Temur kenkebaSvili

saqarTvelos samefo

xelisuflebisTvis brZola daviT

IV aRmaSeneblis memkvidreTa

Soris

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2010

2

uak(UDK) 929.732(479.22)+94(479.22)

k-405

naSromSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos istoria daviT

IV aRmaSeneblidan giorgi mesamemde. ZiriTadad gamokvleu-

lia am periodis saqarTveloSi samefo xelisuflebisaTvis

brZolis istoriis winapirobebi da misi Sedegebi.

winamdebare broSura gankuTvnilia specialistebisa

da saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriiT dainterese-

buli farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

redaqtori istoriul mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori iulon gagoSiZe

© T. kenkebaSvili, 2010

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2010

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E–mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-12-831-8

3

I. saqarTvelo XII saukunis pirvel

meoTxedSi

daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mefobis

zogadi mimoxilva

1089 wels saqarTvelos samefo karze moxda po-

litikuri gadatrialeba. qveynis momavliT daintere-

sebulma saxelmwifo moRvaweebma aiZules giorgi II

gadamdgariyo da mefoba Tavisi 16 wlis vaJsTvis -

daviTisTvis daeTmo. daviT IV-is gamefebiT da qveynis

saWesTan am progresul moRvaweTa dasis mosvliT

sruliad Seicvala saqarTvelos politikuri kursi

rogorc Turqebis, ise didgvariani aznaurebis mimarT.

daviT mefis yovel moqmedebaSi da yovel nabijSi Can-

da windaxeduleba da Sors gamiznuloba. ra Tqma un-

da, es am qveynisaTvis Tavdadebul pirTa gamocdileba

da damsaxureba iyo, romlebic erTgulad amoudgnen

mxarSi axalgazrda mefes. maT saTaveSi edga daviTis

aRmrzdeli da misi ufrosi TanamoRvawe giorgi mwig-

nobarTuxucesi. TviTon daviTic imTaviTve iCenda

Zlier nebisyofas, did niWsa da mxedarTmTav-

4

daviT aRmaSeebeli.

robis SesaniSnav unars.1

...daviTis mefobis pirveli xana gagrZelda 1097

wlamde, rodesac mefem TurqTa sulTans xarki Seuw-

yvita da amiT mas omi gamoucxada.

upirveles yovlisa, daviTi TavdadebulTa gansa-

kuTrebuli laSqris Seqmnas Seudga. is daJinebiT

1 n. asaTiani, saqarTvelos istoria. III gamoc. gv. 158-160.

5

wvrTnida da TandaTan imravlebda erTgul mxedarTa

razmebs, romlebic umTavresad yma-molaSqreTa, msa-

xurTa aznaurTagan Sedgeboda. samxedro samsaxuris

sanacvlod mefe am Tavis `taZreulebs~ uwyalobebda

miwa-adgils, `sakargavs~, romliTac es `mosakargave-

ni~ maamde sargeblobdnen, vidre mefis am gansakuTre-

bul laSqarSi rCebodnen.

am erTguli razmebiT mefe Tavs esxmoda da Tan-

daTan aviwroebda Turq momTabareebs da amiT mTaSi

gaxisnul qarTvel miwismoqmed mosaxleobas barad Ca-

mosvlis pirobebs uqmnida.

imave dros mefe mtkice xeliT ebrZoda didaz-

naurTa Tavgasulobas. 1093 wels daviTma daapatimra

erTi yvelaze ufro Zlieri feodali, kldekaris

erisTavi liparit ivanes Ze baRvaSi. romelic mefis

moRalateobaSi mama-papis kvals dasdgomoda. 1097

wels ki daviT IV-em gausworebeli mojanye saqarTve-

lodan gaaZeva, xolo mTeli misi qoneba-samflobelo

samefo qonebad gamoacxada.

baRvaSTa saxlis gamokleba mZime danaklisi iyo

didgvarian aznaurTa reaqciuli opoziciisaTvis. amas-

Tanave, liparitis saqmisadmi damokidebulebis magali-

Tidan kargad Canda daviT mefis politikuri kursi

saSinao urTierTobaSi.

6

xelisufleba, romelic saTaveSi uda Casdgomo-

da qarTveli xalxis did erovnul brZolas, ra Tqma

unda, SeRavaTianobis nasaxsac ver dauSvebda am saqmis

xelisSemSlel moRalateTa mimarT. ganuxreli simkac-

re, romelic daviT mefes qarTvel didaznaurTa po-

litikur brZolaSi axasiaTebda, sruliad aucilebe-

li da gamarTlebuli iyo.

...1092 wels sulTani maliqSahi gardaicvala da

mis Zmebsa da Svilebs Soris atyda daundobeli saSi-

nao omi, romelSic calke mxareTa moxele-mmarTvele-

bi (amirebi, aTabagebi) did monawileobas iRebdnen. Se-

degi is iyo, rom naZaladevad da xelovnurad gaerTi-

anebuli saxelmwifo mraval urTierTmoqiSpe politi-

kur erTeulad daiSala. maliqSahis memkvidre sul-

Tnebi SedarebiT ufro susti mflobelebi iyvnen, vid-

re TurqTa didi saxelmwifos pirveli xelmwifeni

toRril begi, alf-arslani, maliqSahi. amdenadve maT

winaaRmdeg brZolac gaadvilebuli iyo.

imave dros daiwyo dasavleT evropelTa didi

omebi axlo aRmosavleTSi - `jvarosnuli laSqroba~.

