saxelmwifo enis swavlebis

sakiTxebi saqarTvelos

saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi

I samecniero konferenciis masalebi

(10-11 dekemberi)

organizatorebi:

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti;

`samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobis centri~.

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ISSN redaqtorebi:

kaxa gabunia, giuli SabaSvili

gamomcemloba `saimedo~ 2008 weli

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magram warmodgenili modeli ar gulisxmobs

imas, rom masSi ar moxdeba koreqtivebis Setana. guldasmiTaa mosamzadebeli masalebi integrirebuli swavlebis gansaxorcieleblad da bolos, seriozul dafiqrebas saWiroebs kadrebis SerCevisa da gadamzadebis sakiTxi da saerTod, im garemoSi, sadac saxelmwifo ena mxolod gakveTilze ismis, kargi iqne-boda iseTi centrebis Seqmna, sadac mosaxleobas saSualeba eqneba, Tavisufal dros miiRos informacia saxelmwifo enaze, Tumca es xangrZlivi da mizanmi-marTuli

lali aslamaziSvili `bolnisis enis saxlis~ xelmZRvaneli;

qarTuli enis pedagogi, treneri.

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3

enis politika

enobrivi politika da saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema

Sesavali

enobrivi politika qveynis politikis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. xSir SemTxvevaSi qveynis enobrivi politika pirdapiraa mibmuli qveynis ekonomikur politikasTan da ekonomikuri politikis konteqstidan gamomdinareobs. saqarTvelos realobaSic enobrivi politika erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia qveynis strategiuli ganviTarebisTvis da, Sesabamisad, kompleqsur da erTian midgomas moiTxovs.

amjerad Cveni mizani ar aris zogadad enobrivi politikis analizi saqarTveloSi, misi institucionaluri ganviTarebis problematika, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasTan Tu administraciul-teritoriul mowyobis enobrivi aspeqtebis, konfliqtebis regulirebisa Tu prevenciis sakiTxebis, agreTve ekonomikuri Tu socialuri aspeqtebis analizi. statiaSi mimovixilavT enobrivi politikis mimarTulebiT ganaTlebis sistemaSi gansaxorcielebel sam mimarTulebas, romlebic gamomdinareobs rogorc qveynis politikur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebidan, agreTve saxelmwifos Sida da gare integraciuli procesebidan. Sesa-bamisad, statia 3 nawilad daiyo:

1) multilingvuri ganaTleba; 2) `integraciuli qmedeba~ umaRles saswavle-

belSi misaReb gamocdebze; 3) umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizacia.

4

1. multilingvuri / bilingvuri ganaTleba

nebismier reformas esaWiroeba Tavisi winapi-roba da konteqsti. multilingvuri ganaTlebis re-formis dasawyebad es konteqsti, SesaZloa, 3 kate-goriad daiyos, romlebic urTierTkavSirSia da maTi ganxilva izolirebulad ar SeiZleba:

1) politikuri konteqsti; 2) sakanonmdeblo konteqsti; 3) Teoriuli konteqsti.

politikuri konteqsti saganmanaTleblo politikis dawyebis da

ganxorcielebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia Sesabamisi politikuri konteqstis arseboba (san migueli, 2003). msgavsi politikuri konteqsti gaaCnia multiling-vuri ganaTlebis politikas saqarTveloSi, romelic 3 nawilad SeiZleba daiyos:

a) gansaxleba da demografiuli mdgomareoba; b) sabWoTa memkvidreoba da sabWoTa kavSiris ngreva; g) saganmanaTleblo reforma. a) gansaxleba da demografiuli mdgomareoba saqarTvelo multieTnikuri qveyanaa. 2002 wlis

mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT, eTniku-rad qarTvelebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 83,8 %, xolo sxva eTnikuri jgufebi 15,2 % (2002 wlis sayovelTao aRwera). eTnikur umci-resobebTan mimarTebaSi sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebian

225

I klasSi saganTa gadanawilebis struqturaSi gaTvaliswinebulia mTlianad dawyebiT skolaSi swavlebis enis procentuli Sefardebis perspeqtiva. mTlianobaSi sqema ase gamoiyureba:

224

veTili calke tardeba da emateba sagakveTilo saaTebis raodenobas ise, rom ar daitvirTos saerTo sagakveTilo bade.

pirvel klasSi iswavleba 7 sagani:

1. mSobliuri ena _ 8 saaTi kviraSi;

2. qarTuli ena _ 3 saaTi kviraSi;

3. maTematika _ 5 saaTi kviraSi;

4. fizkultura _ 2 saaTi kviraSi;

5. musika _ 2 saaTi kviraSi;

6. Sroma _ 1 saaTi kviraSi;

7. xatva _ 1 saaTi kviraSi. Cveni modelis mixedviT, mSobliur enaze

Seiswavlian mSobliur enas, maTematikasa da musikas, xolo saxelmwifo enaze - xatvas, Sromas, fizkul-turas da qarTul enas (qarTulis swavlebas, am mod-elis mixedviT, daemateba ori sagakveTilo saaTi).

bavSvebi axal enas garkveul konteqstSi aRiqvamen. rodesac enasTan erTad damatebiT mo-qmedebs sxva niSnebi: Jestebi, mimika, sxeulis ena, naxatebi... am Taviseburebam ganapiroba Cven mier xat-vis SerCeva. xatvis gakveTilze, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis gaTvaliswinebiT, moswavleebi Seiswavlian ferebs, figurebs, maTs dasaxelebebs.

maTematika pirvel klasSi azerbaijanulad iswavleba, magram, sasurvelia, sasafuZvlo terminebi (cifrebis saxelebi, maTematikuri moqmedebebis niSne-bis saxelwodebebi) moswavlem ukve aiTvisos sxva sagnebSi, kerZod, qarTul enaSi, xatvasa da fizkul-turaSi; es sagnebi integrirebulad Seiswavleba; amiT Cven safuZvels movumzadebT moswavles, raTa mesame klasSi man maTematika qarTulad Seiswavlos. amisaT-vis sagangebod unda moxdes meTodikuri miTiTebebis momzadeba.

Cven mier warmodgenili meTodis Tavisebureba kidev isaa, rom saxelmwifo enaze axali sagnebis swavlebis pirvel wels xdeba paraleluri swavleba (sagani iswavleba or enaze cal-calke gakveTilze), xolo momdevno wels am SerCeuli sagnebis swavleba mTlianad saxelmwifo enaze gadava..

5

erTmaneTisgan raodenobiT, gansaxlebis tipebiT (kom-paqturi da dispersiuli) da qveynis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maTi integraciis xarisxiT.

faqtobrivad, arsebobs 4 regioni, sadac gans-axlebulia umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi: afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi, qvemo qarTli da samcxe-javaxeTi. qistebi kompaqturad saxloben kaxeTSi (pankisis xeoba), Tumca qistebi Seadgenen regionis mxolod 7 %-s. kompaqturi gansaxlebis garda, saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba iseTi eTnikuri jgufebis dispersiuli gans-axlebebi, rogorebicaa rusebi, berZnebi, qurTebi, iezidebi, ebraelebi, asirielebi, ukrainelebi da sxva. (svaniZe, 2002). aRsaniSnavia, rom es eTnikuri jgufebi ar arian homogenurebi. magaliTad, berZnuli dias-pora Sedgeba ori jgufisgan, romelTagan erTi saubrobs Turqulad, xolo meore _ Tanamedrove berZnulad. azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba romelic cxovrobs Sida qarTlsa da qvemo qarTlSi, mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. Tundac is faqtia mniSvnelovani, rom Sida qarTlisa da qvemo qarTlis azerbaijaneli eTnikuri jgufi zogad ganaTlebas iReben gansxvavebul enebze (Sida qarTlSi _ qarTu-lad, qvemo qarTlSi _ azerbaijanulad) (svaniZe, 2002). amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom eTnikuri umci-resobebis kompaqturi gansaxlebebi esazRvreba maT eTnikur samSoblos. magaliTad, qvemo qarTlis re-gioni, sadac kompaqturad saxloben eTnikurad azer-baijanelebi, esazRvreba saxelmwifo azerbaijans, xolo samcxe-javaxeTi, sadac kompaqturad saxloben eTnikurad somxebi _ esazRvreba saxelmwifo somxeTs. am faqtma SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos separatizmsa da ara loialobas qarTuli saxelmwifosadmi.

umravlesobis (eTnikurad qarTvelebis) sakiTxi, romlebic Tavad warmoadgenen umciresobas eTnikuri umciresobebis kompaqturad gansaxlebul regionebSi, agreTve mniSvnelovania (umravlesoba umciresobaSi). magaliTad, eTnikurad qarTvelebi warmoadgenen mosaxleobis umciresobas saqarTvelos iseT

6

regionebSi, rogoricaa qvemo qarTli da javaxeTi. saganmanaTleblo politikam unda asaxos da upasuxos am gamowvevasac: unda daicvas eTnikuri umciresobebi, iseve, rogorc eTnikuri umravlesoba, romlebic warmoadgenen umciresobas konkretul regionSi.

zemoT aRniSnuli problemebidan gamomdinare, sakmaod rTulia iseTi meTodologiis SemuSaveba, romelSic asaxuli iqneba gansxvavebuli midgoma sxvadasxva problemisadmi. es gansakuTrebiT rTulia, radganac nebismieri saxis diskriminacia dakavSirebulia araerT delikatur problemasTan. (svaniZe, 2003). aseT pirobebSi multilingvuri ganaTlebis sxvadasxva modelis SeTavazeba da mosaxleobisTvis arCevanis datovebis saSualeba Cans, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze optimaluri gamosavali, Tumca am politikas swori dagegmva da ganxorcieleba esaWiroeba.

b) sabWoTa kavSiris rRveva da sabWoTa memkvidreoba saqarTvelom moipova damoukidebloba 1991

wels sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg. ZaldatanebiTi migraciis komunisturma politikam sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg gamoiwvia araerTi eTnikuri problema yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi (hogan-bruni da ramonlene, 2004). sabWoTa kavSiris dros mosaxleobas da eTnikur jgufebs Soris sakomunikacio enas warmoadgenda rusuli ena. sabWoTa saganmanaTleblo da enobrivi politikis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufebi _ rusebi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, afxazebi, osebi, berZnebi, qurTebi da sxvebi gaxdnen rusuli politikuri da enobrivi sazogadoebis nawili. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevam da saqarTvelos damoukideblobam aucilebeli gaxada eTnikur

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enaze swavleba iwyeba adreul asakSi, roca bavSvi fizikuradac da fsiqologiuradac Semzadebulia codnis misaRebad. Tanac, mTeli rigi qveynebis gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom aseT dros bavSvis mSobliuri enobriv-kulturuli garemo ki ar iTrguneba, aramed viTardeba da warmoCindeba meore enis garemosTan Sedarebis fonze.

am modelis upiratesobebma gvibiZga Segveqmna bilingvuri swavlebis eqsperimentuli modeli qvemo qarTlis, kerZod dmanisis raionis or skolaSi: sofel karabulaRisa da sofel orozmanis sajaro skolebisaTvis, sadac didi iyo mosaxleobis survili, skolis materialur-teqnikuri bazac iZleoda amis saSualebas da aris adgilobrivi resurscentris didi mxardaWerac. Cveni arCevani orma garemoebamac ganapiroba:

1. raioni sakmaodaa dacilebuli centrs, ris gamoc araqarTveli mosaxleoba qarTul garemosTan Sexebas moklebulia, gvian aRwevs informaciebi;

2. aq ar xorcieldeba proeqtebi, rac maT saSu-alebas miscemdaT SeevsoT enobrivi xarvezebi.

Cveni mosazrebebi proeqtis saxiT warvudgineT fond `Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelos~, Tumca, sam-wuxarod, ver moxerxda dafinanseba. magram am mimar-TulebiT muSaobas kvlavac ganvagrZobT, da veZebT saWiro resursebs.

bilingvuri swavlebis arsebuli `a~, `b~ da `g~ modelebidan Cven SevarCieT `b~ modeli - anu swav-leba ise mimdinareobdes, ar dairRves balansi 50 / 50-ze (garda pirveli klasisa, sadac mSobliuri enis wili metia), amasTan, calkeuli sagnebis swavleba moxdeba orsave enaze (integrirebulad), raTa Sem-dgomSi momzaddes safuZveli maTs meore enaze sas-wavleblad.

gTavazobT mis zogad suraTs dawyebiTi safexu-risaTvis, aqve SevniSnavT, rom meore enaze gak-

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orenovani swavlebis erTi kerZo modeli qvemo qarTlis araqarTulenovani

skolebisaTvis

sul ramodenime wlis win xSirad gaigonebdiT saubars imis Sesaxeb, rom araqarTulenovani skolebis qarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebi unda Seicvalos, radgan is masala, rac faseulia qarTveli xalxisaTvis, arasaTanadod iyo SerCeuli da miwodebuli eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis, masSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsis miuwvdomlobis gamo; amis gamo, marTalia qarTulis gakveTilebi Setanili iyo sagakveTilo cxrilSi, magram, faqtobrivad, es iyo swavleba Sedegebis gareSe. am problemas emateboda isic, rom adgilobrivi kadrebi iyvnen araspecialistebi da, amasTan, meTodikurad moumzadebelni. sabolood ki erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenelni skolis damTavrebis Semdeg ver flobdnen saxelmwifo enas da, Sesabamisad, ver axerxebdnen qarTulenovan sazogadoebasTan integrirebas.

bolo wlebSi saWiro mimarTulebiT qmediTi RonisZiebebi gatarda: gadamzadda kadrebi, Seiqmna axali saxelmZRvaneloebi da axali meTodika. rogorc treners, saSualeba momeca, monawileoba mimeRo am procesebSi, Semdeg ki _ monitoringSi. rogorc realurma viTarebam gviCvena, axalma saxelmZRvaneloebma aSkarad gaaumjobesa viTareba, magram kidev ufro ganamtkica azri, rom ukeTesi Sedegis misaRebad kidev metis gakeTeba, axali formebis Ziebaa saWiro.

evropis mTel rig qveynebSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba bilingvuri ganaTleba, romlis umTavresi upiratesoba isaa, rom erTdroulad or

7

umciresobebTan mimarTebiT gatarebuliyo Sesabamisi politika, rameTu politikuri realoba iyo absoluturad gansxvavebuli. saqarTvelom airCia liberaluri gza da mis teritoriaze mcxovreb yvela mosaxles mianiWa saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, Tumca, es `nulovani~ politika ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi, raTa qarTul saxelmwifos moepovebina loialoba eTnikuri umciresobebis mxridan, radgan eTnikurma umciresobebma miiRes saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba ise, rom maT ar uTxoviaT am qveynis moqalaqeoba. (marTalia, maT arc uari uTqvamT am moqalaqeobaze, vinaidan im situaciaSi maT arc hqoniaT arCevanis saSualeba). am konteqstidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis klasificireba SeiZleba moxdes rogorc `aranebayoflobiTi umciresobisa~ (ogbi, 1991). SesaZlebelia, am faqtma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonios multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi, radgan, erTi mxriv, ara yvela umciresobis warmomadgenels surs, iyos integrirebuli qarTul sazogadoebaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, saxelmwifom unda SeinarCunos politikuri stabiluroba da moaxdinos eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebis integrireba. es situacia moiTxovs adekvatur enobriv politikas da, vfiqrobT, multilingvuri ganaTleba kargi instrumentia am situaciidan gamosasvlelad. erTi mxriv, moxdeba saxelmwifo enis infrastruqturis ganviTareba da, meore mxriv, eTnikuri umciresobebis mSobliuri enisa da kulturis dacva da SenarCuneba.

ufro metic, sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ori eTnikuri konfliqti gaRvivda. ra Tqma unda, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebs hqondaT politikuri sarCuli, Tumca eTnikurma dapirispirebam misca ufro mkveTri saxe am konfliqtebs. amasTanave, enobrivi sakiTxebi iyo erT-erTi gadamwyveti eTnikuri dapirispirebis gaRvivebisas da zogierTi eqsperti am konfliqtebs

8

`enobrivi omebis~ klasifikaciasac aZlevs (svaniZe, 2002). swori enobrivi da saganmanaTleblo politika saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze mniSvnelovani garantia iqneba am konfliqtebis mosagvareblad.

g) ganaTlebis reforma saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema reformirebis

procesSia. aRsaniSnavia, rom ganaTlebis sistemis reforma saqarTveloSi Catarda msoflio bankis proeqtis `ilia WavWavaZis~ farglebSi. mniSvnelovania rom es proeqti ar iTvaliswinebda araqarTulenovani skolebis reformas., Tumca dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi 265 araqarTulenovani sajaro skolaa, rac sajaro skolebis saerTo raodenobis 10 %-ze mets Seadgens da, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania am skolebis reformirebac.

aRsaniSnavia am araqarTulenovan sajaro skolebSi enis swavlebis sakiTxic da am mimarTulebiT ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier ganxorcielebuli proeqtebi da maTi Sedegebi. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom gadadga konkretuli nabijebi eTnikuri umciresobebis ganaTlebis problemebis mosagvareblad. kerZod, 1) axali saswavlo gegmebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi iqna SemuSavebuli qarTulis, rogorc meore enisaTvis. 2) qarTuli enis, rogorc meore enis, pedagogebi gadamzaddnen qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis regionebSi. 3) qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi gaigzavnen qarTuli enis pedagogebi. 4) qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, axali saganmanaTleblo moduli SemuSavda umaRlesi saswavleblebisTvis.

miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlili RonisZiebebisa, eTnikuri umciresobebis moswavleTa Sedegebi, Tundac umaRles saswavleblebSi misaReb erTian erovnul gamocdebze, ar gaumjobesebula. rogorc

221

2. xeli Seuwyos qvemo qarTlis araqarTuleno-van skolebs maT mierve wamowyebuli biling-vuri swavlebis modelis danergvaSi.

3. momzaddes da samizne skolebs gadaeces Sesa-bamisi saxelmZRvaneloebi da saswavlo ma-salebi, aseve, maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo-ebi yvela im disciplinaSi, romelTa tra-diciul swavlebasac bilingvuri modeli cvlis.

4. momzaddes pedagogTa adgilobrivi kadri, romlebic, proeqtis dasrulebis Semdgom, da-moukideblad SeZleben gaagrZelon da ga-naxorcielon TavianT skolebSi bilingvuri swavleba (pedagog-instruqtori), amasTan, SeeZlebaT daexmaron sxva pedagogebs biling-vuri swavlebis danergvaSi.

5. Seiqmnas sawavlo_meToduri baza, saswavlo masalebiTa da meToduri saxelmZRvaneloe-biT, rac proeqtis dasrulebis Semdgomac didxans gauwevs daxmarebas bilingvuri swav-lebis formiT dainteresebul maswavleblebs

lia TuSuri

marneulis zogadsaganmanaTleblo III skolis direqtori,

proeqtis - `bilingvuri 1-li klasis modeli araqarTulenovan skolebSi

xelmZRvaneli

220

sxvadasxva saganSi standartis Sedegebis misaRwevad erTi da igive Tematuri blokebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT muSavdeba: vTqvaT, qarTulis gakveTilze swavloben sxeulis nawilebs, xelgarjilobis gakveTilze aawyoben asawyob Tojinas sxeulis nawilebis dasaxelebiT, f/k gakveTilze asruleben ritmul savarjiSos (sxeulis nawilTa aqcentirebiT. xolo simReris gakveTilze swavloben aseve ritmul simReras _ gadakeTebuli `vugi-vugi~ sxeulis nawilebis monawileobiT. maTematikis gakveTilze Sesaswavli masalac aRniSnul leqsikur vels ukavSirdeba: vTqvaT, ramdeni Tavi Cans fanjaraSi?, ramdeni xelia aweuli, ramdeni fexi Cans merxis qveS da a. S.

sagangebod gvinda SevCerdeT I klasis saswavlo masalebSi mSobliuri enidan cnobili leqsikuri erTeulebis gamoyenebaze. am sityvebma bavSvebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, ucxo enis kompleqsi mouxsna _ maT eCvenebaT, rom qarTulad yvelafris Tqma SeuZliaT, pirvelsave gakveTilze amboben 10-15 winadadebas, vTqvaT: `ai fanjara, ai jibe, ai zebra da a. S. ~ SeuZliaT aRweron yvela SeTavazebuli suraTi da gaigon mciresiuJetiani teqsti. radgan TiTqmis yvela sityva maTTvis nacnobia.

aRniSnuli proeqti ukve 2005 wlidan

dafinansebis gareSe mimdinareobda am saswavlo wels ki fondma `Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelom daafinansa, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs ukve Seqmnili masalebi gadavamravloT da skolebs mivawodoT.

proeqtis mizania:

1. dakmayofildes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

socialuri dakveTa bilingvuri ganaTlebis farTod danergvis Sesaxeb.

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Cans, qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, rogorc calke aRebuli sagnis, swavlebis gaumjobeseba sakmarisi ar aris am problemis mosagvareblad. ufro strategiuli RonisZiebebia gasatarebelia, raTa eTnikuri umciresobebis moswavleebs mieceT ganaTlebis Tanabari SesaZlebloba umravlesobasTan mimarTebiT. multilingvuri ganaTleba, anu zogierTi sagnis swavlebaSi swavlebis enad qarTuli enis gamoyeneba _ SesaZlebelia iqces am situaciaSi problemis gadawyvetis optimalur gzad.

sakanonmdeblo konteqsti sakanonmdeblo konteqsti enobrivi politikis

TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sainteresoa saqarTveloSi. kanonmdebloba ZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiTaa Seqmnili: 1) saxelmwifo administrireba da 2) adamianis / umciresobaTa uflebebis dacva. erTi mxriv, gaZlierebulia saxelmwifo enis statusi, 1995 wels miRebuli saqarTvelos konstituciis me-8 muxlis Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo enaa qarTuli, xolo afxazeTis teritoriaze _ qarTulTan erTad afxazuric. 1998 wlis saqarTvelos kanonis sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb 98-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo moxele valdebulia, flobdes saxelmwifo enas da saxelmwifo enis arcodna SeiZleba gaxdes piris samsaxuridan daTxovis mizezi. 2005 wlis saqarTvelos kanonis adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis Sesaxeb me-9 muxlis Sesabamisad, qarTuli ena unda gamoiyenebodes yvela donis mmarTvelobis sxdomebze da saarCevno kodeqsis mixedviT, yvela parlamentarma unda icodes saxelmwifo ena. am mimarTulebiT aRsaniSnavia agreTve saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT dainteresebuli mxare valdebulia saCivari / gancxadeba an sxva dokumenti administraciul organoSi waradginos saxelmwifo

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enaze, Tu es dokumenti ar aris wardgenili saxelmwifo enaze, `dainteresebuli mxaris~ valdebulebaa, moaxdinos am dokumentis saxelmwifo enaze Targmnis uzrunvelyofa da misi notariulad damowmeba. (saerTaSoriso krizisebis jgufi, 2006). saqarTvelos konstituciis 85-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo procesi xorcieldeba saxelmwifo enaze. meore mxriv ki saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba icavs umciresobebs; saqarTvelos konstitucia calsaxad afiqsirebs saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas da umciresobaTa uflebebis damcavi meqanizmebi Cadebulia konstituciis 38-e, 39-e da 85-e muxlebSi; umciresobaTa uflebebis damcavi kanonmdebloba gvxvdeba saqarTvelos kanonebSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, kulturis Sesaxeb, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. rac Seexeba umciresobaTa saganmanaTleblo uflebas _ is mkveTrad aris daculi saqarTvelos kanonebSi zogadi ganaTlebisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. 2005 wels miRebuli axali kanonis `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ me-4 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi swavlebis ena aris qarTuli, xolo afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi _ qarTuli da afxazuri. amave muxlis me-3 punqtis mixedviT, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, romelTaTvisac qarTuli ena ar aris mSobliur ena, ufleba aqvT, zogadi ganaTleba miiRon TavianT mSobliur enebze. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sfero regulirdeba 2004 wlis kanoniT umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, romlis me- 4 muxli ambobs, rom umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlebis enaa qarTuli, xolo afxazeTSi _ afxazuric, Tumca igive muxli aRniSnavs, rom sxva enebze swavleba dasaSvebia, Tu amas iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi an nebadarTulia ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier (vetli, 2005). 2004 wlis saqarTvelos kanonis sazogadoebrivi

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treningi, amjerad ki yovelkvireul samuSao Sexvedrebze urigdebaT meToduri rekomendaciebi, Tematuri blokebi da horizontaluri Wrilebi, romliTac mTeli kviris manZilze xelmZRvaneloben. mokled SevCerdebiT TiToeul maTganze: dawyebiT safexurze saswavlo masala organizebulia horizontalur WrilebSi, ise, rom SedarebiT xangrZliv monakveTSi bavSvebi yvela saganSi erT Tematur blokze muSaoben. aviRoT Tundac I Tema _ `misalmeba, wardgena~. am dros mozards mxolod sakuTari vinaobis dasaxeleba SeuZlia. maTematikaSi ki gadian Temas `didi, patara~, leqsikuri masala isea SerCeuli, rom ZiriTadad efuZneba sakuTar saxelebs, saerTaSoriso sityvebsa da maTi mSobliuri enidan cnobil leqsikas, ise, rom maTematikis gakveTilze bavSvebs mxolod 2 ZiriTadi maTematikuri terminis `didisa da pataras~ daswavla damaxsovreba uwevs. maswavleblebs winaswar, kviris dasawyisSi urigdebaT gakveTilebis saorientacio scenari, sadac gamokveTilia ara marto am konkretul saswavlo disciplinaSi misaRwevi Sedegebi, aramed is enobrivi konstruqciebi da axali leqsika, razec am gakveTilze unda imuSaon; swavleba efuZneba TamaSis princips _ axali masalis axsna ZiriTadad saTamaSo principebis gadmocemaa es nawili midis bavSvis mSobliur enaze, rasac mosdevs akrZalva saTamaSo situaciaSi, anu TamaSi moiTxovs, rom bavSvma ukve Seswavlili II enaze gadmosces, amisaTvis aucilebelia gavarjiSeba. moqmedebs principi `Tu ar iswavli _ ver iTamaSeb~; aq Zalze aqtiuria II ena. bavSvebs urCevniaT gamoiyenon araverbaluri saSualebebi, vidre TamaSis wesebi daarRvion da gamoiyenon mSobliuri ena. magistraluri xazi aseTia _ TamaSSi axsnisas gamoiyeneba mSobliuri ena, gameoreba ganmtkicebisas _ II ena.

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cnobili obieqturi da samwuxarod arc Tu umniSvnelo subieqturi faqtorebiT, rac albaT, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros saganmanaTleblo strategiam unda daabalansos. jerjerobiT ar Cans erTiani, gamokveTili midgoma, rac adgilze mniSvnelovanwilad gviSlis xels. samwuxarod ukve SeiniSneba arasasiamovno ukuprocesebic, zog skolaSi gasul wels gaixsna qarTuli seqtoric da bilingvuri I klasic. miuxedavad mosaxleobis didi survilisa, wels am skolebSi arc qarTuli seqtori gaxsnila da aRarc bilingvuri klasi. mosaxleoba iZulebulia, specialurad iqiraos transporti da ase ataros bavSvebi sasurvel skolaSi. amdenad, bilingvuri swavlebis modelis ganxorcieleba dRes qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobis socialuri dakveTaa; maT Tavad daiwyes bilingvuri modelis danergva skolebSi farTo masStabiT, Tumca am saqmeSi uTuod esaWiroebaT daxmareba. es rac Seexeba regionSi Seqmnil zogad suraTs.

oriode sityva Tavad modelze: umTavresi, rac aRniSnul models sxvaTagan

ganasxvavebs, aris maTematikis Semotana I klasSive. praqtikam aCvena, rom bilingvuri swavlebis sawyis etapze dawyebiT klasebSi gacilebiT iolad euflebian reglamentirebuli leqsikiTa da saerTaSoriso terminologiiT gajerebul zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs, xolo humanitaruli ciklis sagnebis bilingvuri swavleba gacilebiT maRal enobriv kompetenciebs moiTxovs, amitomac aRniSnul modelSi dawyebiT safexurze swored zusti mecnierebebis bilingvuri swavleba Semodis, rasac TandaTanobiT enacvleba monolingvuri swavleba ukve II enaze. humanitaruli ciklis sagnebi am modelSi yvelaze bolos Semodian. bilingvuri klasebisaTvis pedagogTa kadris SesarCevad ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros TanxmobiT Catarda testireba. pedagogebma gaiares

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mauwyeblis Sesaxeb me-16 muxlis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli valdebulia, informacia gaavrcelos umciresobaTa enebzec da agreTve Seqmnas satelevizio programebi, romlebic mizanmimarTuli iqneba eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis.

zemoT miTiTebuli kanonebidan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba calsaxad usvams xazs saxelmwifo enis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifo administrirebis sferoSi da, amasTanave, qmnis garantiebs eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebis dasacavad, maT Soris mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis uflebs dasacavadac. dRevandel etapze, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania am orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTulebis aRsasruleblad realuri meqanizmebis Cadeba. orive mimarTulebis aRsruleba da ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod eTnikuri umciresobebis swori saganmanaTleblo politikis wyalobiT. swored multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikaa erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamosavali, raTa es orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTuleba aRsruldes da ganxorcieldes realobaSi.

Teoriuli konteqsti eTnikuri umciresobebis ganaTlebis politika

SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad paradigmad: 1) asimilatoruli saganmanaTleblo paradigma,

romelic gulisxmobs eTnikur umciresobaTa warmo-madgenelTaTvis mxolod dominanti eTnikuri jgufis enaze ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas da uflebis warTmevas, maT mSobliur enaze miiRon ganaTleba da SeinarCunon da ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura. es midgoma mTlianad jdeba van genepis modelSi (1960), romelic moicavs samfazian process (separacia, tranziti da inkorporacia) da gulisxmobs pirovne-bis srul mowyvetas mSobliuri kulturisgan da

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srul asimilacias dominant eTnikur jgufTan (ren-doni, jalomo da nora, 2003). mniSvnelovania ganvasx-vavoT ori midgoma asimilatoruli paradigmis Sig-niT: a) nebayoflobiTi asimilacia da b) Zaldatane-biTi asimilacia. gansxvaveba am or midgomas Soris isaa, rom nebismier individs aqvs ufleba, nebay-oflobiT iqnes asimilirebuli dominant eTnikur jgufTan da es ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc misi uflebebis darRveva (svaniZe, 2005).

2) izolacionisturi saganmanaTleblo para-digma, romelic gulisxmobs ganaTlebas mxolod eT-nikuri umciresobebis mSobliur enaze, rac niSnavs eTnikuri umciresobebis mxridan nebayoflobiT izolacias dominanti eTnikuri jgufisgan.

3) pluralisturi / integraciuli saganmanaT-leblo paradigma, romelic gulisxmobs iseTi mode-lis Seqmnas, romelic xels Seuwyobs individis kom-petencias or enaze da kulturaSi. es paradigma uaryofs rogorc asimilatorul, agreTve izola-cionistur paradigmebs da, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs eTnikuri umciresobebis mxridan mSobliuri enisa da kulturis SenarCunebas da ganviTarebas da meore mxriv dominanti eTnikuri jgufis enasa da kul-turisadmi ziarebas. es midgoma mTlianad jdeba di andes mier SemoTavazebul `ormagi socializaciis~ modelSi (1984), romelic gulisxmobs, rom am mode-lis pirobebSi individs efeqturi da warmatebuli funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba eZleva rogorc mSobliur, aseTve dominanti eTnikuri jgufis kul-turul garemoSi (rendoni, jalomo da nora, 2003).

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema dResdReobiT sTavazobs eTnikur umciresobebs mxolod asimila-toruli an izolacionisturi paradigmebis far-glebSi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas da adgili ar aqvs datovebuli pluralisturi / inte-graciuli saganmanaTleblo paradigmisTvis. swored asimilatoruli da izolacionisturi saganmanaTle-blo paradigmidan pluralistur / integraciul sa-

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2006 wlis II trimestridan proeqts SemouerTda bolnisis raionis 7 skola

bolnisis raioni:

qvemo bolnisi #1, #2 curtavi talaveri #1, #2 muxrana naxiduri

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom jerjerobiT

mcirekontingentiani skolebi moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas, SeuerTdnen eqsperiments, maT ara aqvT saSualeba sakuTari biujetidan gamouyon damatebiTi dafinanseba pedagogebs, ris gareSec soflis skolebSi kvalificiuri kadris mizidva SeuZlebelia. Tavis droze bilingvuri swavlebiT daintereseba ganpirobebuli iyo yvelasTvis kargad

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bilingvuri swavlebis eqsperimenti marneulis

raionSi faqtobrivad 2004 wels daiwyo, sawyis

etapze, ra Tqma unda arsebobda obieqturi da ufro

metad subieqturi xasiaTis problemebi, romelTa

gadaWraSi aqtiurad Caeria adgilobrivi

resurscentri (resurscentris xelnZRvaneli

qamandar ismailovi) ramdenime Tvis muSaobis Semdeg

cxadi gaxda, rom qarTulenovani bavSvebisaTvis

gankuTvnili saxelmZRvaneloebi seriozul

sirTuleebs uqmnida araqarTulenovan mozardebs.

gadawyda am saxelmZRvaneloebis enobrivi adaptacia

da saTanado saswavlo masalebis Seqmna,

paralelurad muSavdeboda bilingvuri swavlebis

modeli sabazo da saSualo safexurisaTvis. amJamad

xelT gvaqvs; I klasis qarTuli enis maswavleblis

saxelmZRvanelo da moswavlis rveulebi (I_II nawili);

igive kompleqti maTematikasa da bunebaSi. agreTve

muSavdeba saswavlo programa da meToduri

rekomendaciebi saxviTi xelovnebis, Sromisa da

fizkulturis maswavlebelTaTvis; programa musikaSi

da meToduri rekomendaciebi maswavlebelTaTvis. 2006_07 saswavlo wlidan marneulis raionis

bevrma skolam gadawyvita gadasuliyo swavlebis bilingvur modelze. aRniSnuli modelis danergvaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula bolnisis raionis resurscentrma. resurscentris xelmZRvaneli Sorena gabriCiZe uSualod iRebs monawileobas modelis daxvewa-srulyofaSi. imisaTvis, rom kvalificiuri kadri moezidaT, skolis biujetidan maswavleblebs daeniSnaT danamati xelfasze 50-100 laris odenobiT. skolebma saTanado gancxadebiT mimarTes ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros da nebarTvac miiRes. amdenad, am saswavlo wlidan qvemo qarTlis 2 raionis TiTqmis yvela maRalkontingentian skolaSi funqcionirebs bilingvuri swavlebis pirveli klasi.

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ganmanaTleblo paradigmaze gadasvla unda iyos eT-nikuri umciresobebis ganaTlebis politikis qva-kuTxedi. aRniSnuli gadasvla yvelaze efeqturad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes multilingvuri / biling-vuri ganaTlebis pirobebSi.

multilingvuri / bilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis ganxorcielebis problemebi saqarTveloSi

multilingvuri / bilingvuri politikis au-cileblobis Teoriuli da praqtikuli dasabuTebis Semdeg, mniSvnelovania SevexoT im aspeqtebs, ris ga-moc multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis ganxor-cieleba mainc problematur da gadauWrel sakiTxad rCeba saqarTvelos realobaSi. multilingvuri ga-naTlebis politikasTan dakavSirebuli problematika SesaZlebelia or jgufad davyoT: (a) politikuri da (b) struqturuli.

multilingvuri ganaTlebis problemebis politikur aspeqtebs ramdenime gadamwyveti mizezi aqvs. mniSvnelovania ganvasxvavoT saqarTveloSi multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikuri konteqsti da sxva saxelmwifoebSi (magaliTad, amerikis SeerTe-bul StatebSi) arsebuli politikuri konteqsti. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi bilingvuri ganaTlebis moTxovna gaxldaT me-20 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gaSlili samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis nawili da moTxovna bilingvuri ganaTlebis miRebis Sesaxeb modioda umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebisgan (krou-fordi, 2000). saqarTvelos realobaSi ki multiling-vuri / bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis dawyebis iniciativa modis xelisuflebisgan da es iniciativa eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebisagan xSir SemTxvevaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc maTi saganmanaTleblo uflebebis SezRudva (piradi komunikacia, 2007). rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebi Cven SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT `aranebayoflobiT umciresobebs~ da,

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rogorc jon ogbu aRniSnavs, `aranebayoflobiTi um-ciresobebisTvis~ ar aris ucxo e. w. kulturul in-versiaSi CarTva, rac gulisxmobs dominant kultu-rasTan integraciis procesisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas; ufro metic `aranebayoflobiTma umcireso-bam~ SeiZleba daiwyos `opoziciuri qmedeba~, rac gulisxmobs iseTi qmedebebis waxalisebas, rac gansxvavebuli da opoziciuria dominanturi kul-turisagan (ogbu, 1987, jire, 1984). Sesabamisad, SesaZloa, saqarTvelos realobaSi multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis problematika sakmaod kom-pleqsuri iyos da moicavdes saxelmwifo enis swav-lebasa da multilingvur / bilingvur skolebSi ga-naTlebis miRebaze winaaRmdegobas, ramac SeiZleba politikuri winaaRmdegobis formac ki miiRos. es scenari damaxasiaTebelia yvela im saxelmwifosaT-vis, sadac eTnikuri umciresobebis klasificireba garkveulwilad mainc SeiZleba, rogorc `aranebay-oflobiTi umciresobisa~.

mniSvnelovania agreTve aRiniSnos erTi se-riozuli problema, rac ukavSirdeba multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis ganxorcielebas. eTnikuri um-ciresobebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan saarCevno re-surss mmarTveli politikuri ZalisaTvis arCevnebis periodSi. eTnikuri umciresobebi arCevnebisas xmas aZleven samTavrobo Zalas imisda miuxedavad, vin aris xelisuflebaSi. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia mmarTveli politikuri Zala yovelTvis sifrTxiliT moekidos multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis ganxorcielebas, radgan, zemoT ganxiluli mizezebis gamo, aman SeiZleba umciresobebis ukmayofileba ga-moiwvios da mmarTvel Zalas SesaZlebelia, ar surdes eTnikur umciresobaTa gaRizianeba da am saarCevno resursis dakargva. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom romelime donis arCevnebi (saprezidento, saparlamento, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis) saqarTveloSi sul mcire or weliwadSi erTxel mainc tardeba, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mmarTveli

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marneulisa da bolnisis raionSi mimdinare

bilingvuri swavlebis eqsperimenti

bilingvuri klasebis gaxsnis aucilebloba dRes

ukve saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTulenovani

mosaxleobis erTi nawilis socialuri dakveTaa.

maTTvis naTelia saxelmwifo enis flobis

aucilebloba da am enis arasakmarisi codnis

negatiuri Sedegebi. mosaxleoba individualurad

eZebs problemis gadaWris gzebs; amitomac, sadac

amis SesaZleblobaa, cdiloben, Svilebs saxelmwifo

enaze miaRebinon ganaTleba: SehyavT qarTul

skolebSi, xsnian qarTul seqtorebs, an bilingvur

klasebs. amdenad qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobaSi

saxelmwifo enis Seswavlisaken swrafva mkveTrad

gamoxatuli tendenciaa. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom

am procesebs erTgvari qaoturi elferic axlavs.

bavSvebi araqarTulenovani garemodan uceb xvdebian

skolaSi, sadac swavlebis ena mTlianad qarTulia;

swavloben qarTulenovani kontingentisaTvis

Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebiT, sadac yovelgvari

adaptacia gamoricxulia. bunebrivia, am tipis saxel-

mZRvaneloebSi ver iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli is speci-

fika, rac udavod angariSgasawevia araqarTulenovani

mozardebis meore enaze swavlebis procesSi. amasTn,

qarTuli skolebi mxolod raionul centrebSia da

soflis mosaxleoba qarTulad ganaTlebis miRebis

amgvar SesaZleblobas moklebulia.

amdenad, optimalur gamosavlad gvesaxeba

bilingvuri ganaTlebis danergva, rac mozards orive

enaze Tanabari ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs.

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bibliografia:

1. vainraixi u. - Ваинраих У, Одноязычые и многоязычие, Новое в лингвистике, Выпуск VI, Москва, 1972. 2. tabiZe m. enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qar-Tuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2005. 3. boki f. - Бок Ф.К. Структура общества и структура языка, Новое в лингвистике, Выпуск VI, Москва, 1972. 4. lerneri, enis socialurobis orgvari inretpre-taciis SesaZlebloba lingvistikaSi, ike, XXVIII Tbilisi, 1989.

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politikuri Zala SeiZleba yovelTvis moeridos radikalur saganmanaTleblo reformebs eTnikur um-ciresobebTan mimarTebiT.

arsebobs bevrad skeptikuri mosazreba multi-lingvuri ganaTlebis politikis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac sul ufro xSirad ismis eTnikuri umciresobebis aqtiuri warmomadgenlebis mxridan. am mosazrebis avtorebi amtkiceben, rom xelisu-flebisTvis momgebiania, hyavdes gaunaTlebeli da araintegrirebuli eTnikuri umciresobebi, romlebic warmoadgenen politikuri stabilurobis garantias, radgan ganaTlebuli da integrirebuli eTnikuri um-ciresoba SesaZlebelia iqces `xelisuflebis Tavis tkivilad~ (piradi komunikacia, 2007). erTi SexedviT, SesaZlebelia marTlac Candes, rom `status kvo~ momgebiania xelisuflebisTvis, Tumca, Tu ufro Rrmad gavaanalizebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom Seusabamo ganaTlebis mqone da `damjeri~ umciresoba SeiZleba problemad iqces xelisuflebisTvis da advilad SeiZleba manipulirebuli iqnes sxva saxelmwifos mier. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom eTnikuri umci-resobebis saarCevno poziciebi da administraciuli resursebis wyalobiT, praqtikulad SeuZlebeli xdeba arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebis Secvla, rac kidev erTxel ubiZgebs aramdgradi politikuri procesebisgan da Zaladobrivad xelisuflebis cvlilebebi ki qveynis politikuri ganviTarebis Se-maferxebelia faqtoria yovelTvis.

mniSvnelovania multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikasTan dakavSirebuli struqturuli proble-mebic. struqturuli problemebi moicavs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis miznis sicxade, resursebis naklebobis problematika da saxelmwifosa da skolis mier am resursebis Sevsebis gzebi (nieto, 2005). sami ZiriTadi sakiTxi ikveTeba struqturuli problemebis Tval-sazrisiT: 1) finansuri resursi; 2) adamianuri / sa-

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kadro resursi; 3) saswavlo programebi da sax-elmZRvaneloebi.

mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli problema: multilingvuri ganaTlebis finansuri uzrun-

velyofa umniSvnelovanesia da mWidrod aris da-kavSirebuli politikuri saxis problemebTan. mul-tiligvuri ganaTlebis reforma moiTxovs did finan-sur resurss saxelmwifo biujetidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros biujeti sagrZnoblad gaizarda 2003 wlidan. Tumca aRsaniSna-via erTi mniSvnelovani momenti: miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaTlebis saministros biujeti izrdeba _ ga-naTlebaze daxarjuli Tanxis Sefardeba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebiT mcirdeba; magaliTad, Tu is Seadgenda 12%-s 2004 wels, 2005 wels iyo mxolod 8,8 % (ekonomikis saministros statistikuri biuleteni). am pirobebSi, roca Tanxis didi nawili midis universaluri vauCeruli sistemis dafinanse-baze, uzrunvelyofs ki ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros vauCeruli sistemis farglebSi multi-lingvuri ganaTlebis reformis programul dafinan-sebas? finansuri uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovani faqtoria multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis re-alizebisTvis.

meore mniSvnelovani struqturuli problema sakadro resursis simwirea, romelic SeiZleba erT-erTi yvelaze mZimed mosagvarebeli aRmoCndes saqarTvelos realobaSi. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros hqonda seriozuli problema araqarTu-lenovani skolebis mxolod qarTulis enis pedagoge-biT uzrunvelsayofad. erTaderT gamosavlad gadawyda eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad das-axlebul regionebSi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqidan da sxva regionebidan pedagogTa mivlineba da maTTvis damatebiTi grantebis gamoyofa waxalisebis mizniT. es modeli ar imuSavebs multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis konteqstSi. adgilobrivi pedagogebi, zogadad adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, ar dauSvebs

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da saerTod xazs usvams mis kulturul dones. rac vTqviT individis doneze SeiZleba ganvazogadoT enobriv erTobazec.

bilingvi enobrivi koleqtivis wevrebis gancxadebiT, kodebis gadrTvis meqanizmi adamianebs Soris gagebas ganapirobebs da sametyvelo komunikaciis garkveul komforts qmnis da piriqiT, Sesabamis situaciaSi sakuTari metyvelebis variriebis TvalsazrisiT adamianis uunaroba, mxolod erTi kodisadmi mijaWvuloba anomaliad aRiqmeba da komunikaciuri konfliqtis warmomSobic SeiZleba gaxdes.

orenovani matarebeli yovelTvis cdilobs im jgufis wesesebi daicvas, romlis wevric aris.

orenovnebis sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT analizis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad vTvliT mravalenovan koleqtivSi enaTa funqciis sakiTxis garkvevas. miTumetes, rom zogierTi funqcia calsaxad konservatorul zemoqmedebas axdens enobriv normebze. xSirad zogierTi iseTi funqciis arqona, romelic mas prestiJs matebs ( magaliTad, saxelmwifo enis rolis an statusis arqona), amcirebs mis avtoritets da metad xdeba sxva enaTa gavlenis sagani, vidre TviTon zemoqmedebs romelime maTganze.

ena, sxva enebTan dapirispirebuli, im zewolis sapasuxod, romelic mas emuqreba, aamoqmedebs da aaqtiurebs iseT Zalebs, romlebic safrTxis qveS myofis gadarCenisken arian mimarTulni.

maka kaWkaWiSvili

axalcixis saxelmwifo universiteti

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damaxasiaTebeli, moqmedebs kodebs Soris sxvaobaTa Semcirebis mimarTulebiT. enobrivi daaxloeba gansakuTrebiT im situaciaSi SeimCneva, sadac jgufebs Soris keTilganwyobili damokidebulebaa.

orenovani matareblis enobrivi qcevis Seswavla ar unda SemoisazRvros yovelTvis erTi adamianiT. rodesac enebs Soris adamianTa jgufebis doneze kontaqti mimdinareobs, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es jgufebi mravalricxovania, erTi qcevis individualuri Taviseburebebi qreba individis doneze da maT sanacvlod Cndeba socialuri garemoTi ganpirobebuli enobrivi procesebi. isini mTlianobaSi am jgufis maxasiaTebeli xdeba.

bevri faqtori, romelic javaxeTis orenovan situaciaSi ama Tu im enas aniWebs upiratesobas da mas mniSvnelovan statuss unarCunebs (urTierTobisas misi gansakuTrebuli roli, socialuri ganviTarebis sferoSi mniSvneloba da a. S.), iq mcxovreb adamianebs garemosagan exveva Tavs. amitom mocemul situaciaSi enobrivi matareblebisTvis enebs Soris urTierTmimarTebebi xSirad erTi da igive aRmoCndeba.

mimdevroba, romlis mixedviTac enebi Seiswavleba, asaki, rodesac isini SeiTviseba, nakarnaxevia ara TviT enobrivi matareblisagan (Tumca arsebobs amgvari SemTxvevbic magram iSviaTad da ar vrceldeba koleqtivis doneze), aramed garemosagan. metic, TviT orenovnebis mimarT damokidebulebac ki SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli: erT SemTxvevaSi pativiscemas iwvevdes, meore SemTxvevaSi arakeTilganwyobil damokidebulebas. SesaZloa garkveul sazogadoebriv jgufebSi erTi enidan meoreze gadarTva dasaSvebi iyos, sxva jgufebSi - piriqiT.

