®p-≠m-°p∂ Adn-hv. Iem-cq-

]-߃ t\cn´v I≠-dn-bp-I, AXp t\sc sNmt∆ Bkz-Zn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w

B¿Pn-°pI, XpS-ßn-bhbpw Cu tImgvkv hn`mh\w sNøp∂p. \mev bqWn-

‰p-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv Cu ]T\w

bqWn‰v 1

tIc-fo-b-cw-K-Iem kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS A¥¿[m-c-Iƒ

hwiob cwK-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw Kmao-W-cw-K-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw \c-hw-i-im-kvX-]-c-

amb kao]\w ˛ tIc-fob NnX-˛-in-ev]-˛-kw-Ko-X-˛-ta-f-˛-\r-Ø-˛-B-tbm-[-\-˛-]m´p

Iem-]m-c-º-cy-߃ cwK-I-e-I-fn¬ ˛ cwK-I-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-

fn¬ hnti-jn®pw Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw In´p∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ, \mSy-im-

kvXhpw sXmev°m-∏n-bhpw, tIc-fob \mSy-im-kvX-K-Ÿ-߃ ˛ tZin-˛-am¿Kn

]mc-º-cy-߃: Ah-bpsS ani-W-Øn¬ sXfn-bp∂ Iem-Z¿i\w ˛ `c-X-ap-\n-

bpsS \mSy-im-kvXhpw tIc-fo-b¢mkn°¬-cw-K-I-e-Ifpw: \mSy-im-kvX-hn-[n-

Isf D√w-Ln-°p∂ hnImkw. \n¿h-lWw ]I¿∂m-´w t]mep≈ tIc-f-Øns‚

X\-Xmb BJym\ (B-hn-jvIm-c) hgn-Iƒ. ˛ \mSy-im-kvXhpw IqØ-º-e-

ßfpw; Kmao-W-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw t£X-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-X-c-W-Øn\p≈

CSsØ kw_-‘n® ]gb k¶-ev]-ßfpw AXn¬ h∂ am‰-ß-fpw. ˛ cwK-I-e-

I-fnse AWn-b-e-ß-fpsS tIc-fob ]mc-º-cyhpw \n¿Ωm-Whpw; apJ-sØ-gp-

Øv, s]mbvapJw, CXc cwtKm-]-I-c-W-߃. ˛ hmbvsam-gn, hc-samgn ]mc-º-cy-

߃ cwK-I-e-I-fn¬ ˛ ]mc-º-cy- cw-K-I-e-Iƒ ]pXn-b- P-\-]nb cwK-I-e-Isf

A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ \h-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw B[p-\n-I-Im-esØ \n¿Ωn-

X-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw (invented tradition) Sqdn-k-Øn-s‚bpw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv

D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsSbpw IS-∂p-I-b-‰w : ]tbm-P-\-ßfpw ]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw ˛

bmYm-ÿn-Xn-IXzw, PmXn-_-≤-X, A\p-jvTm-\-]-cX F∂nhbn¬ \n∂p≈ cwK-

109

I-e-I-fpsS tamN\w ˛ ]m›m-Xy-\m-S-I-ß-fp-sSbpw ]mgvkn \mS-I-ß-fp-sSbpw

a‰pw kzm[o-\X ¢mkn°¬ -cw-K-I-e-I-fn¬ ˛ tIc-fob ¢mkn°¬cw-K-I-e-I-

fpsS kzm[o-\X kn\na XpS-ßnb CX-c-I-e-I-fn¬

bqWn‰v 2

¢mkn°¬ cwK-I-e-Iƒ

IqSn-bm´w : IqSn-bm´w F∂ Hcp kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Im-`n-\b kt¶Xw tIc-f-Øn¬

hnI-kn-°m-\n-S-bm-°nb kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-߃, NmIym¿-˛-\-ºym¿ kap-Zm-b-

ß-fpsS ss]Xr-I-I-e, C¥y-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ ]mNo-\-amb GI-kw-kvIr-

X-\m-S-I-th-Zn, am¿Knbpw tZin-bp-amb LS-I-߃, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-Øn¬ tZi-

`m-j-bpsS IS-∂p-I-b-‰w, Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-t]m-∂n- p≈ kwkvIrX \mS-I-߃, tIc-

fo-b-kw-kvIrX \mS-I-߃ IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬, B´-]-Imcw Ia-Zo-]nI \ºym-¥-

angv F∂nh ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ ]mNo-\-am-Xr-I-Iƒ, A\p-_-‘-I-e-I-fmb

\ßym¿Iq-Øv, NmIym¿Iq-Øv, ]mTIw apX-em-b-h, kvXoIƒ IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬,

IqØ-º-e-Øn\p ]pd-tØ°p h∂-t∏mƒ IqSn-bm-´-Øn-\p-≠mb hf¿®bpw

Xf¿®bpw, ÿm]-\-߃, ]ap-J-I-em-Im-c-≥am¿, temI-am-\-h-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS

alm-ss]-Xr-I-kvam-cIw, IqSn-bm´w bps\kvtIm ]Jym-]-\-Øn-\p-ti-jw.

IrjvW-\m´w : Ncn-Xw, kzcq-]w, C∂sØ Ahÿ. IY-Ifn : DXv]-Øn-hn-Im-

k-߃ ˛ cma-\m´w IY-Ifn Bbn ]cn-W-an® Ncn-Xw, AXns‚ kmaq-ly-km-

l-N-cy-߃, IY-I-fn-bnse NXp¿hn-[m-`n-\-b-ß-fn¬ tZinbpw am¿Kn-bp-amb

LS-I-߃, Xucy-Xn-I-Xzw, ]Zm¿∞m-`n-\-bw, IY-Ifn kwKoXw : ]cn-Wm-a-

߃, ¢mkn°¬ cwKIeIfpsS h¿Øam\w

bqWn‰v 3

CX-c-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ

Xp≈¬ : Hm´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂o aq∂p-Xcw Xp≈-ep-Iƒ BJym-\-

Ønepw Ah-X-c-W-Ønepw t`Z-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ßs\? \ºym-cpsS P\-Iob Iem-

Z¿i\w, tIc-fob kaqlw Xp≈-en¬. ˛ tamln-\n-bm´w : Ncn-X-hn-Imk ]cn-

Wm-a-߃, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-I-fn, H∏-\, am¿KwIfn, kvXoI-fp-tS-Xmb cwK-I-e-I-

fpsS ]mc-ºcyw. ˛ tXmev]m-h-°q-Øv, ]mh-°-Y-Ifn, XnS-ºp-\r-Øw ˛ Nhn-´p-

\m-S-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-S-Iw, ]m›m-Xy-kzm-[o-\-Øn¬ hnI-kn® ae-bmf \mSIw,

X\-Xp-\m-S-I-thZn

bqWn‰v 4

¢mkn°¬ cw-K-I-e-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-]mTw-: IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, tamln-\n-bm´w

XpS-ßnb cwK-I-e-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-°f-cn-Iƒ \S-Øm-\p≈ ]mtbm-KnI]cn-

io-e\w (practical).

