1
]mTy-]-≤Xn
Fw.-F. kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w
2018 ]th-i\w
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥
ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime
2
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bv°p-th≠n
cPn-kvSm¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv
A®Sn: ]n‚ v-B¿Svkv Hm^vsk‰v, ^dqJv 0495 2485210
3
BapJw
kwkvIm-cw, ss]XrIw XpS-ßnb Bi-b-߃ hf-sc-°m-e-ambn \ΩpsS A°m-
Z-an-I-hy-h-lm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. F∂m¬ kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]T\w Hcp]tXyI ]T-\-ta-J-e-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v A[nIw Ime-am-bn-´n-√.kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w, kwkvIm-c-hy-h-km-bw, \h-N-cn-X-hmZw XpS-ßnb ]pXnbAt\z-j-W-ta-J-e-Iƒ kr„n® kwhm-Zm-fl-I-X-bn¬ \n∂mWv ][m-\-ambpwCu hnjbw cq]-s∏-´p-h-∂-Xv. ss]Xr-IsØ kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb tijn-∏p-IƒF∂ \ne-bn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ NcnX tIµnX kao-]-\hpw hna¿i-\m-flI kwkvIm-
c-]-T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn kao-]n-°p∂ ]T-\-co-Xnbpw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ C∂vkPo-h-am-Wv. A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-k-ao-]-\-amWv Cu hnjbw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw ta¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se, ]cn-t]-£y-Ønepw Du∂-en-ep-ap≈hyXymkw kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ ]T-\-co-Xnsb sshhn-[y-ap-≈-Xm-°p-∂p.
Cu sshhn-[ysØ ]c-am-h[n Dƒs°m-≈m\pw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw ]mTy-]-≤Xnian-®n- p-≠v. Hcp ]T-\-hn-j-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ CXns‚ A¥m-cm-„-am-\-ß-sfbpw
A\p-`-h-ß-sfbpw km[y-X-I-sfbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ G‰hpwXt±-io-b-amb am\-sØbpw A\p- -h-sØbpw km[y-X-sbbpw CXnse tImgvkp-Iƒ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂p-≠v. H∂mw ska-Ã-dnse 102, 105 tImgvkp-IƒCXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ A\p-_-‘-hn-j-b-ß-sfbpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-⁄m-\-sØbpw Ign-bp-∂X ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒt®¿°m≥ ian-®n-´p-≠v.A©p-h¿j-ambn ]T-\-h-Ip-∏nse A[ym-]-I¿°v Cu taJ-e-bn-ep≈ Adnhpw
]cn-N-bhpw A[y-b-\m-\p- -hhpw ]c-am-h[n ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv CXv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ]T-\-t_m¿Uw-K-ß-fpsS tbmPn-∏p-Ifpw hntbm-Pn-∏p-IfpwCXns\ kºp-„-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. s]m^. kvIdnb k°-dn-b-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ap≥]-T-\-t_m¿Uns‚ kw`m-h\ hfsc hne-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS tIma¨ tImgvkv Dƒs∏sS 19 tIm¿ tImgvkp-Ifpw 24sF—nI tImgvkp-I-fp-ambn BsI 43 tImgvkp-I-fmWv CXn¬ D≈-Xv. At∏mgpw
Cu ]T-\-hn-j-b-Øns‚ taJ-e-Isf kºq¿W-ambn ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-te°psIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-™p-sh∂ A`n-]m-b-an-√. ka-Im-en-I-X-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠vap≥K-W-\m-I-a-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n taJ-e-Isf hnhn[ tImgvkp-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXns\ IqSp-X¬ ka-K-am-°m≥ kam-\-amb Nne tImgvkp-Isf ]c-kv]cw ebn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. hnj-b-Øns‚ ]c-am-h[n km[y-X-I-fn-te°vk©-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]th-iIw amX-amWv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn. ¢mvap-dn-°p-≈nse
kwhm-Zm-fl-I-X-bn-eqsS AØcw km[y-X-I-fn-te°p hnI-kn-°m≥ Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn klm-b-I-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.
s]m^.- kvI-dnb k°-dnb
A≤y£≥, kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI]T\-t_m¿Uv
4
]T-\-t_m¿Uv AwK-߃
s]m^. kvIdnb k°-dnb
tUm. Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿
tUm. ]n. ]hn-X≥
tUm. Fw. ssk\_
tUm. APp sI. \mcm-b-W≥
tUm. Znt\-i≥ hS-°n-\n-bn¬
tUm. IhnX _me-Ir-jvW≥
tUm. sI.-Fw. A\n¬
tUm. kp\oX Sn.-hn.
tUm. sI.-Fw. `c-X≥ (A-≤y-£≥)
5
H∂mw ska-ÿMU CC 1001 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
MU CHS 4102kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw
MU CHS 4103tIcfw: A[n-hm-kLS-\bpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-`q-an-im-kvXhpw
MU CHS 4104lkvX-en-JnXhn-⁄m\obw
MU CHS 4105Xt±-io-b-Xbpw ss]Xr-Ihpw
c≠mw ska-ÿMU CHS 4201tIc-fob-I-em-ss]-XrIw
MU CHS 4202tIc-fo-b-ssh⁄m-\nI-ss]-XrIw
MU CHS 4203tIc-fo-bhm-Wn-Py-ss]-XrIw
MU CHS 4204ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-a-bhpw hymJym-\hpw
MU CHS 4205ss]XrI]cnc-£: XXzw, ]tbm-Kw, \n-ba-w
aq∂mw ska-ÿMU CHS 4301 -]pcm-XXz]T-\w (Archaeological Study)
MU CHS 4302 ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m\obw
MU CHS 4303 tIc-fw: hnizmkw aXw Z¿i\w
MU CHS 4304 sF—n-Iw
MU CHS 4305 s]mXpsF—n-Iw
\memw ska-ÿMU CHS 4401 ]pcm-tc-Jmeb-]-T-\w
MU CHS 4402 ]_-‘-cN-\: -X-Xz-hpw ]tbm-Khpw
MU CHS 4403 sF—n-Iw
MU CHS 4404 s]mXpsF—n-Iw
6
H∂mw ska-ÿ
MU CHS 4101 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
MU CHS 4102 kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw
MU CHS 4103 tIcfw: A[n-hm-kLS-\bpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-`q-an-im-kvXhpw
MU CHS 4104 lkvX-en-JnXhn-⁄m\obw
MU CHS 4105 Xt±-io-b-Xbpw ss]Xr-Ihpw
7
MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
\thm-∞m-\-Imew apX¬ ssh⁄m-\n-Iw, hnZym- ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-Iw, cmjvSobw
F∂o cwKß-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j -t\-Sp∂ hf¿® ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Cu
t]∏¿.
bqWn‰v 1\thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ht_m-[hpw:-˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw amXr-`m-j-bpw.
temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ ae-bm-fØns‚ ÿm\w, \thm-∞m-\hpw tIc-fw, ae-bmfw
F∂o k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ia-߃
˛ a‡n-X-߃, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, ]T-\-am-[y-aw, sFIy-
tI-cfw F∂ k¶¬∏w, sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\w.
hnti-j-]-T\w
n tPm¿÷v amØ≥, "_mem-`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp ]kwKw' (aq∂mw
Jfiw amXw) (1867)
(tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ˛ IrXn-Ifpw ]T-
\hpw, ]p. 435 ˛ 447)
n a‡n-X-߃, "Xan-gp-cmPyw apX¬ ae-bm-f- cmPy\nhm-kn-I-fmb ap…nw
P\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw' (a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIcf
CkvemanIv anj≥, Xncq¿ 6, 1981)
n F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, "\m´p- m-jm-hn-Zym- ymkw' (F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-
bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, amΩq-Sv,
1987)
n ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS A`n-hr≤n am¿§w (1934)
(k-tlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw Fw.]n. joP (F-Un.)
ssaXn- _p-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2010)
n KqKn hm Xn HmwtKm, B^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj (a-\-ns‚ A]-
tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)
n Xmbm´v i¶-c≥, am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw (C-¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-
≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)
8
bqWn‰v 2
`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw B[p-\n-IoI-c-W-hpw.
hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te-°v, ae-bmfw A°-߃, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-
߃, \nL-≠p-°-fpsS hc-hv, ]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-
hv, eIvkn-t°m-Km-^n, A®-Sn, ]Xw, ]X-`m-j, am[y-a-`m-j, `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-
IX: ae-bmfw ssS∏vssd-‰¿, en]n-bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw, en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-I-Ω-‰n-
Iƒ, A®Sn: ]pXnb en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXn-
\p≈ ia-߃, ÿm]-\-߃.
hnti-j-]-T\w
n C.- hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, "h¿Ø-am\ ]X-ß-fp-sSbpw A®Sn b¥-ß-fp-
sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¶¬∏-\-ß-fnepw mjm
hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃'
(Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥ (F-Un.) \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaq-lw,
hmeyw 2)
n Sn.- _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, "ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw: `qXhpw
`mhnbpw' (P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).
n kt¥m-jv tXm- p-߬, "bq\n-t°mUv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kw -hn-°p-∂-sX¥v?'
(P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).
n \nJn¬ \ºym¿, hna¬ tPmk^v, "ae-bmfw C≥kvIn-]vj≥ Iot_m¿Uv
Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?' (P-\-]Yw, \hw. 2009).
n Fw. apIp-µ≥, "Hcp km£m¬ Xnø≥ as‰mcp Xnø-t\mSv Cw•ojv ]d-
bptam?'
(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2010 P\p. 24 -˛ 30)
bqWn‰v 3hn⁄m-\- mjhn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-
Øns‚ hf¿®, hn⁄m-\-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-kw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃, ae-bmf
]Z-tIm-i-Øns‚ B[p-\n-IoI-c-Ww. A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-aw, hnh¿Ø-\-K-Ÿ-߃,
imkvX-K-Ÿ-߃, `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw, C¥y≥ `mj-I-
fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\w. Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, a‰p-
temI`mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃, kmt¶-XnI
]Z-kq-Nn, ]mT-]p-kvXI IΩn-‰n, amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw
amXr- m-j-bpw, ]IrXn imkvX kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w ae-bmf am[y-a-Øn¬.
hnti-j-]-T\w
n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-
I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ A[ymbw. ]p. 104 ˛ 123)
n tPml-∂kv t^m¨ tab¿, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Ønse ka¿∏W teJ\w
(1883)
9
(Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥, aebmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp
]T\w ˛ A\p-_-‘w)
n tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw imkvX-K-Ÿ-ßfpw, (`-c-W-`m-j,
1935)
n ANyp-Xvi-¶¿, imkvX-`mj (\-ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn.
Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)
n ]n. ]hn-X≥, `mjbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw: D]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øn\pw \n¿W-b-hm-
Z-Øn\panS-bn¬, amXr-`m-jbv°vth≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, 2014.
n cho-µ≥, "Ne-®nX kma-Kn-bmbn amdp∂ `mj' (a-e-bm-fw, amXr-`qan
tImgn-t°m-Sv)
bqWn‰v 4
`c-W-`mj ˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS `c-W-]-chpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb hnImkw
`c-W-`m-jbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-hpw, temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\w, C¥y≥ `c-
W-L-S-\-bn¬ `mjI-fpsS ÿm\w, ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-hn-
S-ß-fnse `c-W-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ae-bmf`mj-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. `c-W-`m-
j-bv°p≈ IΩo-j≥, tImam-´n¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩo-j≥. HutZym-KnI
`mjm ]Jym-]-\w 1969. tImSXn `mj ˛ \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ ˛ `c-W-`m-jm-t]m-
’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Pn√m Xmeq°v Xe HutZym-KnI `mjm-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, `mj-
bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]ÿm-\-߃.
hnti-j-]-T\w:
n iqc-\m-´p-Ip-™≥]n≈, "ae-bmfw c-W-`m-jm-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v' (`-c-W-`m-j,
C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿).
n PÃnkv \tc-µ≥, 1. "ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬'†(`c-W-`m-j)
2. \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ kwKlw (Hu-tZym-KnI `mjm-kw-_-‘-
ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØc-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-
I-fpw, A\p-_‘w 1, tIcf k¿°m¿, 2002)
n ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, "`mj-bpsS cmjvSobw'†
n Sn. Sn. ioIp-am¿, "`mjm-]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew' (hn-
⁄m\ ssIc-fn, 1990 Pqembv)
n tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, "ae-bmf kwc-£-Ww, F¥n\v'? Fßs\? (a-e-bm-
fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿ 1992).
n Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥, "`mj kwkvImcw hnZym-`ymkw' (\-ΩpsS `mj,
\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)
n Fw. hn. tXmakv, tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w: ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eqsS (`-c-W-
`mjm ]iv\-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
A_vZpƒIcow, apl-ΩZv sI. sP. (k-ºm), 2006 a‡n-X-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ
IrXn-Iƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv.
BZ¿iv hn. sI, 2009, C\n hmb-\, C. hmb-\, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
10
C. -Fw.- F-kv, 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, 2003, `c-W-`m-j tIc-f-
k¿°m¿.
Hma\ ]n. -hn, 1990, \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
Imc-t»cn Fw. F≥, 2004, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 2002, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]
-Im-iw
tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan, 1983, ]X-`m-j, sIm®n, tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan.
tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, A®-Snbpw FgpØpw: Hcp ssì ]pkvX-Iw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
IrjvW-Ip-am¿ Fkv, 1996, ae-bmf Kth-jWw k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]p-c, am¿Kn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, .
KtWjv kn (F-Un), 2016, `mj-bpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v Hcp P\XbpsS
k©m-cw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]nb-X.
Kncojv ]n. Fw. 2013, ae-bmfw: kzXzhpw hn\n-a-b-hpw, ip-I-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w tUm, 2012, ae-bmfw ¢mknIv `mj: ]g-°hpw
hy‡n-Xz-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
KqKn hm XnHmwtKm, 2007, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, sIm√w, Kmwjn
_pIvkv.
tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ F≥, (F-Un.), 2006, `mjbpw kaq-lhpw: `mjm-imkvX
]T-\-߃, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-im-e.
Nmt°m ]n. kn, 1940, ae-bmfw Npcp-s°-gpØv am\z¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Kh.
]v.
Pb-Ir-jvW≥ F≥, (F-Un.), 2011, ae-bm-fhpw ¢mkn-°¬ ]Z-hn-bpw, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
Pb-cmPv Fw, 2017, ae-bmf A®-Sn-am-[yaw : `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
Pbm kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un.), 1997, X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-
Øn¬, Xmc-Xay ]T-\-kw-Lw.
tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-bpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 2010, ˛ "ae-bm-fn°v Btcm-SmWv Iqdv' `mj kmlnXyw
kwkvIm-cw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
tPmk^v ]n. Fw, 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-߃, Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cw,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
tPmk^v, kvIdnb tUm, 2007, ]g»n tcJ-I-fnse hyh-lm-c-`m-j, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
tZh-cm-P≥ Pn. tUm., 2005, C≥^¿ta-j≥ kb≥kv: Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
11
\mb¿, s]cp∂ sI. F≥., 1976, ae-bmf ]X-Øns‚ IY, tIc-f- h¿°nwKv
tP¿W-enÃv bqWn-b≥.
]hn-X≥ ]n, 2014, amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn.
]Im-iv sI. Fkv. tUm, tUm. Fkv. F. jm\-hmkv (kw-tim.), 2010, ae-
bmf `mjbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw, ]Im-i-\-hn-`m-Kw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e,
]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿ hn. B¿, 1999 ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥
-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
]`m-I-c≥ F≥, 2012, "ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn', Bg-Øn¬ sh® I√p-Iƒ, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]mcw`kzcq-]w, Xriq¿, tIcf
kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂v, at\m-ca ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhnj≥.
]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ sI. Fw, 2004, ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-
tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn., 2007, BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy
A°m-Zan.
t^m¨ta-b¿, tPml-∂kv, 1983, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvXw, _mk¬ anj≥ _p°v
B‚ v SmIv‰v knwt_mkn-‰-dn.
_m_p sNdn-bm≥ tUm, 2009, s_©-an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw, kmlnXy ]h¿Ø-
I-kl-I-cWkw-Lw.
_m_p-cmPv ]n. Fw., 2009, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fßs\ tªmKmw, tIm´-bw, Un.- kn.
_pIvkv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, Imhp-ºmbn, 2007, ae-bmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp
]T\w, Xriq¿, tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥ Imhp-ºmbn (F-Un.), 2017, \ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw,
tIc-f-im-kvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv.
ae-bmfw hn°n ]oUnb ]h¿Ø-I¿ 2012 G]n¬, hn°n ]oUnb Hcp ssI∏p-
kvX-Iw, ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb ]h¿Ø-I¿, .
amcm¿ sI.-sI., 2008, tIc-f-Ø-\n-a, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
amXyp sP. ap´Øv tUm, 2007, hm¿Ø-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ, ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.
amXr-`qan _pIvkv tP¿W¬ (k-am.), 2008, ae-bmfw ˛ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn-sb-
°p-dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-߃, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
amXr- qan, 2014, "knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmf-w', amXr- qan Cb¿_p-
°v, ]p. 746 -˛ 750.
an\n \mb¿, tUm, 2012, knhn¬ k¿∆okv ]co-£-I-fnse ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw,
at\m-ca _pIvkv.
aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥, 1985, Nn”-\w, tIm´-bw, hnZym¿∞n-anXw _p°v Unt∏m.
cho-µ≥ sI., 2009, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\-‰n¬, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
12
cho-µ≥ sI, 2001, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.
_pIvkv.
cmL-h≥ ]pXp-∏≈n, 1985, tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿, tIc-f-
km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.
cmPp amhp-¶¬ tUm, 2004, hnZym-`ymk C≥^¿am-‰n-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω F. B¿, F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-bpsS ]_-‘-߃, amΩq-Sv.
cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿, 2008, `mjbpw `c-W-`m-j-bpw, tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿ (F-Un.), HutZym-KnI `mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIc-f-
k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-I-fpw.
cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv tUm, 2012, `uXn-I-imkvX \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.
_pIvkv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥ ]n. sI, Fkv. F≥. Pb-]-Imiv, 2003 am[ya \nL-≠p,
tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥ Fkv, 2010, ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bm-fw, tIm -bw, kmlnXy ]h¿ØI
kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw.
cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿ ]∑\, 2000, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpw, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
cma-N-µ≥ ]pXp-t»cn, 2010, sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-
lnXy A°mZan.
cma-h¿Ω (a-cp) Xºp-cm≥, F. B¿. AJn-te-iz-c-ø¿ (hym-Jym.), 1128, aI-cw,
Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿bp‡n-`m-jm, awK-tfm-Zbw enan-‰-Uv.
hk-¥≥ Fkv. sI, 2007, kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw,
Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
h¿°n ]´n-a‰w, 2008, Iwπo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
hnP-b≥ Fw. F≥ (P-\. FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛
1901 ˛ 2000, 1˛4 hmey-߃, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan.
thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ Fkv. hn (F-Un.), 2010, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-cw, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
hmkp-°p-´≥, sI. Fw s]m^, 1991, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v: ]›m-Ø-ehpw
]h¿Ø-\-hpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
hnf-°pSn cmtP-µ≥ tUm, 2011, `mjm ip≤nbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
cw, ]nb-Z¿in\n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv skmssk-‰n.
inh-Ip-am¿. B¿, 2013, `c-W-`mjm ]tbm-K-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
inh-Ip-am¿ B¿., F. B¿. kvanXm tibv, 2013, ae-bm-fw˛Cw•ojv HutZym-
KnI `mjm-\n-L-≠p, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
13
ioIp-am¿ ]n, 2008, `mj A[zm\w hntam-N-\w, hntam-N-\m-flI `mjm-im-kvX-
Øn\v Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tjgvkv
ioIp-amcn Fkv., ae-bmf `mjm-\-thm-∞m-\hpw kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Ifpw
joP Fw. ]n., 2010, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, ssaXn _pIvkv.
jmcp sP. h¿Ko-kv, F. hnP-b-e£van, 1992, A®-Sn, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n tUm, 1992, dh-d‚ v tPm¿÷v amØ≥: IrXn-Ifpw
]T-\-hpw, Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v Nµ-\-∏-≈n.
kmw F≥, 2003, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬,
tIm´-bw, Un.- kn. _pIvkv.
kp\oX Sn.- hn, 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bm-fw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kp\oX Sn. hn, 2012, C ae-bmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
kptcjv ]n. tUm, (F-Un) 2017, ae-bm-fw: tZihpw kzXzhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv,
t]mKkv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
tkXp-cm-a≥ sI, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
kvIdnb k°-dnb tUm., 1996, Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]-kw.
Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-߃
n Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1992.
n Asha Surangi, Language and Politics in India, Oxford Univesity Press, 2009.
n Satyendranath Bose, 'The Mother Tongue', Satyendra Nath Bose His Life and
Times Selected works, Ed. Kamseshwar C. Wali, World Scientific, 2009.
n John E. Joseph, Language and Identity, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.
n imkvX kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw
n `c-W-`mjm i_vZm-hen
n hnhn[ ]Z-tIm-i-߃
teJ-\-߃
n ]n. kn. Nmt°m, "\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n sIm´nbw apl-ΩZv, "I∏-en-\-I-sØ- Pew' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n Fw. hn. tXmakv, "am‰w aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n F. F≥. ]n. DΩ¿Ip´n, "`c-W-`m-jbpw `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n tUm. Fw. B¿. Xºm≥, "`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)
\nb-a-߃, IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ
n `c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-߃
n tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw
n XpS¿ \nb-a-߃ 1973, 1975.
14
B\p-Im-en-I-߃
n `c-W-`mj, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.
n hn⁄m-\-ssI-cfn, Pqembv 1990, ae-bmfw hnti-jm¬ ]Xn.
n P\-]Yw, 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-
≤o-I-cWw.
n ae-bm-◊, ae-bmf kan-Xn, 1990.
tcJ--Iƒ
n sI. Pb-Ip-am¿, Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-
im-e, kao-]-\hpw LS\bpw, sabv, 2012 (a-e-bmf k¿h-I-em-imem ÿm]-
\-Øn-\p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v)
n sFIy-a-e-bmf ]ÿm\w eLp-teJ, tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bm-f-k¿h-
I-em-im-ebpw cq]-tc-J, 2011.
15
MU CHS 4102 kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw
kn≤m-¥hpw
bqWn‰v 1
ss]XrIw, kwkvImcss]XrIw F∂o k¶¬∏-\-߃-˛-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-
]-T\w F∂ hn⁄m\]≤Xn˛LS-\m-\-¥-c-Nn-¥-bpsS kµ¿`w-˛-B-[p-\n-Im-\-
¥-cX F∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-˛-N-cn-X-]-I-cWw˛kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w F∂
hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-bpsS Ncn-Xw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbm-Kw-˛-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w: hgnbpw
s]mcpfpw˛c≠p hgn-Iƒ: Ncn-X-am-Xr-I-˛-kw-kvIm-c-am-XrI I≠-dnhpw sIm≠-
dnhpw ˛ c≠p-X-e-߃: D]-]m-Z-\-Xew (discursive terrain)-`uXn-I-X-ew (Physical
terrain), coXn -t` -Z -߃: hkvXp -\n -jvTw, A\p -`q -Xn -] -cw, kwth-Z -\w
(Communication), ]I-S-\w (Performance), hyh-lmcw (discourse) F∂o \ne-
I-fn¬˛kwkvImc]-T\w Hcp coXn-im-kvX-sa∂ \ne-bn¬- -ss]-Xr-I-]-T-\-Ønse
⁄m\-im-kvX-hn-t—Zw: Hm¿a, ]I-S-\w, kzXzw, s]mcpØw s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sv,
CSw, ÿew XpS-ßnb ]ta-b-ß-fn-te-°p≈ hnIm-kw-˛-ssh-⁄m-\n-I-k-aq-l-
Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w.
bqWn‰v 2kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[-\w, slPn-a-\n, kwkvIm-c-irw-J-e (cultural circute)-˛-ss]-
XrIirwJe (heritage network) XpS-ßnb ]cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-Øn¬-
˛-N-cn-Xhpw kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-Ihpw: ss]XrIw F∂ L\o-`q-X-N-cn-Xw-˛-]m-c-
º-cy-hp-am-bp≈ hn\n-a-b, hnt—-Z-߃-˛-ss]-XrIw: X∑m (identity) \n¿am-W-bp-
‡n˛ss]Xr-I-]-T\w: `mhn-bpsS Ncn-Xw (history of future) -˛-B-[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-
Xbpw ss]Xr-I-]-T-\hpw: bmYm¿Yyw, hkvXp, hm°v, temIw-˛-C-h-bpsS ]mc-
kv]cyw ˛ CW-°epw CW-°-gn-°epw (coding-decoding)˛-kw-th-Z-\-]-T-\w,
Nn”-hn-⁄m-\obw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS k¶¬∏-\-߃, Bi-bm-h-en-Iƒ, kn≤m-
¥-߃ F∂n-h-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-߃-˛-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w kmaq-ly-]-T\w F∂
\ne-bn¬-˛-]-bp-‡-am-\-hn-I-hn-⁄m-\w-˛-Np-s´-gp-ØpIƒ (signages).
16
bqWn‰v 3
hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw-˛-hym-Jym-\hpw bmYm¿Yy-hpw-˛-hym-Jym-\m-kq-X-Ww
(interpretive planning) -˛-Bƒ°q-´-Øn¬\n∂p≈ Adn-hp-ti-J-c-Ww (crowd
sourcing)-˛-ss]-Xr-I-hn-\n-a-b-tI-µ-߃˛alm-hn-⁄m-\-ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘hpw
C©n-am-Xr-I-bpw-˛-kz-Xz-Øns‚ D’-ho-I-c-Ww-˛-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w:
A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-]-T-\-]-≤-Xn-˛-A-\p-_-‘-⁄m-\-cq-]-߃: \c-hw-i-im-
kvXw-˛-]p-cm-h-kvXp-im-kvXw-˛-km-aq-ln-I-im-kvXw-˛-NcnXw˛-a\ximkvXw-˛-km-
º-Øn-I-im-kvXw-˛-kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\w-˛-Sq-dn-kw-]-T\w˛am[yahn-⁄m-\o-bw-˛-tc-Jm-
hn-⁄m-\w-˛-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w: en]n-hn-⁄m-\-hpw-˛-ssI-sb-gp-Øp-hn-⁄m-\-hpw-
˛-]m-T-kw-tim-[-\w-˛-tcJIfpsS h¿Ko-I-c-Ww-˛-hy-h-lm-c-am-Xr-I-Iƒ-˛-hy-h-lm-cm-
]-K-Y-\w (discourse analysis)-˛-ayqknhn⁄m-\obw: ]mT-J-\-\w (tect mining) -˛-
ayq-knbw: tcJ-I-fpsS hymJym-\-tI-µ-߃-˛tc-J-Iƒ, kw`-h-߃ (events) -˛-
kw-th-Z-\-kw-`-hw.
bqWn‰v 4
ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-Ønse ]pØ≥]pXp-a-Iƒ˛ss]-Xr-I-߃: tIc-f-Øns‚
kmwkvIm-cn-I-X-∑-bpsS \n¿an-Xn, \n¿h-N-\w, hni-Zo-I-c-Ww, km[q-I-c-Ww-˛-P-
\-Iob/P\-]n-b-hy-h-lm-c-߃: Ne-®n-Xw-˛-N-e-®n-X-Km-\-߃-˛-]-c-ky-߃-˛-]e
ss]Xr-I-߃-˛-]-e-Xcw ss]Xr-I-߃-˛-]m≥ C¥y≥ kµ¿`w-˛-ss]-Xr-I-]-T\w:
hna¿i-\-Øns‚ hgn-Iƒ: enwK-]-Z-hn-˛-Z-fn-Xv-˛-`n-∂-enw-K-˛-kvXo-hn-tam-N-\m-i-b-
M-M-fp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-Jo-I-c-Ww-˛-B¿Øn-\m-K-cn-I-Xbpw BtKm-fo-I-c-W-hpw-
˛-am-bp∂ tZim-Xn¿Øn-Iƒ-˛-ss]-Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw: ]h-W-X-Iƒ, \b-߃,
]k‡ hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃, kn≤m-¥-߃- -Sq-dn-khpw ss]Xr-I-hpw- -Sq-dnÃv Xpdn-
®p-t\m-´-߃-˛-tI-c-fo-b-k-µ¿`-߃, hn\n-a-b-߃, hna¿i-\-߃.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
BZ¿iv, kn., 2006, aXw, PmXn, \m´p-]m-c-ºcyw: sImSp-ß-√q-cnse aX/PmXn-hn-
`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ IYIƒ, Xm]-kw, hmeyw1, e°w4.
BZ¿iv, kn., 2013, hn`mh-\-Iƒ, hn\n-a-b-߃: sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ hymh-lm-
cnI-N-cn-Xw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
Awt_-Zv°¿, _n.-B¿., 1999, `K-h-Z vKo -X-sb-°p-dn -®p≈ D]-\ym-k-߃,
kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ.
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F. tIkcn, 1957, ]mNo-\-tI-c-f-N-cn-Xw, tImgn-t°m-Sv:
sI.-B¿.- _-tZgvkv.
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F. tIkcn, 1992, Ncn-X-]-T-\-߃, Beph: _mwkp-cn.
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F. tIkcn, 1995, Ncn-X-Øns‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ,- Xriq¿:
tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an.
ae-bm-f-]-T\kwLw, 2007, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w: Ncn-Xw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbm-Kw,
ImeSn.
-hn-P-b≥, Fw.-F≥. (FUn.), 2002, \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw \ΩpsS kaqlw, Xriq¿:
tIc-f-km-ln-XyA°m-Z-an.
17
io-Ip-am¿, Sn.-Sn., 2002, Ncn-Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v_pIvkv.
kvIdnb k°-dnb, 2015, ss]Xr-I-]-T\w: apkn-cnkv ss]Xr-I-]-≤Xn ap≥\n¿Øn
Hcp ho≠p-hn-Nm-cw, Xm]-kw, hmeyw 9, e°w 1˛4, 2013- Pq-sse-˛2014 -G-]n¬.
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Anderson, Gail, 2004, Reinventing the Museum: Historical and Contemporary
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Barthes, Roland, 1977, Image, Music, Text, Fontana Press.
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(Trans: R.Nice), London: Routledge.
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Helmut Anheire, 2011, Heritage, Memory and Identity, London: Sage Publications.
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Metheun.
Hewison, Robert, 2014, Cultural Capital : The Rise and Fall of Creative Britain,
London: Verso.
Howard, Peter, 1994, The Heritage Discipline, International Journal of Heritage
Studies, 1 (1) 3-5.
Jussay, P.M., 2005, The Jews of Kerala, Universty of Calicut.
Kosambi, D.D., 1998, Myth and Reality, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.
Lefebvre, Henri, 1983, Everyday life in the Modern World, New Brunswick.
Lefebvre, Henri, 1991, Critique of Everyday Life Vol.I, London: Verso.
Lowenthal, David, 1998, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, CUP.
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versity Press.
18
Lumley, R., 2005, The Debate on Heritage Reviewed, in G. Corsane (ed) Heritage,
Museums and Galleries: An introductory reader, 15-25, London: Routledge.
Macdonald, Sharon (ed), 2006, A Companion to Museum Studies, Wiley- Blackwell.
Mani, Braj Ranjan, 2005, Debrahmanising History: Dominance and Resistance in
Indian Society, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Marstine, Janet (Ed), 2008, New Museum Theory and Practice: An Introduction,
MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Marx, Engels, 1968, Selected Works, Moscow: Progress Publishers.
Narayanan, M.G.S., 2013, The Perumals of Kerala, Thrissur: Cosmo Books.
Panikkar, K.N., 1995: Culture Ideology Hegemony, New Delhi: Tulika Books.
Reas, P., & Cosgrove, S., 1993, Flogging a Dead Horse: Heritage Culture and its
Role in Post-industrial Britain, Manchester: Cornerhouse Publications.
Renfrew, Colin, 2000, Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Ar-
chaeology, Bloomsbury Academic.
Ricoeur, Paul , 2004, Memory, History, Forgetting, Chicago/London: University
of Chicago Press.
Samuel, Raphael, 1995, 'Theme Parks - Why Not?: History is everybody's', London:
The Independent.
Samuel, Raphael, 1994, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary
Culture, London: Verso.
Scaria Zacharia, 2005, Jewish Malayalam Folk Songs: Text, Discourse and Identity,
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Vol. XXXIV No. 2.
Shulman, David, 2012, More than Real : A History of the Imagination in South India,
Harvard University Press.
Smith, Laurajane (ed), 2006, Cultural Heritage: Critical Concepts in Media and
Cultural studies, London: Routledge.
Urry, John, 1990, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contempoary Societies,
London: Sage Publications.
Walsh, Kevin, 1992, The Representation of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the
Post-Modern World, London: Routledge.
Williams, Raymond, 1983, Key Words, London: Fontana.
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Britain, OUP.
Wright, Patric, 1995, Heritage Clubs Slug it Out, London: The Guardian (p.1).
TAPASAM (A Journal for Kerala Studies), Vol. I, Issue 3 ,4& Vol. VI, Issue I, article of
Jewish heritage of Kerala by MGS, Kesavan Veluthattu, M.N.Karassery, Galio
Hacco, Albrecht Frenz, Barbara Johnson, Marci Waerstin, Ophira Gamliel, Shalva
Weil, Michael Glatzier, Edwn Serussi, Scaria Zachariah etc.
Ipdn∏v:
ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m-\o-bw, ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fpsS KŸ-kqNn
H∏w ImWp-I.
19
MU CHS 4102 tIcfw: A[n-hm-k-L-S-\bpw
kmwkvImcnI`qan-imkvXhpw
BapJw
`q]-Ir-Xn, cm„ob˛k-ap-Zm-b-L-S-\-Iƒ, hntZ-i-_-‘-߃ XpS-ßnbhbnse
khn-ti-j-X-I-fm¬ Gsd kzm[o-\n-°-s∏-´-XmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-ss]-
Xr-Iw. tIcfw Hcn-°epw henb kmam-Py-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂n-´n-√. BI-a-
W-߃ Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ bp≤-]m-c-º-cyhpw hnI-kn-®n-´n-√.
kz¥-am-sbmcp kwkvIrXn t\c-tØ-Xs∂ ChnsS cq]-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ Pohn-
Xw-sIm≠pw kwkvIm-cw-sIm≠pw ka-K-amb Bcy-Zm-hn-U-an-iWw D≠m-bn.
Ime-h¿j-°m-‰v, \Zn-I-fpsS s]cp-∏w, ag-bpsS B[n-Iyw, Pekar-≤n, aÆns‚
^e-`q-bn-jvTX F∂nh \nanØw CXc C¥y≥tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb
A[n-hm-k-am-XrI tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. AXn¿Øn-I-fn-√m-Ø, `nØn-I-fn-√m-Ø,
XpS¿®-bmb Xpd∂ Kma-ß-fmWv Ah-bn-te-sd-bpw. sNdp-\m-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp∂p
\q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw tIc-f-Øns‚ cm„o-b-L-S-I-߃. hn`-h-kam-l-cWw Ipd-
hm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬ Chn-SsØ t£X-ßfpw tImhn-e-I-ßfpw Xmc-X-
tay\ sNdp-Xm-Wv. acp-a-°-Øm-bhpw IpSn-∏-Ibpw Dƒs∏sS \nc-h[n tKmX-
]m-cºcy-߃ Zo¿LImew XpS¿∂p-h-∂p. \ne-\n¬]n-\m-h-iy-amb Irjnbpw
henb Ne-\-an-√mØ Dƒ\m-Sp-Ifpw hntZ-i-_-‘-ß-fm¬ Ne-\m-fl-I-amb
IS¬°-c-]-tZ-ihpw \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS kap-Z-hym-]mchyK-X-bp-sa√mw tIc-f-
Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bncp∂p. CXns‚sb√mw XpS¿®-sb-t∂m-W-amWv hntZ-
in-ItfmSp≈ hnt[-bXzw, aX-k-ln-jvWp-X, kwkvIm-c-k-ln-jvWp-X, kap-Zm-
b-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-cm-in-XXzw XpS-ßn-bh tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚
`mK-am-bnXocp-∂-Xv. B[p-\n-I-Z-i-bnse bqtdm-]y≥ A[n-\n-th-i-apƒs∏sS \nc-
h[n LS-I߃ Cu kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw AXns\ ]cn-
h¿Øn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-
Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-sØbpw ]cn-Wm-a-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ hni-Z-amb At\z-j-
W-amWv Cu tImgvkv.
bqWn‰v 1
`qanimkvXkhntijXIƒ ˛ `qhn`mK߃ ˛ Imemhÿ ˛ age`yX ˛
kapZw, \ZnIƒ, ImbepIƒ ˛ ]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw ˛ inembpKPohnXw,
D]IcW߃ ˛ kq£vainembp[߃ ˛ Im¿jnIhnZy ˛ PohnX]cnkcw ˛
BZna\nhmknIƒ ˛ sXmgn¬, kmaqlnI cq]oIcWw ˛ CcpºpbpKw. tIcfw:
kmwkvImcnI ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ apZ-Iƒ. ]pcmhkvXp kmaKnIƒ ˛ \m´p-I-
√p-Iƒ (Menhier), ap\nbdIƒ (dolmen & dolmenoid cysts), \∂ßmSnIƒ ˛
IpS°√v, sXm∏n°√v, KplmNnX߃ (F-S-°¬, ad-bq¿), imk\߃
˛]mNo\ enJnX߃, ]mNo\ \mWb߃, hmkvXpine v]߃,
ÿe\ma߃ ˛ tImhneIw tcJIƒ, Bcm-[-\m-ebtcJ-Iƒ, Xdhm´p
tcJIƒ, --k--©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, \mS≥]m´pIƒ, sFXn-ly-߃ ˛ kmlnXy
IrXnIƒ.
20
bqWn‰v 2
Ccp-ºp-bp-K-kw-kvIm-cw (Iron Age Cultures) -˛-a-lm-in-e-Ifpw Ah-bpsS -h¿Ko-
I-c-Whpw- ˛- kº-ZvL-S\˛ A-dnhpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw˛teml,- I-c-Iu-i-e,-
hm-kvXp-hn-Zy-Iƒ, hnizm-khpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-hpw-. Ch-bn¬ sXfn-bp∂ Pohn-
Xhpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ ]cn-t]-£yhpw ˛ -A-[n-hm-k-am-Xr-I. ]pXn-b- A-[o-i-Xz-
Øn-te-°v-˛-km-aq-ly˛km-º-Øn-I- `q-an-imkvXw˛ ]g-¥-an-gv]m-´p-Iƒ˛XnW-k-
¶¬∏w, Pohn-Im-k-º-Zm-b-߃-˛-hn-`-thm¬∏m-Z\w; FgpØpw A£-cm-`ym-k-
hpw-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I- ]-cn-k-cw (Cultural milieu), c‡-_‘w (Kinship), hnhm-lw,
Ihn-X, BNm-c-߃, hnt\m-Z-߃- -th-jhpw B -c-W-ß-fpw- -]p-Xnb ]cn-h¿Ø-
\-Øn-te°v (towards new transformation).
bqWn‰v 3
Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-cw, Irjn kº-Zm-b-ß-fnse ]cn-W-Xn-Iƒ -A-[n-hm-k-am-XrI-
˛-_m-“-W-Ip-Sn-tb-‰w, _m“-W-Km-a-߃, CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS A[n--hm-k-am-
Xr-I-Iƒ, D¬∏m-Z-\-_-‘-߃- -hn- -h-hn-X-c-Ww- -A-[n-Im-c-L-S-\- -]-Xn,- Ducmf≥,
Ducv, k`, \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ, s]cp-am-°-∑m¿; kmaq-ly-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-]-cn-k-cw.
Irjn-hym-]-\w, Im¿jn-I-hn-Zy-˛]p-Xnb kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-Ww-˛-Pm-Xn-ti-Wn-˛-tI-
c-f-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w.
bqWn‰v 4
tImf-\o-I-c-Ww-˛-tIm-f\n B[p-\n-IX: aX-]-chpw cm„o-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-
hp-amb ]Xym-Lm-X-߃˛A[n-\n -th-i-hn -cp -≤-k-a-c-߃˛Pm-Xn -k-aq -l-
Øn¬\n∂v PmXy-Xo-X-k-aq-l-Øn-te-°v- -s]m-Xp-a-fieØns‚ cq]o-I-cWw: A®-
Sn,-]-X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, B[p-\n-I-Iemkm-ln-Xy-cq-]-߃: \mS-Iw, Ne-®n-Xw, NnX-
I-e, in¬∏-I-e,-t\m-h¬, sNdp-I-Y-˛-am-Xr-`m-jm-[n-jvTn-X-s]m-Xp-a-fi-ew-˛-\-thm-
∞m-\-]-ÿm-\߃-˛-I¿j-I-]-ÿm-\-߃-˛-sF-Iy-tI-c-fw.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
KtWiv, sI.F≥., 1990, tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ, Xncph\¥]pcw:
kmwkvImcnIhIp∏v.
tKm]meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., 1974, tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnINcnXw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
tKm]meIrjvW≥, aeb≥Iogv, tIcfNcnXkm£y߃, Xncph\¥]pcw:
tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v.