CvenTvis saintereso enobriv arealSi am sakiTxisadmi calsaxa damokidebuleba arsebobs. javaxeTis mcxovrebni Tvlian, rom urTierTobis procesSi enidan enaze, kodidan kodze gadarTvis unari metyvelebs individis mier enis flobis sakmaod maRal doneze, mis komunikabelur xasiaTsa

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Casuli pedagogis saswavlo procesSi CarTvas. er-TaderTi gamosavali adgilobriv pedagogebze dayrd-nobaa, romlebic ver floben saxelmwifo enas. enis kursebi da maTi momzadeba bilingvuri swavlebis me-TodikaSi aris seriozuli instrumenti am pedagoge-bis gadasamzadeblad, Tumca, SesaZloa, arc es aqtivobebi aRmoCndes sakmarisi maqsimaluri efeqtis misaRebad. aris kidev erTi fsiqologiuri momenti, romelic SesaZlebelia agreTve Semaferxebel faqtorad iqces multiligvuri ganaTlebis politi-kis ganxorcielebis procesSi. pedagogebisTvis, ro-melTac qarTul enaze saubaric ki uWirT, Zalian rTuli iqneba, Caataron gakveTilebi qarTul enaze. amasTanave, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologiurad moswav-lisTvis, romelmac icis, rom pedagogi, gamarTulad saubrobs mis mSobliur enaze, isaubros gakveTilis procesSi qarTul enaze. es problema naTlad ga-moCnda qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, gakveTilebze. qarTuli enis TiTqmis yvela maswavlebeli, romelic flobda eTnikuri umciresobebis mSobliur enas, atarebda qarTuli enis gakveTilebs am enaze. Sesa-bamisad, moswavleTa miRwevebi qarTuli enis flobis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelo iyo. ufro metic, qarTuli enis im maswavleblebma, romlebic ver flobdnen moswavleTa mSobliur enas, ukeT Seiswavles es ena, vidre moswavleebma qarTuli ena. am sakiTxis mog-varebis gzebze moxsenebis Semdeg nawilSi visau-brebT, sadac bilingvur swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis gzebs ganvixilavT.

mesame problema ukavSirdeba saswavlo gegmebsa da saxelmZRvaneloebs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos is-toriisa da geografiis saswavlo gegma da sax-elmZRvanelo araqarTulenovani skolebisTvis gansa-kuTrebul sifrTxiles saWiroebs. arsebobs sxvadasxva istoriuli faqtis gansxvavebuli inter-pretaciebi, religiuri sakiTxebis gansxvavebuli xed-vebi, aRniSnuli faqtebis kulturuli aRqma sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufs gansxvavebuli aqvs. Sesa-

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bamisad, multikulturizmi, kulturulad pasuxismge-blobiani pedagogiuri midgomisa da saganmanaTleblo pluralizmis asaxva aris erT-erTi (Tu erTaderTi ara) gamosavali am situaciaSi (banksi da sxvebi, 1993). samoqalaqo ganaTlebis sagnisadmic saWiroa ufro sxva tipis moTxovnebis asaxva saswavlo gegmebSi, vidre es qarTulenovani skolebis saswavlo gegmaSia da am sagnis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebasac gansxvavebuli midgomebi esaWiroeba. am problemebis mogvarebis gzebzec statiis Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT.

saxelmZRvaneloebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxic gansxvavebul midgomas moiTxovs araqarTulenovan skolebTan mimarTebiT. saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros politika saxelmZRva-neloebTan mimarTebiT emyareba sabazro ekonomikis principebs. gamomcemlobebi, avtorTa jgufTan erTad, gamoscemen saxelmZRvaneloebs erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan SesabamisobaSi da saministros mier eniWe-baT saxelmZRvaneloebs grifi. xolo skolebs eniWe-baT uflebamosileba, Tavad airCion saswavlo procesisTvis konkretuli saxelmZRvaneloebi gri-firebul saxelmZRvaneloTa Soris. Sesabamisad, moswavlis mSobeli iZens skolis mier arCeul sax-elmZRvanelos. araqarTulenovan skolebTan mimarTe-biT sxva reJimi moqmedebs. araqarTulenovani skolebi saxelmZRvaneloebs iReben azerbaijanidan da somxeT-idan ufasod da ufasod urigeben moswavleebs. aR-saniSnavia, rom es saxelmZRvaneloebi Sedgenilia somxeTisa da azerbaijanis saswavlo gegmis Sesa-bamisad da ar Seesabameba saqarTvelos erovnul sas-wavlo gegmas. sabazro ekonomikis principis amo-qmedebam araqarTulenovan skolebSic SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios am saxelmZRvaneloebze uaris Tqma da SesaZlebelia, mSoblebma saerTod ar SeuZinon Svilebs saxelmZRvaneloebi. es mosazreba gansa-kuTrebiT realuria qvemo qarTlis regionSi, sadac kompaqturad saxlobs azerbaijanulenovani mosax-leoba. qvemo qarTlSi ara marto qarTuli enis

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iwyebs im mTliani jgufis qcevasTan asocirebas, romelic regularulad iyenebs mas. Semdeg es kodi TviTon am jgufis simbolod iqceva. Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom jgufi erTgvarovania.

rogorc qarTveli, somexi, ise rusi mosaxleoba flobs enaTa im nairsaxeobebs, romelic maT sasicocxlo interesebs Seesabameba. aqve, SeniSvnis saxiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom amgvari orenovani koleqtivi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba zogierTi maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgenlis individualuri orenovnebis an met enovnebisagan, romelic, saerTo jamSi erTenovania.

mravalenovan koleqtivebSi sakuTari normebis Camoyalibebis tendencia SeiniSneba. isini xSirad Zalian gansxvavdebian im normebisagan., romlebic erTenovan koleqtivs axasiaTebs.

dRes javaxeTSi somexi erovnebis zogierT adamians SeuZlia rusulad iseve Tavisuflad isaubros, rogorc mSobliur enaze. mas rusulad wera, kiTxva da leqciebis Catareba yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe SeuZlia. magram Tu is rusulad ruseTSi saubrobs, misi metyveleba iziarebs javaxeTis sxva enobrivi kodebis sxvadasxva Taviseburebebs. im adamianis yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dros am Taviseburebebidan rusuls daTmoba uwevs. ase, rom javaxuri rusuli im normebisagan, romlebic vTqvaT ruseTis dasavleT nawilSia miRebuli, mniSvnelovnad gadaxrilia.

gadaxris es tipi sulac ar niSnavs rusuli enis sust an cud codnas, aramed warmoadgens im im socialuri movlenebis bunebriv Sedegs, romelic aris im garemoSi sadac xdeba rusulis funqcionireba. am SemTxvevaSi garemo javaxeTia.

socialuri pirobebi, arsebuli mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi, yofisadmi sxvadasxva urTierTdapirispirebul tendenciebs iwvevs. kodebis xSiri Canacvlebis aucilebloba, romelic monawileTa udidesi nawilisTvis aris

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kerZo, piradi cxovrebis sferoSi amgvari warmomavlobis jgufebis arsebobas Tan sdevs garkveuli koleqtivis xelSi ama Tu im saxis sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis mobilizeba. magaliTad sabiTumo da sacalo vaWroba sxvadasxva met-naklebad daxurul jgufebSia ganfenili da javaxeTSi amiT somexi mosaxleobaa dakavebuli.

sxva jgufebi administraciul Tu samarTlebriv Cinovnikebs warmoadgenen. CinovnikTa, anu saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi adamianebis (sajaro moxeleTa) koleqtivi eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovania. bilingvizmic, Tavisi saqmianobis gamo yvelaze metad swored am jgufs axasiaTebs.

sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi funqciebis wre, romelsac esa Tu is piri asrulebs, gansazRvravs im sazogadoebrivi qcevebis ricxvs, romlebsac unda flobdes igi.

`adamianTa urTierTzemoqmedeba sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba imiT, rasac eTnografebi `specifikur funqcias~ uwodeben (role sfecifity) - yoveldRiuri saqmianobis wre sxvadasxva sferoebad iyofa. isini xSirad iTxoven sxvadasxva, xSirad urTierTsapirispiro qcevebsac ki. am tipis socialuri struqtura miT umetes gamoxatuli mravalenovani sazogadoebis pirobebSi, iswrafvis arsebuli enobrivi da dialeqturi sxvaobebi imaze metad SeinarCunon, vidre es dasavleTis romelime qveyanaSia~(3).

enobrivi kodebis konkretuli ricxvi da maTi erToblioba (raodenoba), romelic mocemul koleqtivSi gamoiyeneba, aseve maTi genetikuri fesvebi, javaxeTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli istoriuli SemTxveviTobiT ganisazRvreba, magaliTad, Turquli enis iq dadasturebuli nairsaxeoba an somxuri enis nairsaxeoba, romelsac pirobiTad `boSaTa metyveleba~ SeiZleba ewodos. isini istoriuli pirobebis gamo dasturdeba javaxeTSi, magram radgan damkvidrdnen, zemoT miyvanili orive enobrivi kodi

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swavlebis problema dgas, aramed seriozulad dgas saerTod moswavleTa mier zogadi ganaTlebis miRe-bis problemac (yurbanovi, 2007). Tumca am problemis gadasaWreladac arsebobs ramdenime gamosavali, razec agreTve statiis Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis momavali perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi da ZiriTadi strategiuli rekomendaciebi

bilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis ganxorcielebis procesi sam mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas moicavs. es mimarTulebebi Zalian mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTs aranairad ar gamoricxaven.

(a) sistemuri bilingvuri ganaTleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo politikis gatarebas centralur doneze; am politikis finansuri da sakanonmdeblo uzrunvelyofa;

(b) institucionaluri bilingvuri ganaTleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs bilingvuri saganmanaT-leblo politikis gatarebas institucionalur doneze;

(g) pedagogiuri, romelic iTvaliswinebs bilingvuri ganaTlebis reformis implimentacias uSualod saklaso oTaxSi. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovania saswavlo procesisTvis saWiro saswavlo gegmebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna da momzadeba, agreTve maswavlebelTa gadamzadeba. SevecdebiT, mokled ganvixiloT bilingvuri ganaTlebis reformis samive mimarTuleba saqarTvelos dRevandelobis pirobebSi da CamovayaliboT specifikuri rekomendaciebi, romlebic bilingvuri programebis Seqmnisa da saganmanaTleblo reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaken aris mimarTuli.

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sistemuri bilingvuri ganaTleba rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, sistemuri bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo politika am programis ganxorcielebis politikur dones moicavs. wina TavSi SevexeT im politikur problemebs, romlebic bilingvur ganaTlebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania sakanonmdeblo paketis Seqmna, romelic bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs. am politikis ganviTarebisaTvis ki aucilebeli winapirobaa, zustad iyos gansazRvruli am politikis miznebi da mimarTulebebi. rogorc horbergeri aRniSnavda, bilingvuri ganaTleba aris `resursi da ara problema, romelic unda gadaiWras~, (horbergeri, 2000, gv. 173). xolo vargesi (vargesi, 2004) ki xazs usvams or gansxvavebul midgomas bilingvuri ganaTlebis aRqmisas: pirveli midgoma gulisxmobs, rom bilingvuri ganaTlebis mTavari mizani mSobliuri enidan meore enaze gadasvlaa. meore midgoma radikalurad gansxvavdeba pirvelisgan da gulisxmobs, rom bilingvuri ganaTlebis mTavari mizani ori enis erTdroulad srulyofaa. trilosis (trilosi, 1998) ganmartebiT, bilingvuri ganaTlebis politika aucileblad unda usvamdes xazs im xuT mizans, romelic bilingvur ganaTlebas udevs safuZvlad: 1) bikulturizmi, anu unari, Tavi igrZno sazogadoebis srulyofil wevrad, rogorc sakuTar eTnikur jgufSi, agreTve dominanti eTnikuri jgufis garemocvaSi; 2) bilingvizmi, anu maRalprofesiuli unari, flobde or enas; 3) ori kulturis fundamenturi Rirebulebebisadmi ziareba; 4) keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba gansxvavebuli lingvisturi da kulturuli jgufebis mimarT;

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socialur situaciebsa da orenovani matareblis enobriv qcevebs Soris. orenovani matareblis enobrivi qcevis Seswavla ar unda SemoisazRvros yovelTvis erTi adamianiT.

javaxeTSi mWidro geografiul siaxloves cxovroben eTnikurad qarTveli, somexi da rusi adamianebis jgufebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian religiuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. isini urTierTzemoqmedeben da Tavisuflad urTierToben erTmaneTTan sazogadoebriv adgilebSi.

isini emorCilebian erTsa da imave xelisuflebas da xSirad swavloben erTsa da imave skolaSi. Tumca xSiri da regularuli urTierTgavlena maT Soris umniSvnelovanessa da kulturul gansxvavebebs ver Slis. TiToeuli jgufi Zveleburad inarCunebs Tavis gansakuTrebul tradiciebs, Rirebulebebs, miswrafebebs, romlebic vlindeba sxvadasxvagvar TaviseburebebSi.

saxli, ojaxi da axloblebis wre Zveleburad rCeba calkeuli adamianis cxovrebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad. urTierTobebi, kavSirebi, qorwinebiT SeZenili da megobruli damokidebulebebi iSviaTad arRvevs am Caketil sistemas.

yoveldRiuri cxovreba iq mcxovreb adamians ueWvelad axvedrebs ucxo adamianebs, magram sazogadoebaSi misi qceva mkacrad gamijnulia im axlo, naTesauri kavSirebisagan, romlebic mas aqvs Tavis axlobelTan, xolo ufro farTod Tavis klanTan.

TiToeul moqalaqes SeuZlia Tavisuflad hqondes urTierToba sxva wris adamianebTan. skolasa Tu sazogadoebaSi baZavdes kidec mas, magram Sin sul sxva garemo elis. es garemo sTxovs mas Sin gamefebul normebsa da qcevis wesebs daubrundes.

ase, rom sazogadoebrivi da kerZo sistemebis dayofa iwvevs individis garkveul izolacias da garedan siaxleebis SeRwevas xels uSlis.

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individisa da bilingvuri enobrivi koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi

javaxeTSi bilingvizmi javaxeTis enobrivi situaciisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli enobrivi movlenaa. CvenTvis saintereso enobriv arealSi termin

`orenovnebis~ qveS vgulisxmobT mxolod koleqtiur orenovnebas. ese igi SemovifarglebiT im SemTxvevebiT, rodesac erT enobriv koleqtivSi (da ara mxolod mis calkeul wevrebSi) gamoiyeneba da arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli enobrivi sistema, ori gansxvavebuli leqsikoni.

javaxeTSi arsebuli enobrivi situaciis SemTxvevaSi saubari SeiZleba iyos rogorc srul, aseve nawilobriv orenovnebaze.

sruli orenovnebis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT mosaxleobis eTnikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT Sereuli soflebis rogorc qarTul-somxuri (igulisxmeba qarTvelebis mier somxuri enis floba), aseve somxur-qarTuli (somexi mosaxleoba flobs qarTuls) bilingvizmis SemTxvevebi. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom amgvari soflebis mosaxleobis 83% orenovania (zogierT SemTxvevaSi samenovanic). soflebSi enobrivi erToba emTxveva eTnikur jgufebs. nawilobrivi orenovnebis magaliTad ki gamogvadgeba rusul-qarTuli, rusul-somxur orenovneba soflebSi, sadac rusebi, duxoborebi cxovroben. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom individualur orenovnebas ar ganvixilavT, SevniSnavT, rom enobrivi koleqtivebis doneze rusul-qarTuli da rusul-somxuri orenovnebis SemTxvevebi ar dasturdeba.

enobrivi kontaqtebis procesis sxvadasxvagvar ganviTarebas Tu ra zomiT gansazRvraven sxvadasxva enebis matareblis urTierTobis socialur-istoriuli pirobebi, irkveva mxolod maSin, rodesac cnobierdeba organuli kavSiri orenovnebis

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5) eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis Tanaswori ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba (amonaridi: mexia, 2004, gv. 394). amasTan, bilingvuri ganaTleba ar unda atarebdes `sakompensacio da damabalansebel~ xasiaTs, aramed unda iyos `gamamdidrebeli-Semmatebeli~ saSualebis momcemi programa (san migeli, 2003 gv. 30). Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis programa saxarbieloa umravlesobis warmomadgenlebisTvisac da eTnikuri umravlesobis warmomadgenel moswavleebsac aseTive warmatebiT SeuZliaT, monawileoba miiRon am programebSi. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im regionebisaTvis, sadac eTnikuri umravlesoba umciresobiT aris warmodgenili. Sesabamisad, miznis naTlad dasaxvas mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba bilingvuri ganaTlebis politikisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebebis Sesaqmnelad da misi warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis (nieto, 2005). meore, mniSvnelovani strategia sistemur doneze multilingvuri / bilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis etapobriobaa. aq ori, alternatiuli gza arsebobs bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo politikis gasatareblad: pirveli _ programebis Tanamimdevro-biTi ganxorcielebaa, da meore _ yvela eTnikuri umciresobis skolaSi programebis erTdrouli dasaxva da ganxorcieleba. vfiqrob, etapobrivi politika gamarTlebulia saqarTvelos realobisaTvis zemoT aRniSnuli problemebidan gamomdinare. san migeli (san migeli, 2003) bilingvuri programebis ganxorcielebas or etapad yofs, romlebic nebayoflobiTi da savaldebuloa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. saqarTvelos SeuZlia amerikis magaliTi aiRos da pirvel etapze nebayoflobiTi bilingvuri programebi danergos da, amavdroulad, moaxdinos momzadeba meore, savaldebulo etapisTvis. Tumca, ufro mizanSewonilia, rom multilingvuri ganaTleba skolis nebayoflobiT arCevans eyrdnobodes da misi warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, skolebi TandaTan gadavlen

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multilingvuri ganaTlebis sxvadasxva modelze, rac Tavidan agvacilebs im SesaZlo politikur garTulebebs, rac SeiZleba moitanos multilingvur ganaTlebaze gadasvlis savaldebulo modelma. am etapisaTvis nebayoflobiTi multilingvuri / bilingvuri programis farglebSi SesaZlebelia multilingvuri / bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo fondis daarseba. skolebi mxolod nebayoflobiT safuZvelze daiwyeben am programaSi monawileobas da proeqtebis wardgenis gziT miiReben damatebiT subsidiebsa Tu sxva tipis waxalisebebs centraluri biujetidan multilingvuri programebis realizebi-saTvis. Tumca, mniSvnelovania, rom skolebi momzaddnen am procesis gansaxorcieleblad an maT es procesi arasamTavrobo seqtorTan da / an umaRles saswavleblebTan TanamSromlobiT ganaxorcielon. meore mxriv, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros SeuZlia Zalisxmeva mimarTos saswavlo gegmebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnaze, maswavlebelTa gadamzadebaze, Temis, skolis da mSobelTa CarTulobis uzrunvelyofaze. mesame, mniSvnelovani sakiTxi - multilingvuri / bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo programebis finansuri uzrunvelyofaa. multilingvuri / bilingvuri ganaTlebis sakanonmdeblo da politikuri uzrunvelyofis Semdgom mniSvnelovania am politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi finansebis gamoyofa. eTnikur umciresobaTa skolebis reforma SesaZloa Zalian did TanxebTan iyos dakavSirebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo programebis ganxorcieleba Sekvecili biujetis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia. baltiispireTis qveynebis gamocdileba saqarTve-losTvis fasdaudebel gamocdilebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. am qveynebma saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier gamoyofili grantebi gamoiyenes bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo politikis dawyebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, maT SeZles myari safuZveli SeeqmnaT am

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skolebisaTvis Sesabamisi saswavlo-samecniero aparatiT (qarTul-osuri leqsikoniT, frazeologi-uri gamonaTqvamebis ganmartebebiT).

nino popiaSvili Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakulteti

bibliografia

1. saganmanaTleblo politika da erovnuli

umciresobani saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2007; 2. erovnul umciresobaTa davis CarCo

konvencia, Tb., 2006; 3. saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb, muxli 4. 2; 4. Образовательная политика и меншества, финальный

отчет, Киев, 2005.

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4. saWiroa Seiqmnas specialuri programebi bi-lingvuri swavlebisaTvis. mxari daeWiros garkveul iniciativebsa da proeqtebs, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba bilingvuri swavlebis; mSobliuri enisa da saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis srulyofisaken. sa-zogadod, moTxovnileba enis swavlebis mimarT Camoyalibebuli unda iyos im mimarTulebiT, rom „saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas swavlebis Tanmimdevruli saswavlo gegmebi, sadac sul mcire sami enis Ses-wavla mainc iqneba SesaZlebeli maRal doneze“.

5. xeli unda Seewyos bilingvuri swavlebis arasaskolo meTodebsac (distanciuri ganaTleba, dauswrebeli swavleba, saRamos swavleba, eqsternis meTodi).

minda aRvniSno, rom qarTuli enis sax-elmZRvanelo osur skolebSi saerTod ar arsebobda. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom adreul wlebSi gamoce-muli iyo qarTuli enis saxelmZRvanelo somxuri, azerbaijanuli, rusuli skolebisaTvis. am sax-elmZRvaneloebSi arsebuli teqstebis bolos mcire leqsikoni erTvis, sadac ucxo sityvebi maTs mSobliur enazea ganmartebuli. aseTi tipis sax-elmZRvanelo osuri skolebisaTvis ar gamocemula da bavSvebs sxva enis skolebisaTvis gamocemuli sax-elmZRvaneloebiT aswavlidnen qarTuls. ufro gasagebad rom vTqvaT, teqstSi arsebuli ucxo sityva teqstis bolos ganmartebuli iyo ara osur, aramed sxva enaze. aseve ar hqonda am wigns darTuli mcire leqsikoni osur enaze.

erovnuli umciresobisaTvis ufro advilad aRsaqmeli iqneba qarTuli ena Tu am sax-elmZRvanelos zogierT teqstSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba am erovnebis adamianTaTvis nacnobi Temebi, saxelebi, aseve im geografiuli punqtebis, aseve dResaswaulebis, sxvadasxva tradiciebis amsaxveli teqstebis warmoCena, rac gauadvilebs araqarTu-lenovan moswavles am enis Seswavlas. dRemde ar arsebobs qarTuli enis saxelmZRvanelo osuri

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periodSi da Semdgom ki saxelmwifo dafinansebiT gaegrZelebinaT dawyebuli politika. am periodSi qveynebisaTvis ZiriTad donorebs evropis komisia

(PHARE da mexuTe CarCos programebi), gaeros ganviTarebis programa da euTos erovnul umciresobaTa umaRlesi komisari warmoadgenda. swored igive saerTaSoriso organizaciebi gamoxataven mzaobas, moaxdinon finansuri wyaroebis mobilizeba saqarTvelos erovnuli umciresobebis ganaTlebis sakiTxebis mogvarebisaTvis. da bolos, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom politikur doneze ar moxdes bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo politikis izolireba da misi ganxorcieleba mxolod ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier. ganaTleba samoqalaqo integraciis strategiis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes nawils warmoadgens. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis mniSvnelovania konkretuli magaliTebi, riTac irwmunebs sakuTar perspeqtivebs qarTul saxelmwifoSi. es magaliTebi erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenel studentTa umaRles saswavleblebSi Caricxvis da im profesionalebis, romlebic saxelmwifo enas floben, dasaqmebis xelSewyobaa. am tipis magaliTebi TavisTavad mniSvnelovani winapirobaa bilingvuri saganma-naTleblo politikis warmatebiT gatarebisaTvis. Sesabamisad mniSvnelovania, rom bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo politika pirdapir dakavSirebuli iyos dasaqmebis da ekonomikis politikasTan.

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multilingvuri / bilingvuri ganaTlebis ganxorcieleba institucionalur doneze

multilingvuri / bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis institucionalur doneze, sami mniSvnelovani komponentia gasaTvaliswinebeli: skolis, Temis da mSoblebis CarTuloba am procesSi.

pirveli komponenti gulisxmobs skolis CarTulobis maRal xarisxs multilingvuri / bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo politikis gatarebis efeqturobisaTvis. oponentebis azriT, es sakiTxi kiTxvebs isedac ar unda iwvevdes, radgan Tavad skolaa am politikis ganmaxorcielebeli institucia. TumcaRa, eWvgareSea, rom CarTuloba ar gulisxmobs im aqtivobebis ubralo ganxorcielebas, rac programiT aris gawerili. skolis CarTuloba mis aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobs programis Seqmnis procesSi. skolebis CarTuloba pirvel etapze specialuri bilingvuri modelebis warmodgeniT SeiZleba iqnes miRweuli. rogorc mexia (mexia, 2004) aRniSnavs, yovelma instituciam (am SemTxvevaSi _ skolam) bilingvuri ganaTlebis modeli misi ganxorcielebis specifikuri situaciebidan gamomdinare unda dasaxos. ufro metic, mniSvnelovania, rom moxdes `ara mxolod romelime modelis danergva da gaTaviseba, aramed imis gaanalizebac _ ramdenadac kargad aris is morgebuli specifikur lokalur situacias... ar iqnes miRebuli mxolod imitom, rom kvlevis Sedegebi amtkiceben am midgomis efeqturobas~ (berdsmori, 1995, gv. 140). saqarTvelos aqac SeuZlia latviis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba, sadac ganaTlebis saministros mier 5 gansxvavebuli bilingvuri modelis SeTavazeba moxda skolebSi dasanergad. ufro metic, TiToeul skolas Tavad SeuZlia sakuTari modelis Seqmna da danergva specifikis

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konteqstSi ganixileba da romelic am etapze e. w. osur skolebSi realurad qarTuli enis adgils ikavebs.

aqve minda Tqveni yuradReba mivaqcio ramdenime sakiTxs:

1. saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia amJamad ar mo-qmedebs samxreT oseTis teritoriaze, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom momavalSi Cven ver aRvadgenT Zvel urTierTobebs. ris Sedegadac aRdgeba qarTuli skolebi da Sesabamisad qarTuli enis swavleba osur-rusul skolebSi ganaTlebis reformis Sesa-bamisad. bunebrivia, amgvari skolebisaTvis sax-elmZRvaneloebis Seqmna swrafad ver moxerxdeba. amitom saWirod migvaCnia, daiwyos muSaoba qarTuli enis programaze, meTodur saxelmZRvanelosa da im saskolo saxelmZRvaneloze, romelic aseTi kontin-gentisaTvis iqneba gamosadegi (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs “TavTavis~ tipis saxelmZRvanelos gamocema osureno-vani bavSvebisaTvis).

2. aRniSnul procesSi samomavlod unda Caer-Tos saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (mag. euTo, gaero da sxv.), raTa osur-rusul sabavSvo baRebSi gaixsnas qarTuli jgufi (yvela msurvelisaTvis, erovnebis miuxedavad). am etapze osur-rusul skolebSi qar-Tuli unda Seiswavlebodes rogorc sagani.

3. bavSvebi, romlebic amTavreben skolebs samxreT oseTSi, sxva regionebisagan gansxvavebiT qarTul enas versad swavloben, verc sab.avSvo baRSi, verc skolaSi. Sesabamisad, maTi sastarto done gansxvavdeba somexi, azerbaijaneli, rusi da sxva erovnebis bavSvebis donisagan, romlebic qarTul enas, rogorc sagans swavloben. ararealuria erov-nul gamocdebze qarTuli enis Cabareba. am etapze saWirod migvaCnia erovnuli gamocdebis Cabarebamde maTi ramdenimewliani saTanadod momzadeba qarTul enasa da literaturaSi (jer adgilze, Semdeg Tbi-lisSi). mxolod ase SeiZleba aRmoifxvras qarTuli enis swavlebis deficiti samxreT oseTSi.

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zanSewonilad migvaCnia rusuli enis Canacvleba (moswavleTa survilis Sesabamisad), qarTuli eniT. miT ufro, rom bilingvuri swavlebis konteqstSi es kidev ufro gazrdis moswavleTa mxridan saxelmwifo enis codnis dones da samomavlod srulfasovani mo-qalaqis Camoyalibebas Seuwyobs xels.

amJamad saqarTvelos kontrolirebad terito-riaze ramdenime osuri sajaro skola da erTi osuri sakvirao skola funqcionirebs. rogorc ukve aRvniS-neT, es aris skolebi, sadac mozardebi osur enas, rogorc sagans swavloben, ZiriTadi sagnebi rusul enaze iswavleba. es tendencia rasakvirvelia, ar See-sabameba Tanamedrove moTxovnebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, im memkvidreobis nawils warmoadgens, rac saqarT-velos saganmanaTleblo sistemas sabWoTa droidan ergo. gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoebebi:

1. saxelmwifo enis ukeT Sesaswavlad saWi-roa meTodurad ukeT damuSavebuli Sesabamisi sagne-bis saxelmZRvaneloebi, am mxriv muSaoba jer ar dawyebula;

2. saWiroa aseTi skolebis pedagogTa gadamzadeba da specialurad maTTvis axali sas-wavlo gegmebis Seqmna sxva SemTxvevaSi Cven gveyoleba an arakvalificiuri kadrebi an pedagogebi, romlebic moulodnelad aRmoCndebian samsaxuris dakargvis safrTxis qveS;

3. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom erTiani erov-nuli gamocdebi rTuli aRmoCnda osi mozardebis umravlesobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT qarTuli enis ga-mocdis Cabarebis kuTxiT da mravali maTgani (maT Soris qarTul skola damTavrebulebic) swavlis gasagrZeleblad midis cxinvalSi, sadac rusul enaze miRebuli ganaTleba exmareba umaRles saswav-lebelSi swavlaSi.

saxelmwifom da saganmanaTleblo sistemam unda izrunos saxelmwifo enis gavlenis gafarToe-baze, miT ufro maSin, Tu saubaria ara mSobliur, aramed meore enaze, romelic dReisaTvis ucxo enis

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gaTvaliswinebiT (hogan-bruni da ramonieni, 2004). aseTive arCevanis SesaZlebloba unda mieceT saqarTveloSi sajaro skolebs. meore, mniSvnelovani komponenti bilingvuri programebis efeqturi ganxorcielebisaTvis adgilobrivi Temebis aqtiuri CarTulobaa. Temis CarTuloba did mniSvnelobas iZens politikis sicocxlisunarianobis garantiisaTvis. Temis CarTulobis ganmtkiceba SeiZleba pirdapiri menejmentis an konsultaciebis saSualebiT moxdes. adgilobrivma Zalisxmevam demokratiul da urTierTdakavSirebul marTvamde SeiZleba migvi-yvanos. Temis CarTuloba aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenel studentebTan multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikis miznis zustad da sworad misatanad, raTa isini darwmundnen, rom es politika emsaxureba maTTvis Tanaswori saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas umravlesobis warmomadgenel moswavleebTan mimar-TebiT (hogan-bruni da remoniere, 2004). `mSobelTa CarTuloba~ mesame mniSvnelovani komponentia eTnikuri umciresobebis ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli programebis warmatebisaTvis (sveini da perna, 2000). mSoblebs, erTi mxriv, Zalian didi gavlena aqvT bilingvuri ganaTlebis politikisadmi pozitiuri an negatiuri klimatis Sesaqmnelad da SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenel moswavleTa mzaoba multilingvuri swavlebis procesisadmi. Sesabamisad, mSoblebi mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenen multilingviri / bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis gansaxorcieleb-lad. xolo meore mxriv, mSoblebis ganaTleba da CarTuloba socialuri Rirebulebacaa, romelic mniSvnelovania eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis ara marto ganaTlebis sferoSi, aramed momavalSi warmatebisaTvis (perna da titusi, 2005). multilingvuri / bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo programebi, romlebSic mSobelTa CarTuloba

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maRalia, iZleva imis pirobas, rom im moswavleTa dabali moswrebis problema, romlebic saxelmwifo enis arasakmarisi flobiT aris gamowveuli, warmatebiT gadaiWreba. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom skolis, Temis da mSoblebis CarTulobas udidesi roli eniWeba bilingvuri sagamnanaTleblo programebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi. rogorc nensi hornbergeri aRniSnavs, mniSvnelovania `skolis avtonomia im gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, romeli ena gamoiyenebodes skolebSi~ (1987. gv. 224). es mosazreba kargad jdeba qarTuli realobis konteqstSic. biligvuri ganaTlebis ganxorcielebis pedagogiuri aspeqti

saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisas, gansakuTrebiT bilingvuri skolebis SemTxvevaSi, saganmanaTleblo Teoretikosebi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis Setanis aucileblobas usvamen xazs (mexia da texeda, 2003). dReisaTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva saswavlo gegmis SeqmnaSi ara mxolod eqspertebis, aramed praqtikosi maswavleblebis CarTvasac, rameTu pedagogebi “ socialuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi arian da warmoadgenen im uzarmazar resurss, romlebic akavSireben moswavleTa interesebsa da saWiroebebs specifikur saswavlo situaciaSi~ (mauri da sxvebi, 1993, gv. 27 mexia da texada, 2003)). riCento da hornbergeric iZlevian rekomendacias, rom praqtikuli pedagogebi moeqcnen saswavlo gegmis SemuSavebis SuagulSi. es mosazreba gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa qarTuli realobidan gamomdinare, radgan eTnikuri umciresobebis ganaTlebis sakiTxi politikur elfers iZens da gansakuTrebiT saTuT mopyrobas iTxovs. specifikuri sagnobrivi kurikulumebis damuSaveba ar unda moxdes mxolod eqspertebis mier, rogorc es qarTuli sajaro skolebisTvis saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebisas moxda.

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kiTxva TiTqmis aravin icis. aseTive mdgomareobaa TbilisSi.

ganaTlebis kanonis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeTaTvis, romelTa mSobliuri ena ar aris qarTuli, saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas Sesabamisi pi-robebi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebTan SeTanxmebiT, daaarsos saganmanaTleblo dawese-bulebani, sadac swavlebis ena iqneba maTi mSobliuri da swavleba unda mimdinareobdes im programisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT, romlebic damtkice-buli iqneba saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros mier (ganaTlebis kanoni, muxli 4. 2).

samwuxarod, dRemde ar arsebobs arc programa, arc saxelmZRvanelo osuri enis akademiur doneze Sesaswavlad. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom am mimar-TulebiT ukve dasaxulia garkveuli gegmebi da bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi am mdgomareobis gamosaswore-blad ganaTlebis reformis Sesabamisad garkveuli nabijebi idgmeba. kerZod, Tbilisis im skolaSi, sa-dac osur enas swavlobdnen (Tbilisis XI sajaro skola), gaxsnilia osuri sakvirao skola, kon-fliqtis zonaSi, sofel TamaraSenSi, erT-erT sagnad swavloben osur enas. rac im zrunvis gamoxatulebaa, rasac Cveni xelisufleba erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT iCens.

calke msjelobis sakiTxia saxelmwifo enis swavleba osur skolebSi. saxelmwifos mier akred-itebul yvela dawesebulebaSi qarTuli enis swav-leba savaldebuloa. qarTuli ena unda iswavlebodes calke sagnad. garda amisa: „a. sadac pirTa garkveuli raodenoba gamoxatavs interess, saskolo olqis xelmZRvanelobam ganaTlebis saministrosTan SeTanx-mebiT unda Seqmnas klasi an skola, sadac swavleba Catardeba saxelmwifo enaze“.

vinaidan ar arsebobs arcerTi skola, sadac yvela sagani osur enaze iswavleba, aramed aris skolebi, sadac osuri ena iswavleba rogorc sagani, xolo yvela sxva sagani rusul enaze iswavleba, mi-

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da miTumetes ar iswavleba qarTuli osur-rusul skolebSi. viTarebas isic amZafrebs, rom ar aris qarTulenovani garemo im martivi mizezis gamo, rom aq aRar an TiTqmis aRar saxloben qarTvelebi (mcire nawilis gamoklebiT), xolo araqarTveli mosaxleoba (somxebi, ebraelebi da sxv.) osur an rusul enaze esaubrebian erTmaneTs. Sedegi aseTia: saxelmwifo enas, qarTuls floben mxolod ufrosi Taobis ada-mianebi, axalgazrdebma saerTod ar ician qarTuli ena (elementaruli sakomunikacio donezec ki). ofi-cialuri ena maTTan mxolod rusulia, romelic SesaniSnavad, mSobliur enaze ukeTesad ician. aq mkacri rusifikatoruli reJimis Sedegad osTa Sori-sac saurTierTo ena ufro xSirad rusulia, gansa-kuTrebiT es iTqmis sazogadoebis elitarul nawilze.

rac Seexeba bilingvur swavlebas saqarTvelos kontrolirebad teritoriaze, mdgomareoba aseTia: osebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze sxvadasxva regionSi saxloben. kompaqturad isini ZiriTadad borjomis, qarelis, axalgoris, duSeTis, yvarlis, lagodexis, axmetis da sxva raionebSi mosaxleoben- maTi ricxvi 164 0000-idan (2002 wlis oficialuri monacemebiT) 38 000-mde Semcirda. eTnikuri migraciis Sedegad darCe-nili osebis erTi, mcire nawili kargad flobs rogorc mSobliur enas, ise qarTulsac. meore, ufro didi nawili saerTod ver flobs mSobliur enas da flobs mxolod saxelmwifo enas kargad, rusul enas damakmayofileblad. es ki gamowveulia imiT, rom ojaxi, romelic sufTa osuri iyo, ZiriTadad migri-rebulia. darCenil osTa umetesi nawili Sereulia, qarTul-osuria. meore mizezi gaxlavT is, rom osur enaze (mcire nawilis garda) ojaxSic aRar saubro-ben, skolaSi osur enas ar swavloben da, Sesa-bamisad, maT es ena ar ician.

duSeTis, kaspis, gorisa da sxva raionis kom-paqturad dasaxlebul osur soflebSi osuri wera-

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bevrad marTebulia, rom moxdes eqspertebis da praqtikosi pedagogebis urTierTTanamSromloba. isini erTmaneTis dabalansebas moaxdenen da es dadebiTad aisaxeba kurikulumebze rogorc sagnis Sinaarsobrivi, aseve misi socialuri da adgilobrivi interesebis Serwymis TvalsazrisiT. kulturuli aspeqti ki meore mniSvnelovani komponentia saswavlo gegmis efeqturobisaTvis bilingvur skolebSi. Smiti-madoqsi aRniSnavs, rom: `kulturulad adekvaturi swavlebisas instruqciuli strategiis gamoyeneba absoluturad cvlis swavlebis formas da Sinaarss. energia da Zalisxmeva wina planze iqneba wamoweuli pedagogTa mier da isini gaaZliereben ara marto moswavleTa kulturul identifikacias, aramed saSualebas aZleven maT, ukeT gamoxaton TavianTi mosazrebebi, damokidebulebebi da codna produqtis Tu procesis Sesaxeb (Smiti-madoqsi, 1998, gv. 313-314).

havorti da sxvebi (2004) aRniSnaven imasac, rom literatura zustad ver sazRvravs maswavleblis mniSvnelobas axalgazrdebis bilingvizmis ganviTarebisas. es axsnilia aseve kraSenis Teoriebis umravlesobaSic, romelic Tvlis, rom `enis unaklo floba bunebrivi aTvisebis procesSi ufro xdeba, vidre swavlebis dros~. xromski aseve xazs usvams, rom enis aTviseba bavSvs bunebriv garemoebebSi SeuZlia. (xromski, 1965, lenenbergi, 1967) da, Sesabamisad, ukiduresad mniSvnelovania bavSvis CarTva TamaSze dafuZnebul aqtivobebSi. erTaderTi adamiani, romelsac moswavleebisaTvis bunebrivi garemos Seqmna da SeuZlia maTi Cabma TamaSze dafuZnebul aqtivobebSi, maswavlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, maswavleblis momzadeba da gadamzadeba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo reformis ganxorcielebisaTvis. rogorc vargesi (2004) aRniSnavs, `bilingvuri ganaTlebis politizebuli da sakamaTo bunebidan gamomdinare, orenovani maswavleblis profesiuli rolis gansazRvra didi mniSvnelobis faqtori

28

xdeba~. amave dros, orenovani maswavleblis roli ufro gafarToebuli socialuri wnexisa da maTi personaluri gamocdilebisa da cxovrebis faq-torebis gaTvaliswinebiT (vargesi, 2004). Tu yvela am mosazrebas qarTul konteqstSi aRviqvamT, advilad misaxvedria, ramdenad rTulia orenovani maswavleblis profesiuli roli. erTi mxriv, bilingvuri ganaTleba metad politizebulia, adgilobrivi socialuri realoba Zalian rTulia, radgan aq bevri adgilobrivi `moTamaSe~, romelic bilingvuri ganaTlebis mowinaaRmdegea, erTveba am procesSi, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavad maswavleblebi adgilobriv skolebSi `araorenovnebi~ arian (isini Tavad ver floben saxelmwifo enas) da, Sesabamisad, bilingvuri ganaTlebis politika maTTvis zedmeti wnexia. maT Tavad unda daiwyon saxelmwifo enis Seswavla, rom SeZlon momavalSic eTnikuri umciresobebis skolaSi muSaoba. Sesabamisad, maTi piradi istoria da gamocdileba ver aisaxeba dadebiTad bilingvuri ganaTlebis saqmeSi da maTi profesiuli, rogorc orenovani maswavleblebis rolis formireba sakmaod rTuli gaxdeba qarTuli realobidan gamomdinare. orenovani maswavleblis profesiuli rolis Camoyalibeba sakmaod mtkivneulia da Sesabamisad moiTxovs kompleqsur midgomas am problemis gadaWrisaTvis. upirvelesad, saWiroa, rom es problema sruliad gaimijnos politikuri konteqstidan da mxolod profesiuli xasiaTi mieces. politizebuli maswavleblebis gadamzadeba Zalian mniSvnelovania, Tumca, amave dros, rTulic, radgan Tavad es Tematika aris politizebuli. Sesabamisad, maswavleblebis gadamzadebis kursebi sami mimarTulebiT unda ganxorcieldes: 1) maswavleblis profesiuli roli bilingvur ganaTlebaSi; 2) maswavlebelTa mosamzadebeli kursebi qarTul enaSi;

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bilingvuri swavlebis konceptualuri

problemebi

umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis CarCo konven-ciis meToTxmete muxlis Sesabamisad: umciresobaTa dasaxlebis adgilebSi unda uzrunvelyon umcireso-baTa warmomadgenlebis adekvaturi SesaZleblobebi TavianTi enis Sesaswavlad da am enaze ganaTlebis misaRebad.

mSobliuri enis garda saqarTvelos teritori-aze mcxovrebi yvela eris warmomadgeneli unda flobdes saxelmwifo enas. bilingvuri swavleba mo-qalaqes aZlevs arsebuli sazogadoebis srulfas-ovan wevrad aRqmis saSualebas.