]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ (For Non-detailed Study),

tIc-f-Ønse Imfotkh ˛ tNe\m´v ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥,

Imfn-\m-SIw,

110

ZqX-hmIyw KZyw ˛ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, k`m-]-thiw ]d-b≥Xp-≈¬

IY-I-fn-kz-cq]w ˛ as¶mºp inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈ & s]m^. kn.-sI. inh-cm-a-∏n≈

IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬ ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏njm-cSn

tZh-Zm-kn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xhpw ˛ ]n. tkma≥

ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS cmXn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

APn-XvIp-am¿, hn., 2006, ]mh-\m-S-Iw Ncn-Xhpw ]tbm-Khpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

AΩm-a≥ Xºp-cm≥, 1989, IqØpw IqSn-bm- -hpw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr- qan _pIvkv.

Ieym-Wn-°p-´n-A-Ω, Iem-a-fiew, taml-n\n-bm´w Ncn-Xhpw B´-]-Im-chpw,

Un.kn. _pIvk.v

IrjvW≥\m-b¿, Iem-a-fiew, tIm´-b-Øp-X-ºp-cms‚ B´-°-Y-Iƒ, cwK-

hymJy, sNß-∂q¿: sdbv≥t_m _pIvkv.

Kpcp-hm-bq¿, IrjvW-\m´w Ifn-hn-f-°v, amXr-`qan.

\ßym¿, Dj, 2000, A`n-t\Xn, t_mws_: tIfn.

\mb¿, Fkv.-sI. tUm., tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃, aZn-cmin k¿∆-I-

em-ime.

\mcm-b-W≥ \ºym¿, ]n.-sI., angm-hv, amWn-Kp-cp-Ipew.

\mcm-b-W≥ \ºym¿, ]n. -sI., ioIr-jvW-N-cnXw \ßym-c -Ω-°q-Øv,

sNdp-XpcpØn: tIc-f-I-em-a-fiew.

\mcm-b-W∏n-jm-c-Sn, sI.-]n., B›-cy-Nq-Um-aWn, Xriq¿: tIc-f-kw-Ko-X-\m-SI

A°m-Zan.

\mcm-b-W∏n-jm-c-Sn, sI.-]n., Btem-N-\m-arXw, sNdp-Xp-cpØn: tIcfIem-a-

fiew.

\mcm-b-W∏n-jm-c-Sn, sI.-]n., `c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-imkvXw, Xriq¿: tIc-f-

kmlnXyA°m-Zan.

]Zva-\m-`≥\m-b¿, Iem-a-fiew, sNm√n-bm´w hmeyw 1 & 2:, sNdp-Xp-cpØn:

tIcf-I-em-a-fiew.

]c-ta-iz-c-≥, Ghq¿, \ºymcpw Xp≈¬km-ln-Xy-hpw.

]utem-kv, sI.-Pn. tUm, IqSn-bm´w A`n-\-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw,

C‚¿\m-j-W¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿ IqSn-bm´w.

]utem-kv, sI.-Pn. tUm. (FUn), IqSn-bm-´-Øns‚ ]pXn-b-ap-Jw.

`m¿Kho\ne-bw, Zmkv, 1999, amWn-am-[-ho-bw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmwkvIm-cnI

]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip∏v.

a[p, am¿Kn, B´-Øns‚ hgnbS-bm-f-߃.

amWn-am-[-h-®m-Iym¿, \mSy-I-ev]-Zpaw, tIc-f-I-em-a-fiew.

tat\m≥, sI.-]n.-F-kv., IY-I-fn-cw-Kw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

cmP-tKm-]m¬, F¬.-F-kv., CuWhpw Xmfhpw, sNdp-Xp-cpØn: tIc-f-I-em-

afiew.

cm[m-Ir-jvW-°p-dp∏v, ]n., s]m^., IpØn-tbm-´w.

hmkp-tZ-h≥ Cf-b-Xv, ]n.-kn. s]m^., IrjvW-\m-´w, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw.

111

hniz-\m-Y≥\m-b¿, ]n. s\∑md, (hymJym), Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw: Cf-t¶m-A-Sn-Iƒ,

Xriq¿: tIc-f-km-lnXyA°mZan.

thWp-tKm-]m-e≥, ]n. tUm., B›-cy-Nq-Um-aWn (k-ºq¿Æ-amb B´-]-Im-

chpw IaZo-]n-I-bpw), Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: am¿Kn.

i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿, Fw.-]n., \mSy-a-fi]w, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈, ]n.-sI., Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Xp≈¬°-Y-Iƒ.

inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, ]n.-sI., 2014, t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

kXn, am¿Kn, 1999, iocm-a-N-cnXw \ßym¿IqØv, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

kpa-Xn-°p-´n, ]n.-sI. tUm., \ºym¿ Xan-gv, tIc-f-k¿∆-I-em-ime.

tkma≥, ]n., 2009, AΩ-ssZ-hhpw kwkvIm-chpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-

`mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

Bharatha Iyer, Krishna, 1955, Kathakali: The Sacred Dance Drama of Malabar,

London: Luzac.

Gay Mc Auley, 2000, Space in Performance: Making Meaning in the Theatre,

MIchigan University Press.

Kanak Rele, 1992, Mohiniyattam: The Lyrical Dance, Mumbai, Nalanda Dance

Research Centre.

Narayana Panikker, Kavalam, 1991, Folk Lore of Kerala, New Delhi: National Book

Trust.

Rajagopalan, O.L.S, Kutiyattam Priliminaries and Reference,Chennai: Kuppuswami

Sastri Research Institute.

Rush Rehm, 2002, The Play of Space: Spatial Transformation in Greek Tragedy,

Princeton University Press.

Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1995, Sangeet Nataka Special Issue Kutiyattam No111-

114, New Delhi.

Stanton B. Garner, Ithaca, 1994, Bodied Spaces,Cornell University Press.

Venugopalan, P. Dr., Kutiyattam Register Book, Margi.