1097 wels evropelma jvarosnebma Zlier Seaviwroes

Turqebi mcire aziasa da siriaSi, xolo 1099 wels

xelT igdes palestina-ierusalimi.

jvarosanTa warmatebiT gamxnevebulma bizantia-

mac Seutia dampyrobel Turqebs. amrigad, mebrZoli

7

saqarTvelos mdgomareoba SesamCnevad gaumjobesda: is

TurqTa pirispir marto aRar iyo.

daviT mefem sworad Seafasa Seqmnili saerTaSo-

riso politikuri viTareba. mefem sulTans xarkis mi-

cema Seuwyvita, xolo qarTul miwa-wyalze momTabare

TurqTa winaaRmdeg gadamWreli Seteva daiwyo.

gadamwyveti brZola saqarTvelos ZalTa ukidu-

res mobilizacias moiTxovda, Tan ki qveynis didmniS-

vnelovani mxare, kaxeT-hereTis samefo, ganze igda da

samamulo omSi monawileobas ar iRebda. aucilebeli

iyo misi Semoyvana saqarTvelos erTian saxelmwifo

organizaciaSi.

im dros kaxeT-hereTSi bevri iyo iseTi, vinc

mxars uWerda saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas

da mzad iyo am erovnuli saqmisTvis ebrZola. daviT

mefem kaxeT-hereTis didmoxele-aznaurTa Sorisac ga-

iCina momxreebi. 1104 wels didmoxele aznaurebma,

qavTarma da misma diswulebma ariSianma da baramma Se-

ipyres da saqarTvelos mefes mohgvares kaxeT-hereTis

mefe aRsarTani. daviTma kaxeT-hereTi daikava, magram

am qveynisaTvis saboloo omi saqarTvelos mefes jer

kidev win eloda. kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebiT daviT

IV sultans mniSvnelovan moxarke qveyanas arTmevda

da Tan SesamCnevad usustebda Turqebs sabrZolo po-

zicias aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.

8

amitom sulTnis didmoxelem, ganZis aTabagma,

saswrafod gamoilaSqra, raTa saqarTvelos mefe he-

reT-kaxeTidan ganedevna. mters miuvidnen daviT mefis

Sinauri mowinaaRmdegenic. saqarTvelos mefes kargad

hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli mosalodneli brZola da is

momzadebuli dauxvda mters. omi imave 1104 wels

moxda erwuxSi (axlandeli saingilo) da qarTvelTa

brwyinvale gamarjvebiT dasrulda.

kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebam saqarTvelos ekonomi-

kuri da samxedro Zalebi SesamCnevad gazarda.2

qveynis ZalTa sayovelTao Semokrebam daviT me-

fis winaSe saqarTvelos eklesiis saqmeTa mogvarebis

sakiTxic dasva. misi brZanebiT 1103 wels mowveul

iqna saeklesio kreba. kaTalikos-episkoposebisa da

monastrebis winamZRvarTa gverdiT krebaSi monawile-

obis misaRebad mowveul iqnen didi avtoritetis mqo-

ne monazon-meudabnoeni, saxelmoxveWili mweral-mwig-

nobrebi, mecnier-filosofosni. ruis-urbnisis saekle-

sio kreba rTuli sakiTxebiT aRsavse yofila. gansa-

kuTrebiT mZime iyo eklesiidan `uRirsi~ mRvdelmTav-

rebis gaZevebis sakiTxi. `ara advil iyo ese naTesavTa

maTTa ZlierebiTa~, `rameTu iyvnes mTavarTa da warCi-

2 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. t. VI. Tb.

1973. gv. 34-36.

9

nebulTa Svilni~.3 `amave dros am krebam sasuliero

cxovrebis wesSi daakanona sxva demokratiuli Ronis-

Ziebebic. amis Sedegad mefem SeZlo eklesia samefo

xelisuflebisa da qveyis ganmtkiceba-gaZlierebisaT-

vis brZolis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina~.4

mefe erTdroulad axerxebda ebrZola rogorc

Sinauri, ise gareuli mtris winaaRmdeg. 1110 wels

qarTvelebma aiRes samSvilde da Zerna. samSvilde

TurqTa mTavari dasayrdeni punqti iyo, misi dakar-

gvis Semdeg selCukebma qvemo qarTlis didi nawili

datoves.

1115 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma Turqebi rusTa-

vidanac gandevna.5

1116 wels daviTma Turq-selCukebi saqarTvelos

ukiduresi samxreT-dasavleT kuTxidan - taodanac

gadareka sazRvrebs iqiT.6

3 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis

mier. t. I. Tb. 1955.

4 a. gogolaZe, daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZi SiomRvimisadmi. Tb.

2001. gv. 15-16.

5 iqve, gv. 17.

6 iqve.

10

1117 wels ki qarTvelebma hereTis ukiduresi

cixe-qalaqi giSi aiRes.7

1118 wels qarTvelTa mxedrobam qvemo qarTlis

samxreT mxareSi, taSirSi, Turqebs waarTva uZliere-

si cixe-qalaqi lore, riTac TiTqmis mTlianad gaiw-

minda mTeli qvemo qarTli.8

1118 welsve daviT aRmaSenebelma gaatara samxed-

ro reforma, man Seqmna mudmivi jari. man agreTve

CrdiloeT kavkasiidan ramdenime aTasi yivCaRTa ojaxi

gadmoasaxla saqarTveloSi.

yivCaRTagan daviTma Seqmna mudmivi cxenosani

laSqari. amas garda mefem gaimravla sakuTari mcvel-

Ta jari, romelic exla ukve xuTi aTasi meomrisagan

Sedgeboda. am jars `mona-spa~ ewodeboda.