Cven SevexebiT erovnul umciresobaTa, kerZod, osTa mSobliuri enis swavlebas da saxelmwifo enis (qarTuli enis) Seswavlis sakiTxebs. SevexebiT bi-lingvuri swavlebis mdgomareobas mxolod saqarT-velos mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze im mizezis gamoc, rom samxreT oseTis teritoriaze saxelmwifo ena konfliqtis Sedegad aRar Seiswavleba da amas-Tanave oficialuri monacemebi saxelmwifo enis Ses-wavlasTan dakavSirebiT (amJamindeli mdgomareoba) ar gagvaCnia. vityviT mxolod erTs: konfliqtamdel periodSi TviT cxinvalSi arsebobda ori qarTuli saSualo skola, xolo osur skolebSi qarTuli ena Seiswavleboda rogorc sagani (arsebobda qarTuli sabavSvo baRebi, gamodioda qarTuli gazeTi da a. S.). amitom iyo, rom samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebma mo-qalaqeebma icodnen mSobliuri ena, kargad flobdnen saxelmwifo enas, qarTuls da aseve kargad icodnen rusuli ena. sakontaqto enebad iTvleboda osuri da qarTuli (da ara rusuli, qarTvelebi da osebi erT-maneTs esaubrebodnen qarTul an osur enebze). ofi-cialuri mimoweris ena iyo qarTuli da rusuli.

amJamad cxinvalSi arc erTi qarTuli skola aRar funqcionirebs (arc qarTuli sabavSvo baRebi)

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komunikacia arc adre Wirda, qarTuli meore ena iyo yvela gomboreli araqarTvelisaTvis; rusul seqtorze moswavle yvela gomboreli swavlobda qarTul enas, rogorc sagans, saubrobda qarTulad, flobda qarTul grafikas, icoda wera-kiTxva.

qarTulenovan swavlebaze gadasvlis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saxelmwifo enis gavlena, gafarTovda misi sazogadoebrivi funqcia, amaRlda sazogadoebrivi statusi.

saskolo swavlebam didad ganapiroba enobriv unar-CvevaTa saTanado gamomuSaveba da daxvewa; gaizarda interesi qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebisa da tele-radio gadacemebis mimarT, izrdeba interesi saerTod qarTuli kulturisa da faseulobebis mimarT, Sesabamisad izrdeba interesi da gulSematkivroba qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis mimarT. es yovelive, vfiqrobT, didad Seuwyobs xels araqarTveli mosaxleobis CarTulobas qarTul sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da samoqalaqo integraciis procesSi.

manana kvaWaZe Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakulteti

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3) maswavleblebis gadamzadeba interaqtiul meTodebSi bilingvuri skolebisaTvis.

aseve mniSvnelovania efeqturi satreningo programebis Seqmna samive am mimarTulebiT da aq saerTaSoriso gamocdilebas gardawyveti roli eniWeba. rogorc vergesi aRniSnavs: `maswavleblis momzadebisas, treningi kargad unda iyos morgebuli im aqtualur saswavlo garemos praqtikas, romelic maswavleblis realobaSia. aucilebeli moTxovnaa, rom bilingvuri maswavleb-lebi kargad iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni maswavleb-lobis Seswavlis axal aRqmaSi (vergesi, 2004, gv. 234).~

saxelmZRvaneloebis sakiTxic umniSvnelovane-sia. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, wignebis ganawilebis arsebuli sistema, romelic emyareba sabazro ekonomikas, ar imuSavebs araqarTulenovan skolebTan mimarTebiT sul mcire gardamaval periodSi. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros SeuZlia ramdenime alternativa ganixilos am sakiTxis mosagvareblad. pirvel alternativad SeiZleba ganvixiloT SeTanxmeba somxeTisa da azerbaijanis ganaTlebis saministroebTan, romlebmac, survilis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba daafinanson somxuri da azerbaijanulenovani skolebis moswavleebisTvis saxelmZRvaneloebis SeZena, Tumca saxelmZRvaneloebi unda iyos saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisad Sedgenili da ara somxuri da azerbaijanuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisi. es gadawyvetileba SesaZleblobas miscems, erTi mxriv, umciresobaTa warmomadgenel moswavleebs, isev ufasod miiRon saxelmZRvaneloebi da, meore mxriv, es saxelmZRvaneloebi SesabamisobaSi movides saqarTvelos erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan. alternativad SeiZleba ganvixiloT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis CarTva saxelmZRvaneloebis SeZenis procesSi. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, zogadi ganaTleba saqarTveloSi

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mTlianad finansdeba centraluri biujetidan da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis wili finansirebaSi maTs iniciativazea damokidebuli. Tu adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba CaerTveba saxelmZRvaneloebis SeZenis procesSi, esec ormxrivad pozitiur Sedegs moitans. erTi mxriv, uzrunvelyofili iqneba multilingvuri / bilingvuri ganaTlebis reformis ganxorcielebaSi adgilobrivi Temis CarTuloba da, meore mxriv, araqarTulenovani skolis moswavleebi miiReben saxelmZRvaneloebs ufasod. mesame gzaa _ ubralod, saxelmZRvaneloebis SeZena centraluri biujetidan. Tumca am saqmeSi mTavrobas Zalian warmatebiT SeuZlia CarTos saerTaSoriso organizaciebic.

2) umaRles saswavlebelSi misaRebi erTiani

erovnuli gamocdebis sistema

umciresobebisTvis umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxvis SeRavaTiani sistema araerT saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs. aRniSnuli sistema farTod aris gavr-celebuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi e. w. `Affirma-tive Action~-is saxelwodebiT. saqarTvelos konteqstSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT termini `integraciuli qmedeba~, rac gulisxmobs eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis SeRavaTiani reJimis Seqmnas umaRles saswavleblebSi misaRebis erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis Catarebisas.

lehmiuleri da gregori (2003) gvTavazoben gol-manis mier Camoyalibebul `Affirmative Action~ oTx tips: warsulze orientirebuli, momavalze orientirebuli, Zlieri ukudiskriminacia da susti ukudiskriminacia. (a) warsulze orientirebuli qmedeba aRiarebs umci-resobaTa mimarT warsulSi arsebul diskriminacias da sTavazobs SeRavaTian pirobebs misaRebi gamocde-bisas, raTa nawilobriv mainc aRmoifxvras warsuli diskriminacia. (b) momavalze orientirebuli qmedeba

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esenia: sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis leqsika, agreTve sazogadoebriv-politikuri da administraciuli leqsika, saskolo-saganmanaTleblo leqsika da sxva; e. w. “egzotizmebi~, eTnonimebi, toponimebi, tanisamosisa da kerZebis aRmniSvneli saxelwodebani da sxva. erTi sityviT, qarTveli xalxis kulturasTan, meurneobasTan da cxovrebis wesTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom gomboreli laijebi, romelTac rusuli saskolo ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli, sakuTar saxelebs, geografiul saxelebsa Tu ucxo (internacionalur) sityvebs rusul yaidaze warmoTqvamen, qarTul skoladamTavrebulebi _ qarTul yaidaze; saskolo sagnebsa da saerTod saskolo terminologias sxapasxupiT CamoTvlis qarTul ganaTleba miRebuli qarTulad, rusul ganaTleba miRebuli _ rusulad.

rac Seexeba dRevandel enobriv orientacias: rogorc aRvniSneT TaTuri (romlis muslimuri dialeqtis erT-erT kilokavs warmoadgens laijuri) umwerlobo enaa da mis matareblebs oficialur urTierTobaTa da ganaTlebis enis gamoyeneba garemoebaTa mixedviT uxdebaT, _ iranSi es ena sparsulia, azerbaijanSi _ azerbaijanuli, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi _ rusuls arCevdnen, axla, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi qarTuls amjobineben, vinaidan naTlad acnobiereben, rom qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, kargad codna qarTul sazogadoebaSi ukeT integrirebisa da maT pirad SesaZleblobaTa gafarToebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da gomboridan sabWoTa jaris nawilis gasvlis Semdeg soflis skolaSi funqcioba Sewyvita rusulma seqtorma. saskolo ganaTlebisa da oficialur urTierTobaTa enis funqcia qarTuls daekisra. gombori am faqts momzadebuli daxvda; araqarTveli mosaxleobis zogadsaganmanaTleblo doneze saxelmwifo enis codnis uzrunvelyofa gomborSi faqtobrivad umtkivneulod, bunebrivad moxda, vinaidan Sereul sofelSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva enobriv jgufebs Soris enobrivi izolacia ar igrZnoboda,

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ZiriTadad, ganaTlebisa da oficialuri urTierTobis enis moSveliebiT.

gomborel laijTa metyveleba, ZiriTadad, inarCunebs TviTmyofadobas, Tumca gavlenebi yvela doneze SeiniSneba; cvlilebebi umetesad fonetikasa da leqsikaSi vlindeba, garkveulwilad exeba igi morfologiasa da sintaqssac.

orenovnebis pirobebSi, iq, sadac wamyvan sazogadoebriv funqcias azerbaijanuli ena asrulebs, TaTebi (maT Soris laijebic) xSirad TavianT vokalizmsa da konsonantizms azerbaijanulisas uqvemdebareben, rac iwvevs enobrivi normebis meryeobasa da TaTuri enisaTvis ucxo fonemebis gaCenas. rac Seexeba gomboris oTxenovan situacias, sadac azerbaijanuli ena umwerlobo enis donezea gadanacvlebuli da amdenad dakarguli aqvs avtoritetuli orientiris funqcia, gomborel laijTa metyvelebaSi bgeraTa warmoTqma zogjer eqvemdebareba qarTul an rusul kanonzomierebebs, rac ganapirobebs sawarmoTqmo normebis meryeobas da isedac mravalricxovani fonetikuri variantebis gamravlebasa da gavrcelebas.

qarTul-rusuli gavlenebis mimarT SedarebiT mdgradi aRmoCnda gomborel laijTa metyvelebis morfologia, romelic azerbaijanuli enis did gavlenas ganicdis; ramdenadme gamartivebuli Cans gomborel laijTa metyvelebis sintaqsi.

gomborel laijTa leqsikis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens iranuli warmoSobis sityvebi; aqve asaxulia yvela is nasesxoba, rac TaTuri enisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. igi inarCunebs adre SeZenil nasesxobebs, romelTa mniSvnelovan fenas warmoadgens TaTur leqsikaSi damkvidrebuli azerbaijanuli sityvebi; Semonaxulia arabuli nasesxobani _ muslimur kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi; leqsikis gafarToeba xdeba sazogadoebriv-politikuri, teqnikuri, sayofacxovrebo terminebiTac internacionaluri, qarTuli da rusuli nasesxobebis xarjze. TaTuri enis sxva kilokavebisagan gansxvavebiT, gomborel laijTa leqsikaSi gamoiyofa qarTul nasesxobaTa plasti,

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ki, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs warsul diskriminacias, Tumca, meore mxriv, ambobs, rom mravalferovneba mniSvnelovania rogorc umciresobebisTvis, aseve um-ravlesobisTvis da swored mravalferovnebis Sesaqm-nelad, umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebSi xels uwyobs umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis SeRavaTian pirobebSi Caricxvas. (g) susti ukudiskriminacia privilegias aniWebs im umciresobis warmomadgenel kandidatebs, romlebsac iseTi kvalifikacia gaaCniaT, rogoric umravlesobis kandidatebs. (d) Zlieri ukudiskriminaciis pirobebSi, umciresobis abituri-ents eniWeba upiratesoba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misi kvalifikacia naklebia umravlesobis jgufis abitu-rientis kvalifikaciaze. saqarTvelos erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis sistema da eTnikuri umciresobebis problematika

2004 wels saqarTveloSi umaRles saswavleblebSi Cabarebis axali sistema iqna warmodgenili. reformamde misaRebi gamocdebis administrirebas mTlianad umaRlesi saswavleblebi axorcielebdnen; 2005 wlidan SemuSavda axali standartuli da unar-Cvevebis testirebaze dafuZnebuli erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis sistema. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier 2004 wels warmodgenili saganmanaTleblo reforma miznad isaxavda yvela abiturientisaTvis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmnas saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi Cabarebisas. swored am reformis farglebSi SemuSavda da dainerga erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi saqarTveloSi, romlis mixedviTac, yoveli abiturienti, misi erovnebis miuxedavad, valdebulia, Caabaros sami aucilebeli testi: qarTul enaSi, zogad unar-CvevebSi (qarTul an rusul enaze) da ucxo ena. imdenad, ramdenadac erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi dRemde ver floben srulyofilad

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qarTul enas (sabWoTa memkvidreobidan gamomdinare, sakomunikacio ena sxvadasxva erovnebas Soris, TviT saqarTveloSic ki _ rusuli iyo da ara qarTuli). araqarTulenovani skolebis kursdamTavrebuli abiturientebi Zalian dabal Sedegebs aRweven qarTulis testSi. Sesabamisad, es dabali Sedegi gavlenas axdens qulebis saerTo odenobaze da sagrZnoblad amcirebs umaRles saswavlebelSi maTi moxvedris Sanss. magaliTad, axali sistemis SemoReba aisaxa ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis javaxeTis filialis araqarTuleno-vani skolebis kursdamTavrebulTagan CaricxulTa raodenobaze. samocdaoTxi abiturientidan, romleb-mac monawileoba miiRes gamocdebSi, mxolod sami aRmoCnda warmatebuli da maTgan mxolod 2 moxvda umaRles saswavlebelSi. 2005 wlamde ki qarTvel da somex studentTa raodenoba am saswavlebelSi daaxloebiT erTnairi iyo (viiTli, 2005).

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro acxadebs, rom misaRebi gamocdebis erTiani sistemis SemoRebiT saxelmwifo Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebs yvela abiturients da am principis darRveva raime formiT miuRebelia. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos erTi mniSvnelovani detali am mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis 52-e muxlis me-8 punqtis Sesabamisad,

~სახელმწიფო სასწავლო გრანტების დაფინანსების წლიური მოცულობის არა უმეტეს 6%-ის ფარგლებში საქართველოს განათლებისა და მეცნიერების სამინისტროს წარდგინებით საქართველოს მთავრობა უფლებამოსილია, განსაზღვროს უმაღლეს საგანმანათლებლო დაწესებულებებში ჩარიცხულ სტუდენტთა სოციალური პროგრამით დაფინანსების ოდენობა და პირობები~ (kanoni saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, 2004). es paragrafi xorcieldeba realuradac da socialuri programebis farglebSi, zogierTi socialuri jgufis warmomadgeneli, maT Soris eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomdgenlebic

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rogorc universaluri moxmarebis ena, garkveuli upiratesobiT sargeblobda araqarTvel mosaxleobas Soris. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom zogadsakomunikacio funqciebs qarTuli ena asrulebda da igi met-naklebi xarisxiT moicavda soflis mosaxleobis yvela eTnikur, socialur da asakobriv jgufs. gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gomboris muslimi mosaxleobis ufrosi da saSualo Taobis warmomadgenlebi kargi, ZarRviani qarTuliT laparakobdnen, axalgazrdebi ukeT flobdnen rusul enas.

amJamad sofel gomborSi ramdenadme Secvlilia demografiuli suraTi: laijTa raodenobam iklo, iklo qarTulma, rusulma da sakuTriv azerbaijanulma mosaxleobamac qveyanaSi mimdinare migraciuli procesebis gamo, romelic stiqiur xasiaTs atarebs da gamouTvleli, mouxelTebeli movlena gaxlavT. cxadia, funqciobas ganagrZobs yvela is ena, romlis matareblebic ganagrZoben cxovrebas gomborSi, rac metad Tavisebur plurilingvistur situacias qmnis. Sereul sofelSi mcxovrebi laijebis metyveleba saintereso suraTs gvixatavs, rogorc iranuli dialeqtologiis, aseve arealuri lingvistikisa da zogadi enaTmecnierebis TvalsazrisiT.

orenovneba, damwerlobis uqonloba, sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli erToba azerbaijane-lebTan ganapirobebda azerbaijanuli enis TaTurze zemoqmedebis process. am zemoqmedebis kvali aRiniSneba TaTuri enis yvela sferoSi _ fonetikaSi, leqsikaSi, gramatikaSi. rac Seexeba gomboris oTxenovan situacias, _ laijuri gomborSi, iseve, rogorc yvelgan, saSinao, saojaxo urTierTobis enis funqcias asrulebs. gomborel laijTa ojaxSi dResac aqtiurad funqciobs e. w. “orive mSobliuri ena~ _ laijuri da azerbaijanuli, ise rom, zogjer TviT deda-Svilis urTierTobaSic ki Wirs dominirebuli enis dadgena. laijTa umetesi nawili Sereuli eniT metyvelebs, xSiria enaTa gaucnobierebeli, meqanikuri monacvleoba, xSiria agreTve gacnobierebuli, Segnebuli monacvleoba _

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metyvelebas. 2000 wlidan ganvaaxleT da ganvagrZeT savele muSaoba.2

80-ian wlebSi sofel gomborSi cxovrobda 1000-mde kaci _ 348 komli, aqedan 226 komli qarTuli iyo, 12 _ rusuli, azerbaijanulad iwereboda 110 komli, romelTagan Cven gamovyaviT laijebis 80 (daaxloebiT 330 suli) da azerbaijanelebis _ 30 komli. soflis sakmaod didi teritoria ekava samxedro yazarmas, romelic sabWoTa jaris nawilis sacxovreblad iyo gankuTvnili. sofelSi iyo klubi, biblioTeka, saavadmyofo, afTiaqi, kavSirgabmulobis ganyofileba; iyo erTi sabavSvo baRi da erTi saSualo skola _ internati. sabavSvo baRsa da skola-internatSi or-ori seqtori muSaobda: qarTuli da rusuli. qarTveli bavSvebi qarTul seqtorze swavlobdnen, adgilobrivi rusi bavSvebi (maTi raodenoba am droisaTvis Zalze mcire iyo) da oficerTa Svilebi (es iyo ZiriTadi kontingenti) _ rusul seqciaze. soflis muslimi mosaxleoba ganaTlebis enas sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr irCevda. am TvalsazrisiT, sabWoTa periodSi rusuli,

2 ix. Cveni: _ winaswari cnobebi gomborel laijTa metyvelebis Sesaxeb, konf. “enaTmecnierebisa da literaturaTmcodneobis aqtualuri problemebi~, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Telavi, 1982, gv. 52-53; Лексические особенности речи гомборских лайджей, СБ. «Проблемы референции в языке и литературе», Тбилиси, 1987, с. 73-74; masalebi gom-borel laijTa metyvelebis SeswavlisaTvis (Sesavali, teqstebi, leqsikoni), Tbilisi, 1988 (192 gverdi); gomborel laijTa mety-velebis nimuSebi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 290, seria `aRmosavleTmcod-neoba~, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 203-210; Речь гомборских лайджей, АКД, Тбилиси, 1990; eqstralingvistur faqtorTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb enobrivi kontaqtebis dros, Tsu Sromebi, t. 327, seria “aRmosav-leTmcodneoba~, Tbilisi, 1998, gv 37-46; Languages contacts (on the mate-rial of Tati-speaking ethnic group living in Georgia). Areas of Iranian-Semitic-Turkic Convergence. Linguistic contact in Western and Central Asia in Past and Present (Ab-stracts), Uppsala University, 2001, p. 8-9; TaTuris eTnolingvisturi aspeqtebi, akad. giorgi wereTlis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2004w., gv. 38-39; gomborel laijTa metyvelebis sakiTxebi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 361, seria `aRmosavleTmcodneoba~, Tbilisi 2004, gv. 179-186; (ma-salebi 2000-2002), iqve, gv. 275-294 da sxv.

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iReben damatebiT grantebs umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlebis dasafinanseblad. es ki, TavisTavad, niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba iyenebs Zlier ukudiskriminaciul integraciul qmedebas studentTa dafinansebis TvalsazrisiT. magram sagulisxmoa, rom SeRavaTiani pirobebi mxolod finansur daxmarebas iTvaliswinebs, radgan mTavroba studentis dafinansebas saswavlebelSi misi mowyobis Semdgom iwyebs. es Zalian mniSvnelovani mxardaWeraa socialurad daucveli jgufebisaTvis, magram ara erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgeneli studen-tebisaTvis. kanonis es muxli kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros uryev moTxovnas yvelasaTvis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul politikas `naxevrad integraciuli qmedeba~ SeiZleba ewodos, romelic naklebad efeqturad muSaobs. magaliTad, 2005 wels ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom 15 granti gamoyo samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgeneli studente-bisaTvis, magram maTgan mxolod eqvsma kandidatma SeZlo qarTul enaSi erTiani erovnuli gamocdis warmatebiT Cabareba da kuTvnili grantebi mxolod maT daeniSnaT. danarCeni Tanxa ki auTvisebeli darCa, radgan ar arsebobda am grantiT mosargeble kandidatebi. Cveni azriT, radgan SeRavaTiani pirobebis politika danergilia, bevrad ufro efeqtiani iqneboda `sruli integraciuli qmedebis~ politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba. argumentebi bevrad ufro damajerebeli iqneba, Tu gavixsenebT SeRavaTiani pirobebis erT-erT umTavres amocanas - adrindeli diskriminaciis aRmofxvras. eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi arasodes yofilan diskriminirebulni saqarTvelos socialur cxovre-basa da urTierTobebSi. maTi diskriminacia ganaTlebis kuTxiT moxda. maT ar eZleodaT saSualeba, iseve mieRoT adekvaturi da Tanabari ganaTleba, rogorc qarTuli skolis kursdam-

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Tavrebulebs. Sesabamisad, SeRavaTiani pirobebi unda aisaxos ara marto dafinansebSi, aramed araqarTulenovani skolebis kursdamTavrebulTaTvis umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxvis procesSic. ufro metic, maTi umaRlesi ganaTlebis subsidireba naklebad problematuria da is SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. ZiriTadi da saswrafod gadasawyveti problema ki araqarTulenovani skolebis kursdamTavrebulTaTvis umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxvaa da, Sesabamisad, SeRavaTiani pirobebis strategiac am problemis mogvarebisaken unda iyos mimarTuli.

debatebi `damsaxurebis~ (Merit) da Tanasworobis Taobaze saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi miRebis dros

umaRlesi saswavleblis misaRebi procesis debatirebisas banaki or nawilad - meritokratebad da egilitarianelebad iyofa. meritokratebi amtkiceben, rom umaRlesSi miRebis da mowyobis procedura, ZiriTadad, Tu ara mTlianad, damsaxurebis mixedviT unda xdebodes. saswavlebeli yvela SemTxvevaSi mxolod `saukeTesoebs~ da `yvelaze gonierebs~ unda iRebdes. egalitarianelebi ki, meore mxriv, amtkiceben, rom `kolejebi da universitetebi unda muSaobdnen im miznis misaRwevad, rodesac studentebi da fakultetebi samarTlianad asaxaven farTo mosaxleobas Tundac saerTo socialuri usamarTlobis fonze~ (simpsoni da vendlingi 2005). `damsaxureba~ (Merit) gansazRvrulia, rogorc Rirseba, romelic individualur Tvisebas niSnavs da romelic individualurad arsebobs da SesaZlebelia. (beci, 2006). ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben `damsaxurebis~ (Merit) konservatorul da progresul midgomebs. konservatoruli midgoma emyareba testirebis sistemas (saqarTvelos realobaSi saqme gvaqvs

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procesi sabWoTa periodSic grZeldeboda, intensiurad mimdinareobda igi 30-40-ian wlebSi.

cnobilia, rom iranulenovani xalxebis didi nawili istoriuli, kulturul-religiuri, politikuri, teritoriul-administraciuli da sxva pirobebis gamo or da mravalenovan situaciaSia moxvedrili, rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs maT enobriv cxovrebasa da erovnul TviTSegnebas. maT ricxvs miekuTvnebian TaTebic.

TaTebi azerbaijanis kaspiispira raionebSi, daRestnis samxreT nawilsa da iranSi mcxovrebi xalxia. sarwmunoebis mixedviT, istoriulad, iyofian sam jgufad, esenia: muslimi TaTebi, iudeveli TaTebi (mTieli ebraelebi) da grigoriani (somexi) TaTebi.

iranidan migrirebuli TaTebis yofa saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mWidrod erwymis kavkasiis xalxTa istorias. muslimi TaTebis ena umwerloboa da azerbaijanis teritoriaze gansaxlebuli TaTebisaTvis ganaTlebis, kulturis, oficialuri urTierTobis ena azerbaijanulia. igi Rrmad aris SeWrili agreTve sayofacxovrebo da saojaxo urTierTobebSi. azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi TaTebis orenovneba sayovelTao xasiaTs atarebs. igi masobrivia da sruli. muslimi TaTebis umravlesoba mSobliur enad azerbaijanuls asaxelebs, Tavsac azerbaijanelad acxadebs; azerbaijanelebad iwerebian Sirvanis daba lahijidan gomborSi gadmosaxlebuli TaTebic.

am eTnografiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi sakuTar Tavs araoficialurad `laijebs~ uwodeben, xolo TavianT sametyvelo enas _ `laijurs~. es metyveleba TaTuri enis muslimuri dialeqtis kilokavs warmoadgens. TaTuri ena miekuTvneba iranul enaTa samxreT-dasavlur jgufs da Tavisi gramatikuli wyobiTa da leqsikuri SemadgenlobiT sparsul da tajikur enebs uaxlovdeba.

gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Cven aqtiurad vikvlevdiT gomborSi mcxovrebi muslimi mosaxleobis, rogorc sakuTriv azerbaijanelebis, ise azerbaijanelebad cnobili laijebis, yofasa da

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ganaTlebis enis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb orenovnebisa da mravalenovnebis

dros

orenovneba da mravalenovneba Soreuli warsulidan momdinareobs da friad gavrcelebuli movlenaa Tanamedrove msoflioSi; igi Zalze rTuli, mravalsaxovani problemaa da diferencirebul midgomas saWiroebs. orenovnebisa da mravalenovnebis warmoSoba ganpirobebulia istoriuli, ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri, demografiuli da sxva faqtorebiT da moicavs rogorc sakuTriv lingvistur, ise eqstralingvistur, kerZod, sociologiur, fsiqologiur, pedagogiur da sxva aspeqtebs.

orenovneba (mravalenovneba) damaxasiaTebelia umwerlobo xalxebisaTvis, bunebrivia igi agreTve migrirebuli mosaxleobisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs sagarejos raionis sofel gomborSi arsebuli enobrivi situacia.

gombori eTnikurad da enobrivad Sereuli sofelia _ jer kidev mefis ruseTis droidan moyolebuli, aq, garda qarTvelebisa (ZiriTadad, mTiani regionebidan Camosaxlebuli fSav-xevsurebisa), cxovrobdnen rusebic (ZiriTadad, ruseTis armiidan demobilizebuli jariskacebi da rusi glexoba). es faqti garkveulwilad ganapirobebda soflis enobriv cxovrebas _ gomborSi qarTul enasTan erTad funqcionirebda rusuli enac.

me-20 saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi gare kaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi Camosaxleba iwyo amierkavkasiisa da iranis mezobeli olqebidan saSovarze wamosulma sxvadasxva muslimurma eTnikurma jgufma. maT Soris iyvnen: azerbaijanidan, daba lahijidan ltolvili _ iranuli modgmis, ramdenadme gaTurqebuli da orenovani (TaTur-azerbaijanuli) eTnografiuli jgufi da iranis azerbaijanidan ltolvili, Turquli modgmis, agreTve orenovani (azerbaijanul-sparsuli) eTnografiuli jgufi. isini jer mdinare Turdos midamoebsa da sofel paldoSi dasaxlebulan, Semdeg ki sofel gomborTan mouyriaT Tavi. migraciis

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meritokratiis konservatorul midgomasTan), xolo progresuli midgoma miiCnevs, rom testebi aucileblad kulturulad mikerZoebuli da socialuri uTanasworobis gamomxatveli, rameTu igi iqmneba garkveuli socialuri Tu kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier. progresuli midgoma moiTxovs, rom `damsaxurebis~ (Merit) gansazRvreba Seicvalos da misi definiciisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes `mravalmxrivi gamocdileba, siZneleebis gadalaxvis unari da lideruli sawyisebi~ (beci 2006); miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa progresul da konservatorul midgomebs Soris, orive SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia, rom “damsaxureba~ (Merit) saukeTeso saSualebaa umaRles saganmanaTleblo saswavleb-lebSi aplikantis SerCevisaTvis.

egilitarianelebi ki `damsaxurebis~ (Merit) mniSvnelobas aseve aRiareben da miiCneven, rom igi aucilebeli instrumentia umaRlesSi CabarebisaTvis, magram amave dros amateben, rom `yvela socialuri instituti da gansakuTrebiT ki sajaro institutebi (xolo kolejebisa da universitetebis umravlesi nawili ki swored aseTebia), valdebulni arian, wina planze wamowion socialuri samarTlianobis komponenti~ (simpsoni da vedlingi, 2005). `damsaxurebis~ (Merit) da Tanasworobis Sedareba qarTuli debatebisTvis konteqstualuria. yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumantacia umaRles saswavlebelSi Cabarebisas ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTvisac swored `damsaxurebaze~ (Merit) dafuZnebuli arCevanis gakeTebaa. axali sistemis momxreebi xazs usvamen saqarTvelos kurss da swrafvas `damsaxurebaze~ (Merit) dafuZnebuli sazogadoebisaken. sagulisxmoa, rom dajildoeba da win wamoweva, romelic SeZenil Tvisebebs efuZneba, xels uwyobs ganviTarebis da modernizaciis process. amas emateba isic, rom qveynis ganviTarebas gansakuTrebulad aferxebs mxolod qveynis SigniT mocemuli unarebisa da

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codnis gamoyenebis mcdeloba. aucilebelia, yovel adamians, misi socialur-ekonomikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, mieces Tavis warmoCenis maqsimaluri SesaZlebloba. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamianebs warmatebis miRwevis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi miecemaT, SeiZleba politikuri stabilurobis miRweva qveyanaSi (fianbergi da soltisi, 2004).

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros argumentacia udavod damajerebelia, Tumca arsebuli sistema asaxavs ki realurad meritokratul sistemas, romelic qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da politikuri stabilurobis garantiaa? ramdenad efuZneba umaRles saswavlebelSi mowyobis procesi marTlac meritokratul Rirebulebebs? vfiqrob, rom saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi mowyobis sistema, romelic damsaxurebis princips efuZneba, gadasaxedia, rodesac saqme eTnikur umciresobebs exeba. ris mixedviT izomeba damsaxureba (Merit), qarTul enaSi kompetenciis doniT? arsebuli sistema umaRlesi ganaTlebis SesaZleblobas uspobs eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenels im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac igi Zlieria. magaliTad, maTematikaSi, maRali Sedegebis aqvs unarebis testSi da srulyofilad flobs ucxo enas. qarTuli enis arcodnis gamo (romlis swavlebis pirobebi saxelmwifom ver Seuqmna), miuxedavad misi marTlac maRali donis unarebisa, is SeiZleba umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRma aRmoCndes saqarTveloSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveulwilad gasagebia ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros pozicia. saministro cdilobs, rom wina planze wamowios saxelmwifo enis mniSvneloba da misi codnis aucilebloba. Tumca sxva gzebisa da instrumentebis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli am miznis misaRwevad. am statiis Semdeg nawilSi Sevecdebi swored am gzebis ganviTarebis etapebsa da meTodebs Sevexo. sagulisxmoa is utyuari faqti, rom ganaTlebis SesaZlebloba ar iwyeba umaRlesi ganaTlebiT.

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traciul~ da kulturul faqtorTa Seusabamoba, roca dampyrobTa enis prestiJi da misi kulturuli mniSvneloba naklebia, vidre dapyrobilTa enisa (yovel teritoriaze, romelic vikingebis mier iyo dapyrobili, es ukanasknelni kargavdnen ara marto mSobliur enas, aramed eTnikur TviTSegnebasac).

da bolos, Tu bilingvizmis dros gvaqvs e. w. egzoglosuri enobrivi situacia, romlis drosac, umetes SemTxvevaSi, korelaciaSi Sedis sxvadasxva enobrivi koleqtivis kuTvnili sakomunikacio saSu-alebani, diglosiis dros enobrivi situacia endi-glosiuria, e. i. urTierTmoqmedi idiomebi ekuTvnis calkeul socialur (farTo mniSvnelobiT) jgufebs mocemuli koleqtivis SigniT.

rac Seexeba bilingvizmisa da diglosiis gan-viTarebis praqtikul tendenciebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi bilingvizmi ufroa damaxasiaTebeli qalaqisaTvis (qarTul-rusuli, qar-Tul-inglisuri...), xolo diglosia ufroa damax-asiaTebeli soflis mcxovreblebisaTvis, romelTa Soris gavrcelebulia literaturuli standartisa da teritoriuli dialeqtis codna.

tariel sixaruliZe

axalcixis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti,

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

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eTnoenobriv koleqtivSi xmarebidan gamodis; 2) eno-brivi Serwyma, roca kontaqtSi myofi ori idiomi qmnis raRac axal sistemas, romelic gansxvavdeba orive `mSoblisagan~; 3) enobrivi gadarTva, roca orive urTierTmoqmedi ena xangrZlivad da parale-lurad gamoiyeneba, amaTgan yoveli maTgani xasiaT-deba mis mier Sesrulebul funqciaTa garkveuli specifikurobiT. arsebiTad bilingvizms, am sityvis mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mxolod mesame tipi, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi orkomponentianoba ikargeba, Tumca enobrivi Serwymis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia “meoradi bilingvizmis~ gaCena, e.i. ax-lad warmoqmnili idiomis Sesvla bilingvur urTierTobaSi `mSobel~ enebTan an erT-erT maTgan-Tan (Sdr. inglisuri enis papua (axali gvineis) dialeqtebTan Serwymis Sedegad warmoqmnili tok-pisinis Sefardeba TviT inglisur enasTan am teri-toriaze).

im konkretul mizezebidan, romlebic ganapi-robebs bilingvizmis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas, SeiZleba gamoiyos aseve administraciul-iZulebiTi da kulturul-ekonomikuri faqtorebi. miuxedavad am terminTa garkveuli pirobiTobisa, maTi meSveobiT SeiZleba gavarCioT SemTxveva, roca erTi ena Zal-datanebis gamoa Tavsmoxveuli (igulisxmeba dapyroba, ameqsia da ucxo qveynebis dapyrobis sxva formebi) meore SemTxvevisagan, roca ena vrceldeba ucxo eno-brivi koleqtivis wevrTa Soris an maT nawilSi savaWro-ekonomikuri, kulturul-prestiJuli da sxva faqtorebis gamo, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo ZaldatanebasTan.

amasTan orive SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba damyardes sxvadasxva Sefardeba: 1) miTiTebul momentTa Tanx-vedra (yofil evropul koloniaTa garkveuli raode-noba afrikuli kontinentis qveynebSi); 2) pirveli faqtoris ararseboba meoris arsebobis pirobebSi (e. w. `Tavadaznauruli~ rusul-franguli biling-vizmi XVIII-XIX saukuneebis ruseTSi); 3) `adminis-

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ganaTlebis sayrdeni adreul bavSvobasa da zogadi ganaTlebis periodSi yalibdeba. arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sistema ki ver uzrunvelyofs eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlis da qarTvelis Tanaswori ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebs. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier gatarebuli saganmanaTleblo politikis mTavari sisuste misi araTanamimdevruli xasiaTia. aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis qveynebma saganmanaTleblo reforma ara umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxvis wesebiT, aramed zogadi ganaTlebis reformiT daiwyes. saqarTvelom reforma piriqiT daiwyo. Semovida unar-Cvevebze orientirebuli misaRebi gamocdebis sistema da Semdgom daiwyo zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi unarebze orientirebuli saswavlo gegmebis danergva. swored es araTanamimdevruli nabijebi gaxdes mTavari mizezi uTanasworo ganaTlebis SesaZleblobis problemis warmoSobisa, maSinac ki, rodesac umaRlesSi Cabarebis sistema SesaZlebelia samarTlianobisa da damsaxurebis principze iyos agebuli. kidev erTi mTavari argumenti unda movitanoT am debatebisas. akademiuri damsaxureba (Merit) da socialuri samarTlianoba ar aris urTierTgamom-ricxavi cnebebi da Tavisuflad aris SesaZlebeli orive am argumentis erTdroulad ganxorcieleba (simpsoni da vedlingi, 2005). gamokvlevebis Sedegebi aCveneben, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi xSirad xels uwyoben codnis srulyofas. rogorc simpsoni da vedlingi aRniSnaven, axali perspeqtivebis dasaxva da jansaRi kritika, swavlebis dros da akademiuri mravalferovneba (pluralizmi) metad uwyobs xels codnis gaRrmavebs da srulyofas, vidre akademiuri erTferovneba (homogenuroba).

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eTnikuri umciresobebis umaRles saswavleblebSi Cabarebis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebis SesaZlo gzebi

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, saqarTveloSi umaRles saswavlebelSi miRebis arsebuli sistema verc damsaxurebis (Merit) da verc Tanasworobis principebs bolomde ver pasuxobs. amasTan, es sistema Zalian mcire Sanss tovebs saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi mravalferovnebis gaCenisaTvis. Tumca arsebobs uamravi gza imisaTvis, rom es problema gadaiWras da amasTan, ar gaxdes saWiro umaRles saswavlebelSi misaRebi gamocdebis sistemaSi Zirfesviani cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba.

qarTulisa da ucxo enis testis damsaxurebaze (Merit) dafuZnebuli sistemis Sesaqmnelad upriani iqneba abiturientebis Caricxva umaRles saswavle-belSi mxolod unarebis testze dayrdnobiT moxdes. xolo qarTul da ucxo enebSi Catardes mxolod da mxolod sakvalifikacio testebi minimaluri moTxovnebiT. am sakvalifikacio testebis Cabarebis Semdeg eniWeba abiturients mxolod misaReb gamocdebze gasvlis ufleba. mxolod is studentebi, romlebic qarTulisa da ucxo enis testebs warmatebiT Caabareben, daiSvebian erovnul gamo-cdebze. am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli gamocdebi mxolod zogad unar-CvevebSi da sxvadasxva fakultetis Tu saerTod, umaRlesi saswavleblis mier konkretuli specialobis da disciplinis interesebidan gamomdinare daniSnul gamocdebSi Catardeba. ufro metic, unar-Cvevebis testireba im eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, romlebic kompaqturad cxovroben da saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi arian, maT mSobliur enaze unda CautardeT. mSobliur enaze Cabarebuli unar-Cvevebis testireba realur warmodgenas qmnis abiturientis codnasa da unarebis Sesaxeb. zogadi unar-Cvevebis testebis Targmna sam enaze araviTar siZneles ar unda

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koleqtivis eTnoenobrivi TviTSegneba: megrulisa da svanuris lingvisturi gansxvaveba qarTulisagan aSkaraa, magram am enebze molaparakeTa adgili qarT-veli eris istoriaSi da qarTuli enis, rogorc ko-munikaciis standartuli (literaturul-samwerlo) formis gamoyeneba maT mier, ganapirobebs megrulisa da svanuris dialeqtebad miCnevas sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, e. i. saxezea, b. uspenskis terminiT rom vTqvaT, subieqturi diglosia obieqturi biling-vizmis pirobebSi. ufro rTulia im SemTxvevaTa klasificireba, rac dasturdeba Wanur (lazur) eno-briv erTianobaSi. maTi mxolod mcire nawili iyenebs, axlo monaTesave megrelTa msgavsad, qarTul enas, rogorc literaturul standarts, umravlesoba ki am SesaZleblobas moklebulia.

bilingvizmis problemasTan mWidrodaa da-kavSirebuli mravalenovnebis (multilingvalobis sa-kiTxi, roca Cveulebriv ori komponentis garda `amo-qmedebulia~ mesame (ufro iSviaTad meti) idiomic, romelic, rogorc wesi, garkveulad SezRudul fun-qciebs asrulebs (magaliTad, adgilobrivi - respub-likuri - rusuli enebi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi).

amave konteqstSi SeiZleba saubari bilingviz-misa da sxvadasxva saxis substratuli (resp. super-stratuli) movlenebis gamijvnis Taobaze. es ukanask-neli warmoiSveba bilingvizmis an multilingvalo-bis Sedegad, magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, warmoadgens ara ori idiomis erTdroul funqcionirebas, aramed maT asaxvas, rac xSirad SemorCeba xolme orenovne-bis erT-erTi komponents dakargvis Sedegadac (kel-turi substrati da germanuli superstrati frangul enaSi...).

bilingvizmis warmomSobis ZiriTad mizezad unda CaiTvalos enobrivi kontaqti. amasTan, TviT enobrivi kontaqtebi maTi Sedegebis mixedviT sam ZiriTad tipad iyofa: 1) enobrivi Warbi cvlilebiT, romlis drosac erT-erTi idiomTagani, bilingvizmis Semadgeneli komponentia mocemul teritoriaze da am

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iyos ormxrivi (rodesac orive urTierTzemoqmedebas axdens da Sedegad ar aris gamoricxuli mesame idiomis warmoCena, romelic gansxvavdeba `mSoblebis-agan~).

eqstralingvistur faqtorTa Soris gansa-kuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanaarsebul idiomTa statuss, e. i. im mdgomareobas, romelic maT ukaviaT socialur-komunikaciur sistemaSi. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs idiomis ofi-cialuri statusi, romelic dafiqsirebulia iuridiulad da idiomis faqtobrivi statusi, ro-melic ganisazRvreba iseTi parametrebiT, rogoricaa (sametyvelo koleqtivis moculoba, enis funqciuri datvirTva, socialur-demografiuli situacia, statusis faqtobrivi realizacia da sxva).

bilingvizmisa da diglosiis Sefardeba isto-riuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze SeiZleba Seicvalos, erTi mxriv, divergencia / konvergencia lingvisturi procesis, meore mxriv ki, urTierTmo-qmed idiomTa matareblebis eTnokulturuli TviT-Segnebis safuZvelze, rac maTs calsaxa kvalifi-kacias arTulebs (mag. enis forma, romelsac Sot-landiis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyenebs, xan ganixileboda, rogorc damoukidebeli axlo monaTesave inglisuri enisa, xan ki am ukanasknelis nawilad aRiqvamdnen). aseve SeiZleba iyos gar-damavali SemTxvevebic, roca ama Tu im periodSi SeiniSneba idiomTa Sefardebis sxvadasxvagvari aRqma enis matarebelTa mier (mag., ukrainuli enis gamo-yeneba n. gogolisa da t. SevCenkos mier).

gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve is faqtori, rom yovel idioms kodificirebul normaTa sakuTari sistema ara aqvs, anda, roca saubaria e. w. `mosazRvre dialeqtebze~ - maTi matareblebis orientaciis faqtori enis ama Tu im standartuli (literatu-ruli) formis mimarT. meore mxriv, aseTi dilemis amoxsnis dros gadamwyveti roli eniWeba iseT subieqtur faqtors, rogoricaa mocemuli enobrivi

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warmoadgendes da ar aris dakavSirebuli did finansur danaxarjebTan. miT ufro, rom bevri saerTaSoriso organizacia dResac gamoTqvams mzadyofnas Tavisi wvlili Seitanos am saqmeSi. es strategia ki, erTi mxriv, namdvilad wamowevs da gaaZlierebs saxelmwifo enis statussa da mniSvnelobas, daakmayofilebs oponentTa nacionalur ambiciebs da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, mogvcems saSualebas, rom erovnuli gamocdebi WeSmaritad damsaxurebis (Merit) principze iqneba Catarebuli. ufro metic, es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT momgebiani iqneba abiturientebisTvis xelmokle ojaxebidan, mTiani regionebidan da soflis sajaro skolebidan. am studentebisaTvis Znelia ucxo enis srulyofa, radgan regionebSi kvalificiuri ucxo enebis specialistebis aSkara deficitia. am tipis politika erTnairi warmatebiT miscemda saSualebas mTian da mowyvetil regionebSi mcxovreb, xelmokle da erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenel studentebs, warmatebisaTvis mxolod sakuTari niWis, unaris da codnis gamovlenis Sedegad mieRwiaT. da bolos, am politikis Sedegad realurad moxdeboda sakadro resursebis efeqturi aTviseba saxelmwifo socialur-ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgeneli studentebisTvis im specialobebze, romelzec qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebisa da dasaqmebis politikidan gamomdinare, strategiulia kadrebis momzadeba, garkveuli damatebiTi adgilebis gamoyofa gardamaval periodSi problemis gadaWris meore, alternatiuli gadawyvetaa; anu saubaria damatebiT adgilebze umaRlesi saswavleblebisTvis eTnikuri umciresobis studentebisaTvis da Sida konkurenciis pirobebSi am adgilebze abiturientebis umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxva. am SemTxvevaSi garkveuli raodenobis erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenel studentebs miecemodaT saSualeba swavla romelime qarTul

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umaRles saswavlebelSi gaegrZelebinaT. amisaTvis ki maT yvela erovnuli gamocdis Semadgeneli testi unda gaiaron da isini, visac danarCen umciresobaTa Soris yvelaze maRali qulebi eqnebaT, swavlas universitetis garkveul fakultetebze SeZleben (tabataZe, 2006). es gadawyvetileba yvela mxarisaTvis xelsayreli unda iyos: (a) ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros principuli midgoma, rom yvelam unda Caabaros identuri testi, ucvleli rCeba - umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi abareben standartuli saxis erovnul gamocdebs, (b) umaRlesi saswavleblebi iReben damatebiT subsidiebs, da es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im regionebSi ganTavsebuli saswavleblebisaTvis, romlebic kompaq-turad aris dasaxlebuli erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgeneli mosaxleobiT. am institutebs saSualeba eZlevaT, gadamwyveti roli iTamaSon samoqalaqo integraciis ganviTarebis politikaSi. (g) umravlesobis warmomadgenel studentebs saSualeba eZlevaT mravalferovan garemoSi miiRon ganaTleba; (d) umciresobis warmomadgenel studentebs ki eqnebaT udidesi stimuli, rom gaaumjobeson qarTuli enis codna, rac maT SesaZleblobas miscems umaRlesi ganaTleba miiRon saqarTveloSi. mesame gza zemoT aRniSnuli problemis gadasaWrelad ki intervenciuli anu umaRles saswavlebelSi mosaxvedrad specialuri kursebis organizebaa. intervenciuli programa eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis specialuri mosamzadebeli programebis SemuSavebasa da srulyofas gulisxmobs. am tipis programebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, erTi mxriv, warsulis saganmanaTleblo diskriminaciis aRiareba da gamosworeba moxdeboda, xolo meore mxriv ki _ abiturientebs SesaZlebloba miecemodaT sxvadasxva mosamzadebeli kursis gavlis Semdgom _ erTiani erovnuli misaRebi gamocdebi CaebarebinaT.