112

MU CHS E... C¥y≥ tZiobss]Xr-Iw

bqWn‰v 1

h¿Ø-am\ C¥ysb Adn-bpI ˛ P\X `q]-IrXn ˛`q-]-S-\n¿Æbw ˛ thjw ˛

`mj-˛-kw-kv-Imcw ˛ hnhn[ kwÿm-\-߃ ˛ hnkvXo¿Æw ˛ P\-kwJy ˛cm-

jvSob kaq-l-am-bp≈ \ne-\n¬∏n¬ tZiob ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ ]k-‡n.

bqWn‰v 2

C¥y≥ ss]XrIw; ]mNo\ NcnX ss]XrIw ˛`c-W-cm-jvSob ss]XrIw ˛

C¥y≥ kzmX¥y kac NcnX ss]XrIw ˛ C¥y≥ \thm-∞m-\-ss]-XrIw

˛ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bpw aqey hyh-ÿbpw ˛ C-¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-

I-sØ-∏‰n _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥, -Km-‘n-Pn, -P-hl¿em¬ s\lvdp, tUm. Fkv.

cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS ho£-W-߃ ˛tZ-iob cmjvSob I£n-Iƒ

˛ ]mtZ-inI cmjvSob I£n-Iƒ C-¥y≥ s^U-d-enkw ]m-tZ-inI ss]XrI

kmIeyw.

bqWn‰v 3

C¥y≥ aX ˛ Zm¿i-\nI ss]Xr-Iw ˛ sshZnI ss]XrIw ˛kq^n ss]XrIw,˛

Xm¥nI ss]XrIw ˛ C¥y≥ kwKoX ˛ Ie ˛ km-ln-Xy-ss]-Xr-Iw. C≥tUm-

f-Pnbpw ss]Xr-Ihpw B[p-\nI tZiob ss]Xr-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]Xo-

I-߃, kvam-c-I-߃ NS-ßp-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

C¥y≥ ss]XrIw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw km[y-XIfpw ˛]-mtZ-in-I-hmZw ˛`mjm

auen-I-hmZw ˛aX auen-I-hmZw ˛ h¿§o-bX ˛Xo-h-hm-Zhpw `oI-c-hm-Zhpw ˛

hwio-bX ˛ ]p-\-cp-∞m-\-hmZw ˛ kmw-kvIm-cnI GIo-I-c-Whpw kmwkvIm-

cnI _lpXzhpw ˛ Iq-´p-I£n `c-Ww.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

B\µv, 2000, th´-°m-c\pw, hn-cp-∂p-Im-c\pw, tIm-´bw: Un.-kn. -_pIvkv.

Zm-tam-Z-c≥, sI., 1973, `m-c-Xob XXz-Nn¥, Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn‰yq´v.

]-Wn-°¿, sI.-F≥., 2002, kw-kvIm-chpw tZio-b-X-bpw, Xr-iq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

iin-, X-cq¿, 2008, ]pXp-bpKw ]pXp C¥y, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. -_pIvkv.

Akbar, M.J., 2005, Nehru: The making of India, New Delhi: Lotus collection of roli

books.

Lal, Basanth Kumar, 1978, Contemporary Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal

Banarasidass.

113

Majumdar, Bimanbehari, 1967, History of Indian Social and Political Ideas: From

Rammohan to Dayananda, Calcutta: Bookland Private Ltd.

Mane, Suresh, 2010, The Man Who Codified Indian Independence,

Thiruvananthapuram: Bahujan Vartha.

Sarma, D.S., 1962, Hinduism through the ages, Bombay: Bharatheeya Vidya Bhavan.

Spivak, Gayathri Chakravarty, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics, London:

Routledge, 2008.

114

MU CHS E... enwK-]-Z-hnbpw tIc-f-k-aq-lhpw

bqWn‰v 1enwK-]-Z-hn-kn-≤m-¥-߃ ˛ s^an-\nkw aq∂p [mc-Iƒ ˛ ][m-\-Nn-¥m-]-≤-Xn-

Iƒ ˛ am¿Ivkn-Ãv, tkmjy-en-Ãv, dmUn-°¬, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-kvXo-hmZw apX-

em-b-h-˛-enw-K-]-Z-hn-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw ˛ enwKw ˛ enwK-]-Zhn kwhm-Z-߃ ˛

sXmÆq-dp-I-fnse am‰w ˛ PpUnØv _Sve-dpsS Nn¥-Iƒ ˛ Ch-bpsS h¿Ø-am-

\-Imew. kaq-l-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-߃ ˛ IpSpw_w ˛ aXw ˛

t]meokv ˛ hnZym-ebw ˛ Ch-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ enwK-]-Zhn ˛ A[n-Im-chpw

enwKhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w.

bqWn‰v 2

tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw ˛ ]mNo-\-Imew ˛ a[y-Imew ˛ B[p-\n-I-

Imew ˛ tIc-f-N-cn-X-߃ ˛ PmXn ˛ kaqlw ˛ NcnXw ˛ ssk≤m-¥n-I-hn-i-Zo-

I-c-W-߃ ˛ tIc-f-Ønse PmXn ˛ h¿Kw ˛ enwK-L-S-\-Iƒ Ncn-X-Øn¬ ˛

]mNo-\-Im-esØ tIc-f-k-aq-lhpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ tKmX-L-S-\-bnse kvXo

]pcpj PohnXw ˛ kwLw IrXn-I-fnse enwK-]-Zhn ˛ enwK-]-c-amb [¿a-ß-

fpsS km[yX ˛ kvXo ]pcpj hyXym-k-Øns‚ am\-Z-fi-߃ ˛ IpSpw_w ˛

hnZym-ebw ˛ kaqlw ˛ aXw ˛ PmXn ˛ cmPm-[n-Imcw XpS-ßn-b-hbpw enwK-]-Z-

hn-bpw. IpSpw-_-Ønse hwim-h-en-Iƒ ˛ tiWn-_-‘-߃ ˛ Ah-bnse enwK-

]-Z-hn. a[y-Im-e-tI-cfw: enwK-]-Zhn ˛ ^yqU-en-k-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ PmXn-bpsS

hyh-ÿm-]\w ˛ enwK-]-Zhn Ch XΩn-ep≈ hn\n-a-b-߃ ˛ PmXn-bnse enwK-

]-Zhn ˛ acp-a-°-Øm-bhpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ Xd-hm-Sns‚ ÿe-]-cX ˛ hmkvXp-

hnZy ˛ enwK-]-Zhn ˛ t£Xhpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ acp-a-°-Øm-bhpw ssewKn-I-

