Saneamiento de La Playa (Proyecto Terminado)

8/17/2019 Saneamiento de La Playa (Proyecto Terminado)

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REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL

“RAFAEL MARIA BARALT”

VICERECTORADO ACADÉMICO

PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

PROYECTO: INGENIERÍA DE GAS

CATEDRA: ECOLOGIA Y PROTECCIÓN AMBIENTAL

RECOLECCIÓN DE DESECHOS Y SANEAMIENTO DE LA PLAYA SAN BENITO

Bachilleres:

Fer!"e#$ L%&'

G(r)*($ C+r&',&(

Le-$ A"r.'

M/,&01($ 2(1&er

Pe($ Br("/

S%03(r!$ M&4%e0

V(0er/$ I'r(e0

Profesora:

C/,5($ M(r*( 2/'.

San Francisco, Enero de 2015


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ÍNDICE

INTRODUCCIÓN

1. EL PROBLEMA6

1.1. P0(,e(7&e,/ "e0 Pr/30e7(:1.2. D&(4-',&)/ "e 0( S&,%()&- A),%(0:1.3. O38e,&1/'61.3.1. O38e,&1/ Geer(061.3.2. O38e,&1/' e'9e)*&)/'62. MARCO TEORICO62.1. L( )/,(7&()&- "e0 (4%(2.2. Pr&)&9(0e' )/,(7&(,e' "e0 (4%(62.3. C(%'(' "e 0( C/,(7&()&- "e0 A4%(62.3.1. C/,(7&()&- &"%',r&(062.3.2. C/,(7&()&- (4r*)/0( / 4(("er(6

2.3.3. C/,(7&()&- "/7.',&)( / %r3((62.3.. C/,(7&()&- 7(r&(62.. C/'e)%e)&(' "e 0( )/,(7&()&- "e0 (4%(62.5. L/ ;%e "e3e7/' < / "e3e7/' +()er62.!. I79/r,()&( "e0 (4%(63. LA CONTAMINACION DEL LAGO DE MARACAIBO63.1. C/,(7&()&- "e0 0(4/ "e M(r()(&3/63.2. F%e,e' "e C/,(7&()&-63.3. Derr(7e' Pe,r/0er/'63.. A4%(' Re'&"%(0e'63..1. O9&&/e':

3.5. L( &)/)&e)&(63.5.1. O9&&/e'3.!. L/ ;%e / 1e7/'63.". B%')(r S/0%)&/e'63.#. C/'(' ;%e "e3e7/' '(3er6 RESULTADOS CONCLUSIONES RECOMENDACIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOS

In$rod%cci&n

E0 Pr/


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P0( 'e),/r S( M&4%e0$ P(rr/;%&( e0 B(8/$ M%&)&9&/ S(Fr()&')/$ E',("/ Z%0&(6

/ieo de e-ec%ci&n del Proec$o:

E0 0(9'/ "e ,&e79/ 9(r( 0( e8e)%)&- "e "&)+/ 9r/


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e'9e)&e' ()%!,&)(' )/7/ 9/r e8e790/: 9e')("/$ )(7(r-$ )(4re8($ e,re /,r(' 0(')%(0e' +( "&'7&%&"/ "r!',&)(7e,e e e',/' 50,&7/' (=/'6

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• 3 Cre(r )/)&e)&( 9(r( re)&)0(r 0/' "e'e)+/'$ 7e"&(,e e0 %'/ "e "e9-'&,/'

)0('&&)("/re'$ e,)6

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• " Pr/9&)&(r )(79(=(' "e ('e/$ re)&)0(8e$ re/re',()&- < "e)/r()&- 9(r( e0

7(,e&7&e,/ < e73e00e)&7&e,/ "e0 e,/r/ )/7/ 3('e "e %( 3%e( '(0%"6

2. *+(C) /E)(IC).