ZmtamZc≥, sI., tIcfNcnXw, Xncph\¥]pcw: ]`mXv _p°v lukv.
\ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, C.Fw.Fkv., 2008, tIcfNcnXw: am¿IvknÃvho£WØn¬,
Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
]Wn°¿, sI.F≥., kwkvImchpw tZiobXbpw, Xr»q¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
_meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., PmXnhyhÿnXnbpw tIcfNcnXhpw, tIm´bw:
Un.kn _pIvkv.
21
`mkv°c\pÆn, ]n., ]sØm≥]Xmw\q‰m≠nse tIcfw, tIm´bw: Un.kn
_pIvkv.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., 2014, NcnXØnse C¥y, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr`qan
_pIvkv.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ, 1999, tIcfNcnXw, c≠phmeyw,
ipI]pcw: h≈tØmƒ hnZym]oTw.
h¿§okv, hn.sP. (FUn), A™qdvh¿jsØ tIcfw, Nne AdnhSbmf߃,
Nß\mt»cn: Xm]kw.
hnPb≥, Fw.F≥. (FUn), 2002, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛
1901˛2000, Xriq¿: tIcfkmlnXyA°mZan.
i¶pÆn, sIm´mcØn¬, 2015, sFXnlyame, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
ioIpam¿, F.Pn., 2014, A®p-Iq-S-Ønse tIc-fw, IÆq¿: ssIc-fn _pIvkv.
io[ctat\m≥, F., 2012, tIcfNcnXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
io[ctat\m≥, F., 2007, tIcfkwkvImcw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
Jeffrey, Robin, 2000, The Decline of Nair Dominance in Kerala, Oxford University
Press.
Logan, William, 2001, Malabar Manual, Vol. I, II, Asian Educational Services.
Nagam, Aiya, V.,The Travancore State Manual, Vol. - I - III, Thiruvananthapuram:
Department of Cultural Publications.
Narayanan, M. G. S., 2013, Perumals of Kerala, Calicut: Cosmo Publications.
Panikkar, K.N., Colonialism, Resistance and Culture, New Delhi: OUP.
Rajan Gurukkal, Raghava Varier, M. R., 1999, Cultural History of Kerala, Vol. I,
Trivandrum: Dept. of Cultural Publications.
Ramachandran Nair, S., 1999, Social & Cultural History of Colonial Kerala, Kalady:
Sree Sankaracharya University.
Ramachandran Nair, S., Shobhanan, B., John, K.J., The History of Freedom Move-
ment in Kerala, Government of Kerala.
Sreedharan, E., 2007, A manual of Historical Research Methodology, Trivandrum:
The Centre for South Indian Studies.
Velu Pillai, T. K., 1996, The Travancore State Manual, Trivandurm: Government of
Kerala.
22
MU CHS 4103 kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrIw: ZØ-k-am-l-c-Whpw
coXn-im-kvXhpw
bqWn‰v 1
ZØw F∂ ]cn-I¬∏-\-: hymJym-\m-fl-Iw-˛-\n¿am-Wm-fl-Iw˛\n¿h-N-\w˛-N-cnXw-
˛kn≤m¥w˛hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-߃-˛--ZØw F∂ \n¿anXn˛kmw-kvIm-cn-I-\n¿an-Xn-˛-N-
cn-X-\n¿an-Xn˛-ZØ-hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww: L-S-\-˛-L-S-\m-\-¥-c-]-cn-k-cw-˛-tIm-f-\n-b-\-¥-
c-]-T-\w˛UnPn-‰¬ am\-hn-I-im-kvX-ß-fpw A°m-Z-an-I-]-T-\-ß-fpw˛coXnbpw coXn-
im-kvX-hpw˛-ss]Xr-I-]-T\Ønse `mjm-im-kvXm`n-apJyw: kwkvIm-c-]-T\w
coXn-]-≤-Xn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬˛A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-X _lp-ssh-⁄m-\n-I-X-
F∂o kwh¿K-߃ ss]XrI]-T-\-Øn¬˛D]m-Zm-\w (-Z-Øw) F∂ F∂ NcnX/
kmwkvIm-cn-I-\n¿an-Xn-˛- D]m-Zm\hpw ssk≤m-¥n-I-k-ao-£-bpw-˛-D-]m-Zm\w F∂
ssk≤m-¥n-I-\n¿anXn- D-]m-Zm-\hpw NcnX-hpw- -D-]m-Zm\w F∂ hyh-lm-cw- D]m-
Zm-\hpw hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw: kmln-Xyw, Ncn-Xw, imkvXw, km-t¶-Xn-I-
imkvXw˛D]m-Zm-\-߃ hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬/hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ D]m-Zm-\-
Øn¬˛hn⁄m\w (Adn-hv) F∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-\n¿an-Xn: hnhcw hymJym\w
hna¿iw˛⁄m\w, ⁄m\n -aw, ⁄m\im-kvXw F∂o ]cn -I¬∏-\ -
Iƒ˛Adnhpw Adnhp\n¿amWhpw: D]m-Zm\w>hnhcw>⁄m\w>hn⁄m\w˛
tI-c-fo-b-am-Xr-I-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 2
kw-kvImcss]Xr-I-]-T\w: _lp-hn-j-b,-hn-j-bm-¥-co-b-k-ao-]-\-߃-˛-N-cn-Xw,-
]p-cm-XXzhn-⁄m\bw,- \-c-hwi-im-kvXw F∂n-h-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w-˛-Ncn-X-
co-Xn-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]tbm-Kw-˛-K-th-j-W-hn-j-b-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v-˛-K-Ÿ-kq-Nn-˛-A-
Sn-°pd∏v -]-am-W-߃- -]-am-W-ti-J-cw- -km-ln-Xy-, ]p-cm-h-kvXp-]amW-߃˛hm-
sam-gn-]-am-W-߃-˛-an-Øp-Iƒ: A]-K-Y-\w, D]-tbm-Kw,˛K-th-j-W-]-≤-Xn-bpsS
cq]-tc-J-˛-A-]-K-Y-\-]-In-b-˛-F-gp-Øp-L-´w-˛]pcm--XXzhn-⁄m-\o-b, -\-c-hw-i-im-
kvX-k-ao-]-\-߃-˛-]p-cm-XXz]-T-\-co-Xn-im-kvXw: -D¬J-\-\hpw ]pcm-h-kvXp-
tiJ-c-W-hpw˛`uXn-tIm]m-Zm\-߃ ss]Xr-I-sa∂ \ne-bn¬-˛-hn-i-I-e-]-T-\w-˛-
\c-hw-i-im-kvXk-ao-]-\-ß-ƒ˛-A-`n-ap-Jw-˛-hw-im-h-en-˛-D-≈-S-°-hn-i-I-e\w˛h-
kvXp-hn-j-b-]-T-\w- -hw-io-b-]-T-\w- -F-gp-Øp-kw-kvIm-chpw \h-hw-io-b-]-T-\-hpw.
lkvX-en-Jn-X-hn-⁄m-\o-b-hpw- C≥tUm-f-Pn-coXn-imkvXhpw ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-
Øn¬-˛-l-kvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ-˛-lyq-dn -Ãn-Ivkv, -
dnsU≥j≥,-F-a≥tU-j≥,- l-b¿In-´n-kn-kw.
bqWn‰v 3
ZØkam-l-cWw, Iao-I-c-Ww, tcJm-ebw F∂n-h-bpsS ][m\yw˛-enJn-X-
]mTw˛Zriy-]mTw˛UnPn-‰¬]mTw--˛Ch-bpsS Iao-I-cWw ˛ kam-lrXcq]-tØmSv
A\p-_-‘-am-bp≈ ZØ-ßfpsS Iao-I-c-Ww-˛tcJm-ebw˛ÿm\\n¿W-
23
b\w˛Imem-hÿ˛LS\˛Xm]-\n-e-bpsS Iao-I-cWw˛ayq-kn-bhpw tcJm-e-
bhpw˛hyXym-k-߃˛ss]Xr-I-Z-Ø-ß-fpsS ]km-cWw˛A-Xns‚ kmwkvIm-
cnI cm„ob][m-\yw˛^o¬Uv˛\n¿∆-N\w˛XrXob^o¬Uv \n¿W-bn -
°¬˛]mY-anI/ZznXo-bZØw˛^o¬Uvh¿°ns‚aps∂m-cp-°-߃˛Bkq-
XWw˛ hn`-h-k-am-l-cWw ˛ ss]e‰vk¿t∆ ˛ ^o¬Uv ]th-i-\w-˛ ^o¬Uv
h¿°v k¿t∆A`n-apJw kzX¥w˛\nb-¥-Ww. \nco-£Ww˛amdn-\n-∂p≈ \nco-
£Ww˛]¶m-fnØ\nco-£Ww˛kl-\n-co-£-Ww˛kµ¿`w˛k∂n-lnXw˛hnZqcw
˛^o¬Uvt\m´v ˛^o¬Uv Ubdn˛^o¬UvD]-I-c-W-߃. ^o¬Uvh¿°ns‚
[m¿a-n-I-X.B¿ss°-hp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw -Z-Ø-߃ kaml-cn-°p∂ hn[w˛-ZØ-
hn-`-P\w: kv]¿iyw, kv]¿tiy-X-cw-˛-hm-sam-gn-˛-h-c-sam-gn-˛-Hm¿a-˛-Z-Ø-ß-fpsS
ÿe,-Im-e-_-≤-X-˛-N-cn-X-_-≤-X.
bqWn‰v 4
ZØ kam-l-cWw˛kam-lr-X-Z-Ø-ß-fpsS Iao-I-cWw-˛k-hn-ti-j-ss]-XrIw
B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ ]mtbm-Kn-I-]-h¿Ø\w.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
hnP-b-∏≥, F., 1997, ]mT-hn-a¿iw, ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw tPW¬, ae-bm-f-hn-`m-Kw,
-tIm-gn-t°mSv k¿h-I-em-im-e.
io[-c≥, C. (-hn-h.)-, 2010, Ncn-X-K-th-j-W-co-Xn-im-kvXw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tI-c-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn‰yq´v.
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Social Science, U.K.: Sage Publications.
24
Rajan, K., 2002, Archaeology: Principles and Methods, Thanjavur: India Manoo
Pathippakam.
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Silverman, David, 2004, Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice, U.K.:
Sage Publications.
Singh, Sanjay Kumar, 2012, Research Methodology In History, New Delhi: Maxford
Books.
Tinkler, Penny, 2013, Using Photographs in Social and Historical Research, U.K.:
Sage Publications.
Upadhyay, Anilkumar, 2013, Research Methodology in Social Science, New Delhi:
Manford Books.
Verma, Deepak, 2014, Research Methods in Anthropology, New Delhi: Lakshmi
Publishers.
Yang, Keming, 2010, Making Sense of Statistical Methods in Social Research, U.K.:
Sage Publications.
25
MU CHS 4104 lkvX-en-JnXhn-⁄m\obw
]T-t\m-t±iyw
lkvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ D≈-S°w sNbvXn-´p≈ kmlnXy˛hn⁄m\tiJ-c-sØ-
°p-dn®v a\-n-em-°p-I. Ah-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bpI.
kwkvImcss]XrI]T-\-Øn¬ lkvX-en-Jn-X˛ hn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]k‡n
a\-n-em-°p-I. lkvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww hmb-\, ]km-[-\w, XpSßnb
taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-N-bn-°p-I.
bqWn‰v 1
hmsamgn ˛ FgpØv ˛ hmƒ´¿ sP. HmPv lkvX-en-JnXw ˛ lkvX enJnX
hn⁄m-\obw ˛ ][m-\yhpw ]k-‡nbpw ˛ kwkvImcss]XrI]T-\hpw
lkvX-en-Jn-X-ßfpw ˛ Fgp-Øp-]-I-c-W-ßfpw Fgp-Xp-∂Xn\p≈ am[y-a-ßfpw˛
hnhn-[-Xcw lkvX-en-Jn-X-߃ Ah-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hnj-b-ssh-hn[yw ˛
FgpØv ˛ Adn-hns‚ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øepw ssPhn-I-X-bpw.
bqWn‰v 2
lkvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fnse en]nbpw `mjbpw ˛ lkvX-en-Jn-X-tiJ-cWw ˛ lkvX-
en-Jn-XKŸm-eb߃ ˛ \mj-W¬ am\p-kvIn]v‰v anj≥ ˛ lkvX-en-Jn-X-kwc-
£Ww ˛ h¿Ko-I-cWw ˛ Im‰-tem-KnMv.
bqWn‰v 3
lkvX-en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS FUn-‰nßpw ]km-[-\hpw ˛ H‰ KŸ-Øns‚ ]km-
[\w ˛ kw-tim-[nX kwkvI-c-Ww (In´n-°¬ FUn-j≥) -hnhn[ L´-߃ ˛
A®Sn ˛ UnPn-‰¬ tcJo-I-c-W-Ønse IpXn®p Nm´-߃.
bqWn‰v 4
lkvX-en-JnX KŸm-e-b-߃ / tiJ-c-߃ kµ¿in-°pI. ]cn-N-bn-°p-I.
sXcs™-SpØ Xmfntbme KŸ-߃ / Xmfn -tbme hmbn -°m\pw
Sm≥kvIn]v‰v Xøm-dm-°m\pw ]cn-N-bn-°p-I. UnPn-ss‰-tk-j≥ ]cn-N-bw.
klm-bIKŸ-߃
awK-ew, Fkv.-sP., 1997, ]mNo\ `mc-Xob en]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bm-f-en-]n-bpsS
hnIm-k-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
cmL-h-hmcnb¿, Fw.-B¿., 2011, ae-bmfen]nNcn-Xw, tIm´-bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
hnim-em-£n, ]n., 2011, lkvX-enJnXkwc-£Ww, tIc-f-kw-kvImc]T-\-߃,
tIm´-bw: Id‚ v_pIvkv.
hnP-b-∏≥, ]n.Fw., 2009, ]mT-hn-a¿i-\w, ]kn-≤o-I-cWhn`m-Kw, tImgn-t°mSv
k¿h-I-em-ime.
26
Agarwal, O.P. (Ed), 1992, Conservation of Manuscript and Documents, INTACH.,
Lucknow: Indian Conservation Institute.
Agarwal, O.P., Barkeshli Mandana, 1977, Proceeding and Transaction of the All
India Oriental Conference Fortieth session, Chennai: A.I.O.C. Bhandarkar Oriental
Research Institute and the Sanskrit Academy.
Ahmed Ali, 2006, Fundamentals of Manuscripts Conservation, Hyderabad: IMPACT.
Burnell, A.C.,1968, Elements of Indian Palaeography, Delhi: Indological Book house.
Diringer, David, 1996, The Alphabet, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt.Ltd.
Katre, S.M., 1954, Introduction to Indian Textual criticism, Poona: Deccan College.
Murthy, Shivaganesha, R.S., 1996, Introduction to Manuscriptology, Delhi: Sharada
Publishing House.
Sukthankar, V.S., 1933, Prolegomena to the critical edition of Adiparva of
Mahabharata, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
Visalakshy, P., 2003, The fundamentals of Manuscriptology, Thiruvananthapuram:
DLA.
Walter J. Ong, 2002, Orality and Literacy, London and New York: Routledge.
S. Raju, A Randum Walk to Historeography of South India - KCHR.
27
MU CHS 4105 Xt±-io-b-Xbpw ss]Xr-I--hpw
]T-t\m-t±iyw
Xt±-io-b-X-sb∂ k¶¬∏\w. AXns‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww, hn\n-a-bw, tZio-b-X-tbm-
Sp≈ _‘w, ss]XrIw XpS-ßn-bhsb ]c-kv]-cw- _-‘-s∏SpØn hna¿i-\m-
flIhpw XmXzn-I-hpambn ]Tn-°p--bmWvv tImgvkns‚ e£yw. Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS
khn-tij LS-I-߃ kv]riym-[n-Imcw ssIh-cn®v kmwkvIm-cn-I-tI-µ-ß-
fmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂- kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-Inb A]-K-Yn-°p-I. CØcw tIµ-
߃ ap≥\n¿Øn Xt±-io-b-X-Iƒ tZio-b-X-I-fpambn DZvK-Yn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw
Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n»-–-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw hna¿i-\m-flIambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
bqWn‰v 1
Xt±-io-bX: \n¿∆N\w˛Hmtcm ]tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn®pw P\Xbn¬ cq]-s∏´v \ne-
\n¬°p∂ Ah-t_m[w˛Xt±-io-bX Ncn-X-]-c-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw
cm„o-b-ambpw \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂ hn[w. ]mtZ-in-Im-Jym-\-߃; ]cn-ÿn-Xn,
hmsam-gn, Ie,- kw-kvIm-cw, `mj, hnizm-km-Nm-cw, NcnXw XpS-ßn-b-h-˛-]m-tZ-
in-Im-Jym-\-ßfpw tZi-cm-„hpw. Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS tZio-b-Xm-hm-b-\-˛-tZ-io-b-
X-bpsS Xt±-io-b-Xm-hm-b-\. Xt±-io-b-X-˛-tI-c-f-tZ-io-b-X-˛-C-¥y≥tZ-io-b-X-˛-
km¿h-tZ-io-b-X. ]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS ]mT-t`-Z-\n¿anXn. Xt±-io-b-X-˛-Z-Ø-k-am-l-
c-W-Øns‚ coXn-im-kvXw.
bqWn‰v 2
-tI-c-fobXt±-io-b-X-Iƒ: Zmhn-U-kw-kvIr-Xn-˛-D¿h-c-Xm-cm-[-\-˛-hw-io-b-]p-cm-hr-
Ø-߃(tIc-tfm¬∏-Øn, ]m°-\m¿]m´v)˛]-Xn-s\´p \mSp-Iƒ-˛-D-’-h-߃,
BtLm-j-߃ (-Hm-Ww- -hn-hn-[-Im-e-ß-fnepw tZi-ß-fnepw P\-hn- m-K-ßfn-epw) -
Xt±io-b-X-bnse PmXn, aXw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-, Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS kl-Po-h-\-
߃, sIm≈-s°m-Sp-°-ep-Iƒ. Xt±-io-b-X-˛-B-tKm-f-h¬°-c-W-k-µ¿`-Øn¬
]Xn-tcm-[-cq-]w-˛-X-t±-io-bX: D¬∏m-Z-\-L-S-I-߃-˛-Po-h-\w-˛-A-Xn-Po-h-\w-˛-]m-cn-
ÿn-Xn-I-A-ht_m[w
bqWn‰v 3
tIc-f-Ønse ][m-\- kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-tI-µ-߃˛ss]Xr-I-tI-µ-sa∂
Bibw Hcp kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw: Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-chpw tZio-b-ss]-
Xr-I-Øn-te-°p≈ IÆn-tN¿°-epw. amSm-bn-°m-hv, - ]-d-»n-\n-°-S-hp-ap-Ø-
∏≥t£Xw, ]njm-cn-°m-hv, sImSp-ß-√q¿t£-Xw, h≈n-bq¿°m-hv, Xr°-Wm-
28
a-Xn-e-Iw, hS-°pw-\m-Y≥, Kpcp-hm-bq¿,i_-cn-a-e. ssP\-˛-_u-≤-˛-ap-…ow-˛-ssI-
kvX-h-˛PqX--tI-µ-߃.- ssP\-ta-Sv, Ic-pam-Sn-°p-´≥, tNc-am≥a-kvPn-Zv, amSm-bn-
∏-≈n, _oam-∏-≈n, Xmg-Ø-ßm-Sn-∏-≈n, a´m-t©-cn-∏-≈n, ae-bm-‰q¿ A¿Øp-¶¬∏-
≈n-Iƒ. A[n-Im-c-˛-cm-„o-b-ss]-Xr-I-tI-µ-߃: I\-I-°p∂v sIm´m-cw, (Xr∏q-
Wn-Øp-d), Xe-t»-cn-t°m-´, t_°¬t°m-´, Xt±-io-b-amb a¨tIm-´-Iƒ:
tIt®cn, tIm -°¬, Ad-bv°¬tIm-hn-e-Iw, t\∏n-b¿ayq-kn-bw. X-t±-io-b-Xbpw
ss]Xr-I-hpw˛Xt±-io-bm-Jym-\-߃, h¿Ø-am-\-]-Xn-\n-[m-\-߃. tZio-b-Xbpw
Xt±-io-b-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-ßfpw Nm¿®-I-fpw. Xt±-io-b-X-Iƒ tZio-
b-X-bn-te°v DZvK-Yn-°p-∂-Xns‚ hn\n-a-b-_-e-X¥w. Akv]r-iy-kw-kvIr-Xn-
Iƒ°v (intangible) kv]riyX ssIh-cp∂ hn[w˛ss]-Xr-I-tI-µ-ß-fpsS cm„o-
bw- ˛ -ss]-Xr-I-tI-µ-ß-fn-te°pw tZio-b-X-bpsS apJy-[m-c-bn-te°pw Xt±-io-
b-X-Iƒ ]th-in°p∂hn[w, kv]r-iy-X-bn-√msX t]mIp-Ibpw ]m¥o-b-am-bn-
t∏m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ss]Xr-I-߃-, Xt±-io-b-X-I-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßfpw
ss]Xr-I-hpw, am[y-a-ßfpw Xt±-io-b-X-bpw, kwkvIm-cw: ]mtZ-in-I-a-fi-ehpw
s]mXp-a-fi-e-hpw˛kmwkvIm-cn-I-Sq-dn-khpw Xt±-io-b-X-bpw˛]mtZ-in-I-N-cn-Xw,
hmsam-gn-N-cnXw˛Xt±-io-b-Xbpw kmln-Xy-hpw:
tkm-Zm-l-c-W-]-T-\w:
ac°m-∏nse sXø-ß-ƒ : Aw_n-Im-kp-X≥ amßm-Sv
Nmshm-en : ]-n.-F. DØ--a≥
bqWn‰v 4
-GsX-¶nepw Hcp kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrItIµ-sØ-∏‰n ]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.
A[ym-]-I-cpsS am¿K-\n¿t±-i-Øn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-
dn®v ]Øv ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmØ ]T-\-tcJ (]-_-‘w)Xøm-dm-°-Ww.
k¶¬∏\w, ]T-\-ta-J-e, coXn-im-kvXw, ]q¿h-]-T-\-߃ F∂nh hy‡-ambn
]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-h-bm-IWw ]T-\-߃. (Hcp sIUn-‰n-\p≈ Hcp t]∏¿)
klm-bIKŸ-߃
APp \mcm-b-W≥, Icp-am-Sn-°p- ≥: \m -dnhpw tI -dn-hpw, Nß-\m-t»-cn: Xm]kw.
APp \mcm-b-W≥, tIc-f-Ønse _p≤-a-X-]m-c-ºcyw \mS≥]m-´p-I-fn-eq-sS,
tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.
tKm]meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., 1974, tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnINcnXw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
\ºq-Xn-cn, F≥.-Fw., inh-Zmkv, ]n.-sI., tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ \m´p-h-gn-Iƒ,
tIm´bw: Un.kn.- _pIvkv.
\mcmbW≥, Fw.Pn.Fkv., tIcfNcnXØns‚ ASnÿm\ ineIƒ, en]n
]ªnt°j≥kv.
apcfn, tImhneIßfpw sIm´mcßfpw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr`qan _pIvkv.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., ssP\aXw tIcfØn¬ .
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., tIcfobX NcnXam\߃, h≈tØmƒ
hnZym]oTw.
29
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ, 2012, 1. anØpw kaqlhpw,
tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ. 2. tIcfNcnXw (1˛2), h≈tØmƒ
hnZym]oTw.
thembp[≥, ]Wn°t»cn, 2012, tIcfØnse cmPhwi߃, tIm´bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
i¶p Aø¿, tIcfhpw _p≤aXhpw, Xriq¿: cmah¿Ω dnk¿®v C≥Ãn‰yq´v
_p≈‰n\pIƒ.
io[ctat\m≥, F., 2013, tIcfNcnXinev]nIƒ, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
io[ctat\m≥, F., 2012, tIcf NcnXw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
kvIdnb k°-dnb (F-Un.), tIc-tfm¬∏-Ønbpw a‰pw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.
_p-Ivkv.
Anheier, Helmut, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, 2010, Heritage, Memory and Identity, Lon-
don: Sage Publications.
Bharatiya Vidyabhavan, The Cultural Heritage of India, 8 Vols.
Chaudhary, Poonam (Ed.), 2012, Heritage and Cultural Routes: An Anthology,
New Delhi: Shubhi Publications.
Cleere, Henry (Ed.), 2009, Approaches to the Archaeological Heritage, Cam-
bridge University Press.
Fopp, Michael, 1997, Managing Museums and Galleries, London: Routledge.
Gupta, S.P., 2002, Cultural Tourism in India, Indraprastha Museum of Art and Ar-
chaeology.
Narayanan, M.G.S., 1972, Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala, Trivandurm: Kerala Histori-
cal Society.
Padmakumari Amma, B., 2008, Jain -Buddhist Centres in Kerala, Kuppam: Dravidian
University.
Raghava Varier, M.R., Rajan Gurukkal, 1979, Cultural History of Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram: Dept. of Cultural Publication.
Rao, Gopinatha, T.A., Travancore Archaeological Series, Thiruvananthapuram:
Dept. of Cultural Publications.
Sarkar, H., 2004, Museums and Protection of Monuments and Antiquities in India,
New Delhi: Sandeep Prakashan.
Sreedhara Menon, A., Prof., 2011, Cultural Heritage of Kerala, Kottayam: D.C.
Books.
30
ska-ÿ 2MU CHS 4201 tIc-fob-I-em-ss]-XrIw
MU CHS 4202 tIc-fo-b-ssh⁄m-\nI-ss]-XrIw
MU CHS 4203 tIc-fo-bhm-Wn-Py-ss]-XrIw
MU CHS 4204 ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-a-bhpw hymJym-\hpw
MU CHS 4205 ss]XrI]cnc-£: XXzw, ]tbm-Kw, \n-ba-w
31
MU CHS 4201 tIc-fob-I-em-ss]XrIw
]Tt\mt±iyw
A\p-`qXncq]-Øn¬ kwI-an-°p-∂- \nXy-k-h-¥n-bmb a\pjyPo-hnXamWv
kmwkvIm-cn-I-ss]-Xr-Øns‚ Hcp apJw.- Cu A\p-`q-Xn-I-fmWv cm„-\n¿am-W-
Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-bp-‡n-I-ƒ. A\p-`q-Xyp¤hØns‚ ]Y-a-]-[m-\tkmX-
p-IfmWv Iem-km-ln-Xy-ß-ƒ. tIcfw F∂]/tZi-X-∑sbbpw kaq-l-X-
∑sbbpw km[y-am-°p∂ A\p-`q-Xn-ta-J-e-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ tIc-fo-b-Zr-iy-I-e-
Iƒ A]-K-Yn-°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn Bfl-t_m[y-Øn-te-°p-W-cm\pw hnZym¿Yn-
Isf k÷cm°p-I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. (A-\p-`q-Xn)Ncn-X-]-T-\-sa-
∂m¬ Bfl-]-T\a√msX as‰m-∂p-a-√.
bqWn‰v 1
]Ir-Xn-˛-Ie: A\p-jvTm-\w-˛-I-e: Ncn-Xw, [¿aw, Ie Ncn-X-Øn¬-˛-N-cnXw Ie-
bn¬˛Ie-bpsS Ncn-XXzw (historicity of text)˛-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Iem-Xzw(textuality
of history)˛-A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-Xm-fl-I-X˛Pm-Xn-P-∑n-\m-Sp-hm-gn-L-S-\bpw A\p-
jvTm-\-ß-fpw-˛-⁄m-t\m-Zbw: B[p-\n-I-Xbpw ]uc-k-aq-l-hpw-˛-hy‡n˛apX-em-
fn-Øhpw D]-tbm-KyX F∂ aqey-hpw˛B-[p-\n-I-Xbpw Ie F∂ hnti-j-hy-
h-lm-c-Øns‚ cq]-s∏-S-epw˛hy‡n-bpsS Bflw˛Bfl-Øns‚ Bhn-jvImcw/
]I-S\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ie˛Ie F∂ khnti-j-A\p-`qXntaJe˛A-\p-`q-
Xn-I-fpsS Dcp-h-s∏-S¬˛ A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS NcnXw˛ A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS ]Z-hnbpw
-tZ-i-cq-]o-I-c-W-Ønse [¿a-hpw˛A-\p-`q-Xn-I-ƒ F∂ kq£va-N-cn-Xw AYhm
cm„o-b-A-t_m[w-.
bqWn‰v 2
A\p-jvTm-\-˛A\p-jvTmt\X-c˛\mtSm-Sn]I-S-\-߃: sXøw, ap-Sn-tb-‰v,- If-sa-
gp-Øv, Xobm-´v, ]S-b-Wn, am¿Kw-I-fn, H∏-\, s]m-dm´p\mS-Iw, Ipd-Øn-\m-S-Iw,-
Nhn-´p-\m-S-Iw, I-Wym¿Ifn, ao\m-£n-\m-SIw XpS-ßnbh˛Xp≈¬: D’-ho-I-
32
c-Ww˛]mtZ-inIt`Z-߃˛Pm-Xn-P-∑n-\m-Sp-hm-gn-L-S-\-bn¬ Ch-bpsS [¿ahpw ]Z-
hn-bpw˛ \mtSm-SnAc-ßv˛ ¢mn-°¬ Zriy-I-e-I-ƒ: IqØv,- Iq-Sn-bm-´w,- ]m-T-Iw,
cma-\m- w, IY-Ifn˛Ch-bpsS A\p- q-Xn-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb [¿aw˛IY,-
A-c-ßv,- thjw, A-`n-\bw ChbpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-[¿aw.
bqWn‰v 3
\mSIw: a-e-bmf \mS-I-Øns‚ -D¤-h-hn-Im-k߃˛\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚bpw
tZio-b]t£m`ß-fp-sSbpw Im¥n-I-ta-Je \mS-I- hn-h¿Ø-\-߃ - kwKoX-
\m-SIw--, -]mgvkn, adm-Tn, X-angv kw-Ko-X-\m-S-IkwI-aWw-- ae-bmfkw-Ko-X-\m-S-
I߃,- N-hn- p-\m-S-Iw,- shf-fcn \mS-Iw, -tImf-\n-B-[p-\n-IX: kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw˛
PmXn-hn-cp-≤X, -a-X-]-cn-jvI-c-W-]tab߃˛ASp-°-f-bn¬\n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v,
_mem-I-teiw, adn-bm-Ωm-\m-S-Iw˛I¿j-I, sXm-gn-emfn]ÿm-\-߃: \m-S-I-k-
an-Xn-Iƒ: ]m´-_m-°n, Iayq-Wn-Ãm-°n, s]m^-j-\¬ \mS-Iw: FIvkv]-j-\nÃv
\mS-Iw, F-∏nIv \mS-Iw, -A-kw-_-‘-\m-S-Iw, \mS-I-°-fcn]ÿm-\w, ]e- \mS-
I-߃ -˛ ]e-Xcw \mS-I-߃: X\-Xp-\m-S-Iw, Imhy-\m-S-Iw, -sXcp-hp-\m-S-Iw ˛
Xntb-‰¿ kvsI®p-Iƒ, kvXo,- Z-fnXv]£\mSIw˛Nn-Xin¬∏-Ie.
bqWn‰v 4
Ne-®nXw F∂ ani-Ie: Zriyw, imhyw˛kmln-Xyw, \mSIw,kw-KoXw XpS-
ßn CX-c -I -em -cq -] -ßfpsS kwk-cWw˛a -e -bmfNe-®n - X -Øns‚
D¤hhnImk߃-˛tIc-f-Øns‚ ]Yas]mXp-Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]w˛Ne-®n-X-Km-\-
߃: tIc-fØns‚ ]Yas]mXpkw-Ko-Xw˛-Zr-iy-`m-j,- kmt¶-Xw, -I-em-kn-\n-a,-
I-®-hS kn\n-a, tUmIyp-sa-s‚-dn, tjm´v^nenw, sS-en-^nenw.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
Im´¿, sP. sUman\nIv, tUm., 2011, Xnc°Y : kn\nabpsS Zriy]Imiw,
Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
IrjvW-ssI-aƒ, A-bva\w, 1989, B-´-°YmkmlnXy Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tI-c-f-`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
IrjvW-ssI-aƒ, A-bva\w, I-Y-Ifn hnPvRm-\-tIm-iw-, tIm- -bw: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
Ir-jvW-]n-ff, Pn., 1957: IY-I-fn-, Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ -k¿h-I-em-im-e.
KtW-iv, sI.-F≥., 1996, Ip-©≥ \ºym¿ hm°pw kaq-l-hpw-, ipI-]pcw:
h-f-f-tØmƒ hnZym]oTw.
tKm]meIrjvW≥, tNeßm´v, 2013, temIkn\nabpsS NcnXw, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v_pIvkv.
Kw-Km-[-c≥ \mb¿, Pn.-, 1991, a-ebmf \mS-Iw, KŸ-]m-Thpw, cwK-]m-T-hpw,
tIm´bw: Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.
Kma-]-Im-iv, F≥.B¿., 1991, t]-£-I-cpsS Ac-ßv-, Xr»q¿: lcnX ]pkvX-I-
tI-µw.
Nµ≥, sI.sI., 2008, Hcp kn\na Fßs\ D≠mIp∂p, Xncp -h -\ -¥-
]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
33
PntXjv, Sn., 2009, kn\nabpsS hymIcWw, tImgn-t°mSv: Heohv ]ªn-tjgvkv.
tPmkv sI. am\ph¬, 2004, kn\nabpsS ]mT߃: hniIe\hpw ho£Whpw,
tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
tPmkv sI. am\ph¬, 2003, Xnc°YmcN\: Iebpw kn≤m¥hpw, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv.
tXm-a-kv, kn.-sP., 2010, D-b-cp∂ bh-\n-I-, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: am-fp-_≥ ]ªn-
t°-j≥kv.
tXm-akvIp´n, F¬., 2000, I-dpØ Nncn-bpsS Ac-ßv-, tIm´bw: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
ZnhmIc≥, B¿.hn.Fw., 2008, aebmfXnc°Y hf¿®bpw h¿Øam\hpw, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
ZnhmIc≥, B¿.hn.Fw., 2005, IYbpw Xnc°Ybpw, tImgnt°mSv: Heohv ]ªn-
tjgvkv.
\m-b¿, F-kv.sI., 1955, tI-c-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \mS-I-߃-, a-Zn-cmin k¿h-I-
em-im-e.
\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-c-Sn, sI.-]n. -(-hn-h¿Ø-\w)-, \m-Sy-im-kvXw-, Xriq¿: tIc-f-km-
lnXyA°m-Z-an.
`m¿K-h≥ ]nf-f, Pn., 2000, \m-´-cßv: hnIm-khpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:
tI-c-f-`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
`mkn, a-S-hq¿, 1996, a-ebmf\mS-IthZn-bpsS IY, tIm´bw: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
a[p, Cdh¶c, 1999, aebmfkn\nabpw kmlnXyhpw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
apcfoIrjvW, 2006, kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\nIv, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
tat\m≥, sI.-]n.-Fkv., 1957, I-Y-Ifn cwKw, tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.Fkv.
-cmaNµ≥\mb¿, ]∑\ (FUn.), Ne®nX]T\߃, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
cma≥Ip´n, sI.hn., 1989, B[p\nI aebmfkn\na, Xncp -h-\-¥]pcw:
tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
sh¶ntSizc≥, kn.Fkv., 2008, aebmfkn\nam]T\߃, tIm-´-bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
i¿a, hn.Fkv., 1981, Xp-f-f¬ kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw-, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw: tI-c-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
i¶-c-]n-f-f, Pn., 1987, a-ebmf \mS-I-km-lnXy NcnXw, Xr-iq¿: tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°m-Z-an.
io-Ip-am¿, sI., 2002, a-e-bm-f-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-N-cn-Xw, Xriq¿: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.-
kXn, am¿Kn, iocm-a-N-cn-Xw \-ßymcΩ°q-Øv- (A-h-X-c-W-]-Im-cw), 1999,
tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
kPnX, aT-Øn¬, 2010, ae-bmf-\m-S-I-kvXoN-cnXw-, tImgn-t°mSv: am-Xr-`qan
_pIvkv.
kPojv, F≥.]n., 2007, Xnc aebmfØns‚ Ahÿm¥c߃, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:
tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v-.
kptem-N-\, sI. -]n. -F.kn., 2007, A-c -ßnse A\p-` -h߃, Xriq¿:
I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
sk-_o\ dm^n, 1964, N-hn-´p-\m-SIw, tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.
34
sk-_m-Ãy≥ Ip-™p Ip-™p -`m-K-h-X¿, 1986, \m-S-I-kva-c-W-Iƒ-, Xriq¿:
tI-c-f- kwKo-X-\m-SI A°m-Z-an.
l-cn-i¿a, F.-Un., 1997, \mS-I-]th-inI, B¿.kn. i¿a, tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-
kn.-F-kv.
Andrew, J. Dudley , 1984, Concepts in Film Theory, Oxford University Press.
Arijon, Daniel, 1991, Grammar of Film Language, Silman-James.
Boyum, Joy Gould, 1989, Double Exposure : Fiction into film, Signet.
Boyum, Joy Gould, 1981, Taking about Films.
Field, Syd, 2005, Screenplay:The Foundations of Screenwriting, Delta.
Harrington, John, 1973, The Rhetoric of Film, New York: Holt, Rinchart & Winston.
Hayward, Susan, 2000, Cinema Studies : The Key Concepts, Routledge.
Kuhn, Annette & Westwell, Guy, 2012, Oxford Dictionary of Film Studies, Oxford
University Press.
Martin, Carol (Ed), 1996, A Source book on Feminist Theatre and Performance:
On and Beyond the stage, Routledge.
Philip Parker, 2006, Intellect: The Art and Science of Screenwriting, Chicago
Press.
Rajagopalan, L.S., 1997, Women's Role in Kutiyattam, Chennai: The Kuppuswami
Sastry Research Institute.
35
MU CHS 4202 tIc-fobssh⁄m\nIss]-XrIw
bqWn‰v 1
-Adnhv F∂ k¶-ev]\w: hnZy, ⁄m\w hn⁄m\w F∂o Xmt°m¬]-Z-
߃-˛-A-dn-hns‚ Ncn-Xm-fl-I-X-˛-A-dnhv Ncn-X-Øn¬/NcnXw Adn-hn¬-˛-hm°pw
hkvXp-hpw-˛-`m-jbpw temI-hpw-˛-kXyw kuµcyw bmYm¿Yyw XpS-ßnb KW-
߃-˛-C-µn-b-h-evIr-X-bm-Ym¿Yyw-˛-A-dn-hp-ev]m-Z-\ÿm]\-߃˛Kp-cp-Ip-ew-˛-im-
e-Iƒ-˛-]-≈n-°q-S-߃-˛-tIm-f\n B[p-\n-I-Xbpw Adn-hpw-˛-⁄m-\-Øn¬ \n∂v
hn]-Wn-bn-te-°v-˛-A-dn-hns‚ Xe-߃: hnhcw hymJym\w hna¿iw.
bqWn‰v 2
Poh-\-hy-hÿ: Irjn; hn⁄m\w ]tbm-Kw-˛-km-aq-ln-I-X-bpsS ]tbm-K-hn-
⁄m-\w-˛-D-ev]m-Z-\-_-‘-ßfpw kwkvIr-Xnbpw˛`q-hp-S-a-ÿ-Xbpw Irjnbpw
PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpw-˛-h-kvX-hn-⁄m-\w-˛-ssI-Ø-dn-˛-]m¿∏n-S\n¿amW-im-kvXw-˛-I-
c-Iu-iew; Dcp-˛-]m-Xw-˛-B-`-c-Ww-˛-B-d-∑pf IÆm-Sn-˛-tem-l-hy-h-km-bw-˛-Du-Øm-
e-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 3
sshZyw: ]mtZ-in-Ihpw tZio-b-hp-amb hgn-Iƒ-˛-\m-´p-ssh-Zyw-˛-tKm-X-ssh-Zyw-
˛-B-bp¿thZw; _u≤-˛-_m-“-W-hn-\n-a-b-߃-˛-Hu-j-[-˛-kky Adn-h-Iƒ:
tlm¿Øpkv ae-_m-dn-°kv C≥Un-°-kv-˛-I-fcn; A`ym-kw, hnZy, NnIn-’-˛-
Imew: Ime-K-W-\- IS-]-bm-Zn˛`qX-kw-Jy- -Ir-jn-Ko-X- -]-©mw-K-hn-⁄m-\w, Rm‰p-
th-e-˛-I-S-e-dn-hv-˛-tIm-f\n B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS CS-s]-S¬-˛-]m-tZ-in-I-hn-⁄m-\-ß-
fpsS A´n-a-dn-°¬.
bqWn‰v 4
Adn-hns‚ kr„yp-∑p-JX: PymXn-»m-kvXw, KWnXw: Bcy-`-So-bw-˛-Zr-§-Wn-Xw,
bp‡n-`m-j-˛-Nn-¥bpw ]tbm-Khpw: XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS kmaq-ly-Imfiw; io\m-
cm-b-W-Kp-cp, N´-ºn-kzman F∂n-h-cpsS hgn-Iƒ-˛-]m-tZ-inI Adn-hp-cq-]-ßfpw
tImf\n B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw-˛-hn-a¿i-\m-fl-IX hn⁄m-\-Øn¬-
˛-A-dnhpw \h-tem-I-\n¿am-W-hpw-˛-_u-≤n-I-Xbpw ]uc-k-aq-l-hpw-˛-B-[p-\n-I-
Xbpw Adn-hns‚ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øepw: hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-˛-kw-kvIr-Xo-I-c-Ww-˛-
A-dn-hns‚ B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww-˛-s]m-Xp-h-evI-c-Ww-˛-_u-≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-iw-˛-
BtKm-f-Xbpw Adn-hp-]-≤-Xn-I-fpw.