Xbpw ˛ ssewKn-I-Xbpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ AssI-kvX-h-cpsS IpSpw-_hpw

enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ ASp-°-f-sb∂ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw. cm„obw ˛

BNm-c-ßfpw enwK-]-Z-hn-bpw.

bqWn‰v 3

acp-a-°-Ømb ssewKn-IX B[p-\nI IpSpw_w ]n-Xmhv amXmhv (`¿Ømhv,

`mcy) F∂o .....-߃ ˛ AWp-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse enwK-]-Zhn _‘-߃ ˛ B[p-

\n-I-hoSpw enwK-]-Z-hn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ÿe-]-c-Xbpw ˛ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ˛

aXhpw enwKhpw tIcf \thm-∞m-\-Ønse enwK-]-Zhn hn\n-a-b-߃ \thm-

∞m\ \mb-Icpw \mbn-I-amcpw ˛ \mcm-b-W-Kpcp AS-°-ap-≈-h-cpsS ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fnse kvXokm-∂n[yw ˛ hnZym-e-b-߃ ˛ enwK-_-‘-߃. s]mXp CS-

ßfpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ \K-cw, hgn, Nn¥, _kv tÃm∏v, k¿°m¿ kzIm-cy-

ÿm-]-\-ß-fnse kvXo˛-]p-cpj _‘-߃ ˛ Ip´n-Ifpw enwK-]-Z-hn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-

X-amb hf¿Ø¬ coXn-Ifpw ˛ Ifn-∏m-´-ß-fnse enwK-]-Zhn ˛ kvIqfnse hyh-

lm-c-ßfpw enwK-cm-„o-bhpw ˛ Bip-]-Xn-I-fnse sshZy-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw

kvXoI-fpw.

115

bqWn‰v 4

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-IX ˛ tZio-b-hmZw ˛ I¿j-I-]-ÿm\w ˛ cm„o-b-

]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS kvXo kwL-S\Iƒ ˛ kzX¥ kvXo kwL-S-\-Iƒ ˛

Sm≥kvP≥U-dp -Iƒ ˛ kzh¿K-hn -hm-lw. B[p-\n -I-km-t¶-Xn -I-Xbpw

kvXoIfpw ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ hm¿Ø-I-fnse kvXo]p-cp-j-]-Z-

hn-t`-Z-߃ ˛ kmln-Xyhpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ kn\n-a-bnse enwKw, ssewKn-I-X,

enwK-]-Z-hn, enwK-]-Z-hnbpw tIc-f-hpw. enwK-]-Zhn tIµn-X-k-Zm-Nm-c-]-cX enwK-

k-a-Xbpw tIc-fhpw ˛ BWn\pw s]Æn\pw kzX-¥-ambn Pohn-°m≥ Ign-

bp∂ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw hoSn-s‚bpw amXrI ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛

BtKm-f-X-bpsS ]cn-kcw B[p-\nI/B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmt¶-Xn-I-im-kvXhpw

˛ Zriy, imhy \h-am-[y-a-ß-fpw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

B\µn, Sn.sI., ho´Ω: Hcp kvXo hnNmcw, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv.

Cµnc, sI.B¿., kvssXWImakqXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn _pIvk.v

Dam NI-h¿Øn, PmXnsb enwK-h¬°-cn-°p-tºmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an

_pIvkv.

GwK¬k,v s^U-dnIv, 1980, IpSpw_w kzIm-cykzØv `c-W-IpSw F∂n-h-bpsS

DZv`hw, t]mKkv ]ªn-tjgvkv.

KoX, kvXohm-Z-Øns‚ tIc-fob]cn-kcw, tImgnt°mSv: ssaXn _pIvkv.

KoX, kvXohntamN\sa∂m¬ a\pjy hntamN\w, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥

]ªntjgvkv

N-µnI, kn.-F-kv., tIc-f-Ønse kvXoap-t∂-‰-ßfpsS NcnXw.

P-bio, G.-sI.-, tIcfw ssewKn-IX enwK-\oXn.

Pm-\-In, sI.- tKm-]n-\mYv (hnh.), kvXohmZkuµ-cy-imkvXw, Xr-iq¿:

_p°vthw.

tZhnI, sP., kvXohmZw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvk.v

tZhnI, sP., Ipe-kvXobpw N¥-s∏Æpw D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?, Xncph\¥]pcw:

kn.Un.Fkv.

tZhnI, sP., BWcip\m´nse ImgvNIƒ (FUn), hna¨kv Cw]n‚.v

tZhnI, sP., 2013, ]ucn-bpsS t\m´-߃, tImgn-t°m-Sv: Henhv ]ªn-tjgvkv.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, F.sI., th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥, sI.-Fw., 1989, kvXohn-tam-N\w

NcnXw kn≤m¥w kao-]\w, ]ø-∂q¿, \b\ _pIvkv.

tcjva `cZzmPv (FUn.), anYyIƒ°∏pdw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

hµ\inh, BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw kvXo ]IrXn.

k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, sI. (FUn.), 1999, kvXo]T-\-߃, t_m[n ]ªn-jnwKv lukv.

kPnX, sI.B¿., 2012, Zfn-X-a-£-c-kw-bp‡w, Xncph\¥]pcw: ]cn[n.

kc-kz-Xn-bΩ, sI., 1958, ]pcpj∑mcn-√mØ temIw.

kmdm tPmk^v, `K-hZvKoX-bpsS ASp-°-f-bn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ thhn-°p-∂Xv,

tImgnt°mSv: sk°pe¿ _pIvkv.

116

kqkn Xmcp, k-RvPo-hv, Fkv. (FUn.), Iogmf ]T-\-߃, tIm´bw: Un.kn

_pIvkv.

kwL-SnX ZfnXvkvXo]Xn∏v, 2012, tImgn-t°mSv, At\zjn.

‰nkn adnbw tXmakv (FUn), s]Ænc, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

Beauvoir, Simone de, 1983, The second Sex, Penguin Books.

Belsey Catherine and Jane Moore (ed), 1997, The Feminist Reader: Essays in

Gender and the politics of literary criticism, Palgrave Macmillan.

Butler, Judith, 2006, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,

Routledge.

Chandra Talpade, Mohanty, 2003,ëUnder Western Eyesí (Book : Feminism without

Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity), Duke University Press.

Cixous Helene, 2001, The Laugh of the Medusa.

Dileep Raj (Co-ordinator), RE-vision, Calicut University, Home Page.