1120 wels daviT IV daiwyo generaluri Seteva

TurqTa winaaRmdeg amierkavkasiaSi.

saqarTvelos mefem gailaSqra SarvanSi. TurqTa

poziciebi aq susti iyo. Sarvanis mosaxleobis Ziri-

Tadi nawili TurqTa winaaRmdegi iyo da qarTvelebs

aqtiurad exmareboda. daviTma qalaqi yabala aiRo.

7 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. gv.

334.

8 a. gogolaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 17.

11

imave xanebSi qarTvelebma daarbies Sarvanisa da ranis

sxvadasxva olqebi.9

1121 wlis agvistoSi TurqTa sulTanma saqar-

Tvelos didi laSqari Semousia. omi TrialeT-mangli-

sidan Sida qarTlisaken mimaval gzebze mimdinareobda.

ZiriTadi brZolebi didgoris midamobSi warmoebda.

qarTvelTa jarma mteri sastikad daamarcxa.

1122 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma, 400 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi ucxoelTa batonobis qveS namyofi Tbilisi

aiRo da is saqarTvelos sataxto qalaqad aqcia.

1124 wels daviTma somxeTis dedaqalaqi anisi

aiRo da amiT saqarTvelos SemouerTa somxeTis erTi

nawili. axla saqarTvelo ukve didi saxelmwifo iyo,

romlis sivrces `nikorTfsiidan darubandis sazRu-

ramde da ovseTidan aragawadmde~ Tvlidnen.10

1125 wlis 24 ianvars gardaicvala daviT IV

aRmaSenebeli da Tavis memkvidreebs dautova terito-

riulad gazrdili, ganmtkicebuli, ekonomikurad gaZ-

lierebuli, kulturulad ayvavebuli saqarTvelo.

9 n. berZeniSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 41.

10 iqve, gv. 42.

12

II. saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis

memkvidreTa zeobis xanaSi

demetre I

daviT aRmaSenebelma `sicocxlesa Sina dasua me-

fed demetre da daadga gÂrgÂni TÂT misTa ÃelTa~.

man Tavisi anderZiT saqarTvelos samefos taxti dau-

tova Tavis ufros Svils demetres. demetre mefe

1093 wels dabadebula.11 demetrs Tavidanve miiCnev-

dnen daviTis Rirseul memkvidred. 1117 wels daviT

aRmaSenebelma `gagzavna Ze TÂsi demetre Sarvans spi-

Ta ZlieriTa laSqrad, xolo man qmna omni sakÂrvel-

ni, romliTa ganakÂrna mxilvelni da msmenelni, gamoi-

Ro cixe qalaZori da Zleva-mosili movida winaSe ma-

misa TÂsisa savse alafiTa da tyÂTa uricxviTa~.12

...didgoris brZolaSi ki, demetre laSqris erT-erT

frTas xelmZRvanelobda.13

mefedkurTxeuli demetresaTvis mTavar sazru-

navs didebuli mamisagan datovebuli memkvidreobis

11 j. stefnaZe, demetre pirveli. Tb. 1990. gv. 7.

12 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, qarTlis cxovreba. t. I; iv.

javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria. t. II. Tb. 1931. gv. 221.

13 j. stefnaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 30.

13

Ddemetre I-is mefed kurTxeva.

movla da SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad,

1128 wels, man `dmanisi da qalaqi xunani sparselebs

waarTva~.14

am warmatebebis Semdeg demerte iZulebuli iyo

q. anisi winandel mepatrone manuCes SvilebisaTvis

(Tu SviliSvilebisaTvis15) daeTmo imitom, rom mas

Semdeg, rac daviT aRmaSenebeli gardaicvala, q. anisi

sparsTa laSqarma Zalian Seawuxa. saqarTvelos mefem

14 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 221-222.

15 j. stefnaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 32.

14

ymobisa da damorCilebis didi fici da simtkice Ca-

moarTva manuCes Svilebs da mxolod amis Semdeg ga-

dasca maT q. anisi. maT aasrules piroba da mTel Ta-

vis sicocxleSi saqarTvelos mefis morCilni iy-

vnen.16 es moxda 1126 wels.17

1130 wels demetrem daasrula mamisagan dawye-

buli gelaTis mTavari taZris mSenebloba da sazei-

mod akurTxa igi.18

1130 welsve demetre mefes mouwyves ajanyeba,

amas vrclad ganvixilavT qvemoT.19

1138-1139 wlebSi demerte I-ma ilaSqra q. ganZa-

Si (ganjaSi) da iqidan saqarTveloSi Zlevamosili

dabrunda. gamarjvebis niSnad mas Tan wamouRia q. gan-

Zas karebi. es kari exlac gelaTis monasterSi inaxeba

da zed am ambis damamtkicebeli dazianebuli qarTuli

warwera aqvs. am warweraSi naTqvamia, rom demerte me-

fes es kari moutania `[we]lsa mef[o]bis... ig: (13) x'

dasabamiTgan...~. (iqve) anu marTlac 1138-1139 wels.20'

16 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 222.

17 j. stefnaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 32.

18 l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi. t. I. Tb. 1990. gv. 506.

19 radgan samefo xelisuflebisaTvis brZola aris Cveni gamo-

kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani, vamjobineT misi calke gamokvleva. 20 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 223.