36
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
A\n¬, sI.Fw. (F-Un.), \m´-dnhv.
tImbn-Ø-´, F≥., X®p-im-kvXw.
tIi-h-\m-Nm-cn, ]ø-∂q¿, X®p-imkvXw
IrjvW-]n-≈, Nß-ºp-g, ]©mw-K-K-WnXw
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn-Xw.
tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈, ]n., imkvXw Ncn-X-Øn¬.
tPm¿Pv h¿Kokv tPmk-^v, abq-c-inJ.
Zncm¿, hn.-F-®v., tIc-f-Ønse DuØm-e-Iƒ.
`mkvI-c\pÆn, ]n., 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse tIcfw.
aWn-em¬ tlm¿Øqkv C≥Un-°kv ae-_m-dn-°-kv.
aq-Xv, F≥.-F≥., tIc-f-Ønse KWn-X-]m-c-º-cyw.
cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.B¿., -\m-´-dnhv ]c-ºc ˛ Irjn Adn-hp-Iƒ.
cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.B¿., -\m-´-dnhpIƒ ˛ ssIth-e.
kpPn-ØvIp-am¿, Ir-jn-a-e-bm-fw.
tkma≥, ]n., AΩkwkvImcw.
io[-c≥, kn.]n., imkvXw ae-bm-f-Øn¬.
tIc-f-Ønse \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ ˛ sshZyw.
Panikkar, K.N., 1997, Culture Ideology Hegemony, New Delhi: Tulika.
37
MU CHS 4203 tIc-fobhmWn-Py-ss]-XrIw
]T-t\m-t±iyw
tIc-f-Øns‚ NcnX ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ˛ ssh⁄m-\nI ss]Xr-I-ßsf cq]-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ hmWn-Pyhpw hmWn-Py-_-‘-ßfpw \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶mWv
hln-®n-´p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ hmWn-Py-ss]-Xr-I-sØbpw AXv tIc-fob
kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-sØbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
bqWn‰v 1
-tIc-f-Øns‚ `qanim-kvX-]-c-amb InS∏v ˛ IS¬am¿K-ap≈ kº¿°-km-[y-X-
Iƒ ˛ kzm`mhnI Xpd-ap-J-߃ ˛ IS¬hm-WnPyw ˛ Ic-hm--WnPyw ˛ tIcfw
A¥m-cm-„-X-e-Øn¬. hym]m-cn-I-fpsS BI¿j-W-tI-µw. Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Nµ-
\w, tX°v CXym-Zn-I-fpsS hmWn-Pyw. bqtdm-∏n¬ Ipcp-ap-f-In-\p≈ Poh¬
]m[m-\yw. tdmam kmam-Py-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w. bqlq-Z-˛-ssI-kvX-h-˛-C-…m-
anI hym]m-cn-I-fpsS IpSntb‰ tIµ-߃. hngn-™w, sIm√w, sImSp-ß-√q¿,
]¥-em-b-\n, sIm√w ˛ Ggn-ae ˛ ssP\ ˛ _u≤ tIµ-߃ ˛ B]-W-ßfpw
hmWn-Pyhpw ˛ tIc-fob hmWn-Py-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-c-amb Is≠-
ج. apNn-cn, sXm≠n, IpW-hm-bn¬tIm´w ˛ ]me-°mSv hb-\m-S≥ Npc-ß-
fpsS hmWnPy ]m[m\yw ˛ I¿Wm-S-I-_-‘-߃ ˛ sIm®n-bn-sebpw Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw Npc-߃ ˛ tNmf-]m-fiy--_‘-߃.
bqWn‰v 2
hmWn-Py-kw-_-‘n-bmb Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw hnh-c-ß-fpw. bh-\-cpsS hmWn-Py-°p-
dn-∏p-Iƒ Atd-_y≥, ssN\o-kv, B[p-\nI bqtdm-]y≥ hym]m-cn-Iƒ C_v\p
_Øq-Ø-bp-sSbpw _m¿t_m-k-bp-sSbpw a‰pw hym]m-c-h¿W-\-Iƒ ˛ amam-
¶-Øns‚ hym]mc ]m[m\yw ˛ aWn ]hm-f-Im-hy-ß-fnse AßmSn h¿W-\-
Iƒ A©p-h-Æw, aWn-Km-aw, A™q-‰p-h¿, \m\m-tZ-in-Iƒ XpSßnb hym]m-
c-kw-L-߃ ˛ Ah-bpsS kwLm-S\w ˛ Xcn-km-∏≈n sNt∏-Sp-I-fnse Ah-
Im-i-ßfpw \nIp-Xn-Ifpw ˛ tPmk^v d∫m-\pw, kwL-Øn\pw \¬I-s∏´
hym]m-c-ku-P-\y-߃ ˛ Cc-hn-t°m¿Ø≥ F∂ tNc-am≥ temIs∏cpw sN´n-
bpsS sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 3
hym]m-c-_‘w At\z-jn-®p≈ k©m-c-߃ ˛ hmkvtIm-Un-KmabpsS hchv
˛ hmWn-Py-Ip-Ø-I-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ kwL¿j-߃ ˛ tImgn-t°m-Sv, sIm®n,
Xe-t»-cn, amln˛bqtdm-]y≥ ^mŒ-dn-Iƒ˛hym]m-c-im-e-Iƒ˛kw`-c-W-tI-µ-
߃˛hmWnPy kw_-‘n-bm-sb-Ønb hntZ-io-b-cpsS ssk\nI˛kmap-Zm-
bnI˛cm„ob CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ˛P\-Iob ]Xn-tcm-[-߃. `mj, Ie, kwkvImcw
XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ hym]m-c-_-‘-ß--fn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ ]c-kv]-c-kzm-[o-\-X-Iƒ˛
hmWnPyw: Irjn, a‰p ]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-߃, ssIsØm-gn¬, hyh-km-bw, imkvX-
38
km-t¶-Xn-IX apX-em-b-hsb tIc-fo-b-h¿Ø-am-\sØ ap≥\n¿Ønbpw Ncn-
X-]-c-ambpw Ah-tem-I\w sNøp-I.
bqWn‰v 4
tIc-f-Øn¬ Is≠-Ønb DØ-tc-¥y≥ Nm∏ \mW-b-ßfpw tdma≥ kz¿W-˛-
sh≈n \mW-b-ßfpw ˛ \mW-b-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y-\hpw kmº-ØnI kmwkvIm-
cnI \nK-a-\-ßfpw ˛ Np¶-∏n-cn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Ingn-hp-Iƒ ˛ AwKo-Im-c-ßfpw Ingn-
hp-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ hym]m-cn-Iƒ ˛ \mS≥ sN´n-Iƒ ˛ aWn-]-hm-f-Im-
hy-ß-fnse hym]m-c-N¿®Iƒ ˛ \K-c-h¿W-\-Iƒ ˛ ]ø-∂q¿ ]m´v, hS-°≥]m-
´ v CXym-Zn -I-fnse hym]m-c -_-‘-߃ ˛ hmWn-Py-hp -ambn _‘-s∏´
t]m¿®pKokv˛ U®v bp≤-߃ ˛ IS-enepw Ic-bnepw ˛ CuÃn-¥ym-°-º-\n-I-
fpsS hym]m-c-°-cm-dp-Iƒ ˛ hym]m-c-Øn-eqsS `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-°v. tIcfw
˛ kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c hmWn-Py-sØ-°p-dn®pw ka-Im-en-I-hm-Wn-Pyw, hmWn-Py-
_-‘-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I-\w. hmWn-Py-hy-hÿ
˛ kwhn-[m\w ˛ ÿm]\w ˛ \nbaw XpS-ßnbhbn-ep-≠mb cq]m-¥-c-Ww.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
Ip™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1960, DÆp-\oen ktµiw (hymJym-\w), tIm´bw:
kmlnXy]h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
sI.hn.Fw., t-I-cfw hntZ-io-b-cpsS Zr„n-bn¬.
-Kw-Km-[-c≥, Fw., hmWn-Py-tI-c-fw, tIm-´-bw: Un.-kn-. _pIvkv.
tXm-akv, ]n.-sP., ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw InkvXym\nIfpw.
\mcm-b-W≥, Fw.Pn.Fkv., tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., 1990, tIc-fo-bX NcnXam\-߃, ipI-]pcw:
h≈tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., cmP≥Kp-cp-°ƒ, tIc-f-N-cnXw c≠p-hm-eyw,
ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
temK≥, hneyw, 2009, ae-_m¿ am\z¬, Sn.-hn. IrjvW≥ (hn-h.), tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
hk-¥≥, Fkv.sI., 2006, \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ, Xriq¿: ae-bmf]T\
KthjWw.
them-bp-[≥, ]Wn-°-t»cn, tIcfw 15-Dw, 16Dw \q‰m-≠pIfn¬.
\ºq-Xncn, F≥.Fw., inh-Zmkv, ]n.sI., tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ \m´p-h-gn-Iƒ.
Panikkar, K.M., 1997, Malabar and The Portuguese, Noida: Voice of India Publica-
tion.
39
MU CHS 4204 ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-a-bhpw hymJym-\hpw
ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-Ønse AXn-]-[m-\-amb c≠p taJ-e-I-fmWv ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-a-
bhpw ss]Xr-I-hym-Jym-\-hpw. Hmtcm hymJym-\-Ønepw hn\n-a-bhpw D≈-S-
ßn-bn-´p-≠v. Bcv/Ft∏mƒ/F¥n\v/FhnsS/Fßs\ hymJym-\hpw hn\n-a-
bhpw \n¿h-ln-°p∂p F∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v AXns‚ A¿∞hpw kz`m-hhpw
amdn hcpw. AXn-\m¬ kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ XpS¿®-sbbpw \ne-hn-ep≈
kmaq-ly-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-Im-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®v hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn°qSn
hymJym-\-sØbpw hn\n-a-b-sØbpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. am[y-ao-Ir-X-
amb temI-Øn¬ hnhn-[-ß-fmb hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v
ss]Xr-IsØ ^e-]-Z-ambn hn\n-abw sNøm\pw hymJym-\n-°m-\p-ap≈
Adnhpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw hna¿im-h-t_m-[-tØm-sS-bp≈ CS-s]-S¬tijnbpw
]Zm\w sNøp-I-bmWv e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
-hn\n-abw F∂ k¶-ev]\w ˛ ss]XrIw Hcp hn\n-ab ]Inb F∂ \ne-
bn¬ ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hn\n-a-bhpw ss]Xr-I-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw ˛ ss]Xr-I-
hn-\n-abw: coXn-Iƒ ˛ amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ `n∂ BJym-\-P-\p-p-Iƒ: hmsamgn/
FgpØv ˛ Zriyw ˛ AZriyw ˛ kv]¿iyw ˛ UnPn-‰¬ ˛ sshXr-I-hn-\n-ab
tIµ-߃ ˛ hn\n-a-bhpw hrØn-h¬°-c-W-hpw. hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ss]Xr-I-
h-gn-Iƒ ˛ hymh-km-bn-I-h-gn-Iƒ. ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-abw: aXw-˛-cm-jvSobw ˛ tZio-
b-X.
bqWn‰v 2
hymJym\w A¿∞-\n¿amW ]Inb F∂ \ne-bn¬ ⁄mt\m-ev]m-Z-\-Øns‚
coXn-imkvXw ˛ Adnhv F∂ Ncn-X-_‘w ˛ Adn-hns‚ Xe-߃: hnh-cw-˛-
hym-Jym-\w-˛-hn-a¿iw-˛-hym-Jym-\m-kq-X-Ww-˛-ss]-Xr-IhymJym\ tIµ-߃ ˛
ayqkn-b-߃ ˛ am[y-a-߃ ˛ DIKW ]nc-anUv ˛ `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw ˛ `qX-
\n¿amWw ˛ `qXw h¿Ø-am-\-Øn-te-°v˛ h¿Ø-am\w `qX-Øn-te°v ˛ `qX-_-
lpXzw ˛ `qX-ß-fp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cWw ˛ B[n-Im-cn-XI F∂ k¶-ev]\w
˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°fpw ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw ˛ ]mam-Wn-I-X-bpsS ]iv\-h¬°-cWw
˛ ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw ˛ enwK-]-Zhn ˛ Iogm-fX ˛ kzXz-kw-ÿm-]\ hyh-
lmcw.
bqWn‰v 3
Hm¿a-Iƒ ˛ BJym-\-߃ ˛ hn`n∂ ss]Xr-Im-hn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ hn\n-a-b-߃
˛ ss]Xr-I-hn-\n-ab tIµ-߃ ˛ ayqknbw ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ ˛ ]pcm-tc-J-
Iƒ ˛ ]c-ky-߃ ˛ Ne-®n-X-߃ ˛ A°m-Z-an-I-hy-h-lm-c-߃. am[y-ao-IrX
Ime-L´w ˛ hnhn-[-Xcw am[y-a-߃ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ hn\n-a-bkm[yX-
Iƒ ˛ ayqkn-b-߃ ˛ ]Z¿i-\-߃ ˛ Im¿Wn-h-ep-Iƒ ˛ ]c-ky-߃ ˛
40
]pkvX-I-߃ ˛ t^mt´m tPW-enkw ˛ HmUn-tbm-˛-ho-Untbm kn.-Un.-Iƒ.
tdUntbm ˛ Iayq-Wn‰n tdUntbm ˛ sSen-hn-j≥ ˛ UnPn-‰¬ tUmIyp-sa-t‚-
j≥ ˛ lkz-Nn-X-߃ ˛ Ne-®n-X-߃ ˛ C‚-dm-Œohv C˛-_p-°v. kmaqly
am[y-a-߃ ˛ UnPn-‰¬ B¿ss°-hp-Iƒ ˛ aƒ´n-ao-Unb ]Z¿i-\-߃ ˛
Hm¨sse≥ N¿®m Kq∏p-Iƒ ˛ tªmKp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ hn\n-
ab km[y-X-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
Cu tImgvkns\ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]mtbm-KnI hn\n-a-b-
kw-cw- w.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
tPmk-^v, hn.-sI., ImgvN-bpsS kwkvIm-chpw s]mXp-t_m-[-\n¿an-Xn-bpw,amXr`qan.
sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥, kn.-F-kv., 2018, ae-bm-fn-bpsS \h-am-[y-a-Po-hnXw, tIm´bw:Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
jmPn tP°-_v, 2007, am[y-a-ß-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-cm-„o-bw, kwkvIm-c-]-
T\w:NcnXw kn≤m¥w kao-]-\w, ImeSn: aebmf]-T-\-kw-Lw.
Anom, 2013, Community radio celebrating a decade of people's voice
compendium.
Ast Friedrich, 1808, Hermautic and critic, Thomann Landshed.
Dilthey, Wi...., 1977, Descriptive psychology and Historical Understanding.
Eric Louw, P., The Media and Cultural Production, London: Sage.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 1975, Truth and Method, London: Sheed and Ward.
Gregory Amn, Planning and Managing Public relation campaigns: A strategic
approach, Logan page.
Helmut Anheier and Yudhisthir Rag Isar (Ed.), 2011, Heritage, Memory and Identity,
London: Sage.
Jameson, Fredric, 1983, The political unconscious Narrative as socially Symbolic
Act, London: Routledge.
Kellner, Douglar, 1996, Media Culture-Culture Studies, Identity and Politics
between the Modern & the Post Modern, London: Routledge.
Lowenthal, David, 1998, Fabricating Heritage: History and Memory, IUP.
Niamh Moore and Yvonne Whelan (Ed.), 2007, Heritage Culture and Identity: New
Perspectives on the Cultural Landscape, London: Ashgate books.
Paschel Preston, Reshaping Communications: Technology, Information and Social
Change, Sage Publication.
Raphael Samuel, 2012: Theatres of Memory, London: Verso.
Recocur, Paul, 1970, Freud and Philosophy: An Essay in Interpretation, New Heaven
Yale.
Rohal Dewalk, Introduction to Online Journalism, Allyn & Bacon.
41
Schleirmacher, Friedrich, 1977, Hermaneutics: The Hand Written Manuscripts, (Ed.
Heinz Kimmerle), Missoula.
Srivasthava, Krishna, Radio and Television Journalism.
William, Reymond, 1990, Television: Technology and Cultural Form, London:
Routledge.
42
MU CHS 4205 ss]XrI]cnc-£: XXzw,
]tbmKw, \nb-a-w
kwkvImcw, ss]XrIw F∂o k¶-¬∏-\-߃ H∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ hni-I-e\w
sNbvX-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ss]XrI kwc-£-W-Øns‚ ]m[m-\y-sØ-
°p-dn®pw ss]XrI kwc-£W GP≥kn-Iƒ \nb-a-߃ Ch-sb-°p-dn®pw Ah-
t_m-[-ap-≠m-°p-I-bmWv e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
ss]XrIkwc-£-W-Øns‚ ]k-‡nbpw ][m-\y-hpw ˛ss]XrImht_m[w
˛ hyXykvXss]XrI߃ ˛ss]XrIkwc-£Ww-˛`n∂ kwc-£W am¿K-߃
˛ ss]XrIhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw˛ss]XrIkwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈ A¥m-cm„
GP≥kn-Iƒ˛bps\kvtIm˛temIss]XrI ktΩ-f\w(1972), sFt°m-tam-Uv
(ICOMOS)˛sFtImw (ICOM)˛sFtImw (ICCROM).
bqWn‰v 2
ss]XrIkwc-£WtaJ-e-bnse C¥y≥ÿm]-\-߃, hy‡n-Iƒ, _wKmfnse
Gjym -‰nI v skmssk‰n (1784)˛Gjym -‰nI v dnk¿®kv˛amIvkvaqf¿,
hneywtPm¨kv˛Nmƒkv hn¬°n≥kv˛Pbnwkv ]n≥sk∏v ˛t_mws_ Gjym-
‰nIv skmssk‰n˛B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿sh Hm^v C¥y˛Ae-Ivkm-≠¿
IÆnMv lmw Igvk¨ ]`p˛tPm¨ am¿j¬˛Un. B¿ km”n˛B¿. Un.
_m\¿Pn˛tam¿´n-a¿ hoe¿˛_n._n em¬˛B¿._n `fim¿°¿ Pbnwkv d\¬,
tImfn≥ sa°≥Un, ^m≥knkv _p°-\≥, Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ _¿W-Uv, Pbnwkv
^¿Kp-k≥.
bqWn‰v 3
ss]XrI kwc-£Ww˛tIc-fobÿm]-\-߃˛Xncp -hn -Xmw -Iq¿ ]pcm -
hkvXphIp∏v˛]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw˛]Z¿i\mebw˛Smh≥Iq¿ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-
°¬ kocokv˛hnimJw Xncp-\mƒ˛kpµ-cw-]n-ff˛ Sn.F.tKm]n-\mY dmhp˛sI.-
hn.kp_-aWy Aø¿˛F.Fkv cma-\mY Aø¿˛Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v B‚ v am\pkvIn]v‰vkv sse_dn ˛ Sn. KW-]Xn imkvXn-Iƒ ˛ sIm®n-
]pcm-hkvXp hIp∏v˛cma-h¿Ω dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v _p≈-‰n≥kv˛A\p-P≥
A—≥˛G. B¿.]njm-cSn˛G.-B¿. ]njm-cSn˛G.-Pn.hmcy¿˛hn. -sI.-B¿
tat\m≥, Kp≠¿´v˛ImƒUz¬˛_m_n -MvS¨˛tdm_¿´vsk-h¿˛hneyw
temK≥˛t^mk‰v˛A∏≥ Xºp-cm≥ kvamcIKŸm-ebw˛ss]Xr-I-]-T-\-tIµw
(ln¬∏m-e-kv)˛tIcf]pcm-hkvXp hIp-∏v˛tIcfNcn-XKthjWIu¨kn¬,
F.-F-kv.sF.
43
bqWn‰v 4
ss]XrIkwc-£W\nb-a-߃˛A¥-cm„\nb-a-߃˛temI-ss]-XrI-kvam-c-I-
ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ bps\-kvtIm-bpsS Xocp-am-\-߃. C¥y≥ \n[n-\n-b-aw (The
Indian Treasure-Trove Act 1878) ˛ Z Gjy‚ tamWyp-sas‚kv Bs‚ B¿°n-
tbm-f-Pn-°¬ ssk‰vkv dnsabv≥kv BŒv 1958. Z B‚nIzn‰okv B‚ v B¿´v
Stj-gkv BIvSv 1972. tIcf]mNo\kvamcI]pcm-h-kvXp-k-t¶X ]pcm-
hin„\nbaw (1968)˛tIc-f-Øn¬ ]n¬°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-´p≈ ]k-‡-\n-b-a-
߃˛ F.Fw.F.Fkv.B¿ t\m´v 2010 Kk‰v t\m´n-^n-t°-j≥.
klm-bIKŸ-߃
cma-h¿a C≥Ãn-‰yq´v dnk¿®v _p≈-‰n-\p-Iƒ.
Fopp, Michael, 1997, Managing Museums and Galleries (Heritage: Care -
Preservation - Management), Routledge.
Henry, Cleere (Ed),1984, Approaches to the archaeological heritage, Cambridge
University Press.
Rao, Gopinatha, T.A., 1998, Travancore Archaeological Series, Trivandrum: Dept.
of Cultural Publications.
Sarkar, H., 2004, Museums and Protection of Monuments and Antiquities in India,
New Delhi: Sandeep Prakashan.
44
aq∂mw ska-ÿMU CHS 4311 -]pcm-XXz]T-\w (Archaeological Study)
MU CHS 4312 ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m\obw
MU CHS 4313 tIc-fw: hnizmkw aXw Z¿i\w
MU CHS 4314 sF—n-Iw
MU CHS 4315 s]mXpsF—n-Iw
45
MU CHS 4301 ]pcm-XXz]T-\w (Archaeological Study)
bqWn‰v 1
]pcm-hkvXp]T\w ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ ]k-‡n, km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ Ncn-Xhpw imkvX-
hp-am-bp≈ _‘w ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp]T\ NcnXw ˛ ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂pw B[p-\nI
]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T-\-Øn-te-bv°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø\w ss]XrI kwc-£-Whpw ]pcm-
hkvXp ]T-\hpw ˛ ASn-ÿm\ k¶-ev]-߃ ˛ ^o¬Uv sSIv\n-°p-I-fpsS
hnImkw ˛ D]m-Zm-\-߃ (Artifacts) ˛ kwkvImcw ˛ \mK-cn-IX ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp
au≠v aÆ-S-cp-Iƒ (layer) kvSm‰n-Km^n ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T-\hpw a‰p ]T\imJ-
I-fpw.
bqWn‰v 2
]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T\ coXn-imkvXw ˛ ^o¬Uv Is≠-ج ˛ ]cy-th-jWw ˛
e£y-ßfpw XXz-ßfpw ˛ Is≠-Ø-ens‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ D]-cn-Xe k¿thbpw
]pcm-h-kvXp-°-fpsS tiJ-c-Whpw ˛ `q]S D]-Kl NnX-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛
Kma-Km-am-¥c k¿th-Iƒ ˛ ]co-£W DXvL-\\w ˛ Gcn-b¬ k¿th ˛
imkvXob ]cy-th-j-W-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ D¬J-\\w sSIv\n-°p-Iƒ ˛ km¬thPv
B¿°n-tbm-fPn ˛ Pntbm-^nkn-°¬ coXn ˛ kmºvfnwKv coXn ˛ ew_hpw kam-
¥-c-hp-amb DZvJ-\\w ˛ ih-Ip-So-c-ßfpw kvXq]-ßfpw DZvJ-\\w sNøp∂
coXn ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp DZvJ\\ sdt°m-Up-Iƒ ˛ S©v t\m´p-_p°v ˛ te_¬ ˛
Um‰m-tj∏v ]pcm-hkvXp cPn-ÿ B‚zn-Izn‰n cPn-ÿ ss^\¬ sdt°m¿Uv
˛ Ime-K-W-\-\n¿Wb coXn ˛ Im¿_¨ 14 coXn-imkvXw ˛ sX¿tam-ep-an-\n-
sk≥kv ˛ se≥tSm-sIm-tWm-f-Pn, kvSm‰n-Km^n XpS-ßn-b-h.
bqWn‰v 3
C¥y-bnse ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T\w ˛ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ C¥y-bnse ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-
T\ NcnXw ˛ 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ kzmX¥y e_v[n-hsc ˛ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-
°¬ k¿th Hm^v C¥y ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-߃ ˛ Ae-Ivkm-
≠¿ IÆnMv lmw ˛ tdm_¿´v _qkv dq´v ˛ tPmav am¿j¬ tam¿´n-a¿ hoe¿ ˛
46
kzX¥ C¥y-bnse ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-T\w ˛ F®v.-Un. kwLm-enb Fkv.-B¿.
dmhp XpS-ßn-b-h.
bqWn‰v 4
tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ DZvJ-\\ ]cy-th-j-W-߃ tIW¬ sa°≥
kn tPm¨ _m_n-MvS¨ ˛ hneyw temK≥ ˛ A\p-P-\-—≥ ˛ F. Aø-∏≥ ˛
DZvJ-\\ ssk‰p-Iƒ ˛ t]m¿°fw ˛ tNc-a-ßmSv ˛ Føm¬ ˛ DΩn-®n-s]m-bn¬ ˛
IS-\mSv ˛ B\-°c ˛ ]´Ww ˛ hngn™w ˛ tIm´-∏pdw ˛ \mWb tiJ-c-߃ ˛
h≈p-h≈n ˛ tIm´bw s]mbn¬ ˛ sIm√w; inem-bpK sXfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Kplm -Np-
h¿Nn-X-߃ ˛ CS-°¬, sXmh-cn, ad-bq¿ ˛ enJn-X-߃ ˛ ]mNo\ t£X-
߃ ˛ ]≈n-Iƒ ˛ sIm´m-c-߃ ˛ tIm´-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh ˛ tIcf ]pcm-hkvXp
hIp-∏ns‚ \mƒh-gn-Iƒ
klm-bIKŸ-߃
Ajit Kumar, 2011, Archaeology in Kerala: Emerging Trends, Thiruvananthapuram:
Department of Archaeology.
Ayyapan, A., 1933, Rock Cut Cave Tombs of Feroke, South Malabar. The Quarterly
Journal of the Mythic Society, 23 (13).
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of the Literary society of Bombay, 3:324-330.
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Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Council for Historical Research.
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Routledge.
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Ideas Vol.4. Nos. 1 & 2, Trissur.
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Thiruvananthapuram.
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(ed), Indian Archaeology: New Perspectives, New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
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University, cited in Manjula Poyil, (2006), Death Funeral and Ancestors : cults of the
dead and the Malabar tribes, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Calicut University.
Krishnaswami, V.D., 1949, Megalithic Types of South India, Ancient India 5:35-45.
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Perspective, Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House.
Raghava Varier, M.R., Rajan Gurukkal, 1991, Keralacharithram, Sukapuram:
Vallathol Vidyapitam.
47
Rajan Gurukkal and Raghava Varier, M.R. (ed), 1999, Cultural History of Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Cultural Publication.
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Pathippakam Publication.
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of Mysore.
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times to the fall of Vijayanagar, with an introduction by R. Chambaka Lakshmi
and an epilogue By P.M. Rajan Gurukkal, New Delhi: OUP.
Sathyamurthi, T., 1992, Catalogue of Roman Gold coins, Trivandrum: Department
of Archaeology Kerala.
Sathyamurthi, T., 1992, The Iron Age in Kerala-A Report on Mangad Excavation,
Kerala, Trivandrum: Department of Archaeology.
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preliminary Report, Thripunithura: The Journal of the Centre for Heritage Studies
Vol.II.
Sewell, Robert, 1882, Lists of the antiquarian remains in the presidency of Madras
Vol.1. Madras.
Sharma, Y.D., 1956, Rock- Cut chambers of Kerala, New Delhi: Ancient India
Vol.12.
Thapar, B.K., 1952, Porkalam 1948: Excavations of a Megalithic Urn Burial, Ancient
India,vol. 8.
Wheeler, R.E.M., 1941, Brahmagiri and Chandravalli Excavations, Ancient India,
Vol. 4.
48
MU CHS 4302 ayqknbhn⁄m\obw
]T-t\m-t±iyw
Ncn-XkmwkvIm-cn-I-]m-[m-\y-ap≈ (artifacts) hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw hkvXp-X-I-
fp-sSbpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, Nn´-s∏-Sp-ج, Iao-I-c-Ww XpSßnb khn-ti-j-
kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fneqsS `qX-Im-e-sØbpw AXp-hgn tZi-X-∑-I-sfbpw kq£va-
cq-]-Øn¬ \n¿an®v, \n¿h-Nn®v, km[q-I-cn-°p∂ hyh-lm-c-ß-fmWv ayqkn-b-
߃. h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ NcnXw \n¿an-°p∂ hyhlmc-߃ F∂p kq£vaw.
-Cub¿Y-Øn¬ Ch KmV-]-T\w A¿ln-°p-∂p. Aß-s\, h¿Ø-am-\sØ Dcp-
h-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ayq-kn-b-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ kq£va-cm-„obw hna¿i-\m-
flIw A]-K-Yn-°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn Ncn-XsØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m\pw ]Tn-Xm-
°sf k÷-cm-°p-I-bmWv tImgvkns‚ Dt±-iyw.
bqWn‰v 1
ayqknbw: \n¿hN\w˛NcnXw˛kmaqlyNcnX[¿a߃˛]eayqknb߃˛]e-
Xcw ayqkn-b-߃-˛-AhbpsS hen∏w, [¿aw, ayqknb]T\taJeIƒ ˛
kwkvImchniIe\w \SØp∂Xn¬ `uXntIm]mZm\ßfpsS [¿Ωw,
hymJym\w, hniZoIcWw, ]p\¿\n¿hN\w, A¿Yw, bmYm¿Yyw, kXyw F∂o
KW-ß-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\w, \n¿hN\w, D]mZm\ßfpsS aqey\n¿Wb\w,
tcJs∏Spج, kwc£Ww, ]mcnÿnXnI \nco£Ww˛\nb¥Ww˛
hkvXp°fpsS Nn´s∏SpØepw Ias∏SpØepw˛]´nI\n¿amWw˛
ÿm\\n¿Wbw˛]Z¿i\w.
bqWn‰v 2
Hcp°w˛]›mØeIaoIcWw˛ayqknbw hmkvXp-im-kvXw-˛-h-kvXp-°-fpsS
kwc -£-Ww˛kwKoXw ˛i–w˛au\w˛\ni–X˛]Imihn\ymkw˛
\ncsbmcp°¬˛tcJmNnX߃˛cq]-I¬∏\˛]e ]Z¿i\߃˛]eXcw
]Z¿i\߃ ˛]ehn[w ]Z¿i\kao]\w ˛ aqey\n¿Wb\w ˛
]Z¿i\Øn\v ap≥]v, ]n≥]v, H∏w˛ hymJym\mflI kwLmS\w˛hkvXp°ƒ
\ncØp∂Xnse IcpXepw Nn´bpw˛Iaw˛ ]tab\njvTLS\
˛tÃmdnt_m¿Uv˛tcJbpsS ZriymflIhnhcWw˛ hkvXp°fpw
tÃmdnt_m¿Upw ˛CtaPdnIƒ˛AhbpsS hn\ymkIaw˛h¿Ww, ssien
ChbpsS Is≠ج, kzoIcWw.
bqWn‰v 3
hkvXp°fpsS IaoIcWw˛kwLmS\w˛Nn´s∏Spج˛Ime-K -W-
\˛hymJym\w˛ ChbpsS [m¿ΩnI, \oXnt_m[w ]Z¿i\w: F¥v? Fßs\?˛
]Z¿i\coXnimkvXw˛ sshcp[yßfpambpff A`napJoIcWw ˛
sh_vssk‰v \n¿amWw ˛ CetŒmWnIv kwhn[m\ßfpsS ]tbmKw ˛
49
]m[m\yw ˛[m¿anIX˛`q-X-Im-e-Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\w-˛-hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww-˛-km-[q-I-c-
Ww-˛-A-Xns‚ kq£va-`uXn-Iw˛]m-T-J-\-\w (text-mining)˛ayqknbw: tcJ-I-fpsS
hymJym-\-tI-µ-߃˛tc-J-Iƒ, kw`-h-߃ -(textmining)˛-kw-th-Z-\-kw-`hw˛--
NcnXw: ]Xy-b-im-kvX-\n-jvT-amb BJym-\w- -h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ C—-Ifpw qX-
Øns‚ Ombbpw Ncn-X-\n¿amWØn¬-˛-ayq-knbw: Ncn-X-\n¿am-W-bp-‡n.
bqWn‰v 4
]tZiw ˛ tZiw˛ cm„w ˛ tZicm„w XpSßnb KWßfpsS \n¿anXnbn¬
ayqknb߃°pff ]¶v ˛ ayqknbßfpsS cm„obw ˛ hkvXp°fpsS
sXcs™Sp∏v ˛ kwt£]Ww ˛ kwc£Ww ˛ \maIcWw ˛
]Zhnaqey\n¿Æbw ˛ km[qIcWw ˛ kmwkvImcnIamb ASbmfs∏Spج
˛ kmwkvImcnI apZWw ˛ ayqknbhpw P\PohnXhpw ˛ ayqknbhpw
NcnXhpw ˛ NcnXcN-\-˛-]p-\¿c-N\˛hymJym\w ˛ \n¿∆N\w ˛ km[qIcWw
˛ BibßfpsSbpw ÿm]\ßfpsSbpw ]oTh¬°cWw ˛ X∑m\n¿anXn ˛
\n¿Wb\w ˛ km[pIcWw ˛ XpSßnbh ˛ ayqknbßfpsS CSs]S¬ ˛
h¿Øam\sØ \n¿hNn°¬ ˛ `qXw : h¿Øam\Øns‚ km[qIcWbp‡n.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
Alexander, Porter Edward, Mary Alexander, 2000, Museums in Motion, UK: Alta
Mira Press.
Ambrose, Timothy, Paine Crispin, 2001, Museum Basics, London: Routledge.
Anderson, Benedict, 1991, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso.
Anderson, Gail, 2004, Reinventing the Museum: Historical and Contemporary
Perspectives on the Paradigm Shift, Walnut Creek, Calif, Oxford: AltaMira Press.
Ascherson, N., 1987, Why Heritage is Right-Wing, London: Observer.
Bedno, Jane and Bedno, Ed, 2001, Museum Exbitions: Past Imperfect, Future Tense,
(Lord &Lord 2001).
Bennett, Tony, 2006, The Birth of the Museum: History, theory, politics, London and
New York: Routledge.
Boym, Svetlana, 2001, The Future of Nostalgia, New York: Basic books.
Boylan, P.J., 2006, The Museum Profession, in S. Macdonald (ed) A Companion to
Museum Studies, 415-430, Malden, Mass., Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Brett, David, 1996, The Construction of Heritage, Cork: Cork University Press.
Bryk, Nancy Villa, 2001, Reports of Our Death have been Greatly Exaggerated:
Reconsidering the Curator, Lord and Lord 2001.
Burcaw, George Ellis, 1997, Introduction to Museum Works, Rawman Altamira.
Burrell, Ian, 2003, Museum grants tied to rise in ethnic minority visitors, 6th Decem-
ber, London: The Independent.
Camarena, C., & Morales, T., 2006, Community Museums and Global Connections:
the Union of Community Museums of Oaxaca, in I. Karp, C.A. Kratz et.al. (ed)
Museum Frictions: Public cultures/global transformations, 322-346, Durham, N.C.;
50
Duke University Press.
Candlin, Fiona, 2012, Independent Museums, Heritage, and the Shape of Mu-
seum Studies, Museum & Society, March 2012 10(1) 28-41.
Carlin, John, W., 2001, Your Past is Disappearing: What Museums should know
about the 20th century Archive's crisis, (Lord & Lord 2001).
Carnegie, E., 1994, Trying to Be an Honest Woman: Making Women's Histories, in
G.Kavanagh (ed) Making Histories in Museums, 54-65, London: Leicester University
Press.
Cherry, D. and Cullen, F., 2008, Spectacle and Display, Maiden, Mass.; Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
Corsane, Gerard, 2005, Heritage, Museums and Galleries: An Introductory Reader,
New York: Routledge.
Crooke, Elizebath, 2007, Museums and Community: Ideas, issues and challenges,
London: Routledge.
Cummings, Neil, Lewandowska, Marysia, 2000, The Value of Things, Basel:
Birkhauser.
Debary, O, 2004, Deindustrialisation and Museumification: From Exhibited Memory
to forgotten history.
Deuchar, Stephen, 2002, Whose Art History? Curators, academics, and the
museum visitor in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s', in C.W. Haxthausen (ed) The Two
Art Histories: The museum and the university, 3-13, Yale University Press.
Dicks, B., 2000, Heritage, Place and Community, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Dudley, Sandra, 2009, Museum Materialities: Objects, Engagements,
Interpretations, London: Routledge.
Duncan, Carol, 1995, Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums, London:
Routledge.
Fitzgerald, L., 1996, Hard men, hard facts and heavy metal: making histories of
technology, in G. Kavanagh (ed) Making Histories in Museums, 116-130, London:
Leicester University Press.
Giebelhausen, Michaela, 2003, The Architecture of the Museum: Symbolic
Structures, Urban Contexts, Manchester/New York: Manchester University Press.
Haan, R.B., 2006, Re-Staging Histories and Identities in S. Macdonald (ed) A
Companion to Museum Studies, 186-197, Malden, Mass. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing.
Lord, Barry and Lord, Gail Dexter, 2001, The Manual of Museum Exhibitions, New
York and Oxford: Alta Mira Press.
Mc Lean, Kathleen, 2001, Museum Exhibitions and the Dynamics of Dialogue,
(Lord and Lord 2001).
Moses, Richard Pearce, 2001, Janus in Cyberspace: Archives on the threshold of
Digital Era, The American Archivist Vol. 70.
Maroevic, Ivo, 1998, Introduction to Museology: The Euoropean Approach,
London: Muller-Straten.
51
Schlebecker, John, T., 1977, The Use of objects in Historical Research, Quarterly
journal of the Agricultural History Society Vol. 51.
Thakurta, Tapati Guha, 2002, The Endangered Yakshi: Careers of An Ancient Art
Object in Modern India, in Partha Chatterjee and Anjan Ghosh, ed., History and
the Present, New Delhi: Permanent Black.
Vergo, Peter, 2011, The New Museology, Reaktion Books.
Ipdn∏v:
kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw, ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw F∂o
hnj-b-ß-fpsS KŸ-kqNn H∏w ImWp-I.