2.1. 'a con$ainaci&n del a%a

L(' 90(,(' < (&7(0e' ;%e 1&1e e 0/' /).(/'$ 0(4/' < r*/' /3,&ee ,/"/ e0 (&re< (0&7e,/ ;%e e)e'&,( "e0 (4%( ;%e 0/' r/"e(6 E0 (4%( / e' '-0/ %()/73&()&- "e /*4e/ e +&"r-4e/$ '&/ ,(73&. e0 e0e7e,/ e e0 )%(0 1&1e e9ere),/ e;%&0&3r&/ e,re '*$ '%' (&7(0e'$ 90(,(' < 3(),er&('6 T/"/ e',/ )re( %e)/'&',e7( e;%&0&3r("/6 S& e73(r4/$ '/7/' 0/' 'ere' +%7(/' ;%e "e3&0&,(7/' <"(=(7/' e'e e;%&0&3r&/6

(< ;%e )/79re"er$ ;%e ,/"/ 0/ ;%e 3/,(7/'$ "e'9er"&)&/' "e 0( )&%"("$"e'e)+/' &"%',r&(0e'$ (4%(' e4r('$ 1( ( 9(r(r e 0/' r*/'$ 7(re' < 0(4/'e'%)&!"/0/'6 A04%/' 9r/"%),/' ;%*7&)/'$ %'("/' e 4r( )(,&"(" e 0((4r&)%0,%r( < e 0( &"%',r&($ / 9%e"e 'er "&4er&"/' 9/r e0 (4%(6 T/"/' e',/'e0e7e,/' )/,(7&( e0 (4%(6

C/,(7&(r e0 (4%( '&4&&)( e1ee(r0($ 7(,(r0(? (4%(' 7(0/0&e,e'$ 7()+('"e 9e,r-0e/$ %3e' "e e'9%7('$ 9e)e' 7%er,/' ;%e 0/,( e 0( '%9er&)&e6 N/ e&',e+/< "*( % /).(/ e "/"e / +(


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'a E%$rofia6 S&4&&)( 3%e( (0&7e,()&-. E' % ,&9/ "e )/,(7&()&- "e3&"/ ( %e)e'/ "e '%',()&(' %,r&,&1(' ()%7%0("(' e e0 (4%(6 E',/ 9r/1/)( % ,r(',/r/"e0 e)/'&',e7( e 0/' 0(4/'$ e',(;%e'$ r*/' < 7(re'6 E' %( )/,(7&()&- ;%e9/"r*(7/' "e&&r )/7/ "e &"&4e',&-6

E e0 7(r 0( e%,r/&( /)%rre e 0( "e'e73/)("%r( "e (04%/' r*/' ;%e$ (0 (,r(1e'(r )&%"("e'$ #/(' (4r*)/0(' e &"%',r&(0e'$ re)/4e 4r("e' )(,&"("e' "e re'&"%/' "e,/"/ ,&9/$ e,re e00/' )/,e&"/' < )/79%e',/' "e -'/r/ < &,r-4e/6

E0 &,r-4e/ < e0 -'/r/ '/ e0e7e,/' &79/r,(,*'&7/' 9(r( 0(' %)&/e' 1&,(0e'"e 0(' (04('6 C/ ,(,( (3%"()&( "e %,r&e,e' 'e re9r/"%)e < 'e 7%0,&90&)( e/r7( "e'7e'%r("( e',(' (04('$ 0(' )%(0e'$ )/7/ '(3e7/'$ 9r/"%)e /*4e/6

L( 4r( )(,&"(" "e /*4e/ ;%e 'e 9r/"%)e )/ 0( /,/'*,e'&' (,r(e ( 0( #/( %e/r7e 57er/ "e 9e)e'$


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7/"&&)("/ "e 7/"/ ;%e / re5( 0(' )/"&)&/e' e)e'(r&(' 9(r( e0 %'/$ (0 ;%e 'e0e +%3&er( "e',&("/ e '% e',("/ (,%r(0”6

E0 (4%( ;%e 9r/)e"e "e r*/'$ 0(4/' < ;%e3r("(' e' /38e,/ "e %( 'e1er()/,(7&()&-$ 7%)+(' 1e)e' 9r/"%),/ "e 0(' (),&1&"("e' "e0 +/73re6

E0 (4%( e' % e0e7e,/ e'e)&(0 "e 0( (,%r(0e#($ )/,r&3%


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• L/' "e'e)+/' ;%e re;%&ere /*4e/: (04%/' "e'9er"&)&/' 9%e"e 'er

"e')/79%e',/' 9/r 3(),er&(' ;%e %'( /*4e/ 9(r( 3&/"e4r("(r0/'6 C%("/e&',e 4r("e' 9/30()&/e' "e e',(' 3(),er&(' 9%e"e 00e4(r ( (4/,(r e0/*4e/ "e0 (4%($ 7(,("/ ,/"( 0( 1&"( ()%!,&)(6