15

1150-ian wlebis maxloblad kvlav moxda deme-

tres winaaRmdeg ajanyeba. amJamad mas Tavisi ufrosi

vaJi daviTi aujanyda, amasac Cven vrclad SevexebiT

naSromis mesame TavSi.

1153-1154 wlebSi `mouxda sa[l]dux amira ani-

s[is] qalaqsa, moadga; aqaT demetre mefe movida; Seib-

nes, nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa mefes gaemarjva, daÃocna da

amoswyvitna~.21

ganZidan Camotanili kari gelaTSi.

21 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 225.

16

`1155 wels sruliad moulodnelad demetre me-

fem saqarTvelos taxt-gvirgvini daviTs miugdo, Tvi-

Ton samefo samosi ganiZarcva da beris CoxiTa da

sqemiT Semosili samonastro cxovrebas Seudga~.22 de-

metre Zalian male, daviT V-is gardacvalebis Semdeg

monastridan droebiT dabrunda, Tavisi umcrosi vaJi

giorgi (III) samefo taxtze aiyvana da umalve (daaxl.

1156w.) gardaicvala.*23

22 l. sanikiZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 507.

* Cven gadavwyviteT, rom daviT V-is cxovreba mTlianad

gagveerTianebina mesame TavSi, radganac misi moRvaweoba srul

kavSirSia samefo xelisuflebisaTvis brZolasTan.

17

III. brZola saqarTvelos samefo

xelisuflebisaTvis daviT IV-is

memkvidreTa Soris

daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZi da

vaxtangis ajanyeba demetre I-is

dasamxobad

`da mivanduÀn SÂlni da dedofalnica, Sua-

mdgomlobiTa RuTisaTa, raTa Zma misi gazardos. da

Tu inebos RmerTman da varg iyos cuata, Semdgomad

missa mefe hyos mamulsa zeda, da daTa misTa pativ

sces, viTar SvilTa CemTa sayuarelTa:

amas yovelsa Tana waruZRuane wminda Zeli

cxovrebisa da mivec droSa Cemi sviani, abjarni Cemni

samefoni da saWurWleni Cemni zemoni da quÀmoni:

xolo drahkani kostanti cuata[s]24 da Cemni

lalni da Tual-margalitni, xaxulisa RuTismSobli-

sada Semiwiravs...~25 es gaxlavT daviT aRmaSeneblis

meore, gelaTisadmi (demetresadmi) boZebuli anderZis

24 `[s]~ Camatebulia T. Jordanias mier - T.k.

25 T. Jordania, qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istori-

isa da mwerlobisa. t. II. tf. 1897. gv. 51; qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebi. i. doliZis gamoc. t. II. Tb. 1965. gv. 18.

18

fragmenti, romelSic daviTi demetres ubarebs, rom

misi Zma gazardos da Tu RmerTi inebebs da `ivar-

gebs~ igi `Semdgomad missa (demetresa-T.k.) mefe

hyos mamulsa zeda~. masSi dasaxelebulia `cuata~,

romlis mniSvnelobis Sesaxebac mraval mosazrebas

gamoTqvamen mecnierebi. zogierTi mecnieri, mag. j.

stefnaZe, fiqrobs, rom `cuata~-`cvata~ unda niSnav-

des demetre mefis Zmis saxels, magram aseTi daviTis

vaJis saxeli, garda misi anderZisa, arc erT istori-

ul wyaroSi ar aris dasaxelebuli. e. gabiZaSvili

samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom `winadadebis aseT wyoba-

Si adamianis saxeli unda yofiliyo `Zma misi~-s Sem-

deg~,26 garda amisa, adamianis saxelad `cuatas~ miCne-

va Zalian ararealuria. anderZSi agreTve saubaria

simdidreze, romelic daviTma xaxulis RvTismSoblis

xats Seswira da iqac meordeba termini `cuata~. `xo-

lo drahkani kostanti cuata da Cemni lalni da Tu-

al-margalitni, xaxulisa RuTismSoblisada Semiwi-

ravs~. sayuradReboa e. gabiZaSvilis mier gamotanili

daskvnebi: `aseT konteqstSi kerZo pirisaTvis raime

memkvidreobis datovebaze laparaki, da isic pirvel

rigSi, moulodnelia. meorec, aq rom adamianis saxe-

li igulisxmebodes iqneba `cuatas~ (rogorc es T.

Jordanias aRudgenia) da ara `cuata~ (rogorc xel-

26 Zveli qarTuli literaturis agiografiuli Zeglebi. e.

gabiZaSvilis gamoc. Tb. 1968. gv. 281.

19

nawerebSia).27 ufro swori iqneba, rom aq `cuata~,

orive SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnavdes mcires (cotas). mar-

Tlac, Sinaarsoblivad ufro marTebuli iqneba: Zma

misi gazardos da Tu RmerTma inebos da ivargos co-

ta, Semdgomad missa gaamefos. agreTve meore SemTxve-

vaSic: xolo drahkani kostanti cota da Cemni lal-

ni da Tual-margalitni, xaxulisa RuTismSoblisada

Semiwiravs. e. gabiZaSvili miiCnevs, rom pirvel Sem-

TxvevaSi `cota~ aRniSavs mcirewlovans, rasac amar-

Tlebs imiT, rom anderZis Sedgenisas vaxtangi mxo-

lod Svidi wlis iyo.28 magram Cven vfiqrobT, rom

aseT SemTxvevaSi mis mcire asakze saubari gaumar-

Tlebelia da orive SemTxvevaSi `cuata~ niSnavs mci-

res (raodenobrivad)!

axla rac Seexeba imas, Tu raSi dasWirda daviT

aRmaSenebels demetresaTvis imis dabareba, rom mis

Semdeg vaxtangi gaamefos. akad. m. lorTqifaniZe sa-

marTlianad fiqrobs, rom `Zmidan Zmaze taxtis gada-

cema arRvevda saqarTveloSi ukve dakanonebul tradi-

cias taxtis mamidan ufros vaJze gadasvlisa, rac

samefo xelisuflebis centralizaciis erT-erT mniS-

vnelovan pirobas warmoadgenda da risTvisac agre

TavgamodebiT iRvwoda TviT daviT mefe. daviTis moR-

27 Zveli qarTuli literaturis agiografiuli Zeglebi. gv.

282.