Foucault Michel, Hurley Robert, 1990, The History of Sexuality, Vol:1, An Introduction,

Vintage.

James, Joy, T., Denean Sharpley -Whiting, (Eds), 2000, The Black Feminist Reader,

UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishers.

Jayawardena Kumari, 2009, Erasure of the Euro-Asian: Recovering Early

Radicalism and Feminism in south Asia: Women unlimited.

Jennifer Coates, Jones Beryl Madoc (Eds), 1995, Introduction to Women's Studies,

UK: Wiley Blackwell.

Kumar Radha, 1994, The History of Doing: The Womens Movement in India, Verso.

Millet, Kate, 2000, Sexual Politics, University of Illinois Press.

Sontag, Susan, 2001, Illness as metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors, Picador.

Wolf, Virginia, 2014, The Room of One's Own, The University of Adelaide.

117

MU CHS E... tIcfw: tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw

kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw

bqWn‰v 1

sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw˛\n¿hN-\-߃˛Bi-b-hy-hÿ˛coXn-]-≤-Xn˛ tImf-\o-I-

cW]Inb˛L´-߃˛]cn-WnX^e-߃˛tImf-\o-I-c-W-sØ-Ip-dn®v _n]≥

Nµ, B¿.-]n. ZØv XpS-ßnbhcpsS \nco-£W-߃˛C¥y _n´ojv B[n-]-

Xy-Øn¬˛cm„o-bhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb A[o-i-Xzw ˛

sImtfmWn-b-en-k-Øns‚ hym]\w.

bqWn‰v 2

tImf-\o-I-cW]Inb tIc-f-Øn¬˛bqtdm-]y≥ BK-a\w˛tImf\nB[p-\n-

IX˛kmaqlykmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-Iƒ; ]m›mXy/Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚

Bcw-`w, Cw•ojvhnZym-`ymkw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ ˛ Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\-

߃˛anj-\-dn-am¿˛F¬.-Fw.-F-kv, kn.-Fw.-Fkv, km¬th-j≥ B¿an˛hnZym-

`ymk ÿm]-\-߃˛Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ˛aX]Nm-cW ]h¿Ø-\-߃˛]cn-

WnX^e-߃˛Cw•ojvhnZym-`ymkw ae-_m-dn¬ ˛ _mk¬ Chm-©-en-°¬

anj≥]h¿Ø-\-߃˛hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-߃˛]cn-h¿Ø-\w.

bqWn‰v 3

\thm-∞m\ Bi-b-߃˛kmap-Zmb]cn-jvI-cW]ÿm-\-߃˛aX˛PmXnhncp-

≤-]-h¿Ø-\-߃˛ Iq\≥ IpcnipIem]w˛Nm∂m¿ el-f˛hy‡n-Ifpw ]ÿm-

\-ßfpw˛sshIp-WvT¿˛io\mcm-bW Kpcp N´ºn kzman-Iƒ˛ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-

∏≥˛Aø-¶mfn˛s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥˛ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥˛h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿

auehn˛B\-µ-Xo¿Y≥; ÿm]-\-߃˛ka-Xz-k-am-Pw, Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n, km[p-

P\ ]cn-]m-e\kwLw, F≥.Fkv.Fkv, \ºq-Xncn tbmK-t£ak`˛hn.-Sn.`´-Xn-

cn-∏mSv˛a‡n-X-߃, ]X-߃,

bqWn‰v 4

tZiob]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w˛ae-bm-fn-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬, Cug-h-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬,

\nh¿Ø-\-]-t£m-`w˛ssh°w˛Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-K-l-߃˛Km‘nPn tIc-f-

Øn¬˛t£X]th-i\hnfw-_cw˛sF-Iy-tI-c-f-]-ÿm\w˛Iayq-WnÃv]ÿm-

\-߃˛A®-Sn, B[p-\n-I-X-˛-bp-‡n-hm-Z-]-ÿm-\w˛\h-km-aqly]ÿm-\-߃.

118

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

C.Fw.-Fkv, 1986, C¥y≥ kzmX¥y ka-c-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-

t°-j≥kv.

C.-Fw.-Fkv, tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-

t°-j≥kv,

Ip -dp∏ v , sI. -sI. -F≥., 1982 , B[p -\nI tIcfw, Xncp -h -\ -¥-]pcw:

tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

KtWjv, sI.-F≥., 1994, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-kn-≤o-I-

c-W-h-Ip∏v.

tKm]meIrjvW≥, ]n. sI., 1995, tIcf-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnINcn-Xw, Xn-cp-h-

¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

ZØv, B¿.]n., 2008, C¥ym-SptU, \yqU¬ln: ]o∏nƒkv ]ªn-jnwKvIº-\n.

Zmtam-Z-c≥, sI, 1988, tIcfNcn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ]`mXv _p°v lukv.

\mKw Aø, hn., 1901, Zn Smh≥Iq¿ tÉv am\z¬, hmeyw ˛1-˛4, tIcf Kk-

‰ntbgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., 2010, io\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

`mkvI-c-\pÆn. ]n, 1988, ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-fw, Xr»q¿: tIcf

kmlnXyA°m-Z-an.

cLp.sP., 2008, tZicm„hpw lnµp sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-hpw, tIm´bw: k_vPIvSv

emwtKzPv ]v.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 2014, tIcf Ncn-Xw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

ioIp-am¿, Sn.-Sn, 2001, Ncn-Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kmap-h¬ s\√n-ap-Iƒ, 2003, tIc-f-Ønse kmaqly]cn-h¿Ø\w, tIm´bw:

sI.-F-kv. _pIvkv.

Bipin Chandra, Essays on Colonialism, Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.

Harald Fischer Tine and Michael Mann (ed), 2004, Colonialism as Civilizing Mission,

London: Anthem South Asian Studies.

Menon, P.K.K. (Ed), History of Freedom Movement in Kerala Vol.I, II.

Panikkar, K.N., 2014, History as a life of Struggle, New Delhi: Three Essays Collective.

Panikkar, K.N., 2007, Colonialism Culture and Resistance, New York.

Padmanabha Menon, K.P., 1984, History of Kerala Vol. IV, New Delhi: Asian

Educational Services.

Ramachandran Nair, S., Social & Cultural History of Kerala.

Sreedhara Menon, A., A Survey of Kerala History, Kottayam: D.C Books.