52
MU CHS 4313 tIcfw: hnizmkw aXw Z¿i\w
tIc-f-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hnizm-k-ss]-Xr-Iw, aX-ss]-Xr-Iw, Z¿i-\-ss]-
XrIw F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI. Ch-tbm-tcm-∂n-s‚bpw Ncn-X-]-c-amb XpS¿®-
Isf ]Tn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ Hmtcm∂pw AXm-Xn-\-IØpw ]c-kv]-chpw
Db¿Ønb kwhm-Zm-fl-I-X-sbbpw AXns‚ h¿Ø-am-\ -_-e-X-¥-ß-sfbpw
IqSn ]Tn-°p-I. tIc-f-Øns‚ kv]¿iy-˛-kv]¿tiy-X-c-ss]-Xr-I-ß-fn¬ Ch
sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\sØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn
hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v tijn \¬Ip-I.
bqWn‰v 1
]]-t©m-ev]-Øn, a\p-tjym-ev]Øn XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mtZ-inI
hnizm-k-߃ ˛ ]Ir-Xym-cm-[\ ˛ \mKm-cm-[\ ˛ hr£m-cm-[\ a‰p ]IrXn
hkvXp-°-fpsS Bcm-[-\-Iƒ ˛ ]mtZ-in-Im-cm-[\ ˛ Zmhn-Um-cm-[\. a¥-hm-
Zw, D®m-S-\w, Xm¥n-Iw. kwL-Ime tZh-X-am¿ ˛ AΩ-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ ˛D¿h-c-
Xm-cm-[\ ˛ hocm-cm-[\ XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnizm-khpw Z¿i-\hpw
˛ A\p-_-‘-kw-kvImcw.
bqWn‰v 2
ssih-˛-ssh-jvWh `‡n-]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw _p≤-˛-ssP-\-˛-b-lq-Z-a-X-ß-fp-
sSbpw kq^n-k-Øn-s‚bpw DZ-b-hn-Im-k-߃. Ch apt∂m-´p-sh® Z¿i-\-
ßfpw Z¿i-\-k-a-\z-bhpw. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI qan-imkvXw, hn⁄m-
\-˛-km-ln-Xy-ss]-Xr-Iw, `uXnI kwkvIm-cw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃, BtLm-
j-߃ CXym-Zn-I-fn¬ Ch-bv°p≈ kzm[o-\w.
bqWn‰v 3
lnµp-˛-ap-…ow-˛-ssI-kvXh aX-߃ ˛ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃. Z¿i-\-߃ ˛
Zm¿i-\n-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI kwhmZw ˛ kwL¿j ka-\zbw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI
kl-Po-h\w ˛ aXm-XoX hn\n-a-b-߃ \nXyPohn-X-Øn¬. tZiob˛km¿h-tZ-
iob aX-]m-T-ßfpw ]mtZ-in-I -am-X-]m-T-ßfpw hnizm-kw, BNm-cw, BtLm-
jw, A\p-jvTm-\w, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃, thjw, `£-Ww, hX-߃, `uXn-I-
kw-kvImcw XpS-ßn-b-h. Imhv, t£Xw, ]≈n, aJmw, Nµ-\-°pSw Fgp-∂-≈-
Øv, B≠p-t\¿®, ]mtZ-inI ]≈n-Iƒ, ]pWy-hm-f-∑m¿, ]≈n-s∏-cp-∂mƒ XpS-
ßn-b-h.
bqWn‰v 4
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-IX ˛ kmaq-ln-I-˛-cm-jvSo-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI CS-s]-S-
ep-Ifpw AXns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-]-cn-k-chpw \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Z¿i-\hpw kmaq-
53
ln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw. tkmjy-en-Ãv-˛-I-ayq-Wn-Ãv-˛-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-
Nn-¥-Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-˛-cm-jvSob CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw. hn]-Wn-˛-]-
c-kyw-˛-am-[ya/hnizm-k-hy-h-km-bw, kzXz-hmZw: kvXohm-Zw, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hm-Zw,
ZfnXvhmZw-˛ssk≤m-¥nI]cn-kcw˛hnizm-k-Øns‚ BhnjvImcw: hmsamgn---- - -
FgpØv -˛ -Ie -˛ -kwkvImcw XpS-ßn-b-h-taJ-e-Iƒ˛ hnizm-k-ß-fpsS
cmjvSob]tbmKw: PmXn-˛-aX kwL-S-\-Iƒ, aX-˛-cm-jvSob kwL-S-\-Iƒ, aX-
au-en-I-hm-Zw, ]p\-cp-∞m-hm-Zw, h¿Ko-bX bp‡n-hm-Zw˛s]mXp-a-fi-ew, s]mXp-
Po-hn-X-Ønse h¿Ko-b-X.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
ANyp-X-hm-cy¿, Fkv., 2008, tIc-f-kw-kvIm-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
AkvK¿ Aen F©n-\n-b¿, 1992, Hcp C¥y≥ ap…o-ans‚ kzX-¥-Nn-¥-Iƒ,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
BZ¿iv, kn., 2006, aXw, PmXn, \m´p-]m-c-ºcyw: sImSp-ß-√q-cnse aX/PmXn-hn-
`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈IY-Iƒ, Xm]-kw, hmeyw1, e°w 4.
BZ¿iv, kn., 2013, hn`mh-\-Iƒ, hn\n-a-b-߃: sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ hymh-lm-cn-
I-N-cn-Xw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
Awt_-Zv°¿, _n.-B¿., 1999, `K-h-ZvKo-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ D]-\ym-k-߃,
kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, 1983, C…m-an-I-Z¿i-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Imc-t»-cn, Fw.-F≥., 2008, DΩ-am¿°p-th≠n Hcp k¶-S-l-c-Pn, tIm´-bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
Imc-t»-cn, Fw.-F≥., 2012, atX-X-c-hm-ZsØ ap…o-߃ t]Sn-t°-≠-Xpt≠m?,
tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
KtWiv, sI.F≥., 1997, tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ, Xncp -h-\-¥-]p-cw:
kmwkvImcnI]kn≤o-I-cWhIp∏v.
Km‘n, Fw.sI., lnµvkzcmPv.
tKm]meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., 1974, tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnINcnXw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
KwKm-[-c≥, Fw., 2007, am∏n-f-]-T-\-߃, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
ZmtamZc≥, sI, tIcfNcnXw, Xncph\¥]pcw: ]`mXv _p°vlukv.
]Wn°¿, sI.F≥., 1997, kwkvImchpw tZiobXbpw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
]oXmw-_-c≥ ]n.sI., 2014, tIc-f-b-lq-Z -cpsS kmwkvIm-cn -I-N-cn - Xw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
]Pn-Øv, sP.-]n., 2010, X¥-km-ln-Xyw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v.
_meIrjvW≥, ]n.sI., 2014, PmXnhyhÿnXnbpw tIcfNcnXhpw.
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈ F. tIkcn, 1957, ]mNo-\-tI-c-f-N-cn-Xw, tImgn-t°m-Sv:
sI.B¿.- _-tZ-gvkv.
54
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈ F. tIkcn, 1992: Ncn-X-]-T-\-߃, Bep-h: _mwkp-cn.
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈ F. tIkcn, 1995: Ncn-X-Øns‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ,- Xriq¿:
tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an.
apl-Ω-Zp-Ip-™n, ]n.-sI., 1982, ap…o-an-ßfpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, Xriq¿:
tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., 2012, ssP\aXw tIcfØn¬, tIm´bw: kmlnXy
]h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.B¿., cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ, 2013, anØpw kaqlhpw, tIm´bw:
F≥.-_n.-F-kv.
cmtP-µ≥, ]n.-Pn., 2012, Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse alm-t£-X-߃, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv.
cmaNµ≥\mb¿, ]∑\, 2012, tIc-f-kw-kvImc]T\߃, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv.
cmam-\pPv ]km-Zv, 2012, D]-\n-j-Zv⁄m-\w, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
io-Ip-am¿, Sn.-Sn., 2002, Ncn-Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kvIdnb k°-dnb, tUm., 2015, ss]Xr-I-]-T\w: apkn-cnkv ss]Xr-I-]-≤Xn
ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp ho≠p-hn-Nm-cw, Xm]kw, hmeyw 9, e°w1˛4., 2013- Pq-sse-
˛2014- G-]n¬.
kn±oJv apl-Ω-Zv, 2010, kq^nkw A\p-`q-Xnbpw Bkzm-Z-\-hpw, tImgnt°mSv:
Henhv _pIvkv.
lm^nkv apl-Ω-Zv, F≥.-]n., 2013, tIc-f-Ønse ap…ow kvXoI-fpsS h¿Ø-am-
\-Im-ew, tImgn-t°m-Sv: Henhv _pIvkv.
lpssk≥, sI.-Sn., 2008, tIcf ap…o-߃ A[n-\n-th-i-hn-cp-≤-t∏m-cm-´-Øns‚
]Xy-b-im-kvXw, tImgn-t°m-Sv: C…m-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv.
55
\memw ska-ÿMU CHS 4401 ]pcm-tc-Jmeb-]-T-\w
MU CHS 4402 ]_-‘-cN-\: -X-Xz-hpw ]tbm-Khpw
MU CHS 4403 sF—n-Iw
MU CHS 4404 s]mXpsF—n-Iw
56
MU CHS 4401 ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb]T-\w
bqWn‰v 1
]pcm-tcJ BapJw ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]pcm-
tc-J-I-fpsS aqeyw ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃ sse_-dn-I-fpw, ayqkn-b-ßfpw ]pcm-
tc-Jm-e-b-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ][m\ hyXym-k-߃ ˛ hyXykvX ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ
˛ kzImcy ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw hymh-km-bnI ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw ˛ hyXykvX ]pcm-
tc-Jm-e-b-߃ ˛ D¤hw ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃.
bqWn‰v 2
bqtdm-∏nse ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb ]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ bqtdm-∏n¬
]pcm-tc-Jm-eb k¶-ev]-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ^m≥kn-sebpw Cw•-≠n-sebpw
kvs]bn-\n-sebpw tZiob ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ˛ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse (U.S.A.) ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb ]ÿm\w ˛
tZiob ]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw \mj-W¬ B¿ss°hvkv B‚ v sdt°mUvkv AUvan-
\n-kvtS-js‚ (NARA) ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ C¥y-bnse tZiob ]pcm-tc-
Jm-ebw (National Archives of India) ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ Dt±iy e£y-
߃ ˛ ][m-\-s∏´ ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]m[m-\yhpw ˛ tIc-f-
Ønse ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃ (Kerala State Archives) ˛ ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃
˛ ][m-\-s∏´ ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 3
]pcm-tc-J-⁄¿ (Archivist) tbmKy-X-Ifpw ISa-Ifpw ˛ Btem-Ny-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS
Xøm-dm-°¬ (Preparation of Reference Media) ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb kw_-‘n-
bmb Icp-X¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ]tbmKw ˛ ]pcm-tc-J-I-fpsS
Iao-I-cWw ˛ Iao-I-cW N´-߃ ˛ k¿°m¿ Be-b-ß-fnse tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج
˛ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ˛ tcJ-I-fpsS Ass]-k¬ ˛ tcJm-e-b-Øns‚ Bh-iy-h-kvXp-
°ƒ ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww.
57
bqWn‰v 4
]pcm-tcJm\b-cq-]o-I-cWw tcJm-eb kwc-£Ww D]-tbmKw am¿§ \n¿t±-
i-߃ ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-kw-c-£Ww ˛ ]Xn-_-‘-߃ ˛ `uXn-Ihpw [m¿Ωn-I-hp-
ambh ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS iXp-°ƒ ˛ kwc-£-W-Øn\v BapJw ˛ kwc-£-
W-X-Xz-߃ ˛ kwc-£-W-Ønse [¿Ω-\oXn ˛ \nb-¥W kwc-£W am\-Z-
fi-߃ ˛ timjW LS-I-߃ (Deterioration Factors) ˛ Poh-im-kvX-]cw ˛
ck-X-¥-]cw ˛ `uXn-I-im-kvX-]cw ˛ kwc-£-W-L-S-I-Øns‚ Bh-iy-h-kvXp-
°ƒ ˛ sdsÃm-td-j≥ ˛ ]In-b-Iƒ ˛ kt¶-X-߃ ˛ ip≤o-I-cWw ˛ sdt°m-
Up-I-fpsS \nh¿Ø¬ ˛ Uo Akn-Un-^n-t°-j≥ ˛ ^yqan-t\-j≥ ˛ Ie-I-
fpsS kwc-£Ww ˛ eman-t\-j≥ ˛ t]Pn-t\-j≥ ˛ ^pƒt]-Ãnßv coXn-Iƒ ˛
\\hp ]‰n-b-h-bpsS kwc-£Ww ˛ tcJ-IfpsS UnPn-‰-sse-tk-j≥ ˛ ]kn-
≤o-I-c-Ww.
bqWn‰v 5
B¿ss°hvkv kµ¿i\w k_vPIvSv enÃv Xøm-dm-°¬, UnkvIn-hn-‰nhv enÃv
Xøm-dm-°¬, C≥UIvkv (index) Xøm-dm-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ ]mtbm-KnI
]cn-io-e\w ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS Ass]-k¬, dns´≥j≥ sjUyqƒ Xøm-dm-
°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ sdt°m¿Uv ]cn-]m-e\w ˛ ]n-k¿th-
j≥ sSIv\n-°p-Iƒ ˛ ip≤o-I-c-Ww, ^yqan-tK-j≥ (Fumigation), t]Pn-t\-j≥,
Un Akn-Un-^n-t°-j≥, Snjyq dn∏-b¿, eman-t\-j≥, ^pƒt]-Ãnßv XpS-ßn-
b-h-bn-ep≈ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\w.
klm-bIKŸ-߃
Agnes, Millar, Laura, 2015, Archives: Principles and Practices, London: Facet Pub-
lishing.
Bales, Frank, 2005, Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts, Chicago:
Chicago Society of American Archivists.
Bohade, Bhunjangaro, 2010, Archives and Museums, Delhi: BR Publishing Corpora-
tion.
Brown, Caroline (ed.), 2010, Archives and Record Keeping, London: Facet Pub-
lishing.
Duchein, Michel, 1992, The History of European Archives and the Development of
the Archival Profession in Europe, Chicago: Society of American Archivists, Pub-
lished in The American Archivist, Vol. 55, No. 1, Special International Issue (1992),
PP - 14-25.
Jenkinson, Hilary, 1937, A Manual of Archive Administration, Perey Land, Humphries
& Company Ltd.
Jimerson, Randall, C., 2000, American Archival Studies: Readings in Theory and
Practice, Society of American Archivists.
Joan, M. Schwartz, Terri cook, 2002, The Making of Modern Memory, Archival
Sciences, Vol. 2, , PP - 1-19, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
58
Purnendu Basu, 1960, Archives and Records, What are they?, , New Delhi: National
Archives of India.
Schellenberg, T.R., 1956, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, Chicago:
The Society of American Archivists.
Sundararaj, M., 1999, A manual of Archival Systems and the World of Archives,
Siva Publications.
59
MU CHS 4402 ]_-‘-cN-\: XXzhpw
]tbmKhpw
\mev sIUn-‰p-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Cu tImgvkv Kth-j-W-co-Xn-imkvX]T-\-
Øn¬ Du∂p∂p. kwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-]-T-\-Ønse ZØ-k-am-l-c-W-sØ-°p-
dn®pw hnhn[ ^o¬Uv saØ-tUm-f-Pn-sb-°p-dn®pw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ Ah-t_m-
[-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. CXnte°v, A[ym-]-I-cpsS am¿K-\n¿t±-i-Øn¬ sXc-
s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v ap∏-Øn-b©v ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmØ
Hcp eLp]-_-‘w Xøm-dm-°n ka¿∏n°-Ww. k¶¬∏-\w, ]T-\-ta-J-e, coXn-
im-kvXw, ]q¿h-]-T-\-߃ F∂nh hy‡-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-h-bm-IWw ]T-
\-߃.
60
sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃
MU CHS E01 ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
MU CHS E02 ]mN-o\en-]n-]cnN-bw: KŸ-en-]n, hs´-gpØv
MU CHS E03 ka-Im-en-I-tI-c-f-kw-kvImcw: ]h-W-X-Iƒ ]Xn-\n-[m-\-
߃
MU CHS E04 kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w: kn≤m-¥hpw Ncn-Xhpw
MU CHS E05 ]mcn-ÿn-XnIAh-t_m-[hpw tIc-fo-b-ss]-Xr-Ihpw
MU CHS E06 kvXo]-Zhn tIc-fob-]-cn-t]£yw
MU CHS E09 IogmfX: N-cnXhpw ss]XrIhpw
MU CHS E10 ss]Xr-I-hym-Jym\w
MU CHS E11 ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw (Heritage Industry)
MU CHS E12 tIc-fo-b-sshZyw
MU CHS E13 sF°-tWm-Km^n
MU CHS E14 ]m›mXy-sshZyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-[o-i-Xzhpw
MU CHS E15 aebm-f-N-e-®nXw: kwkvIm-chpw ss]XrIhpw
MU CHS E16 am[ya-ss]-XrI-w: kwkvIm-chpw N-cnXhpw
MU CHS E17 Nn”-hn-⁄m-\obhpw P\-Iob/P\-]nbkwkvIm--c-ßfpw
MU CHS E18 tIcfw: `£-Ww hkvXw kwkvIm-c-]-cn-Wm-aw
MU CHS E19 ¢mkn-°¬ cwK-Ie
MU CHS E20 C¥y≥ tZiobss]Xr-Iw
MU CHS E21 enwK-]-Z-hnbpw tIc-f-k-aq-lhpw
MU CHS E22 tIcfw: tImf-\o-I-c-W-hpw -km-aq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw
MU CHS E23 t^mIvtem¿
MU CHS E24 ]mNo\ en]n ]cn-Nbw ˛ _m“n
61
MU CHS E01 ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqWn‰v 1
kwkvIm-c-N-cn-X-Øn¬ `mj-bpsS ]m[m-\yw, [¿aw-˛-]-Xn-^-e-\-hm-Z-Øn¬\n-
∂p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn-˛-D-]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øns‚ hna¿i-\w-˛-`m-j-bpsS `mh-\m-fl-Ihpw
k¿Km-fl-Ihp-amb ]tbm-K-߃. ]e `mj-Iƒ-˛-]e Xcw `mj-Iƒ-˛-Zriy-`m-j-
bpsS ta¬t°m-bva, mj-bnse GtIm-]-\w (convergence), am[y-a-]-T-\-Øns‚
]k-‡n. -`mjbpw amXr-`m-jbpw: k¶¬∏-\w, hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃-˛-am[y-aw,
Nn”w, ]Xy-b-im-kvXw, LS-\, hyh-lmcw F∂o \ne-Ifn¬. tImf\nB[p-
\n-I-Xbpw `mjm-ht_m-[hpw˛`mjbpw X∑m-\n¿an-Xn-bpw: tIc-fhpw ae-
bmfhpw˛ -am-Xr-`m-jmhmZw˛amXr-`mj-:]-T-\-am-[yaw: -a‡n X߃, tPm¿Pv
amØ≥, G.B¿.- cm-P-cmPh¿a ˛ sFIy-tI-cfw: tZihpw `mjbpw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
_mem-`y-k\w (1867) : tPm¿Pvv amØ≥
]Ir-Xn-imkvXw B-apJw (1883) : tPml-∂kv t^m¨tab¿
XangpcmPyw apX¬ ae-bmfcmPy
-\n-hm-kn-I-fmb ap…nwP\hpw
hnZym- ymkhpw (1880) : a‡n X߃
\m-´p-`mjmhnZym-`ymkw (1990) : G.-B¿. -cm-P-cmPh¿a-
bqWn‰v 2
ae-bmfw: tZihpw `mj-bpw, `m-tjm-¤-h-kn-≤m-¥-߃˛`m-jbpw Ncn-X-hpw-˛-
N-cnXw `mj-bn¬˛`m-jm-N-cn-Xw-˛-hmsam-gn-, hc-sam-gn-InkvXp-h¿jw Hº-Xmw-i-
X-Iw-h-sc: imk-\-߃, inem-en-Jn-X-߃, sN-t∏-Sp-Iƒ˛H-º-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠p-ap-X¬
]Xn-t\-gp-hsc: imkvXw, kt¶-Xw, kmln-Xyw, XXz-Nn-¥, F∂nh ae-bm-f-
Øn¬˛ae-bmfA°-߃˛Cw•o-jvkw-I-a-Ww-˛-an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS `mjm-km-w-kvIm-
cnI]h¿Ø-\-߃-˛-K-tZym-Zbw: KZyhpw B[p-\n-IXmbp‡nbpw˛\thm-∞m-
62
\-k-µ¿`w.tImf-\o-I-cWØn\papºv: ssh⁄m-\n-I-Xbpw `mjbpw: ae-bmfw
ssh⁄m-\n-I-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬-˛-ssh-⁄m-\n-I-]-h¿Ø-\-߃-˛-X-Xz-im-
kvXw, sshZyw, kmt¶-Xn-I-imkvXw XpSßnb taJ-e-I-fnse KŸ-]-cn-i-a-
߃˛hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃˛tImf-\o-I-cWkµ¿`w: X¿Pa: C¥y≥`m-j-I-ƒ-˛-
Cw-•o-jv˛ CXc temI-`m-j-Iƒ F∂n-hbn¬\n-∂v˛kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-߃-˛-]m-T-]p-
kvX-I-°-Ωn-‰n- -\nL-≠p-°-ƒ, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-߃˛]mtZ-inI mjm-t -Z-ß-ƒ˛am-
Xr- m-jm-hnZyme-b-߃, k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ- -C-h-bnse amXr- m-j-bpsS \nebpw
]Z-hn-bpw˛hn⁄m\`mj˛X¿Pa: imkvX,`uXnIimkvX-,kmaq-ly-im-
kvXKŸ-߃. ae-bmfw: `c-W-`m-jbpw cm„o-b-`mj-bpw˛ P\m-bØ-h¬°-
c-W-w: kaq-lw, cm„o-bw, kwkvIm-cw, A\p-`q-Xn-ta-J-e˛`c-W-L-S-\-: `mjm]Z-
hnbpw ÿm\hpw˛`c-WtaJ-e-I-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ÿm\w. kmln-Xyw,
XXz-im-kvXw, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw, kmt¶-Xn-I-im-kvXw, imkvXw, \nb-aw, Zriy-
imhyam[y-a߃, \h-am-[y-a-߃, Ne-®nXw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS ae-bm-f-`m-
jbpw kwkvIm-c-hpw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
h¿Ø-am\]X-ßfpsSbpw A®Snb¥-ß-
fp-sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS
kmln-Xy-k-¶-ev]-\-ßfnepw `mjmhyh-
lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃ : C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥
hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw ae-bm-fhpw : hn.-sI. BZ¿iv
Ne-®nXam[y-a-ambn amdp∂ `mj : cho-µ≥
ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ : PÃnkv \tc-µ≥
`mj-bpsS cm„obw : ]n.- tKm-hn-µ-]n-≈
`mjm]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-›m-Øew : Sn.-Sn.- io-Ip-am¿
bqWn‰v 3
`mjbpw kmln-Xy-hpw˛kmlnXyw, FgpØv F∂o k¶¬∏\߃: `n∂ \n¿h-
N-\-߃˛kw-kvIr-XNn-¥-Ifn¬: `mhw, ckw, kuµcyw, A-\p-`qXn XpS-ßnb
]cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ˛ckw F∂ `uXn-Im-\p-`hw: `c-X≥ apX¬ A`n-\-h-Kp-]vX≥
hsc-˛-a-X-t`-Z-߃-,hn-Im-k-߃˛hn-Zy, ]pcpjm¿Y-km-[\mam¿Kw-˛-Im-hyw,
kmlnXyw XpS-ßnb io¿j-I-߃˛imiz-X-ku-µ-cyw˛kXyw, inhw, kpµ-cw˛
Zmhn-U-ku-µ-cy-hn-Nm-c-߃˛ae-bm-f-kmlnXyw F∂ k¶¬∏w-˛-D-Z-b-hn-Im-k-
߃-˛kw-kvIr-Xw Xangv F∂n-h-tbm-Sp≈ hn\n-a-b-߃, A`n-ap-Jo-I-c-W-߃.
tImf-\o-I-cWw: ]m›m-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-kw-I-aWw˛\thm-∞m\w: ]uc-k-aq-lw-
˛-P-\m-b-Ø-kw-kvIr-Xn-˛-hy-‡n-˛-B-flw-˛-B-hn-jvImcw, Bflm-hn-jvImcw F∂
k¶¬∏w˛kmlnXyw: hy‡n-bpsS Bflm-hn-jvIm-cw-˛-km-lnXyw: hy‡n-
bpsS˛B-[p-\n-I-]u-cs‚ Bfl-IY˛-B-[p-\n-IX: `n∂ km-lnXyw F∂ ÿm]-
\w-˛kmlnXyw F∂ KWw-˛IY, Ihn-X,- `m-h-Ko-Xw,- t\m-h¬ XpS-ßnb P\p-
pIƒ. kmln-Xy-N-cnXw F∂ k¶¬∏\w.
63
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cnXw (B-ap-Jw) : ]n.- tKm-hn-µ-∏n≈
cq]-a-RvPcn : tIkcn
bqWn‰v 4
kmln-Xyhpw Ncn-Xhpw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ N-cn-Xhpw˛kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-ß-fpsS
[¿aw˛ aem-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnX߃˛kmam\ymh-tem-I\w, hyXn-cn-‡-X-Iƒ.
kmln-Xyhpw Ncn-X-hpw ˛tIkcn F.-_m-e-Ir-jvW-]n-≈bpsS Nn¥m-temIw,
L-S-\m-hm-Z,-L-S-\m-\-¥-c-hm-Z-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬, tIc-fob,a-e-bmfkmln-Xyw-˛tImf-
\n-B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, kmlnXyw Hcp hyh-lm-cw. kuµ-cyhpw
cm„o-b-hpw, \h-N-cn-X-hm-Zw, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w F∂n-h-bpsS kµ¿`w˛
kmlnXyw Ncn-X-Øn¬˛N-cn-X-Øns‚ ]mT-]-c-X, ]mT-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-cX F∂o
k¶¬∏-\-߃, A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-Xm-fl-I-X. X-\n-a-bm¿∂ tIc-f-P-\p-kp-
Iƒ˛Xp≈¬,- B-´-°Y F∂n-h. hmsam-gn,-h-c-samgnkmln-Xyw˛_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿
lpkv\p-P-am¬˛]-g-s©m-√p-Iƒ,- \m-tSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ,- (sF-Xn-ly-am-e). X-\n-a-bm¿∂
tIc-f-P-\p-kp-Iƒ˛Xp≈¬,- B-´-°Y F∂n-h. hmsam-gn,- h-c-samgnkmln-
Xyw˛_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿ lpkv\p-P-am¬˛]-g-s©m-√p-Iƒ,- \m-tSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ, -(sF-Xn-
ly-am-e).
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\vA\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS N-cnX]cX : _n.- cm-Po-h≥
\thm-∞m-\hpw \f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ cwK]-Nm-chpw : F≥.- A-P-b-Ip-am¿
\f-N-cnXw aq∂mw Znhkw : DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿
tLmj-bmX : Ip©≥\-ºym¿
]kn-≤\mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fn¬\n∂v Hcp `m-Kw. ]Øp ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ]Øp IS-
¶-Y-Iƒ, sFXn-ly-am-e, P\-Io-bkm-lnXyw,- P-\-]n-b-km-lnXyw.
(1) ]mSm-Ø-ss]-¶n-fn,-
(2) sX-c-s™-SpØ A©p ]c-ky-߃(A-®Sn,Ce-IvtSm-WnIvam[y-a-߃)
(3) ]kn-≤-ß-fmb c≠p Ne-®n-X-Km-\-߃:
(I) Imb-e-cn-IØv he-sb-dn-™....
(J) e÷m-h-Xntb \ns‚....
ae-bm-f-Ønse apJy-[m-cm-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp IrXn sXc-s™-SpØv
AXnse tIc-fo-b-ss]-XrI-ap-Z-Iƒ A]-K-Yn-®v ]T-\-tcJ Xøm-dm-°-Ww.
64
klm-bIKŸ-߃
B‚-Wn, kn.-F¬., 2000, `mjm-KZyw, kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-Djm \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv, ae-bm-f-Ønse kwt_m-[-\m-]-Z-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-]-›m-Øew, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f- m-jmC≥Ãn-‰yq- v.
Ip™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw, -1997, tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃,
tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.
Ip™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1963, Nne tIc-f-N-cn-X-]-iv\-߃, tIm-´-bw: F≥.-
_n.-Fkv.
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 1964, ae-bm-f-ssien, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an.
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 1985, mjm-]-cn-N-bw, tImgn-t°mSv: amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]-Imiw.
KtW-iv, sI.-F≥., 1996, Ip©≥ \ºym¿ hm°pw kaq-lhpw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-
tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
Knco-jv, ]n.Fw., 2002, `mjbpw A[n-Im-c-hpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv: ]m∏n-tbm¨.
KqKn hm XntbmtKm, 2011, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww, sIm√w: Kmwjn
_pIvkv.
tKmZ-h¿a, sI., 1971, tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\o-bw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
tKm]n-\m-Y-]n≈, F≥.B¿., 1987, A[ym-lm-cw, tIm´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.
tKm]n-\m-Y-]n≈, F≥.B¿., 1980, A\p-_-‘w, tIm-´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.
tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈, ]n., 1992, kmlnXyw: At[m-K-Xnbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpw, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
tPm¿Pv, kn.sP. (FUn.), 1996, B[p\nIm\¥c˛kmlnXy kao]\߃,
Xriq¿: _p°vthw.
tPmk^v, ]n.Fw., 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Io-b-]-Z-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf-
`m-jmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
tXma-kv, ]n.sP., 1989, ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw N¿®bpw ]qc-
Whpw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
\ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, C.-Fw.-Fkv., 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`m-
jmC≥Ãn‰-yq-´.v
\mcmb--W≥, hn.sI., 1985, `c-W-`m-jm-]o-Tn-I, tIm´-bw: F≥.-_n.-Fkv.
]hnX≥, ]n., 2000, B[p\nIXbpsS Ip‰kΩXw, tIm´bw: Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.
]hnX≥, ]n., 2002, Bim≥I-hnX B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c-]mT-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
kmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip-∏v.
]t_m-[-N-µ≥\mb¿, ssieo-`w-KnIƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`m-jmC≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v.
]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.Fw., 1982, ]q¿h-tI-c-f-`m-j, aZmkv k¿h-I-em-im-e.
]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.Fw., ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-]-T-\-߃, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
_m_pcm-Pv, sI.sI., tPm¿Pv amØ≥, 1869, hwio-b-Xbpw `mjbpw: ae-bm-gva-
bpsS hymI-c-Ww, tIm´-bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.
choµ≥ (FUn.), 1983, Iemhna¿iw am¿IvknÃv am\Zfiw, sIm®n:
\nf ]ªn-tjgvkv.
65
c-ho-µ≥, ]n.-]n.,- 1997, C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, tIm-´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.B¿.,- 1998, hmb-\-bpsS hgn-Iƒ, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw. B¿., 2007, eoem-Xn-e-I-Øns‚ cm„o-bw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
cmP-cm-P-h¿a, G.-B¿., 1996, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-w, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
cmP-cm-P-h¿a, G.-B¿.,- 1971, i–-tim-[n-\n, Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: Ia-em-e-b _pIv
Unt∏m.
cmPoh≥, _n., 1990, P\\n_nUamb Z¥tKm]pcw, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥
]ªn-tjgvkv.
hnPb≥, Fw.F≥., 1987, IhnXbpw a\ximkvXhpw, tImgnt°mSv: amXr`qan
_pIvkv.
k®nZm\µ≥, sI., 1987, kwkvImcØns‚ cm„obw, tImgnt°mSv: aƒ_dn
_pIvkv.
k®nZm\µ≥, sI., 1993, kuµcyhpw A[nImchpw, tImgnt°mSv: aƒ_dn
_pIvkv.
tkXp-cma≥, sI., 2011, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`q-an _pIvkv.
tkmati-J-c≥ \mb¿, ]n., `mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m-\o-bw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Andrewskutty, A.P., 1994, Traditional Grammars in Malayalam, Trivandrum:
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics.
66
MU CHS E02 ]mNo\en]n-]-cn-Nbw ˛ KŸ-en-]n,
hs -gpØv
bqWn‰v 1
Fgp-Øns‚ NcnXw ˛ Kplm-Nn-X-߃ ˛ NnX-en]n ˛ BWn FgpØv (Iyq-Wn-
t^mw) ˛ ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Ønse A£-c-ap-Z-Iƒ ˛ ssN\okv en]n ˛ ska-
‰nIv en]-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 2
`mc-Xob en]n NcnXw DØ-c-Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ en]n-Iƒ kmam-\y-[m-c-W. _mΩn,
Jtcm-jvTn, \µn \mK-cn, tImse-gpØv apX-em-b-h.
bqWn‰v 3
KŸ-en]n D¤hw ˛ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃ kmam-\y-[m-c-W. KŸ-en]n Fgp-
Xm\pw hmbn-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ KŸ-en-]n-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bmf en]n-bn-
te°pw Xncn®pw Fgp-Xm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\w.
bqWn‰v 4
hs´-gpØv D¤hw ˛ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃ kmam\y [mc-W. hs´-gpØv
Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ KŸ-en-]n-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bmf en]n-
bn-te°pw Xncn®pw Fgp-Xm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\w.
klm-bIKŸ-߃
Peo¬, sI.-F., 1989, en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈, hn.-B¿., inem-en-JnXhn⁄m-\o-bw.
]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈, hn.-B¿., en]nhn⁄m-\o-bw.
awK-ew, Fkv.-sP., 1997, ]mNo\`mc-Xoben]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bmfen]n-bpsS
hnIm-k-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
chn-h¿Ω, F¬.-F., ]mNo\tIcfen]n-Iƒ.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., 2011, ae-bm-f-en]nNcn-Xw, tIcfkwkvIm-c-]-T-
\߃, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kmw, F≥., 2010, tIc-f-Ønse ]mNo\en]namXr-I-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
kwÿm\ B¿ss°-hvkv.
Buhler, G., 1987, Indian Palaeography, Poona: Eastern Book House.
Burnell, A.C., 1968, Elements of South Indian Palaeography from the fourth to the
Seventeeth Centuary AD, New Delhi: Indological Book House.
David Diringer, 1996, The Alphabet: A key to the history of Mankind, New Delhi:
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
67
Gaurishankar Hirachand, Ojha, Rai Bahadur, 2011, The Palaeography of India.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2003, Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest times to the
Sixth Century A.D., Harward University.
Mahalingam, T.V., 1967, Early South Indian Palaeography, Madras University, T.A.S.
Volumes, I, II & III.
Visalakshy, P., 2003, The Grantha Script, Thiruvananthapuram: DLA.
68
MU CHS E03ka-Im-enItIcfkwkvImcw: ]h-W-X-Iƒ
]Xn-\n-[m-\߃
BapJw
A\p-kyq-Xn-bmWv kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ auen-I-kz-`mhw. ]c-º-cm-K-XkwkvIm-c-
Øns‚ h¿Øam\-Xp-S¿®-bmWv ss]Xr-Iw. P\-X-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Hmtcm kaq-
lhpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw ssIam-dn-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp∂ kmwkvIm-cnImh-t_m[w
CXn¬ \neo-\-am-bn-cn -°pw. Cu Ah-t_m-[-am-Is´ AXmXp ImesØ
kmaqlybmYm¿Yy-ß-tfm-tS-‰p-ap´n kzbw ]cn-W-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-Iq-Sn-
bm-Wv. CØ-c-Øn¬ h¿Ø-am\ tIc-fobkwkvIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ XpS¿®-
bpw kmwkvIm-cnIkzXz-hpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I, AXn¬ h∂ptN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ am‰w
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I, AXn¬ ap∂n´p \n¬°p∂ ]h-W-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂n-
h-bmWv tImgvkns‚ e£yw. CØcw ]h-W-X-I-fnepw kmwkvIm-cnI ]Xn-
\n-[m-\-ß-fnepw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-]-chpw P\-Io-b-hp-amb ]Xy-b-
im-kvX-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw, hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw
hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ]m]vX-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. kwkvIm-c-Ønepw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-t_m-
[-Øn-ep-ap-≈ ]h-W-X-I-fpw ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ kuI-cyw
ap≥\n¿Øn ka-Im-enIkwkvIm-cw ]ta-b-]-c-ambn \mep bqWn-‰p-I-fmbn Xncn-
®n-cn-°p-∂p. ka-Im-enItIcf kwkvIm-cØn¬ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ Adn-™n-cn-t°-
≠Xpw F∂m¬ CXn¬ khn-ti-j-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°msX t]mb-Xp-amb GsXmcp
kmkvIm-cnI]h-W-sX-bbpw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cm-\p≈ Xpd∂
CSw IqSn CXn-ep-≠v. tIcfkwkvImcss]Xr-I-sØbpw kmaqlyNcn-X-
sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ Adn-hn-s‚bpw AXp-hgn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb `mhn-sb-°p-dn-
®p≈ [mc-W-bp-sSbpw \ne-]mSpXd-bn¬ \n∂p-thWw Cu hn`mKw ]Tn-t°-
≠-Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
tIc-fob PohnXw : ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-߃
]IrXn: \Zn ˛ IS¬ ˛ Pe-tkm-X-p-Iƒ ˛ IS-temcw ˛ ae-tbmcw ˛ hb¬ ˛
Izmdn, ]m¿∏nSw : ˛ hoSv ˛ ^vfm‰v ˛ tImf-\n-Iƒ ˛ ]pdw-t]m°v ˛ `h-\-c-ln-
X¿,KXm-KXw: BIm-i-k-©mcw ˛ hnam-\-Øm-hfw ˛ Pe-K-Xm-KXw ˛ sdbn¬ ˛
tdmUv,BtcmKyw : P\-\-˛-a-cW \nc°v ˛ Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw ˛ NnIn-’m-ku-I-
cy-߃ ˛ BtcmKyw/NnIn’ ˛ ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ ˛ `£Ww. ]mc-º-cy-
Øn-te-°p≈ Xncn-®p-t]m-°v.,hnZym-`ymkw : ]mY-anI ˛ D∂X ˛ kmt¶-XnI
hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-߃.]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ - ˛ hmb-\-ime ˛ km£-c-Xm-
]-ÿm\w XpS¿hn-Zym-`ymkw,sXmgn¬ taJe : Irjn \n¿ΩmWw tkh\w
˛ tXm´w ˛ a’y-_-‘\w ˛ ]c-º-cm-KX ssIsØm-gn¬ ˛ hyh-kmbw ˛
hmWnPyw ˛ sF.-Sn.˛ BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ-,k¿°m-
cns‚ ]n∑m-‰hpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw
69
bqWn‰v 2IpSpw-_-_‘w: AWp-Ip-Spw_w ˛ IpSpw-_-L-S\ ˛ _‘-ß-fnse P\m-[n-]-
Xy-h¬°-cWw ˛ A[n-Imcw ˛ hy‡n kzmX¥yw ˛ kZm-Nmcw ˛ ssewKn-IX ˛
IpSpw-_-_-‘-ß-fnse ]Zhn am‰-߃/]cn-Wm-a-߃˛ IpSpw-_-_‘w ˛ hoSn-
\-IØpw ]pdØpw.
kmaq-ly-_-‘-߃: kmaq-ly-L-S\ ˛ \m´p-Iq-´m-bva-Iƒ/]mtZ-inIIq´m-bva-
Iƒ˛PmXn ˛ aXw ˛ PmXn aX kwL-S-\-Iƒ, h¿§ ˛ _‘-߃ ˛ I£n-cm-
jvSob sXmgn-emfn _lp-P\ kwL-S-\-Iƒ. kmwkvIm-cnI ˛ k∂≤ kwL-S-
\-Iƒ ˛ F≥.-Pn.H Iƒ ˛ Iem-k-an-Xn-Iƒ ˛ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fpsS ÿm]-\-
h¬°-cWw ˛hnZym-ebIq´m-bva-Iƒ ˛ Kma-k-`-Iƒ ˛ Ab¬]°Iq´m-bva-Iƒ
˛ IpSpw-_io ˛ P\io ˛ kzmi-b-kw-L-߃ ˛ dkn-U≥jy¬ Atkm-kn-
tb-j≥ ˛ A\m-Ym-ebw ˛ AKXn aµncw ˛ hm¿≤Iy aµncw ˛ BXp-c-tk-h\
klmb kwL-߃. ]hmkw: Pohn-X-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Øn-epw.
kvXo ]pcpj _‘-߃: kvXo ]Zhn ˛ kmº-ØnI kzmX¥yw. ]pXnb
sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ ˛ hnhmlw ˛ kl-Po-h\w ˛ ]Wbw ˛ cXn ˛ ssewKn-IX
˛ kZm-Nmcw. DZm-c-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ kzm[o\w kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fn¬.
bqWn‰v 3
kmº-ØnI tkmXv: ]Ir-Xn-hn-`hw ˛ DXv]m-Z\w/Irjn/hyh-kmbw/
tkh\w/\n¿ΩmWw/sF.Sn/˛ aqe-[\\nt£]w ˛ hntZi sXmgn-e-h-kcw ˛
Kƒ^v hcp-am\w,A\y-kw-ÿm\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ˛ hmWnPyw ˛ Sqdnkw ˛
_m¶n-ßv. hn⁄m-\-ta-Je : imkvX ˛ kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m\w ˛ ]c-º-cm-KX
hn⁄m-\w ˛ `uXnI kzØ-h-Imi \nb-ahpw ]mc-ºcy hn⁄m-\hpw. tIc-
fob hnI-k\ amXr-I-Iƒ : XnXe Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ ˛ kvXo im‡o-I-
cWw ˛ BtcmKyw ˛ hnZym-`ymkw ˛ tIc-fob amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ P\-Io-bm-kq-
XWw ˛ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w ˛ tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I.