28 iqve.

20

vaweobis mTeli xasiaTi gamoricxavs misgan aseTi gan-

kargulebis gacemas~.29 mecnieri istoriuli faqtebis

Sefasebis safuZvelze samarTlianad fiqrobs, rom an-

derZis es adgili nayalbevia da igi SeTxzulia de-

metres mowinaaRmdegeTa mier.30 marTlac, raSi unda

dasWireboda daviT aRmaSenebels aseTi ram? man xom

Tavis sicocxleSive `aRiRo gÂrgÂni samefo da daad-

ga Zesa TÂssa Tavsa zeda da Seacva samefo beWedi

marjvenasa Ãelsa missa~31

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, anderZis es adgili ga-

ayalbes da borotad gamoiyenes demetre I-is dros

didma feodalebma da 1130 wels ajanydnen mefis wina-

aRmdeg. `uflis wuls [da] ivane abuleTis Zes undo-

da[T] demetre (mefisa) da Tavis Zmis mokvla. magram

ivanes mamam abuleTma Tavis (Svilis) winaSe WaRara

gaiSala da (ganzraxulis asruleba) dauSala. ZmaTa

Soris (Camovardnil) mzakvrobis wyalobiT oriveni

dmanisis cixeSi daamwyvdies. rodesac demetre (mefem)

es (ambavi) Seityo, (mivida dmanisis cixeSi da) ivanes

(dacinviT) uTxra: «aha Semipyar!»-o. xolo man sinanu-

29 m. lorTqifaniZe, saqarTvelos sagareo da Sinapolitikuri

viTareba XII s. meore meoTxedidan 80-iani wlebis dasawyisamde.

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. III. Tb. 1979. gv. 285.

30 iqve. igives fiqrobda n. berZeniSvilic. ix. misi. saqarTvelos

istoriis sakiTxebi. t. II. Tb. 1969. gv. 113.

31 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. gv.

364.

21

liT upasuxa: «ara mefev, me xelT mogeciT Tqveni

Zma, romelic Tqvens mefobas eZiebs». (mefem) Seipyra

igi (Zma?), `(Tvali) daubnelbina da gaanTavisufla~32-

o,33 mogviTxrobs somexi istorikosi vardan arevel-

ci. iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom am cnobaSi dasaxe-

lebuli ufliswuli unda yofiliyo demetres ufro-

si vaJi daviTi. imas, rom demetres Zma aujanyda igi

gamoricxavs imiT, rom demetres Zma ar hyavda,34 mag-

ram mas rogorc Cans mxedvelobidan gamorCa demetres

umcrosi Zma - vaxtangi. gavixsenoT Tundac, rodesac

gardaicvala giorgi Wyondideli daviT IV iglovda

manam, sanam ar iSva Ze misi vaxtangi.35 demetres Zmis

arseboba dasturdeba zemoT moxmobili daviT aRmaSe-

neblis anderZis citatidanac.36 garda amisa, aRsaniS-

navia isic, rom aq naxsenebi ufliswuli ver iqneboda

demetres Ze daviTi, radganac rogorc vardani gvam-

cnobs im ufliswuls demetrem Tvalni daubnelebi-

32 Dfhlfy Dtkbrbq= Dctj,ofz Bcnjhbz\ Gth\ Y\ "vbyf\ V\ 1861 u\ Cnh\ 160-161\ 33 Cven aviReT misi iv. javaxiSviliseuli qarTuli Targmani. ix.

iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 223.

34 iqve. gv. 224.

35 j. stefnaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 11.

36 j. stefnaZec ewinaaRmdegeboda iv. javaxiSvilis azrs, magram

igi miuTiTebda demetres umcros Zmaze - cvataze. ix. misi

saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is pirvel meoTxedSi. Tb. 1985. gv.

71-72.

22

na.37 aqve unda aRiniSnos j. stefnaZis sayuradRebo

azri, romelic fiqrobda, rom SesaZloa am ajanyebaSi

yivCaRebic yofiliyvnen gareulni.38

1130 wels wamowyebuli ajanyeba ar ganxorci-

elda. demetrem Tavisi Zma - vaxtangi da misi ZiriTa-

di mrCeveli ivane abuleTis Ze sastikad dasaja. ro-

gorc ukve aRvniSneT, vaxtangs Tvalebi dasTxares,

xolo 1132 wels `demetre[m] abuleTis Zesa ivanes

Tavi mokueTa~.39

37 es azri Tavad iv. javaxiSvilmac gamoTqva. ix. misi. dasax.

naSromi. gv. 224.

38 j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is pirvel meo-

TxedSi. gv. 70-71.

39 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 223; j. stefnaZe,

saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is pirvel meoTxedSi. gv. 71.