119

MU CHS E... t^mIvtem¿

bqWn‰v 1

t^mIvtem¿ \n¿h-N-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw

t^mIvtemdns‚ \n¿h-N-\-߃, t^mIvtemdns‚ D¤hw ˛ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-

߃ ˛ t^mIvtemdns‚ ]T-\-ta-Je ˛ ]T-\-Øns‚ e£yw, t^mIvtem¿ ZØ-

Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw AXns‚ am‰hpw ˛ P\-Io-b-∏-g-am-]-T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v

t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øn-te°v kmaq-ly- -cm-„ob kml-N-cy-߃ \thm-∞m\w

˛ hyh-km-bo-I-cWw ˛ \K-co-I-cWw ˛ t^mIvtem¿ F∂ ]Zw ˛ AXns‚

A¿∞-X-e-߃ ˛ Uªyp. sP. tXmwkv ˛ t^mIvtem¿ \n¿h-N-\-߃ ˛ acn-b.

C. eo®v ˛ Ae≥U‚-kv, Um≥ s_≥-˛-A-tam-kv, dn®m¿Uv t_mam≥ ˛

t^mIvtemdnse sFUn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ ˛ djy≥˛P¿a≥ \n¿h-N-\-

߃ ˛ \n¿h-N-\-߃°p≈ tIc-fob DZm-l-c-W-߃.

bqWn‰v 2

P\pv (ganre) F∂ k¶-ev]\w kmln-Xy-Ønepw t^mIvtemdnepw ˛

t^mIvtemdnse P\p-p-Iƒ hmsam-gn-h-g-°w, Iq´mbvam cwKm-hn-jvIm-cw, uXn-

I-kw-kvIm-cw, BNm-c-ßfpw hnizm-k-ßfpw ˛ Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw Ahm-¥-c-hn-

`m-K-߃. hmsam-gn-h-g-°-Ønse P\p-p-Iƒ ˛ \mtSm-Sn-°-Y, IYm-Km-\w,

\mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ, hoc-I-Ym-Km-\w, ]pcm-hr-Øw, sFXn-lyw, tXm‰w-]m-´v ˛ Ch

XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃, kmPm-Xy-߃ ˛ km¿h-eu-InI/tZiob P\p-p-

Iƒ ˛ tZin-bpsS kµ¿`w ˛ [¿aw. GsXms° P\p-p-Iƒ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p ˛ GsXms° IrXn-I-fn¬ hmsam-gn-h-g-

°-P-\p-p-I-fpsS kzm[o\w ImWmw.

bqWn‰v 3

CXc P\p-p-I-sfbpw ]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m-h-tØmsS ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I. \mtSm-

Sn-cw-Km-hn-jvXm-c-߃: A\p-jvTm-\w, \mtSm-Sn-\r-Øw, \mtSmSn \mSIw sXøw,

Xnd, apSn-tb-‰v, ]S-b-Wn, tImew Xp≈¬, IWym¿Ifn (A-\p-jvTm-\-cw-Km-hn-

jvIm-c-߃) -Im-°m-c»n \mS-Iw, -s]m-dm´p \mS-Iw, Ipd-Øn-bm-´w, tIm¬°fn,

H∏\ (A-\p-jvTm-t\-Xc cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-߃), ]Wn-b-\r-Øw, Iºf\rØw,

Ccpf \rØw, Bcy-Ωm-e-\m-SIw (B-Zn-hmkn cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-߃) ˛ \mS≥I-

fn-Iƒ ˛ B¨-˛-s]¨ ˛ hnhn[ ]mb-°m¿°p-≈h ˛ hnhn-[-Xcw \mep-sI-´p-

Iƒ, kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃, ]Wn-bm-bp-[-߃ ˛ ]e-Xcw BNm-c-߃ --˛

Chbvs°√mw kmln-Xy-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w.

bqWn‰v 4

hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v Fgp-Øn-te°pw Fgp-Øn¬ \n∂v hmsam-gn-bn-te-°pw. alm-

`m-c-Xw, cmam-b-Ww, ]©-X¥w IY-Iƒ. ]qXw: h≈p-h-\m-S≥ t^mIvtemdnepw

120

]qX-∏m-´nepw. t^mIvtemdpw kmln-Xy-hpw XΩnep≈ _‘w ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-

b-X-ew, coXn, Bkzm-Z-\-X-ew, Dt±-iyw, [¿Ωw, P\-Io-b-kz-`m-hw, ]mT-ssh-hn-

[y-ßfpw B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xyhpw t^mIvtemdpw ˛ s]cp-¥-®≥. hc-sam-gn-bn¬

\n∂v hmsam-gn-bn-te°v ˛ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb IrXn-Iƒ t^mIvtemdns\ kzm[o-

\n®v AXn-s\bpw am‰n-Øo¿°p-∂p. IrXn aqe-]m-T-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw AXn\v

kaq-l-Øn¬ ]e ]mT-߃ D≠m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]e tXm‰w-]m-´p-

I-fp-sSbpw Ahÿ CXm-Wv. (s]m-´≥ sXøw)

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ tNe-\m-´v, _meUvkv Hm^v t\m¿Øv ae-_m¿, aZmkv: aZmkv

bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n.

APp-\m-cm-b-W≥, tIc-f-Ønse _p≤-a-X-]m-c-ºcyw \m -dn-hp-I-fn-eq-sS, tIm´bw:

Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

A\n¬, sI.-Fw., t^mIvtem¿ kn≤m¥w P\pv cm„o-bw, tImgn-t°mSv: ]m∏n-

tbm¨.

A∏pÆn \ºym¿, Fw.-kn. (k-ºm.), hS-°≥]m-´p-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-

kn.Fkv.

Icn-∏-Øv, B¿.-kn., sXø-]-]-©w, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _pIvkv.

`‡-h-’e sdÕn, F≥. (F-Un.), t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w: kn≤m-¥-X-ew, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]pcw: t^mIvtem¿ skmssk-‰n Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ emwtKz-Pkv.

NpΩm¿ Nq≠¬, apSn-tb-‰v, Xriq¿: t^mIvtem¿ A°m-Z-an.

]km-Zv, Fkv.-B¿.-Un., If-cn-∏-b‰v hn⁄m-\-tIm-iw, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _pIvkv.

P\m¿±-\≥ ]pXp-t»-cn, \m´p-hm-Zy-ßfpw \mS≥I-e-I-fpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, sImøm¬, \ΩpsS \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ, IÆq¿: tIcf t^mIvtem¿

A°m-Z-an.

_me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, Nnd-°¬ Sn., Nnd-°¬ Sn. _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb-cpsS

sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXyA°m-Z-an.