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bilingvizmisa da diglosiis mimarTebisaTvis

terminebi bilingvizmi da diglosia wminda

filologiuri TvalsazrisiT erTi da igivea: orive aRniSnavs orenovnebas, oRondac pirveli laTinuri warmoSobisaa (bi – ori, lingva – ena), xolo meore berZnuli (di – ori, glosa – ena).

sociolingvistikaSi miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad bilingvizmi da diglosia diferencirebuli cnebebia. pirveli gulisxmobs ori aramonaTesave enis gamoyenebas (magaliTad, rusuli da qarTuli enebi), xolo meore - ori monaTesave enisa an enisa da dialeqtis, an dialeqtebis gamoyenebas (magaliTad, qarTuli da megruli, megruli da svanuri, megruli da qarTuli enis romelime sxva dialeqti...)1.

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi bilingvizmis problematika (qveynis polienovnebis miuxedavad), pirvel yovlisa, dakavSirebulia satitulo qarTuli enisa da e. w. erovnebaTSorisi rusuli enis mimarTe-basTan, e.i. faqtobriv igulisxmeba rusul-qarTuli bilingvizmis eqstra da intralingvisturi aspeqtebi. eqstralingvisturSi vgulisxmobT momentebs, ro-melic dakavSirebulia bilingvuri wyvilis funqciur ganawilebasTan, maSin rodesac intralingvisturi iqneba procesebi, romelic viTardeba kontaqtSi myofi enebis sistemebSi maTi urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegad. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba iyos calmxrivi (magaliTad, idiom a-s zemoqmedeba b-ze) da SeiZleba

1 fsiqologebi bilingvis cnobierebaSi Cveulebriv gamoy-ofen koordinaciul orenovnebas (individi Tanabrad flobs or enas da situaciis mixedviT erTi kodidan Tavisuflad meoreze gadadis) da subordinaciul orenovnebas (rodesac enobrivi kontaqtis SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv dedaenidan Targmnian meore idiomze. ix. Paul A. kolers. Interlingual Word Associatiions. – IVL, vol. 2, N 4, 1963, gv. 291-300.

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4. umciresobaTa sakiTxebs mravali saerTaSoriso organizaciis dRis wesrigSi da kvleviT TemebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. publikaciebi am Temaze yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia. aRniSnuli mdgomareobis minusi aris sxvadasxva ganxorcielebul aqtivobas Soris koordinaciis ararseboba. ,,mravalenovani ga-naTlebis sistemasTan~ arsebulma sakonsultacio organom mTavar dainteresebul pirebTan erTad koordinireba unda gauwios da uzrunvelyos didi sivrce informaciis gacvlisa da savaraudo TanamSromlobisaTvis, rac gamoiwvevs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan ufro efeqtur gavlenas saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemaze. 5. dRemde enebis codna warmoadgenda saSualebas da ara mizans TavisTavad. Cven vTavazobT saxelisuflebo organoebs, samomavlod xeli Seuwyos, garda enebis swavlebis pragmatuli aspeqtebisa, interkulturuli ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas. 6. saWiro da aucilebeli iqneba ufro meti informacia amJamindeli Teoriebisa da mopovebuli monacemebis Sesaxeb enis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT, raTa Semcirdes popularuli stereotipi, TiTqos somxuri dialeqti, romelzec saubroben samcxe-javaxeTSi, ar aris ,,namdvili somxuri~ da qarTuli enis gakveTilebis gazrda Seamcirebs somexi moswavleebis mier somxuri enis codnis xarisxs.

ligita grigule

Sveicariuli organizacia `CIMERA~

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intervenciuli programebi farTod gavrcelebuli midgomaa msoflioSi, rac emsaxureba umciresobebis umaRles saswavlebelSi raodenobriv zrdas (perna da titusi, 2005). TumcaRa, am tipis programebi didi yuradRebiT unda iqnes dagegmili da ganxor-cielebuli. saqme isaa, rom am tipis programebi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda 2005 wels da maT sakmaod mniSvnelovani Sedegebic moyva, magram es programebi fragmentulad iqna ganxorcielebuli da ar warmoadgenda ganaTlebis da mecnierebis saministros mier dasaxuli erTiani strategiis nawils. swored saministros mier unda iqnes SemuSavebuli da finansurad uzrunvelyofili intervenciuli programebi.

kidev erTi problemis gadaWris gza sust an Zlier ukudisriminaciis meTodze dafuZnebuli SeRavaTiani pirobebis Seqmnaa. susti ukudisk-riminacia upiratesobas mianiWebs umciresobebis warmomadgenel studentebs Tanabari kvalifikaciis mqone umravlesobis kandidatebTan, xolo Zlieri ukudiskriminacia ki ufro susti kvalifikaciis umciresobebsac daayenebda upirates mdgomareobaSi. TumcaRa am tipis SeRavaTiani pirobebis Seqmna ararealuria dRes arsebul saqarTvelos realobaSi. zemoT aRwerili yvela midgoma ar aris urTierTgamomricxavi; ufro metic, SeiZleba maTi erTdroulad ganxorcieleba. am tipis aqtivobebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba ki garantias qmnis umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis saqarTvelos umaR-les saswavleblebSi mosaxvedrad, Tumca erT-erTi am midgomis sisruleSi moyvanac ki aucileblad gamoiRebda dadebiT Sedegs.

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3) umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizacia da

Sesabamisi enobrivi politika

umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizacia 21-e saukunis umniSvnelovanes amocanad iqca ara marto umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis, aramed samTavrobo struqturebisTvisac. globalizaciis procesi, sabazro ekonomikisa da konkurentuli bazris piro-bebi ki mTavari faqtorebia umaRlesi saswavleblebis internacionalizaciisaTvis. umaRlesi saswavleble-bis globalizaciisadmi momatebulma interesma ki `ganapiroba axali saganmanaTleblo sistemebis, programebis da infrastruqturis ganviTareba rogorc institucionalur, aseve samTavrobo doneze~ (naiTi, 2001, gv. 228)

umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizacias ramdenime gansazRvreba gaaCnia. rig SemTxvevebSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis globalizacia da internacionalizacia erTsa da imave konteqstSia gamoyenebuli, Tumca de viti xazs usvams, rom `umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizacia es aris globalizaciis moTxovnisadmi pasuxi da ara Tavad globalizaciis procesi da moicavs rogorc internacionalur, aseve lokalur dones~. (de viti, 1999. gv. 2).

saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisaTvis ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtori arsebobs. statiis am seqciaSi mokled SevexebiT im mniSvnelovania faqtorebs, romelmac xeli SeiZleba Seuwyos saqarTvelos boloniis procesSi warmatebiT CarTvas. saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisaTvis oTxi xelsayreli Tavisebureba arsebobs:

a) saqarTvelos geografiuli mdgomareoba; b) sabWoTa kavSiris saganmanaTleblo

memkvidreoba ganviTarebuli `zusti mecnierebis~ dargebiTa da zogadi ganaTlebis maRali doniT;

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5. Tu skolebs miviCnevT ,,saqarTveloSi mrava-lenovani ganaTlebis~ programis ganxorcielebisaT-vis gadamwyvet faqtorebad, saWiroa yovelgvari Zalebis dazogvis gareSe skola gardaiqmnes so-cialur sistemad - Camoyalibdes skolis avtonomia da pasuxismgebloba ,,mravalenovani ganaTlebis~ mod-elis arCevasTan da ,,mravalenovani ganaTlebis~ sa-kiTxebSi skolis miRwevebTan dakavSirebiT, ganmtkicdes TanamSromloba TviT skolis maswavle-blebs, da maswavleblebsa da skolis administracias Soris. 6. sasurvelia finansirebis efeqturi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba skolebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis, rac xels Seuwyobs mravalenovani ganaTlebis zogierTi formis ganxorcielebas da waaqezebs araqarTveli maswavleblebis mier saxelmwifo enis Seswavlas da qarTveli maswavleblebis mxridan umciresobaTa skolebSi muSaobis survils. damatebiTi rekomendaciebi TemebisaTvis mravaleno-vani ganaTlebis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informaciis mi-wodebasTan dakavSirebiT 1. imisaTvis, rom gaizardos warmateba saqarT-veloSi mravalenovani programebis SerCevasa da ganxorcielebaSi, saWiroa, rom maswavleblebi, sko-lis administraciebi da mSoblebi uzrunvelyofil iyvnen ufro meti informaciulobiT sxvadasxva modelTan (agreTve saqarTveloSi ukve warmatebulad moqmed modelTan) dakavSirebiT da skolebs mieceT sakmarisi dro - eqvsi Tvidan erT wlamde - raTa gadawyvetileba SeaCeron romelime modelze, agreTve saSualeba unda mieceT Secvalon, Seasworon an daa-muSavon arsebuli modelebi. 2. saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ufro meti mSoblis monawileobis xelSewyoba. 3. momavalSi ,,enis saxlebma~ unda moaxdinos qveyanaSi enobriv politikasTan dakavSirebuli yvela saqmianobisa da informaciis centralizeba.

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programebis ganxorcieleba, damatebiTi saswavlo kursis/skolis gareT saqmianobebis xelSewyoba. 2. Cveni SemoTavazebaa, rom Camoyalibdes sakon-sultacio organo, romelic uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva iniciativebis informirebas, gaerTianebasa da koordinirebas umciresobaTa ganaTlebis sferoSi. aseT organos SeuZlia CarTos aRniSnul saqmiano-bebSi umciresobis regionis warmomadgenlebic, rom-lebic imuSaveben, rogorc TemebisaTvis enobrivi politikis reformebisa da saqmianobebis Sesaxeb in-formaciis mimwodeblebi. 3. baltiispireTis qveynebis gamocdileba gviCve-nebs, rom maswavleblebi arian ZiriTadi dainterese-buli mxare da maTi damokidebulebebi gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor iRebs sazogadoeba mravalenovan ga-naTlebasTan dakavSirebul reformebs. aqedan gamom-dinare, Cven vfiqrobT, rom mniSvnelovania ,,saqarTveloSi mravalenovani ganaTlebis~ proeqtSi gaTvaliswinebul iqnes aRniSnuli figurebis wona da umciresobis warmomadgeneli maswavleblebis mier enis kargad Seswavlis xelSewyoba, maswavleblebis gadamzadebis programebis ganxorcieleba da damate-biTi specialobis arCevisa da Seswavlis stimu-lireba. Tu maTi momavali da Sexedulebebi garan-tirebulad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, maswavleblebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT, mTlianad CaerTon ganaTlebis mravalenovan sakiTxebSi da sxva axal saswavlo programebSi da ar gaxdnen reformis oponentebi. 4. rekomendebulia, rom ,,saqarTveloSi mrava-lenovani ganaTlebis sistema~ xels Seuwyobs mas-wavleblebs damatebiTi kvalifikaciebis mopovebaSi, rac uzrunvelyofs mis simtkicesa da xangrZlivobas. es SesaZloa moicavdes maswavleblebisaTvis saganma-naTleblo kursebis Catarebas samuSao adgilze da samuSaos dawyebamde, agreTve proeqtebSi monawileo-bas, zafxulis skolebis gaxsnas, da gamocdilebis gacvliT saqmianobebs.

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g) kulturuli faseulobebi da stumarTmoyvareoba. mokled aRvwer TiToeul am faqtors da im efeqts, romelic SeiZleba moyves am faqtorebis zemoqmedebas:

a) geografiuli mdgomareoba

saqarTvelos geografiuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, uzarmazari potenciali gaaCnia umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisaTvis. es logikuri mizezebi ki gansakuTrebiT misi sagareo da usafrTxoebis strategiebTan aris dakavSirebuli da umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizacia swored politikuri racionalidan gamomdinareobdes. kerZod:

1) pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia is, rom saqarTvelo esazRvreba TurqeTs - uzarmazari mosaxleobis mqone qveyanas TurqeTis mosazRvreoba ori ZiriTadi momentiTaa mniSvnelovani, rac TurqeTidan studentTa qarTul umaRles saswavleblebSi mozidvis winapirobebia. pirveli _ TurqeTis mosaxleobis nawili, 12 milioni adamiani qarTuli eTnikuri warmoSobisaa, da meore - TurqeTis `aziur~ da `evropul~ nawilebs Soris uzarmazari socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri sxvaobaa. TurqeTis `aziuri~ nawili, romelic saqarTvelos esazRvreba, naklebad ganviTarebulia. es nawili sagrZnobladaa daSorebuli stambulsa da / an ankaras, magram Zalian axlos mdebareobs saqarTvelosTan (baTumi an Tundac Tbilisi). am faqtors ki udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba Turq studentTa mozidvisaTvis saqarTveloSi. amas emateba is, rom orive qveyana amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis strategiuli partniora da es politikuri erToblioba met SesaZleblobebs iZleva ori qveynis saganmanaTleblo sferoSi TanamSromlobisaTvis. amis kargi magaliTi Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universitetia TbilisSi. (qarTul-Turquli

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universiteti qarTul-inglisuri swavlebiT). am universitetSi 30% -ze meti studenti ucxoelia.

2) saqarTvelo somxeTisa da azerbaijanis mezobeli qveyanaa da, amasTan, igi samxreT kavkasiis wamyvani saxelmwifoa. somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris arsebuli mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis fonze, saqarTvelo kidev ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda TanamSromlobisa da kooperaciisaTvis am regionSi. (realurad, somxebi ar Cadian azerbaijanSi da piriqiT). erToblivi saganmanaTleblo kvlevebis an gacvliTi programebis ganxorcieleba mxolod saqarTvelos meSveobiT da saqarTveloSi aris SesaZlebeli. es faqtebi ki zrdis saqarTvelosaTvis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo institutebis internacionalizaciis perspeqtivebs da, amave dros, afarToebs saqarTvelos politikur gavlenas kavkasiis regionSi.

3) saqarTvelo evropis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da aziis gasayarze mdebareobs. es geografiuli situacia ki ori mimarTulebiT muSaobs: evrokavSiri ecdeba, rom evropuli Rirebulebebi da principebi axlo aRmosavleTsa da aziaSic ganavrcos da gaafarTovos maTi efeqti. saqarTvelos ki am procesSi buferis roli SeuZlia iTamaSos. am miznis misaRwevad umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo institutebi seriozul iaraRad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli da qarTulma saswavleblebma Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenon es perspeqtivebi. aseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoiyenon qarTuli umaRlesi saswavleblebi aziisa da axlo aRmosavleTis im qveynebma, romlebsac survili aqvT evropuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis nawili gaxdnen, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qarTuli mxari uzrunvelyofs maRalxarisxian kvlevebis da swavlebis standartebs evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT dabal fasad.

4) meoTxe xelsayrel faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mega-proeqtebi, magaliTad, navTobsadeni

da TRASECA. aRniSnulma megaproeqtebma SeiZleba

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rac Seexeba saswavlo sagnebs, mSobelTa um-ravlesoba Tvlis, rom maT Svilebs moswonT bunebis, xatvis, Sromisa an sportis gakveTilebis meore enaze swavla, rom isini aqtiurad swavloben da sakmaod kargad iTviseben aRniSnul sagnebs. mSoblebi dadebiTad afaseben am sagnebis swavlebasTan da-kavSirebul cvlilebebs.

zogierTma ojaxma aRiara, rom proeqtis dasawyisSi isini Relavdnen mSobliuri enis arasa-Tanadod Seswavlis, agreTve asimilaciis saSiSroe-bis gamo. Tumca, mravalenovani ganaTlebis proeqtis dawyebidan erTi wlis Semdeg mSobelTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom maTi Svilebi mSobliur enas da, masTan erTad, qarTul enasac, sakmaod kargad swavloben.

mSobelTa umravlesobas gacnobierebuli aqvs da informirebulia im cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT, rac ,,saqarTveloSi mravalenovani ganaTlebis~ pro-eqtma Seitana skolaSi da Tvlian, rom aseTi cvli-lebebi saWiro da aucilebelia momavalSic. kiTxvaze: ,,romeli enebia yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tqveni SvilebisaTvis momavalSi?~ - pasuxis gacemisas qar-Tul enas yvelaze xSirad moixseniebdnen Sesabamisi mSobliuri enis win an Semdeg. maSin, roca TviTon mSoblebi aqtiurad cdiloben SeinarCunon mSobli-uri ena, qarTuli, rusuli, inglisuri (mcire SemTxvevebSi germanuli da frangulic ki) enebi yve-laze xSirad moixsenieba maT pasuxebSi, rogorc maTi SvilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani enebi. es gviCvenebs imas, rom mSoblebi Tvlian mravalenovneba saukeTeso ga-rantiaa saqarTveloSi maTi Svilebis momavlis uz-runvelyofisaTvis. mravalenovani ganaTlebis arealis gafarToebis mizniT: 1. mniSvnelovania, rom saministrom Seqmnas damatebiTi SesaZleblobebi enis araformaluri Ses-wavlisaTvis enobrivi umciresobebiT mWidrod das-axlebul regionebSi, rogoricaa zafxulis skolebis Seqmna, sxva enobrivi Temebis bavSvebTan gacvliTi

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saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarda moni-toringi da Sefasda moswavleebis enobrivi unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba. enobrivi unar-Cvevebis Sefasebis Sedegad damtkicda, rom erTi saswavlo wlis gan-mavlobaSi sapilote skolis moswavleebis mier meore enis flobis unar-Cvevebi swrafad ganviTarda im moswavleebTan SedarebiT, romlebic swavlobdnen imave regionis iseT skolebSi, sadac orenovani pro-grama ar xorcieldeboda. moswavleebs SeeqmnaT ufro mdidari leqsikuri maragi da SeZles sxvadasxva eno-brivi funqciebis gamoyeneba. maTma mexsierebam mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi aiTvisa meore ena sakmaod didi doziT.

imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad kmayofilni ar-ian mSoblebi simera-s proeqtiT (`mravalenovani ga-naTleba saqarTveloSi~) saswavlo wlis dasasruls Seiqmna kiTxvari, romelic moicavda kiTxvebs: mSo-belTa ganaTlebulobasa da enis SeswavlasTan da-kavSirebuli mosazrebebis Sesaxeb, maT mier ,,saqarTveloSi mravalenovani ganaTlebis~ proeqtis aRiarebasa da mis Sesaxeb codnaze, maTi Svilebis mier skolaSi miRebuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb in-formaciulobaze.

zogadad, mSobelTa kmayofileba proeqtTan da-kavSirebiT aris maRali. mSoblebi informirebulni arian proeqtis Sesaxeb, mxars uWeren proeqtis far-glebSi ganxorcielebul saqmianobebs da dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT skolaSi proeqtis kursis Ca-tarebasTan dakavSirebiT.

proeqtis erT-erTi ZiriTadi upiratesoba mSo-belTa kmayofilebasTan dakavSirebiT, aris ndoba imisadmi (90%), rom maTi Svilebi, rogorc Sesabamisi eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi kargad grZnoben Tavs skolaSi. amave dros, gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mSoblebi arasakmarisad arian informirebulni imis Sesaxeb, maTi Svilebi swavloben Tu ara sxva erebis kulturas.

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agreTve dadebiTi gavlena moaxdinon umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciaze saqarTveloSi. am tipis proeqtebi da ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura Seqmnis xarisxiani kvlevebis aucileblobas am regionSi da, Sesabamisad, warmoqmnis axal samuSao adgilebs specifikur sferoebSi. am specialistebis momzadeba da specifikuri kvlevebis Catarebis aucilebloba ki qarTuli umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis kargi Semosavlis wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes, gansakuTrebiT ki im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aziis qveynebi metwilad am proeqtebSi monawile mxare arian. rogorc navaraudevia, 2025 wlisaTvis studentTa raodenoba aziaSi 159 milions unda aRematebodes. (saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis programa, avstria, 2003)

5) saqarTvelo Savi zRvis auzSi mdebareobs. Savi zRvis auzis qveynebs Soris TanamSromloba gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT viTardeba. sxvadasxva adgilobrivi organizaciebi ki swored Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis mier aris daarsebuli. savaraudo kooperacia Savis zRvis auzis qveynebis umaRles saswavleblebs Soris ki aseve karg perspeqtivas usaxavs qarTul umaRles ganaTlebis internacionalizaciis saqmes.

6) saqarTvelo ruseTs esazRvreba. amJamindeli politikuri situacia ar qmnis saganmanaTleblo sistemebis TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs, magram amavdroulad aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi produqciis did nawils ruseTis bazarze uSvebda eqsportze. Sesabamisad, ruseTi SeiZleba aseve iqnes aTvisebuli `ganaTlebis eqsportisaTvis~ saqarT-velosaTvis politikuri urTierTobebis dareguli-rebis SemTxvevaSi.

daskvnisTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba usaTuod aris gaTvaliswinebuli saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, xolo es mniSvnelovani faqtori ki mas did rols aniWebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romlebic, Tavis

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mxriv, qveynis ganviTarebas arsebul saerTaSoriso konteqstSi ganixilavs.

saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis inter-nacionalizaciis saqmeSi zemoT aRniSnulma yvela faqtorma uzarmazari gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos. amasTan, angariSgasawevia studentTa saerTaSoriso mobilobis zrdis tendencia. Tu 2002 wels 1,8 milioni studenti swavlobda Tavisi qveynis farglebs gareT msoflioSi (smiti, rae, 2006). qveynis farglebs gareT swavlis msurvelTa ricxvis zrda 2025 wlisaTvis 7,2 milionamdea mosalodneli (saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis programa, avstria, 2003). rogorc smiti da rae 2006 wels aRniSnaven, ganviTarebuli qveynis universitetebs sakmaod didi problemebi aqvT didi raodenobiT ucxoeli studentebis marTvis da maTTvis maRalkvalificiuri swavlebis donis uzrunvelsayofad. ucxoeli studentebi eZeben axlo, iaf da maRali standartis mqone adgilebs ganaTlebisaTvis. es faqti da geografiuli adgilmdebareoba ki uzarmazar SesaZleblobebs xsnis saqarTvelosaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisaTvis. b) sabWoTa saganmanaTleblo memkvidreoba, `zusti

mecnierebis~ ganviTareba da maRali ganaTlebis done

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTvelo

damoukidebeli qveyana gaxda da, Sesabamisad, saSualeba moeca, damoukideblad ewarmoebina saganmanaTleblo politika. es gza ki, uzarmazar SesaZleblobebTan erTad, didi gamowvevac gaxda saqarTvelosaTvis. sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistema Zalian centralizebuli iyo da yvela gadawyvetileba moskovSi miiReboda; Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos araviTari gamocdileba damoukidebeli saganmanaTleblo politikis SeqmnaSi ar gaaCnda.

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gvinda mivaRwioT mdgrad cvlilebas swavlebis stilsa da meTodologiaSi.

1- qvemo qarTlis sapilote skolebi, 2-qvemo qarTlis arasapilote skolebi, 3- samcxe-javaxeTis sapilote skolebi, 4 - samcxe-javaxeTis arasapilote skolebi.

proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmianobebidan mravalenovani ganaTlebis xelSewyobisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli iyo praqtikaze orien-tirebuli, interaqtiuli swavlebis damxmare sax-elmZRvanelos, ,,TamaSebis wignis,~ Targmna, dabeWdva (1500-iani tiraJiT), sajaro prezentacia da gavr-celeba. aRniSnuli wigni damuSavda, rogorc praqti-kuli megzuri, klasSi TamaSebisTvis. Sesavali moi-cavs interaqtiuli meTodikis Teoriul principebs, agreTve praqtikul rekomendaciebs. wignSi Sesulia 111 interaqtiuli TamaSi paraleluri TargmaniT oTx enaze (qarTul-azerbaijanul-somxur-rusuli). aR-niSnuli oTxi enis erTobliobas erT wignSi saaRmzrdelo Tanasworobisa da saqarTveloSi arse-buli enebis mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis simboluri Rirebuleba gaaCnia. amasTanave, es amcirebs maketisa da beWdvis xarjebs, TiToeuli asli xelmisawvdomia yvela skolisTvis, Tu erT an sxva romelime re-gionSi ufro meti moTxovnileba arsebobs, vidre iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

0,05,0

10,015,020,025,030,0

Average points per

pilot & non-pilot schools

1 2 3 4

Kvemo Samtskhe- Kartli Javakheti

Language test results per regions

1234

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pozitiurad afaseben proeqtis wvlils. MLE-Si mona-wile maswavleblebma miiRes Semdegi sargebeli: is-wavles interaqtiuli didaqtika, sagnis swavlebis meTodologia da enobrivi unar-Cvevebis Sefaseba. proeqtis ganmavlobaSi maswavleblebma iswavles jgufuri muSaobis meTodologia, iyo klasSi maTi gamoyenebis ramdenime mcdeloba. iyo cvlilebebi Ta-namdebobrivi valdebulebebTan damokidebulebaSi _ ufro meti dro gamoiyo gakveTilis dagegmvisaTvis, saTanado davalebebis SerCevisaTvis, miznebisa da moswavleTa enobrivi unar-Cvevebis formatuli Sefa-sebebis mniSvnelobis ukeT gagebisaTvis. maswavle-blebi da skolis xelmZRvanelebi aRniSnaven, rom maT bevri SeiZines aseve pirovnuladac _ gauZlierdaT sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba, TviTanalizis unari, Ta-vianTi qveynisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba, SegrZneba, rom isini karg samsaxurs uweven im qveyanas, romel-Sic cxovroben. proeqtma mniSvnelovani roli Seas-rula maswavlebelTa TanamSromlobis xelSewyobaSi. maswavleblebma ukeT gaicnes TavianTi kolegebi, gaucvales erTmaneTs gamocdileba, iswavles Tavian-Ti kolegebis gakveTilebis analizis gakeTeba.

maswavleblebma SeamCnies cvlilebebi TavianTi moswavleebis mier masalis aTvisebaSi. Sesaswavli enebis mimarT mzardi motivaciisa da qarTuli enis Seswavlisas, SesamCnevi warmatebis garda, isini asaxeleben moswavleebis aqtivobas da swavlis pro-cesisa da socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. kav-Siri mSoblebsa da skolas Soris ufro mWidro xdeba, stimulirdeba mSoblebis interesi skolisa da misi saqmianobis mimarT, bavSvebs ufro metad uCnde-baT survili, isaubron gakveTilebis Sesaxeb, mSo-blebi monawileobas iReben saswavlo procesSi.

Tumca, azrTa gacvlis mizniT Catarebul semi-narebze gakveTilebis ganxilvam, dakvirvebis Sedegeb-ma gviCvena, rom jer kidev aucilebelia treningis, monitoringisa da daxmarebis gagrZeleba, Tuki Cven

47

Sedegad _ umaRlesi saswavleblebi ver axdendnen samuSao bazris moTxovnilebebze saTanadod reagirebas. amasTan, ganaTlebis sistemis biujeti Zalian Semcirda.

miuxedavad am faqtisa, sabWoTa saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobas SeuZlia pozitiuri roli iTamaSos qarTuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionali-zaciaSi. sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistemam xeli Seuwyo `zusti mecnierebebis~ ganviTarebas, im dros roca socialuri mecnierebebi da humanitaruli mimarTulebebi mxolod politikuri ideologiis dasamkvidreblad iyo gamoyenebuli (piveni da paki, 2006). ganviTarebuli `zusti mecnierebebi~ da maRalkvalificiuri adamianuri resursi SeiZleba uzarmazari dadebiTi faqtori gaxdes qarTuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis `pasiuridan~ `aqtiuri~ internacionalizaciisaken gadasvlis sakiTxSi, radgan `zusti mecnierebebis~ ganviTareba fundamentia ekonomikuri zrdisa da socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis (bradoki, da nivi, 2002).

amasTanave, sabWoTa saganmanaTleblo memkvid-reobis wyalobiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets maRali zogadi ganaTlebis done aqvs. aRniSnuli faqti saqarTvelos saSualebas aZlevs, sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, meti Zalisxmeva umaRles ganaTlebaze gaamaxvilos da ara zogadi ganaTlebis sferoze. umaRles ganaTlebaze Zalisxmevis gamaxvileba da misi prioritetad dasaxva, umaRles ganaTlebaSi Cadebuli finansebis ukugeba qveynis ekonomikis zrdisa da ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT maRalia zogadi ganaTlebis finansirebidan miRebul ukugebaze (karnoi, roteni, 2002).

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g) kulturuli Rirebulebebi da stumarTmoyvareoba

ucxoeli studentebis mozidvis umTavres problemas maTTvis Sesatyvisi socialuri da

saswavlo pirobebis Seqmna warmoadgens. (ASHE-is angariSi, 2005). Cveni azriT es problema gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis da evropis qveynebis umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis, sadac am qveynebis sazogadoebebisagan gansxvavebuli warmomadgenelTa miReba, TviTdamkvidreba da adaptacia ar aris am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulturuli tradicia da faseuloba. Tumca uamravi Zalisxmeva aris mimarTuli am mimarTulebiT: magaliTad, kentis saxelmwifo universitetis mravalferovnebis

(diversity) strategiuli gegma 2006 - 2010 wlebis universitetis xedvad aris formulirebuli. kentis universiteti ar aris gamonaklisi. es midgoma prioritetulia umaRlesi ganaTlebis saswavleblebisaTvis da umTavresi faqtoria internacionalizaciis politikisaTvis. saqarTvelos kulturuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic stumarTmoyvareobas, ucxo adamianis TviT-damkvidrebisa da gaZlierebis xelSewyobas gulisxmobs, umTavresi gasaRebia warmatebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, ucxoeli studentebi-saTvis kargi socialuri da saswavlo garemos Seqmna bunebrivadaa SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi xelovnuri Carevebis gareSe. saerTaSoriso studentTaTvis Sesabamisi saswavlo da socialuri garemos Seqmna mniSvnelovani winapirobaa umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisTvis.

zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebi, ra Tqma unda, kargi winapirobaa umaRlesi ganaTlebis warmatebuli internacionalizaciisTvis globalizaciis procesSi. Tumca, aRniSnuli winapirobebis gamoyenebas Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba

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mendebuli iyo SeerCiaT iseTi sagnebi, romelTa swavlebisas SesaZlebeli iyo demonstrirebis, vi-zualizaciis, Jestebisa da sxeulis enis, rogorc sa-komunikacio saSualebis gamoyeneba. xelovneba (Sroma da xatva), sporti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi saukeTesod Seesabameba aRniSnul kriteriums. sapi-lote sagnebia: xatva - 10, Sroma - 9, sabunebismetyve-lo mecniereba - 4, fizikuri aRzrda _ 3 klasSi.

pirveli sapilote wlis ganmavlobaSi arCeuli, meore enaze Casatarebeli gakveTilebis raodenoba iyo optimaluri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT winaswar dak-veTas mSoblebisa da skolebis mxridan, adamianur da materialur resursebs. aRniSnuli sapilote etapis Sedegebi adasturebs, rom SesaZlebelia da aucile-belic meore enaze Casatarebeli gakveTilebis rao-denobis gazrda, gansakuTrebiT, qvemo qarTlSi. gak-veTilebis raodenobis gazrdis SesaZleblobas uz-runvelyofs mSoblebis damokidebuleba da interesi qarTuli enis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT. aseT saWi-roebas agreTve cxadyofs is faqti, rom codnis mTliani done, praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi da ganviTare-ba ufro dabalia qvemo qarTlSi, vidre, magaliTad, samcxe-javaxeTSi.

aRniSnuli modelis ganxorcielebasTan dakav-SirebiT gamovlinda Semdegi administraciuli sir-Tuleebi: maswavleblebis mier enis flobis dabali done; iseTi sagnis maswavleblebis simcire, romleb-sac SeuZliaT Caataron Sesabamisi gakveTili meore enaze; sagnis meTodikaSi qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, maswavleblebis momzadebis aucilebloba; samu-Saos dawyebamde da samuSao adgilze maswavleblebis saganmanaTleblo kursebis nakleboba; saswavlo ma-salis nakleboba; finansuri sirTuleebis arseboba skolebSi; kerZod, SesaZlebeli unda iyos sagnis maswavleblebisaTvis damatebiTi samuSao datvirTvis saTanado anazRaureba.

saswavlo wlis bolos sapilote proeqtis mas-wavleblebi da skolis direqtorebi gamokiTxvaSi

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mSoblebi da Temis liderebi saWiro da auci-lebeli profesiuli Cvevebis ganviTarebisa da maswavleblebis, mSoblebisa da politikuri liderebis mier proeqtis sworad gagebisa da aRqmis mizniT.

3. saganmanaTleblo politikis SemqmnelebTan er-Tad savaraudo strategiebis SemuSaveba sa-qarTveloSi da ,,mravalenovani ganaTlebis~ proeqtis arealis gafarToeba.

sapilote proeqti ganxorcielda saqarTvelos ori regionis 12 dawyebiT skolaSi: aqedan 8 skola samcxe-javaxeTSia (2 - axalcixeSi, 4 - axalqalaqSi, 2 - ninowmindis raionSi) da 4 qvemo qarTlSi (3 - mar-neulSi da 1 - bolnisis raionSi).

sapilote proeqtis ori fazis xangrZlivoba: 2006 wlis aprilidan 2008 wlis aprilamde.

mravalenovani ganaTlebis proeqtisTvis SerCeuli da saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemis SesaZle-blobebsa da realobasTan adaptirebul iqna enebis ganviTarebis mxardaWerisa da enobrivi memkvidreobi-Ti ganaTlebis programa, romlis pilotireba moxda 2006-2007 saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi samcxe-javaxeTis 8 da qvemo qarTlis 4 dawyebiTi skolis sul 18 klasSi.

saqarTvelos regionebSi programis ganxor-cielebis marTlzomiereba ganisazRvra imiT, rom igi Seesabameboda Temis (mSoblebis) molodinebs da um-ciresobis enobrivi statusis sakiTxebs.

sapilote modeli moicavs orenovan modelebs, sadac qarTuli enis gadanawileba meryeobs mTliani saswavlo saaTebis 17%-dan 29%-mde, da samenovani mo-delebs, sadac qarTuli enis saaTebi Seadgens 15-17%-s, mesame enis saaTebi - 2-5%-s (aRniSnul modelebSi moswavleTa umravlesobisaTvis mSobliuri ena aris somxuri). modelSi enis saaTebis ganawileba xdeba sagnis Sesabamisad an sagnisa da pirovnebis mixedviT. sagnis arCevis mTavari kriteriumi iyo misi droulo-ba meore enis swavlebis garemos SeqmnisaTvis. reko-

49

sWirdeba. am RonisZiebaTa nusxaSi ki, pirvel rigSi, moiazreba enobrivi politikis formireba ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros doneze da agreTve umaRlesi saswavleblebis mxridan. mniSvnelovania, sworad daigegmos sxvadasxva enobrivi programa, agreTve sxvadasxva programebi sxvadasxva enebze. Tumca, kidev erTxel vimeoreb, rom amas kargad gaazrebuli enobrivi politika sWirdeba, radgan gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis socialuri pasuxismgebloba aRar gaxlavT mxolod erTi qveynis Sromis bazrisTvis studentis momzadeba, aramed msoflios SromiT bazarze konkurentunariani kursdamTavrebulis formireba. es gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria boloniis procesis fonze. mTel am process araerTi mniSvnelovani safrTxe axlavs. am statiis mizani am safrTxeebis ganxilva ar warmoadgens, Tumca konteqsti unda iqnes gaanalizebuli da adekvaturi enobrivi politika Camoyalibebuli. swored umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciis fonze enobrivi politikis formirebaze msjelobis dawyebaa am SemTxvevaSi am sakiTxis dayenebis mizani.

daskvna

am statiaSi Sevexe im sakiTxebs, romelic

mniSvnelovania swori enobrivi politikis gasatareblad. enobrivi politika umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da politikuri stabilurobisTvis. Sesabamisad enobrivi politikis gaazreba gacilebiT seriozulad unda moxdes da mis implimentacias seriozuli institucionaluri momzadeba esaWiroeba. mniSvnelovania gagrZeldes msjeloba nebismier sakiTxze, romelic dayenebuli am statiaSi da diskusiis Sedegad miRebul iqnes qveynis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi.

50

diskusiis gareSe da am sakiTxis umaRles politi-kur doneze ayvanis gareSe raime seriozul Zvrebze saubari warmoudgenelia.

Salva tabataZe samoqalaqo integraciisa da

erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centris Tavmjdomare,

kentis universiteti (aSS) ganaTlebis politikis magistri

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Van Gennep, A. (1960) . The rites of passage. Translated by M. B. Vizedom and G. I. Caffee. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Varghese, M.M. (2000). Bilingual teachers-in-the-making: advocates, class-room teachers, and

transients. Unpublished Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Varghese, M. M. (2004). Professional Development for Bilingual Teachers in

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mas SemdgomSi gauadvilebs Sromis bazarze adgilis mopovebas. zog skolaSi prioritetuli ena (inglisuri) ikavebs mSobliuri enis adgils. magaliTad, Sveicariis zogierT germanulenovan kantonSi dReisTvis inglisuri ena ufro prestiJulad iTvleba, vidre sxva saxelmwifo enebi. mSoblebi da samuSaoze damqiraveblebi Txouloben, rom inglisuris swavleba ufro intensiuri gaxdes, vidre frangulis an germanulis. amrigad, inglisur enas ukve irCeven ZiriTad, pirvel enad mravalenovan qveynebSi, agreTve im regionebSi, sadac, geografiuli mdebareobis gamo (turistul, satranzito qveynebSi), ucxo enis arCeva ufro prestiJulia. inglisuri enisTvis (da/an nebismieri enisaTvis, romelic mSobliuri enas Caenacvleba garkveul sferoebSi, romlebic socialuri TvalsazrisiT prestiJulia) upiratesobis miniWebas SeiZleba mohyves mcirericxovani enebis swavlebisa da Seswavlis interesis daqveiTeba da sabolood ki gaqrobac. bunebrivia, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb specialistTa rekomendaciebi sWirdebaT im saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis xelmZRvanelebsac da sazogadoebasac, romlebic am models irCeven.

samagierod, sworad dagegmili bilingvuri reJimis pirobebSi amgvari safrTxe absoluturad gamoricxulia, radgan asimetriuli bilingvizmis drosac ki mSobliuri enis swavleba prioritetulia da mTlianad uzrunvelyofs am enis resuresebis srulyofilad aTvisebis SesaZleblobas.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis koncefcia gulisxmobs polikulturul aRzrdas. bilingvuri ganaTlebis miRebis dros moswavle, meore enasTan erTad, ucxo, misi mSobliuri kulturisagan gansxvavebul, kulturasac eufleba (iseve, rogorc mSobliurs), maRldeba misi interkulturuli kompetencia, am tipis ganaTlebis pirobebSi igi tolerantuli xdeba sxva kulturebis, zog SemTxvevaSi konfesiebis mimarT, farTovdeba misi kulturuli sivrce, rac

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umciresobis warmomadgenlebisaTvis misaRebia bilingvuri ganaTlebis iseTi modeli, romelic xels uwyobs enobrivi mravalferovnebis, erovnul umciresobaTa mier sakuTari enis Seswavlasa da SenarCunebas.

erovnul umciresobaTa enebis matareblebis SefasebiT, maTi ena maTive erovnuli kuTvnilebis indikatoria, magram misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis are SedarebiT SezRudulia da socialuri prestiJic arc ise maRalia. marTalia, es SeiZleba mogveCvenos winaaRmdegobrivad, magram yvelaferi Tavis adgilze dgeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT erovnul umciresobaTa enebis matareblebis socialur mdgomareobas. xSirad zogierTi ena iTvleba ufro prestiJulad misi matareblebis socialuri statusis gaTvaliswinebiT. unda gvaxsovdes, rom enis prestiJi, rogorc amas praqtika gviCvenebs, dakavSirebulia ara TviT enasTan, aramed socialur klasTan da masze molaparakeTa statusTan. saxelmwifo enis flobasTan calsaxadaa dakavSirebuli socialuri prestiJis mopoveba.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis kidev erTi upiratesoba is aris, rom aamaRlos individis socialuri prestiJi saxelmwifo enis flobis xarjze, uiolebs ra socializaciisa process da zrdis mis sociokulturul kompetencias.

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia aqve SevexoT ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebul globaluri bilingvizmis sakiTxs, romlis formulac Semdegia _ inglisuri + mSobliuri ena. aRniSnuli movlenis gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo am periodSi mimdinare istoriuli da ekonomikuri procesebis ganviTarebam, romelmac inglisuri aqcia prestiJul enad msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi, rogorc enobrivi umravlesobis, ise enobrivi umciresobis warmomadgenelTa Soris. mSoblebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom Tuki misi Svili skolaSi saTanadod iswavlis inglisurs, es

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evropis sabWos enobrivi politika

saqarTveloSi

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo evropis sabWos wevri qveyana gaxda, CvenSi Semosvla daiwyo evropis sabWoSi SemuSavebulma standartebma Tu rekomenda-ciebma sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.

enis politikas evropis sabWoSi warmarTavs ganaTlebis, kulturis, axalgazrdobisa da sportis IV generaluri direqtoratis saskolo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis departamentis enis politikis ganyo-fileba. Tavidanve minda aRvniSno, rom evropis sab-Wos damokidebuleba yvela enis mimarT aris Zalian keTilganwyobili da tolerantuli. enobrivi mra-valferovnebis gamo evropis sabWo evropas enaTa sa-ganZurs uwodebs da didad xels uwyobs am enobrivi mozaikis SenarCunebas. evropis sabWos mier enebis mi-marT pativiscemis gamoxatuleba iyo 2001 wlis enaTa evropul weliwadad gamocxadeba da 26 seqtembris dakanoneba enaTa evropul dRed. es dRe Seaxsenebs yvelas, rom enebis Seswavla SeiZleba gagrZeldes mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.

evropis sabWos enobrivi politika, ZiriTadad, enobrivi ganaTlebis zogadevropuli standartis Seqmnis, pilotirebis, gavrcelebisa da damkvidre-bisaken aris mimarTuli, rac Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs mravalenovnebis ganviTarebas. evropis sabWo enebis Seswavlis aranair meTods Tavs ar gvaxvevs. igi gvTavazobs mxolod iseT instrumentebs, romle-bic uadvilebs nebismieri asakis Semswavlels enebis Seswavlas misTvis sasurvel doneze.

evropis sabWos enis politikis erT Zalian mniSvnelovan proeqts warmoadgens „evropuli eno-brivi portfolio“, romlis koordinatoric me gax-lavarT 2001 wlidan. am droidan evropis sabWom daiwyo aRniSnuli proeqtis meore etapi aRmosavleT

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evropaSi, upiratesad, postsabWoTa sivrceSi. enobrivi portfolio - es aris dokumentebis

paketi, romelic Sedgeba sami nawilisgan. es nawile-bia: enobrivi pasporti, enobrivi biografia da eno-brivi dosie.

enobriv pasportSi ganisazRvreba misi mflobelis daxelovneba ama Tu im enaSi Semdegi kriteriumebiT: audireba, wakiTxva, dialogi, monologi, wera. amasTanave, evropis sabWos mier Se-muSavebul zogadevropul enobriv kompetenciaSi ga-moyofilia Semdegi doneebi: A1 - enis gasaRebi, A2 - enis safuZveli, B1 - zRvruli done, B2 - zRvruli ganviTarebuli done, C1 - profesiuli da C2 - sru-lyofili flobis done. yuradRebamisaqcevia is, rom pasportSi calkea Setanili TviTSefaseba, rac eno-brivi portfolios ZiriTadi principia da xazs us-vams imas, rom „evropuli enobrivi portfolio“ war-moadgens Semswavlelis da ara misi gamcemi dawese-bulebis kuTvnilebas.

pedagogikis TvalsazrisiT, enobrivi biografia asrulebs kardinalur funqcias. masSi yuradReba mi-marTulia im procesebis asaxvaze, romlebic enobriv pasportsa da dosies erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. bi-ografiaSi doneebis mixedviT warmodgenilia deskriptorebi „me SemiZlia“ formuliT da amdenad, Semswavlels TviTon SeuZlia gansazRvros, ra ma-sala aqvs ukve daZleuli ama Tu im doneze da risi miRweva surs momavalSi.

dosieSi Semswavlelebi asakis mixedviT aTavse-ben maTTvis saintereso masalas: Canawerebs, Temebs, moxsenebebs, Setyobinebebs da a. S.

enobrivi pasporti sasurvelia, daeyrdnos standartul versias, romelic muSaobs panevropuli masStabiT swavlis gagrZelebisa Tu samuSaos Ziebis dros.