23

daviT V da misi ajanyebani demetre I-is dasamxobad

demetre I-is dros ajanyebebi ar damTavrebula

zemoT dasaxelebuli vaxtangis SeTqmulebis mcdelo-

biT. samefo taxtisaTvis brZolam gansakuTrebiT mwva-

ve xasiaTi miiRo demetresa da mis ufros vaJs da-

viTs Soris.

demetre I-ma `dasues mefed Ze misi daviT. imefa

equs Tue da mokuda~40 - gvamcnobs laSa-giorgis

droindeli erT-erTi ucnobi qarTveli mematiane. da-

viT V-is Sesaxeb cnobebi naklebia, rac imiTac aix-

sneba, rom man mxolod eqvs Tves imefa. man gamefebis-

Tanave sapyrobiledan gaanTavisufla mamamisis - de-

metre I-is mier tyvedqmnili TirqaSi (abuleTis Ze)

da mas amirspasalaroba uboZa.41

1150 wels, wels demetre I-s aujanyda ufrosi

vaJi daviTi. daviTma `Ralatsa da gandgomilebasa Sina

mamisa mis demetressa amoswyvitna amis samefosa dide-

bulni~.42 iv. javaxiSvili savsebiT samarTlianad miiC-

40 laSa-giorgis droindeli mematiane, qarTlis cxovreba.

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb. 1955. gv. 366.

41 Dfhlfy Dtkbrbq= dasax. naSromi. gv. 165. 42 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba.

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. Tb. 1959. gv. 18.

24

nevda, rom ajanyebis mizezi gaxldaT demetre mefis

umcrosi Zis - giorgisadmi mikerZoeba.43 Tamar mefis

pirvel istorikoss - `istoriani da azmani Saravan-

dedTanis~ avtors uweria, rom demetre iyo `marCeve-

li Zisa umcrosisa~44 (anu giorgisa). Tumca ar aris

gamoricxuli, rom daviTi mamamiss politikur mmar-

TvelobaSi winaaRdgomoda da ajanyeboda. ...am faqtis

Semdeg demetrem samefo taxti kvlav SeinarCuna.

43 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 225.

44 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba t. II.

gv. 3.

25

daviT V-is gardacvaleba da samefo taxtis `dasa-

kuTreba~ giorgi III-is mier

rogorc Cven aRvniSneT, daviT V gardaicvala

gamefebidan eqvs TveSi. misi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb

istoriografiaSi mravali azria gamoTqmuli. `isto-

riani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ avtors uweria, rom

demetre mefis `vedrebisa Semasmenelman RmerTman da-

viTis dReTa SemcirebiTa srulyo pirvel mamisa~.45

anu istorikosi ambobs, rom demetre RmerTs evedre-

boda urCi Svilisagan exsna. somexi istorikosi var-

dani pirdapir asaxelebs daviTis mkvlelebad sumbat

da ivane orbelebs.46 daviTis uecari gardacvalebis

Semdeg berad aRkvecili demetre dabrunda samefo

taxtze da Tanamosaydred giorgi dasva. `...da mamaman

ZiTurT Ze tkbili, Semguari mamisa, aRamaRla Tavisa

Tana da Zisa sworad mosaydred gamoaCina~.47 magram

es yovlad gaumarTlebelia, faqtiurad demetrem da-

arRvia taxtis memkvidreobis kanoni. rogorc akad. m.

lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs SesaZloa momxdariyo aseTi

45 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba. t.

II. gv. 3.

46 Dfhlfy Dtkbrbq= dasax. naSromi. gv. 154; m. lorTqifaniZe,

dasax. naSromi. gv. 287.

47 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba. t.

II. gv. 3.

26

ram: `daviT mefe gardaicvala; misi gardacvalebis

Semdeg, marTalia taxti mis Svils demnas ekuTvnoda,

magram daviTis Semdeg isev demetre dabrunda taxtze

da axla demetres gardacvalebis Semdeg ukve taxtis

kanonieri memkvidre misi Svili giorgi iyo da ara

SviliSvili demna~.48

...magram, somex istorikoss stefanos orbelians

es ambavi sxvagvarad aqvs moTxrobili. igi ambobs,

rom mefe demetre gardaicvala da gamefda misi Ze da-

viTi. daviTma sikvdilis win mouxmo didebulebs da

Tavisi mcirewlovani demna (demetre) maT Caabara,

kerZod, ivane orbels, daviTis Zma giorgi, mefis me-

urved daniSna demnas srulwlovnobamde.49 iv. java-

xiSvili samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom es cnoba araa

marTali, radgan daviTsa da giorgis Soris arsebuli

mtruli urTierTobis pirobebSi ar aris mosalodne-

li, rom momakvdav daviTs Tavisi mcirewlovani Svi-

lis meurved giorgi daeniSna.50 ufro swori Cans

vardanis cnoba, rom daviTi giorgis momxreebma

48 m. lorTqifaniZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 288.

49 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 242-243; m. lorTqifani-

Ze, dasax. naSromi. gv. 288.

50 iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 243.

27

giorgi III.

mokles51, agreTve sayuradReboa `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTanis~ avtoris mier nauwyebi ambavi, rom

daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg, berad aRkvecili de-

metre daubrunda taxts da Tavisi `Ze tkbili~ gior-

gi mefed dasva. stefanos orbelianis mier dasaxele-

buli daviT V-is `anderZebi~ haerzea gamokidebuli,

araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs istoriul sinamdvilesTan

da SeTzulia TviT stefanosis mier.