`c-X≥, sI.-Fw., t^mIvtem¿ kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-K-hpw, ]ø-∂q¿: F^v.-F^v.-

Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

`m¿K-h≥ ]n≈, Pn., ae-_m-dnse ]mW-∏m-´p-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.

]oXmw-_-c≥, aq¿°-\m-Sv, Xnd-bm-´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

cmL-h≥, ]ø-\m-Sv, t^mIvtem¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

cmL-h≥, ]ø-\m-Sv, t^mIvtem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw k¶-ev]-\-ßfpw, ]ø-∂q¿:

F^v.-F^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.-B¿., \m´p-\m-hv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.-B¿., Irjn-KoX ]cn-ÿnXn Adn-h-S-bm-f-߃, tImgn-t°mSv:

amXr-`qan ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.-B¿., \m´p-N-¥-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

hk-¥-Ip-am-cn, ]n., t^mIvtemdnse kvXo kzXz-\n¿an-Xn, ]ø-∂q¿: F^v.-

F^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

121

hnZym-km-K¿, sI., A\p-jvTm\w ]pcm-hrØw s]mcpƒ, ]ø-∂q¿: F^v.-F^v.-

Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

hnjvWp\ºq-Xn-cn, Fw.-hn., ]p≈p-h-∏m´pw \mKm-cm-[-\-bpw. tIm´bw: Fkv.-

]n.-kn.-F-kv.

hnjvWp\ºq-Xn-cn, Fw.-hn., t^mIvtem¿ \nL-≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

hnjvWp\ºq-Xn-cn, Fw.-hn., \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-bw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

iin-[-c≥ ¢mcn, tIc-fob Iem-\n-L-≠p, tImgn-t°mSv: Heohv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

kt¥m-jv, F®v.-sI., t^mIvtem¿ hgnbpw s]mcp-fpw, ]cn-bmcw: kwkvIrXn

]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

tkma≥ IS-eq¿, t^mIvtemdpw kmln-Xy-hpw, IÆq¿: B¬^m h¨ ]ªn-

t°-j≥kv.

tkma≥, ]n., t^mIvtem¿ kwkvIm-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq-´v.

Clause, Peter J. Korom, Frank, J., Folkloristics and Indian Folklore, Uduppi:

R.R.C.M.G.M. College.

Dorson Richard, M. (Ed.), Folklore and Folklife An Introduction, Chicago: University

of Chicago Press.

Dundes Alan, The stuey of Folklore, Prentice Hall.

Handoo Jawaharlal, Current Trends in Folklore, Mysore: Institute of Kannada

Studies.

Propp, V.J., Morphology of Folklore, Austin: University of Texas Press.

122

MU CHS E... ]mNo\ en]n-]-cn-Nbw ˛ _m“n

bqWn‰v 1

Fgp-Øns‚ NcnXw ˛ Kplm-Nn-X-߃ ˛ NnX-en]n ˛ BWnFgpØv (Iyq-Wn-

t^mw) ˛ ssk‘h kwkvIm-c-Ønse A£-c-ap-Z-Iƒ ˛ ssN\okv en]n ˛

ska-‰nIv en]n-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 2

`mc-Xob en]n-N-cnXw DØ-c- -Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ en]n-Iƒ kmam-\y-[m-cW _m“n,

Jtcm-jvTn, \µn-\m-K-cn, tImse-gpØv apX-em-b-h.

bqWn‰v 3

_m“n-en]n D¤-hw, hnIm-kw, ]cn-Wm-aw, kmam-\y-Zm-cW ˛ Atim-I-im-k-\-

߃.

bqWn‰v 4

_m“n en]n Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-°m\pw D≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ _m“n-˛-a-e-bm-fw,

ae-bm-fw-˛-_m“n en]y-¥-c-Ww.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Peo¬, sI.-F., 1989, en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-

`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈, hn.-B¿., inem-en-JnXhn⁄m-\o-bw.

]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈, hn.-B¿., en]nhn⁄m-\o-bw.

awK-ew, Fkv.-sP., 1997, ]mNo\`mc-Xoben]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bmfen]n-bpsS

hnIm-k-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

chn-h¿Ω, F¬.-F., ]mNo\tIcfen]n-Iƒ.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., 2011, ae-bm-f-en]nNcn-Xw, tIcfkwkvIm-c-]-T-

\߃, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kmw, F≥., 2010, tIc-f-Ønse ]mNo\en]namXr-I-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

kwÿm\ B¿ss°-hvkv.

Buhler, G., 1987, Indian Palaeography, Poona: Eastern Book House.

Burnell, A.C., 1968, Elements of South Indian Palaeography from the fourth to the

Seventeeth Centuary AD, New Delhi: Indological Book House.

David Diringer, 1996, The Alphabet: A key to the history of Mankind, New Delhi:

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Gaurishankar Hirachand, Ojha, Rai Bahadur, 2011, The Palaeography of India.

123

Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2003, Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest times to the

Sixth Century A.D., Harward University.

Mahalingam, T.V., 1967, Early South Indian Palaeography, Madras University, T.A.S.

Volumes, I, II & III.

Visalakshy, P., 2003, The Grantha Script, Thiruvananthapuram: DLA.

124

]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£-bpw

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ CX-c-`m-j-I-sfm-

gn-®p≈ GXp tImgvkn-s‚bpw A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw.

]co-£bpw aebmfØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]_-‘w, t]mP-Œv, ^o¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw

ae-bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£ hyhÿ

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-

ÿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Iao-I-cn®v \nc-¥-c- B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-bw \SØn,

tNmbvkv t_bvkvUv sIUn‰v B‚ v ska-ÿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-

Scp∂Xv.

aqey\n¿Wbw

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%

a[yska-ÿ ]co£ 20%

ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw

]T-\-an-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-emWv.

XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\

]co-£m-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w. Hcp tImgvkvImem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn Hcp

hnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-

]-I¿ XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v

Ass≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v

skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

BsI - 40 am¿°v

lmP¿

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-ÿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-

h-Zn-°p-∂-X-√.

125

Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\m´okv t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.

IrXy-amb saUn-°¬ k¿´n-^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ amXta ]co-£-sb-

gp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pI-bp-≈q. lmP¿ 65% Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v Hcp

Imc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A-\p-hmZw sImSp-°p∂X√.-

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£

ska-ÿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ass≥sa‚ v

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co-£bv°v apºmbn hnZym¿∞n Ipd-™Xv c≠v Ass≥sa-

‚pIsf¶nepw FgpXn ka¿∏n®ncn-°-Ww.

skan-\m¿

F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-

‘-amWv.

AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-

tim-[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.

hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿i

sNøp∂ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm,

]mŒn-°¬ F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.

tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\

Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ mK-߃ D≠m-

bn-cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-߃.

c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-߃.

aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-

\p-Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.

]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\m-bp-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn

\nP-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.

a[yska-ÿ ]co-£bv°v samØw kne-_kns‚ 50% ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bp≈XmWv tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-

°pw tNmZy-t]-∏¿.

ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw.

kne-_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

126

bp.-Pn.kn. \njvI¿jn-°p∂ ]Imcw tNmZym-henbpsS 50% ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈

A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI. IqSmsX, _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-hpw \n¿_-

‘-am-Wv.

]mŒn-°¬ hnj-b-ß-fpsS aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v 50-% -A-≤ym-]-I¿ ]pd-Øp-\n-

∂p-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.

t]mPŒv dnt∏m¿´v/]_‘w XpS-ßn-bh B`y-¥c˛-_m-ly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v

hnt[-b-am-°-pw.

`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw

aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-

ihW ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.

]mm-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬

Cu hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 ]Imcw

samØw am¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv.

k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-

ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.

tKUv \n›-bn-°¬

B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-

]-I-k-an-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[-Icpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Hmtcm

tImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn tKUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A,

B+, B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX tKUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ tKUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂p. XpS-¿∂p≈ aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-

‡-ambn IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-

b-Øn¬ Pbn® Ip´n-I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.

tKUv tKUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v

O 10 100 %

A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %

A 8 80 - 89.9 %

B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %

B 6 60 - 69.9 %

C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %

C 4 40 - 49.9 %

F 0 Less than 40

AB 0 Absent

127

tKUv t]mbn‚pw, sIUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw ]Imcw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.

Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ tKUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ ^eamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰v t]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ vsamØw t\Snb sIUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.

SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn tKUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw ]Im-camWv.

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iq´n In´p∂ ^esØ Bska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂^e-amWv SGPA.

SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi

Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.

Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ tKUv.

Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6

CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)

Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B

ska-Ã-dn¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp-hsc t\Snb samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS

FÆwsIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ^e-amWv CGPA.

CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi

Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA

Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw

Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point

(Credit x Grade)

Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32

Course 2 4 B+ 7 4 x 7 = 28

Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24

Course 4 4 C+ 5 4 x 5 = 20

Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16

20 120

Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4

Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20

SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0

128

CGPA 10, 9 -t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw,

9¬ Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp -∂-h¿°v

sk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.

]co-£m- e]Jym-]\w

]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-

£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. ew]kn-≤o-I-cn-®v, aq∂p ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-k-߃°p-

≈n¬ ]cm-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-

ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬

hnfn-®p-h-cpØn ]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw

ImWpw. XpS¿∂pw hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn

\¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨tSm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv

k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv

F√m ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/

tKUv Im¿Un¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnh-c-߃ c≠p-`m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw,

Cw•o-jn-epw) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.

s]mtam-j≥

B`y-¥c ]co-£bpw a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co-£-bpw FgpXm-Ø-h¿ tImgvkv

]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I-bn-√. Ahsc A¥y ]co£ Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-

°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-]-th-i\w t\S-Ww. ASpØ ska-

Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw, As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb tImgvkn¬

tNtc-≠n-hcpw.

e`n-°p∂ tKUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.

tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 50% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-b-ß-fpsS tKUv,

tKUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.

]p\x]-cn-tim-[\

DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-

cn®v Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ^ok-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨tSm-f¿°v

At]£ \¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-^ew A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ

F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ ]Jym-

]n-°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.

129

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ

Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-߃ ]co£mIa-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.

1. A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xnbpw, ]co£m

kabhpw \n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ ian-°p-I.

2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm

`oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

3. ]co£m kq]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.

4. ]co£m kq]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-

I-sc-tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.

5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.

6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-

IvtSm-WnIv D]I-cW-߃ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬

sIm≠p-h-cn-I.

7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-

dpI, ssIam-dm≥ ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-

I, \n›nX ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ ]th-in®v tai-bnepw

Nph-cnepw Ccn-∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-

sN-øpI, Bƒam-dm´w, \n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-

bn-cn-°pI, ]co£ _ln-jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-

Øn-∏n\v hnLm-X-ap-≠m-hp-∂ as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]hrØn-Iƒ F∂nh

A®S°ewL-\-ambn IW-°m°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S°

kan-XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tIµ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-

cy-Øn¬, kºq¿W Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-

[p-hm-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-

°m\pw Ia-t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw

sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-I-fpsS XohXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-°p∂XmWv

1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂

km£y-]Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.

2. Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, tKUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.

3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw tKUpw Ipd-hp hcp-

ØpI.

4. Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ tKUv \¬Ip-I.

130

5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ tKUv \¬IpI.

6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.

7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.

8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØ

Xc-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.

9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw ]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime

hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ

1. ska-ÿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcm

hnj-b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-

Xm-\p≈ tbmKyX D≠m-hn-√. ]pXnb ska-ÿ ^ok-S®v ska-ÿ

Bh¿Øn-°ms\ C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v

75% lmP-dn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-

t°-≠n-hcpw.

2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 sIUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØ

ska-Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.

3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-

£-bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-

Zn°pw.

4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-

I-bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-

≠-Xp-≠v. B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞n

tN¿∂v ]Tn-°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v

]pXnb tImgvkv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.

5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-

°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v

hnt[-b-amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-

\mWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.

6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-

bm-°m-\mbn 8 ska-ÿ hsc amXsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn

A\p-h-Zn-°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-h-cp∂ Imc-W-ß-f-Sn-

ÿm-\-am°n Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-

s≠-¶n¬ Cu Cfhv A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.

7. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Z-anI D]-tZ-i-I-cp-sS \n¿t±-

i-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

131

8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 sIUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-߃ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-

h-Zn-°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃

amXta Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.

9. ]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃

\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]Tn-®n-cn-°-Ww. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 12 sIUn-‰p-

Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12)

sIUn‰v t\SWw. ]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 sIUn-‰p-hsc A\p-

h-Zn-°pw.

10. B`y-¥c/_mly ^e-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ^ew ]kn-≤o-I-

cn®v aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.

11. B`y-¥c e-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚

Xocp-am-\-apW-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

12. _mly^esØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚

Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS

Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-

fdpsS Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

13. ska-ÿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X- mdw

hnX-cWw sNøpw.

14. \n›nX hnj--b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]-≤n-Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ°p≈ A`n-]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.