„evropuli enobrivi portfolio“ iqmneba sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufebisaTvis. 2003 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministrosa da evropis

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kompetenciis nawils warmoadgens imis codna, sad da rogor mianiWos ama Tu im enas upiratesoba, raTa maqsimalurad miiRos praqtikuli sargebeli. mravalenovnebis SemTxvevaSi lingvisturi kapitalis ganawileba xSirad Seefardeba kapitalis sxva formebis ganawilebas da, erTad aRebuli, yvela es forma gansazRvravs am enaze molaparake calkeul pirovnebaTa da mTeli sazogadoebis mdgomareobas mTels socialur ierarqiaSi.

miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba, rom enis gamoyeneba ar ganisazRvreba mxolod ekonomikuri mosazrebiT. ekonomikuri cnebebi da terminebi aq gamoiyeneba metaforebis saxiT imis saCveneblad, rom lingvisturi praqtika garkveul donemde SeiZleba aRiweros ekonomikuri terminebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac individs aqvs romelime enis dauflebis survili, sargebels, romelsac is miiRebs, SeiZleba hqondes simboluri, an sociokulturuli xasiaTi. rogorc SeniSna fiSmanma, `im enebma, romlebic ZaliT ar aris Tavze moxveuli, unda uzrunvelyon (an uzrunvelyofen perspeqtivaSi) deficituri SesaZleblobebisa da resursebis xelmisawvdomoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Zireul mosaxleobas ar eqneba am enebis gamoyenebis safuZveli... enebs iSviaTad euflebian mxolod sakuTriv am enaTa mimarT interesis gamo~.

amgvarad, naTelia, rom lingvisturi bazris struqtura gansazRvravs, ramdenad misaRebia esa Tu is ena, da ramdenad saWiroa is mocemul SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoebas mkafio warmodgena unda hqondes, e. w. lingvistur bazarze, gaiTvaliswinos pirovnuli interesebi, regonis moTxovnebi da amis mixedviT gaakeTos arCevani, rogor saganmanaTleblo sistemas mianiWos upiratesoba _ monolingvurs Tu bilingvurs, es arCevani unda emyarebods ojaxis da/an individis nebas da mxardaWerili iyos saxelmwifos, ganaTlebis sistemis mier. sazogadod, erovnuli

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amavdroulad, urTierTobis saSualeba da swavlebis ena, xolo, meore mxriv, bilingvuri ganaTleba gulisxmobs mSobliuri da msoflio kulturis Rirebulebebis Secnobas mSobliuri da ucxo enis saSualebiT, rodesac ucxo ena xdeba saSualeba, iaraRi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynisa da xalxis kulturul-istoriuli da socialuri gamocdilebis Semecnebisa.

orenovani ganaTlebis erT-erTi umTavresi prioriteti is aris, rom igi moswavles uzrunvelyofs enobrivi kompetenciis maRali xarisxiT. praqtikulad, am SemTxvevaSi enis swavla aris ara Caketili, mxolod produqtze orientirebuli procesi, aramed safuZveli eyreba samomavlod misi Tavisuflad, Seuferxeblad gamoyenebis unarsac, radgan, sakomunikacio unar-CvevebTan erTad (swored am unarebzea orientirebuli ucxo enis Seswavla monoligvur saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi Tanamedrove midgomebiT), moswavle momzadebulia ise, rom gamoiyenos igi konteqsturi moTxovnis mixedviT adekvaturad rogorc momzadebuli, ise daugegmavi, moumzadebeli zepiri an werilobiTi sakomunikacio aqtis pirobebSi.

dRes aRaravin davobs, rom enobrivi kompetencia, sxva unarebTan, CvevebTan da kvalifikaciasTan erTad, warmoadgens adamianis pirad kapitals. iseve, rogorc kapitalis sxva formebi, igi Rirebulebebs iZens bazris koniunqturis Sesabamisad. aqedan gamomdinare, frangma sociologma pier burdiem Camoayaliba dReisTvis gavrcelebuli cneba _ `lingvisturi (enobrivi) bazari~. termini `lingvisturi bazari~ SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc garkveuli fardobiToba lingvisturi kompetenciis Semomtan enaze molaparakeTa da imaT Soris, vinc gansazRvravs am kompetenciaze moTxovnas. individebis unari, SeinarCunon an gazardon TavianTi socialuri mdgomareoba, ganisazRvreba im kapitalis moculobiT, romelsac isini floben. molaparakis praqtikuli

57

sabWos enis politikis ganyofilebis erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi fondis - „Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelo“ - xelSewyobiT Cven SevadgineT da ga-moveciT „evropuli enobrivi portfolio“, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZliaT Semswavlelebs 15 wlis asaki-dan. am dokumentma gaiara validacia evropis sabWos savalidacio komitetSi da miiRo Sesabamisi akredi-tacia. mas Semdeg es modeli muSaobs sxvadasxva sas-wavlo dawesebulebaSi, gaTvaliswinebulia sax-elmZRvaneloebis Sedgenis procesSi, magram TviT proeqti sruli saxiT, jerjerobiT, samwuxarod, ar-sad aris danergili.

sul cota xnis win saerTaSoriso organizacia CIMERA-sTan TanamSromlobis Sedegad Seiqmna „eno-brivi portfolios“ axali versia umcrosklasel-TaTvis, romelic pilotirebas gadis qvemo qarTlis regionSi, sadac araqarTveli moswavleebi euflebian qarTuls, rogorc meore enas. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTul enaze gamocemu-lia gzamkvlevi maswavlebelTaTvis da maswavle-belTa trenerebisaTvis, sadac asaxulia „evropuli enobrivi portfolios“ gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi. 2004 wlidan, rac saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mec-nierebis saministros rekomendaciiT, enis politikis erovnuli warmomadgeneli var evropis sabWoSi, dav-interesdi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani proeqtiT, ro-melzec evropis sabWo ukve aTi welia muSaobs. es gaxlavT „enis flobis doneTa aRweriloba“. enis politikis ganyofilebaSi SemuSavebuli modelis sa-fuZvelze ukve gamocemulia enis flobis doneebis aRweriloba sxvadasxva enisaTvis. gasul wels mra-valenovani evropis enobriv standartebs Seemata qarTuli enis flobis doneebis aRwerilobac, ro-melic jerjerobiT oTxi doniT aris warmodgenili: A1, A2, B1, B2. sxvadasxva enis flobis doneebis aR-werilobaTa matebas didi wvlili Seaqvs evropis sabWos enis politikis Semdgom warmarTvaSi, ro-

58

melic, pirvel yovlisa, mimarTulia evropis mosax-leobis Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da urTierT-gagebisaken. enobrivi standartebi evropis konti-nentze ganfenil enobriv da kulturul mraval-ferovnebaSi SeRwevis saSualebas aZlevs da ucxo-erovnul garemoSi adaptaciis process uadvilebs mosaxleobis yvela fenas.

qarTuli enis standarti mniSvnelovan pirobas warmoadgens erT saerTo aRwerilobaze orientire-bisaTvis, vinaidan igi saswavlo process erTian mi-marTulebas miscems rogorc CvenSi, aseve ucxoeTSi. qarTuli enis flobis doneebis aRweriloba orien-tirebulia maTTvis, visTvisac sasurveli an aucile-belia qarTuli enis Seswavla rogorc yoveldRiuri urTierTobisaTvis, aseve profesiuli komunikaciuri moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis, ekonomikisa da vaWrobis sferoSi. es standarti gaTvlilia zrdasruli Semswav-lelebisaTvis, romlebic saqarTveloSi Camodian turistulad, mivlinebiT, profesiuli an saqmiani in-teresebiT. igi xels Seuwyobs qarTuli eniT dainteresebul ucxoel mecnierebs Tanamedrove qar-Tuli enis komunikaciuri kompetenciis gafarToebaSi, ucxoeTSi mimobneuli qarTuli diasporebis momaval Taobebsa da aseve saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebs, gansakuTrebiT im regionebSi, sadac rig soflebSi mTlianad araqarTuli mosaxleobaa da Sesabamisad, araqarTulenovani garemo, rac imas niS-navs, rom qarTuli faqtobrivad iswavleba ara rogorc meore ena, aramed rogorc ucxo ena.

naSromi moicavs aucilebel moTxovnaTa ling-vodidaqtikur aRwerilobas enis swavlebis konkre-tuli donis praqtikuli flobisaTvis da rac Zalze mniSvnelovania, Seicavs kulturul komponents. qarTulis, rogorc meore an ucxo enis aRweris cda im parametrebiT, romlebic miRebulia evropis TanamegobrobaSi, ganapirobebs mis integrirebas ga-naTlebisa da sertificirebis saerTaSoriso siste-

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XIX saukunis bolos erT-erTi cnobili ingliseli profesori amtkicebda: `saSineleba iqneboda, bavSvs rom hqonoda saSualeba, erTnairad scodnoda ori ena, vinaidan aseTi bavSvis inteleqtualuri da sulieri ganviTareba warimarTeboda ara orjer swrafad, aramed orjer ufro nela. aRniSnul garemoebebSi gonebrivi ganviTarebis formireba da xasiaTis Camoyalibeba sakmaod Seferxdeboda~. amasTanave, erovnuli politikis wamyvani ideologia Tvlida, rom erovnuli sazRvrebi bunebrivad emTxveva monolingvur enobriv teritoriebs: ori erovnebis matarebloba ki eWvs iwvevda. bilingvalebi iTvlebodnen potenciur moRalateebad. nebismieri adamiani, romelic or an met kulturas miekuTvneboda, ar unda yofiliyo sando, vinaidan amosavlad miCneuli iyo debuleba, rom adamiani unda yofiliyo erTenovani, mravalenovneba ki iTvleboda RvTis risxvad, romelic kacobriobas sdevs babilonis godolis droidan. ( ix.: padraig o riageni; jorj liudi; bilingvuri ganaTleba: ZiriTadi strategiuli amocanebi; Tbilisi, 2007).

Cvens droSi es midgoma mniSvnelovanwilad Secvlilia. orenovani ganaTleba am dargis wamyvani specialistebis mier miCneulia tradiciuli erTenovani ganaTlebis alternatiul perspeqtiul mimarTulebad. bilingvuri ganaTlebis sferoSi dagrovili dasavluri gamocdileba ki iZleva saSualebas, rom vimsjeloT ganaTlebis am mimarTulebis upiratesobebze.

bilingvuri (orenovani) ganaTleba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, saswavlo procesis imgvarad organizebas, rodesac SesaZlebelia swavlebis enad ori enis gamoyeneba (magaliTad, Turquli eTnikuri umciresobis ena avstriaSi an germanuli, rogorc meore ena, ruseTSi, inglisuri _ qarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi). amdenad, meore ena xdeba ara mxolod Sesaswavli obieqti, aramed

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orenovani ganaTlebis upiratesobani CvenTvis sruliad gasagebia, rom sakiTxi,

romelsac dRes ganvixilavT, im problemaTa rigSi dgas, romelic ara mxolod dargis specialistebis an ganaTlebis politikis mesveurebis interesebSi Sedis, aramed farTo sazogadoebis dainteresebis sagansac warmoadgens, miT umetes, mravalenovan (multilingvur) da mravalkulturul sazogadoebaSi, amitomac sakiTxi racionalur, gegmazomier midgomas moiTxovs.

nebismier qveyanaSi erovnuli (saxelmwifo) enis floba aucilebeli unda iyos, Tumca, realoba, samwuxarod, sxva suraTs gviCvenebs. saxelmwifo enis gareT dgoma nebismier individs wamgebian poziciaSi ayenebs da amis umTavresi mizezi is aris, rom enis armcodneT ar SeuZliaT informaciis miReba _ maT ar esmiT gagonili da ver igeben wakiTxuls, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maT udgebian miznobrivad, uqmnian viTomda sasaTbure pirobebs da esaubrebian maTTvis gasageb (xSirad romelime ucxo) enaze. bunebrivia, arsebobs didi albaToba, rom aseTma midgomam sazogadoebisagan saxelmwifo enis armcodneTa gariyva, marginalizacia da, saboloo Sedegad izolaciac ki gamoiwvios. specialistebi miiCneven, rom ucxo enis, lingua fransas gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia akmayofilebdes ZiriTad tranzaqciul moTxovnilebebs, magram kulturuli komunikaciis farglebSi, adamianis cxovrebis siRrmiseul aspeqtebTan mimarTebiT, sxva suraTi iqmneba, radgan maSinac ki, rodesac kontaqti myardeba orive mxarisaTvis nacnob enaze, komunikaciis xarisxi ganisazRvreba TanamosaubreTa enobrivi kompetenciidan, amdenad, SezRudulia da ar SeiZleba srulyofili iyos.

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maSi da mis ganxilvas saerTo-evropul enaTa erTo-bis erT-erTi enis rangSi.

wels ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros rekomendaciiTa da evropis sabWos finansuri xel-SewyobiT, `samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSo-risi urTierTobis centrma~ Targmna da gamosacemad moamzada evropis sabWos 10 mniSvnelovani dokumenti. maT Soris, pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos evropis sabWos enis politikis ZiriTadi dokumenti - „enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebi: Seswavla, swavleba, Sefaseba“. am wigns evropis sabWos eqsper-tebi enis biblias uwodeben. am dokumentis saboloo versiis Seqmnas TiTqmis ori aTeuli weli dasWirda. misi mizania, daexmaros yvelas, vinc swavlobs an as-wavlis meore an ucxo enas, an dakavebulia enis cod-nis donis Sefasebis problemiT. am naSroms axlavs dawvrilebiTi ganmartebebi, anu momxmarebelTa gzamkvlevi da kidev erTi wigni, romelSic konkre-tuli magaliTebia ganxiluli. am naSromebs garda iTargmna Semdegi masala:

1. enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebi _ Ses-wavla, swavleba, Sefaseba.

2. enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebi: Ses-wavla, swavleba, Sefaseba _ momxmarebelTa gzamkvlevi.

3. enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebi: Ses-wavla, swavleba, Sefaseba _ magaliTebis ganxilva

4. Jan klod beko, miSel bairami: enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis ganviTareba evropaSi; saxelmZRvanelo principebi.

5. frensis gulie: evropis sabWos enaTa swavlebis instrumentebi; zogadevropuli kompetenciebi da portfolioebi.

6. padraig o riageni, jorj liudi: bilingvuri ganaTleba: ZiriTadi strategiuli amocanebi.

7. mravalenovani ganaTleba evropaSi; saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis 50 wlisTavi.

8. voldemar martiniuki: enobrivi kompetenciebis evropuli standartebi.

9. helmut volmeri: enobrivi ganaTlebis

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zogadevropuli instrumenti. 10. Jan-klod beko: enebi da enaTa mravalferovneba:

mravalenovneba - cxovrebis wesi evropaSi.

samuSao kidev bevria, miT ufro, rom CvenSi ukve sakmaod seriozul stadiaSia qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavleba da ukve dawyebulia bilingvuri ganaTlebis proeqtze muSaoba, rac aseve evropis sabWos enis politikis erT-erT prioritets warmoadgens.

marika oZeli, samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobebis centri; evropis sabWos enobrivi politikis

ganyofilebis warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori.

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aramed viTardeba da ukeT warmoCindeba meore enis garemosTan Sedarebis fonze.

mravalenovani ganaTlebis (bilingvuri ganaTleba mravalenovani ganaTlebis konkretuli saxea) ZiriTadi gansxvaveba monolingvurisgan is aris, rom swavlebis ena mxolod saSualeba ki ar aris, aramed mizanic. aqedan gamomdinare, orive miznis (pirobiTad - sagnobrivi da enobrivi) misaRwevad saWiroa gamudmebuli balansireba sagnobriv Sinaarsze fokusirebul gakveTilsa da specifiuri enobrivi mimarTulebis gakveTils Soris.

dasavleTis wamyvan qveynebSi miRebuli forma xdeba meore enis swavleba Sinaarsze dafuZnebiT (content-based second language teaching), anu sagnobrivi Sinaarsisa da enis integrirebuli swavleba _ swavlebis meTodika, romelic afarToebs enobriv kompetencias iseTi konkretuli sagnebis (sabunebismetyvelo, sazogadoebrivi, esTetikuri) Sinaarsze dayrdnobiT, romelic scildeba enis swavlebis Cveulebriv, tradiciul gakveTils. maswavlebeli, konkretuli sagnis swavlebasTan erTad, im enis codnis gaRrmavebaSic exmareba moswavles, romel enazec xorcieldeba sagnis swavleba.

humanurma da Tanamedrove midgomebma ganaTlebis mimarT saerTaSoriso proeqtebSi hpova asaxva. amgvari ganaTlebis Sedegad moswavleebi srulfasovnad euflebian or (an met) enas. swavlebis enebi Tanaswori uflebebiT sargeblobs, amasTan, pirveli enis kultura meore (mesame, meoTxe...) enis kulturis paralelurad viTardeba.

sazRvargareTis qveynebSi mravalenovani ganaTlebis danergvis mimarTulebiT ukve wlebia muSaoba mimdinareobs; CvenSi ki mxolod pirveli nabijebi idgmeba.

kaxa gabunia

samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centri;

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori.

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(saxelmwifo) enaze mimdinare swavleba, aseve, eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis enebze mimdinare swavlebis forma: qarTul skolebSi swavlebis ena erTia (qarTuli); ucxo ena iswavleba, rogorc sagani; aseve, mxolod erT enaze mimdinareobs swavleba rusul, somxur, azerbaijanul, osur skolebSi - saxelmwifo ena iswavleba, rogorc sagani, iseve, rogorc sxva (ucxo) enebi.

es iyo (da dRemde rCeba) sabWouri modeli. ra Tqma unda, saTanado pirobebis SeqmniT (garemo, ojaxSi salaparako ena, meTodikurad momzadebuli pedagogebi da sxva) SesaZlebelia moswavlem garkveul doneze aiTvisos esa Tu is ena, magram, samwuxarod, arc aseTi pirobebi gvaqvs (gansakuTrebiT, eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi) da amocanac (igulisxmeba konkurenciis gaweva erTian erovnul gamocdebSi - qarTul enaSi) araadekvaturia. maSin, rodesac ganaTlebis sistemis reforma mowodebulia, saerTod aRmofxvras repetitorobis instituti, am problemis arseboba Zalauneburad xels uwyobs (metic - erTaderT SesaZleblobad tovebs) socialuri TvalsazrisiT gaumarTlebel movlenas.

Sesabamisad, unda vifiqroT institucionalur cvlilebebze - modelze, romelic principulad Secvlis midgomas saskolo sivrceSi enobrivi ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT.

* * * evropis mTel rig qveynebSi sul ufro da ufro

popularuli xdeba mravalenovani ganaTleba (plurilingual education) _ ganaTleba, romlis drosac swavlebis enad gamoiyeneba ramdenime ena _ mSobliuri (pirveli) da aramSobliuri (meore, mesame...).

unda aRiniSnos, rom saskolo mravalenovani ganaTleba nebismieri bavSvis momzadebis elementia multikulturul sazogadoebaSi, amasTan, bavSvis mSobliuri kulturuli garemo ki ar iTrguneba,

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rusul-qarTuli bilingvizmisa da enobrivi politikis problemebi saqarTveloSi enobrivi politika ama Tu im saxiT tardeba

nebismieri (monolingvuri, bilingvuri Tu multi-lingvuri) saxelmwifos teritoriaze. monolingvuri saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia literaturuli standartis Seswavla-damuSavebaze da mis dacvaze, xolo bolo ori gulisxmobs umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis gadawyvetas: sxvadasxva enebsa da xalxebs Soris urTierTobebis mogvarebas, rac uSualod ukavSirdeba Sesabamis erovnul politikas.

enobrivi politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa (konkretul saxelmwifoSi an saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi) enaTa urTierTobebis Taviseburi `ierarqiis~ Camoyalibeba, rac ganapirobebs romelime erTisaTvis `SeRavaTiani~ funqcionirebis saTanado pirobebis Seqmnas. sabWoTa kavSirSi es gulisxmobda bilingvizmis Sesabamisi formis etapobriv danergvas. sazogadoebis arasasurveli reaqciis asacileblad, pirvel etapze gamocxadda sabWouri `demokratiuli~ tipis erovnul-rusuli bilingvizmi, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala rusul-erovnuliT, xolo bolo etapze iyo mcdeloba rusulisTvis mieniWebinaT `meore dedaenis~ statusi. gasagebia, rom es gulisxmobda rusuli enis saxelmwifo statusis SemoRebas mokavSire respublikebSi.

zogadad gairCeva saxelmwifo enis oficialuri da faqtobrivi mdgomareoba. pirveli gulisxmobs enis statusis gansazRvras sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, xolo meore damokidebulia iseT parametrebze, rogoricaa molaparakeTa raodenoba, funqciuri gamoyenebis diapazoni, socialur-demografiuli situacia, pres-tiJis momentebi, politikuri tendenciebi da sxva.

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aseTi `makrateli~ iuridiul da faqtobriv statusebs Soris SeiniSneboda sabWoTa saqarTve-loSic, rasac mohyveboda metad saintereso Sedegebi: qarTuli `saxelmwifo ena~ savaldebulo iyo, pirvel yovlisa, TviT satitulo eris warmomadgenle-bisaTvis. araqarTuli mosaxleoba flobda mas ZiriTadad yofiT doneze da ganaTlebas Cveulebriv iRebda rusul enaze, xolo somxuri da azerbaijanulenovani mosaxleobis nawili swavlobda dedaenaze, Tumca Teoriulad qarTuli savaldebulo sagnad iTvleboda. Sedegad Camoyalibda situacia, rodesac erovnuli enis matareblisaTvis rusuli enis codna gaxda savaldebulo da ara piruku.

obieqturoba moiTxovs vaRiaroT, rom aseTi dacileba oficialuri da faqtobrivi statusebisa ar aris sakuTriv sabWouri movlena, igi iCens Tavs bevr sxva qveyanaSi da maT Soris iseTebSi, romlebsac miakuTvneben ganviTarebul qveynebs.

sabWouri enobrivi politikis Sedegad mokavSire respublikebSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi enobrivi situacia garTulda, pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, `meore~ da `mesame~ doneebis (bilingvizmi da trilingvizmi) enebis arsebobis gamo, e.i. im enebis gamo, romelTac gaaCndaT erTgvari avtonomiuri statusi - afxazuri, osuri (garda amisa saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia enebi, romelTa mdgomareoba iuridiulad gaformebuli ar aris: udiuri - Zveli albanuri, wova-TuSuri, qisturi, asiriuli, qurTuli...).

niSandoblivia, rom `avtonomiuri~ enebis matareblebi Teoriulad unda yofiliyvnen multilingvebi (1. dedaena, 2. `respublikis~ ena 3. rusuli), magram sinamdvileSi bilingvizmis komponentebad gvevlinebodnen dedaena da rusuli, romelzec swavlobdnen skolaSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi. aseTi mdgomareoba Camoyalibda, magaliTad, afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi. aq rusuli ena gaxda komunikaciis ZiriTadi saSualeba.

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kulad SeuZlebelia, konkurencia gauwion am saganSi qarTul skoladamTavrebul Tanatolebs... saqme is gaxlavT, rom dRes araqarTulenovan skolebSi qar-Tul enas gadian im programis mixedviT, romelSic saerTod ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sagamocdo moTxovnebi (es aris Zveli programa, xolo axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis danergva wels I klasi-dan iwyeba - amdenad, qarTulenovan skoladamTavre-bulebTan gaTanabrebis (rasakvirvelia, qarTuli enis flobis done igulisxmeba) Teoriuli Sansic ki mxolod 12 wlis Semdegaa micemuli.

kidev erTxel vusvamT xazs: miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaTlebis saministrom gadadga garkveuli nabijebi saxelmwifo enis, rogorc sagnis, swavlebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT, saganTa swavlebis arsebuli modeli (enobrivi politikis Tvalsaz-risiT) ver iZleva qarTulenovan da araqarTulenovan monolingvur skolebSi kursgavlilTa Tanasworu-flebianobis garantias.

enobrivi politikis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod mZime problemebia imigrantTa, saqarTveloSi moRvawe ucxoelebis (diplomatTa korpusi, biznesmenebi), agreTve samSobloSi dabrunebuli Cveni moqalaqeebis Svilebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT; Sesabamisad, problemebi araerTgvarovania da diferencirebul midgomas saWiroebs.

* * * multikulturul sazogadoebaSi yvela wevri

unda iyos Tanasworuflebiani - yvelas (miuxedavad eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi sxvaobisa), unda mieces konkurentunarian, Tanaswor garemoSi arsebobis ufleba. am miznis miRwevis gzebisa da saSualebebis Zieba saxelmwifo struqturebis (maT Soris - ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros) prerogativaa.

dResdReobiT saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi swavlebis erTaderT formad monolingvuri modeli rCeba: monolingvuria rogorc dominant

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zegavlenas axdens maT mier umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis, maTi samomavlo dasaqmebis, politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobebze, da rac mTavaria, qarTul sazogadoebaSi maTs integraciaze.

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos rogorc ganaT-lebisa da mecnierebis saministros, aseve sxvadasxva donori organizaciis mier ganxorcielebuli pro-eqtebi, romelTa mizanic qarTuli enis swavlebis gaumjobesebaa sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufSi (saxelm-wifo moxeleebi, abiturientebi, skolis moswavleebi); magram es iniciativebi zogadad ar aris sakmarisi: ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi am tipis proeqtebSi monawileobis gamocdileba uflebas maZlevs, ga-movxato Cemi Rrma rwmena imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom es aqtivobebi atarebs droebiT da naklebad Sedegian xasiaTs da garkveul efeqts mxolod konkretul miznobriv jgufebTan mimarTebiT iZleva (magaliTad, saxelmwifo moxeleebi, romelTac didi xania, skola daamTavres da sxva saSualeba maTi gadamzadebisa, ubralod, ar arsebobs). rac Seexeba saskolo sivr-ces (es exeba umaRles saswavleblebsac), SesamuSave-belia gacilebiT qmediTi da radikaluri politika, raTa kardinalurad Seicvalos situacia da xelSes-axeb Sedegebs mivaRwioT.

magaliTisTvis, SevexebiT erT arsebiT sakiTxs, romelic dRemde gadauWrel problemad rCeba: arse-buli sistemis pirobebSi (igulisxmeba swavlebis monolingvuri modeli - am modelis uaryofiT mxareebze - ix. qvemoT) araqarTulenovani skolebis kursdamTavrebulTaTvis did dabrkolebas war-moadgens erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis Cabareba qar-Tul enaSi (problemebi iqmneba agreTve aramSobliur enaze - miT umetes rusul enaze, rac yovlad miuRe-belia, vTqvaT, somxur Tu azerbaijanulenovan sko-ladamTavrebuli abiturientebisTvis - unar-Cvevebis gamocdis Cabarebisas)... im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki re-gionebidan umaRles saswavleblebSi Cabarebis msurvelebi gadalaxaven minimalur zRvars, praqti-

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faqtobriv es imas niSnavda, rom respublikis teritoriaze ori saxelmwifo enis nacvlad (qarTuli, afxazuri) gamoiyeneboda ena, romelsac mokavSire respublikebSi, maT Soris ruseTSic, formaluri TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo enis statusi ar hqonda. metad politizebul sabWoTa kavSirSi rusuli enis iuridiuli mdgomareoba uSualod ukavSirdeboda v. leninis negatiur damokidebulebas saxelmwifo enis cnebis mimarT.

meore mxriv, `socializmis sruli gamarjvebis~ Semdeg metropolia rusuli enis gavrcelebisaTvis qmnida gansakuTrebul pirobebs: is aucilebeli swavlebis sagani iyo saSualo da umaRles skolaSi, am enaze muSaobda sakavSiro daqvemdebarebis yvela respublikuri saministro (uSiSroebis komiteti, Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, kavSirgabmulobis saministro, transportis saministro, aseve sakavSiro daqvemdebarebis yvela warmoeba...), rusuli enis codna evaleboda yvela partiul funqcioners, rusuli enis gavrcelebas xels uwyobda rusulenovani Teatrebis, telegadacemebis, gazeTebis, Jurnalebis daarseba; mamakacebs Soris am enis gavrcelebis upirobo saSualeba iyo yvelasTvis savaldebulo jari. gasuli saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi sakavSiro saatestacio komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, respublikebSi daculi yvela disertacia (maT Soris erovnuli enis, literaturisa da istoriis specialobiT) unda Targmniliyo rusul enaze da gadagzavniliyo moskovSi. adgilobrivi samecniero sabWos gadawyvetileba samecniero xarisxis miniWebis Sesaxeb Zalas iZenda mxolod centrSi dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi. rusuli ena faqtobriv gamsWvalavda yvela socialur da saxelmwifo organizacias igi globalurad gavrcelda da am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT asrulebda erTaSorisi enisa da saxelmwifo enis funqcias mTeli sabWoTa qveynis masStabiT.

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sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebam samamulo omSi ganapiroba rusuli enis gavrceleba evropaSi (germaniis demokratiuli respublika, bulgareTi, iugoslavia, Cexoslovakia, poloneTi, ungreTi, rumineTi). Sesabamisad Seiqmna socialisturi banakis struqturebi (samxedro sferoSi - varSavis xelSekrulebis qveynebi, sameurneoSi - ekonomikuri urTerTdaxmarebis sabWo...), romelTa samuSao enad aseve rusuli iTvleboda. sxvadasxva centris meSveobiT rusuli ena vrceldeboda socialisturi orientaciis (siria, koreis demokratiuli respublika, avRaneTi, vietnamis demokratiuli respublika, monRoleTi, kuba...) qveynebSi.

droTa ganmavlobaSi erTaSorisi urTierTobis (sabWoTa kavSiris SigniT) ena - rusuli _ ifarToebs gamoyenebis sferoebs, iTavsebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis enis funqciebs da Sedis e. w. msoflio enebis klubSi.

rusuli enis simdidres, mravalfunqciurobas, prestiJs, saerTaSoriso statuss da bevr sxva Rirsebas usazRvro reklamas uwevda sabWoTa kavSiris propagandistuli manqana, rac araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebda mokavSire respublikebis enebs.

aman da kidev bevrma sxva viTarebam ganapiroba mravalerovan saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva saxis rusul-erovnuli bilingvizmis gavrceleba: zemo qarTlSi - rusul-somxuri, qvemo qarTlSi - rusul-azerbaijanuli, samxreT oseTSi - rusul-osuri, afxazeTSi - rusul-afxazuri.

aseTi mZime enobrivi memkvidreoba miiRo saqarTvelom sabWoTa kavSirisagan. am ukanasknelis dangrevam bevri ram Secvala: dRes rusuli enis adgili saqarTveloSi gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebulia, magram rusulma mainc SeinarCuna Tavisi mravalfunqciuri datvirTva separatiul warmonaqmnebSi - samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi.

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ki (kviraSi 3 saaTi), saSualebas mogvcemda, qarTuli enobrivi struqturis flobis garkveuli donisTvis migveRwia, Tumca, arsebuli standartebis, programe-bisa da, Sesabamisad, am standartebs damyarebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis done aSkarad aRar Seesabameba dRevandelobis moTxovnebs.

qarTuli, rogorc saxelmwifo ena, saqarT-veloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis meore enaa. meore ena ki sxva sociolingvisturi kategoriaa, amdenad, swavlebis sxva meTodikasa da gansxvavebul midgomas gulisxmobs. am mxriv ki Zalian mZime mdgo-mareobaa gvaqvs eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi: pedagogTa umravlesoba aR-Wurvilia sabWouri swavlebis trafaretuli me-TodologiiT, rac dResdReobiT statikuri da ga-mouyenebeli codnis mxolod mwiri maragis miwodebas iZleva Sedegad... aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom, samwuxarod, TviT qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblebSi qarTulis codnis done Zalian da-balia. arada, qarTuli enis urTulesi struqturis kargad flobis gareSe SeuZlebelia, SevaswavloT sasaubro ena saskolo asakis mozardebs. erTi mxriv, gramatikuli struqturis sirTule, meore mxriv ki am sirTulis martivad miwodebis meqanizmis SemuSaveba gadaulaxavi dabrkoleba xdeba skolis maswavle-belTaTvis.

meore mxriv, gadasaxedia saswavlo resursebi (saxelmZRvaneloebi, TvalsaCinoeba da a. S.): gar-Tulebuli da arasaTanadod SerCeuli saswavlo ma-sala metwilad eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis miuwvdomeli da uinteresoa; isini ver swavloben saxelmwifo enas (survilis arsebobis pirobebSic ki).

am ZiriTadi mizezebiTaa gamowveuli mZime Sedegi: eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenelTa bavS-vebi skolas iseTi enobrivi unar-CvevebiT amTavreben, romlebic gansxvavdeba (gacilebiT dabalia) im bavS-vebis unar-Cvevebisgan, romelTaTvisac qarTuli mSobliuri enaa, rac, samwuxarod, mniSvnelovan

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damkvidrebisTvis aucilebeli instrumentis saWiroeba.

mmarTvelobaSi bolo dros ganxorcielebulma reformebma qveyanaSi, romlebic sajaro moxeleebisgan qarTul enaze kargad werisa da saubris codnas moiTxovs, agreTve 2005-2006 wlebSi umaRles saswavleblebSi misaRebi erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis Tvisebrivad axali sistemis danergvam, eTnikuri umciresobebis araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia: garkveulma jgufebma gamoxates protesti, Tumca umravlesoba aTviTcnobierebs, rom qarTuli enis kargad codna saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi integraciis gaumjobesebisa da maTi SvilebisTvis profesiuli da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. gaizarda qarTuli enis Seswavlis survili: mozrdilTaTvis gankuTvnil qarTuli enis kursebs (euTos erovnul umciresobaTa umaRlesi komisris ofisis, sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis farglebSi) meti msurveli eswreba, moimata agreTve im moswavleTa raodenobam (gansakuTrebiT qvemo qarTlSi), romlebic qarTulenovan skolebSi Sedian...

saxelmwifo enis swavlebis procesis qva-kuTxedi, rasakvirvelia, skolaa. Tumca, sabWour epo-qaSi (inerciiT - bolo dromde) qarTuli enis swav-leba, praqtikulad, ar xdeboda...

arsebuli mZime situaciis gamosworeba se-riozuli RonisZiebebis Catarebas moiTxovs. upirve-lesi xelisSemSleli faqtori im dros arsebuli araefeqturi da gauazrebeli sabWouri standartebi da programebia: xazgasasmelia, rom araqarTulenovan skolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba lamis dRemde imave meTodebiT xorcieldeba, rogorc Cveulebriv, qar-Tulenovan skolebSi - gansxvaveba mxolod masalo-briv simwireSia (naklebi dozirebiT miewodeba qar-Tuli mxatvruli literatura); swori midgomis SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli saaTobrivi badis pirobebSic

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Tanamedrove etapze enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi Seicvala, is Seivso axali komponentebiT - inglisuri, Cinuri, Turquli.

bunebrivia, aseT pirobebSi qveyanaSi inergeba bilingvizmis axali formebi. amJamad yvelaze gamok-veTilia qarTul-inglisuri da qarTul- rusuli bi-lingvizmi. pirveli forma damaxasiaTebelia axal-gazrdebisaTvis xolo meore - saSualo da ufrosi asakis TaobisaTvis. qveynis intensiuri internacionalizaciis pi-robebSi SesaZlebelia sxva saxis bilingvizmis gavr-celebac, magaliTad, qarTul-Cinuri an qarTul-Turquli.

tariel sixaruliZe axalcixis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti,

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori Jana sixaruliZe

Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmwifo universitetis enebis centris maswavlebeli

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meore enis swavlebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

konstruqtivistuli, mTlianobiTi da avTenturi midgomebis upiratesoba meore enis

aTvisebis procesSi

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, aTviseba saqarTvelos uamravi moqalaqis yofiTi, akademiuri da karieruli warmatebis qvakuTxedia. demokratiul qveynebSi kargad aris cnobili enobrivi barierebis moxsnis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba sazogadoebrivi integraciis gzaze. amitom, meore enis efeqturad swavleba da swavla intensiuri kvlevisa da praqtikuli saqmianobis sagania.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba, am mxriv, sruliad arasaxarbieloa. `...mosaxleobis didma nawilma ar icis qveynis ZiriTadi, saxelmwifo ena... enobrivi problema yvelaze TvalSisacemi, yvelaze aSkara niSania samoqalaqo integraciis deficitisa~ [1]. mniSvnelovania, rom eTnikur umciresobaTa samoqalaqo integracias dRes aqtiurad emsaxureba araerTi samTavrobo, sazogadoebrivi Tu saerTaSoriso donori organizaciis mier wamowyebuli proeqti. maT ricxvs kidev erTi koaliciuri iniciativa Seemata: `eTnikuri umciresobebis daxmareba demokratiul politikur procesebSi monawileobisaTvis~ (afinansebs gaeros demokratiis fondi UNDP). es niSnavs, rom enis swavlebis dasaxvewad kidev ramdenime nabijs gadavdgamT, axali ideebiT gavmdidrdebiT da sul ufro met moqalaqes davexmarebiT qarTuli enis aTvisebaSi. axlad dawyebuli proeqti zrdasruli mosaxleobis samoqalaqo cxovrebis gaaqtiurebazea orientirebuli, rac, erTi mxriv, qarTuli enis dauflebasa da mis sxvadasxva situaciaSi gamoyenebasac moicavs.

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1. saxelmwifo enis swavlebis uzrunvelyofa da samoqalaqo cnobierebis Camoyalibeba; 2. eTnikuri jgufebis kulturuli TviTmyo-fadobis SenarCuneba da dacva.

* * * saqarTvelo mravalenovani da polieTnikuri

qveyanaa. bolo aRweriT (gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, obieqturi mizezebis gamo, aRweraSi ver iqna Setanili monacemebi e. w. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis regionebidan) saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 13 procentisTvis saxelmwifo ena - qarTuli - ar aris pirveli (mSobliuri) ena. ori umTavresi eTnikuri jgufia kompaqturad gansaxlebuli samcxe-javaxeTisa (somxebi) da qvemo qarTlis (azerbaijanelebi) regionebSi. am regionebSi saxelmwifo enis funqcionirebis are ukiduresad SezRudulia, rac, upirveles yovlisa, samoqalaqo integraciis procesis xelisSemSleli faqtoria da aSkarad uSlis xels moqalaqeobis saerTo gancdisa da erTiani kuTvnilebis grZnobis Camoyalibebas.

arsebuli situacia ramdenime mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. pirveli da umTavresi - mZime memkvidreobaa, romelic sabWoTa periodidan modis da dRemde grZeldeba: faqtobrivad, erTaSoris urTierTobisa da saqmiswarmoebis ena saqarTveloSi iyo rusuli; eTnikurad araqarTveli mosaxleoba ver xedavda saWiroebas, eswavla qarTuli da Sedegic saxezea - dRes eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa didi nawili saxelmwifo enaze komunikaciis elementarul moTxovnebsac ver akmayofilebs.

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi, romlis saxelmwifo enadac gamocxadda qarTuli, Seudareblad gaizarda am enis funqcionirebis sfero: upirveles yovlisa, is iqca saqmiswarmoebis oficialur da, faqtobrivad, erTaderT enad. Sesabamisad, amaRlda misi, rogorc dasaqmebisa da saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi aqtiuri

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multilingvuri ganaTleba

monolingvuridan bilingvur ganaTlebamde

samoqalaqo integracia qveynisaTvis

strategiuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxia. mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo integraciis mizanmimarTuli politikis SemuSaveba, misi sakanonmdeblo da programuli uzrunvelyofa da adekvaturi RonisZiebebis drouli ganxorcieleba.

ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare reformebi eTnikuri umciresobebis integraciis erT-erTi mTavari xelSemwyobi faqtoria. udavoa ganaTlebis politikis roli am problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi da is konkretuli saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebi, romelTa efeqturad warmarTva integraciis procesis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani meqanizmia.

eTnikuri umciresobebis integraciis politi-kis marTebulad dagegmvisaTvis aucilebelia, kargad iqnes gaazrebuli integraciis mTavari mizani da principi - CarTuloba. CarTuloba gulisxmobs iseTi moqalaqis Camoyalibebas, romelic informirebulia saxelmwifoSi arsebul mdgomareobaze, monawileobs mimdinare procesebSi (saxelmwifos marTva, ekonomi-kuri da kulturuli dovlaTis Seqmna da sxva). amas-Tanave, unda ganvasxvavoT integracia asimilaciisa-gan. eTnikuri umciresobebis integracia ar unda niSnavdes maTs Zalismier asimilacias. loialoba qarTuli saxelmwifos, enis da kulturis mimarT organulad unda iyos Sexamebuli erovnul umci-resobaTa enis, kulturis da TviTmyofadobis dacvasTan. amasTanave, zemoaRniSnuli `CarTuloba~ mxolod da mxolod nebayoflobiT xasiaTs unda atarebdes.

am garemoebebis fonze, mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo integraciis procesi ganviTardes harmoniulad 2 komponentis urTierSeTanxmebiT:

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aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli enis swavlebis proeqtebSi moqmed specialistTa Tu maswavlebelTa TiTqmis yvela jgufi cdilobs, misdios e. w. sakomunikacio meTodikas; mniSvnelovan warmatebebsac aRweven, Tumca moswavleTa (vgulisxmobT skolis dawyebiTi da sabazo klasebis moswavleebs, mozardebsa da zrdasrulebs) rogorc sakomunikacio, ise akademiuri enobrivi kompetencia aSkarad gasaumjobesebelia.

winamdebare moxsenebaSi SevecdebiT: a. gagiziaroT meore enis aTvisebis efeqturi

midgomebi, romelTa danergva sagrZnoblad gadaaxalisebs da daaCqarebs qarTuli enis aTvisebas moswavleebs Soris;

b. warmogidginoT meore enis aTvisebis konkretuli meTodebi da resursebi (sruli fizikuri reaqcia, Tematuri posteri, enobrivi praqtika), romlebic am midgomebs efuZneba.

aqve aRvniSnav, rom moxsenebaSi saubaria ori kategoriis moswavleebze. eseni arian:

1. qarTulenovani skolis moswavleebi, romelTaTvisac qarTuli ar aris mSobliuri ena. 2. araqarTulenovani skolis moswavleebi,

romlebsac aqvT saSualeba, qarTuli ena aiTvison ara mxolod gakveTilebze, aramed araformalur, anu yofiT situaciebSi.

im skolebisaTvis, sadac moswavleebi sruliad mowyvetilni arian qarTulenovan garemos, SesaZloa alternatiul an kombinirebul midgomebze saubari. rogorc Cans, am moswavleTa umravlesobisaTvis qarTuli `ucxo enis~ Tanamedrove ganmartebis velSi ufro Tavsdeba, vidre `meore enisaSi~.

* * * `maswavleblebi aTwleulebis manZilze

arTulebdnen imas, rac sinamdvileSi, arc ise rTulia.~ _ 2005 wlis kiTxvis evropul

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konferenciaze am sityvebSi kaliforniis universitetis profesorma alan kroufordma meore enis aTviseba igulisxma. amave wlis noemberSi is saqarTvelos ewvia da meore enis aTvisebis treningi Caatara koaliciuri proeqtis `skolebi samoqalaqo integraciisaTvis~ farglebSi. treningi samdRiani iyo da sabazo interpersonaluri komunikaciis unarebis ganviTarebis meTodebis gacnobas isaxavda miznad. alan kroufordma Caatara meore enis aTvisebis trening-kursis pirveli nawili, romelic mosmenisa da metyvelebis ganviTarebas mieZRvna. treningze aTvisebuli meTodika warmatebiT inergeba marneulis raionis ramdenime araqarTulenovan skolaSi. 2008 wlis ivnisSi alan kroufordma qarTvel specialistebs meore enis wignierebis konceptualuri safuZvlebi da kiTxvis swavlebis axali meTodebi gauziara. sanam konkretul meTodologias SevexebiT, sasurvelia mimovixiloT meore enis aTvisebis, rogorc SedarebiT axali dargis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi. ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi samecniero wreebSi `ucxo enis swavlebis~ nacvlad sul ufro vrceldeba `meore enis aTviseba (Second Language Acquisition)~, rasac ramdenime obieqturi mizezi aqvs. ramdenad siRrmiseulia gansxvaveba am or koncepts Soris? ram ganapiroba meore enis aTvisebis damoukidebel konceptad Camoyalibeba?

meore enis aTviseba (mea) aris individis an jgufis mier iseTi enis dauflebis procesi, romelic gansxvavdeba adreul bavSvobaSi Seswavlili mSobliuri (an pirveli) enisagan. meore enas zogjer samizne enasac uwodeben. meore enis aTviseba SeiZleba sami saxiT mimdi-nareobdes:

1. araformaluri aTviseba bunebriv kon-teqstSi;

2. formaluri swavleba-swavla saklaso oTaxSi;

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nacnob sityvebsa da vizualur masalaze dayrdnobiT amocnobis unaris ganviTarebaze (esg, q. m. I. 1. 3).