51 Dfhlfy Dtkbrbq= dasax. naSromi. gv. 154

28

demetre (demna) batoniSvilisa da

orbelTa amboxi

ajanyebaTa cikli, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,

ar Sewyvetila giorgi III-is mefobaSic. 1177 wels

giorgi III-is winaaRmdeg didi ajanyeba moewyo. saTa-

veSi didgvariani feodalebi - orbelebi idgnen, rom-

lebic, TiTqos, daviT V-is Svilis demnas (demetres)

uflebebis dacvis sababiT moqmedebdnen. ajanyebis yve-

laze aqtiuri xelmZRvaneli iyo ivane orbeli.

aq uneburad Cndeba kiTxva, es xom is orbelebi

iyvnen daviT V-is mkvlelobaSi rom iRebdnen monawi-

leobas? akad. m. lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs, rom `ro-

gorc Cans, orbelni, romelnic Tavidan giorgis mom-

xreni iyvnen da romelTac miiRes misgan amirspasala-

roba, giorgisagan daxmarebis safasurad ufro met

sazRaurs elodnen da radgan ar gaumarTldaT, axla

mis winaaRmdeg demnas kandidatura wamoayenes~.52

akad. r. metreveli eWvis TvaliT uyurebs im

faqts, rom `orbelTa amboxi~ demna (demetre) bato-

niSvilis uflebebis dacvas isaxavda miznad. `wyaroe-

bis mier demnas taxtismaZieblobis dasaxeleba amboxe-

bis mizezad ususuria, radgan ajanyeba 1177 wels

52 m. lorTqifaniZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 289.

29

moxda, roca demna sul cota ocdaori wlis mainc

unda yofiliyo~, `xom ar aris Zalze didi weli

srulasakovnebisaTvis, nuTu manamde ar SeiZleboda

srulwlovnad CaTvliliyo saqarTvelos taxtis mem-

kvidre?~53 sayuradReboa mecnieris mier gamotanili

daskvnebi aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT. igi miiC-

nevs, rom demna ufliswulis gamefebis sakiTxi sru-

liadac ar yofila ajanyebis mizezi. es momenti faq-

tiurad iyo sababi, romelsac efareboda msxvil feo-

dalTa survil-zraxvani da moqmedeba. TviT demna

ajanyebis Zalze pasiuri monawile Cans. `odes or-

belni ukuagdes giorgi mefisa, igi (demetre-T.k.) Ta-

naukuitanes da lores Seagdes~54. TviT giorgi mesa-

mec aRniSnavda Tavis erT-erT sigelSi, rom `odes

birebiTa da ganzraxviTa eSmakisaTa SeiTques vieTnime

mefobisa Cuenisa didebulni da aznaurni orgulobisa

CuenisaTvis da Zmiswuli Cueni gaguiyenes~.55

`orbelTa ajanyebis~ ZiriTadi mizezi gaxldaT

ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli da gaZlierebuli feo-

dalebis brZola politikuri uflebebis gazrda-ga-

farToebisTvis.

53 r. metreveli, Sinaklasobrivi brZola feodalur saqar-

TveloSi. Tb. 1973. gv. 122.

54 laSa-giorgis droindeli mematiane, qarTlis cxovreba. t. I.

gv. 366.

55 r. metreveli, dasax. naSromi. gv. 123-124.

30

...ajanyebas saTaveSi orbelTa garda kidev ivane

vardanisZe, SoTa Ze araTavaCosZisa, qarTlis erisTavi

sumbat liparitisZe, mejinibeTuxucesi qavTar ivanes-

Ze, anania dvineli, mxargZeli, didi gamrekeli, memna

jayeli, hasan kaeneli, grigol aneli apiratisZe da

a.S. edgnen.56

SeTqmulebs saxateSi mdgomi giorgi III-is mou-

lodnelad dapatimreba hqondaT ganzraxuli, magram

maTi survili giorgisaTvis cnobili gaxda da man

TbilisSi Caketva moaswro. mefis Sepyrobis gegma Cai-

Sala. man TandaTan Semoikriba meomrebi, daiqirava

mTielebi da ajanyebulebs Seutia. mefis warmatebebma

bevri feodali Seafiqra da zogi maTgani giorgi III

mxareze gadavida (gamrekeli, grigol aneli, mxar-

grZeli da sxv.).

Seviwroebuli meamboxeebi laSqris sididis miu-

xedavad* warumateblobas ganicdidnen da bolos

56 stefanos orbelianis `cxovreba orbelianTa~-s Zveli

qarTuli Targmanebi. e. cagareiSvilis gamoc. Tb. 1978. gv. 45-

46; j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is pirvel meo-

TxedSi. gv. 81.

* istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom amboxebulTa

laSqari 30 000 kacs Seadgenda, magram axla es Cveni kvlevis

sagani ar aris.

31

loris cixeSi `Seixuewes~.57

ajanyebulTa mTavari Zalebi lores cixeSi Cai-

keta, giorgi mesamem cixes alya Semoartya.

giorgi III loreSi Caketili ajanyebulebis

mSvidobianad Cabarebas cdilobda, magram garkveul

dromde ivane orbeli civ uarze iyo. piriqiT, moiT-

xovda, rom demnasTvis saxelmwifos naxevari gadaeca.

cixis alya TandaTan damZimda. erT Rames ki demna ci-

xidan gaipara da biZas warudga. amas cixis dacema

mohyva.58

giorgi mesamem `urCTa da mterTa misTa zeda

Semsgavsebuli saqmeTa maTTa miago misagebeli~.59 iva-

ne orbels Tvalebi dasTxares. ajanyebis bevri moTave

sikvdiliT dasajes. demetre ufliswuls Tvalebi

dasTxares da amasTanave daasaWurises. r. metreveli

aRniSnavs, rom demnas dasaWurisebiT `giorgi mesamem

Zirianad mospo momavalSic raime gaugebroba taxtis

memkvidreobis Taobaze, radgan demetre amieridan STa-

momavlis gareSe unda gadaSenebuliyo~. demetre ba-

toniSvili gardacvale-

57 j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is pirvel meo-

TxedSi. gv. 81; iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 241.