D]-t`mKw: `qan , sh≈w, `£-Ww, ]m¿∏n -Sw, ˛ dnb¬ FtÉv ˛
kuµcyh¿≤IhkvXp-°ƒ.,BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw DZm-co-I-c-W-Øn-
s‚bpw kzm[o-\w.
bqWn‰v 4
Bi-b-hn-\n-ab amXrI: _lp-P\ Bib hn\n-abw ˛ A®Sn ˛ Zriy-˛-imhy
am[y-a-߃ ˛ Ah-t_m-[-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ `mj, kmlnXyw,
Ie, Bkzm-Z\w ˛BtKm-f-am-[y-a-ßfpw tIc-fob s]mXp-a-WvU-ehpw
70
klm-bIKŸ-߃
ANyp-X≥, F., Dbn¿h-e, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
BZ¿iv, kn., 2006: aXw, PmXn, \m´p-]m-c-ºcyw: sImSp-ß-√q-cnse aX/PmXn-hn-
`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ, Xm]-kw, hmeyw 1, e°w 4.
Hcp-kwLw teJ-I¿, `qan s]mXp-kz-Øm-Wv, tIcfimkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv.
tIcfimkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv, tIcfw:aÆpw a\p-jy\pw.
tIcfimkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv, tIc-f-]-T-\w.
tKm]n-aWn, B¿., BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-\-b-ß-fpw...
\-µ-Ip-am¿, B¿., 2008, tIƒhn-io-e-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-imkvXw, tIc-f-]-T-\-
߃ -6.
]hn-X≥, ]n., 2012, Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥ F∂ tIc-fo-b-Nn-¥-I≥, IÆq¿: ssIcfn.
]-Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v, 2012, GIPo-hn-Xm\-iz-c-Km\w.
a[p, Sn.hn., 1999, \ham¿IvknÃv kmaqlyhna¿iw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
cm-Po-h≥, _n.-, 1992, h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: t^m-°-kv.
cm-Po-h≥, _n.-, 2011, hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
cm-Po-h≥, _n.-, 2013, ssPh-cm-„o-bhpw P\-k-©-bhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv: dmkv_dn.
hnP-b≥, Fw.-F≥., 2009, kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
iin, Xcq¿, ]pXp-bpKw ]pXp-C¥y.
ssiJv ssk\p-±o≥, 2008, tIcfw ]Xn-\©pw ]Xn-\mdpw \q‰m-≠p-I-
fn¬ (hnh: them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn), tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an _pIvkv.
ioIp-am¿, Sn.Sn., 2013, \h-km-aq-ln-I-X, IÆq¿: ]Xo-£.
ioP≥, hn.kn., 2005, ]Xn-hm-Z-߃, Xriq¿: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
jnPp Geymkv, 2008, aXhpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: Nn¥ ]ªn-
tjgvkv.
k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, sI., 1986, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ cm„o-bw, tImgn-t°mSv: aƒ_-dn
_pIvkv.
kpIp-am¿, Ago-t°mSv, 1986, XXz-a-kn, Xriq¿: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
kpIp-am¿, Ago-t°mSv, 1995, Kpcp-hns‚ ZpxJw sIm√w: Cw-]n‚ v.
kpIp-am¿, Ago-t°mSv, 2001, `mc-Xo-b-X, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
kp\n¬, ]n. Cf-bnSw, 2013, hos≠-Sp-∏p-Iƒ: am¿Ivkn-khpw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hn-
a¿i-\hpw.
skkv, tImgn-t°mSv, 2012, Hcp kmaq-ln-I-Im-gvN-∏m-Sn¬\n∂v, tImgn-t°mSv:
skkv.
Braj Rajan Mani, 2011, Debrahmanising History: Dominance and Resistance in
Indian History, New Delhi: Manoharlal Publishers.
Panikkar, K.N., 1995, Culture Ideology Hegemony, New Delhi: Tulika.
71
MU CHS E04 kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w: kn≤m-¥hpw Ncn-Xhpw
]Tt\mt±iyw
kwkvImc]T\w (Cultural Studies) F∂ hn⁄m\]≤-Xn-bpsS XmXznI
kzcq]w, NcnXw coXnimkvXw F∂nh Adn-bpI.
bqWn‰v 1
kwkvImcw F∂ k¶¬∏\w: Ncn-Xw˛A¿Yw˛-hn-Imk-]-cn-Wm-a-ß-ƒ-˛amXyp -
B¿t\mƒUv, F^v.-B¿.eohn-kv, t^mbvUv XpS-ßnb-h-cpsS kao-]-\-߃,
\n¿h-N-\-߃-˛-`m-jm-im-kvX-hnNm-c-ß-fpsS CS-s]-Sepw KXn-am-‰hpw˛-kw-
kvImcw:ka-K-Po-hn-X-coXn˛--_¿anMvlmw kvIqƒ˛k-a-Im-enIkwkvIm-c-]-T-\-
tIµw (CCCS)-˛-sd-bva≠v hneyw-kv, dn®m¿Uv slmKm¿Øv, C.-]n.-tXmw-k¨,
Ãph¿´v lmƒ F∂n-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ-˛kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\ amXr-I-Iƒ-: -_n-
´o-jv-, Atacn°≥, ^©v, It\Un-b≥,BkvtS-en-b≥, C¥y≥ kao-]-\-߃˛-
A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-X-bpw _lp-ssh-⁄m-\n-I-Xbpw˛-t]mƒ Zp sK˛kw-kvIm-
c-irw-J-e -(cultural circuite)˛k-a-Im-en-I-k-a-ky-Iƒ˛kw-th-Z-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃-˛-
]-I-S-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃-˛-hy-hlmcw.
bqWn‰v 2
kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ-˛-`mj, Ncn-Xw, imkvXw, km-ln-Xyw, -I-e-Iƒ, -am[y-
a-߃, N-e-®n-Xw, ]c-kyw, hmkvXp-hn-Zy, hml-\-߃, ]e-Xcw Ifn-io-e-߃,
\m´-dn-hp-Iƒ,^mj≥, `£Ww, Btcm-Kyw, sshZyw, X¿P-a, XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS
KmV]T\w˛-N-cn-Xhpw kwkvIm-c-N-cn-X-hpw-˛-P-\-Iob/P\-]nb kwkvIm-cw--˛-
kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw- i-co-chpw-˛-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ssZ\w-Zn\-Xzw (every
dayness)˛D]-t`m-K-/hn]Wnkw-kvIm-cw, ssk_¿kw-kvIm-cw, buh-\-kw-
kvImcw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-\-߃-˛-B-tKm-f/]mtZ-inI /tZio-bkwkvImc
k¶¬]-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ff hyXym-kw-˛- imkvXhpw kwkvIm-c-hpw˛kwkvIm-
chpw km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw-˛-ssk-t_m¿Kv˛_-lp-`m-h-kw-kvIm-cw (multi-culturalism).
bqWn‰v 3
kwkvIm-c-]-T-\Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-W-Xn-Iƒ˛am¿Ivkn-khpam-bp≈ hn\n-a-b-
߃-:-A-Sn-Ød/ta¬∏p-c˛- --ta¬t°m-bva (hegemony), A\y-h¬°-c-Ww, kmam-
\y-t_m-[w, -]-Xy-b-imkvXw, AXn-\n¿W-b-\w, cm„obAt_m[w XpS-ßnb
]cn-I¬∏-\Iƒ-˛-X∑m-]-T-\w-˛- ]cnÿnXn-- -˛]n-bsc t_m¿Zyp: kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-
e-[-\-w˛-]u-c-kvXy-hm-Zw (orientalism): skbvZv, sFPmkv Al-Ω-Zv-˛-an-Jm-tb¬
_JvXn\pw kwkvIm-c-hn-i-I-e-\-hpw-˛-kmwkvIm-cn-I-`u-Xn-I-hm-Z-w,- \-h-N-cn-X-hm-
Zw ˛-Nn-”hn-⁄m-\obw, ]I-S\-kn-≤m-¥ßƒ,- A-]-\n¿Ωm-Ww, hyh-lm-cm]-
KY\w, eIm\pw \h-a-t\m-hn-t«-jWhpw --enw-K-]-Z-hn (gender)]T-\-ßfpw-˛-
tIm-f-\n-b-\-¥c]T-\-߃.
72
bqWn‰v 4
aq∂mw-temIhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw: -Km-‘n-Pn, ^m\≥, I_mƒ, KqKn hm-
XntbmwtKm XpS-ßn-b-h¿˛]uc-kvXy-hm-Zw˛sskZv-˛-sF-Pmkv Al-Ω-Zns‚
hna¿i-\w-˛-C-¥y≥ amXr-I-Iƒ: kwkvIm-chpw imkvXhpw˛Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃-
˛B[p-\n-I-Xm-hn-a¿i-\-hpw- -imkvX-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnIhna¿i-\w- -A-dn-hns‚
kwkvIm-c-]-c-X˛ aqey-\njvT-X˛aqey-hnap-‡-X--˛ -tXm-a-kvIq≥, _¿W¬,
XpSßnbh¿˛-⁄m\-k-ap-®bw (paradigm)-˛-an-Yym-h-XvI-cW kn≤m-¥w (theory
of falsification)-˛-A-jnjv \µn, t¢mZv A¬hm-cn-kv, KmbXn kv]nhm°v˛tXmakv
Iq≥-- ˛im-kvX-hn-a¿i-\hpw Xt±-iob ⁄m\-hm-Z-hpw-˛-Km-‘n-Pnbpw B[p-\n-
I-Xm-hn-a¿i-\-hpw.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
tKmhn-µ-∏n-f-f, ]n., 2010, kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-T-\-߃, kwkvIm-chpw \thm-∞m-\-hpw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ -]-ªn-tj-gvkv.
ae-bm-f-]-T-\-kw-Lw, 2006, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w: Ncn-Xw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbm-Kw,
ipI]pcw: hfftØmƒ hnZym]oTw.
cho-µ≥, ]n.]n., 2006, kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.
cho-µ≥, ]n.]n., 2004, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥cw: hnNm-cw, hmb-\, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.-
_p-Ivkv.
cmPo-h≥, _n., 2009, hm°p-I-fpw hkvXp-°-fpw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.
cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.-hn., 2012, A\p-`-h-ßsf B¿°mWv t]Sn, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.-
_p-Ivkv.
Barker, Chris, 2002, Making Sense of Cultural Studies, London: Sage.
Bennet, Tony, 1998, Culture: A Reformers Science, Allen & Unwin, st. Leomands.
Bennett, Tony (etal), 2006, New York Words, Oxford University Press.
Bhabha, H., 1994, The Location of Culture, London: Routledge.
Fiske, J., 1989, Understanding Popular Culture, London: Unwin Hyman.
Hall, Garry & Clare Birchall (eds), 2006, New Cultural Studies: Adventures in Theory,
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Hall, Stuart, et.al., 1981, Encoding/Decoding. In Culture Media Language, London:
Hutchinson.
Hall, Stuart, Grossberg et.al., 1992, Cultural Studies and its Theoritical Legacies in
Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.
Hasslet, Moyra, 2000, Marxist Literacy and Cultural Theories, London: Macmillan.
Hoggart, Richard, 1957, The Uses of Literacy, London: Penguin.
Lewis, Jeff, 2002, Cultural Studies: The Basics, London: Sage Publications.
Nayar, Pramod, K., 2006, Reading Culture: Theory, Prexis, Politics, New Delhi: Sage
Publications.
Storey, John (ed), 1996, What is Cultural Studies, London: Arnold.
Thompson, E.P., 1963, The Making of English Working Class, NewYork: Vintage.
73
Turner, G., 1990, British Cultural Studies: An Introduction, London: Unwin Hyman.
Williams, Raymond, 1981, Culture, London: Fontana.
Williams, Raymond, 1983, Keywords, London: Fontana.
Williams, Raymond, 1959, Culture and Society, London: Fontana.
74
MU CHS E05 ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-IAht_m-[hpw
tIc-fo-b-ss]-Xr-Ihpw
]T-t\m-t±iyw
⁄mt\mZbB[p-\n-IXbpsS hna¿i-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Dcphw-sIm≠ am\-
hn-I-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-⁄m\w. C-Xns‚ XmXzn-Ihpw
]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb kzcq]hpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-ss]-Xr-IØn¬ CXns‚ CShpw
hn\n-a-b-_-‘-ßfpw Bg-Øn¬ AdnbpIbmWv tImgvkns‚ ]Yae£yw.
Bhm-k-hy--hÿ-bpw A\p-`q-Xn-ta-J-e-bpambn, a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xhpw kwkvIm-
chpw cq] -s∏ -Sp -Øp∂ hyh-lm -c -sa∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ ]cnÿn-Xnbpw
P\PohnXhpambp≈ A\-\y-hn\n-a-b-_-‘-Øns‚ AKm-[-kq-£va-ta-J-e-Iƒ
Xncn-®-dnbp-I, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hm-Z-Øns‚ ⁄m\-ta-Jebpw cm„o-bhpw a\-n-em-
°m≥ hnZym¿Yn-Isf k÷-cm-°pI, -]mcn-ÿnXnIt_m[-Øns‚ _lp-hn-jbm-
fl-Ihpw (multidisciplinary) A¥¿ssh⁄m\nI-hpamb (interdisciplinary) [m-
c-Iƒ Adnbp-I-, XXzhpw ]tbm-Khpw- am-Xr-I-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn A]-K-
Yn®p]Tn°p-I- F∂nhbpw CXns‚ e£y-ta-J-en¬s∏Sp-∂p.-kwkvIm-cw,
NcnXw, kuµcyw XpS-ßn-- Po-hn-X-Øns‚ -k-akvXtaJ-e-I-fnepw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-
t_m[w B`y -¥-tcm¿P-ambn ]h¿Øn°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw Cu
]T\ØneqsS hy‡-amIpw.
bqWn‰v 1
B[p-\n-I-Xmhn-a¿i\sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]cn-ÿnXnNn¥bpsS Dcp-hw-sIm-≈¬˛
]cn-ÿn-Xn-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn -Wm-a-߃˛ ]cnÿnXnhnNmchpw
aXßfpw˛apX-em-fnØhnI-k\ amXr-I-bp-sS hna¿i-\w˛ Fta-gvk¨, tXmtdm,
dkvIn≥,- am¿Ivk,v FwK¬kv, tSmƒtÃm-bn, Km‘n, jqam-°¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-
cpsS ]cn-ÿn-XnhnNm-c-߃˛]n¬°me N¿®-I-fpsS amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ Ah-bpsS
A]-K-Y-\w.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. \n-»-–-h-k-¥w (BapJw) : td®¬ Igvk¨
2. ]mcn-ÿn-XnIAh-t_m-[-Øns‚
Ncn-X-]-›m-Ø-ew : F≥.-Fw.- ]n-tb-gvk¨
bqWn‰v 2
]cnÿnXn PmXn--P∑n\mSp-hm-gn-k-µ¿`-Øn¬: ]cnÿnXn, ]IrXn F∂o
KW߃˛]IrXn˛]pcpj k¶¬]\w, kwkvImcw, Ie, kmlnXyw, Irjn
75
XpSßnb hyhlmcßfn¬˛Imemhÿ˛A\p-jvTm-\-I-e, Zriy-I-e, NnX-
in¬∏I-e˛hkvXw, ]m¿∏nSw, X®pimkvXw˛kwkvIrXkmlnXyØn¬
˛kwLkmlnXyw˛XnWk¶¬]w. tZio-b-X-bpsS kwI-a-Waplq¿Øw˛
]cnÿnXn: khntijmht_m[sa∂ \nebn¬˛]cnÿnXnt_m[w hn`n∂
am\hnIhyhlmcßfn¬.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
kztZin: alm-flm-Km‘n
bqWn‰v 3
]cnÿnXn ⁄mt\mZbL´Øn¬: B[p-\n -I -X˛apX-em -fn -Øw˛]Ir-
Xnbpw˛hnI-k-\-hpw˛ B[p\nIXbpw ]IrXnbpw˛]IrXn: hn`-h-sa∂ \ne-
bn¬˛]ptcm-K-Xnbpw hnI-k-\-hpw˛⁄mt\mZbk¶¬∏-\-ßfpw tImf\oI-c-
Whpw˛Is≠-ØpI IogS°pI, sacp°pI˛ bp‡nt_m[w˛]ptcmKXn,
kzmX¥yw XpSßnb k¶¬]\߃˛]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw˛]Ir-Xnbpw
am¿Ivknkhpw˛]IrXn: a\p-jys‚ AssPhicocw˛apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hnI-
k-\-k-¶¬∏w, amXr-I-Iƒ˛tImf\nb\¥cL´w˛]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I-ho-≠p-hn-Nm-c-
߃˛]mcnÿnXnIkwXpe\w.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
]cn-ÿn-Xn-ku-µ-cy-im-kvX-Øn\v apJ-hpc : Sn.-]n.- kp-Ip-am-c≥
bqWn‰v 4
]cnÿnXn B[p\nIm\¥cL´Øn¬˛tImf\nb\¥cX˛]cnÿnXn F∂
KWw˛_lp-hn-j-bm-fl-Ihpw A¥¿hn-⁄m-\-]-c-hp-amb kao-]-\-߃˛
]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw, hna¿i\mflI hnNmc߃ ˛ ]mcnÿnXnI
Aht_m[w ˛ hntijhyhlmcsa∂ \nebn¬˛ kuµcyimkvXw,
kmaqlyimkvXw, NcnXw F∂nhbpam-bp≈ hn\nab߃-- ]mcnÿnXnI
kn≤m¥ßfpsS Dcp-hs∏S¬ ˛hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-Øw-˛-]cn-ÿnXn]ÿm\w:
\n»–Xmghc apX¬ ]›naL´kwhmZbmXhsc. B-tKm-f-X-bn¬ ]cn-ÿn-
Xn˛B-tKm-f-Km-aw-˛-BtKm-f-h-e-bn¬ tIcfw: ]-›n-a-L-´w-˛]cn-ÿn-Xn-Pm-KX: -
Km-UvKn¬ ip]m¿i-Iƒ˛tIc-f-Øn¬ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ: hnhn-[-
am\hnI-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬˛cm„o-bw, Zriy-im-hyIe-Iƒ, NnX-in¬∏Ie-Iƒ,
t^mt´m-K-^n, ]Ir-Xn-˛-a-\p-jy≥ A\-\y-X, ]cn-ÿnXn: ]pXnb temI-t_m[w
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
tIcfØnse hnip≤h\߃ : C. DÆnIrjvW≥
76
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
ANyp-Xm-\-µ≥, hn.-Fkv., 2012, ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw hnI-k-\hpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv:
amXr`q-an _pIvkv.
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, 1999, C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w: ]k-‡nbpw km[y-Xbpw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
Bjm-ta-t\m≥, 1997, ]cm-K-tIm-i-߃, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
FwK¬kv, ]Ir-Xn-bp-sS sshcp-[ym-fl-I-X, t]mKkv ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
Imgvk¨, td®¬, \n-»-_vZ-h-k-¥w (BapJw amXw), tIc-f-imkvXkmln-
Xy-]-cn-jØv.
tPm¿Pv, sI. -A-e-Ivkv, 2003, lcn-X-cm-jvSobw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
\m-cm-b-W≥, sI.-kn., 2002, ]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-im-kvXw.
]ntb-gvk¨, F≥.-Fw., 2005, ]cn-ÿnXn]Xy-b-im-kvXhpw am¿Ivkn-b≥ ]Xn-
k-‘nbpw, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
s]mXp-hmƒ, ]n.-]n.-sI., 2002, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m-[hpw kwkvIm-chpw, tImgn-t°mS:v
amXr-`q-an _pIvkv.
]im-¥vIp-am¿ (hnh), 2010, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-T-\w, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
]km-Zv, Fw.-sI., 2006, lcn-X-Nn-¥-Iƒ, tIcfimkvXkmln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv.
a[p-kq-Z-\≥, Pn. (FUn.), 2002, lcn-X-\n-cq-]Ww ae-bm-f-Øn¬, Xriq¿: Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
al-a-qZm_oKw, ]mcn-ÿn-XnIkvXohmZw.
alm-flm-Km‘n, (kºm) cmaNµ≥\mb¿, sI., kztZin, Km‘nkmlnXy
kwKlw, tIcfKm‘nkvamcI kanXn.
taml-≥, sI.-Fw.B¿., 2005, ]Ir-Xn-bn-te°p aS-ßm≥, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv.
hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥, Ie-bnse ]Ir-Xn-_nw-_-߃.
kpIp-am-c≥, Sn.-]n., 1992, ]cn-ÿnXnkuµ-cy-imkvXw: Hcm-apJw, tImgn-t°mSv:
t_m[n _pIvkv.
Bell, Michael Mayerfeld, 2001, Invitation to Enviromental Sociology, Sage Publi-
cations.
Coupe, Lawrence (Ed), 2000, The Green Studies Reader, London: Routledge.
Engels, Frederick, 1986, Dialectics of Nature, Moscow: Progress Publishers.
Fetscher, Iring, 2000, Ecology, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Tom Bottomore
(Ed), Delhi: Maya Blackwell.
Garrard, Greg, 2004, Eco criticism (The New Critical Idiom), London: Routlege.
Glotfelty, cheryll & Harrold, Fromm (Eds), 1996, The Ecocritical Reader: Landmarks
in Literary Ecology: Athens University of Georgia Press.
Kerridge, Richard, Sammels, Neil, 1998, Writing the Environment: Ecocriticism and
Literature, Zed Books.
Peter, Barry, 2010, Beginning Theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory
(Beginnings), Routledge.
Pratt, Vernon, Brady, Emily, Howarth Jane, 1999, Enviroment and Philosophy, Tay-
lor & Francis.
77
MU CHS E06 kvXo]Zhn tIcfob-]-cn-t]£yw
bqWn‰v 1
en_-d¬ am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zw--˛ASn-aØØns\-Xncmb -t]m-cm-´-߃,- thm-´-h-
ImiØn\mbp≈ ka-c-߃, kvXohntam-N\kao-]-\-߃˛ am¿Ivkn-kw, at\m-
hn-t«-jWw. enwKw˛enwK]Zhn˛]nXm-[n-Im-cw (XmXm[nImcw) ˛ icocw ˛
ssewKnIX˛hnhmlw˛IpSpw_w˛ amXrXzw˛hnZymebw˛kaqlw˛ `cWIqSw ˛
kzImcyambXv cm„obamWv˛ssewKnIcm„obw ˛ icocØns‚ cm„obw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. IpSpw_w kzImcykzØv F∂nh-bpsS D¤hw : FwK¬kv
2. Vindication of the Rights of Women : Mary Wollstonecraft
3. The Second Sex (Introduction) : Simon De Beauvoir
bqWn‰v 2
kmaqlnIw
enwK]ZhnbpsS kmaqlnIX ˛ s]¨Ip´n apX¬ kvXohsc˛
]mb]q¿ØnbneqsS Ddbv°p∂ hne°pIƒ, AkaXzw˛icoc]cw ˛
icocØns‚ cm„obw ˛ ssewKnIXbpsS cm„obw ˛ amXrXzw F∂
ÿm]\w˛cm„ob]Xntcm[߃ ˛ ekv_nb≥, aq∂mw enwK]ZhnIƒ
(transgender) ˛ hn]Wn ˛ BtKmfX ˛ hn]WnbpsS t\m´ßƒ ˛ (gaze) ˛
kvXoicocw ˛ thjw ˛hkvXØns‚ cm„obw˛ssewKnIhn]Wnbpw
kvXohntamN\hpw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. kvXosb ]Xn-h-X-bm-°n-bXv : ]n.- ]-hn-X≥
2.Ipe-kvXobpw N¥s∏Æpw D≠m-b-sX-ßs\? : sP. tZhnI
3. There Comes Pappa : G. Arunima
bqWn‰v 3
tImf\nB[p-\n-I-X˛`mc-XobkvXo˛kvXo˛a-Xy,- kw-kvImc]m-T-ß-fn¬˛tZio-
b-hmZkµ¿`-ß-fn¬˛acp-a-°-Ømbw, hnhml\nb-a-]-cn-jvI-c-W-߃, hnZym-
`ymk]h¿Ø-\-߃˛F.sF.Uªyp.kn, Iogmf ]T-\-߃, ]cn-ÿnXnI
s]¨hn-SpXn, kvXokwL-S-\-Iƒ. tIcftamU¬˛kvXobpsS BtcmKyw˛
hnIk\w˛ kvXoim‡oIcWhpw hntamN\hpw˛kvXobpsS BtcmKyw
IpSpw_Øn¬˛ PohnXssientcmK߃˛]pcpjs‚ khntijm[nImc߃
˛]pcpjm[nImcw˛kvXobpsS AhImiw˛A[nImcw˛B-tKm-fo-I-c-W-k-µ¿`-
Øn¬ kvXo.
78
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. kwkvIm-c-]mTßfnse kvXo]cnNcWw : KoX
2.hnthN\Øns‚ `n∂apJ߃ : tIcf-im-kvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv
3. hnIk\w, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kvXo : hµ\ inh
4. ]pcpjm[n]XyhyhlmcßfpsS
sshhn[yw : Dam NI-h¿Øn
bqWn‰v 4
kvXoapt∂-‰ -߃ tIc-f -Øn¬, Nm∂m¿e-l-f, kvXo]Zhnbpw
ssh⁄m\nIXbpw ˛ kvXobpsS CSs]S¬ ˛ kw`mh\ ˛ am\hnIimkvX
imJIfn¬ ˛ NcnXw, kwkvImcw, imkvXw, kmlnXyw, kn\n-a,NnX-
in¬∏Ie˛kmt¶XnIw˛cm„obw˛ `cWIqSw˛XXzNn¥˛A°mZanItaJe˛
A[ym]\w ˛kvXo-]-T\-߃˛]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃˛am-[y-a-߃˛kvXokwL-S-
\-Iƒ, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, ZfnXvs]¨hn-Sp-Xn-hm-Z-߃-.-
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v1. tIc-f-Ønse kvXoap-t∂-‰-ßfpsS NcnXw : kn.-F-kv.- N-µnI
2. cXn-tbm-Sp≈ kao-]-\hpw Nn¥-bpsS apc-Sn∏pw : G.-sI.- P-bio
3. sXΩm-Sn-Ifpw Xºp-cm-°-∑m-cpw (A[ymbw H∂v) : sP\n tdmhn\
klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃
B\µn, Sn.sI., ho´Ω: Hcp kvXo hnNmcw, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv.
Cµnc, sI.B¿., kvssXWImakqXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn _pIvk.v
Dam NI-h¿Øn, PmXnsb enwK-h¬°-cn-°p-tºmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an
_pIvkv.
GwK¬k,v s^U-dnIv, 1980, IpSpw_w kzIm-cykzØv `c-W-IpSw F∂n-h-bpsS
DZv`hw, t]mKkv ]ªn-tjgvkv.
KoX, kvXohm-Z-Øns‚ tIc-fob]cn-kcw, tImgnt°mSv: ssaXn _pIvkv.
KoX, kvXohntamN\sa∂m¬ a\pjy hntamN\w, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥
]ªntjgvkv
N-µnI, kn.-F-kv., tIc-f-Ønse kvXoap-t∂-‰-ßfpsS NcnXw.
P-bio, G.-sI.-, tIcfw ssewKn-IX enwK-\oXn.
Pm-\-In, sI.- tKm-]n-\mYv (hnh.), kvXohmZkuµ-cy-imkvXw, Xr-iq¿:
_p°vthw.
tZhnI, sP., kvXohmZw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvk.v
tZhnI, sP., Ipe-kvXobpw N¥-s∏Æpw D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?, Xncph\¥]pcw:
kn.Un.Fkv.
tZhnI, sP., BWcip\m´nse ImgvNIƒ (FUn), hna¨kv Cw]n‚.v
tZhnI, sP., 2013, ]ucn-bpsS t\m´-߃, tImgn-t°m-Sv: Henhv ]ªn-tjgvkv.
cma-Ir-jvW≥, F.sI., th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥, sI.-Fw., 1989, kvXohn-tam-N\w
79
NcnXw kn≤m¥w kao-]\w, ]ø-∂q¿, \b\ _pIvkv.
tcjva `cZzmPv (FUn.), anYyIƒ°∏pdw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
hµ\inh, BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw kvXo ]IrXn.
k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, sI. (FUn.), 1999, kvXo]T-\-߃, t_m[n ]ªn-jnwKv lukv.
kPnX, sI.B¿., 2012, Zfn-X-a-£-c-kw-bp‡w, Xncph\¥]pcw: ]cn[n.
kc-kz-Xn-bΩ, sI., 1958, ]pcpj∑mcn-√mØ temIw.
kmdm tPmk^v, `K-hZvKoX-bpsS ASp-°-f-bn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ thhn-°p-∂Xv,
tImgnt°mSv: sk°pe¿ _pIvkv.
kqkn Xmcp, k-RvPo-hv, Fkv. (FUn.), Iogmf ]T-\-߃, tIm´bw: Un.kn
_pIvkv.
kwL-SnX ZfnXvkvXo]Xn∏v, 2012, tImgn-t°mSv, At\zjn.
‰nkn adnbw tXmakv (FUn), s]Ænc, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
Beauvoir, Simone de, 1983, The second Sex, Penguin Books.
Belsey Catherine and Jane Moore (ed), 1997, The Feminist Reader: Essays in
Gender and the politics of literary criticism, Palgrave Macmillan.
Butler, Judith, 2006, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,
Routledge.
Chandra Talpade, Mohanty, 2003,ëUnder Western Eyesí (Book : Feminism without
Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity), Duke University Press.
Cixous Helene, 2001, The Laugh of the Medusa.
Dileep Raj (Co-ordinator), RE-vision, Calicut University, Home Page.
Foucault Michel, Hurley Robert, 1990, The History of Sexuality, Vol:1, An Introduction,
Vintage.
James, Joy, T., Denean Sharpley -Whiting, (Eds), 2000, The Black Feminist Reader,
UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishers.
Jayawardena Kumari, 2009, Erasure of the Euro-Asian: Recovering Early
Radicalism and Feminism in south Asia: Women unlimited.
Jennifer Coates, Jones Beryl Madoc (Eds), 1995, Introduction to Women's Studies,
UK: Wiley Blackwell.
Kumar Radha, 1994, The History of Doing: The Womens Movement in India, Verso.
Millet, Kate, 2000, Sexual Politics, University of Illinois Press.
Sontag, Susan, 2001, Illness as metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors, Picador.
Wolf, Virginia, 2014, The Room of One's Own, The University of Adelaide.
80
MU CHS E.. IogmfX: Ncn-Xhpw ss]XrIhpw
bqWn‰v 1
Iogm-fX: Ah-ÿ˛kw⁄, h¿Ww, PmXn,-Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿ, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-
߃. Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃: k¶¬∏-\w, coXn-im-kvXw, Ncn-Xw. aXw-˛-a-X-]-cn-
h¿Ø\w ˛ aX-h¬°-c-Ww-˛ -a -tX-X-c -h¬°-cWw˛a-tX-X-c -k-ao -]-\w-˛ -
ZfnXvssIkvX-h-X, ZfnXvap…ow,
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
C¥y-bnse PmXn-Iƒ: AXns‚ bm¥n-I-
]-h¿Ø-\w,- D¬∏-Øn, hnIm-kw : Awt_-Zv°¿
aX]cnh¿Ø\ckhmZw : Ipamc\mim≥
ZfnXv`mj (A[ymbw H∂v) : Ihn-bq¿ apcfn
PmXnbpw aqe-[-\-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw : k\¬ taml≥
bqWn‰v 2
ssP\-_u-≤-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-Pm-Xn-hn-cp-≤-k-a-c-߃, ]Xn-tcm-[-߃, \thm-∞m-\-
L´w: sshIp-WvTkzman, ssX°m´v Aømhv, \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, Aø-¶mfn, N´-
ºn-kzm-an, s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥, \thm-∞m-\-km-ln-Xyw, Ie-˛-s]m-´≥sX-øw,
sNß-∂q-cm-Xn, B[p-\n-IX: s]mXp-a-fi-e-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
PmXn-e-£Ww : \mcm-b-W-Kpcp
tIc-f-\-thm-∞m\w Hcp am¿IvknÃvho£Ww,
k©nI H∂v : ]n. -tKm-hn-µ-∏n≈
s]m´≥sXøw: Adp-°-s∏´ \m°pw hm°pw : ]n.- ]-hn-X≥
ZfnXv]T\w: kzXzw kwkvIm-cw kmln-Xyw : ]Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v
bqWn‰v 3
Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃˛Bi-bm-h-en-Iƒ, Iogm-f-kw⁄-I-fpsS NcnXw, hnIm-kw˛Io-
gm-f-N-cn-X-]-T\w˛]Xn-\n-[m-\-]-T\w:-kz-Xzw, I¿Xr-Xzw-˛-A-]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw:
^m≥kv ^m\≥, KmbXn kv]nhm-°v, Im©-C-f-ø, enw_-se, Hmwsh-Zv. am[y-a
]Xn-\n-[m\-߃˛t]mÃvsIm-tfm-Wn-b¬hn-a¿i-w,kwkvIm-c-hn-a¿iw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Iogm-f-]-T-\-ß-fpsS NcnXw Npcp-°-Øn¬ : ]m¿Ym Nm‰¿Pn
B[p-\n-I-Xbpw AXn-cp-Ifpw : tKm]m¬Kpcp
ae-bmfam[y-a-ß-fnse ZfnXv (A)km∂n-[yw : jmPn tP°_v
81
bqWn‰v 4
Iogm-f-ss]-Xr-Iw-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[-\w-˛-tZ-io-b-X-Ifpw kmaq-ly-P-\m-b-Ø-
h¬°-c-W-hpw-˛-tI-c-fo-b-Xbpw Iogm-fss]-Xr-I-ßfpw˛kmln-Xyw, Ncn-
Xw˛cm„o-bw˛htc-Wy-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-a-fi-ew -A-\p- q-XnI-fpsS temIw˛B-tKm-
f-X-bpsS kq£va-`u-Xn-Iw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
ImWp-∂o-tem-c-£-chpw : s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥
tIcfNcnXcN\: Zen-X-cpsS CSw : sI.-sI. sIm®v
kc-kz-Xot£Xw:h¿Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hmMvabw : kPnX, sI.-B¿.-
klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃
Awt_-Zv°¿, _n.B¿., 1996, Awt_-ZvI¿ kºq¿W IrXn-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:
tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Dam-N-I-h¿Øn, 2008, PmXnsb enwK-h-XvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr`qan
_pIvkv.
Hmwsh‰v, Kbn¬, 2009, Awt_-ZvI¿: Hcp ]_p≤C¥y-bv°m-bn, tIm´-bw:
s]≥Kzn≥-˛-a-t\m-c-a.
Hmwsh‰ v , Kbn¬, 2010 , ZfnX vNn¥-Iƒ (X¿P-a) , tIm -g n -t°mS v :
amXr-`q-an _pIvkv.
Im© F-eø, 2004, FcpatZio-b-X, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _p-Ivkv.
Im© F-eø, 2008 , Rms\-¥p -sIm≠v Hcp lnµp -h -√, tIm´bw:
Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Ip™m-a≥, Fw., 1990, tIc-f-Øns‚ hnI-k\]Xn-k-‘n, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
sIm®v, sI.sI., 2011, _p≤-\n-te-°p≈ Zqcw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
sIm®v, sI.sI., 2012, tIcfNcnXw: kmaq-ly -cq-]o-I-c-Ww, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIc-f-`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
InkvXy≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿ Zn ÃUn Hm^v dneo-Pn-b≥ B≥Uv skmssk-‰n.
KwKm-[-c≥ (F-Un.), 1999, PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-m-]-T-\-߃, Xriq¿: P\-Iob]kn-
≤o-I-cWw.
tPm¨ hn¬k¨, 2006, C¥y≥ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ (hnh: F.F≥. kXy-Zm-kv),
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: Btcm- _pIvkv.
tPymXn -dm -hp, ^pse (hnh: F.F≥. kXy-Zm -kv), 2007, ASn -aØw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: \yqC¥ym ]ªn-tjgvkv.
Zmtam-Z-c≥, F≥.sI., 1990, Ah-Xm-cnI-, ]pe-hrØw, kc-k-Ihn Ce-hp-¥n´:
aqe¿ kvamc-I- I-Ωn-‰n.
Zo]Iv kmƒhv, 2008, a\p-hm-Zn-hn-cp≤Bi-b-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw C¥y-bn¬,
cmtPjv Nnd-∏m´v (F-Un.) ZfnXv h¿Ø-am-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ssaXn _pIvkv.
]Wn-°¿, sI.-Fw., k¿Zm¿,- 1962, tIc-f-N-cnXw, sIm-√w: Fw.Fkv. _p°v
Unt∏m.
82
]≈-Øv, sP.sP., 1993, ZfnXvhntam-N\w ka-kybpw kao-£-bpw, IÆq¿:
kwkvIrXn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
]Zo-]≥, ]mºn-cn-°p-∂v, 2009, ZfnXv]T\w: kzXzw, kwkvIm-cw, kmln-Xyw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
]Zo-]≥, ]mºn-cn-°p-∂v, 2011, ZfnXvkuµ-cy-im-kvXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
_m_p-cmPv, sI.sI., 2006, km¶¬]nIkmam-Py-Øns‚ ]X\w, Zfn-X-]m-X-
Iƒ, Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ssk≥ _pIvkv.
_m-_p-cmPv, sI.-sI., 2003, as‰mcp PohnXw km[y-amWv, tIm´bw: k_vPIvSv
B‚ v emwtKz-Pv ]kv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.sI., 2004, PmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-Xhpw, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv.
`mkvIc-\p-Æn, ]n., 2000, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tIcfw, Xriq¿: tIc-f-
km-lnXyA°m-Z-an.
`mkvI¿, _n.B¿.]n., 2000, AZriycmIp∂ ZenX¿, IemIuapZn hmcn-I, 1269:
31˛34.
at\m-Pv, Fw._n., 2008, AZ¿iw, BZ¿iw FgpØv Ahÿ: ZfnXvkmlnXy]T-
\-߃, sIm®n: ]WX _pIvkv.
at\m-Pv, Fw._n. (-F-Un.), 2009, ZfnXv]T-\-߃, tIm´-bw: ZfnXv sk‚¿ t^m¿
tkmjy¬ Iƒ®-d¬ C\n-tjy‰o-hvkv.
at\m-Pv, Fw._n. (-F-Un.), 2011, tZiw tZin am¿Kw:kmln-Xy-sa∂ D]m-Zm\
kma-Kn, tIm´bw: ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.
apc-fn, Ihn-bq¿, 1997, ZenXv`mj, tIm´-bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
apc-fn, Ihn-bq¿, 1997, Zen-X¿s°-gp-Xnb kphn-ti-jw, tIm´-bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
apc-fo-[-c≥ s\√n-°¬, 2010, tIc-f-Pm-Xn-hn-h-c-Ww, sNß-∂q¿: sdbv≥t_m.
tb-ip-Zm-k≥, Sn.Fw., 1997, ZfnXvkzXz-hpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]iv\hpw, Nß\m-
t»-cn: B¬a≠v _pIvkvv.
cLp, sP., 2008, tZi-cm-„hpw lnµpsImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-hpw, tIm´-bw:
k_vPIv‰v B≥Uv emwtKzPv ]kv.
cma -N - µ≥\mb¿, ]´w, 1987 , \mb¿kap -Zm -b -Øns‚ CXn -lmkw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: kmln-Xy-thZn.
cma-N-µ≥\m-b¿, ASq¿, 2002, ASn-aØw tIc-f-Øn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ]`mXv
_pIvkv.
cma-Zm-kv, sNdm-bn, 2006, Aø≥Im-fn°v BZ-c-tØm-sS, FS-h-\-°mSv: ZqXv
_pIvkv.
cmw at\ml¿ temly (hnh: hnt\mZv ]øSn), 2002, PmXnhyhÿ, IÆq¿:
AkvXm _pIvkv.
h’-e≥, hmXp-t»cn, \oe-°p-bn-ens‚ IqSv: ZenXv A`m-h-Øns‚ cm„obw,
ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tP¿W¬ 15, P\p-hcn˛G]n¬ 2013.
thWptKm]me≥, sI.Fw., 2012, PmXnhyhÿbpw PmXncm„obhpw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
kPn-X, sI.-B¿.,- 2012, Zfn-X-a-£-c-kw-bp-‡w...-, Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ]-cn-[n.
k\¬ taml≥, 2008, PmXnbpw aqe-[-\-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw, cmtPjv Nnd-∏m´v
(FUn.), ZfnXvh¿Ø-am\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ssaXn _pIvkv.