7. qarTuli enis ukeT dauflebisaTvis rekomendebulia, bavSvisTvis qarTulenovani garemos SeZlebisdagvarad uzrunvelyofa, kerZod ki qarTulenovan bavSvebTan urTierToba, qarTulenovan baRSi swavla da ojaxis erT-erT wevrTan mainc qarTulad saubari.

mzia wereTeli, Sorena saZagliSvili,

Tea berZeniSvili erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa

da Sefasebis centri

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meTodebis gacnobis mizniT; qarTulis, rogorc II enis swavlebis meTodebis gacnobis mizniT. mocemuli rekomendaciebi gaTvaliswinebuli iqna araqarTulenovani skolebis maswavlebelTaTvis centris mier specialurad dagegmil treningTa ciklSi, romelic 2007 wlis seqtemberSi daiwyo da dResac mimdinareobs.

2. Tbilisis araqarTulenovani skolebisTvis I klasSi qarTulis, rogorc II enis swavlebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelos avtorebma unda gaiTvaliswinon moswavleTa socialur-kulturuli garemo, maT mier qarTuli enis flobis done da maswavleblis SesaZleblobebi.

3. maswavlebelma gakveTilis dagegmvisas unda gaiTvaliswinos erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi mocemuli I klasis Sedegebi da indikatorebi;

4. maswavlebelma unda izrunos moswavleTa qarTuli enis swavlis maRali motivaciis SenarCunebaze, erTi mxriv, moswavleTaTvis saintereso Temebisa da aqtivobebis SemotaniT, xolo meore mxriv, moswavleebTan TanamSromlobiT da maTi waxalisebiT. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im bavSvebs, romlebsac sxvebTan SedarebiT qarTuli ena uWirT.

5. moswavleTa garkveuli nawils imdenad uWirs specifikuri qarTuli bgerebis garCeva, rom isini arasworad aRiqvamen sityvas anu specifikuri bgerebis araswori gageba arRvevs morfemis Sinaarss da sityvis, rogorc mTelis wvdomis process. gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia iseTi sityvebis erTmaneTSi aRreva, rogoricaa, kudi da qudi, yeli da xeli da puri da yuri. amdenad, swavlebis procesSi maswavlebelma meti yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos moswavleebis mier specifikuri qarTuli (distinqturi funqciis mqone) bgerebis gamoTqmaze (esg, q. m. I. 1. 4.);

6. maswavlebelma meti yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos moswavleebis mier mosmenili teqstis Sinaarsis

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3. Serwymuli viTareba _ aTviseba rogorc bunebriv, ise saklaso garemoSi.

imisaTvis, rom meore enis aTviseba ukeT gaviaz-roT, saWiroa gavigoT:

• konkretulad ras swavlobs adamiani meore enis aTvisebis dros? (lingvisturi aspeqti);

• ra procesebs gaivlis adamiani meore enis aTvisebis dros? (fsiqologiuri aspeqti);

• ra ganapirobebs imas, rom meore enis aT-visebis dros zogierTi metad warmatebulia, zogierTi ki _ naklebad? (socialuri aspeqti).

am SekiTxvebze calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs da

mecnieruli davis sagans warmoadgens. TviT meore enis aTviseba kvlevis axali dargia da uamrav sxva mecnierebasTan aris gadajaWvuli. Tumca, dazustebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mea lingvistikisa da fsiqologiis gzajvaredinze daibada da mraval konkretul sakiTxze aqtiur kvlevas daudo saTave [2].

Tuki `ucxo enasa~ da `meore enas~ Soris gansxvaveba naklebad mkafio da xSirad sakamaToa, `swavlasa~ da `aTvisebas~ Soris gansxvaveba gacilebiT ufro siRrmiseulia. am or koncepts Soris gansxvavebis mniSvneloba me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi fsiqolingvistikaSi Catarebulma kvlevam gausva xazi, kerZod ki _ bavSvis mier mSobliuri enis aTvisebis Taviseburebebis aRmoCenam. ra viciT dRes bavSvis mier mSobliuri enis aTvisebis Sesaxeb? pirvel yovlisa is, rom mSobliuri enis aTviseba mimdinareobs ara imitaciisa da waxalisebis (bihevioristuli paradigma), aramed cdisa da konstruirebis (socialur-konstruqtivistuli para-digma) gziT [3]. aRmoCnda, rom mocemuli enis

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farglebSi, yvela bavSvi, dabadebidan xuT wlamde asakSi zusti TanmimdevrobiT akonstruirebs enobriv wesebs ise, rom 5-6 wlis asakSi (roca bavSvi jer kidev ver amJRavnebs martivi qmedebis Sesrulebis unarebsac ki) mSobliuri enis gramatikis daaxloebiT 97%-s uSecdomod iyenebs. ra ganapirobebs am araCveulebriv warmatebas? ZiriTadad, sami ram: 1. mSoblebi da ojaxis sxva wevrebi, rogorc wesi, bavSvebs ar usworeben uzustod gamoTqmul frazebs (amis gakeTebas azric ar eqneboda). 2. mSobliuri enis daufleba bunebriv, araformalizebul garemoSi mimdinareobs. 3. ena, romelic bavSvs, rogorc wesi, garkveuli funqciisa da mniSvnelobis matarebelia. sazogadod, adreul bavSvobaSi mimdinare enis aTviseba im mTavari maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeva, romelsac `avTenturobas~ vuwodebT.

* * * rogor vaswavloT meore ena?

meore enis aTviseba iolad da nayofierad mim-dinareobs, roca saswavlo procesis warmarTvas sa-fuZvlad udevs:

• komunikaciur-interaqtiuli midgoma;

• enis, rogorc mTlianobis filosofiuri xedva;

• konstruqtivistuli pedagogikuri para- digma.

qarTuli enis aTvisebis (Georgian Language Acquisition) gasaumjobeseblad gamoiyeneba meore enis swavlebis komunikaciur-interaqtiuli midgoma. igi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba ucxo enis swavlebis tradiciuli, gramatikul-mTargmnelobiTi da audiolingvisturi midgomebisagan; kerZod, Tu adre enis Seswavlas mkacrad formalizebuli kurikulu-

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(ezos) gavleniT an bavSvis maRali motivaciiT (mondomebiT);

7. ojaxSi bavSvTan qarTul enaze saubari aRmoCnda ganmsazRvreli faqtori qarTuli enis codnisa da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisTvis, kerZod, im bavSvebma, romlebsac ojaxis erTi wevri mainc qarTulad elaparakeboda maRali Sefaseba miiRes kvlevaSi gamoyofili rigi mniSvnelovani parametrebis mixedviT. es parametrebi iyo: sakuTar Tavze saubris sisrule, qarTul enaze dasmul kiTxvaze qarTul enazeve pasuxi, gamarTuli metyveleba, amocnobili moqmedebebis suraTebis raodenoba, siuJetis amocnobis sisrule.

8. qarTuli enis flobis iseT mniSvnelovan parametrebs, rogoricaa, amocnobili moqmedebebis saerTo raodenoba da qarTul enaze gamarTul metyveleba, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda qarTulenovan baRSi swavla.

9. moswavleTa umravlesoba skolaSi Sesvlisas qarTuli enis swavlebisTvis saSualod iyo momzadebuli, kerZod, mSobelTa azriT, moswavleTa naxevarze mets SeeZlo qarTul enaze gaWirvebiT zepiri komunikacia, xolo werisa da kiTxvis unar-Cvevebi ki mxolod Zalian mcire (4-10%-s) nawils hqonda ganviTarebuli.

10. gamokvlevis monacemebi gviCveneben, rom mSobelTa umravlesobas hqonda maRali motivacia eswavlebina Tavis SvilisTvis qarTuli ena.

kvlevis Sedegad centris eqspertebis mier

SemuSavda Semdegi rekomendaciebi: 1. saWiroa araqarTulenovani skolebis

maswavleblebisTvis specialuri treningebis Catareba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis, kerZod ki, sagnobrivi Sedegebis da indikatorebis gacnobis mizniT; saswavlo procesis Tematuri da miznobrivi dagegmvis swavlebis mizniT; swavlebis Tanamedrove

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g. amoicnobs Cvens mier dasaxelebuli yoveldRiuri moxmarebis martivi sityvebis werilobiTi gamosaxulebebs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom moswavleebi kargad arian momzadebulni kiTxvis procesis mniSvnelovani komponentis - sityvis mTlianobiTi wvdomisTvis.

d. amoicnobs winadadebebs naxatebiT warmodgenili siuJetis safuZvelze.

moswavleTa 25-50%-s SeuZlia a. asoebis naxevarze metis amocnoba; b. qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri

bgerebis garkveviT warmoTqma; g. martivi moqmedebebis amocnoba suraTebis

dasaxelebis safuZvelze; d. naxatebiT warmodgenili siuJetis safuZvelze

yvela winadadebis amocnoba. moswavleTa mxolod meoTxedsa da ufro mcire

nawils SeuZlia (moswavleTa umravlesobas uWirs) a. qarTuli anbanis yvela asos amocnoba; b. gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebebis

warmoeba; g. martivi moTxrobis erTxel wakiTxvis

Semdeg mosmenilis gageba da damoukidebeli gadmocema;

4. moswavleTa umetesobas hqonda saSualo da kargi donis saskolo motivacia (83,1%);

5. moswavleTa didi nawili (68%) avlenda qarTuli enis swavlis maRal motivacias. amasTan, qarTuli enis swavlis motivaciis done dakavSirebuli iyo moswavlis mier gamovlenili sakuTar Tavze saubris (avtobiografiul kiTxvebze pasuxis) unar-Cvevis ganviTarebis xarisxTan.

6. maswavleblis mier moswavleTa Sedegebis Sefasebam gamoavlina, rom maswavleblebis azriT, moswavlis mier qarTul enaSi Zalian kargi da kargi Sedegis miRweva aixsneboda qarTulenovani garemos

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miT, pirdapiri instruqtaJiT da standartuli teqstebiT uZRvebodnen, komunikaciuri midgomiT swavlebis dros aqcenti enis Tavisufali, bunebrivi, qvecnobieri aTvisebis procesze gadadis. komunikaciuri meTodikis aprobirebul strategiebs Soris maRali efeqturobiT gamoirCeva sruli fizikuri reaqcia (Total Physical Response), bunebrivi midgoma (Natural Approach), `meurveobiTi swavleba~ (Sheltered Instruction) da enobrivi praqtika (Language Experience Approach).

komunikaciuri, mTlianobiTi da konstruqtiv-istuli paradigmisaTvis mniSvnelovania enobrivi Sreebis kuminsiseuli diferencireba. [4] arsebobs enobrivi kompetenciis ori Sre: a. siku _ sabazo interpersonaluri sakomunikacio unarebi (mag. `pavle, momawode patara lursmani.~). es aris enis Sre, romelsac viyenebT yofiT situaciebSi da yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi. enis am Sres bavSvebi iTviseben ezoSi TamaSis, transportiT mgzavrobis, telefonze saubris, skolaSi moswavleebTan urTierTobis dros. socialuri urTierTobebi konteqstSia Casmuli da, rogorc wesi, damxmare saSualebebiTaa ganmtkicebuli (Jesti, mimika da sxv.). isini funqcionaluria da naklebad moiTxovs kognitur daZabulobas. ena naklebad aris datvirTuli specifikuri leqsikuri erTeulebiT. b. kalu _ kognitur-akademiuri enobrivi unarebi (mag. `pavle, dRes Cven ganvixilavT mTvaris fazebis gavlenas zRvis mimoqcevaze.~). kalu aris formaluri akademiuri swavlis ena. is moicavs mosmenas, laparaks, kiTxvas da weras sagnobrivi Sinaarsis garSemo. enis am Sris aTviseba skolaSi mimdinareobs. moswavleebs sWirdebaT dro da Zalisxmeva akademiuri Sinaarsis asaTviseblad. informacia modis saxel-mZRvaneloebidan an maswavleblisgan. konteqsti sul ufro SezRudulia.

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Sesabamisad, arsebobs gansxvaveba socialuri urTierTobebis enis aTvisebasa da akademiuri enis aTvisebas Soris. sasurvelia, maswavleblebs esmodeT es gansxvaveba [5]. skola is adgilia, sadac enis orive Sre intensiurad moqmedebs. swavlisa da cxovrebis sxvadasxva viTarebaSi moswavleebs orive enobrivi kompetencia esaWiroebaT. meore enis efeqturad aTvisebisaTvis pirvel etapze sabazo sakomunikacio unarebi unda ganviTardes, rac aratradiciuli instruqtaJiT ukeT miiRweva. qvemoT mocemul sqemaze warmodgenilia orive kompetencia aTvisebisaTvis saWiro Sesatyvisi xangrZlivobiT.

sakomunikacio unarebis aTvisebis procesi gaadvildeba da daCqardeba, Tu: a. saswavlo procesis pirvel etapze (e. w. `dumilis periodSi~) moswavleebi gagebaze (Sinaarsis konstruirebaze) orientirebul instruqtaJs gaivlian aqtiuri mosmenis, cqeris, Jestebisa da umartivesi gamonaTqvamebis saSualebiT. kiTxvisa da weris swavleba momdevno etapze erTveba saqmeSi. b. kurikulumis (saswavlo programis) Tematuri erTeulebi (unit) da maTi Tanmimdevroba aigeba ara gramatikuli formebis, aramed moswavleTa interesebisa da realur sacxovrebel garemoSi (buneba da kultura) mimdinare movlenebis mixedviT.

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mimarTulebiT. 2007 wlis seqtemberSi centrma daiwyo specialuri treningebis programa, romelic specialurad araqarTulenovani skolebis maswavleblebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli.

2. q. Tbilisis araqarTulenovan sapilote skolebis umravlesobaSi I klasSi qarTulis, rogorc II enis swavleba mimdinareobda qarTulenovani skolebisTvis gankuTvnili `ramiSvilis~ saxel-mZRvaneloTi. maswavlebelTa azriT, sapilote klasebSi Setanili saxelmZRvanelo ar gamodgeboda TbilisSi araqarTulenovani moswavleebisTvis qarTuli enis saswavleblad. mizezad maswavleblebi asaxelebdnen TavianTi moswavleebisTvis wignis zedmetad simartives. maTi azriT, moswavleebma ukve icodnen is enobrivi konstruqciebi, razecaa gamaxvilebuli wignSi yuradReba. garda amisa, maswavlebelTaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda wignSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi (TamaSis principi) da konkretuli TamaSebis Sinaarsebi. 2007-08 w.w. saswavlo wlisTvis saxelmZRvanelo Seicvala.

3. qarTulSi, rogorc II enaSi moswavleTa Sedegebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad:

moswavleTa umravlesobas (75-98%) SeuZlia a.sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis qarTul enaze

gageba da adekvaturi reagireba; b. martivi saskolo instruqciebis gageba da

Sesruleba; g. Cvens mier dasaxelebuli yoveldRiuri

moxmarebis martivi sityvebis amocnoba da maSasadame, maTi mniSvnelobis gageba qarTul enaze;

moswavleTa naxevarze meti (50-75%) a. Tavisuflad axerxebs qarTul enaze sakuTar

Tavze saubars; b. qarTul enaze dasmul kiTxvaze qarTul enazeve

pasuxobs;

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mosmenilis Sinaarsis gadmocemis unari (es parametri ar warmoadgens esg-is indikators, radgan igi am asakis moswavleTaTvis rTuli dasaZlevia. Sesabamisad, moswavleebisTvis am unaris moTxovna fsiqologiurad arc iqneboda gamarTlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi Cvens interess warmoadgenda moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis zRvris dadgena.

amasTanave, qarTuli enis maswavlebels vTxovdiT Seefasebina bavSvis Sedegi 4 qulian skalaze (1 _ cudi, 2 - saSualo, 3 _ kargi, 4 _ Zalian kargi) da aexsna bavSvis Sedegis mizezi.

garda amisa, nakvlevi iyo swavlebis procesze moqmedi sxva faqtorebic, rogoricaa, gamoyenebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, swavlebis meTodebi, pedagogTa problemebi, moswavleTa motivacia, mSobelTa motivacia, qarTuli enis codnis skolamdeli done, swavlebaze moqmedi ojaxuri da garemo faqtorebi.

kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo Semdegi masala: avtobiografiuli kiTxvebi (4 donis), centris esTetikuri, SromiTi da fizikuri aRzrdis mTavari konsultantis, mxatvar-dizaineris b. oCiauris mier specialurad Seqmnili yoveldRiuri, martivi sityvebis, martivi moqmedebebis da siuJetis Sesatyvisi naxatebi, sityvebis werilobiTi gamosaxulebebi, anbani da specialurad Sedgenili patara moTxroba.

gamokvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo Tbilisis araqarTulenovani 10-ve sapilote skolis 14 maswavlebelma, I klasis 112 moswavlem da maTma 93 mSobelma.

gamokvlevis Sedegebma aCvena, rom gamokvlevis Catarebis momentisTvis

1. maswavlebelTa didi nawili ar icnobda qarTulis, rogorc meore enis axal erovnul saswavlo gegmas da ver flobda meore enis swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodebs (komunikaciuri midgoma, Sedegze orientirebuli swavleba); aSkarad igrZnoboda maTi survili, gaevloT treningebi orive

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g. saklaso oTaxi / auditoria da saswavlo klimati maqsimalurad daemsgavseba bunebriv (ojaxi, ezo, maRazia, kinoTeatri da sxv.) garemos, romelSic patara bavSvic ki, saocari siCqariTa da moqnilobiT iTvisebs mSobliur enas yovelgvari formalizebul-gramatizebuli kurikulumis gareSe. d. saswavlo masalebis saxiT gamoyenebul iqneba ara erTi, standartuli saxelmZRvanelo, aramed mravalferovani resursebi, rogoricaa: Tematuri plakatebi, fotoebi, ilustrirebuli Txzulebebi, garemoSi arsebuli realuri nivTebi, audio-videoCanawerebi da sxv. konstruqtivistuli pedagogikuri paradigma

meore enis swavleba da aTviseba iseT Teoriul principebs efuZneba, romlebic konstruqtivistul saswavlo paradigmaSi erTiandeba. Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom meore enis maswavleblebi iSviaTad misdeven amgvar meTodologias. amitom gadavwyviteT, rom kidev erTxel ganvixiloT winaaRmdegoba konstruqtivistul swavlebasa da tradiciul midgomebs Soris.

swavlebis konstruqtivistuli

mimarTuleba fokusire-bulia mniSvnelobis / azris konstruirebaze,

rac ukve arsebuli codnis axal ideebTan SerwymiT

xorcieldeba. es midgoma enis amTvisebelzea (moswavleze)

koncentrirebuli, rac mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens gansxvavebuli monacemebisa da praqtikis mqone moswavleebTan samuSaod. konstruqtivistuli mimarTulebis farglebSi, enis aTviseba Sinaarsobriv konteqstSi iZens funqcias da ara sistematuri, xelov-nuri da fragmentuli savar-jiSoebiT

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swavlebisas. pir-dapiri swavlebis modelebi ki _ saswavlo kursis elementebad daSlaze anu fragmentaciazea fokusirebuli. calkeuli unar-Cvevebi da konceptebi sworxazovani paradigmiT iswavleba. swavlebis tradiciuli midgoma maswavlebelzea koncentrirebuli. winamdebare teqstis mizania daexmaros praqtikos maswavleblebs, ukeT gaacnobieron swavlebis konstruqtivistuli paradigma da daukavSiron is meore enis Seswavlis sakomunikacio meTodebs [6].

konstruqtivistuli pedagogikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementia vigotskiseuli `ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona~ (guz). es aris daSoreba ganviTarebis arsebul donesa da potenciur dones Soris. pirveli maTgani ganisazRvreba problemis damoukideblad gada-WrisaTvis saWiro unarebiT, xolo meore _ imgvari problemis gadaWris unarebiT, romlebic enis ukeT mcodneebTan interaqciiT an maswavleblis daxmarebiT aris SesaZlebeli. es ZiriTadi koncepti (guz) xazs usvams swavleba-swavlis socialur ganzomilebas, romelSic gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-lovania erTi mxriv maswavleblis, meore mxriv ki _ jgufis wevrTa roli _ maTi codna, unarebi da cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba.

meore mniSvnelovani elementia e. w. `skafoldingi~ (scaffolding), romelic gulisxmobs maswavleblis mxridan gaweul miznobriv, droebiT daxmarebas enis im SemswavlelebisaTvis, romlebic ganviTarebis uaxloesi zonis farglebSi dasmul amocanas asruleben. brunerma (1978) `skafoldingi~ aRwera, rogorc enobrivi ganviTarebis ufro maRal doneebamde misaRwevad Seqmnili xelSewyobisa da stimulirebis droebiTi, biZgis mimcemi platforma. pirsonma (1985) `skafoldingis~ droebiTi xasiaTi ganmarta, rogorc maswavleblis mier sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis TandaTanobiTi moxsna. amisaTvis kargi pedagogebi intuiturad iyeneben iseT

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qarTulis, rogorc II enis swavlebis Sefaseba Tbilisis araqarTulenovani sapilote

skolebis I klasebSi

2007 wlis Teberval-aprilSi erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris mier Catarda specialuri kvleva, romelic mieZRvna qarTulis, rogorc II enis swavlebis Sefasebas Tbilisis araqarTulenovani sapilote skolebis I klasebSi. kvlevis mizani iyo moswavleTa codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Sefaseba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis gaTvaliswinebiT;

pedagogTa gamocdilebis gaziareba da maTi problemebis gamovlena;

qarTuli enis swavlis moswavleTa motivaciis Sefaseba; moswavleTa mSoblebis damokidebulebis Sefaseba qarTuli enis swavlebasTan.

kvlevis instrumenti moicavda ramdenime meTods, maT Soris specialurad Seqmnil eqsperimentul meTodikas moswavlis codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Sesafaseblad; fokusirebuli diskusiis meTods pedagogebTan; I klaselTa motivaciis kiTxvars (lukianovas meTodikis modificirebul variants); mSobelTa gamokiTxvas.

erovnuli saswavlo gegmis qarTulis, rogorc II enis I klasis Sedegebisa da indikatoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris sagnobrivi eqspertebis (T. jaylei, k. gabunia) mier gamoiyo kvlevis Semdegi faqtorebi: sakuTar Tavze saubris sisrule, interaqcia - komunikaciis mzaoba, qarTul enaze pasuxis unari, gamarTuli metyveleba, ramdenad sworad warmoTqvams specifikur bgerebs, martivi instruqciebis gagebis unari, martivi suraTebis saxelebis amocnoba, martivi suraTebis werilobiTi gamosaxulebebis amocnoba, anbanis amocnoba, martivi moqmedebebis amocnoba, siuJetis gageba misi amsaxveli suraTebis amocnobis gziT. calke faqtorad iyo gamoyofili

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saxelmZRvaneloTi sargeblobisas gasaTvalis-winebelia erTi umTavresi faqtori: is iTxovs in-teraqtiuli meTodebis mcodne maswavlebels. dReisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo gamoiyeneba bi-lingvuri swavlebis procesSi.

Tamar lobJaniZe axalcixis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

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strategiebs, rogoricaa kiTxvis dasma, Sexseneba, ilustrireba da sxva vizualuri resursebi, TvalsaCinoebebis Cveneba, situaciebis dadgma-gaTamaSeba, Jestikulaciebi, azris gagebis kontroli, grafikuli sqemebi da perifrazireba. es strategiebi saSualebas aZlevs moswavles, uwyvetad da aqtiurad iyos CarTuli saswavlo aqtivobebSi.

ena, rogorc mTlianoba enis mTlianobiTi midgoma aris filosofiuri

xedva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor viTvisebT enas. pedagogikaSi es niSnavs, rom enas ukeT vswavlobT, roca is aris mTliani, realuri da relevanturi _ roca is Sinaarsobrivi da funqcionaluri datvirTvis matarebelia [7]. sityvebi, bgerebi, asoebi, frazebi, winadadebebi Tu abzacebi molekulebiviTaa. maTi maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla SesaZlebelia, magram nawilebze muSaoba arasdros ar iZleva mTlian suraTs. ena mTlianobiTi saxiT gveZleva. swored ase viTvisebT pirvel Tu meore enas adreul bavSvobaSi.

enis, rogorc mTlianobis praqtikuli gamoyeneba saswavlo garemoSi ramdenime ZiriTadi maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeva:

• enis aTvisebis gzaze riski da eqsperimenti maqsimalurad aris waxalisebuli.

• moswavleebi realuri daniSnulebiT iyeneben enas maswavlebelTan da sxva moswavleebTan avTentur interaqciaSi.

• moswavleTa ganviTarebis done metyvelebaSi, kiTxvasa da weraSi gaTvaliswinebulia.

• SerCeulia avTenturi Tematika, romelic moswavleebs ainteresebT. avTenturia is re-sursi, romelic saintereso Temaze saubarSi gamodgeba. mogvianebiT moswavleebi eCvevian winaswar dagegmil Tematikaze muSaobas,

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Tumca, avTenturobis SenarCuneba mainc SesaZlebelia.

* * * konkretuli meTodebi

sruli fizikuri reaqcia aSeris (1969, 1979, 1982) sruli fizikuri reaqcia

(sfr) meore enis aTvisebis sawyis etapze metad efeqtur komunikaciur meTods warmoadgens. igi gulisxmobs:

• gasagebad miwodebul `Senatans~ (input); • e. w. `dumilis periods~ (enis aTvisebis pro-

ducirebamdeli faza, roca enis amTvisebeli, ZiriTadad, aqtiur msmenelad gvevlineba);

• gramatikaze koncentrirebis nacvlad, rele-vantur Sinaarsze fokusirebas.

sfr meTodis mTavari aqcenti keTdeba sityvieri miTiTebebis (brZanebebis) fizikuri moqmedebebiT Ses-rulebaze; magaliTad, adeqi da dade wigni Taroze. imis gamo, rom moswavlis metyvelebas yuradReba naklebad eqceva, aseT dros SfoTvis done sakmaod dabalia. gakveTilis msvlelobis dros maswavle-belma SeiZleba imuSaos rogorc mcire jgufTan, aseve mTel klasTan. magaliTad, maswavlebeli ambobs _ dajeqi da amis saCveneblad, TviTon jdeba. mog-vianebiT, maswavlebeli gascems miTiTebebs demon-strirebis gareSe. SemswavlelTa enobrivi ganviTare-bis paralelurad, maswavlebeli iwyebs or da sam-sityviani brZanebebis (miTiTebebis) gamoyenebas, ma-galiTad „adeqi da daxure kari~. Semswavlelebi gagebis unars miTiTebebis konkretuli moqmedebebis SesrulebiT adastureben. brZanebebis rigiToba gansxvavebulia, ise rom, Semswavlelebs ar SeuZliaT, winaswar gansazRvron, Tu romeli miTiTeba iqneba Semdegi. axal miTiTebebs, gameorebis mizniT, Zvele-

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elmZRvanelos am saqmeSi, vfiqrobT, SeuZlia gark-veuli wvlili Seitanos. pirvel rigSi, wigni SesabamisobaSia pirveli klasis qarTulis, rogorc meore enis erovnul sas-wavlo gegmasTan:

• standartSi mocemul Sedegebzea gaTvlili.

• sametyvelo funqciebidan yvelaa gaTvaliswi-nebuli.

• leqsika da gramatika iZleva swored pirveli klasisTvis aucilebeli akademiuri codnis mi-cemis saSualebas.

• SesabamisobaSia da iTvaliswinebs polikultu-ruli da kooperaciuli swavlebis kriteri-umebs.

• siuJetur rkalSi Semoyvanilia multikultu-ruli gmiri - ,,maugli~. es moswavles gauad-vilebs ucxo, qarTulenovan garemoSi, nacnobi ambiT Sesvlas.

• saSualebas iZleva, sagakveTilo procesSi swavlebis yvela modeli iqnas gamoyenebuli.

• aqtiurad muSaobs socialuri unarebis ganvi-Tarebaze (jgufebSi, wyvilebSi, roluri TamaSebi da a. S.).

meTodurad saxelmZRvanelo gamarTulia:

• agebulia principiT - martividan rTulisken.

• gaTvaliswinebulia da fokusirdeba pirveli klasisTvis aucileblad gasaviTarebel komu-nikaciur unarebze (mosmena-gageba).

• iZleva sxvadasxva inteleqtis mqone bavSvebTan muSaobis saSualebas (,,fotografiuli kiTxva~, ,,asoTa plastikiT gamosaxva~, TamaSi, Sexeba, daynosva, musika da sxva)

miuxedavad amgvari gansazRvrisa, maswavlebels utovebs improvizaciis saSualebas. rac mTavaria, saxelmZRvanelo eqvemdebareba da avtorebis mxri-dan amisaTvis mzaoba namdviladaa.

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saxelmZRvanelo, rogorc ZiriTadi resursi

dawyebiT klasebSi qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavlebis proc-esSi saxelmZRvanelos, rogorc ZiriTadi resursis arseboba aucilebelia. ufro metic, Tanamedrove in-teraqtiuli meTodebis principebze dafuZnebul sax-elmZRvanelozea damokidebuli, Tu rogor warimar-Teba saswavlo procesi. amitom, umTavresia sworad agebuli saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna. aseTi srulyofili wignis dawera rTulia da avtorTa mxridan did Zal-isxmevas moiTxovs. avtorebma unda gaiTvaliswinon rigi fsiqologiuri, pedagogiuri da saxelmwifodan wamosuli moTxovnebi. Cven mier SemoTavazebuli wigni (araqarTulenovani skolebisTvis gankuTvnili pirveli klasis qarTuli enis saxelmZRvanelo sax-elwodebiT: ,,mauglis axali Tavgadasavali~) erT-erT cdas warmoadgens qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavlebis mxardaWeris saqmeSi. Camoyalibebuli, moswavleze orientirebuli, maTive interesebis Sesabamisi, meTodurad gamarTuli da, rac mTavaria, qarTulis, rogorc meore enis standartTan Sesabamisi saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna, Tanac pirveli klasisTvis, ioli ar iyo. bunebrivia, avtorebs sasiamovno da Tan sapasuxismgeblo misia gvergo. mogvixda gagveTvaliswinebina is mniSvne-lovani fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, romlebic Seuracxyofils ara datovebda araqarTvel moswav-lesa da maT maswavlebels, SevecadeT, rom bavSvTa warmosaxviT samyaros morgeboda da saintereso sako-munikacio situaciaTa SeTavazebis saSualebiT, swav-lis procesi gaadvilebuli da Sedegiani yofiliyo. pirveli klasidan iwyeba swored akademiuri da socialuri unar-Cvevebis Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba da misi aqcentireba. Cven mier SemoTavazebul sax-

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bic erwymis. Tu Semswavlelebi ver igeben maswav-leblis naTqvams, igi kvlav demonstrirebas ubrun-deba. daaxloebiT aTsaaTiani dumilis periodis Sem-deg, romlis ganmavlobaSic Semswavlelebs mxolod brZanebebis mosmena da maTze fizikuri reagireba uwevdaT, Semswavleli maswavlebels rols ucvlis da imave brZanebebs aZlevs sxva moswavleebs. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebelma, saklaso aqtivobebis dros, TamaSis ganwyoba SeinarCunos.

maswavlebels SeuZlia sruli fizikuri reaqciis midgoma kvalifikaciis ufro maRal doneebzec gamoi-yenos CarTuli brZanebebis strategiis gamoyenebiT. magaliTad:

roman, mieci kalami anas an daxure kari. zaur, Tu romanma anas kalami misca, marcxena

Tvali daxuWe. Tu romanma kari daxura, fanqari lurj wignze gadade.

amgvari brZanebebis Sesasruleblad aucilebelia mosmena da gageba da ara metyvelebis unari. patara bavSvebis mSoblebi advilad acnobiereben, rom maT Svilebs SeuZliaT aTasgvari miTiTebebis gageba da Sesruleba gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre saubars daiwyeben.

Tematuri posteri Tematuri posteri aris didi zomis plakati,

romelzec gamosaxulia saintereso, `avTenturi~ kompozicia. rogorc wesi, posteri feradia da adamianebs, nivTebs, moqmedebebsa da movlenebs asaxavs. posteri saklaso oTaxSi, TvalsaCino adgilas gamoikvreba ise, rom yvela moswavle kargad xedavdes. maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT, aqtiurad isaubron posterze gamosaxuli kompoziciisa da siuJetis Sesaxeb. maswavlebeli svams sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da sirTulis SekiTxvebs moswavleTa interesebisa da SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. miznobrivi instruqciebis midevnebiT, moswavleebi erTmaneTs usmenen, fiqroben,

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metyveleben, weren, rac swrafad aviTarebs enobriv unarebs. qvemoT moyvanilia erT-erTi Tematuri posteris nimuSi.

enobrivi praqtika enobrivi praqtikis gakveTili moicavs moswavleTa

stimulirebas, raTa isaubron saintereso Temaze, naxon sakuTari azrebi dawerili saxiT da es naweri Tavadve waikiTxon.

Tavdapirvelad, maswavlebeli waaxalisebs moswavleebs, rom ifiqron da isaubron ama Tu im saintereso Temaze. Semdeg moswavleebi Tanmimdevrulad karnaxoben maswavlebels winadadebebs. moswavleTa azrebs maswavlebeli dafaze an formatze wers `Txzulebis~ saxiT. maswavlebeli am dros moswavleTa kalams warmoadgens. mogvianebiT, `Txzulebis~ Seqmnisa da mis wakiTxvaSi varjiSis Semdeg, moswavleebs SeuZliaT sakuTari azrebis ilustrireba an gadawera, klasSi wakiTxva da sakuTari naSromis

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sis gamowvevas gulisxmobs da debs garkveul intri-gas. reproducirebisaTvis sxvadasxva aqtivobebTan erTad Cadebulia mcire moculobis leqsebi, enis gasatexebi, simRerebi. producireba kiTxva-pasuxiT Semoifargleba (patarebi aageben martiv konstru-qciebs, rogoricaa: minda burTi, ai didi manqana, ar miyvars atami, macvia wiTeli kaba..). rubrika `jadosnuri joxi~ emsaxureba ukve nas-wavli leqsikuri erTeulebis (`ambavTa mixedviT) werilobiTi saxiT amokiTxvas. rac Seexeba weris unar-Cvevis ganviTarebas, moce-mulia aqtivobebi calkeul asoTa da sityvaTa gad-mosaxatavad, asoebis plasteliniTa da ZafiT gamo-sasaxavad, sityvisTvis `dakarguli~ asos dasabrune-blad. saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs ar gvaqvs imisi iluzia, rom igi unakloa. vecadeT maswavle-blebisTvis migvewodebina iseTi wigni, romelic Si-naarsian sakomunikacio situacias Seqmnida gak-veTilze. ramdenad gamogvivida, amas muSaobis procesi gviCvenebs.

. naTela meliqiZe

ssip axalqalaqis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo

dawesebuleba-kolejis pedagogi

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qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri bgerebis sworad warmoTqma, sityvaSi maxvilis sworad dasma; teqstisa da ilustraciis erTmaneTTan da-kavSireba; Canafiqris, ambisa da sakuTari gancdebis xatvisa da weris(gadmoweris) saSualebiT gamoxatva. iTvaliswinebs Tu ara erovnuli saswavlo pro-gramis SinaarsSi miTiTebul sametyvelo funqciebs, leqsikasa da gramatikas da SesabamisobaSia Tu ara standartTan saxelmZRvanelo? masSi gawerilia mTeli saswavlo masala, Semajamebeli da gasameore-beli gakveTilebi, miTiTebulia Tema, enobrivi kon-struqciebi da damatebiTi resursebi. wigni rom Sekruli da saintereso gamosuliyo, patara mauglis axali Tavgadasavali ambebad gavwereT (maugli junglebSi, mauglis aswavlian, ra unda mauglis?, sportuli Sejibreba, daTvis dabade-bis dRe, tyidan soflamde, maugli da gogona, Soba-axali weli, maugli marto, maugli skolaSi). Txroba komiqsebis saSualebiT mimdinareobs. dasuraTebuli wigni resursia swavlebis procesSi da maswavlebels aZlevs saSualebas mravalferovnad gamoiyenos masSi mocemuli TvalsaCinoebebi. `ambebi~ sxvadasxva raodenobis gakveTilebisagan Sedgeba. maswavlebeli ar iqneba mijaWvuli warmodgenil aqtivobebs (ro-melSic gaTvaliswinebulia moswavlis asakobrivi in-teresebi, SesaZleblobebi), SeuZlia sakuTari Sexed-ulebisamebr Secvalos igi. `moswavlis samuSao rveuli~ mihyveba sax-elmZRvanelos. misi aqtivobebi moswavlis uSualo gamocdilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli (gamoWra, daxatva, gaferadeba, dawebeba da sxv.) rogorc mogexsenebaT, swavlebis dasawyis etapze sametyvelo unar-Cvevebidan prioritetuli zepirmety-velebaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, mosmenis unar-Cvevas eyrd-noba. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli gakveTilebis mos-menamde etapi - Semamzadebeli etapi, pataras intere-

79

saklaso oTaxSi wardgena. enobrivi praqtikis gakveTili yvelaze efeqturia 6-12 moswavlisgan Semdgar jgufSi. es `avTenturi~ aqtivoba, romelic saubrisa da kiTxvis integrirebazea agebuli, meore enaze wignierebis swrafad ganviTarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

* * *

moxsenebis dasawyisSi naxsenebi proeqtis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia trening-kursebis gagrZeleba da Sinaarsobrivi ganvrcoba, rac miznad isaxavs trenerebisa da instruqtorebis / maswavleblebis aRWurvas iseTi aqtivobebis warmarTvis unarebiT, romlebic:

• aviTarebs mosmenisa da metyvelebis unarebs;

• aviTarebs kiTxvisa da weris unarebs;

• gaavarjiSebs enobriv unarebs da daaCqarebs maT integrirebas yofiT situaciebSi, dasvenebasa da samoqalaqo aqtivobebSi.

qarTvel maswavleblebs kidev bevri sasargeblo ideis, masalisa da meTodis gaziarebis saSualeba eZlevaT meore enis swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad. rac Seexeba mozrdil Tu patara moswavleebs _ imedia isini aRmoaCenen, rom qarTuli enis aTviseba SeiZleba saintereso da saxaliso procesad iqces.

paata papava

ganaTlebisa da wignierebis qarTuli asociaciis gamgeobis Tavmjdomare;

konsultaciisa da treningis centris kvlevisa da informaciis

ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli; wm. giorgis saxelobis saero

skolis direqtori saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT dargSi ilia WavWavaZis universitetis doqtoranti.

80

bibliografia: [1]. gia nodia. ganaTlebis sistemis roli eTnikur um-ciresobaTa samoqalaqo integraciaSi: samoqalaqo da saxelmwifo seqtorebSi moqmedi dainteresebuli pirebis xedva. konferenciis masalebi. konsultaciisa da treningis centri. Tbilisi, 2005. gv. 9 [2]. Muriel Saville-Troike. Introducing Second Language Acquisition. (Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics). Cambridge University Press, 2005. p. 11 [3]. R. L. Trask. Language, the Basics. Routledge. London and New York, 2004. p. 168-170 [4]. J. Cummins. Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills and Cog-nitive Academic Language Proficiency. http://www.iteachilearn.com/cummins/bicscalp.html. i teach i learn.com © 1999-2003 [5]. Judie Haynes. Explaining BICS and CALP. everythingESL.net. http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/bics_calp.php. © 1998-2007 [6]. Alan Crawford. Communicative approaches to second language acquisition: The bridge to second language literacy. In G. García (Ed.), English learners: Reaching the highest level of English literacy. Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 2003. pp. 152-181. [7]. Marcia Brechtel. Bringing the Whole Together. An Integrated Whole Language Approach for the Multilingual Classroom. Dominie Press Inc., Carlsbad, 1998. p. 3

149

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavleba

umcrosi asakis msmenelebTan

mozardebisa da zrdasrulebisagan gansxvavebiT umcrosi asakis araqarTvel msmenelebs qarTuli enis Sesaswavli saxelmZRvanelo ar gaaCniaT. rogorc skolebis, aseve axalqalaqis axalgazrduli klubis pedagogebi gakveTilis xalisianad Casatareblad TviTon iZieben masalas: sxvadasxva tipis TvalsaCi-noebebs (suraTebs, naxatebs, saTamaSoebs), leqsebs, simRerebs, gasaferadeblebs da swavlebisaTvis saWiro sxva resursebs. mimdinare saswavlo wels axalqalaqisa da ninow-mindis bilingvuri skolebis pirvel klasSi or-ganizacia `simeram~ (mravalenovani ganaTleba saqarT-veloSi, proeqtis direqtori ligita grigule) Seitana `pirveli klasis qarTuli enis sax-elmZRvanelo~ (araqarTulenovani skolebisaTvis), ga-momcemloba `gaenaTi~, avtorebi: maka kaWkaWiSvili, Tamar lobJaniZe, naTela meliqiZe. oriode sityviT mogaxsenebT wignis Sesaxeb. saxelmZRvanelo sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: maswav-leblis saxelmZRvanelo, moswavlis samuSao rveuli da `mauglis axali Tavgadasavali~. avtorebi vxelmZRvanelobT erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT, rom-lis Tanaxmadac, pirveli klasis damTavrebis Semdeg moswavlem unda icodes: komunikacia saklaso oTaxSi; Seswavlili enobrivi formulebisa da martivi ga-monaTqvamebis gamoyeneba; konteqstis Sesatyvisi sakomunikacio saSualebebis gamoyeneba; nacnobi leqsikis Semcveli leqsebis, simRerebis, dialogebis da ilustrirebuli mcire moculobis TxrobiTi teqstebis gageba;

148

bibliografia

1. k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II, 1926.

2. g.TogoSvili, saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierTobis Ses-axeb, staliniri, 1958.

3. r. CeTiTi, osuri kulturis kerebi TbilisSi, Jurn. „sabWoTa xelovneba“, №8, 1982.

4. o. Tedeevi, pirveli osuri xelnawerebis ena, Tb., 1985. 5. z. qiria, osTa sakiTxi da qarTuli sinamdvile 1921-40

wlebSi, Tb., 2005.

81

pragmatikuli modelebis mniSvneloba da

pragmatuli kompetenciis aTvisebis sakiTxi qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavlebis

procesSi termini _ meore enis daufleba ukavSirdeba

stefan kraSenis saxels, romelmac erTmaneTs daupirispira enis formaluri da arakonstruqtiuli swavleba. meore enis swavlebis akademiur discipli-naSi abreviatura SLA, anu meore enis daufleba iqca wamyvan terminad.

meore enis daufleba xSirad ganixileba rogorc gamoyenebiTi lingvistikis nawili, radgan igi uSu-alod ukavSirdeba enobriv sistemasa da enis damou-kideblad swavlebis process. Tumca, rogorc aR-niSnulia, meore enis swavleba ufro orientirebu-lia enis bunebriv dauflebaze.

aravin daobs imaze, rom meore enis swavleba unda iyos segmentirebuli, Tanmimdevrulad unda ga-moiyos calkeuli etapebi: fonetika, morfologia, sintaqsi, sametyvelo aqtis danawevreba _ prag-matika/semantika. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom meore enis swavlebis procesSi erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da aqtualuri sferoa pragmatika. am mimarTulebiT swavlebis formebi da meTodebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer kidev daxvewis stadiaSia.

bunebrivad daismis kiTxva, Tu ras niSnavs prag-matika qarTulis, rogorc meore enis dauflebis procesSi da ra sirTuleebs SeiZleba wavawydeT swavlebisas?

ra aris pragmatika? SeiZleba iTqvas, pragmatika aris unari imisa,

rom bunebrivi enis matarebelma Tanamosaubres Seatyobinos da gadmosces imaze meti, vidre im-pliciturad arseubli realobaa.

82

ra aris pragmatuli kompetencia?

pragmatuli kompetencia aris unari ukve aRiqva, gaigo da gaaanalizo is mniSvnelobebi, romlebsac Tanamosaubre debs sametyvelo aqtSi. am mxriv erT-maneTisagan unda gavmijnoT pirdapiri da iribi Tqmis SemTxvevebi. amis sailustraciod SeiZleba gan-vixiloT erTi konkretuli magaliTi. rodesac patara oTaxSi erTad imyofebian mweveli da aramweveli ada-mianebi da mweveli Tanamosaubres pirdapir mimarTavs TxovniT, rom ar moswios, es pirdapiri Tqmis SemTxvevaa. magram rodesac mweveli daiCivlebs: ra saSineli buRia, vixrCobi... an oTaxSi sasunTqi haeri ar aris, ra saSinelebaa... _ es ukve iribi Tqmis for-maa, am SemTxvevaSi ki iribi Tqma ukve moiTxovs prag-matul inferencias, pragmatul kompetencias, anu pragmatul alRos.

specialur literaturaSi dasmulia kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara pragmatuli kompetenciis swav-leba? mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom es SeuZlebe-lia, radgan pragmatika _ es aris is, rac adamianma bunebrivad an piradi gamocdilebisa da enobriv ga-remoSi integrirebisas unda SeiZinos. Tumca, amgvari midgoma calsaxaa da xels uSlis meore enis swav-lebis procesSi winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvas.

momijnave dargebis mniSvneloba pragmatikis swavlebis procesSi:

unda aRiniSnos, rom pragmatikis

TvalTaxedvidan swavleba Zalian kompleqsuria. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos rogorc sociokulturuli, ise biologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. anu saswavlo procesSi unda iyos CarTuli individualuri da socialuri identifikaciis faqtorebi, imdenad ramdenadac sametyvelo aqti moicavs praqtikul interaqcias da moiTxovs ara

147

unda aRiniSnos, rom wlebis win danergili mas-wavlebelTa kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursebis tradicia karga xania moiSala, rac ase aucilebelia osuri skolis qarTuli enis maswavlebelTaTvis. aseve naklebadaa, an xSir SemTxvevaSi ar aris sax-elmZRvanelo an meToduri miTiTebebis krebuli am maswavlebelTaTvis. rac ufro efeqturs gaxdida am enis swavlebas osur skolebSi.

. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cveni rekomenda-

ciebi:

• daixvewos an/da Seiqmnas meToduri sax-elmZRvaneloebi da miTiTebani da miewodos osuri skolebis qarTuli enis maswavleblebs;

• gadamzaddes arsebuli kadrebi da moxdes maTi kvalifikaciis amaRleba;

• SemuSavdes qarTuli enis swavlebis efeqturi programa osuri skolebisaTvis;

• daixvewos an/da Seiqmnas qarTuli enis sax-elmZRvaneloebi osuri skolebisaTvis am enis matarebeli maswavleblebis, specialistebis qarTvel kolegebTan TanamonawileobiT;

• srulyofilad momaragdes arsebuli qarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebiT osuri skolebi;

• xeli Seewyos orenovan (qarTul da osureno-van) gamocemebs, rac gauadvilebs qarTuli enis Seswavlis msurvelebs am enis Seswavlas;

• momzaddes da gamoices saskolo qarTul-osuri leqsikoni, qarTul-osuri sasaubro, rac Taviseburad Seuwyobs xels qarTuli enis Ses-wavlas.

naira bepievi

kavkasiuri saxli

146

dawyebiTi skola; yvarlis raionis sof. wiwkenaanT-seris saSualo skola; axalgoris mesame saSualo skola.

aqve minda mogaxsenoT, rom gansxvavebiT sxva eT-nikuri warmomadgenlebisagan, vgulisxmob qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe javaxeTis mosaxleobas, osur skolebSi mwvaved arasodes damdgara qarTuli enis Seswavlis sakiTxi. qarTul sazogadoebasTan adap-tirebul os mosaxleobas arasdros gasWirvebia sax-elmwifo enis Seswavla da ar gamxdara saWiro sa-gangebo zomebis miReba am enis Sesaswavlad.

marTalia, osuri skolebi ZiriTadad rusuli skolis bazaze iqmneboda, magram amas xeli ar SeuS-lia maTTvis, srulyofilad SeeswavlaT qarTuli ena. swored mimdinare saswavlo wels axalgoris mesame rusuli saSualo skolis moswavlem erovnuli ga-mocdebi warmatebiT Caabara ara rusul, aramed qar-Tul enaze da grantic miiRo.

im rusul saSualo skolebSi, sadac osi bavS-vebi swavloben, qarTuli Seiswavleba rogorc sagani. am sagans zogierT klasebSi eTmoba oTxi, zogierT klasebSi eqvsi saaTi. rac, rogorc qarTuli enis maswavleblebis gamokiTxviT dadginda, sruliad sak-marisia am enis Sesaswavlad, Tumca, rogorc maT aR-niSnes, kargi iqneboda skolas hqonoda saTanado fi-nansuri saSualeba fakultaturi saaTebisTvisac, rac dReisaTvis jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba.

miuxedavad amisa, am skolebSi dagrovda bevri problema, kerZod, moZvelebulia saswavlo Tu meTo-duri saxelmZRvaneloebi da miTiTebebi, romliTac sargebloben osuri skolis qarTuli enis moswav-leebi, maswavleblebi.

maswavleblebi, romlebic aswavlian qarTul enas, xSir SemTxvevaSi ver floben bavSvebis mSobliur enas, rac aZnelebs zogierTi leqsikuri erTeulis an frazeologiuri gamonaTqvamis axsnas da gasagebad miwodebas.

83

marto enis gramatikul doneze codnas, aramed enis saTanadod da adekvaturad gamoyenebas mocemul kulturul garemoSi. cnobilia erTi aseTi magaliTi: rodesac iaponeli umaspinZldeba amerikel stumars, axvedrebs mas gaSlil sufrasa da gemriel saWmels, amerikeli ar iSurebs komplimentebs da mxurvale madlobas uxdis maspinZels. maspinZeli ganawyendeba, radgan iaponuri tradiciis mixedviT komplimenti mobodiSebis gareSe miuRebelia da garkveulwilad ukmayofilebasac gamoxatavs. amdenad pragmatikis swavlebisas mniSvnelovania sociolingvisturi da lingvokulturuli monacemebis gaTvaliswineba, radgan konkretuli motivaciis gareSe nebismieri pragmatuli realizacia safuZvels iqneba moklebuli.

pragmatikis swavlebisas da konkretul

sakiTxebze muSaobisas dgeba kidev erTi problema: Zalian rTulia sametyvelo aqtis ganxorcieleba

meore enis SemTxvevaSi, radgan pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, moswavlem SeiZleba ar icodes idiomaturi gamoTqmebi, kulturuli norma an, ufro meti, SeiZleba moaxdinos bunebrivi enis wesebisa da tradiciebis meore enaSi pirdapiri transformireba. aman ki molaparakes SeiZleba bevri sirTule Seuqmnas, radgan esa Tu is pragmatuli Secdoma konkretul kulturul garemoSi SesaZloa uxeSobadac ki aRiqvan. amdenad, miCneulia, rom pragmatuli Secdomis SemTxvevebi enis swavlebis maRal safexurzec ki xSiria da bunebrivi enis codnis kompetenciis dones mainc ver uaxlovdeba.

84

pragmatuli strategia da Secdomebis tipebi:

1. qarTuli enisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi gamijnuli

unda iyos Tavaziani formebi rames SeTavazebisas. gansasxvavebelia formebi imis mixedviT, Tu ras vTavazobT, magaliTad: miirTviT _ inebeT.

2. gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve misalmebisa da damSvidobebis formulebi. mag.: dila mSvidobisa da Rame mSvidobisa, warmoeba da enobrivi forma absoluturad erTi da igivea, Tumca semantikurad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebs gviCveneben.

3. unda gaimijnos mimarTvis formebic, Tu romel pragmatul situaciaSi ixmareba esa Tu is fraza: yuri damigde, mismine _ Tu SeiZleba momismineT.

gamosavali

swavlebis procesSi mniSvnelovania gamoiyos erTmaneTisagan sametyvelo aqtis formebi:

meore enis swavlebis procesSi ama Tu im samety-

velo aqtis gadmosacemad aucilebelia Seiqmnas se-mantikuri formulebi, romlebic dianteresebul pirs gamzadebuli saxiT miewodeba. amave dros, Zalian mniSvnelovania saTqmelis pirdapir da iribad gad-mocemis SemTxvevebis gamijvna. magaliTad:

sametyvelo aqtis

formebi:

bodiSi

Civili

moTxovna

Txovna

madloba

kompli-menti

uaris Tqma

145

Jurulma aq gaxsnes skola, romelic, rogorc 1881 wlis gazeTi „iveria“ ityobineboda, yvela msurvels ver itevda. 1881 wels gaixsna kidev erTi skola (Sem-dgomSi 1 saS. skola). Semdeg ki amas mihyva sxva skolebis gaxsnac. 1955 wels gaixsna cxinvalis me-4 saS. skola.

rac Seexeba osur skolebs, cxinvalSi 1826 wels gaixsna sasuliero skola osi bavSvebisaTvis. 1864 wels ukve 9 aseTi sasuliero skola iyo gaxsnili. 1864-dan 1900 wlamde cxinvalSi gaixsna 24-ze meti skola, magram SeimCneoda kadrebis nakleboba. 1924-25 saswavlo wels oseTSi skolebis raodenoba 104-s aR-wevda. 1932 wlisaTvis skolebis raodenoba samxreT oseTSi 268 iyo (zogi qarTuli, zogic _osuri). bevri iyo osuri skola olqis farglebs gareTac. marto xaSuris raionSi 30 osuri skola (bevri iyo dawye-biTi) arsebobda. mTel respublikaSi 1940 wlisaTvis os moswavleTa raodenoba 34. 547-s Seadgenda. osuri skolebi iyo gaxsnili goris, kaspis, borjomis, lagodexis, yvarlis, Telavis, axmetisa da sxva raionebSic.

1932 wels gaixsna cxinvalis pedagogiuri in-stituti. romelic kadrebiT amaragebda ara mxolod am regions.

1991 werls (oficialuri monacemebiT) samxreT oseTSi arsebobda 145 saS. skola. aqedan 47 - qar-Tuli, 36 - osuri, 5 - rusuli 6 - qarTul-osur-rusuli.

olqis farglebs gareT osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul soflebSi TiTqmis yvelgan arsebobda osuri dawyebiTi skolebi. 1940 wels axalgoris raionSi 40 aseTi saswavlebeli funqcionirebda.

dRevandel saqarTveloSi (aq ar igulisxmeba samxreT oseTSi arsebuli skolebi) aseTi tipis, anu osuri, sul ramdenime skola arsebobs: lagodexis raionSi ori skola: areSfernis saSualo skola, sa-dac optimizaciis Sedegad SeerTda fonas, fiCxibo-giris, bolqvisa da areSfernis skolebi; xeCilis

144

bevrs SeuZlia. mose janaSvilis sityviT, osur enaze erekle meoris dros ukve arsebobda sasuliero wignebi, romelic qarTuli anbanis safuZvelze iyo Sedgenili, ramdenime specifikuri osuri asos damatebiT), magram 1950 -iani wlebis Semdgom kvlav daubrundnen osebi rusul slavur Srifts da dRes swored es gamoiyeneba osur enaSi.

rac Seexeba skolebs, pirveli osuri skola gaixsna osuri sasuliero komisiis mier (romelic Seiqmna peterburgSi 1743 wels, am komisiam gamosca pirveli osuri wigni 1798 wels) mozdokSi 1766 wels. 1836 wels vladikavkazSi ixsneba dawyebiTi oTxk-lasiani sasuliero skola.

1855 wels javis TemSi ixsneba skola, sadac Toma CoCievma, romelsac qarTuli ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli, Sekriba javis Temis 40-mde vaJi (sof. xvweSi) da aswavlida qarTul enas. xis erTsar-Tulian or oTaxSi TavianTi surviliT gaxsnil skolaSi 40 moswavle SeekribaT. Tqven unda genaxaT Cemi gaoceba, rodesac moswavleebi, romlebic ar SeuSindnen Tovlsa da qarbuqs, movidnen skolaSi da qarTul enaze wamikiTxes “mamao Cveno~. isini SesaniS-navad kiTxulobdnen qarTuli mxedruliT daweril sasuliero da saero teqstebs, aseve rusul teqstebs.

1907 wels TbilisSi Seiqmna saxalxo univer-sitetebis sazogadoeba. daarsda osuri seqciac. xelmZRvanelebad daniSnes vano abaevi, maTe Tomaevi da sxvebi. am seqciam gaxsna osuri saRamos skola da Camoayaliba dramatuli wre, romlis wevrebic iyvnen vano da simon abaevebi, giorgi jioevi, kosta loxovi, gabi mamievi da sxvebi.

1913 wels osi bavSvebisaTvis TbilisSi gaixsna dawyebiTi skola osi bavSvebisaTvis. sadac 45 bavSvi swavlobda.

rac Seexeba cxinvalis skolebs, aq Tavdapirve-lad skola me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi ana ami-laxvris iniciativiT gaixsna. es iyo kerZo skola-pansioni. 80-ian wlebSi efemia maCabelma da qeTevan

85

I.

tipi uaris Tqma _ semantikuri formulebi: pirdapiri kategoriuli uars vacxadeb, uars vam-

bob, uarvyof Serbilebuli ar SemiZlia

arapirdapiri sinanulis gamoxatva Zalian vwuxvar daxmarebis SeTazeba Zalian minda, rom dagex-

maroT survilis gamoxatva momavalSi visurvebdi, rom

erTad gveTanamSromla dapireba amas momavalSi au-

cileblad gamovasworebT varaudis gamoTqma albaT, SesaZloa, rom gamosavalis moZebna iqneb momavalSi gan-

vixiloT

II. tipi Tanxmoba _ semantikuri formulebi

pirdapiri kategoriuli

iZulebiTi

ra Tqma unda, rasakvirvelia, unda dageTanxmoT,

iZulebuli var, dageTanxmoT

Serbilebuli kargi, keTili, Tanaxma var, geTanxmebiT

arapidapiri sixarulis gamoxatva

siamovnebiT viTanamSromleb TqvenTan erTad

kmayofilebis gamoxatva

kargia, rom yvelaferi ase gamovida, kmayofili var SedegiT

86

akademiuri weris roli pragmatuli kompetenciis aTvisebaSi:

pragmatuli kompetenciis unaris gamomuSavebas garkveulwilad aiolebs akademiuri weris principebis swavlebac. akademiur weraSi SemoTavazebulia arapirdapiri gamonaTqvamebis mTeli rigi formulebi, rac pragmatuli kompetenciis gazrdis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. magaliTad: erTi mxriv, meore mxriv, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom da a. S.

swavlebis formebi da aqtivobebi: ismis kiTxva, enis dauflebis romel doneze

unda xdebodes pragmatuli kompetenciis aTviseba? ra Tqma unda, sametyvelo aqtSi srulyofili monawileoba mxolod enis dauflebis maRal safexurzea SesaZlebeli, Tumca, elementaruli formulebi moswavles sawyis donezec unda miewodos. gTavazobT miRebul standarts, romelic araerT saxelmZRvaneloSia gamoyenebuli.

enis swavlebis done

swavlebis meTodebi da savarjiSoebis tipebi

A1 kiTxva-pasuxebze agebuli roluri TamaSebi

B1 roluri TamaSebi, kombinirebuli kiTxvebi, ama Tu im sakiTxze moswavles unda mieces arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba, pirobiTobis gamomxatveli kiTxvebi.

B2 detaluri gamokiTxva, CaZieba, Sefasebebze orientirebuli savarjiSoebi

C1 roluri TamaSebi, wakiTxuli teqstis gaazrebisaTvis dasmuli SekiTxvebi...

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gansxvavebul os xalxs kavkasiuri enisaTvis damax-asiaTebeli mkveTri bgerebic gaaCnia da bevri aqvs saerTo sxva kavkasiur enebTan. am siaxlovemac ga-napiroba, rom isini qarTuli anbanis gamoyenebiT werdnen garkveuli drois manZilze. minda mogax-senoT, rom sakmaod didi cvlileba ganicada TviT osuri anbanis Seqmnam. istoriulad cnobilia, rom Tavdapirvelad osebi iyenebdnen berZnul anbans. amas mowmobs meaTe saukunis zelenCukis qvis osuri war-wera, romelic berZnuli grafikis safuZvelzea Seqm-nili.

pirveli osuri anbani Seadgina gaioz reqtorma, Tayaevma, pavle gencaurovTan erTad. es iyo slavuri alfabetis safuZvelze Sedgenili anbani. 1798 wels daibeWda am anbanis gamoyenebiT pirveli wigni osur enaze. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom TviT gaioz reqtorma Tavdapirvelad qarTul enaze Seadgina pirveli osuri wigni „katexizma“ anu „pirveldawyebiTi swavla kacisa, saRmrTo werilis Seswavlis msurvelisa“, romelic, sabolood, slavuri SriftiT daibeWda. gaiozma ramdenime specifikuri aso-niSani osuri enisa Tavad Seitana.

me-18 saukunis bolos qarTuli grafikis safuZ-velze ioane ialRuziZem (gabaraevma) Seadgina osuri anbani. 1821 wels 9 Tebervals moskovSi daibeWda „kondaki“ qarTuli da osuri paraleluri teqstebiT, romelTa Sriftic nusxuria, aseve orenovania 1824 wels gamocemuli „gamokrebili ese kurTxevani qar-Tulsa da osursa enasa zeda.“

SemdgomSi osuri anbani Seadgina a. Segrenma rusuli anbanis safuZvelze, romelic srulyo vse-volod milerma.

1924 wlidan laTinur Srifts xmarobdnen osebi, ramac ufro gaarTula viTareba 1938 wlis samTav-robo dadgenilebis safuZvelze gadawyda Seqmniliyo axali osuri anbani qarTuli grafikis safuZvelze (unda aRiniSnos, rom 1746 wels efrem monazoni werda, rom oseTSi qarTuli anbaniT wera-kiTxva

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qarTuli enis swavleba osur skolebSi

upirvelesad SevexebiT TviT termins „osuri skolebi“. saqarTveloSi tipuri osuri skola ar arsebobs, arsebobs ori tipis skolebi: erTi, qar-Tuli saSualo skolebi, sadac osuri ena iswavleba rogorc sagani da, meore, rusuli saSualo skolebi, sadac dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebi swavloben yvela sagans osur enaze da maRal klasebSi mxolod erT sagans swavloben osurad _ esaa osuri ena da literatura. ase rom, Cven am termins mxolod piro-biTad vxmarobT.

unda mogaxsenoT, rom aseve ar arsebobs osuri saS. skolebi (sadac osur enaze iswavleba yvela sa-gani) arc vladikavkazSi da arc cxinvalSi. iqac ori tipis skolebia: rusuli saS. skolebi, sadac osuri iswavleba rogorc sagani da skolebi, sadac dawye-biT klasebSi iswavleba yvela sagani osur enaze. aqac maRal klasebSi mxolod osur enasa da lit-eraturas swavloben. ase iyo es tradiciuladac.

amTaviTve unda aRvniSnoT, rom mSobliuri enis SeswavlasTan erTad aucileblad migvaCnia saxelm-wifo enis Seswavla da codna erovnuli umciresobe-bis warmomadgenelTaTvis, im eris warmo-madgenlebisaTvis, romlebic cxovroben Cvens qvey-anaSi. saxelmwifo enis ucodinaroba xels uSlis erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa socialur da kulturul integracias, maT monawileobas Cveni qveynis sazogadoebriv, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi.

sanam uSualod Temas SevexebodeT, minda patara eqskursi gavakeTo. osuri ena indoevropuli enaa. enobrivad osuri iranul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis. Tumca anTropologiurad osebi tipuri kavkasielebi arian. kavkasielebi arian isini TavianTi yofiT, tradicie-biT, kulturiT, zne-CveulebebiT. enobrivad

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daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, miuxedavad

imisa, rom enobrivi kompetenciis aTviseba yvelaze rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo etapia meore enis swav-lebis procesSi da mas win enobrivi komunikaciis xangrZlivi gamocdileba unda uZRodes, segmentire-buli formiTa da Tanamedrove meTodologiis gamo-yenebiT efeqturi Sedegis miRweva, ra Tqma unda, mainc SesaZlebelia.

giuli SabaSvili Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.

88

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavlebis

sakuTriv lingvisturi da fsiqolingvisturi problemebi

albaT, Znelad ipoviT saqarTveloSi

lingvisturi problematikis ufro kompleqsur da ufro rTul sferos, vidre es qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, sakiTxebia. CvenTan araTu am problemis meTodologiuri, sociokulturuli, fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi iyo arapopularuli, da, Sesabamisad, naklebad Seswavlili, aramed sakuTriv lingvisturic. es, ra Tqma unda, Cveni saenaTmecniero skolis nakli ki ara aris, im konteqstis logikuri Sedegia, romelSic am skolas uxdeboda cxovreba da muSaoba. es iyo yovlad ufunqcio, yovelgvar datvirTvas moklebuli sfero. mogexsenebaT, meore enis aTvisebis operacionaluri etapebis sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT, maT Soris wminda lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, damuSaveba, Zalian specifikuri da pragmatuli, konkretul saWiroebebze uSualod mibmuli sakiTxia, da ZiriTadad am saWiroebebTan erTad Cndeba. finel emigrants ra lingvisturi an sociokulturuli problemebi gauCndeba amerikaSi gadasaxlebisas, es sakiTxebi, saqarTveloSi an romelime sxva qveyanaSi moRvawe enaTmecnierisTvis pirveli rigis lingvisturi problema ar aris, es sakiTxebi swored maSin xdeba TavisTavad mniSvnelovani, gadaudebeli da, rac mTavaria, saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxi, roca Sens saxelmwifoSi pragmatul da funqciur datvirTvas iZens, Seni enis sxva enebTan funqciuri Tu Tvisobrivi mimarTebebis nawili xdeba. erTi sityviT, roca es problema sakuTriv lingvistur, sociolingvistur, sociokulturul da saxelmwifoebriv aspeqtSi ganixileba.

am kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT problemas, arsad iseTi „uadgilo“ da, rac mTavaria, ufunqcio am

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xazgasmuli pativiscemisa da mokrZalebis gamomxat-veli, romelsac mSobliur enaze mosaubre qarTveli maSinve grZnobs, me-2 enis msmenelisTvis, mxolod Si-naarsis gagebinebiT, miuwvdomeli rCeba, radgan am gamonaTqvamTa Sinaarsebs Soris erTi SexedviT didi gansxvaveba araa. saqmiani werilis swavlebisas Zalze mniSvnelova-nia, maswavlebelma yuradReba gaamaxvilos araqarT-veli msmenelebis mier ara marto da ara imdenad am sinonimur gamonaTqvamTa gagebasa da meqanikur dax-somebaze, ramdenadac maT emociur-intonaciuri Se-ferilobis SemCnevasa da garCevaze, Sesabamisi aqtivobebis saSualebiT. amazea damokidebuli, rom araqarTvelis xelSi werili-Txovna weril-muqarad, werili-SekiTxva weril-pasuxad ar iqces.

mzevinar mJavanaZe axalcixis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

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,,neba momeciT gacnoboT, rom~, ,,neba miboZeT gau-wyoT, rom~ ,,siamovnebiT gacnobebT, rom~, ,,gwerT, rom davadasturo~ da a.S. amgvar trafaretul gamonaTqvamTa xSiri gamoyene-bis gamo saqmiani werilis Sedgenis swavleba erTi SexedviT iolia: arsebobs garkveuli formulari da gansazRvruli raodenobis gamonaTqvamebi, romelTa meqanikuri daxsomeba SesaZlebelia da werilic mzadaa. magram es mxolod gamoucdeli msmenelisa Tu maswavleblisTvis. am simartiveSi seriozuli sir-Tule imaleba, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi pedagogis yuradRebis miRma rCeba. saubaria am sinonimur, Sinaarsobrivad TiTqmis identur gamonaTqvamTa tonisa da emociuri Seferi-lobis sxvaobaze, romelic seriozul problemas qmnis teqstis Sedgenis swavlebisas. me-2 enis SemswavlelTaTvis sirTules gamonaTqvamebis Sinaar-sobrivi gageba Tu maTi daxsomeba ki ar warmoadgens, aramed msgavs, paralelur gamonaTqvamebs Soris sxvadasxva intonaciuri Tu emociuri Seferilobis gansxvavebaTa SemCneva da gamoTqmaTa mizanSewonili gamoyeneba. mag. Tu werili iwyeba sityvebiT ,,Zvirfaso mego-baro~, ,,qalbatono~, ,,batono~, maSin werilis dasas-ruls sasurvelia gamoyenebul iqnes mimarTva ,,pativiscemiT esa da es~. Tu werilis dasawyisSi Tqven esalmebiT saxeliT, maSin boloSi sasurvelia mieTiTos ,,keTili surviliT esa da es~. qarTvelisTvis msgavsi Sinaarsis, magram sxvadasxva emociuri Seferilobis gamoTqmaTa garCeva bunebrivad xdeba. araqarTvels ki sinonimur ga-monaTqvamTa Sinaarsi erTnairad esmis. tonisa Tu emociurobis garCevas is ver axerxebs. ar esmis ra gansxvavebaa mag: Txovnis gamomxatvel am paralelur gamoTqmebs Soris: ,,iqneb ineboT da gamomigzavnoT dawvrilebiTi informacia~ da ,,metismetad damavalebT, Tu gamomigzavniT dawvrilebiT infor-macias~. pirvelis muqaraSereuli toni, meoris ki

89

problemis kvleva ar yofila, rogorc sabWoTa periodis saqarTveloSi, an nebismier sxva respublikaSi, garda rsfsr-is saenaTmecniero skolisa. rusuli iyo erTaderTi ena, romlis kvlevas am TvalsazrisiT marTlac hqonda pragmatuli, funqciuri da saxelmwifoebrivi, Tu imperialisturi datvirTva, sabWoTa sivrcis sxva enebisgan gansxvavebiT. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTvelebisTvis erTiani sakomunikacio „lingua franca“ iyo rusuli da ara qarTuli, rac ar unda saxelmwifo enis privilegirebuli sakonstitucio ufleba hqonoda qarTuls ramdenime sxva respublikis enebTan erTad. sxvaTa Soris, es ufleba Tavad CvenTvisac, - me ar vgulisxmob konkretul pirovnebebs, laparakia, saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos, Tu respublikaze - ufro sakramentuli Rirebulebisa iyo, vidre iuridiuli, saxelmwifoebrivi da pragmatuli. am uflebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mosaxleobis udidesma nawilma mxolod maSin Seityo, roca saqarTvelos konstituciidan amoRebul iqna Sesabamisi muxli. amaze aRar gavagrZeleb, Tumca ki es qarTuli enis axla ukve istoriuli sociolingvistikis sakmaod saintereso sakiTxebia. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom saqarTveloSi ase sagangebod, institucionalur doneze, ar werdnen qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, funqcionirebasa da mis swavlebasTan dakavSirebul sociokulturul, lingvistur an fsiqolingvistur problemebze. magram, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom ar muSaobdnen am sakiTxebze, gansakuTrebiT es exeba qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, sakuTriv lingvistur problemebs. oRond, kidev erTxel vimeoreb, ara meTodikur, pedagogiur mxares, aramed saenaTmecniero problematikas. es mTlad guSindeli ambebia da yvelas kargad gvaxsovs ramdenime CvenTvis Zalian sayvareli da pativsacemi kolega, am saqmis namdvili profesionalebi, romelTac damuSavebuli aqvT

90

ucxoelebisTvis qarTulis swavlebis mTeli sistema: ra rogor gadadis, romeli kanonzomierebebi muSaobs, ra intensivobiT, sixSiriT, ra ufro rTulia an martivia lingvisturi operaciebis TvalsazrisiT da a. S. es sakiTxebi erTad, sistemurad Camoyalibebuli ki ara aris, cal-calke mibmulia sxvadasxva saenaTmecniero problematikas da gabneulia S. afridoniZis, n. ramiSvilis, m. kemularias, r. qurdaZis, n. SaraSeniZis, k. gabunias, n. SavTvalaZis da sxva qarTvel enaTmecnierTa naSromebSi. amgvari sistemuri bazis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, axla, roca qarTulis, rogorc meore (anu, saxelmwifo enis) enis swavleba seriozul saxelmwifoebriv da pragmatul funqcias iZens, misTvis saxelmwifoebrivi standarti - erovnuli saswavlo gegma - da saxelmZRvaneloebi iwereba, gadaudebeli amocanaa am problemis sakuTriv lingvisturi da fsiqolingvisturi mxareebis kvleva, romelTa monacemebs unda daefuZnos saxelmZRvaneloebi. Tu amgvari kvlevebis dro da saSualeba ar aris, cal-calke gabneuli, werilobiT dafiqsirebuli es sakiTxebi mainc unda moviZioT da gamoviyenoT qarTuli saenaTmecniero skolis es krefsiTi gamocdileba qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavlebis dagegmvis, saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenisa da mere am saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT efeqturad swavlebisas.

es Tanamimdevroba: kvleva, an sxvebis kvlevis optimalurad gamoyeneba, dagegmva, saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgena lingvisturi da fsiqolingvisturi kriteriumebiT da Semdeg garkveuli meTodologiiT moswavleebamde amis mitana - SemTxveviTi ar gaxlavT, meTodikuri nawili marTlac boloa am TanamimdevrobaSi da pirveli ori misTvis aris namdvili „Conditio sine quae non“ (piroba, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia). amdenad, lingvisturi da fsiqologiuri kvlevebis

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saqmian mimoweraSi gamoyenebuli

gamoTqmebis swavlebisaTvis araqarTvel msmenelTa b2 doneze swavleba maTT-vis saqmiani qaRaldebis Sedgena-gaformebis unar-CvevaTa gamomuSavebasac gulisxmobs. saqmiani qaRaldebis erT did jgufs saqmiani werilebi Seadgenen. Cveni dRevandeli moxsenebis mizani amgvar teqstTa weris swavlebisas wamoWrili erTi konkre-tuli problemis gaSuqeba da masze Tqveni yuradRe-bis mopyroba gaxlavT. saqmiani werilebisTvis miuRebelia mxatvruli Tu maRalfardovani stili, ramdenadac misi mizania, garkveul problemaTa gadawyveta, igi unda daiweros oficialuri eniT, maqsimalurad zustad da gasage-bad, TiToeuli sityvisa Tu frazis mizanSewonili gamoyenebiT. amgvari moTxovnebiT aris ganpirobebuli saqmian werilebSi kliSeTa Tu trafaretul ga-monaTqvamTa xSiri gamoyeneba, romelic sax-elmZRvaneloebSi umetesad Tematurad dalagebuli grZeli siis saxiT aris mocemuli. igulisxmeba saqmiani werilebis ZiriTad saxeebSi (werili-Txovna, werili-pasuxi, werili-SekiTxva) ga-moyenebuli, werilTa Sinaarsis Sesabamisi, sinoni-muri gamoTqmebi.

mag. Txovnis: ,,gTxovT macnoboT~, ,,gTxovT ineboT da gamomigzav-noT~, ,,madlobeli viqnebi, rom miviRoT Tqveni pasuxi~, ,,xom ver damaxmarebiT~, ,,kanonis Tanaxmad gTxovT~ da a.S.

an SekiTxvis: ,,macnobeT gaTayva~ ,,geTayva, gTxovT macnoboT~, ,,madlobeli viqnebi Tu momcemT Semdeg informacias~ da a.S.

an Setyobinebis:

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III. yuradRebas vamaxvilebT im sityvebze, romlebic warmoTqmis TvalsazrisiT msgavsni arian, magram maTi mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia. amrigad, am tipis savarjiSo amyarebs codnas. naTels xdis sityvebis sworad aRqmis aucileblobas. gamovyofT Semdeg saxes:

a) gansxvavebulia mxolod sawyisi Tanxmovani: cudi-kudi-qudi Rame-rame Tbili-rbili bari-zari Wiri-viri bza-mza Wori-qori yveli-sveli kari-qari Zveli-sveli xeli-yeli qarTuli-sarTuli b) gansxvavebulia mxolod meore marcvlis

Tanxmovani: gemi-gedi bari-bali cxeni-cxeli fasi-fari Rori-Romi viri-visi kibe-kide qari-qali feri-fexi coli-comi wveni-wveri WaWa-Wama g) icvleba pirveli xmovani: kuWi-kiWi-koWi xaWo-xoWo xeli-xili Txeli-Txili yuradRebas vamaxvilebT aseT sityvebzec: axla-axali; saxli-saxeli; yveli-yvela; Zneli- Zveli Cveni meTodikuri xedviT, am masalas eTmoba

sami gakveTili. sul gamoyofilia eqvsi savarjiSo. Cveni studentebi sakmaod warmatebulni arian.

nana SavTvalaZe

organizacia ,,enis skolis~ direqtori, Tsu enebis Semswavleli centris pedagogi, profesori

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SesaZlebloba Tu ar aris, rac TavisTavad Zalian cudia, arsebuli gamocdilebis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba mainc unda SevZloT.

axla konkretulad imis Sesaxeb, ras vgulisxmob am maqsimalurad gamoyenebaSi. yuradRebas gavamaxvileb ZiriTadad or problemaze, romelTa gauTvaliswinebloba saqmes aSkarad gaafuWebs:

me dRes arafers vityvi Zvel saxelmZRvaneloebze, maT lingvistur da fsiqologiur safuZvelze, vinaidan yvela met-.naklebad erTi azrisa varT am saxelmZRvaneloebTan dakavSirebiT, rom miznisa da auditoriis saWiroebebidan gamomdinare, isini ver akmayofilebdnen saskolo sivrcis moTxovnebs.

dRevandel saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi araerTi axali saxelmZRvanelo gamoCnda, rac udavod sikeTis niSania, axla mokled mogaxsenebT zogierT im problemaze, rac am sikeTes axlavs Tan.

axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, calkeuli klasebis saxelmZRvanelo jer ar aris Sedgenili. dRes araqarTul sabazo da saSualo skolebSi ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo aris "TavTavi." araqarTulenovan skolebSi qarTulis codnis TvalsazrisiT dRevandeli situaciisTvis, vfiqrob, optimaluri iyo gadawyvetileba, am gardamaval etapze gakeTebuliyo saxelmZRvanelo ara klasebis, aramed doneebis mixedviT, saorientaciod gamoyenebuli yofiliyo evrosabWos zogadi dokumenti enis flobis doneebis Sesaxeb. klasebi am SemTxvevaSi formaluri, simboluri markeri iqneboda da ara realuri situaciis met-naklebad adekvaturi asaxva, vinaidan regionebis mixedviT - da ara marto am kriteriumiT - klasebSi codnis done, mogexsenebaT, mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. marTlac, iTargmna es dokumenti da sxvadasxva donori organizaciebis mxardaWeriT momzadda qarTuli enis flobis doneebis aRweriloba. ai, am momentidan daiZra saqme realurad, anu mivadeqiT CvenTvis

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saintereso problematikis wminda lingvistur mxares. gamoikveTa yalibi, romelSic, uxeSad rom vTqva, unda CavasxaT qarTuli enis SigTavsi mkacrad struqturirebuli lingvisturi da fsiqolingvisturi kriteriumebis mixedviT da ara Tundac yvelaze sando da evropul sivrceSi gamocdili meTodikuri xerxebiTa da strategiebiT, romlebic, SesaZlebelia, indogermanuli, an romanuli enebis SemTxvevaSi Zalianac warmatebuli iyos, magram, gasagebi lingvisturi mizezebis gamo, qarTulisTvis aramarto araefeqturi, gaumarTlebelic SeiZleba iyos. is, rom mgzavrobasTan dakavSirebuli situaciuri leqsikis, garkveuli gramatikuli codnis, frazeologizmebis dauflebaa saWiro, es yvela enas Tanabrad exeba am saerTo evropuli dokumentis mixedviT, magram maTi Sesatyvisi leqsikis da gramatikuli masalis Tanamimdevroba sirTulis an sxva kriteriumebis mixedviT, swored sakuTriv qarTulisTvis specialurad dasamuSavebeli lingvisturi sakiTxebia, romlis gareSe warmoudgenelia qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna. mag. ramdenad bunebrivia da amaTu im Tematur budeSi rogor unda gavanawiloT Tundac erTi da imave sirTulis leqsikuri da gramatikuli masala, amis yvelaze sando da piruTvneli indikatori aris sixSiris leqsikoni da ara is, Tu ras irCevs romelime indoevropuli ena saamisod. modelSi, romelic swored indoevropul enebzea morgebuli, qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli lingvisturi kanonzomierebebis, warmoebis sirTulis xarisxis, sixSiruli leqsikonis monacemebis mixedviT unda movaTavsoT masala. martivi magaliTis mixedviT rom vnaxoT I like-is Sesatyvisi qarTuli me momwons, an me miyvars sulac ar aris warmoebis TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovani sirTulis da, Sesabamisad, erTi da igive adgili ar unda daikavos inglisurisa da qarTulis, rogorc meore enebis,saxelmZRvaneloSi.

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xazqvemodawerilobis Tanxmovnebsac or

savarjiSos vuTmobT da erTi moxazulobis msgavs asoebsac TanmimdevrobiT vaswavliT:

3. savarjiSo: d l R g v k J 4. savarjiSo: y j f c t - W q bolo ori Tanxmovnis Wanisa da qanis

gacnobisas aRvniSnavT, rom es ori Tanxmovani iwereba xazs zemoTac da qvemoTac.

II. anbanis dauflebis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda,

sxva aqtiur leqsikis TanxlebiT vmuSaobT mkveTri da fSvinvieri Tanxmovnebis warmoTqmaze. sabednierod, Cven gvaqvs saSualeba ara marto maswavleblisgan moisminos studentma es marcvlebi, aramed profesionali msaxiobebisganac (seria ,,biliki~, ,,qarTuli ena inglisurenovanTaTvis I~, CD, 2006 w.). am TanxmovanTa wyvilebs aq warmodgenili rigiT vaswavliT:

T---t q---k f---p c---w

C---W ____ ____ ____ ____

____ Ta-ta qa-ka fa-pa ca-wa

Ca-Wa Te-te qe-ke fe-pe ce-we

Ce-We Ti-ti qi-ki fi-pi ci-wi

Ci-Wi To-to qo-ko fo-po co-wo

Co-Wo Tu-tu qu-ku fu-pu cu-wu

Cu-Wu

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erTi moxazulobis msgavs asoebs TanmimdevrobiT vaswavliT.

xazs zemoT dawerilobis Tanxmovnebs or savarjiSo aqvs daTmobili:

l b ba, be, bi, bo, bu baba, bebe, bibi, bobo, bubu bebia, bebi, babua, babu, bu, bobi, buba, aba l n na, ne, ni, no, nu nana, nene, nini, nono, nunu nana, ana, nino, nona, nunu, nini, anano, abano, anbani, banani, bebuna, babuna, bani am rigiTaa dalagebuli xazs zemoT

dawerilobis Tanxmovnebi: 1. savarjiSo: b n m T z r p s

2. savarjiSo: S C Z w x h Semdeg vacnobT mxolod im Tanxmovnebs,

romlebic xazs qvemoT iwereba. yoveli axali Tanxmovani wina Tanxmovnebis msgavsadaa warmodgenili, sityvebis raodenoba ki izrdeba.

l d da, de, di, do, du dada, dede, didi, dodo, dudu da, deda, deida, diax, didi, dideba, done, dro, drama, wadi, wamodi, wadi l l la, le, li, lo, lu lala, lele, lili, lolo, lulu lili, lamazi, saxli, xeli, xili, Tbili, Zili, dila, doli, dolari, dueli

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qarTuli enis flobis doneebis aRweriloba, anu yalibi, ZiriTad Sinaarsobriv sakiTxebs moxazavs, komunikaciuri da funqciuri gramatikis principebiT danaxul sakiTxTa CamonaTvals, magram sanam CarCos mixedviT saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnas daviwyebT, upirveles yovlisa, lingvistis mkacri saeqsperto daskvna mainc unda gvqondes am Sinaarsis formalur-morfologiuri Tanamimdevrobis, Sinaarsis kanonzomieri garTulebis Sesaxeb. amgvari eqspertiza kidev ufro aucilebelia maSin, roca ar arsebobs am doneebis e. w. gramatikuli SigTavsis aRwera, mag. Tematuri bude: „sagnobrivi da faqtobrivi informacia“, romel formobriv-gramatikul SigTavss moicavs A-1 doneze da romels A-2 doneze, anu Cveulebrivi saxeldebiTi winadadebebi igulisxmeba am A-1 doneze Tu aqve unda vaswavloT aRwerisTvis damaxasiaTebeli uSemasmenlo nominaluri winadadebebi. romeli leqsika, romeli gramatikuli warmoeba, romeli frazeologia unda moTavsdes A-1 doneze da rogor ganviTardeba es Tema A-2 doneze.

am sakuTriv lingvisturi moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, bevri kiTxvis niSani Cndeba "TavTavis" calkeul gramatikul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da es ase, meTodikas mindobili ar unda darCes. amgvari saxelmZRvanelosTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania bunebrivi, mkafio, araorazrovani, daxvewili ena, da kidev gavimeoreb, swored sixSiris leqsikonebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT Sedgenili dialogebi. aqac bevri kiTxva daismis, uzustobisgan arcerTi saxelmZRvanelo ar aris dazRveuli, magram optimaluri varianti swored qarTul lingvistikaSi dagrovili codnis da adamianuri resursebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT iqneba SesaZlebeli.

lingvistur kriteriumebze rom vlaparakob, cxadia, ar vgulisxmob enis energetikuli potencialis kvleva unda Caataros avtorma, romelic droSi SezRudulia. amis fufuneba rom ar aris CvenTan, amas yvela Seguebuli varT, magram ra

94

potencialic arsebobs, marTlac saukeTeso lingvistebi, maT CarTvas da gamoyenebas ki maqsimalurad unda vecadoT. dRes sakmaod soliduri codna dagrovda am mimarTulebiT da, rogorc dRes amboben, adamianuri resursic, rom amxela Zalisxmevas, donori organizaciebis Tu saxelmwifos mier gaRebul xarjebs maqsimalurad efeqturi Sedegi mohyves.

daaxloebiT igive unda gavimeoro fsiqolingvistur kriteriumebTan dakavSirebiT: ra Tqma unda, me ar vgulisxmob, rom saxelmZRvanelos avtorebma kvlevebi unda Caataron winaswar da gaarkvion, rogor aisaxeba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTvelis cnobierebaSi misi mSobliuri enisa da qarTulis urTierTzemoqmedeba, ra mentalur procesebTan gvaqvs am dros saqme. cxadia, arc imis garkvevas vavalebT, marTlac aris Tu ara mSobliuri enis yoveli erTeuli - sityva - dakavSirebuli Sesabamis ideasTan da axali enis Seswavla zemoqmedebs Tu ara es uaryofiTad azrovnebaze Tu piriqiT, erTi da imave azris sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas afiqsirebs am SemTxvevaSi moswavle da es mis azrovnebaze dadebiTad moqmedebs. ara, me vgulisxmob Zalian elementarul da sayovelTaod gaziarebul meore enis aTvisebis operacionalur etapebis Sexamebas Sinaarsobriv sirTulesTan. am TvalsazrisiT mxolod garkveul klasze gaTvlili saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT. am tipis saxelmZRvaneloebi ki jer ar aris. vfiqrob, maTi Sedgenisas mainc mkacrad unda davicvaT is lingvisturi da fsiqolingvisturi moTxovnebi, rac sazogadod meore enis saxelmZRvanelos moeTxoveba.

nino doborjginiZe

erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri,

ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori

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sami ram qarTuli fonetikis dauflebisas

fonetikis swavlebis problemebs Tavidanve awydeba qarTulis, rogorc meore enisa an ucxo enis, Semswavleli. Tumca mravalni Tvlian, rom mTavari komunikaciis rogorme damyarebaa da Tu gamoTqma damaxinjebuli iqneba, es savalalo araa.

dRes minda gagiziaroT Cemi kvlevisa da gamocdilebis Sedegi. es daskvnebi am midgomiT swavlebis Sedegad miviReT. Cveni skolis studentebi sakmaod advilad da warmatebiT iTviseben anbans.

Cveni xedviT:

• anbani ü anbanis swavlebisas rigi darRveulia; ü xmovnebis Semdeg advilad miewodeba

TanxmovanTa simravle; ü anbani dayofilia sam ZiriTad nawilad.

• mkveTri da fSvinvieri Tanxmovnebi.

• sityvebi mcire gansxvavebebiT.

I. pirvel rigSi, anbanis aTvisebisas vaswavliT yvela xmovans. yuradReba eqceva asoTa moxazulobas, Semdeg am xmovnebisgan Semdgar sityvebs. n a, i, o, e, u

------------------------------------------------- n ai ia.

------------------------------------------------- n ei! au! o! ou!

------------------------------------------------- xmovnebis Semdeg mxolod im Tanxmovnebs

vawvdiT, romlebic xazs zemoT iwereba. yoveli axali Tanxmovani gaaqtiurebulia jer mxolod xmovanTan erTad da warmodgenilia marcvliT. Semdeg moZebnilia iseTi sityvebi, romlis wakiTxvasa da gamoweras studenti SeZlebs. am SemTxvevaSi mTavari sityvis amokiTxvaa da ara mniSvnelobis Seswavla.

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• Seiswavles qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, stan-dartis gamoyenebis gzebi da saSualebebi sas-wavlo procesis dagegmvisas;

• daadgines komunikaciuri swavlebis upiratesoba da SeZles Zveli saxelmZRvaneloebis kritikuli analizi;

• gaecvnen mosmenis, zepirmetyvelebis, werisa da kiTxvis meTodebs;

• dagegmes gakveTilebi standartisa da Seswavlili meTodebis gamoyenebiT;

• gaecvnen Sefasebis axal sistemas, Sefasebis xerxebsa da meTodebs;

• darwmundnen urTierTTanamSromlobis upirateso-baSi;

• aimaRles enobrivi kompetencia. * * *

imisaTvis, rom maswavleblebma SeZlon treningebze miRebuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis praqtikaSi gadatana, axali midgomebis danergva, isini saWiroe-ben mudmiv yuradRebasa da Tanadgomas. amisaTvis

• unda gagrZeldes maTi saqmianobis permanen-tuli monitoringi;

• efeqturad amoqmeddes sakonsultacio muSaoba;

• momzaddes da skolebs miewodos pedagogiuri saqmianobis Sefasebisa da TviTSefasebis meqanizmebi;

• Seiqmnas TanamSromlobisa da gamocdilebis gaziarebis xelSemwyobi garemo;

• waxalisdes pedagogiuri saqmianobis kvlevis cdebi.

maia inasariZe, samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobebis centri; treneri.