58 j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is pirvel meo-

TxedSi. gv. 82.

59 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba. t.

II. gv. 20.

32

bis Semdeg sagvareulo saZvaleSi gelaTSi ki ara,

mcxeTaSi dakrZales.60

* * *

saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebisTvis brZola

daviT IV aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebs Soris aris feo-

daluri saqarTvelos Sinaklasobrivi brZolis erT-

erTi klasikuri gamovlineba. igi TiTqmis ganuwyvet-

liv mimdinareobda naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi da

man faqtiurad `moSala~ saqarTvelos samefos Ziri-

Tadi tradicia - samefo xelisuflebis taxtis mem-

kvidreobis kanoni. es sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT ki `or-

belTa amboxis~ mizezebi da TviTon demetre (demna)

batoniSvilis pirovneba kvlav mravalmxriv saWiroebs

gamokvlevas mecnierTa mier.

60 r. metreveli, dasax. naSromi. gv. 133.

33

TEMUR KENKEBASHVILI

THE STRUGGLE FOR ROYAL POWER BETWEEN THE HEIRS OF GREAT KING DAVID IV THE

BUILDER

Summary

The struggle for Royal Power between the heirs of The Great King David IV The Builder is one of the interclassical elicitations of Feudal Georgia. This process starts in period of reigning of the king Demetre I “The Devoted”, and lasts during almost half a century. The most remarkable thing is the second will of the king David The Builder (1125), which later was falsified for vicious reasons by the Feudals of Georgia and was used as a main motive of rebellion. Later, in 1150, the older son of the king Demetre I, David, rose against his father. The reason was a partiality to his younger brother Giorgi. In 1155 David again rose against his father and this time he succeed, precipitated his father Demetre, took power and throne and became the king. Demetre went to the monastery. The king David reigned for six months and then passed away. The reason of his death, as an Armenian historian Vardan gives us information about this, were feudals The Orbels and his younger brother Giorgi. After this the king Demetre returned from the monastery and made his son Giorgi as a king. In 1177-1178 The Orbels and the son of David V Demetre (Demna) rebelled against the king Giorgi III. In this battle the winner was the king and he punished the rebels very severely…. The struggle for Royal Power between the heirs of The Great King David IV The Builder and especially “The Rebellion of The Orbels” and a personality of Demna Batonishvili needs a specific investigation by the scientists.

34

wyaroebi da literatura

1. Dfhlfy Dtkbrbq= Dctj,ofz Bcnjhbz\ Gth\

Y\ "vbyf\ V\ 1861 u\

2. T. Jordania, qronikebi da sxva masala saqar-

Tvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa. t. II. tf.

1897 w.

3. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, qarTlis cxov-

reba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelna-

weris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb.

1955 w.

4. laSa-giorgis droindeli mematiane, qarTlis

cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t.

I. Tb. 1955 w.

5. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis

cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t.

II. Tb. 1959 w.

6. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. i. doliZis gamoc.

t. II. Tb. 1965 w.

7. Zveli qarTuli literaturis agiografiuli

Zeglebi. e. gabiZaSvilis gamoc. Tb. 1968 w.

8. stefanos orbelianis `cxovreba orbelianTa~-s

Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi. e. cagareiSvilis

gamoc. Tb. 1978 w.

35

9. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria. t. II.

Tb. 1931 w.

10. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiT-

xebi. t. II. Tb. 1969 w.

11. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiT-

xebi. t. VI. Tb. 1973 w.

12. r. metreveli, Sinaklasobrivi brZola feoda-

lur saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1973 w.

13. m. lorTqifaniZe, saqarTvelos sagareo da Sina-

politikuri viTareba XII s. meore meoTxedidan

80-iani wlebis dasawyisamde. saqarTvelos is-

toriis narkvevebi. t. III. Tb. 1979 w.

14. j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is

pirvel meoTxedSi. Tb. 1985 w.

15. l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi. t. I. Tb. 1990 w.

16. j. stefnaZe, demetre pirveli. Tb. 1990 w.

17. a. gogolaZe, daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZi Sio-

mRvimisadmi. Tb. 2001 w.

36

Sinaarsi

I. saqarTvelo XII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi .............3

- daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mefobis zogadi mimoxilva......3

II. saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreTa zeo-

bis xanaSi...............................................................................................2

- demetreI ............................................................................................ 12

III. brZola saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebisaTvis

daviT IV-is memkvidreTa Soris..............................................17

- daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZi da vaxtangis ajanyeba

demetre I-is dasamxobad ............................................................. 17

- daviT V da misi ajanyebani demetre I-is

dasamxobad ............................................................................................. 23

- daviT V-is gardacvaleba da samefo taxtis `dasa-

kuTreba~ giorgi III-is mier ..................................................... 25

- demetre (demna) batoniSvilisa da orbelTa

amboxi ...................................................................................................... 28

*** (boloTqma) ................................................................................. 32

Summary............................................................................. 33

wyaroebi da literatura ..........................................................34

37

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: universal@internet.ge

38

39