83
kenw-Ip-am¿, sI.Fw., 2008, ZfnXv]XybimkvXhpw kap-Zm-b-h¬°-c-W-hpw,
tIm´bw: Fw. ]hn-X≥ kvamcI ZfnXv]T-\- tI-µw.
kenw-Ip-am¿, sI.Fw., 2011, s\Kn-‰yq-Uv, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
kÆn, Fw. I]n-°mSv (F-Un.), 2005, sslµh^mkn-k-Øns‚ hn]XvkqN-
\Iƒ, tIm´-bw: \yqGPv _pIvkv.
kpIp-am-c≥, I√-d, 1994, ]q\m-°-cmdpw ZfnXv]Xy-b- im-kvX-hpw.
kp\oXnIpam¿, Nm‰¿Pn (hnh. sI.]n. cmtPµ≥), 2000, ZmhnUw, Xncp-h-
\¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
kpknXmcp, kRvPohv, Fkv. (FUn), 2007, Iogmf]T\߃, tIm´bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
tkmaZØ≥, 1986, h¿Whpw PmXnbpw, ]¥fw, ]pkvXI]km-[I kwLw.
sdmho-\, sP\n, 2011, sXΩm-Sn-Ifpw Xºp-cm°≥amcpw: ae-bmf kn\n-abpw
BW-Ø-ß-fpw, tIm´-bw: k_vPIv‰v B≥Uv emwtKzPv ]kv.
Ambedkar, B.R., 1936, Annihilation of Caste, Delhi: Navayana.
Anand Teltumbde, 2010, Khairlanji A Strange and Bitter Crop, Delhi: Navayana.
Anitha, B.K., 2000, Village, Caste and Education, Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
Arjun Dangle (Ed), 2009, Poisoned Bread, Orient Blackswan.
Arjun Dangle (Ed), 1992, A Corpse in the Well: Translations from Modern Marathi,
Dalit Autobiographies, Sangam Books.
Arundhati Roy, 2011, I'd rather not be Anna (Article), The Hindu, 22 August.
Basham, A.L., 1999, A Cultural History of India, Oxford University Press.
Bernadatte, Casey, 2002, Television Studies:The Key Concepts, Psychology Press.
Boundurand Joan (ed), 1973, Harijan : A journal of Applied Journalism, New York:
Garland Publications.
Castells, Manuel, 2009, The Power of Identity: The Information Age: Economy,
Society and Culture, Vol II, Wiley & Blackwell.
Channa, V.C., 1979, Caste: Identity and Continuity, Delhi: BR Publishing Corpora-
tion.
Croteau, David Rand and William D. Hoynes, 2002, Media/Society: Industries, Im-
ages and Audiences, Sage Publications.
84
MU CHS E.. ss]Xr-I-hym-Jym\w
bqWn‰v 1
hymJym-\-X-¥-߃˛ss]XrIhymJym\w˛hymJym\w A¿tYm¬∏m-Z-\-]-Inb
F∂ \ne-bn¬- -⁄m-t\m¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ coXn-im-kvXw˛Adnhv F∂ kmwkvIm-
cn-I-]-tbm-Khpw \n¿an-Xn-bpw˛hymJym-\hpw hna¿i-\-hpw, hymJym-\w-˛hna¿i-
\m-fl-I-⁄m\w, A¿Y-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-im-kvXw, hymJym-\-im-kvXw-˛k-hn-ti-j-
⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn˛`mc-Xobhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb ] -h-߃, ]Y-߃- hnNm-c-߃,
hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃. ss]Xr-I-]-T-\hpw hymJym-\-hpw-˛-hym-Jym-\-X-¥-߃-- - hyh-
lm-cm-]-K-Y-\w˛cm„o-b-A-t_m-[w ˛ ss]XrIw Hcp \n¿an-Xn˛hym-Jym-\m-kq-
X-Ww -(interpretive planning)˛-Bƒ°q-´-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ Adn-hp-ti-J-c-Ww
(crowd sourcing)-˛kwkvIm-c-hn-a¿iw˛tIm-f-\n-b-\-¥-c-hn-a¿iw. DIKW ]nc-anUv.
bqWn‰v 2
X∑
ss]-Xr-I-hn-\n-a-b-tI-µ-߃˛]mc-º-cy-A-dn-hp-I-fpsS tImUo-I-c-Whpw
hymJym-\hpw -alm-hn-⁄m-\-ß-fpsS hna¿i-\hpw hnt—-Z-hpw˛ C©n-am-Xr-Ibn-
ep≈ hf¿®-˛ -kz -Xz -Øns‚ D’-ho -I -c -Ww. ss]XrIw: ]Z¿i-\w,
hymJym\w˛ss]XrIw Hcp hyh-lm-cw˛ X∑-bpsS \n¿an-Xn, \n¿h-N-\w, km[q-
I-cWw ˛ kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬, `mhnsb \n¿an-°p∂ Ncn-Xw-˛-
`m-hn-bpsS Ncn-Xw, `mhnsb \n¿an-°p∂ Hm¿a-Iƒ-˛-`m-hn-bpsS Hm¿a, Hm¿a-
Iƒ F∂ Ncn-Xw, P\-X-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-Zhn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ aqe-[-\w-˛-ss]Xr-
Ihpw Bkq-X-Whpw
bqWn‰v 3
tZio-b-X-˛-hw-io-b-X-˛-Pm-Xo-bX, khn-tij tZi-sØbpw P\-X-I-sfbpw
kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \n¿an-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-bp-‡n-˛-hy-h-lm-cw-˛-]-Xy-b-im-
kvXw F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ss]Xr-Iw. tZio-b-X-bpsS kq£va-`u-Xn-Iw-˛-tZ-iw,
hwiw, cm„w˛\n¿am-W-bp-‡n˛ \m-´p-X-\n-a-Iƒ°v ssh⁄m-\n-I-X-bpsS cq]o-
I-c-W-Øn-ep≈ ]¶v.
bqWn‰v 4
ta¬ N¿® sNbvX Bi-b-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hnhn[ hymJym-\-X-¥-
ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v khn-tij tIc-fo-b-am-Xr-I-Iƒ hymJym-\n®v ]T-\-tcJ Xøm-
dm-°p-I. A≤ym-]-I-cpsS am¿K-\n¿t±-i-Øn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp hnj-b-
sØ-°p-dn®v ]Øv ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmØ ]T-\-tcJbmWv Xøm-dm-t°≠Xv.
k¶¬∏\w, ]T-\-ta-J-e, coXn-im-kvXw, ]q¿h-]-T-\-߃ F∂nh hy‡-ambn
]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-h-bm-IWw ]T-\-߃.
85
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
Dilthey, Wilhelm, 1977, Descriptive Psychology and Historical Understanding, The
Hague, Nijhoff.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 1989, Truth and Method, London: Sheed and Ward.
Jameson, Fredric, 1981, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Sym-
bolic Act, New York: Cornell University Press.
Lowenthal, David, 1998, Fabricating Heritage: History and Memory, Vol. 10, IUP.
Raphael, Samuel, 2012, Theatres of Memory, London: Verso.
Ricoeur, Paul, 1970, Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation, New Ha-
ven: Yale University Press.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 1998, Hermeneutics and Criticism, Cambridge Univer-
sity Press.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 1977, Hermeneutics:The Handwritten Manu-
scripts, (Ed. Heinz Kimmerle), Missoula: Scholars Press.
Ipdn∏v:
kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw, ss]-XrI-hyh-km-bw,
ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m-\o-bw F∂nhbpsS KŸ-kqNn H∏w ImWp-I.
86
MU CHS E... ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw (Heritage Industry)
BapJw
BtKm-f-X-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ temIØv hnI-kn-®p-h-cp∂ am\-hn-
I-im-kvX-ta-J-ebpw hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn-bp-amWv ss]Xr-I-hy-h-km-bw. A°mZ-
an-I-]-T-\-]-≤Xn, kmaq-ly-hn-a¿iw, kmw-kvIm-cnI]I-S\w F∂o \ne-I-fn¬
CXv C∂v ]k-‡-am-Wv. CXns‚ ssh⁄m-\n-I-kz-cq-]hpw Ncn-Xhpw ]tbm-
K-ta-J-e-Ifpw KmV-]-T-\-Øns\Sp°p-I-bmWv e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw F∂ ]cn-I¬∏\: \n¿h-N-\w, Ncn-Xw, kn≤m¥w, hni-
Zo-I-c-Ww˛]-tbm-K-am-Xr-I-Iƒ-˛tdm_¿´v lyqbn-k≥, temh-¥mƒ, bqdn XpS-
ßn-b-h-cpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃, kn≤m-¥o-I-c-W-߃-˛-hr-Øn-h¬°-c-Ww
(sanitisation), kuµ-cy-h¬°-c-Ww (aestheticising) F∂o k¶¬∏-\-߃-˛-ss]-
Xr-Ihpw qXhpw: qX-Imew Hcp adp-\m-Sv-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-`q-]-Sw-˛-`q-X-Im-e-Øns‚
DZm-Øo-I-c-Ww-˛h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ \n¿an-Xn˛BtKm-f-Xbpw ss]Xr-I-hpw:- ss]-
Xr-I-®q-Xv (heritage baiting)˛kΩ-tXm¬∏m-Z-\w-˛Hm¿a-I-fpsS \n¿amWw.
bqWn‰v 2
ss]Xr-Iw, hn]Wn, Sqdn-kw: -ss]-Xr-Ihpw Ima\m\n¿amWhpw˛ss]XrIw
F∂ Krlm-Xp-c-X-˛-Sq-dnkw Krlm-Xp-cXzw B[n-Im-cn-IX: `qX-_-‘-ßfpsS
Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-hpw Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-Øns‚ qX-_-‘-ßfpw˛kw-Lm-S-\-Øns‚ Krlm-
Xp-c-X-, -KrlmXpc-X-bpsS kwLm-S-\w˛Imew/]mbw F∂ kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-]m-
Zm-\w (cultural artifact)-˛-]p-cm-h-kvXp-]-c-amb B[n-Im-cn-I-X- (authenticity)˛-
B[nImcn-IXm]Zhn-bpsS \n¿amWw/A]-\n¿amWw˛ss]Xr-I-]-I-S-\w-˛-kmw-
kvIm-cn-I-]-I-S-\w- -ss]-Xr-tIm-]-t`m-Kw˛SqdnÃv Xpdn-®p-t\m- w -(gaze)˛-N-cn-X-Øn-
te-°p≈ Xpdn-®p-t\m-´w -(gaze on history)˛-N-cn-Xw, tZiw, cm„w, tZi-cm„w
F∂n-h-bpsS ]p\¿hn-`m-h-\w-˛-A-`n-cp-Nn-I-fpsS BtKm-fX: i-cocw Sqdnkw
ss]XrIw
bqWn‰v 3
ka-Im-en-I-tem-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ ss]Xr-I-hn-]-W-\w, kwkvIm-c-Sq-dn-kw (Cultural
Tourism), Sqdn-kw-ta-J-em-cq-]o-I-cWw (Packages). Sqdn-kwkmlnXyw (Tourism
Literature)˛hn-hn[ amXr-I-Iƒ, Sqdn-kw-˛-]Xn-—m-bm-\n¿am-Ww-˛-ss]-Xr-I-t^m-t´m-
Iƒ,- ss]-Xr-I-Nn-X߃, ss]-Xr-I-t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ, ss]-Xr-I-]c-ky-߃, kph-
\o-dp-Iƒ, Sqdn-Ãp-I-fpsS Xma-kw, £-Ww, NnIn’, Sqdnkw hgn-Im- ¬ -(tourism
guiding)˛-Im-tW-≠-h, Icp-tX-≠-h-˛-]m-tbm-Kn-I-]-cn-io-e\w
87
bqWn‰v 4
BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ ss]Xr-I-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚km[y-X-Iƒ-˛-
sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, tIc-fo-b-kµ¿`Øns‚ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-T-\w. tIc-fo-b-am-Xr-
I-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn ]T-\-tcJ Xøm-dm-°-Ww.
-klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
kvIdnb k°-dnb, 2015, ss]Xr-I-]-T\w: apkn-cnkv ss]Xr-I-]-≤Xn ap≥\n¿Øn
Hcp ho≠p-hn-Nm-cw, Xm]kw, hmeyw 9, e°w 1˛4, 2013- Pq-sse-˛2014 -G-]n¬.
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Gay, Paul Du, 1997, Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of Sony Wakman, London:
Sage.
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Hewison, Robert, 1987, The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline, London:
Metheun Publishing Ltd.
Hewison, Robert, 2014, Cultural Capital : The Rise and Fall of Creative Britain,
London: Verso.
Johnson, Nuala, 1999, Framing the past: time, Space and the Politics of Heritage
Tourism in Ireland.
Lefebvre, Henri, 1983, Everyday life in the Modern World, New Brunswick.
Lefebvre, H., 1991, Critique of Everyday Life, Vol. I, London: Verso.
Lowenthal, David, 1985, The Past as a Foreign Country, OUP.
Lowenthal, David, 1998, Fabricating Heritage: History and Memory, Indiana Uni-
versity Press.
Lowenthal, David, 1998, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, CUP.
Macdonald, S., 2007, On Old Thingsí: The Fetishization of Past Everyday life in L.
Smith (ed) Cultural Heritage: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural studies,
London: Routledge.
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Farago (eds) Grasping the World: The Idea of the Museum, 442-460, Aldershot:
Ashgate.
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Culture, London: Verso.
Raphael, Samuel, 1995, Theme Parks-Why Not?: History is everybody's, The
Independent,London.
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Role in Post-industrial Britain, Manchester: Cornerhouse Publications.
88
Renfrew Colin, 2000, Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Archae-
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Ricoeur, Paul , 2004, Memory, History, Forgetting, University of Chicago.
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Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
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versity Press.
Shulman, David, 2012, More than Real : A History of the Imagination in South India,
Harvard University Press.
Smith, Laurajane (ed), 2007, Cultural Heritage: Critical Concepts in Media And
Cultural Studies IV vols., London and New York: Routledge, .
Smith, Laurajane (ed), 2006, Uses of Heritage, London: Routledge.
Urry, John, 1990, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies,
London: Sage Publications.
Waitt, Gordon, 2000, Consuming Heritage: Perceived historical authenticity, An-
nals of Tourism Research, Vol. 27.
Walsh, Kevin, 1992, The Representation of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the
Post-Modern World, London: Routledge.
Walsh, Kevin, 2013, The Archaeology of Mediterranean Landscapes, London:
Routledge.
Wright, Patrick, 1985, On Living in an Old Country, The National Past in Contempo-
rary Britain, London: Verso.
Ipdn∏v:
kwkvIm-c-ss]-XrI-]-T\w: Ncn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw, ayqkn-b-hn-⁄m-\o-bw,
F∂nhbp-sS KŸ-kqNn H∏w ImWp-I.
89
MU CHS E.. tIc-fo-b-sshZyw
`mc-Xo-b-ssh-Zy-sØ-°p-dn®pw tIc-fob sshZy-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ kmam-\ym-h-
t_m-[-ap-≠m-°p-I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. ChnsS Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-
tIm¬∏-∂-sa∂ \nebv°mWp Xt±-io-b-amb ico-c-c-£m-X-¥-ßsf a\-n-em-
°p-∂Xpw B taJ-e-bnse Ne-\-ßsf Ncn-X-]-c-ambn hni-I-e\w sNøp∂Xpw.
bqWn‰v 1
Bbp¿th-tZm¬∏Øn ˛ sFXn-ly-ßfpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Im¿∞w ˛ tZh-tem-I-
Øp-\n∂p a\p-jy-tem-I-Øn-te°v ˛ Cµ-\n¬\n∂p `c-Zzm-P-\n-te°v ˛ injy-]-
c-º-c-I-fn-eqsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ thZ-ß-fnse sshZyw ˛ a¥u-j-[-Nn-
In-’-Iƒ ˛ kwln-X-I-fpsS hchv ˛ imkvX-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v ˛ _u≤-_‘w ˛
`c-W-Iq-Shpw tcmK-c-£bpw ˛ Atim-Is‚ Kn¿\m¿ imk\w ˛ Bbp¿thZ--
Øns‚ ]Nm-c-Ww.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Bbp¿th-tZm¬∏-Øn, Bbp¿thZw Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬°qSn
(-B-bp¿th-Z-N-cn-Xw, F≥hn IrjvW≥Ip´n hmcn-
b¿)
bqWn‰v 2
]mtZ-in-I-ssh-Zyhpw tcmK-]-Xn-tcm-[hpw ˛ ]g-¥-angv ]m´p-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-
Iƒ, sFXn-ly-߃ Ch-bnse sshZy-imkvXmht_m[w ˛ BZy-Im-e-a-Wn-]-
hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fntebpw hntZ-i-k-©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fntebpw ]cm-a¿i-߃
˛ tIc-fo-b-ssh-Zy-Pm-Xn-Iƒ ˛ kn≤-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ bq\m-\n-Nn-In’ ˛ kwln-Xm-
K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS ]Nm-chpw Ah-bpsS `mjm-cq-]-ßfpw ˛ sshZy-a-Wn-]-hmfw ˛
]mtZ-in-I-h-g-°-ß-fn-te°v ˛ Be-Øq¿ aWn-]-hm-fw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
BapJw ˛ Be-Øq¿ aWn-]-hmfw
bqWn‰v 3
tIc-fob_u≤-]m-c-º-cyhpw hnizm-k-Nn-In-’bpw ˛ Hm®n-d, Xncp-hn-g, XIgn,
Ghq¿ t£X-߃ ˛ FSXzm ]≈n. Kpcp-hm-bq-cns‚ hmX-l-cXzw ˛ _m“-
Wm-[n-]-Xyw, cmPm-[n-]-Xyw, amlm-fly-h-XvI-cWw AjvS-ssh-Zy-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-
s∏-S¬ ˛ sFXn-ly-ß-fpsS s]mcpƒ ˛ Krl-ssh-Zyhpw If-cn-ssh-Zyhpw -˛
a¿a-Nn-In-’. sshZy-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ Po¿WX ˛ NmIym¿Iq-Øn-tebpw a¥m-
¶-Øn-tebpw hna¿i-\-߃ ˛ tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°kv ˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw
Xt±-io-b-amb Adn-hp-I-fpsS ]m¿izh¬°-c-W-hpw.
90
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
tIc-f-Ønse _p≤-a-X-]m-c-ºcyw
\m´-dn-hp-I-fn-eqsS ˛ 4, 5 A[ym-b-߃ : APp \mcm-bW-≥
a¿a-hn-Zybpw If-cn-Nn-In-’bpw ˛ If-cn-∏-b‰v
tIc-f-Øns‚ i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw : sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿
bqWn‰v 4
tImf-\n-°m-esØ ⁄m\m-fl-I-kw-L¿j-߃ ˛ ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zy-Øns‚
hchpw ]Nm-chpw ˛ tlman-tbm-˛-A-tem-∏Xn sshZy-߃ ˛ BtcmKy-k-¶¬-
]Øn¬h∂ am‰w ˛ \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ timjWw ˛ ]Xn-tcm-[-i-a-߃ ˛
A°m-Z-an-I-]-T-\-Øn-te°v ˛ ae-_m-dn-tebpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-tebpw ]mT-im-
e-Iƒ ˛ ]m®p-aq-ØXpw ]n.Fkv hmcn-bcpw AjvS-ssh-Zy-Ip-Spw-_-ßfpw ˛
tIm´-°¬ Bcy-ssh-Zy-im-e ˛ Huj-[-\n¿am-W-Øns‚ hyh-km-b-h¬°-cWw
˛ ]mtZ-in-I-sshZyw kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cC¥y-bn¬ ˛ BtKm-f-]-k‡n ˛ ka-K-
ssh-Zy-Øn-te°v.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
\m´p-ssh-Zyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ta¬t°m-bvabpw : sI.F≥. ]Wn-°¿
kaK-sshZyw : tUm. sI. am[-h≥Ip´n
klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃
Aa-c-tImiw, ]mc-ta-iz-co-hy-mJym-\w, F≥._n.-Fkv. ]Xn∏v.
tKm]n-\m-Y≥\m-b¿, F≥., DÆn-b-®o-N-cnXw (hym.) DÆn-bm-So-N-cnXw (hym.)
DÆn-®n-cp-tX-ho-N-cnXw (hym.) DÆp-\o-en-k-tµiw (hym.).
sNdn-b-\m-cm-b-W≥\-ºq-Xncn, sshZy-aTw, Bbp¿th-Z-Øns‚ tIc-fob A\p-
jvTm-\-]m-c-ºcyw.
]Wn-°¿, sI.F≥., sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿: tIcfkmln-Xy-
A-°m-Zan.
am[-h≥Ip´n, sI., ka-K-sshZyw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.B¿. (hym.), Be-Øq¿ aWn-]-hmfw, tIm´-°¬: Bcy-
ssh-Zy-im-e.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.B¿., Atim-Is‚ [¿a-im-k-\-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
hmcn-b¿, F≥.hn.sI., Bbp¿th-Z-N-cnXw, tIm´-bv°¬: Bcy-ssh-Zy-im-e.
hnP-b-Ip-am¿, sI., If-cn-∏-b‰v tIc-f-Øns‚ i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw, Xncph\-
¥-]pcw: kmwkvIm-cn-I -]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip∏v.
i¶pÆn, sIm´mcØn¬, 2011, sFXn-ly-ame.
Kenneth G. Zysk, Motilal, 2000, Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine
in the Buddhist Monastery (Indian Medical Tradition Vol. II), Delhi: Banarsidass Pub-
lications Pvt. Ltd.
Niranjana Devi, R. Dr., 2006, Medicine in South India, Chennai: Saujanya Books.
91
MU CHS E.. sF°-tWm-Km^n
]T-t\mt±iyw
]pØ≥]p-Xp-a-bpsS kµ¿`-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®p-h-cp∂ A]-K-Y-\m-fl-I-]-
T\]≤XnbmWv sF°-tWm-Km^n (Iconography) AYhm Nn”-hn-⁄m\w.
sF°¨ F∂m¬ _nw_w, hnKlw Fs∂√mw ae-bm-fw. -Km^n F∂m¬
FgpØv, A¶-\w, hnh-cWw Fs∂√mw hnh-£. _nw_m-fl-I-amb FgpØv
F∂v sF°-tWm-Km^nsb kwt£-]n-°mw. _nw_-hn-⁄m-\obw, hnK-l-hn-
⁄m-\obw F∂o ae-bm-f-sam-gn-Ifpw km[y-am-Wv. ]Xn-\n-[m-\-Øns‚ kq£va-
`u-XnIw (microphysics of power) A]-K-Yn-°p∂ ]T-\-]-≤Xn F∂v AXp-
sIm≠v sF°-tWm- Km -^nsb kq£vao -I -cn -°mw.CXns‚ NcnXw,
XmXznIkzcq]w, coXnimkvXw ]tbmKw F∂nh ]cn-Nbs∏SpØpIbmWv
tImgvkns‚ e£yw. `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb kµ¿`-߃ A]-K-Yn-
°p∂Xpƒs∏sS \mev bqWn‰pIfmbn tImgvkv hn`mh\w sNbvXncn°p∂p.
bqWn‰v 1
sF°¨ F∂ ]cn-I¬∏-\-bpsS s]mcpƒ-˛-A¿Yw, \n¿h-N-\w, [¿aw, hni-Zo-
I--cWw˛sF°-tWm-Km^n F∂ ]T-\-]-≤Xn˛hn⁄m-\-]-≤-Xn, coXn-imkvXw
F∂o \ne-Iƒ˛ NcnXw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbm-Kw˛ hnIm-k]Y-߃˛CXc hyh-
lm-c-ß-fp-am-bp≈ hn\n-a-b-߃: in¬∏,- Nn-X-I-em-]-T-\-ß-fn¬˛Be-b-L-S-\-
I-fn¬, am\-hn-I-im-kvX-]-T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ sF°-tWm-Km-^n-bpsS CS-s]-
S¬˛ssh⁄m-\n-I-Xbn¬. sF°-tWm-Km-^n Hcp coXn-im-kvX-w, XmXznI-k-
ao-]\w F∂o \ne-I-fn¬.
bqWn‰v 2
sF°-tWm-Km-^nbpw B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xbpw: B[p-\n-Ihpw B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-
c-hp-amb k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬ CXns‚ hnIm-k-]-Y-߃-˛-L-S-\-˛-L-S-\m-\-¥-c-Nn-¥-
bpsS kmaq-ly-]-cn-k-chpw sF°-tWm-Km-^n-bnse hnNm-c-am-Xr-Im-hy-Xn-bm-
\-hpw (paradigm shift)˛`mjm-im-kvXm-`n-ap-Jyw (linguistic turn)˛CXchn⁄m-\-
]-≤-Xn-I-fp-am-bp≈ hn\n-a-b-߃: sF°-tWm-Km-^nbpw Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-
bhpw˛ ss]Xr-I-]-T-\w, \c-hw-i-im-kvXw, Ncn-Xw, ]pcm-h-kvXp-im-kvXw,
kwkvIm-cw, t^mIvtem¿˛-km-aq-ln-I-im-kvXw-˛-NcnXw-˛a\:imkvXw˛kmº-
ØnI-imkvXw˛kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w˛Sqdn-kw-]-T-\w˛\h-am-[y-a߃˛ayq-kn-b-hn-
⁄m-\w, hy-h-lm-cm-]-K-Y-\w (discourse analysis).˛A¥¿hn-⁄m-\ob
(interdisciplinary)hpw _lp-hn-⁄m-\o-b- (multy disciplinary)hp-amb kao-]-
\߃˛cm-„o-b-A-t_m-[ (political unconscoius)hpw sF°-tWm-Km-^n-bpw˛hr-
Øn-h¬°-c-Ww -(sanitisation) ˛- ku-µ-cy-h¬°-cWw (aesthetisisation) F∂o
Bi-b-]-tbm-K-߃.
92
bqWn‰v 3
sF°-tWm-Km-^nbpw ZØ-kw-hn-[m-\hpw˛ ZØ-߃: ]p\¿hn-Nm-c-W-bpsS
]iv\-߃-˛-ZØw: ]Zw, A¿Yw, s]mcpƒ, hnh-£-Iƒ-˛-ZØw F∂ \n¿an-Xn-˛-
kmwkvI-cn-Iw, -N-cn-Xmfl-Iw, -cm-„obw F∂o kµ¿`-ß-fpsS \n¿an-Xn-sb∂
\ne-bn¬-˛hy-h-lm-camXr-I-Iƒ (discourse models): Bcv, Btcm-Sv, F¥n-\v,
Ft∏mƒ, Fßs\˛-]-I-c-W-\n-jvT-Xm-hm-Zw-˛-hym-hlcnI-]-`mhw (discoursive
effect) ˛ -ZØ-߃: \n¿h-N-\w, hni-Zo-I-c-Ww, \n¿am-Ww, km[q-I-c-Ww -˛-
ZØ-ti-J-c-Ww-˛-s]m-cpƒXn-cn-°¬-˛-Nn-´-s∏-SpXX¬-˛-]-´n-I-X-øm-dm-°¬-˛-kw-hn-
[m\w.
bqWn‰v 4
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® ]T-\-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb
kmwkvIm-cn-I-_nw-_-߃ A]-K-Yn-°p-I-˛-_nw-_-߃: tcJ-Iƒ-,hm°pIƒ-,
Zr-iy-߃, i–߃, B-ib߃, hkvXp-°ƒ, hkvXp-X-Iƒ˛inhw, k-Xyw,
kuµ-cyw, bmYm¿Yyw XpS-ßnb KW-ß-fpsS \n¿an-Xnbpw sF°-Wpw. `mc-
Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-ß-ƒ sF°-W-I-sf∂ \ne-bn¬-˛-A-h-
bpsS A]-K-Y\w: ]tZ-iw,-tZ-iw, tZio-b-X, tZi-cm-„w, Blm-cw, thjw,
]m¿∏nSw,- hrØn-io-e-߃. -Po-hn-X-k-µ¿`-߃: hkvXp-°ƒ˛h-kvXp-X-Iƒ-
˛kwkvIm-c-cq-]-I-߃-˛-kw-kvIm-c-]m-T-߃-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-ÿm]߃-˛-cm-„o-
b-L-S-\-˛-sF-Xn-ly-߃-˛-an-Øp-Iƒ-˛-a-X-PohXw˛-a-tX-X-c-Po-hn-Xw-˛-a-X-\n-tj-[-Po-
hn-Xw-˛-a-tX-X-c-Nn-¥-Iƒ˛]tbm-K-߃,-˛IpSpw-_w-˛-hn-Zym-e-bw-˛-]m¿∏n-S-L-S-\-,-
\n¿am-W-hn-Zy-Iƒ˛tImf-\o-I-cWw: kuµ-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw hrØn-h¬°-c-W-
hpw˛s]mXp-a-fi-ew˛A\p-jvTm-\߃˛Zriy,- im-hy-I-e-Iƒ ˛ C¥y: PmXn-i-
co-c-Øn¬ \n∂v ]uc-i-co-c-Øn-te-°v ˛ C-h-bpsS sF°-Wp-Iƒ.
klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃
Awt_-Zv°¿, _n, B¿., 1999, K-h-ZvKo-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ D]-\ym-k-߃, kºq¿W-
Ir-Xn-Iƒ.
Km‘n, Fw.-sI., 1916, lnµvkzcmPv.
Bacca Murtha (ed.), 2002, An Introduction to Art, Image, Access:Issues,
Tools,Standards, Strategies, Los Angles, Getty Research Institute.
Baggley, John, 2000, Festival Icons for the Church's Year, St. Vladimirs Seminary
Press.
Banerjee, Jitendra, N., 1956, Development of Hindu Iconography, New Delhi:
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
Bansal Lal Malla, 2003, Vaishnava Art: Iconography of Kashmir, Abhinav
Publications.
Barthes, Rolland, 1972, Mythologies, London: Routledge.
Barthes, Rolland, 1977, Image, Music, Text, London: Routledge.
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1986, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste,
93
(Trans: R.Nice), Harvard University Press.
Bunge, Gabriel, 2007, The Rublev Trinity, St.Vladmir's Seminary Press.
Cawthorne, Nigel, 2000, The Art of th e Icon, Laurel Glen Press.
Cormak, Robin, 2007, Icons, Harward University Press.
Cummings, Cathleen, 2014, Decoding a Hindu Temple: Royalty and Religion in the
Iconographic Program of the Virupakasha Temple, South Asian Studies Associa-
tion.
Forest, Jim, 1997, Praying with Icons, Orbis Books.
Kosambi, D.D., 1998, Myth and Reality, Mumbai: Popular Prakasan.
Lavin, Irving, 2012, Iconography as a Humanistic Discipline (Iconography at the
Crossroads), Princeton University Press.
Maguire, Henry, 2000, The Icons of Their Bodies, Princeton University Press.
Nes, Solrunn, 2009, The Mystical Language of Icons, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Co.
Onasch, Konrad, 1997, Icons: The Fascination & the Reality, Reverside Books.
Peers, Glenn, 2001, Subtle Bodies: Representing Angels, University of California
Press.
Schonborn, Christopher, 2002, God's Human Face: The Christ-Icon, Ignatius Press.
Sendler, Egon, 1988, The Icon: Image of the Invisible, Oakwood Publications.
Vassilaki, Maria, Benake, Mouseion, 2000, Mother of God: representations of the
Virgins in Byzantine art, Athens, Milano: Skira.
Weitzman, Kurt, Chatzedakes, Manoles,1982, Icons, Hippocrene Books.
Williams, Raymond, 1985, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, USA:
Oxford University Press.
Zibawi, Mahmoud, 1993, Icon: Its Meaning and History, Liturgical Press.
94
MU CHS E... ]m›mXysshZyhpw
kmwkvImcn-Im-[o-i-Xzhpw
bqWn‰v 1
]m›m-Xym-K-a-\w˛_n´ojv A[n-\n-th-iw˛ tIW¬ a¨tdm Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬
˛ dmWn Kucn-e-£an mbv˛]cn-jvI-c-W-߃ hkq-cn-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ hmIvkn≥
IpØn-sh-∏v ( ) 1814 se \n¿_-‘nX IpØn-sh-∏v˛hmIvkn≥ IpØnsh∏v
Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v˛]h¿Ø-\-߃: ae-_m-dnse hkqcnIpØn-sh∏v ]h¿Ø-\-
ß-ƒ˛ÿm]-\-߃.
bqWn‰v 2
]m›mXysshZy ÿm]-\-߃ : Unkvs]≥k-dn-Iƒ˛ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ˛ InSØn
NnIn-’-bpsS Bcw-`w˛ ]mekv Unkvs]≥k-dn-bpsS Bcw`w ˛ Xncp-h-\-¥-
]pcw P\-d¬ Bip-]-Xn˛ am\-kn-Im-tcmKy tIµw ˛IpjvT-tcm-Km-ip-]Xn XpS-
ßn-b-h.
bqWn‰v 3
anj-\-dn -amcpw ]m›mXysshZyhpw ˛ e≠≥ anj-\dn skmssk-‰n˛
Unkvs]≥kdn-Iƒ˛ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ ˛tkma¿sh-√ns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛
s\øq¿ Bip-]-Xn, Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ Kh¨sa-‚pw anj-Wdnamcpw
bqWn‰v 2
]m›mXysshZym\nth-ihpw Xt±-iob sshZy-hpw˛ ]p\-cp-RvPn-h\ ]In-b-
Iƒ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛]n.-Fkv.hmcycpw tIm´-°¬ ]ÿm-\hpw ˛ P\-Io-b-
h¬°-cW]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]m›mXysshZyØns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI A[o-iXzw
˛ sNdpØp \n¬∏p -Iƒ˛ BtKmfh¬IrXtemIØv Xt± -iob/
]m›mXysshZyhpw sshZyhn]Wnbpw.
95
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
Irj-vW≥Ip-´n- hm-cy¿, 2002, Bbp¿th-Z-N-cnXw, tIm-´-°¬: Bcyssh-Zy-ime.
hn\-b-N-µ≥, ]n., 2000, tIc-fo-b-Nn-In’mNcnXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _p-Ivkv.
Achintya Kumar, Dutta, Chittabrata Palit (Eds), 2005, History of Medicine in India,
New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications.
Arnold, David (Ed), 1993, Colonizing the Body: Sate Medicine and Epidemic Disease
in Nineteenth Century India, University of California Press.
Arnold, David (Ed), 1996, Warm Climates and Western Medicine: The Emergence
of Tropical Medicine, 1500-1900, Rodopi.
Arnold, David (Ed), 2000, The New Combridge History of India: Vol. III to V: Science
Technology and Medicine in Colonial India, England: Cambridge University Press.
Innes, Charles Alexander,1997, Malabar Gazetteer Vol 1-2, Trivandrum, Kerala
Gazetteers Dept.
Kawashima, Koji, 2000, Missionaries and a Hindu State: Travancore, 1858- 1936,
New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Kumar, Deepak (Ed), 2001, Disease and Medicine in India : A Historical Overview,
New Delhi: Tulika Books.
Logan, William, 2001, Malabar Manual, Asian Educational Services.
Nagam Aiya.V., 1999, The Travancore State Manual: History Vol 1&2, Trivandrum:
Kerala Gazatteers Dept.
Panikkar, K.N., 2001, Culture, Ideology, Hegemony: Intellectuals and Social
Consciousness in colonial India, London: Anthem Press.
Samual, Mateer, 1871, The Land of Charity: A Descriptive Account of Travancore
and its People, with Special Reference to Missionary Labour, J. Snowden and
Company. (Orginal from University of Michigan).
Velupillai, T.K., 1940, The Travancore State Manual, Vol. 1-5, Trivandrum: Kerala
Gazatteers Dept.
96
MU CHS E.. aebm-f-N-e-®nXw: kwkvIm-chpw
ss]Xr-Ihpw
]T-t\mt±iyw
tImf-\n-B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Zriy (an-i)- Iemcq]-amWv F√m A¿Y-Ønepw Ne-
®n-Xw. tIc-f-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-s]m-Xp-a-fi-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-
\-am-bn-Øo¿∂ ]Y-a-Zr-iy-I-em-hy-h-lmcw F∂v Ne-®n-XsØ ÿm\-s∏-Sp-
Ømw. tIc-fob/ae-bm-f-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ \n¿W-b\w, \n¿h-N-\w, km[q-I-cWw
F∂n-h-bn¬ CXv \n¿h-ln-°p∂ [¿aw A]-K-Yn-®p-]-Tn-°phm≥ hnZym¿Yn-
Isf k÷-cm-°p-I-bmWv tImgvkns‚ e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
tZio-b-Xbpw Ne-®n-X-hpw. tImf-\o-I-c-W-hp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-Jo-Ic-Ww. tZio-
b-X-bpsS Ne-®n-X-h¬°-c-Ww. C-¥y≥N-e-®n-X-am-Xr-I-Iƒ˛^m¬s°-˛-kn-\n-
a-bnse cm„o-b-`m-h-\-˛-I¬∏n-X-tZ-ihpw `q-X-Im-e-]p-\-cm-Jym-\hpw˛]p-cm-tW-
Xn-lm-k-ß-fpsS Ne-®n-Xm-hn-jvIm-c-߃, Ncn-X-]p-\-cm-Jym-\-߃-. -i-a-W-Im-
hy-kw-kvIm-chpw kn\n-a-bpw˛ `‡-I-hn-Nn-X-߃˛hn-hn[ C¥y≥`m-jm-Nn-X-
߃.
bqWn‰v 2
tZi-\n¿an-Xn- -kzm-X-¥ym-\-¥-cw- -hn- -P-\-Øns‚ cm„o-bw (-C-¥ym-]m-Ivhn- -P\w)
˛s\-lr-hn-b≥tkm-jy-en-kw, kn\n-a-bnse tZi-cm-„-\n¿an-Xn-˛-]-Xym-i-bpsS
]Xy-b-im-kvXw, kXy-PnXv dmbv, L´-°v. ]Nm-c-Wm-bp-[amIp∂ kn\n-a-˛-C]v‰,
Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnse \h-kn-\n-a-˛-A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ, bp≤-Im-em-h-ÿbpw \h-P-\-
Io-b-hm-Z-hpw.
bqWn‰v 3
Z£n-tW-¥y≥kn-\na. ]mtZ-in-I-`m-jm-kn-\n-a-I-fnse cm„-`m-h-\, tZio-b-]-
ÿm-\hpw Ne-®n-Xm-Jym-\-hpw-˛-Zm-hn-U-cm-„o-bhpw kn\n-a-bpw-˛-A-bn-tØm-®m-
S-\w˛kvXo-im-‡o-I-c-Ww-˛-km-aq-ln-I-]-ta-b-߃
bqWn‰v 4
ae-bmfkn\n-a-˛-hn-K-X-Ip-am-c≥-˛-Im-gvN-bpsS cm„o-bhpw ]uc-Xz-\n¿an-Xnbpw.
am¿Øm-fi-h¿abpw ]m-tZ-in-I-X-bpsS \hm-Jym\hpw. Aº-Xp-I-fnse ae-
bm-f-kn-\n -a -˛ -sF-Iy-tI-c-f -Øns‚ Ne-®n -X-h¬°-c-Ww, kn\n -a -bnse
tZiob]uc≥. Adp-]-Xp-I-fnse kn\n-a˛ `n∂ KW-߃, hS-°≥]m-´p-kn-\n-a-
I-fnse \h-cm-„-`m-h-\, kmln-Xyhpw kn\n-abpw˛ \mb-I-Xzw, ]mc-ºcyw F∂n-
h-bpsS A]-\n¿an-Xn˛]-cm-Pn-X-\m-b-I¿, ^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ A]-N-bw-˛-Zm-b-I-
a-Ønse A¥-c-Ww, CS-Xp-]-£-cm-„o-bw-. -\-h-kn\n-a-˛ Fgp-]-Xp-Iƒ, Ne-®n-
X-`m-j-, Xmc-hy-h-ÿ.