• L(' '%',()&(' ;%*7&)(' &/r4!&)(' )/7/ 0/' !)&"/' < 0/' )/79%e',/' "e

7e,(0e' ,-&)/' e1ee( e0 (4%(6

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• L( 7(


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L( )/,(7&()&- +*"r&)( 9er8%"&)( "e 0( 7&'7( 7(er( ( 9(*'e' 9/3re' )/7/ (r&)/'6 Per/ 0( e')('e# "e (4%( (e),(r! "e 7(er( )/'&"er("( ( 0(' )/7%&"("e'7!' 1%0er(30e6 De'"e I'9&rA),&/ ,r(3(8(7/' 9(r( ;%e 0/' +(3&,(,e' "e 0('9/30()&/e' 7!' "e'(1/re)&"(' ,e4( "ere)+/ (0 (4%( 9/,(30e6

E N*4er $ re4&- "e S(+e0$ 00e1(7/' ("e0(,e 9r/


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L/' ee),/' "e 0( )/,(7&()&- "e0 (4%( &)0%


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• )&err( 0( "%)+( 7&e,r(' ,e e8(3/e'

• 0(1( e0 (%,/7-1&0 )/ 3/,e' "e (4%(

• r&e4( 0(' 90(,(' ,(r"e e 0( /)+e

• )&err( 0( 00(1e 7&e,r(' e8(3/e' 0/' 90(,/'

• )%("/ +(&4( ,%3er*(' r/,(' (rr.40(0(' %r4e,e7e,e

• )%("/ 1(


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8so deor$io: e 0/' "e9/r,e' )/7/ 0( (,()&-$ ,(30( +((&(($ e';%*

()%!,&)/$ )(/,(8e$ e,)6

8so %nicial: e 0(' )&%"("e' 9(r( r&e4/ "e 9(r;%e' < 8(r"&e'6

C/7/ '(3e7/'$ e0 (4%( e' % 0*;%&"/ &)/0/r/$ &'*9&"/ e &/"/r/? e' "e)&r$ /,&ee )/0/r$ '(3/r & /0/r )%("/ 'e e)%e,r( e '% 7(


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3.2. F%en$es de Con$ainaci&n.

Se45 e0 MARNR @>$ 0(' %e,e' "e )/,(7&()&- "e0 L(4/ "e M(r()(&3/$("e7!' "e 0( '(0&&"(" )re)&e,e$ '/ 'e&':

• Re'&"%/' Pe,r/0er/': /)('&/("/' 9/r "err(7e' "e3&"/' ( (00(' e 0(',%3er*(' < e 0(' (),&1&"("e' "e e,r())&- < ,r('9/r,e "e )r%"/6

• Re'&"%/' Pe,r/;%*7&)/': 0/' )%(0e' 'e 4eer( e e0 !re( "e E0 T(30(#/$

7%)+/' "e e00/' "e ,&9/ e%,r/&)(,e' / "e ())&- ,-&)( < 9er'&',e,e$ )/7/e/0e'$ 7er)%r&/$ )/79%e',/' /'(,("/' < &,r/4e("/'6

• Re'&"%/' Or4!&)/' < Fer,&0(,e': ()(rre("/' 9/r 0/' r*/' < "re(8e'

90%1&(0e' "e 0(' !re(' (4r/9e)%(r&(' "e 0( re4&-6

• De')(r4(' T.r7&)(' "e R*/': )/7/ e0 P(r(4%()+- < e0 T!)+&r($ )%


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())&"e,e' )/ "err(7e' "e 9e,r-0e/ < %4(' "e 4(' (,%r(0 e 0(9'/ ,( )/r,/ "e,&e79/6

E 0( (),%(0&"(" +( ()/,e)&"/ 1(r&/' "err(7e' 9e,r/0er/' < ())&"e,e' e 0(e79re'( PDVSA e 7e/' "e 7e'$ e' 9/r e00/ ;%e e' e)e'(r&/ e &79/r,(,e

)//)er 0/' "(=/' ;%e e',/' "err(7e' /)('&/( / ,( '/0/ e 0(' !re(' "/"e/)%rr&er/ "&)+/' "err(7e' '&/ (0 90(e,( 3&e 'e( 9/r 7e"&/ "e 0/' 7(re'$ 0(4/'$r*/' / 9/r 7e"&/ "e 0( ,&err( 9(r( 9/"er "e,er7&(r )%!0e' 'er*( 0(' 9/'&30e''/0%)&/e' (0 9r/30e7( "e )/,(7&()&- 9/r 0/' "err(7e' "e 9e,r-0e/ < (04%/' "e'%' "er&1("/' < 0/' "&ere,e' ())&"e,e' ;%e 9%e"( /)%rr&r e 0(' 7(;%&(r&(' <'&',e7(' "e 0( e79re'(6