97
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
Achnµ≥ h√®nd, 2010, Xnc°Y: kn\nabpsS ªq]n‚ v, tIm´bw:
Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.
BImihmWn ]t£]Ww sNbvX hnhn[ A`napJ߃.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ASq¿, 1988, kn\n-a-bpsS temIw, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an
_pIvkv.
tKm]meIrjvW≥, tNeßm´v, 2013, temIkn\nabpsS NcnXw, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v_pIvkv.
tKm]n-\m-Y≥, sI., 1996, kvXohm-Zhpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpw, kmln-Xy-temIw,
P\p-hcn˛s^_p-h-cn.
Nµ≥, sI.sI., 2008, Hcp kn\na Fßs\ D≠mIp∂p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
X¶-Ω, _n. (F-Un.), 1995, ae-bm-f-kn-\na 1928-˛1995, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ]ªnIv
dnte-j≥kv hIp∏v.
ZnhmIc≥, B¿.hn.Fw., 2005, IYbpw Xnc°Ybpw, tImgnt°mSv: Heohv.
ZnhmIc≥, B¿.hn.Fw., 2008, aebmfXnc°Y: hf¿®bpw h¿Øam\hpw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v.
\mZn¿jm, 2002, kn\na: Ifnbpw Imcyhpw.
a[p, Cdh¶c, 1999, aebmfkn\nabpw kmlnXyhpw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
aebmfkn\nabpsS 75 h¿j߃ (kn.Un. tdmw), tIcfkwÿm\ Ne®nX
A°mZan.
cho-µ≥, 2004, \oe-°p-bn-ens‚ XpS-°-߃, `mjmt]m-jnWn.
cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-F-kv., 2012, hS-°≥]m-´p-Ifpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw.
cma-N-µ≥, Pn.]n., 1998, kn\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-hpw, tIm´-bw:
F≥._n.Fkv.
cmaNµ≥\mb¿, ]∑\ (FUn.) , 2008, Ne®nX]T\߃, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v_pIvkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2007, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS IY, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an.
sh¶ntSizc≥, kn.Fkv., 2011, aebmfkn\nam]T\߃, tIm´-bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
iin, sI.hn. (F-Un.), 2012, ae-bm-f-N-e-®n-X-Km\w: Ima-\, ico-cw, tZiw,
tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.kn.Fkv.
kPojv, F≥.]n., 2007, XncaebmfØns‚ Ahÿm¥c߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
kZm\µ≥, ]n.Pn. , 2006, kn\nabpsS \oXnkmcw, Xncp -h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.
Andrew, J. Dudley, 1984, Concepts in Film Theory, Oxford University Press.
Andrew, J. Dudley, 1976, The Major Film Theories: An Introduction, USA, Oxford
University Press.
Annette, Kuhn & Guy, Westwell, 2012, A Dictionary of Film Studies, Oxford University
Press.
Arijon, Daniel, 1991, Grammar of the Film Language, Silman James Press.
98
Bazin, Andrew, 2005, What is Cinema?, California University Press.
Bluestone, George, 2003, Novels into Film, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Easthope, Antony, 1993, Contemporary Film Theory, (Longman Critical Readers),
Routledge.
Field, Syd, 2005, Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting, RHUS.
Geoffrey, Athelling Wagner, 1975, The novel and the cinema, Fairleigh Dickinson
University Press.
Gupta, Chidananda Das, 1981, Talking about films, Orient Longman.
Hayward, Susan, 2012, Cinema Studies: The key concepts (Routledge Key Guides),
Routledge.
James, Monaco, 2000, How to Read a Film: Movies, Media, and Beyond, Oxford
University Press.
John, Harrington, 1973, The Rhetoric of Film, Thomson Learning.
Joy Gould, Boyum, 1985, Double exposure : fiction into film, Universe Books.
Phillip, Parker, 2006, The Art and science of screenwriting, Chicago University Press.
99
MU CHS E.. am[ya-ss]-XrI-w: kwkvIm-chpw
Ncn-Xhpw
]T-t\mt±iyw
A®-Sn, imhy,- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-߃ tIc-fob/ae-bm-f-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ \n¿W-b\w,
\n¿h-N-\w, km[q-I-cWw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ [¿aw A]-K-Yn-®p-]-Tn-
°phm≥ hnZym¿Yn-Isf k÷-cm-°p-I-bmWv tImgvkns‚ e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
A®-Snbpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw- - m-j, kmln-Xyw, Ie, kmaq-ln-I-a-fi-e-߃ F∂n-
h-bnse CS-s]-S¬. km£-c-Xbpw hmb-\-bpw˛ kmln-Xo-b,- cm-„o-b-s]m-Xp-a-
fi-e-ßfpw A®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fpw˛ ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w˛ Adnhpw hnt\m-Z-hpw: hn\n-
abcoXn-Iƒ, anj-\-dn-L-´w˛ A®p-Iq-S-߃, Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse XpS¿®-Iƒ.
tZio-b-Xbpw `mh-\bpw, kw-kvImchyh-km-bw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
⁄m\-\n-t£]w: ]mThpw ]T-\-hpw
(-c≠ma[ymbw amXw) : _m_p sNdn-bm≥,
tP°_v sFkIv
A®-Snbpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw : C.hn. cm-a-Ir-jvW≥
Women writing: Man reading? (-H∂ma[ymbw amXw) : J. Devika
bqWn‰v 2
imhy-am-[y-a-߃:tIƒhn-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-X˛htc-WyX,Iogm-f-X, enwK-]-Z-hn,
tdUn-tbm-˛-kw-Ko-X-ta-J-e-˛-im-kvXo-b,-\m-tSm-Sn-kw-Ko-X-߃, b¥-I-e-bpsS
km[y-X-Iƒ, i–-te-J-\hpw ]t£-]-W-hpw- -N-cn-X-Øns‚ tcJo-I-c-Ww. tdUn-
tbmbpw ae-bm-fn-X-∑ -(identity)bpw- -a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-kw-Ko-Xhpw tdUn-
tbm-bpw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
tIƒhn-io-e-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-imkvXw : B¿.- \-µ-Ip-am¿
Imeta, \n\-°-`n-\-µ\w! : -kp\n¬ ]n.-C-f-bnSw
GIPo-hn-Xm\-iz-c-Km\w : ]-Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v
bqWn‰v 3
Zr-iy-am-[y-a-߃- -Im-gvN-bpsS temI-\n¿an-Xn, ¢mkn-°¬, t^mIv]m-c-º-cyßfpw
Zriy-am-[y-a-]-c-X-bpw. \mS-I,-kn-\n-am-th-Zn-Ifpw tIc-fo-b-s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-hpw.
100
PmXn,- aX tImbva-Ifpw Zriy- m-hp-I-Xz-hpw˛kn\n-a-bpsS Zriy-ku-µ-cy-imkvXw,
sSe-hn-j≥]T-\-߃, t^mIv-˛-¢m-kn-°¬]m-c-º-cy-߃: P\-]n-b-kw-kvIm-c-
Øns‚ am[y-a-cq-]-߃.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
\oe-°p-bn-ens‚ XpS-°-߃ : cho-µ≥
hS-°≥]m-´p-Ifpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw : ]n.-F-kv.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥
kmln-Xyhpw sSe-hn-j≥kw-kvIm-chpw:
tIc-fob A\p-`-h-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp hnNmcw : jn_p apl-ΩZv
bqWn‰v 4
\h-am-[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-fn-X-∑- (identity)bpw˛`mj, N-cn-Xw, cm„o-bw, kmlnXyw
XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xafi-e-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-ta-J-e-Ifpw.- \ham-
[yaImeØv ChbpsS ]mT-cq-]-ßfpw ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fpw˛ sse_-dn-d-^-\≥kv
apX¬ ]pcm-tc-J-I-fpsS UnPn-‰¬h¬°-cWw hsc˛Ce-IvtSm-WnIv˛ \h-am-
[y-a-߃ hsc kwIm-c-ss]-Xr-I-ß-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S¬- -\n¿h-N-\w, km[q-
I-c-Ww.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmfw (aq∂ma[ymbw amXw) : kp\oX Sn.hn
he-bsam-gnbpw Ipdp-sam-gnbpw ]pXnb ]X-`m-jbpw : kpss_¿ ]n.]n
hmb-\-bpsS h¿Ø-am\w: Ce-IvtSm-Wn-Iv
am-[y-a-Im-esØ kmln-Xy-kw-kvImcw : jmPn tP°_v
klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃
tKmhn, sI.Fw., 1998, BZn-ap-ZWw mc-X-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw, Xriq¿: tIcf-
km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Zan.
\-µ-Ip-am¿, B¿., 2008, tIƒhn-io-e-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-imkvXw, tIc-f-]-T-\-
߃ -6.
\ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv, C.-Fw.-Fkv., 2006, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
]-Zo-]≥, ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v, 2012, GIPo-hn-Xm\-iz-c-Km\w, tImgn-t°m-Sv: eoUv
_pIvkv.
_m_p sNdn-bm≥, tP°_v sFkI.v, 2001, ⁄m\-\n-t£]w: ]mThpw ]T-
\hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ]`mXv _p°v lukv.
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F. tIkcn., 1989, tIkcnbpsS apJ-]-kw-K߃, tIm´bw:
Un.kn. _p-Ivkv.
`mkvI-c-\p-Æn, ]n., 2000, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tIcfw, Xriq¿: tIc-f-
km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Zan.
tat\m≥, hn.B¿., 1998, amXr- q-an-bpsS NcnXw, tImgnt°mSv: amXr- qan _pIvkv.
101
cho-µ≥, 2004, \oe-°p-bn-ens‚ XpS-°-߃, `mjmt]m-jnWn.
cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏≈n, 2001, ae-bm-f-]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cnXw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-F-kv.-, 2012, hS-°≥]m-´p-Ifpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw.
cm-a-Ir-jvW≥, C.hn., 2012, A®-Snbpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw- A£-c-ßsf B¿°mWv
t]Sn?, tIm-´-bw: Un.-kn. -_pIvkv.
iin, sI.hn. (F-Un.), 2012, ae-bm-f-N-e-®n-X-Km\w: Ima-\, ico-cw, tZiw,
tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.kn.Fkv.
jn_p apl-ΩZv, 2002, kmln-Xyhpw sSe-hn-j≥kw-kvIm-chpw: tIc-fob A\p-
`-h-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp hnNmcw,\ΩpsS kmln-Xyw \ΩpsS kaqlw, (FUn.)
Fw.-F≥.- hn-P-b≥, tIc-f-km-ln-XyA°m-Z-an.
kp\n¬ ]n.- C-f-bnSw, 2012, Imeta, \n\-°- n-\-µ\w! Dcn-bm´w, tIm´bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
kp\oX, Sn.hn., 2012, C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmfw, C˛-a-e-bm-fw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
kpss_¿, -hn.]n., 2012, ae-bm-f-hesam-gnbpw Ipdp-sam-gnbpw, Im°-\m-Sv, sIm®n:
tIc-f-]kv A°mZan.
tdm_n≥ P^n, 2010, C¥y≥]X-hn-π-hw, tIm´-bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
Croteau, David, R. and Hoynes, William, 2003, Media/Society: Industries, Images,
and Audiences, Sage Publications.
Devika, J., 2013, Engendering Individuals, Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.
Devika, J., 2013, Women Writing=Man reading?, Penguin Books.
Habermans, Jurgen, 1991, The structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an
inquiry into a category of Bourgeois Society (Studies in contemporary German
Social Thought), MIT Press.
Jeffrey, Robin, 2010, Media and Modernity: Communications, Women and the
State in India, Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.
Jonathan, Bignell, 2000, Postmodern Media Culture, Edinburgh University Press.
Lev, Manovich, 2001, The Language of New Media, MIT Press.
McLuhan, Marshall, 1994, Understanding Media: The Extension of man, The MIT
Press.
Meenakshi, Gigi Durham, Douglas M. Kellner, 2012, Media and cultural Studies:
Keywords, Wiley-Blackwell.
Ong, Walter, J., 2002, Orality and Literacy (New Accents), Routledge.
Sardar, Ziauddin, 1997, Postmodernism and the Other: New Imperialism of West-
ern Culture, Pluto Press.
Winston, Brian, 2005, Messages: Free Expression, Media and the west from
Gutenberg to Google, Routledge.
102
MU CHS E... Nn”-hn-⁄m-\obhpw
P\-Iob/P\-]nbkwkvIm--c-ßfpw
]Tt\mt±iyw
]pØ≥hn⁄m-\-]-≤-XnIsf∂ \ne-bn¬ LS-\m-hmZw, Nn”-hn-⁄m-\obw
F∂nhbpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-kz-cq-]hpw, NcnXhpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn, P\-Iob/
P\-]nb kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS KmV-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ Ch-bpsS Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw
coXn-im-kvXhpw D]-tbm-K-∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]Tn-Xm-°sf k÷-cm-°p-I-bmWv Cu
tImgv-kns‚ e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
`mj: Nn”-hy-h-ÿ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬˛LS-\m-hm-Zw-˛-Nn-”-hn-⁄m-\o-bw-˛-auen-I-
Xm-Xzn-I-]-cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ˛ `mjm-`n-apJyw: A¿Yw-˛-k-Xyw-˛-D-◊-˛-bm-Ym¿Yyw-˛-ku-
µ-cyw-Xp-S-ßnb KW-ß-fpsS \n¿an-Xn-bn¬ `mj-bpsS ÿm\w-˛-lpwt_mƒ´v, hn-
‰vP≥Ão≥, am¿Ivkv, sslU-K¿, skmkq¿, _m¿Øv, eIm≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
`mjm-hn-Nm-c߃-˛-`m-j-bpsS AXn-cp-I-fmWv temI-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ-˛-`m-
jbv°p shfn-bn¬ H∂p-an-√-˛-`mj: D◊-bpsS hmk--Kr-lw-˛-`mjbpw a\-pw˛`m-
jbpw At_m-[hpw: At_m[w mj-t]mse kpL-Sn-Xw, imkvXhpw mjbpw:
`mj, kaq-lw, ]Xy-b-im-kvXw, NcnXw F∂n-h-bm¬ \n_-≤-amWv imkvXw,
bmYm¿Yyw mjm-L-S-\-sb∂ kqN-I-irw-J-e-bpsS ]`m-hw-˛-t\m-´hpw hnjbn/
hnj-b-h¬°-c-Whpw˛cm-„o-b-A-t_m-[w˛ ZcnZ: LS-\m-hm-Z-Øns‚ hna¿i-
\w˛Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw kwkvIm-c-hn-a¿i-\-Øn-te-°v, `mc-
XobA¿Y-hn-⁄m-\w: Xmc-X-ayw˛km[y-X-Iƒ˛]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 2
P\-Io-b-kwkvImcw, P\-]n-bkwkvIm-cw˛Bƒ°q-´-kw-kvIm-cw˛k¶-ev]-\-
߃-˛-N-cn-Xw, ]m›m-XyhnNm-c-߃-˛-P\-Io-b-/-P-\-]nbkwkvImcw: a-e-bm-f-
kµ¿`w-˛tImf-\nB-[p-\n-I-X: kwkvImcw, Df-f-S-°w, kwth-Z-\w-˛-]p-tcm-Ka-\,-
I-ayq-Wn-Ãv,-tZ-io-b-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS CSw˛B-[p-\n-Iw-/B[p-\n-Im\¥cw: cm„o-
b-kw-kvIm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ˛ssk-_¿kmln-Xyw: tªm-Kp-Iƒ-˛-s^bvkv_p-°v˛am[y-
a-߃: A®-Sn, Zriy,Un-Pn-‰¬-˛-\-h-am-[y-a-߃-˛-kw-kvIm-c-irw-J-e˛--hn]-Wn˛-«o-
ew/-A-«o-e-k-¶¬∏-߃˛ico-cw-˛-h-kvX-߃-˛kvt]mSvkv˛-Nn-X-߃-˛-in¬∏-
߃-: a-eºpg b£n, a’y-I-\y-I˛bp Syq_.v
bqWn‰v 3
kn-\n-am-]-T-\w-˛kn\n-a-˛-Ne-®n-X-Km-\-߃˛--P-\-Io-bX,P\-]n-b-X˛ \oe-°p-bn¬,
sNΩo≥, kzbw-h-cw, bh-\n-I, hnt[-b≥, DZ-b-\m-Wp-Xmcw˛\hXe-apd-kn-
\naIfpsS Nn”-hni-I-e-\w˛ sSen-hn-j≥˛Zriy-]-c-X˛^m-j≥-˛-dn-bm-en‰n
tjmIƒ-˛-ko-cn-b-ep-Iƒ˛]-c-ky-߃-˛hn-i-I-e\w˛P\m-bØm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-ƒ:
103
ktΩ-f-\-߃, ]I-S-\-߃, apZmhIy߃˛D’-h-߃, aXw-˛-a-tX-Xc
BtLm-j-ßfpsS KmV-]-T\w-˛--˛-`£-Ww, th-jw, B`-cWw, N-a-b-߃: P\\w
˛ hn-hm-lw˛ acWw-˛tI-c-fo-b-am-Xr-I-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
P\-Iob/P\-]n-b- mj: ico-c- m-j- -kmln-Xy, a-X,- cm-„o-b,- kmw-kvIm-cn-I- ]I-
S-\-߃, ]`m-j-W-߃, kZ-p-Iƒ-˛-ka-c-߃˛]-c-ky-`m-j-˛-Nn-X-`m-j-˛-in¬∏-
`m-j-˛-Np-h¿NnXc߃-˛-D-’-h-߃-˛-B-tLm-j-߃-˛-]q-c-߃-˛-i-_-cn-a-e-
Xo¿YmS-\w-˛-B-‰p-Im¬s]m-¶m-e-˛-N-µ-\-°pSw˛Hm-Ww-˛-In-kvXp-a-kv-˛-]p-Xp-h¿jm-
tLm-j-߃˛D]-Nm-c-hm-°p-Iƒ-˛-sX-dn-hm-°p-Iƒ-˛-Zz-bm¿Y-]-tbm-K-߃˛
klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃
Babb, A. Lawrence and Susan.S.Wadley (ed), 1995, Media and the Transformation
of Religion in South Asia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bhattacharya, Tapan, 1997, The Illusive World of Virtual Reality, National Book
Trust.
Carlson, Marvin, 1998, Performance: A Critical Introduction, Routledge.
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Histories, Princeton University Press.
Culler, Jonathan, 2002, The Pursuit of signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction,
Cornel University Press.
David Hawkes, 1996, Idealogy, Routledge.
Denzin, Norman, K., 1995, The Cinematic Society: The Voyeur's Gaze, Sage Publi-
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Doyle McCarthy, 1996, Knowledge as Culture: The New Sociology of Knowledge,
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Fairclough, Norman, 2001, Language and Power, Longman.
Gay, Paul Du, 1997, Doing Cultural Studies : The Story of the Sony Walkman, Sage
Publications Ltd.
Gay, Paul Du (ed), 1998, Production of Culture/Cultures of Production, Sage Pub-
lications Ltd.
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Sanskrit College.
Gramsci, Antonio, 2012, Selections from Cultural Writings, Haymarket Books.
Hall, Stuart (ed), 1997, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying
Practices, Sage Publications Ltd.
Hall, Stuart and Gay, Paul du (ed), 1996, Questions of Cultural Identity, Sage Pub-
lications Ltd.
Hall, Stuart, 1996, Culture Media, Language, Routledge.
Henry, A. Geroux, et.al, 1996, Counternarratives: Cultural Studies and Critical
Pedagogies in Postmodern Spaces, Routledge.
104
Khun, Thomas, 1970, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago
Press.
Mackay, Hugh (ed), 1997, Consumption and Every day Life, Sage Publications.
Matilal, Bimal Krishna, 1991, The Word and the World: India's Contribution to the
Study of Language, OUP.
McChesney, Robert Waterman, 1998, The Global Media, Cassell.
Mclaren, Peter, 1997, Revolutionary Multiculturalism, Westview Press.
Mitchell, W.J.T. (ed), 1981, On Narrative, The University of Chicago Press.
Patnaik, Tandra, 1994, Sabda: A Study of Bhartrhari's Philosophy of Language, D.K.
Print World.
Raja, Kunjunni K., 1963, Indian Theories of Meaning, Adayar Library and Research
Centre.
Storey, John (ed), 1996, What is Cultural Studies: A Reader, Arnold.
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tions Ltd.
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Fontana.
Williams, Raymond, 1970, Communications, Penguin Books Ltd.
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tities Series 1-6), Sage Publications Ltd.
105
MU CHS E.. tIcfw: `£-Ww hkvXw
kwkvIm-c-]-cn-Wm-aw
]Tt\mt±iyw
`£-Whpw ]m¿∏nShpw t]mse a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-NcnXØn¬ A\n-hmcyLS-
I-amWv hkvXw. hkvX-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-eqsS tIc-f-Ønse P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚
A\p-kyq-Xnbpw Ne-\-\n-b-a-ßfpw a\-n-em-°p-I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚
Dt±iyw. tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w F∂v H‰-hm-°v.
bqWn‰v 1
tIcf`£Wss]XrIw: Ncn-X-]-c-amb sshhn[yw ˛ tZi-]-c-amb sshhn[yw
˛ h¿Ko-I-cWw: t]bw ˛ -t`mPyw ˛ ]® ˛ ]mIw sNbvXh ˛ ssZ\w-Zn\w ˛
hnti-jm-h-kcw ˛ ]mX¬ ˛ D® ˛ AØmgw ˛ CS-`-£Ww-- ˛]mN-I-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛
hnf-ºp-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Ign-∏p-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ `£-Whpw kmaq-ly-L-S-\bpw ˛ `£-W-
hpw PmXnbpw ˛ `£-Whpw aXhpw ˛ tlm´epIƒ ˛ Im‰-dnwKv sk‚-dp-Iƒ ˛
cpNnbpw cpNn-t_m-[hpw ˛ `£-W-Ønepw A\p-_-‘-L-S-\-bnepw D≠m-°p∂
am‰-߃ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb `£-W-io-e-߃.
bqWn‰v 2-
hkvX-X-˛-hn-h-kvX˛\·-X-˛-hn-h-kvXX (nakedness-nudeness)-hkvXw: \n¿h-
N-\w, Ncn-Xw,-[¿aw-˛-hkvXw: kwkvIm-cw-˛-\m-K-cn-I-X-˛-]-cn-jvIr-Xn˛kmwkvIm-
cn -I-bp -‡n-˛ -ico -chpw hkvXhpw: ico -c -Øns‚ cm„o-bw˛kn≤m-¥-
߃˛NcnXw: tKmXw, ]‰w, kaq-lw, PmXn-P∑n\mSp-hm-gnØw F∂o LS-\-
Ifn¬ ico-chpw hkvXhpw˛kaq-l-]-cn-W-Xnbpw hkvX-hpw-˛hkvXw: X-∑-˛-
Bflw-˛-hy-‡n-˛]/tZiw-˛-Pm-Xn-˛-a-Xw˛-tZ-iw-˛-tZ-io-b-X-˛-tZ-i-cm-„w-˛-hkvXw:
kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn˛tZi-cm-„-bp-‡n-˛-hkvXw Hcp hyh-lm-cw-˛h-kvX-L-S\: Ab-
™Xpw Cdp-In-b-Xpw, h¿Øp-fhpw Np‰n-s∏m-Xn-bp-∂-Xpw-.
PmXn-˛-P-∑n-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn-L-S\: hkvXw,i-co-cw, kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn-bpw˛-Ip-e-Nn-
”w˛hnhn-[-hn-`mKw P\-ß-fpsS hkvX-co-Xn-Iƒ-˛-A-[n-Im-c-ti-Wnbpw hkvX-
ß-fpw -˛ -Pm -Xn -h -kvXw -˛ -a -X -h -kvXw -˛ -hkvXhpw tImUpw: ]p -tcm -ln -
XhkvXw˛k\ym-kn-\n-am-cpsS hkvXw˛PmXn,-a-X-h-kvX-߃-˛-h-kvX-ß-fpsS
\ndw: Imhn, sh≈, a™-˛-k-\ym-kw-˛-euInIw˛tImf-\nB-[p-\n-IX/\thm-
∞m\w: tZio-b-]-ÿm-\-߃-˛-km-aq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-]-ÿm-\-߃˛aXw/atX-
X-cw˛hkvXw: hntam-N-\-Nn-”hpw Bbp-[hpw˛Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sSbpw Awt_-Zv°-
dpsSbpw thj-߃˛hntZ-i-h-kvX-_-ln-jvI-c-Whpw C¥y≥tZ-io-b-XbpsS
\n¿an-Xn-bpw˛hkvX-tI-µn-I-k-a-c-߃-˛-tZ-i-cm-„-]ucXzØn-te-°p≈ kwI-
aWw˛\ºq-Xn-cn-kvXoIƒ: tLmjbpw ad-°p-S-bpw˛Iogm-f-th-jw-˛-kvXo-]p-cp-
j-th-j-߃- amdp-a-d-bv°¬- -I-√p-am-e-]-t£m- -߃- -hnth-Im-\-µ≥, ]¬∏p,\m-
cm-b-W-Kp-cp- XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS thj߃˛A-ø-¶m-fnbpsS thjw: Xe-∏mhpw
tIm´pw˛C-h-bpsS Nn”-]-c-amb [¿a-߃.
106
bqWn‰v 3
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kµ¿`w˛\-thm-∞m-\m-\-¥cw: hkvXhpw ÿnXn-k-a-Xz-k-
¶¬∏-hpw-˛-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ ka-Xm-k-¶¬∏-߃-˛-h-kvX-hn-[m-\-ß-fnse
GI-Xbpw sshhn-[y-hpw-˛-h-kvX-Ønse enwK-]-Z-hn-t`-Z-߃˛hkvX-hn-]-Wn˛
bqtdm-tI-µn-X-h-kvX-L-S-\-bpsS hym]-\w- -\-h-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw hkvX-kwkvIm-
cØn-eq-sS˛kvXohn-tam-N-\-]-ÿm-\-ßfpw thj-k-¶¬∏-hpw-˛-_m -IØn°¬
]t£m-`w˛icocw: ad-bv°epw Xpd-°-epw-˛-hkvXw: Ae-¶m-c-kw-hn-[m-\w.
bqWn‰v 4
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥cw: BtKm-f-Xbpw temI-hn-]-Wnbpw˛-temIw H‰ hn]-Wn-˛-H‰
cpNn˛hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-Øhpw GI-tem-I-hn-]-Wn-bpw-˛-^m-j≥ F∂ hyh-km-
bw˛hkvX-k-¶¬∏-]-cn-Wm-aw-˛-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS temIw-˛-_nw-_m-fl-I-\m-K-cn-I-X-
˛-ssk_¿ap-X-em-fn-Øw-˛-Du-l-ap-X-em-fn-Øw˛tkm-^vt‰z¿kw-kvIr-Xn-˛\h-am-[y-
a-߃˛]-c-ky-߃: khn-ti-j-hy-h-lm-cw-˛-ssew-Kn-I-hn-]-Wnbpw hkvX-k-
¶¬∏-ß-fpw-˛-am-[y-ao-Ir-X-tem-Iw˛- Sex and City -kn-\nabpsS˛Zr-iy-kw-kvIr-Xn-
bpsS AXn-I-a-߃-: ico-chpw hkvX-hpw˛X-∑m-\n¿an-Xn-Iƒ˛i-co-c-Øns‚
hkvXp-h¬°-cWw˛hy-‡n-bpsS UnPn-‰-eo-I-c-Ww.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
Akass, Kim & Janet McCabe (ed), 2004, Reading Sex and the City, I.B. Tauris.
Bushnell, Candace, 1997, Sex and the City, Grand Central Publishing.
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Americas, Sussex Academic Press.
Edwards, Louise (ed), 2004, Women's Suffrage in Asia: Gender, Nationalism and
Democracy, Routledge.
Kingsolver, Barbara, 2007, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, Harper
Perennial.
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1964, The Raw and the Cooked (Mythologiques) (Tr.1969),
University of Chicago Press.
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1979, From Honey to Ashes, (Tr. 1973), Octagon Books.
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1968, The Origin of Table Manners (Tr. 1978), University of Chi-
cago Press.
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1971, The Naked Man, (Tr. 1981), Mina Roce, University of
Chicago Press.
Nestle, Marion, 2002, Food Politics - How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition
and Health, University of California Press.
Patel, Raj, 2007, Stuffed And Starved: Markets, Power And The Hidden Battle For
The World Food System, Melville House.
Peter, Singer, 2007, The Ethics of What We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter,
Rodale Books.
107
Pollan, Michael, 2006, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals,
Large Print Press.
Pollan, Michael, 2008, Food Rules: An Eater's Manual, Penguin Books.
Pollan, Michael, 2002, The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World, Ran-
dom House.
Safran Foer, Jonathan, 2010, Eating Animals, Back Bay Books.
Schlosser, Eric, 2001, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal,
Mariner Books.
Shiva, Vandana, 2005, Earth Democracy: Justice, Sustainability, And Peace, South
End Press.
108
MU CHS E... ¢mkn°¬ cwK-I-e
]T-t\mt±iyw
Hcp ]tZ-isØ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ D]m-Zm-\-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-amb H∂mWv B tZi-Øns‚ ss]XrI cwK-I-
e-Iƒ. Kmao-Whpw ¢mkn°epamb c≠p-Xcw cwK-I-em-]-cm-ºcyw ]c-kv]cw
BZm-\-]-Zm-\-ß-fn-eqsS hnI-kn® NcnXw ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ At\z-jn-°pI
F∂-XmWv Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ ]mY-an-I-amb e£yw. t£X-I-e-I-fmbn Adnb-
s∏-´p-h-cp∂ ¢mkn°¬ -I-e-I-fpsS Hcp al-\ob ]mc-º-cyw tIc-fob cwK-
th-Zn-°p-≠v. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ IqSn-bm-´w, IY-Ifn XpS-ßnb cwK-I-e-
Iƒ temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS `mK-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-ap-≠v. ][m-\-s∏´
¢mkn°¬ cwKI-e-I-fpsS DZv`-hw, Ncn-Xw, ]mc-kv]-cyw, emh-Wy-Z¿i-\w, ka-
Im-en-Im-hÿ XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. skan-tbm-´n-Ivkv, t]mÃv
tamtU-Wn-kw, s^an-\nkw XpS-ßnb ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Ie-I-
fpsS kwkvIm-c-]-T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-Nbw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v e`y-am-
°p-Ibpw thWw. Cu Iem-cq-]-ß-fpsS XmØzn-I-amb ]T\w t]mse Xs∂
][m-\-amWv B Iem-cq-]-߃ t\cn-´p-I≠v ]Tn-®p-≠m-°p∂ Adn-hv. Iem-cq-
]-߃ t\cn´v I≠-dn-bp-I, AXp t\sc sNmt∆ Bkz-Zn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w
B¿Pn-°pI, XpS-ßn-bhbpw Cu tImgvkv hn`mh\w sNøp∂p. \mev bqWn-
‰p-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv Cu ]T\w
bqWn‰v 1
tIc-fo-b-cw-K-Iem kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS A¥¿[m-c-Iƒ
hwiob cwK-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw Kmao-W-cw-K-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw \c-hw-i-im-kvX-]-c-
amb kao]\w ˛ tIc-fob NnX-˛-in-ev]-˛-kw-Ko-X-˛-ta-f-˛-\r-Ø-˛-B-tbm-[-\-˛-]m´p
Iem-]m-c-º-cy-߃ cwK-I-e-I-fn¬ ˛ cwK-I-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-
fn¬ hnti-jn®pw Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw In´p∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ, \mSy-im-
kvXhpw sXmev°m-∏n-bhpw, tIc-fob \mSy-im-kvX-K-Ÿ-߃ ˛ tZin-˛-am¿Kn
]mc-º-cy-߃: Ah-bpsS ani-W-Øn¬ sXfn-bp∂ Iem-Z¿i\w ˛ `c-X-ap-\n-
bpsS \mSy-im-kvXhpw tIc-fo-b¢mkn°¬-cw-K-I-e-Ifpw: \mSy-im-kvX-hn-[n-
Isf D√w-Ln-°p∂ hnImkw. \n¿h-lWw ]I¿∂m-´w t]mep≈ tIc-f-Øns‚
X\-Xmb BJym\ (B-hn-jvIm-c) hgn-Iƒ. ˛ \mSy-im-kvXhpw IqØ-º-e-
ßfpw; Kmao-W-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw t£X-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-X-c-W-Øn\p≈
CSsØ kw_-‘n® ]gb k¶-ev]-ßfpw AXn¬ h∂ am‰-ß-fpw. ˛ cwK-I-e-
I-fnse AWn-b-e-ß-fpsS tIc-fob ]mc-º-cyhpw \n¿Ωm-Whpw; apJ-sØ-gp-
Øv, s]mbvapJw, CXc cwtKm-]-I-c-W-߃. ˛ hmbvsam-gn, hc-samgn ]mc-º-cy-
߃ cwK-I-e-I-fn¬ ˛ ]mc-º-cy- cw-K-I-e-Iƒ ]pXn-b- P-\-]nb cwK-I-e-Isf
A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ \h-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw B[p-\n-I-Im-esØ \n¿Ωn-
X-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw (invented tradition) Sqdn-k-Øn-s‚bpw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv
D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsSbpw IS-∂p-I-b-‰w : ]tbm-P-\-ßfpw ]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw ˛
bmYm-ÿn-Xn-IXzw, PmXn-_-≤-X, A\p-jvTm-\-]-cX F∂nhbn¬ \n∂p≈ cwK-
109
I-e-I-fpsS tamN\w ˛ ]m›m-Xy-\m-S-I-ß-fp-sSbpw ]mgvkn \mS-I-ß-fp-sSbpw
a‰pw kzm[o-\X ¢mkn°¬ -cw-K-I-e-I-fn¬ ˛ tIc-fob ¢mkn°¬cw-K-I-e-I-
fpsS kzm[o-\X kn\na XpS-ßnb CX-c-I-e-I-fn¬
bqWn‰v 2
¢mkn°¬ cwK-I-e-Iƒ
IqSn-bm´w : IqSn-bm´w F∂ Hcp kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Im-`n-\b kt¶Xw tIc-f-Øn¬
hnI-kn-°m-\n-S-bm-°nb kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-߃, NmIym¿-˛-\-ºym¿ kap-Zm-b-
ß-fpsS ss]Xr-I-I-e, C¥y-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ ]mNo-\-amb GI-kw-kvIr-
X-\m-S-I-th-Zn, am¿Knbpw tZin-bp-amb LS-I-߃, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-Øn¬ tZi-
`m-j-bpsS IS-∂p-I-b-‰w, Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-t]m-∂n- p≈ kwkvIrX \mS-I-߃, tIc-
fo-b-kw-kvIrX \mS-I-߃ IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬, B´-]-Imcw Ia-Zo-]nI \ºym-¥-
angv F∂nh ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ ]mNo-\-am-Xr-I-Iƒ, A\p-_-‘-I-e-I-fmb
\ßym¿Iq-Øv, NmIym¿Iq-Øv, ]mTIw apX-em-b-h, kvXoIƒ IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬,
IqØ-º-e-Øn\p ]pd-tØ°p h∂-t∏mƒ IqSn-bm-´-Øn-\p-≠mb hf¿®bpw
Xf¿®bpw, ÿm]-\-߃, ]ap-J-I-em-Im-c-≥am¿, temI-am-\-h-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS
alm-ss]-Xr-I-kvam-cIw, IqSn-bm´w bps\kvtIm ]Jym-]-\-Øn-\p-ti-jw.
IrjvW-\m´w : Ncn-Xw, kzcq-]w, C∂sØ Ahÿ. IY-Ifn : DXv]-Øn-hn-Im-
k-߃ ˛ cma-\m´w IY-Ifn Bbn ]cn-W-an® Ncn-Xw, AXns‚ kmaq-ly-km-
l-N-cy-߃, IY-I-fn-bnse NXp¿hn-[m-`n-\-b-ß-fn¬ tZinbpw am¿Kn-bp-amb
LS-I-߃, Xucy-Xn-I-Xzw, ]Zm¿∞m-`n-\-bw, IY-Ifn kwKoXw : ]cn-Wm-a-
߃, ¢mkn°¬ cwKIeIfpsS h¿Øam\w
bqWn‰v 3
CX-c-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ
Xp≈¬ : Hm´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂o aq∂p-Xcw Xp≈-ep-Iƒ BJym-\-
Ønepw Ah-X-c-W-Ønepw t`Z-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ßs\? \ºym-cpsS P\-Iob Iem-
Z¿i\w, tIc-fob kaqlw Xp≈-en¬. ˛ tamln-\n-bm´w : Ncn-X-hn-Imk ]cn-
Wm-a-߃, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-I-fn, H∏-\, am¿KwIfn, kvXoI-fp-tS-Xmb cwK-I-e-I-
fpsS ]mc-ºcyw. ˛ tXmev]m-h-°q-Øv, ]mh-°-Y-Ifn, XnS-ºp-\r-Øw ˛ Nhn-´p-
\m-S-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-S-Iw, ]m›m-Xy-kzm-[o-\-Øn¬ hnI-kn® ae-bmf \mSIw,
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-thZn
bqWn‰v 4
¢mkn°¬ cw-K-I-e-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-]mTw-: IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, tamln-\n-bm´w
XpS-ßnb cwK-I-e-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-°f-cn-Iƒ \S-Øm-\p≈ ]mtbm-KnI]cn-
io-e\w (practical).
]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ (For Non-detailed Study),
tIc-f-Ønse Imfotkh ˛ tNe\m´v ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥,
Imfn-\m-SIw,
110
ZqX-hmIyw KZyw ˛ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, k`m-]-thiw ]d-b≥Xp-≈¬
IY-I-fn-kz-cq]w ˛ as¶mºp inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈ & s]m^. kn.-sI. inh-cm-a-∏n≈
IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬ ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏njm-cSn
tZh-Zm-kn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xhpw ˛ ]n. tkma≥
ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS cmXn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
APn-XvIp-am¿, hn., 2006, ]mh-\m-S-Iw Ncn-Xhpw ]tbm-Khpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
AΩm-a≥ Xºp-cm≥, 1989, IqØpw IqSn-bm- -hpw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr- qan _pIvkv.
Ieym-Wn-°p-´n-A-Ω, Iem-a-fiew, taml-n\n-bm´w Ncn-Xhpw B´-]-Im-chpw,
Un.kn. _pIvk.v
IrjvW≥\m-b¿, Iem-a-fiew, tIm´-b-Øp-X-ºp-cms‚ B´-°-Y-Iƒ, cwK-
hymJy, sNß-∂q¿: sdbv≥t_m _pIvkv.
Kpcp-hm-bq¿, IrjvW-\m´w Ifn-hn-f-°v, amXr-`qan.
\ßym¿, Dj, 2000, A`n-t\Xn, t_mws_: tIfn.
\mb¿, Fkv.-sI. tUm., tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃, aZn-cmin k¿∆-I-
em-ime.
\mcm-b-W≥ \ºym¿, ]n.-sI., angm-hv, amWn-Kp-cp-Ipew.
\mcm-b-W≥ \ºym¿, ]n. -sI., ioIr-jvW-N-cnXw \ßym-c -Ω-°q-Øv,
sNdp-XpcpØn: tIc-f-I-em-a-fiew.
\mcm-b-W∏n-jm-c-Sn, sI.-]n., B›-cy-Nq-Um-aWn, Xriq¿: tIc-f-kw-Ko-X-\m-SI
A°m-Zan.
\mcm-b-W∏n-jm-c-Sn, sI.-]n., Btem-N-\m-arXw, sNdp-Xp-cpØn: tIcfIem-a-
fiew.
\mcm-b-W∏n-jm-c-Sn, sI.-]n., `c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-imkvXw, Xriq¿: tIc-f-
kmlnXyA°m-Zan.
]Zva-\m-`≥\m-b¿, Iem-a-fiew, sNm√n-bm´w hmeyw 1 & 2:, sNdp-Xp-cpØn:
tIcf-I-em-a-fiew.
]c-ta-iz-c-≥, Ghq¿, \ºymcpw Xp≈¬km-ln-Xy-hpw.
]utem-kv, sI.-Pn. tUm, IqSn-bm´w A`n-\-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw,
C‚¿\m-j-W¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿ IqSn-bm´w.
]utem-kv, sI.-Pn. tUm. (FUn), IqSn-bm-´-Øns‚ ]pXn-b-ap-Jw.
`m¿Kho\ne-bw, Zmkv, 1999, amWn-am-[-ho-bw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmwkvIm-cnI
]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip∏v.
a[p, am¿Kn, B´-Øns‚ hgnbS-bm-f-߃.
amWn-am-[-h-®m-Iym¿, \mSy-I-ev]-Zpaw, tIc-f-I-em-a-fiew.
tat\m≥, sI.-]n.-F-kv., IY-I-fn-cw-Kw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
cmP-tKm-]m¬, F¬.-F-kv., CuWhpw Xmfhpw, sNdp-Xp-cpØn: tIc-f-I-em-
afiew.
cm[m-Ir-jvW-°p-dp∏v, ]n., s]m^., IpØn-tbm-´w.
hmkp-tZ-h≥ Cf-b-Xv, ]n.-kn. s]m^., IrjvW-\m-´w, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw.
111
hniz-\m-Y≥\m-b¿, ]n. s\∑md, (hymJym), Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw: Cf-t¶m-A-Sn-Iƒ,
Xriq¿: tIc-f-km-lnXyA°mZan.
thWp-tKm-]m-e≥, ]n. tUm., B›-cy-Nq-Um-aWn (k-ºq¿Æ-amb B´-]-Im-
chpw IaZo-]n-I-bpw), Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: am¿Kn.
i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿, Fw.-]n., \mSy-a-fi]w, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈, ]n.-sI., Ip©≥\-ºym-cpsS Xp≈¬°-Y-Iƒ.
inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, ]n.-sI., 2014, t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
kXn, am¿Kn, 1999, iocm-a-N-cnXw \ßym¿IqØv, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
kpa-Xn-°p-´n, ]n.-sI. tUm., \ºym¿ Xan-gv, tIc-f-k¿∆-I-em-ime.
tkma≥, ]n., 2009, AΩ-ssZ-hhpw kwkvIm-chpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
Bharatha Iyer, Krishna, 1955, Kathakali: The Sacred Dance Drama of Malabar,
London: Luzac.
Gay Mc Auley, 2000, Space in Performance: Making Meaning in the Theatre,
MIchigan University Press.
Kanak Rele, 1992, Mohiniyattam: The Lyrical Dance, Mumbai, Nalanda Dance
Research Centre.
Narayana Panikker, Kavalam, 1991, Folk Lore of Kerala, New Delhi: National Book
Trust.
Rajagopalan, O.L.S, Kutiyattam Priliminaries and Reference,Chennai: Kuppuswami
Sastri Research Institute.
Rush Rehm, 2002, The Play of Space: Spatial Transformation in Greek Tragedy,
Princeton University Press.
Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1995, Sangeet Nataka Special Issue Kutiyattam No111-
114, New Delhi.
Stanton B. Garner, Ithaca, 1994, Bodied Spaces,Cornell University Press.
Venugopalan, P. Dr., Kutiyattam Register Book, Margi.
112
MU CHS E... C¥y≥ tZiobss]Xr-Iw
bqWn‰v 1
h¿Ø-am\ C¥ysb Adn-bpI ˛ P\X `q]-IrXn ˛`q-]-S-\n¿Æbw ˛ thjw ˛
`mj-˛-kw-kv-Imcw ˛ hnhn[ kwÿm-\-߃ ˛ hnkvXo¿Æw ˛ P\-kwJy ˛cm-
jvSob kaq-l-am-bp≈ \ne-\n¬∏n¬ tZiob ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ ]k-‡n.
bqWn‰v 2
C¥y≥ ss]XrIw; ]mNo\ NcnX ss]XrIw ˛`c-W-cm-jvSob ss]XrIw ˛
C¥y≥ kzmX¥y kac NcnX ss]XrIw ˛ C¥y≥ \thm-∞m-\-ss]-XrIw
˛ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bpw aqey hyh-ÿbpw ˛ C-¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-
I-sØ-∏‰n _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥, -Km-‘n-Pn, -P-hl¿em¬ s\lvdp, tUm. Fkv.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS ho£-W-߃ ˛tZ-iob cmjvSob I£n-Iƒ
˛ ]mtZ-inI cmjvSob I£n-Iƒ C-¥y≥ s^U-d-enkw ]m-tZ-inI ss]XrI
kmIeyw.
bqWn‰v 3
C¥y≥ aX ˛ Zm¿i-\nI ss]Xr-Iw ˛ sshZnI ss]XrIw ˛kq^n ss]XrIw,˛
Xm¥nI ss]XrIw ˛ C¥y≥ kwKoX ˛ Ie ˛ km-ln-Xy-ss]-Xr-Iw. C≥tUm-
f-Pnbpw ss]Xr-Ihpw B[p-\nI tZiob ss]Xr-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]Xo-
I-߃, kvam-c-I-߃ NS-ßp-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
C¥y≥ ss]XrIw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw km[y-XIfpw ˛]-mtZ-in-I-hmZw ˛`mjm
auen-I-hmZw ˛aX auen-I-hmZw ˛ h¿§o-bX ˛Xo-h-hm-Zhpw `oI-c-hm-Zhpw ˛
hwio-bX ˛ ]p-\-cp-∞m-\-hmZw ˛ kmw-kvIm-cnI GIo-I-c-Whpw kmwkvIm-
cnI _lpXzhpw ˛ Iq-´p-I£n `c-Ww.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
B\µv, 2000, th´-°m-c\pw, hn-cp-∂p-Im-c\pw, tIm-´bw: Un.-kn. -_pIvkv.
Zm-tam-Z-c≥, sI., 1973, `m-c-Xob XXz-Nn¥, Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn‰yq´v.
]-Wn-°¿, sI.-F≥., 2002, kw-kvIm-chpw tZio-b-X-bpw, Xr-iq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
iin-, X-cq¿, 2008, ]pXp-bpKw ]pXp C¥y, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. -_pIvkv.
Akbar, M.J., 2005, Nehru: The making of India, New Delhi: Lotus collection of roli
books.
Lal, Basanth Kumar, 1978, Contemporary Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal
Banarasidass.
113
Majumdar, Bimanbehari, 1967, History of Indian Social and Political Ideas: From
Rammohan to Dayananda, Calcutta: Bookland Private Ltd.
Mane, Suresh, 2010, The Man Who Codified Indian Independence,
Thiruvananthapuram: Bahujan Vartha.
Sarma, D.S., 1962, Hinduism through the ages, Bombay: Bharatheeya Vidya Bhavan.
Spivak, Gayathri Chakravarty, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics, London:
Routledge, 2008.
114
MU CHS E... enwK-]-Z-hnbpw tIc-f-k-aq-lhpw
bqWn‰v 1enwK-]-Z-hn-kn-≤m-¥-߃ ˛ s^an-\nkw aq∂p [mc-Iƒ ˛ ][m-\-Nn-¥m-]-≤-Xn-
Iƒ ˛ am¿Ivkn-Ãv, tkmjy-en-Ãv, dmUn-°¬, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-kvXo-hmZw apX-
em-b-h-˛-enw-K-]-Z-hn-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw ˛ enwKw ˛ enwK-]-Zhn kwhm-Z-߃ ˛
sXmÆq-dp-I-fnse am‰w ˛ PpUnØv _Sve-dpsS Nn¥-Iƒ ˛ Ch-bpsS h¿Ø-am-
\-Imew. kaq-l-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-߃ ˛ IpSpw_w ˛ aXw ˛
t]meokv ˛ hnZym-ebw ˛ Ch-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ enwK-]-Zhn ˛ A[n-Im-chpw
enwKhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w.
bqWn‰v 2
tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw ˛ ]mNo-\-Imew ˛ a[y-Imew ˛ B[p-\n-I-
Imew ˛ tIc-f-N-cn-X-߃ ˛ PmXn ˛ kaqlw ˛ NcnXw ˛ ssk≤m-¥n-I-hn-i-Zo-
I-c-W-߃ ˛ tIc-f-Ønse PmXn ˛ h¿Kw ˛ enwK-L-S-\-Iƒ Ncn-X-Øn¬ ˛
]mNo-\-Im-esØ tIc-f-k-aq-lhpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ tKmX-L-S-\-bnse kvXo
]pcpj PohnXw ˛ kwLw IrXn-I-fnse enwK-]-Zhn ˛ enwK-]-c-amb [¿a-ß-
fpsS km[yX ˛ kvXo ]pcpj hyXym-k-Øns‚ am\-Z-fi-߃ ˛ IpSpw_w ˛
hnZym-ebw ˛ kaqlw ˛ aXw ˛ PmXn ˛ cmPm-[n-Imcw XpS-ßn-b-hbpw enwK-]-Z-
hn-bpw. IpSpw-_-Ønse hwim-h-en-Iƒ ˛ tiWn-_-‘-߃ ˛ Ah-bnse enwK-
]-Z-hn. a[y-Im-e-tI-cfw: enwK-]-Zhn ˛ ^yqU-en-k-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ PmXn-bpsS
hyh-ÿm-]\w ˛ enwK-]-Zhn Ch XΩn-ep≈ hn\n-a-b-߃ ˛ PmXn-bnse enwK-
]-Zhn ˛ acp-a-°-Øm-bhpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ Xd-hm-Sns‚ ÿe-]-cX ˛ hmkvXp-
hnZy ˛ enwK-]-Zhn ˛ t£Xhpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ acp-a-°-Øm-bhpw ssewKn-I-
Xbpw ˛ ssewKn-I-Xbpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ AssI-kvX-h-cpsS IpSpw-_hpw
enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ ASp-°-f-sb∂ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw. cm„obw ˛
BNm-c-ßfpw enwK-]-Z-hn-bpw.
bqWn‰v 3
acp-a-°-Ømb ssewKn-IX B[p-\nI IpSpw_w ]n-Xmhv amXmhv (`¿Ømhv,
`mcy) F∂o .....-߃ ˛ AWp-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse enwK-]-Zhn _‘-߃ ˛ B[p-
\n-I-hoSpw enwK-]-Z-hn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ÿe-]-c-Xbpw ˛ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ˛
aXhpw enwKhpw tIcf \thm-∞m-\-Ønse enwK-]-Zhn hn\n-a-b-߃ \thm-
∞m\ \mb-Icpw \mbn-I-amcpw ˛ \mcm-b-W-Kpcp AS-°-ap-≈-h-cpsS ]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fnse kvXokm-∂n[yw ˛ hnZym-e-b-߃ ˛ enwK-_-‘-߃. s]mXp CS-
ßfpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ \K-cw, hgn, Nn¥, _kv tÃm∏v, k¿°m¿ kzIm-cy-
ÿm-]-\-ß-fnse kvXo˛-]p-cpj _‘-߃ ˛ Ip´n-Ifpw enwK-]-Z-hn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-
X-amb hf¿Ø¬ coXn-Ifpw ˛ Ifn-∏m-´-ß-fnse enwK-]-Zhn ˛ kvIqfnse hyh-
lm-c-ßfpw enwK-cm-„o-bhpw ˛ Bip-]-Xn-I-fnse sshZy-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw
kvXoI-fpw.
115
bqWn‰v 4
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-IX ˛ tZio-b-hmZw ˛ I¿j-I-]-ÿm\w ˛ cm„o-b-
]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS kvXo kwL-S\Iƒ ˛ kzX¥ kvXo kwL-S-\-Iƒ ˛
Sm≥kvP≥U-dp -Iƒ ˛ kzh¿K-hn -hm-lw. B[p-\n -I-km-t¶-Xn -I-Xbpw
kvXoIfpw ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ hm¿Ø-I-fnse kvXo]p-cp-j-]-Z-
hn-t`-Z-߃ ˛ kmln-Xyhpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛ kn\n-a-bnse enwKw, ssewKn-I-X,
enwK-]-Z-hn, enwK-]-Z-hnbpw tIc-f-hpw. enwK-]-Zhn tIµn-X-k-Zm-Nm-c-]-cX enwK-
k-a-Xbpw tIc-fhpw ˛ BWn\pw s]Æn\pw kzX-¥-ambn Pohn-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw hoSn-s‚bpw amXrI ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ˛
BtKm-f-X-bpsS ]cn-kcw B[p-\nI/B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmt¶-Xn-I-im-kvXhpw
˛ Zriy, imhy \h-am-[y-a-ß-fpw.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
B\µn, Sn.sI., ho´Ω: Hcp kvXo hnNmcw, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv.
Cµnc, sI.B¿., kvssXWImakqXw, tIm´bw: Un.kn _pIvk.v
Dam NI-h¿Øn, PmXnsb enwK-h¬°-cn-°p-tºmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv: amXr-`q-an
_pIvkv.
GwK¬k,v s^U-dnIv, 1980, IpSpw_w kzIm-cykzØv `c-W-IpSw F∂n-h-bpsS
DZv`hw, t]mKkv ]ªn-tjgvkv.
KoX, kvXohm-Z-Øns‚ tIc-fob]cn-kcw, tImgnt°mSv: ssaXn _pIvkv.
KoX, kvXohntamN\sa∂m¬ a\pjy hntamN\w, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥
]ªntjgvkv
N-µnI, kn.-F-kv., tIc-f-Ønse kvXoap-t∂-‰-ßfpsS NcnXw.
P-bio, G.-sI.-, tIcfw ssewKn-IX enwK-\oXn.
Pm-\-In, sI.- tKm-]n-\mYv (hnh.), kvXohmZkuµ-cy-imkvXw, Xr-iq¿:
_p°vthw.
tZhnI, sP., kvXohmZw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvk.v
tZhnI, sP., Ipe-kvXobpw N¥-s∏Æpw D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?, Xncph\¥]pcw:
kn.Un.Fkv.
tZhnI, sP., BWcip\m´nse ImgvNIƒ (FUn), hna¨kv Cw]n‚.v
tZhnI, sP., 2013, ]ucn-bpsS t\m´-߃, tImgn-t°m-Sv: Henhv ]ªn-tjgvkv.
cma-Ir-jvW≥, F.sI., th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥, sI.-Fw., 1989, kvXohn-tam-N\w
NcnXw kn≤m¥w kao-]\w, ]ø-∂q¿, \b\ _pIvkv.
tcjva `cZzmPv (FUn.), anYyIƒ°∏pdw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
hµ\inh, BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw kvXo ]IrXn.
k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, sI. (FUn.), 1999, kvXo]T-\-߃, t_m[n ]ªn-jnwKv lukv.
kPnX, sI.B¿., 2012, Zfn-X-a-£-c-kw-bp‡w, Xncph\¥]pcw: ]cn[n.
kc-kz-Xn-bΩ, sI., 1958, ]pcpj∑mcn-√mØ temIw.
kmdm tPmk^v, `K-hZvKoX-bpsS ASp-°-f-bn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ thhn-°p-∂Xv,
tImgnt°mSv: sk°pe¿ _pIvkv.
116
kqkn Xmcp, k-RvPo-hv, Fkv. (FUn.), Iogmf ]T-\-߃, tIm´bw: Un.kn
_pIvkv.
kwL-SnX ZfnXvkvXo]Xn∏v, 2012, tImgn-t°mSv, At\zjn.
‰nkn adnbw tXmakv (FUn), s]Ænc, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
Beauvoir, Simone de, 1983, The second Sex, Penguin Books.
Belsey Catherine and Jane Moore (ed), 1997, The Feminist Reader: Essays in
Gender and the politics of literary criticism, Palgrave Macmillan.
Butler, Judith, 2006, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,
Routledge.
Chandra Talpade, Mohanty, 2003,ëUnder Western Eyesí (Book : Feminism without
Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity), Duke University Press.
Cixous Helene, 2001, The Laugh of the Medusa.
Dileep Raj (Co-ordinator), RE-vision, Calicut University, Home Page.
Foucault Michel, Hurley Robert, 1990, The History of Sexuality, Vol:1, An Introduction,
Vintage.
James, Joy, T., Denean Sharpley -Whiting, (Eds), 2000, The Black Feminist Reader,
UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishers.
Jayawardena Kumari, 2009, Erasure of the Euro-Asian: Recovering Early
Radicalism and Feminism in south Asia: Women unlimited.
Jennifer Coates, Jones Beryl Madoc (Eds), 1995, Introduction to Women's Studies,
UK: Wiley Blackwell.
Kumar Radha, 1994, The History of Doing: The Womens Movement in India, Verso.
Millet, Kate, 2000, Sexual Politics, University of Illinois Press.
Sontag, Susan, 2001, Illness as metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors, Picador.
Wolf, Virginia, 2014, The Room of One's Own, The University of Adelaide.
117
MU CHS E... tIcfw: tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw
kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw
bqWn‰v 1
sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw˛\n¿hN-\-߃˛Bi-b-hy-hÿ˛coXn-]-≤-Xn˛ tImf-\o-I-
cW]Inb˛L´-߃˛]cn-WnX^e-߃˛tImf-\o-I-c-W-sØ-Ip-dn®v _n]≥
Nµ, B¿.-]n. ZØv XpS-ßnbhcpsS \nco-£W-߃˛C¥y _n´ojv B[n-]-
Xy-Øn¬˛cm„o-bhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb A[o-i-Xzw ˛
sImtfmWn-b-en-k-Øns‚ hym]\w.
bqWn‰v 2
tImf-\o-I-cW]Inb tIc-f-Øn¬˛bqtdm-]y≥ BK-a\w˛tImf\nB[p-\n-
IX˛kmaqlykmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-Iƒ; ]m›mXy/Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚
Bcw-`w, Cw•ojvhnZym-`ymkw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ ˛ Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\-
߃˛anj-\-dn-am¿˛F¬.-Fw.-F-kv, kn.-Fw.-Fkv, km¬th-j≥ B¿an˛hnZym-
`ymk ÿm]-\-߃˛Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ˛aX]Nm-cW ]h¿Ø-\-߃˛]cn-
WnX^e-߃˛Cw•ojvhnZym-`ymkw ae-_m-dn¬ ˛ _mk¬ Chm-©-en-°¬
anj≥]h¿Ø-\-߃˛hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-߃˛]cn-h¿Ø-\w.
bqWn‰v 3
\thm-∞m\ Bi-b-߃˛kmap-Zmb]cn-jvI-cW]ÿm-\-߃˛aX˛PmXnhncp-
≤-]-h¿Ø-\-߃˛ Iq\≥ IpcnipIem]w˛Nm∂m¿ el-f˛hy‡n-Ifpw ]ÿm-
\-ßfpw˛sshIp-WvT¿˛io\mcm-bW Kpcp N´ºn kzman-Iƒ˛ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-
∏≥˛Aø-¶mfn˛s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥˛ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥˛h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿
auehn˛B\-µ-Xo¿Y≥; ÿm]-\-߃˛ka-Xz-k-am-Pw, Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n, km[p-
P\ ]cn-]m-e\kwLw, F≥.Fkv.Fkv, \ºq-Xncn tbmK-t£ak`˛hn.-Sn.`´-Xn-
cn-∏mSv˛a‡n-X-߃, ]X-߃,
bqWn‰v 4
tZiob]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w˛ae-bm-fn-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬, Cug-h-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬,
\nh¿Ø-\-]-t£m-`w˛ssh°w˛Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-K-l-߃˛Km‘nPn tIc-f-
Øn¬˛t£X]th-i\hnfw-_cw˛sF-Iy-tI-c-f-]-ÿm\w˛Iayq-WnÃv]ÿm-
\-߃˛A®-Sn, B[p-\n-I-X-˛-bp-‡n-hm-Z-]-ÿm-\w˛\h-km-aqly]ÿm-\-߃.
118
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
C.Fw.-Fkv, 1986, C¥y≥ kzmX¥y ka-c-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-
t°-j≥kv.
C.-Fw.-Fkv, tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-
t°-j≥kv,
Ip -dp∏ v , sI. -sI. -F≥., 1982 , B[p -\nI tIcfw, Xncp -h -\ -¥-]pcw:
tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
KtWjv, sI.-F≥., 1994, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-kn-≤o-I-
c-W-h-Ip∏v.
tKm]meIrjvW≥, ]n. sI., 1995, tIcf-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnINcn-Xw, Xn-cp-h-
¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
ZØv, B¿.]n., 2008, C¥ym-SptU, \yqU¬ln: ]o∏nƒkv ]ªn-jnwKvIº-\n.
Zmtam-Z-c≥, sI, 1988, tIcfNcn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ]`mXv _p°v lukv.
\mKw Aø, hn., 1901, Zn Smh≥Iq¿ tÉv am\z¬, hmeyw ˛1-˛4, tIcf Kk-
‰ntbgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., 2010, io\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, tIm´-bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
`mkvI-c-\pÆn. ]n, 1988, ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-fw, Xr»q¿: tIcf
kmlnXyA°m-Z-an.
cLp.sP., 2008, tZicm„hpw lnµp sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-hpw, tIm´bw: k_vPIvSv
emwtKzPv ]v.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 2014, tIcf Ncn-Xw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
ioIp-am¿, Sn.-Sn, 2001, Ncn-Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kmap-h¬ s\√n-ap-Iƒ, 2003, tIc-f-Ønse kmaqly]cn-h¿Ø\w, tIm´bw:
sI.-F-kv. _pIvkv.
Bipin Chandra, Essays on Colonialism, Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.
Harald Fischer Tine and Michael Mann (ed), 2004, Colonialism as Civilizing Mission,
London: Anthem South Asian Studies.
Menon, P.K.K. (Ed), History of Freedom Movement in Kerala Vol.I, II.
Panikkar, K.N., 2014, History as a life of Struggle, New Delhi: Three Essays Collective.
Panikkar, K.N., 2007, Colonialism Culture and Resistance, New York.
Padmanabha Menon, K.P., 1984, History of Kerala Vol. IV, New Delhi: Asian
Educational Services.
Ramachandran Nair, S., Social & Cultural History of Kerala.
Sreedhara Menon, A., A Survey of Kerala History, Kottayam: D.C Books.
119
MU CHS E... t^mIvtem¿
bqWn‰v 1
t^mIvtem¿ \n¿h-N-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw
t^mIvtemdns‚ \n¿h-N-\-߃, t^mIvtemdns‚ D¤hw ˛ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-
߃ ˛ t^mIvtemdns‚ ]T-\-ta-Je ˛ ]T-\-Øns‚ e£yw, t^mIvtem¿ ZØ-
Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw AXns‚ am‰hpw ˛ P\-Io-b-∏-g-am-]-T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v
t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øn-te°v kmaq-ly- -cm-„ob kml-N-cy-߃ \thm-∞m\w
˛ hyh-km-bo-I-cWw ˛ \K-co-I-cWw ˛ t^mIvtem¿ F∂ ]Zw ˛ AXns‚
A¿∞-X-e-߃ ˛ Uªyp. sP. tXmwkv ˛ t^mIvtem¿ \n¿h-N-\-߃ ˛ acn-b.
C. eo®v ˛ Ae≥U‚-kv, Um≥ s_≥-˛-A-tam-kv, dn®m¿Uv t_mam≥ ˛
t^mIvtemdnse sFUn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ ˛ djy≥˛P¿a≥ \n¿h-N-\-
߃ ˛ \n¿h-N-\-߃°p≈ tIc-fob DZm-l-c-W-߃.
bqWn‰v 2
P\pv (ganre) F∂ k¶-ev]\w kmln-Xy-Ønepw t^mIvtemdnepw ˛
t^mIvtemdnse P\p-p-Iƒ hmsam-gn-h-g-°w, Iq´mbvam cwKm-hn-jvIm-cw, uXn-
I-kw-kvIm-cw, BNm-c-ßfpw hnizm-k-ßfpw ˛ Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw Ahm-¥-c-hn-
`m-K-߃. hmsam-gn-h-g-°-Ønse P\p-p-Iƒ ˛ \mtSm-Sn-°-Y, IYm-Km-\w,
\mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ, hoc-I-Ym-Km-\w, ]pcm-hr-Øw, sFXn-lyw, tXm‰w-]m-´v ˛ Ch
XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃, kmPm-Xy-߃ ˛ km¿h-eu-InI/tZiob P\p-p-
Iƒ ˛ tZin-bpsS kµ¿`w ˛ [¿aw. GsXms° P\p-p-Iƒ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-
Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p ˛ GsXms° IrXn-I-fn¬ hmsam-gn-h-g-
°-P-\p-p-I-fpsS kzm[o\w ImWmw.
bqWn‰v 3
CXc P\p-p-I-sfbpw ]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m-h-tØmsS ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I. \mtSm-
Sn-cw-Km-hn-jvXm-c-߃: A\p-jvTm-\w, \mtSm-Sn-\r-Øw, \mtSmSn \mSIw sXøw,
Xnd, apSn-tb-‰v, ]S-b-Wn, tImew Xp≈¬, IWym¿Ifn (A-\p-jvTm-\-cw-Km-hn-
jvIm-c-߃) -Im-°m-c»n \mS-Iw, -s]m-dm´p \mS-Iw, Ipd-Øn-bm-´w, tIm¬°fn,
H∏\ (A-\p-jvTm-t\-Xc cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-߃), ]Wn-b-\r-Øw, Iºf\rØw,
Ccpf \rØw, Bcy-Ωm-e-\m-SIw (B-Zn-hmkn cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-߃) ˛ \mS≥I-
fn-Iƒ ˛ B¨-˛-s]¨ ˛ hnhn[ ]mb-°m¿°p-≈h ˛ hnhn-[-Xcw \mep-sI-´p-
Iƒ, kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃, ]Wn-bm-bp-[-߃ ˛ ]e-Xcw BNm-c-߃ --˛
Chbvs°√mw kmln-Xy-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w.
bqWn‰v 4
hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v Fgp-Øn-te°pw Fgp-Øn¬ \n∂v hmsam-gn-bn-te-°pw. alm-
`m-c-Xw, cmam-b-Ww, ]©-X¥w IY-Iƒ. ]qXw: h≈p-h-\m-S≥ t^mIvtemdnepw
120
]qX-∏m-´nepw. t^mIvtemdpw kmln-Xy-hpw XΩnep≈ _‘w ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-
b-X-ew, coXn, Bkzm-Z-\-X-ew, Dt±-iyw, [¿Ωw, P\-Io-b-kz-`m-hw, ]mT-ssh-hn-
[y-ßfpw B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xyhpw t^mIvtemdpw ˛ s]cp-¥-®≥. hc-sam-gn-bn¬
\n∂v hmsam-gn-bn-te°v ˛ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb IrXn-Iƒ t^mIvtemdns\ kzm[o-
\n®v AXn-s\bpw am‰n-Øo¿°p-∂p. IrXn aqe-]m-T-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw AXn\v
kaq-l-Øn¬ ]e ]mT-߃ D≠m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]e tXm‰w-]m-´p-
I-fp-sSbpw Ahÿ CXm-Wv. (s]m-´≥ sXøw)
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ tNe-\m-´v, _meUvkv Hm^v t\m¿Øv ae-_m¿, aZmkv: aZmkv
bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n.
APp-\m-cm-b-W≥, tIc-f-Ønse _p≤-a-X-]m-c-ºcyw \m -dn-hp-I-fn-eq-sS, tIm´bw:
Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
A\n¬, sI.-Fw., t^mIvtem¿ kn≤m¥w P\pv cm„o-bw, tImgn-t°mSv: ]m∏n-
tbm¨.
A∏pÆn \ºym¿, Fw.-kn. (k-ºm.), hS-°≥]m-´p-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-
kn.Fkv.
Icn-∏-Øv, B¿.-kn., sXø-]-]-©w, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _pIvkv.
`‡-h-’e sdÕn, F≥. (F-Un.), t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w: kn≤m-¥-X-ew, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]pcw: t^mIvtem¿ skmssk-‰n Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ emwtKz-Pkv.
NpΩm¿ Nq≠¬, apSn-tb-‰v, Xriq¿: t^mIvtem¿ A°m-Z-an.
]km-Zv, Fkv.-B¿.-Un., If-cn-∏-b‰v hn⁄m-\-tIm-iw, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _pIvkv.
P\m¿±-\≥ ]pXp-t»-cn, \m´p-hm-Zy-ßfpw \mS≥I-e-I-fpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, sImøm¬, \ΩpsS \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ, IÆq¿: tIcf t^mIvtem¿
A°m-Z-an.
_me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, Nnd-°¬ Sn., Nnd-°¬ Sn. _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb-cpsS
sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXyA°m-Z-an.
`c-X≥, sI.-Fw., t^mIvtem¿ kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-K-hpw, ]ø-∂q¿: F^v.-F^v.-
Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
`m¿K-h≥ ]n≈, Pn., ae-_m-dnse ]mW-∏m-´p-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.
]oXmw-_-c≥, aq¿°-\m-Sv, Xnd-bm-´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cmL-h≥, ]ø-\m-Sv, t^mIvtem¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
cmL-h≥, ]ø-\m-Sv, t^mIvtem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw k¶-ev]-\-ßfpw, ]ø-∂q¿:
F^v.-F^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.-B¿., \m´p-\m-hv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.-B¿., Irjn-KoX ]cn-ÿnXn Adn-h-S-bm-f-߃, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`qan ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, kn.-B¿., \m´p-N-¥-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
hk-¥-Ip-am-cn, ]n., t^mIvtemdnse kvXo kzXz-\n¿an-Xn, ]ø-∂q¿: F^v.-
F^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
121
hnZym-km-K¿, sI., A\p-jvTm\w ]pcm-hrØw s]mcpƒ, ]ø-∂q¿: F^v.-F^v.-
Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
hnjvWp\ºq-Xn-cn, Fw.-hn., ]p≈p-h-∏m´pw \mKm-cm-[-\-bpw. tIm´bw: Fkv.-
]n.-kn.-F-kv.
hnjvWp\ºq-Xn-cn, Fw.-hn., t^mIvtem¿ \nL-≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
hnjvWp\ºq-Xn-cn, Fw.-hn., \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-bw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
iin-[-c≥ ¢mcn, tIc-fob Iem-\n-L-≠p, tImgn-t°mSv: Heohv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
kt¥m-jv, F®v.-sI., t^mIvtem¿ hgnbpw s]mcp-fpw, ]cn-bmcw: kwkvIrXn
]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
tkma≥ IS-eq¿, t^mIvtemdpw kmln-Xy-hpw, IÆq¿: B¬^m h¨ ]ªn-
t°-j≥kv.
tkma≥, ]n., t^mIvtem¿ kwkvIm-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v.
Clause, Peter J. Korom, Frank, J., Folkloristics and Indian Folklore, Uduppi:
R.R.C.M.G.M. College.
Dorson Richard, M. (Ed.), Folklore and Folklife An Introduction, Chicago: University
of Chicago Press.
Dundes Alan, The stuey of Folklore, Prentice Hall.
Handoo Jawaharlal, Current Trends in Folklore, Mysore: Institute of Kannada
Studies.
Propp, V.J., Morphology of Folklore, Austin: University of Texas Press.
122
MU CHS E... ]mNo\ en]n-]-cn-Nbw ˛ _m“n
bqWn‰v 1
Fgp-Øns‚ NcnXw ˛ Kplm-Nn-X-߃ ˛ NnX-en]n ˛ BWnFgpØv (Iyq-Wn-
t^mw) ˛ ssk‘h kwkvIm-c-Ønse A£-c-ap-Z-Iƒ ˛ ssN\okv en]n ˛
ska-‰nIv en]n-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 2
`mc-Xob en]n-N-cnXw DØ-c- -Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ en]n-Iƒ kmam-\y-[m-cW _m“n,
Jtcm-jvTn, \µn-\m-K-cn, tImse-gpØv apX-em-b-h.
bqWn‰v 3
_m“n-en]n D¤-hw, hnIm-kw, ]cn-Wm-aw, kmam-\y-Zm-cW ˛ Atim-I-im-k-\-
߃.
bqWn‰v 4
_m“n en]n Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-°m\pw D≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ _m“n-˛-a-e-bm-fw,
ae-bm-fw-˛-_m“n en]y-¥-c-Ww.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
Peo¬, sI.-F., 1989, en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈, hn.-B¿., inem-en-JnXhn⁄m-\o-bw.
]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈, hn.-B¿., en]nhn⁄m-\o-bw.
awK-ew, Fkv.-sP., 1997, ]mNo\`mc-Xoben]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bmfen]n-bpsS
hnIm-k-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
chn-h¿Ω, F¬.-F., ]mNo\tIcfen]n-Iƒ.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., 2011, ae-bm-f-en]nNcn-Xw, tIcfkwkvIm-c-]-T-
\߃, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kmw, F≥., 2010, tIc-f-Ønse ]mNo\en]namXr-I-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
kwÿm\ B¿ss°-hvkv.
Buhler, G., 1987, Indian Palaeography, Poona: Eastern Book House.
Burnell, A.C., 1968, Elements of South Indian Palaeography from the fourth to the
Seventeeth Centuary AD, New Delhi: Indological Book House.
David Diringer, 1996, The Alphabet: A key to the history of Mankind, New Delhi:
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Gaurishankar Hirachand, Ojha, Rai Bahadur, 2011, The Palaeography of India.
123
Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2003, Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest times to the
Sixth Century A.D., Harward University.
Mahalingam, T.V., 1967, Early South Indian Palaeography, Madras University, T.A.S.
Volumes, I, II & III.
Visalakshy, P., 2003, The Grantha Script, Thiruvananthapuram: DLA.
124
]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£-bpw
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ CX-c-`m-j-I-sfm-
gn-®p≈ GXp tImgvkn-s‚bpw A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
]co-£bpw aebmfØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
]_-‘w, t]mP-Œv, ^o¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw
ae-bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
]co£ hyhÿ
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-
ÿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Iao-I-cn®v \nc-¥-c- B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-bw \SØn,
tNmbvkv t_bvkvUv sIUn‰v B‚ v ska-ÿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-
Scp∂Xv.
aqey\n¿Wbw
B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%
a[yska-ÿ ]co£ 20%
ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%
B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw
]T-\-an-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-emWv.
XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\
]co-£m-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w. Hcp tImgvkvImem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn Hcp
hnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-
]-I¿ XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-≠-Xv.
lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v
a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v
Ass≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v
skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v
BsI - 40 am¿°v
lmP¿
lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-ÿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-
h-Zn-°p-∂-X-√.
125
Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.
lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\m´okv t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.
IrXy-amb saUn-°¬ k¿´n-^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ amXta ]co-£-sb-
gp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pI-bp-≈q. lmP¿ 65% Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v Hcp
Imc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A-\p-hmZw sImSp-°p∂X√.-
a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£
ska-ÿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ass≥sa‚ v
a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co-£bv°v apºmbn hnZym¿∞n Ipd-™Xv c≠v Ass≥sa-
‚pIsf¶nepw FgpXn ka¿∏n®ncn-°-Ww.
skan-\m¿
F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-
‘-amWv.
AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-
tim-[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.
hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿i
sNøp∂ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm,
]mŒn-°¬ F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.
tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\
Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ mK-߃ D≠m-
bn-cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-߃.
c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-߃.
aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-
\p-Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.
]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\m-bp-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn
\nP-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.
a[yska-ÿ ]co-£bv°v samØw kne-_kns‚ 50% ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-
bp≈XmWv tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-
°pw tNmZy-t]-∏¿.
ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw.
kne-_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
126
bp.-Pn.kn. \njvI¿jn-°p∂ ]Imcw tNmZym-henbpsS 50% ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈
A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI. IqSmsX, _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-hpw \n¿_-
‘-am-Wv.
]mŒn-°¬ hnj-b-ß-fpsS aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v 50-% -A-≤ym-]-I¿ ]pd-Øp-\n-
∂p-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.
t]mPŒv dnt∏m¿´v/]_‘w XpS-ßn-bh B`y-¥c˛-_m-ly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v
hnt[-b-am-°-pw.
`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw
aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-
ihW ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.
]mm-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬
Cu hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 ]Imcw
samØw am¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv.
k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-
ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.
tKUv \n›-bn-°¬
B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-
]-I-k-an-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[-Icpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Hmtcm
tImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn tKUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A,
B+, B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX tKUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ tKUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂p. XpS-¿∂p≈ aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-
‡-ambn IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-
b-Øn¬ Pbn® Ip´n-I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.
tKUv tKUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v
O 10 100 %
A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %
A 8 80 - 89.9 %
B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %
B 6 60 - 69.9 %
C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %
C 4 40 - 49.9 %
F 0 Less than 40
AB 0 Absent
127
tKUv t]mbn‚pw, sIUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw ]Imcw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.
Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ tKUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ ^eamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰v t]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ vsamØw t\Snb sIUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.
SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)
Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn tKUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw ]Im-camWv.
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iq´n In´p∂ ^esØ Bska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂^e-amWv SGPA.
SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi
Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.
Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ tKUv.
Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6
CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)
Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B
ska-Ã-dn¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp-hsc t\Snb samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS
FÆwsIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ^e-amWv CGPA.
CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi
Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA
Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw
Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point
(Credit x Grade)
Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32
Course 2 4 B+ 7 4 x 7 = 28
Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24
Course 4 4 C+ 5 4 x 5 = 20
Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16
20 120
Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4
Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20
SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0
128
CGPA 10, 9 -t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw,
9¬ Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp -∂-h¿°v
sk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.
]co-£m- e]Jym-]\w
]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-
£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. ew]kn-≤o-I-cn-®v, aq∂p ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-k-߃°p-
≈n¬ ]cm-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-
ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬
hnfn-®p-h-cpØn ]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw
ImWpw. XpS¿∂pw hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn
\¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨tSm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv
k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv
F√m ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/
tKUv Im¿Un¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnh-c-߃ c≠p-`m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw,
Cw•o-jn-epw) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.
s]mtam-j≥
B`y-¥c ]co-£bpw a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co-£-bpw FgpXm-Ø-h¿ tImgvkv
]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I-bn-√. Ahsc A¥y ]co£ Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-
°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-]-th-i\w t\S-Ww. ASpØ ska-
Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw, As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb tImgvkn¬
tNtc-≠n-hcpw.
e`n-°p∂ tKUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.
tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 50% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-b-ß-fpsS tKUv,
tKUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.
]p\x]-cn-tim-[\
DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-
cn®v Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ^ok-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨tSm-f¿°v
At]£ \¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-^ew A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ
F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ ]Jym-
]n-°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.
129
]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ
Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-߃ ]co£mIa-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.
1. A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xnbpw, ]co£m
kabhpw \n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ ian-°p-I.
2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm
`oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
3. ]co£m kq]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.
4. ]co£m kq]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-
I-sc-tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.
5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.
6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-
IvtSm-WnIv D]I-cW-߃ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬
sIm≠p-h-cn-I.
7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-
dpI, ssIam-dm≥ ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-
I, \n›nX ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ ]th-in®v tai-bnepw
Nph-cnepw Ccn-∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-
sN-øpI, Bƒam-dm´w, \n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-
bn-cn-°pI, ]co£ _ln-jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-
Øn-∏n\v hnLm-X-ap-≠m-hp-∂ as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]hrØn-Iƒ F∂nh
A®S°ewL-\-ambn IW-°m°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S°
kan-XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tIµ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-
cy-Øn¬, kºq¿W Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-
[p-hm-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-
°m\pw Ia-t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw
sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.
]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-I-fpsS XohXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p∂XmWv
1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂
km£y-]Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.
2. Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, tKUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.
3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw tKUpw Ipd-hp hcp-
ØpI.
4. Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ tKUv \¬Ip-I.
130
5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ tKUv \¬IpI.
6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.
7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.
8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØ
Xc-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.
9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw ]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime
hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ
1. ska-ÿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcm
hnj-b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-
Xm-\p≈ tbmKyX D≠m-hn-√. ]pXnb ska-ÿ ^ok-S®v ska-ÿ
Bh¿Øn-°ms\ C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v
75% lmP-dn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-
t°-≠n-hcpw.
2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 sIUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØ
ska-Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.
3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-
£-bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-
Zn°pw.
4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-
I-bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-
≠-Xp-≠v. B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞n
tN¿∂v ]Tn-°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v
]pXnb tImgvkv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.
5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v
hnt[-b-amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-
\mWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.
6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-
bm-°m-\mbn 8 ska-ÿ hsc amXsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn
A\p-h-Zn-°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-h-cp∂ Imc-W-ß-f-Sn-
ÿm-\-am°n Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-
s≠-¶n¬ Cu Cfhv A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.
7. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Z-anI D]-tZ-i-I-cp-sS \n¿t±-
i-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
131
8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 sIUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-߃ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-
h-Zn-°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃
amXta Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.
9. ]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃
\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]Tn-®n-cn-°-Ww. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 12 sIUn-‰p-
Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12)
sIUn‰v t\SWw. ]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 sIUn-‰p-hsc A\p-
h-Zn-°pw.
10. B`y-¥c/_mly ^e-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ^ew ]kn-≤o-I-
cn®v aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.
11. B`y-¥c e-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚
Xocp-am-\-apW-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
12. _mly^esØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚
Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS
Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-
fdpsS Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
13. ska-ÿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X- mdw
hnX-cWw sNøpw.
14. \n›nX hnj--b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]-≤n-Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ°p≈ A`n-]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.