A"e7!' e' e)e'(r&/ re)(0)(r ;%e e0 9e,r-0e/ e',! /r7("/ 9/r 0( "e')/79/'&)&-"e /r4(&'7/' 7(r&/'6 L/' re',/' "e (&7(0e' 7&5')%0/' ;%e 1&1e e e0 7(r 'e7e#)0( )/ 0(' (re(' < 0&7/' ;%e )(e (0 /"/ e 0(' )%e)(' 7(r&(' ,r(;%&0('6E',/' "e9-'&,/'$ r&)/' e 7(,er&(0e' /r4!&)/'$ 'e )/1&er,e e r/)(' 4eer("/r('"e )r%"/$ (9(r,e "e )/,eer /*4e/$ &,r-4e/ < (#%re6

T/"/ e',/ 8%,/ 9r/1/)( 0( 7%er,e &7e"&(,( "e 7%)+/' (&7(0e' @9e)e'$ (1e'$e,)6 ("e7!' "e )/,(7&(r e0 (73&e,e


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O,r(' '%',()&(' ;%*7&)(' 9er7(e)e e 0( '%9er&)&e < /r7( 3%r3%8('0/,(,e' ;%e )%3re 0(' 90%7(' "e 0(' (1e' ;%e 'e #(73%00e$ 0/ )%(0 "e',r%6

P(r( &(0(r e',e (!0&'&' '/3re 0( )/,(7&()&- "e0 L(4/ "e M(r()(&3/$'e4%&"(7e,e 'e )&,( ,e,%(07e,e ( 'lorens ;1


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E 9r&7er 0%4(r 0( Pe,r/;%*7&)( @ Y )(3e#( ( )(3e#( 0(' )/79(=*(' 9e,r/0er('$(%;%e .',(' )%&"( 0(' (9(r&e)&(' ( 0( +/r( "e "(r ( )//)er '%' e',%"&/'(73&e,(0e'$ ;%e '/ 0/' "&'9/&30e'6 E0 )(r3- )/79&,e )/ e0 9e,r-0e/ e e0"e,er&/r/ (73&e,(0 < 4(( "e )(00e 0/' "e E0 G%('(re @. 9>16

3..1. )iniones:

• S& e0 L(4/ /' +( "("/ ,(,/' 3ee&)&/' / 9%e"e 'er ;%e 0e 9(4%e7/'

e'%)&!"/0/6 L(' 9er'/(' ;%e 1&1e (0 0("/ "e 0(' )(=("(' ,&ee ;%ee,e"er ;%e / "e3e (rr/8(r 3('%r($ 9/r;%e e',( 1( ( 9(r(r ( '%' (4%('$()%'- G%&00er7/ V&1('6

• E )/79(=*( "e '% +er7(($ M&'(e0 G/#!0e#$ e',%"&(,e "e (=/'$ 7/',r-

'% '(,&'())&- 9/r 0( 0(3/r "e'e79e=("(6 S/7/' "e V(0e)&( < 9(r(/'/,r/' re'%0,( %( 4r( '(,&'())&- 9/er % 4r(&,/ "e (re( 9/r e',e 9(*'6

A%;%e / ()&7/' e e0 Z%0&( &4%(0 /' 9re/)%9( e L(4/6

• C/ '/r9re'( Y/'&(< Ar(%8/$ e',%"&(,e "e (=/'$ )/,- ;%e "%r(,e 0(

8/r("( '()(7/' e1('e' 90!',&)/'$ 3/,e00(' "e 1&"r&/ < )%(0;%&er )0('e "e3('%r(6 N/ e' 9/'&30e ;%e '&4( )/,(7&("/ "e e',( 7(er( (0 L(4/6

P/r /,r( 9(r,e$ 'e +( re(0("/ )(79(=(' 9re1e,&1(' e )%(,/ ( '(0%" 'ere&ere$ )&%"("(/' 1/0%,(r&/' +( re(0("/ 8/r("(' "e 1()%()&- ,(,/ "e &=/')/7/ "e ("%0,/'$ (,e 0( 9/'&3&0&"(" "e ;%e '%r8( 3r/,e' "e er%9)&/e' < "&(rre(')(%'("(' 9/r 0( 4r(1e )/,(7&()&-6

3.5. 'a inconciencia.

A"e7!' "e 0( (0/73r( 1er"e ;%e %( 1e# 00e4- 9(r( ("1er,&r 0( (1(#("(eer7e"(" "e0 L(4/ 7!' 4r("e "e S%r(7.r&)($ /,r( )(9( )/79%e',( 9/r e1('e'90!',&)/' < 1&"r&/' ,(73&. 'e 1e ( 0/,e e e0 0(4/6

De'"e %( 3/,e00( "e 4('e/'( +(',( %( e1er( 9%e"e 'er 1&',/' e 0(' (4%('"e0 0(4/$ )%


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M%)+(' 1e)e' /'/,r/' 7&'7/' '/7/' ;%&ee' 3%')(7/' )%09(30e' ( e',e4r("e 9r/30e7( 9er/ / /' "(7/' )%e,( ;%e '/7/' %/ "e 0/' (4e,e' 7!')/,(7&(,e' ;%e e0 0(4/ 9%e"( ,eer$ e0 9r/)e'/ "e e1e8e)&7&e,/ "e 0('re'er1(' "e (4%($ 9re)&'- 0( e'9e)&(0&',($ ,r(' (9%,(r ;%e 0/' re'&"%/' "/7.',&)/'0(#("/' "e /r7( &"&')r&7&("( (1/re)e 0( e,r("( "e %,r&e,e' ;%e&)re7e,( e0 9r/)e'/ "e e%,r/()&-6

3.!. 'o 7%e no eos.

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E0 90!',&)/ 0/ 1e7/' 9/r 'er % 7(,er&(0 7%< 1er'!,&0 ;%e e',! 9re'e,e +(',( e 0(r/9( < ,&ee % 1/0%7e ;%e 0e 9er7&,e 0/,(r$ 9er/ 0(' 90(


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U 3&-0/4/ '/',%1/ ;%e %( 4/,( "e ()e&,e "e 7/,/r ;%e7("/ )/,(7&( +(',(% 7&00- "e 0&,r/' "e (4%(6

E 1e# "e 'e4%&r 1&e"/ +()&( (%er( ( 1er ;%&. "( re'9%e',('$ )("( 9er'/("e3e ("/9,(r % )/79/r,(7&e,/ re'9/'(30e ;%e )/,r&3%


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E7%ilirio ecol&ico: E' e0 re'%0,("/ "e 0( &,er())&- "e 0/' "&ere,e' (),/re' "e0(73&e,e$ ;%e +()e ;%e e0 e)/'&',e7( 'e 7(,e4( )/ )&er,/ 4r("/ "e e',(3&0&"(""&!7&)(6 L( re0()&- e,re 0/' &"&1&"%/' < '% 7e"&/ (73&e,e "e,er7&( 0(e&',e)&( "e % e;%&0&3r&/ e)/0-4&)/ &"&'9e'(30e 9(r( 0( 1&"( "e ,/"(' 0('e'9e)&e'$ ,(,/ (&7(0e' )/7/ 1e4e,(0e'6

Ecoloa: E' %( 9(r,e "e 0( 3&/0/4*( "e&&"( )/7/ e0 e',%"&/ "e 0(' re0()&/e'e,re e0 (73&e,e < 0/ ;%e 0/ r/"e(6

?$ica ecol&ica: "&')&90&( ;%e e',%"&( 0( 9r/30e7!,&)( 7/r(0 &790*)&,( e 0('re0()&/e' "e0 +/73re )/ 0( (,%r(0e#(6

'ees de la ecoloa:

1.H T/"/ e',! re0()&/("/ )/ ,/"/ 0/ "e7!'$ e',/ 'e re&ere ( ;%e %( )/'( "e9e"e

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PONCE DE LEÓN ELIZONDO$ A( @6 (eciclo, cons$r%o, -%eo ediier$o: %na ro%es$a %l$idiscilinar ara la ed%caci&n del ocio, el cons%o,el edio aien$e la ed%caci&n fsica6 M("r&": CCS6

SEGURA$ P()/6 M("r&": C/7%&"(" "e M("r&" @J6 /odos a reciclar: el f%$%ro

es$ en $%s anos6 C/'e8er*( "e Me"&/ A73&e,e < De'(rr/00/ Re4&/(06

+NE)S

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Saneamiento de La Playa (Proyecto Terminado)