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interferencia da qarTulis enis swavleba

araqarTvelTaTvis saqarTveloSi, rogorc mravalenovan saxel-

mwifoSi, sul ufro met aqtualobas iZens qarTuli enis efeqturi swavlebis sakiTxi araqarTulenovani mosaxleobisa Tu ucxoelebisaTvis. cxadia, saxelmwifo enis statusis gansamtkiceblad qarTuli enis codna aucilebeli unda gaxdes, magram amisTvis saWiroa swavlebis Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmna: saxelmZRvaneloebi, saTanado meToduri koncefcia Tu literatura, aseve maRal doneze momzadebuli pedagogebi. bevr saxelmwifoSi enis Sesaswavlad rogorc adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, ise ucxoelebisTvis Seqmnilia mravali SesaZlebloba (germaniaSi, inglisSi, amerikaSi, israelSi da sxv.): poligrafiulad da meTodurad maRali donis saxelmZRvaneloebi, TvalsaCinoeba, savarjiSo masala, saswavlo filmebi, fonoCanawerebi, simRerebi, sakiTxavi literatura da sxv. magaliTad, germanuli, rogorc ucxo ena, sruliad axali pedagogiur-meToduri mimarTulebaa, romelic kompleqsurad moicavs germanulis swavlebis yvela aspeqts ucxoelebisaTvis. rogorc germaniis qalaqebSi, ise sazRvargareTis mraval qveyanaSi gaxsnilia goeTes institutis filialebi (aRarafers vambobT inglisuri enis swavlebis donesa da masStabebze). yovelive es kidev ufro efeqturs xdis am enaTa swavlebas da sasurvelia Cvenc gaviziaroT maTi gamocdileba.

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis (an ucxo enis), swavlebis dros bavSvebisa Tu mozrdilebisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia sociolingvisturi da fsiqolingvisturi aspeqtebic iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva enis SemTxvevaSi.

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ucxo enebis swavlebaSi mravali mimarTuleba da Sexedulebaa. zogierTi maTgani uaryofs gramatikis sistemuri codnis aucileblobas, zogis mixedviT, ugulebelyofilia mSobliuri enis faqtori, TiTqos romelime ucxo ena SeiZleba aswavlon dedaenis moSveliebis gareSe xelovnurad Seqmnil ucxoenovan bunebriv garemoSi. arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom mxolod kinofilmebis meSveobiT iswavlon axali ena, gvTavazoben ZilSi swavlebis meTodsac da a. S.

Cven gvinda xazi gavusvaT, rom dedaenis gareSe axali enis Seswavla SeuZlebelia. is, rac adamianma icis mSobliur enaSi, yovelTvis iqceva bazad sxva enis dasaufleblad rogorc cnobier, ise qvecnobier doneze (ix. amis Sesaxeb: 3; 4, 60-65; 5, 125-126; 6; 8 da sxv.).

saSualo ganaTlebis adamiansac ki Camoyalibebuli aqvs dedaenis saartikulacio baza, flobs garkveul leqsikur marags, icis TiToeuli leqsikuri erTeulis denotatiuri Tu konotaciuri semantika, stilisturi elferi, iyenebs mSobliuri enis gramatikul struqturas. ase rom, is flobs dedaenis lingvokulturul kompetencias. axali enis Seswavla ki unda daefuZnos swored am codnas. sainteresoa, rom SecdomaTa umravlesoba, romelTac ucxo enis Semswavleli uSvebs (gansakuTrebiT swavlis sawyis etapze), ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia dedaenis fonetikuri, leqsikur-semantikuri da gramatikuli modelebis meqanikuri, gaucnobierebeli gadataniT ucxo enaSi.

swored am process uwodeben interferencias (laT. inter _ `Soris, urTierT~, ferio _ `vexebi, vartyam~, ferens, ferentis _ `mtarebeli, gadamtani~). ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonSi es sityva axsnilia mxolod, rogorc fizikuri termini (1, 201): `bgeriTi, sinaTlis an eleqtruli talRebis urTierTgaZliereba an Sesusteba erTmaneTze damTxvevis dros~. enaTmecnierebaSi es termini gulisxmobs enaTa zeddebas, urTierTgavlenas.

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ganSi momzadebis Zalian maRali doniT, nawili ki, piriqiT);

• konkursis Sedegad SerCeul maswavlebelTagan didi nawili iyo e. w. “misioneri~, romlebmac mogvianebiT, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis samin-istros mier dafinansebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, datoves skolebi;

• sirTules qmnida isic, rom mokle droSi maT mouxdaT ori donis programis gavla, isini momzaddnen rogorc maswavleblebi da rogorc trenerebi.

rogorc monitoringebma cxadyo, momzadebul trenerTa didma nawilma kargad gaarTva Tavi tren-ingebs maswavleblebTan, magram bevri sirTule Seeqm-naT imis gamo, rom:

• araqarTulenovani skolebis maswavleblebs ar hqondaT araviTari informacia swavlebisa da swavlis axal midgomebTan dakavSirebT;

• isini jer kidev mijaWvulni arian Zvel sax-elmZRvaneloebsa da programebs;

• sakmaod didi nawili ar flobs qarTul enas;

• didi nawili araspecialistia.

• zemoT CamoTvlil problemaTa gadaWris erT-erTi yvelaze efeqtur gzad Cven gvesaxeba treningebis permanentul gagrZelebasTan er-Tad qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, maswavle-belTa sauniversiteto momzadeba.

* * *

miuxedavad am sirTuleebisa, maswavlebelTa tren-ingebs hqonda ramdenime aSkarad gamokveTili dadeb-iTi Sedegi. kerZod:

• pedagogebma miiRes informacia swavlebisa da swavlis axali midgomebis Sesaxeb; gaerkvnen Sedegsa da pirovnebaze orientirebuli swavlebis arsSi;

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o treningi akmayofilebda monawileTa in-teresebs;

o msmenelebs hqondaT SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis saSualeba;

o Teoria dafuZnebuli iyo praqtikaze; o gamoyenebuli iyo mravalferovani

aqtivobebi; o treningi saintereso da mastimulirebeli

iyo; o msmenelebs hqondaT erTmaneTisaTvis

praqtikuli gamocdilebisa da mosazrebebis gaziarebis saSualeba.

treningebis Sedegad:

• msmenelebma gansazRvres qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, maswavleblis profili;

• gaacnobieres maswavleblisa da moswavlis rolebi pirovnebaze orientirebul teqnologi-aSi;

• gansazRvres yoveli safexuris bolos misaR-wevi saswavlo Sedegebi;

• gaiazres Sedegze orientirebuli erovnuli saswavlo gegma;

• darwmundnen komunikaciuri swavlebis upirate-sobaSi;

• gaecvnen mosmenis, zepirmetyvelebis, werisa da kiTxvis strategiebs, Sefasebis xerxebsa da meTodebs;

• dagegmes gakveTilebi Seswavlili strategiebis gamoyenebiT;

• gaecvnen treningis teqnologiis ZiriTad aspeqtebs;

• dagegmes mosalodneli treningi. iyo problemebic. kerZod:

• msmenelTa momzadebis gansxvavebuli done (nawils ar hqonda araqarTulenovan skolebSi muSaobis gamocdileba, Tumca gamoirCeoda sa-

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lingvisturi enciklopediuri leqsikonis mixedviT: `interferencia aris orenovnebis pirobebSi enobrivi sistemebis urTierTqmedeba, romelic yalibdeba enobrivi kontaqtebis an aramSobliuri enis individualuri Seswavlis dros; gamoixateba gadaxrebiT meore enis normidan da sistemidan mSobliuri enis zegavleniT~ (2, 197). interaqciis mTavari wyaroa gansxvavebebi (dacilebebi) urTierTmoqmedi enebis sistemebSi. es termini gamoiyeneba rogorc enaTa zemoqmedebis procesis, ise misi Sedegis aRsaniSnavad.

interferencia sociolingvisturi xasiaTis movlenaa da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bilingvizmTan, diglosiasa da multilingvizmTan. am TvalsazrisiT, interferencia warmoadgens ucxoenovani sistemis gamodevnas dedaenis sistemidan maTi kontaqtirebis momentSi, roca zewola da Seviwroeba TandaTan sustdeba. is gulisxmobs dedaenis ama Tu im elementis SeWras Sesaswavli enis sistemaSi.

enobrivi kontaqtebis dros (maT Soris axali enis Seswavlis procesSi) dedaenas SeiZleba eqnes rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi zegavlena. `interferencias~ miiCneven uaryofiT gavlenad, dadebiTs ki meTodur literaturaSi uwodeben `transpozicias~. saintereso azri aqvs gamoTqmuli e. haugens, rom swored interferenciaa imis maCvenebeli, rom adamiani flobs erTze met, magram orze nakleb enobriv sistemas (7).

gamoyofen enaTa kontaqtirebis or saxes: 1. distalurs _ romelic xorcieldeba monolingvizmis pirobebSi enaTa Soris mWidro Sexebis ararsebobisas da 2. proqsimalurs _ bilingvizmis pirobebSi enaTa Soris mWidro kontaqtis dros, risi Sedegic SeiZleba iyos ara marto nasesxobani, aramed erT-erTi enis modifikacia an Tvisobrivad sruliad axali enobrivi sistemis ganviTarebac ki.

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qarTulis, rogorc meore enis Seswavlisas, SeiZleba gamoiyos aqtiuri bilingvizmi (qarTulis zepiri da werilobiTi formebis floba) da pasiuri (nawilobrivi, arasruli floba, gagebis unari, magram pasuxis gacemis uunaroba). arc aqtiuri da arc pasiuri bilingvizmi ar gamoricxavs interferencias enis flobis sxvadasxva safexurze. bilingvizmSi anu orenovnebaSi vgulisxmobT individis mier ori enis gamoyenebas, romelTagan TiToeuli airCeva konkretuli sakomunikacio situaciis Sesabamisad.

ucxo enaTa Seswavlisas SeiZleba visaubroT individualuri bilingvizmis Sesaxeb (gansxvavebiT koleqtiuri bilingvizmisagan). bilingvis enobrivi codna da sametyvelo unar-Cvevebi zemoqmedebas axdens mis codnasa da unar-Cvevebze meore enaze laparakis dros. amasTan, interferenciis xarisxi damokidebulia mis mier enaTa flobis doneze.

dResdReobiT interferenciisadmi interesi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda, ramac ganapiroba mravali aspeqtis gamoyofa, kerZod: pedagogiuris, sakuTriv lingvisturis, sociologiuris, fsiqologiuris, fsiqolingvisturisa da a. S. calke ixilaven aseve lingvokulturologiur interferenciasac da swavloben kulturuli kodebis zeddebiT gamowveul komunikaciur warumateblobebs.

interferenciis tipebad gamoyofen: Sidaenobriv vertikalur da horizontalur interferencias, aseve _ enaTaSoris lingvokulturul interferencias. praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am movlenis axsna, analizi da Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba ucxo enis swavlebisas. araa gamoricxuli, rom interferencia moxdes ara marto dedaenasa da ucxo enas Soris, aramed zegavlena moaxdinos adre naswavlma ucxo enam axalze. amitom gasaTvaliswinebelia es faqtoric: ramdeni ena da ra doneze icis Semswavlelma. ucxo enis Seswavlisas sxvadasxva enobrivi donis realiebis axali

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amis saSualebas ar iZleva. vfiqrob, problemis gadawyveta maswavlebelTa sauniversiteto momzadebis programebSi am kuTxiT cvlilebebis SetaniTaa SesaZlebeli. swored am mizniT iyo nakarnaxevi Cveni organizaciis mier momzadebul silabusTa Soris iseTi sagnis arseboba, rogoricaa `pedagogiuri praqtikis kvleva~. radganac mwvrTnelTa momzadebis yvela etapze viyavi CarTuli, mogaxsenebT im Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romlebic am treningebs hqonda. sanam mwvrTnelTa trening-programa momzaddeboda, Cven ganvsazRvreT msmenelTa Zlieri da susti mxareebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, davadgineT maTi saWiroebebi. Zlieri mxareebi susti mxareebi sagnis codna; maRali moti-vacia; maswavleblobis ga-mocdileba; siaxleebis mim-Rebloba.

Tanamedrove midgomebis arcodna; meTodikuri codnis simwire; TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobebis nakleboba.

swored msmenelTa saswavlo saWiroebebis gaT-

valiswinebiT Sedga programa, SeirCa satreningo strategiebi. zogadad isini SeiZleba Semdegnairad davajgufoT:

• plenaluri seminarebi;

• sxvadasxva tipis jgufuri samuSaoebi;

• simulacia da roluri TamaSebi;

• jgufuri analizis sxvadasxva forma. mogexsenebaT, treningis warmatebiT Catarebis erT-erTi umTavresi faqtori optimaluri saswavlo gare-mos Seqmnaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom treningebze emoci-urad, inteleqtualurad da fizikurad komfortuli garemo Seiqmna, rasac adasturebs msmenelebis Se-fasebebi da gamoxmaurebebi. Sefasebis kiTxvarebisa da gamoxmaurebebis damuSavebam gamokveTa, rom:

o trenings hqonda mkafiod Camoyalibebuli amocanebi;

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iRrmavebs praqtikiT. mas SeuZlia praqtikaSi sakuTari codnis aprobacia.

• mesame midgoma gulisxmobs praqtikis kvleviT miRebul codnas. es aris procesi, rodesac maswavlebeli kvleva-ZiebiT avsebs codnas da erTmaneTs ukavSirebs kvlevasa da praqtikas. am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli aanalizebs praqtikuli saqmianobiT miRebul gamoc-dilebas, Semdeg mas ayalibebs Teoriulad da axleburad gegmavs saswavlo process. es aris codnis generacia da codnis gamoyeneba. erTi mxriv, codnis SeZena, Semdeg misi gamoyeneba, rasac mohyveba saswavlo Teoriebis Camoyalibeba, srulyofa-interpretacia da isev dabruneba praqtikasa da praqtikis kvlevasTan. es midgoma ZiriTadad iTvaliswinebs maswavleblis mier skolidan da klasidan kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad miRebuli codnis mimarT kritikul damokidebulebas. maswavlebelTa profesiuli done maRldeba pedagogTa gaerTianebebis (asociaciebis, saskolo qselebis, saskolo-sagnobrivi kaTedrebis), kvleviTi organizaciebisa da sxvadasxva saskolo organizaciis mier miRebuli gamocdilebebis safuZvelze. es midgoma gulisxmobs kvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebasa da kritikul damokidebulebas ara marto sakuTari, aramed sxvebis codnisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis mimarT.

Cven SemTxveviT ar mimovixileT maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis sami koncefcia. am etapze mesame koncefciis elementebi SedarebiT Tamamad mxolod trenerTa sawvrTnel programebSi SevitaneT, radgan am gundSi kvalificiur maswavleblebTan erTad saxelmwifo universitetis axalcixisa da axalqalaqis filialebis maswavleblebic iyvnen, araqarTulenovani skolebis qarTuli enis maswavlebelTa momzadebis done ki xSir SemTxvevaSi

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struqturebi da tendenciebi gaucnobiereblad Sedis dedaenidan ucxo enaSi (enaTaSorisi interferencia), xan ki TviT Sesaswavli enis SigniTac xdeba zeddeba, gavlena (Sidaenobrivi interferencia).

ucxo enis dauflebis sawyis etapze interferencia yvelaze TvalSi sacemia fonetikis doneze, rogorc ucxoenovani aqcenti adamianis metyvelebaSi (am sityvis viwro mniSvnelobiT). is SeiZleba iyos stabiluri (rogorc koleqtivis metyvelebis damaxasiaTebeli) da warmavali (rogorc ama Tu im pirovnebis idioleqturi Tavisebureba) (2, 97). dedaenisa da ucxo enis Senacvlebad bgerebs uwodeben substitutebs, xolo riTac es bgerebia Senacvlebuli _ diafonebs. diafoniis garda saubroben diamorfiisa da diasemiis (dialeqsiis) arsebobaze.

lingvokulturuli interferenciis cnebaSi igulisxmeba erTi enis kulturul konotaciaTa sruli an nawilobrivi acileba (araTanxvedra) masTan kontaqtSi myofi romelime enis kulturul konotaciebTan. saintereso gamokvlevebi arsebobs kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciis procesis warmatebulobaze moqmedi lingvisturi interferenciis wyaroebis, tipebisa da Semadgeneli komponentebis gamosavlenad.

lingvokulturuli interferenciis doneebi moicavs lingvistur, paralingvistur da eqstralingvistur qvedoneebs. lingvisturSi gamoiyofa: fonetikuri, gramatikuli (morfologiur-sintaqsur), leqsikur-semantikuri (aseve frazeologiuri) mxareebi; maSasadame, araqarTvelebis mier qarTuli enis Seswavlis dros interferencias iwvevs dedaenisa da qarTuli enis fonetikuri, leqsikuri da morfosintaqsuri sxvadasxvaoba. is, rac intuiciurad (an zogjer gacnobierebulad) icis adamianma mSobliur enaSi, qvecnobierad gadmoaqvs qarTulSic da xSirad amitom uSvebs Secdomas.

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komunikaciis paralingvistursa da eqstralin-gvistur (araverbalur) mxareSi igulisxmeba: Jest-mimika, poza da metyvelebis Tanmxlebi sxva saSualebebi (xmis tembri, tempi, intonacia, simaRle...). am TvalsazrisiT interferenciis Tavidan acileba ufro Znelia. magaliTad, bulgarelebi dasturis niSnad Tavs gaaqneven, xolo uaris gamosaxatad _ daaqneven, rac xSirad iwvevs gaugebrobas. indoeli studentebic mosmenis dros Tavs mudmivad gaaqneven, riTac dasturs gamoxataven, rom esmiT maswavleblis naTqvami.

metyveleba mimdinareobs garkveul sakomunikacio situaciaSi, konkretul komunikantebs Soris da warimarTeba moubris miznis Sesabamisad _ gaagebinos Tanamosaubres azri da TviTonac gaigos pasuxi. komunikaciis warmatebuloba damokidebulia yvela enobrivi donis erTobliobaze da erTi Secdoma ukve garkveulwilad xels uSlis urTierTobas.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs lingvokulturologiuri tradiciis codnas. magaliTad, germaneli profesori helga kothofi Tavis statiaSi saubrobs, rogor gadasca qarTvel gogonas dabadebis dReze saCuqari da gaukvirda, rom is gauxsnelad mimales kuTxeSi. man es Tavdapirvelad aRiqva rogorc uyuradReboba da kinaRam ganawyenda, Tumca Semdeg swori interpretacia mogvca. qarTuli sufrisa da sadRegrZeloebis tradiciac xSirad iwvevs ucxoelTa araadekvatur reaqcias da araswor gagebas. qarTvelebs SeiZleba gveucxoos iaponelTa misalmebis rituali da maTi mudmivi Rimili, iranelebis xazgasmuli Tavmdabloba, ornamentuli mokiTxva da sakuTari Tavis uCveulo damcireba sxvisi pativiscemis gamosaxatad da a. S.

qarTul enaze komunikaciis warsamarTad da informaciis sworad aRsaqmelad interferencia (dedaenis gavlena) gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia swavlebis sawyis etapze.

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qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, maswavlebelTa wvrTnis (treningebis) tipis mecadineobaTa

analizi aRniSnuli programebis farglebSi qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, maswavlebelTa momzadebisaTvis konkursis wesiT SeirCa samcxe-javaxeTSi oci pedagogi, xolo qvemo qarTlSi _ ocdaTormeti specialisti. maT gadaamzades araqarTulenovani skolebis qarTuli enis 660 maswavlebeli, samcxe-javaxeTis skolebidan 240, xolo qvemo qarTlis skolebidan _ 420. mwvrTnelTa momzadebisaTvis sam etapad Catarda 11 xuTdRiani treningi, eqvsi _ samcxe-javaxeTSi, xuTi _ qvemo qarTlSi. sayovelTaod cnobilia treningis tipis mecadineobebis efeqturoba da efeqtianoba maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis saqmeSi, miT umetes, roca treningebis centraluri sakiTxi swavlebasa da swavlaSi Tanamedrove midgomebi da enis komunikaciuri swavlebaa. maswavleblebma Tavad unda igrZnon aqtiuri da interaqtiuri meTodebis upiratesoba transmisiur meTodebTan SedarebiT da pirovnebaze orientirebuli saganmanaTleblo teqnologiisa _ axsniT-ilustrirebul teqnolo-giasTan SedarebiT. mogexsenebaT, arsebobs maswavlebelTa swavlebisadmi sami midgoma. isini ZiriTadad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba codnisa da profesiuli praqtikisadmi sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebiT.

• pirveli midgoma gulisxmobs mkvlevarTa mier dagrovili Teoriuli codnis miwodebas maswavleblebisaTvis praqtikaSi gamosaye-neblad.

• meore midgoma eyrdnoba iseT codnas, romelic praqtikuli saqmianobis, gamocdilebis Sedegad aris dagrovili. aseTi swavlebis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli codnas

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morgebas TiToeuli saswavleblis moTxovnebsa da Sinaarsze.

am etapisaTvis samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi centrs gaaCnia Camoyalibebuli gegma zemoT moxsenebuli problemebis mTlianad Tu ara nawilobriv gadaWrisaTvis da Cven mzad varT, TanamSromloba gavagrZeloT yvela dainteresebul mxaresTan am erToblivi saqmis gasakeTeblad. vime-dovneb, rom uaxloes xanSi mogvecema saSualeba muSaobis Semdegi etapebi da safexurebi sajarod ganvixiloT da mis ganxorcielebas SevudgeT.

naTia gorgaZe samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobebis centrisa da euTos euuk-is erToblivi proeqtis `qarTulis, rogorc meore enis,

swavlebis sauniversiteto modulebi~; biznes-administrebis magistri.

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moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs, Tu rogor vlindeba interferencia araqarTvelebis mier qarTulis, rogorc meore enis (an ucxo enis) dauflebis procesSi. am dros viSveliebT introspeqciis meTods.

fonetika: yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom qarTuli ena gansxvavdeba sxva enebisagan fonematuri SemadgenlobiT, fonemebis poziciuri realizaciiTa da Sexamebis wesebiT, gansxvavebulia intonaciac. mis Semswavlels uneburad gadmoaqvs mSobliuri enis bgerebis warmoTqmis wesebi, Caanacvlebs qarTuli enis bgerebs nacnobiT, dedaenis mixedviT svams maxvils, cvlis intonacias. swored es qmnis ucxoenovan aqcents am sityvis viwro mniSvnelobiT. amboben, rom Tavisi meqanizmiT is mogvagonebs fonologiaSi diaqroniul cvlilebebs (lel, 197).

ucxo enis fonetikis warmatebuli aTvisebisaTvis SemoTavazebulia saintereso xerxi, romelic ekuTvnis n. a. liubimovas. esaa e. w. bade, romelSic gamoyofilia 5 saxis enobrivi erTeuli: 1. sruli igiveoba; 2. formaluri igiveoba; 3. nawilobrivi; 4. arTanxvedra; 5. erTeulis ararseboba (ix. 6; 7).

msgavsi sqemis ganzogadeba SesaZlebeli da sasurvelia enis yvela doneze (anu yvela enobriv iarusze).

indoevropuli enebis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac aris sakmao sxvaoba am doneze. mag., R / r germanelisTvis Zneli gasarCevia. rame da Rame, romi da Romi misTvis ganurCevelia. rusisTvis ki r-s warmoTqma araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgens.

indoevropul enebSi TanxmovanTa sameulebis sistema ara gvaqvs, amitom qarTuli enis yru fSvinvierisa da yru mkveTri bgerebis garCeva uWirT (bfp, gqk, dTt). rusisa Tu ukrainelisTvis Znelia f, q da T bgerebi, roca ingliselisa da germanelisTvis Wirs p, k da t-s warmoTqma. amitom yuradRebis gamaxvileba aucilebelia p/f, k/q, t/T

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fonemebze (puri _ furi, papa _ fafa, kari _ qari, kudi _ qudi, tari _ Tari, tori _ Tori).

amas emateba Tanxmovnebi: c, y, x, C, W, w, romelTa aRrevac xSiria qarTuli enis aTvisebis dros (celi _ yeli _ xeli; cemi _ Cemi).

sirTules warmoadgens ucxoelisTvis TanxmovanTa Tavmoyra (cecxli, cxviri, vefxvi...), amitom gasaadvileblad xSirad amateben maT Soris xmovnebs (cecixli an cecxili, cixviri an cxiviri, vefixvi...).

qarTulSi maxvili sustia, ucxoelebs ki gadmoaqvT dedaenisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mkveTri maxvili.

morfologia: bevri meTodisti ugulebelyofs ucxo enis

gramatikis swavlebis aucileblobas enis dauflebis procesSi, rac sadavod gveCveneba. vfiqrobT, rom ugramatikod swavleba SeuZlebelia, oRond gansxvaveba imaSia, ra doneze miewodos Semswavlels gramatikuli wesi _ Rrmad, safuZvlianad, yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevis gaTvaliswinebiT, sistemurad Tu mxolod praqtikuli miznebisTvis, Cvevis gamosamuSaveblad.

qarTuli enis gramatikas aadvilebs sqesis uqonloba, saxelTa brunebis SedarebiTi simartive, CarCoebrivi konstruqciis arqona, sityvaTa wyobis (SedarebiTi) Tavisufleba, piris nacvalsaxelTa gamotovebis SesaZlebloba (Tumca evropuli enebis zegavleniT ufro xSiria sityvasityviTi Targmna da maTi Warbi xmareba: me gaZlev Sen wigns, Sen me maqeb, me Sen mogwer werils).

garkveul siZneles qmnis qarTulSi marTuli (naTesaobiTi brunvis) msazRvrelis prepoziciuloba, rac uCveuloa evropul enebSi. amitom ucxoelebi qarTuladac naTesaobiTs svamen msazRvrelis Semdeg (postpoziciuri wyobiT iyeneben): wigni bavSvis devs CanTaSi. daxmareba megobris kargia.

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modulebSia gamoyenebuli. amitom, rodesac sauniversiteto modulebis danergvisas warmoCenil problemebsa Tu siZneleebze vlaparakobT, vfiqrob, am sakiTxs ufro globalurad unda mivudgeT, rameTu yvela daZleuli problema SemdgomSi didi da masStaburi proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad win gadadgmuli nabiji gaxdeba.

is, rom realurad ar arsebobs Tanamedrove meTodikuri literatura qarTul enaze da studen-tebs faqtobrivad ar aqvT saSualeba, am litera-turiT ixelmZRvanelon, ara mxolod sauniversiteto modulebis problemaa, aramed bevrad ufro masSta-buri. faqtia, rom im leqtorebsac ki, romlebic sauniversiteto modulis programis farglebSi Se-muSavebuli silabusebis safuZvelze saswavlo procesis agebas apireben, Tavad ar aqvT saSualeba, rom silabusSi miTiTebul literaturas gaecnon, radgan igi mxolod ucxo enebzea gamocemuli. rasak-virvelia, bevri maTgani flobs ucxo enas, magram, TavisTavad, es problemaa da misi gadaWra gadaude-beli amocanaa..

aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom meore enis swavlebis meTodebi absoluturad axalia rogorc sauniversiteto modulis SemqmnelebisaTvis, aseve umaRlesi saswavleblis pedagogebisaTvis. vfiqrob, rom aucilebelia am xalxisaTvis ucxoeli kolegebis gamocdilebis gaziarebis uzrunvelyofa, iqneba es ucxoeli eqspertebis mowveva saqarTveloSi Tu Cveni specialistebis mivlineba saerTaSoriso seminarebsa da konferenciebze.

aseve aucilebelia, rom momavalSi gagrZeldes sauniversiteto modulis programis avtorebis Sex-vedrebi umaRlesi saswavleblebis im pedagogebTan, romlebic uSualod unda iyvnen CarTulebi swav-lebis procesSi. aseTi saxis individualuri Sex-vedrebi da konsultaciebi ganapirobebs programis farglebSi dagegmili saswavlo kursis efeqturad

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1. SemuSavdes da daibeWdos sainformacio broSurebi, romlebic ganmartavs qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, sauniversiteto modulebis programas, struqturas, gamoyenebul meTodologias da miznebs, aseve am modulebSi dagegmili Tanamedrove midgomis upiratesobebs, daanaxvebs dainteresebul sazogadoebas kursdamTavrebulebis momaval profesiul perspeqtivebs da warmoudgens maT programaSi CarTul profesionalebs, aseve, miuTiTebs maT sakontaqto rekvizitebs;

2. moxdes satelevizio da radiogadacemebis organizeba, sadac am saqmis eqspertebi isaubreben programis mniSvnelobaze, mis perspeqtivebze. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sagulisxmo iqneboda adgilobrivi satelevizio da radio eTeris gamoyeneba, eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis mSobliur enaze informaciis miwodeba. am saqmeSi mzad arian TanamSromlobisaTvis euTos euuk-is proeqtebis farglebSi Seqmnili adgilobrivi televiziebi qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis regionebidan, agreTve saqarTveloSi BBC-is warmomadgenloba;

3. aseve, moxdes statiebis ganTavseba ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier gamocemul gazeTebSi `dialogi~ da `mravalenovani ganaTleba~ (am ukanasknelis gamoSveba uaxloes momavalSi igegmeba). aq warmodgenili iqneboda specialistebis gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi modulebis programasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo gazeTis formati ki saSualebas mogvcemda, rom yovel Semdeg nomerSi momxdariyo mkiTxvelisaTvis saintereso kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema;

rodesac qarTulis, rogorc meore enis sauniversiteto modulebze vlaparakobT, mniSvnelovania gaviTavisoT, rom ganaTlebis sistemaSi bilingvuri ganaTlebis danergvis pirobebSi (da es procesi ukve dawyebulia sapilote programebis saxiT), gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba im koncefcias, romelic swored am

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qarTulisTvis specifikuria wodebiTi brunva. interferenciiT aixsneba saxeldebis formis gamoyeneba wodebiTis nacvlad (Cemi qveyana nacvlad imisa, rom Tqvas Cemo qveyanav! Cemi megobari _ da ara: Cemo megobaro!). Sidaenobrivi interferencia moqmedebs, roca wodebiTs Semdeg ucxoeli aigivebs amosaval formasTan da saxelobiTSic wamoscdeba xolme: qalbatono rusudan Tqva. batono daviT movida.

evropuli enis gavleniT sakuTar saxelTa saxelobiTi brunvis formebad miiCneven fuZes. roca Tavs warudgenen vinmes, amboben: me almut var! me pexman mqvia. me iens var. me daniel var. me var lincmaier.

rusisTvis Zneli SesaCvevia, rom qarTvelebi erTmaneTs mimarTaven ara mamis saxeliT, aramed batono/qalabatonoTi. ingliselis, germanelisa da frangisTvis ki Wirs qarTulSi saxeliT mimarTva da ara gvariT. xSirad isini amboben: batoni kandelaki movida. qalbatoni iremaSvili aqaa.

roca wodebiTi brunvis formebze vlaparakobT, aq problemas qmnis ara imdenad qarTuli enis brunvaTa sistemis gansxvaveba sxva enebisagan, aramed sametyvelo etiketebs Soris sxvaoba. batono giorgi! qalbatono Tamar! ucxoelisTvis aRiqmeba uxerxul mimarTvebad.

ucxoels uWirs qarTuli enis brunvaTa funqciebis aTviseba. aqac angariSgasawevia enis Semswavlelis dedaenis brunvaTa sistema: aqvs brunva Tu ara, ra sxvaoba da msgavsebaa qarTulTan.

erT-erTi mTavari siZnele evropul enebze molaparakisTvis aris subieqtis brunvacvalebadoba. rogorc viciT, qarTulSi qvemdebare sam brunvaSi gvxvdeba: bavSvi TamaSobs. bavSvma iTamaSa. bavSvs uTamaSia; qali wers. qalma dawera. qals dauweria.

ucxoels uWirs moTxrobiTi brunvis gamoyeneba da ambobs: stumari Wama xili. bavSvi Wama nayini.

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bavSvi iTamaSa. deda gaakeTa saWmeli. deda es kargad icis.

Sidaenobrivi interferenciis mizeziT ki Semdeg moTxrobiTs iyenebs gardauval zmnebTanac: kacma mivida. megobarma daexmara. bavSvma gaipara.

naTesaobiT brunvas zogierT gamoTqmaSi anacvleben saxelobiTiT: Cveni instituti oTxi welia. me 25 weli var. me meSinia mgeli.

ubrunvelad iyeneben sityvebs bevri da cota: me cota vswavlob. Sen bevri kiTxulob.

dedaenis gavleniT aixsneba, roca ucxoeli ambobs: meore saaTia; mexuTe seqtemberia...

erevaT ze/Si Tandebulebi: gazafxulSi waval, vakeze mivdivar, saburTaloSi vcxovrob, veraSi mivdivar, iuridiul fakultetSi vswavlob, zRvaSi wavedi.

Sidaenobrivi interferenciis mizeziT aixsneba, roca kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxels naTesaobis aRmniSvnel yvela saxelTan postpoziciurad iyeneben: da Cemi qvia hilda. Zma Cemi cxovrobs CemTan.

dedaenaSi uaryofiTi nawilakis pozicia gadmoaqvT qarTulSic: me ar qarTveli var. cxoveli ara didia.

erevaT ar/ver/nu nawilakebis gamoyeneba da funqciebi: ver SemiZlia dawera. ver minda wasvla.

rusulSi aris zmna axlandel droSi gamotovebulia, amitomac qarTuladac amboben: es wigni (nacvlad es aris wignisa). es xe. Cemi da lamazi. me bejiTi.

erT-erT rTul sferod iTvleba qona-yola zmnebi. evropuli enebi ar ganasxvavebs suliersa da usulo saxelebs am zmnebTan. ucxoeli ambobs: me maqvs ZaRli. me maqvs deda. me myavs saxli.

warmomavlobis aRmniSvnel saxelebSi uWirT -el da -ur sufiqsebis swori gamoyeneba: me inglisuri var. me myavs germaneli nagazi.

viTarebis garemoeba erevaT msazRvrelSi: me inglisurad vici. me vlaparakob qarTuli.

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maqsimalurad gamovlenisaTvis, stipendiebis, saswavlo grantebis Tu swavlis Semdgomi dasaqmebis perspeqtivebis garantiis saxiT. aranakleb mniSvnelovania moswavleTa mSoblebis aqtiurad CarTva qarTulis, rogorc meore enis sauniversiteto modulebis ganxilvisas; es sazogadoebis is segmentia, romelic, faqtobrivad, `ukveTs~ saxelmwifo ganaTlebis sistemas swavlis im pirobebs, romlebic maTi Svilebis moTxovnebze da aucileblobebzea gaTvlili. Tavad var mowme qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanel pedagogTa gadawyvetilebisa, rom Svilebi qarTul skolebSi Seiyvanon. isini aanalizeben im sirTuleebs, romlebic bavSvebs qarTul skolebSi xvdebaT. Tumca, imasac aRniSnaven, rom saxelmwifo enis codna maTi Svilebis momavlisaTvis aucilebelia, da, radgan sxva gamosavals ver xedaven, Tvals xuWaven im problemebze, rac aramSobliur enaze swavlebasTan aris, sazogadod, dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad, maTTvis uzarmazari mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTulis, rogorc meore enis efeqturad Seswavlas. vfiqrob, rom kargi iqneba, Tu specialuri proeqtis farglebSi enis Seswavlis Tanamedrove meTodebiT momuSave specialistebma da eqspertebma Ria gakveTilebis Catareba dagegmon araqarTul skolebSi, sadac mSoblebsac miecemaT daswrebis saSualeba. es ki maTTvis kargi SesaZlebloba gaxdeboda, daenaxaT is gansxvavebebi, romlebic enis Tanamedrove midgomebze dafuZnebul da araefeqtur, swavlebis moZvelebul meTodebs Soris aris. am tipis Ria gakveTilebi amavdroulad fasdaudebeli iqneboda momavali studentebisaTvis, romlebsac saSualeba miecemodaT, praqtikul magaliTze daenaxaT da SeeswavlaT gansxvavebuli Tanamedrove meTodebi da am midgomebis efeqti. vfiqrob, rom sakmaod saintereso unda gaxdes masmediis rolis gaZlierebac sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod:

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nebismieri umaRlesdamTavrebuli, romelic skolaSi unda Sevides pedagogad, unda flobdes im specifikur meTodologias, romelic meore enis swavleba-gamoyenebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad, qarTulis, rogorc meore enis sauniversiteto moduli kargi safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes im transformirebuli variantisaTvis, romelic erT-erTi aucilebeli Semadgeneli meToduri komponenti unda gaxdes nebismieri sagnis momavali maswavleblis aRzrdisaTvis.

2. aseve, vfiqrobT, swori iqneboda sainformacio Sexvedrebis dagegmva universitetis studentebTan, aseve maRali klasebis skolis moswavleebTan, maTTvis sauniversiteto modulis gacnobis da dainteresebis mizniT. es axalgazrdebi potenciuri maswavleblebi arian da maTTvis modulis koncefciis da miznebis gacnoba ormagad mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos: erTi mxriv maT SeiZleba mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanon sauniversiteto programis ganviTarebaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, informaciis farTod gavrceleba met Sanss iZleva, rom sauniversiteto programas niWieri da motivirebuli axalgazrdebi gaivlian. amasTan, mniSvnelovania gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi. swored am regionebidan wamosuli kadrebi arian is potenciuri maswavleblebi, romlebic unda dabrundnen adgilobriv araqarTul skolebSi da warmatebiT gamoiyenon universitetis programis farglebSi miRebuli codna da unar-Cvevebi. am procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovania axalgazrdebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli saswavlo pirobebis Seqmna da SeTavazeba. darwmunebuli var, da amis safuZvels ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros xelmZRvanelobasTan piradi saubaric iZleva, rom saministro aqtiur monawileobas miiRebs am saqmeSi da motivirebul studentebs SesTavazebs gansakuTrebul pirobebs maTi SesaZleblobebis

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cxadia, yvelaze did sirTules ucxoels mainc qarTuli zmna uqmnis Tavisi mravalpirianobiT, zmniswinebisa da gramatikuli kategoriebis mravalferovnebiT.

davasaxelebT mxolod ramdenime siZneles: ucxoelisTvis Znelia momavali drois warmoeba,

radgan awmyoSi qarTul zmnaTa umravlesoba uzmniswinod gamoiyeneba. maTTvis sruliad auxsnelia, saidan Cndeba ase gansxvavebuli zmniswinebi momaval an warsul droebSi: agebs _ aagebs, aSenebs _ aaSenebs, awyobs _ aawyobs, xsnis _ axsnis... akeTebs _ gaakeTebs, alamazebs _ gaalamazebs, aTbobs _ gaaTbobs, aRebs _ gaaRebs... ketavs _ daketavs, rCeba _ darCeba, xatavs _ daxatavs, wers _ dawers, kidebs _ dakidebs, awvens _ daawvens, debs _ dadebs, daabams, daasxams... Surs _ SeSurdeba, adgens _ Seadgens, alagebs _ Caalagebs, awyobs _ Caawyobs, wers _ gadawers, agebs _ waagebs da a. S.

mravalpirian zmnebSi ucxoelTa Secdomebi, cxadia, gamowveulia mSobliur enaSi zmnis erTpirianobiT an saerTod piris niSnis ararsebobiT. amitom maT xSirad aviwydebaT obieqturi piris niSnis gamoyeneba: is aswavlis me qarTuli ena. me aviReb Sen bileTi. me vaqeb Sen. me vxtav Tqven...

inversiul zmnebSi subieqts xSirad svamen saxelobiT brunvaSi: kaci aqvs, deda hyavs Svili, is hqvia, is unda, deda hgavs Svili, is uyvars qali, is Sia, is swyuria, is sZinavs, is cxela, is civa, is qvia nadin, is unda, rom daxatos, is uyvars Zili, is tkiva fexi, is aqvs dro...

erT-erT urTules problemad rCeba ucxoelisTvis zmnis mwkrivTa warmoeba da funqciebi, gansakuTrebiT _ kavSirebiTebis gamoyeneba. evropuli enebis infinitivi qarTuli masdaris ekvivalenti araa, amitom uWirT uRlebadi formis Casma infinitivis nacvlad. qarTulSi masdari axal siZneles warmoSobs _ aucilebelia naTesaobiTis gamoyeneba masTan. amitomac vxvdebiT bevr Secdomas:

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minda swavla qarTuli. minda vswavlob qarTuli. ar SemiZlia wakiTxva wigni. ar minda fanqari dadeba.

sakmaod rTulia pirobiTi winadadebebis gamoyeneba: Sen rom werili dagewera, yvelafers adre gavigebdi. is rom Tavis droze mosuliyo, ar damagviandeboda. Sen rom bevrs kiTxulobde, swavla ar gagiWirdeboda. awmyos, myofadis kavSirebiTebi, II kavSirebiTi da II TurmeobiTis swori gamoyeneba did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, radgan zmnis formaTa aseTi mravalferovneba araqarTvelisTvis ucxoa.

sintaqsuri problemebidan aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenimes: qvemdebare-Semasmenlis SeTanxmebas ricxvSi: bevri amxanagebi myavs. ori wignebi viyide. yvela qalebi midian. aseve sityvaTa wyobis aRrevas: pirvel adgilze svamen kiTxviT sityvebs (ra Sen gtkiva? ra Sen ginda?) da a. S.

leqsikaSi areklilia erovnul-kulturuli msoflxedva. amitom enaTa zegavlena leqsikur doneze yvelaze mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kulturul specifikasTan. leqsikur doneze interferencia Tavs iCens sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis zeddebaSi. magaliTad, germanuli alt da inglisuri old qarTulad gadmoicema ori sityviT: Zveli da moxuci. samagierod, qarTuli axali germanulad konteqstis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: neu (neues Buch) an frisch (frisches Brötchen). germanuli die Tante da rusuli

тетя qarTulad sami sityviT gadmoicema: deida, mamida, bicola, evropul enebSi araa aseve gansxvavebuli: deidaSvili, mamidaSvili, biZaSvili. uamravi aseTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba.

leqsikuri erTeulebis ZiriTad, birTvul mniSvnelobaTa msgavseba ar gulisxmobs gadataniTi semantikisa da stilisturi elferis Tanxvedrasac. zogierTi sityvis mniSvnelobebi dedaenaSi ufro metadaa diferencirebuli axal enasTan SedarebiT, zogisa ki piriqiT _ naklebad diferencirebulia, Tanxvedra umetesad sityvis birTvul semantikaSia.

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nawilobrivi gadafarva. amasTan, sauniversiteto programa zedmetad aris danawevrebuli da kidev erTxel unda moxdes sagnobrivi blokebis aucilebel da savaldebulo sagnebad dayofis principebis ganxilva.

Tumca, SeniSvnebis gakeTebisas aseve erTxmad aris aRniSnuli, rom uzarmazari samuSaoa Sesrulebuli, bevri mizani miRweulia da SeniSvnebi araTu akninebs Catarebuli samuSaos mniSvnelobas, aramed atarebs misi daxvewis rekomendaciebis xasiaTs.

CemTvis, rogorc proeqtis menejerisTvis da aralingvistisaTvis, gamoikveTa ramdenime mimarTuleba, romlis ganxorcielebac, vfiqrob, aucilebeli Semdgomi nabijebia modulebis ganviTarebisa da damkvidrebisaTvis: eWvgareSea, rom qarTulis, rogorc meore enis sauniversiteto modulebis srulyofilad danergvisa da ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia Semdgomi nayofieri muSaoba, romelic ramdenime mimarTulebiT unda daigegmos: pirveli: sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis koncefciis SemuSaveba, rac saSualebas mogvcems, rom ufro farTo wreebSi moxdes meore enis swavlebis aucileblobis ganxilva da am sakiTxis garSemo sxvadasxva profesionalis, sazogadoebrivi, kulturuli, eTnikur-religiuri warmomadgenlebis gaerTianeba.

amasTan, aucilebelia: 1. am tipis konferenciebis, seminarebis da Sexvedrebis organizeba, sadac ganxiluli iqneba meore enis swavlebis specifika da Taviseburebebi da sadac, diskusiisa da azrTa gacvlis saSualebiT, moxdeba Sejereba sauniversiteto programis saboloo, daxvewil variantze. am tipis aqtivobebi ormag datvirTvas iZens iqidan gamomdinare, rom erovnuli gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris xelmZRvanelis informaciiT, dReisaTvis ukve SemuSavebis procesSia programa, romlis mixedviTac

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• ganapirobebs or jgufs Soris, iseve, rogorc am jgufebis SigniT arsebul gansxvavebaTa sworad aRqmas, rameTu am gansxvavebebis sworad gaanalizeba saSualebas iZleva, adekvaturad Sefasdes arsebuli sazogadoeba;

• aseve, gansazRvravs gansxvavebul kulturul garemoSi myofi bavSvebisaTvis sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT srulyofili komunikaciis damyarebas, romelic erTierTgagebasa da pativiscemazea dafuZnebuli;

• ganapirobebs kulturuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas moswavleebSi ise, rom SemdgomSi maT unari SeswevdeT da mzad iyvnen damoukidebel mravalkulturul sazogadoe-baSi aqtiuri monawileobisaTvis.

amasTan, igi aRniSnavs, rom momavali pedagogis `danaxva~ modulis proeqtis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapzeve unda moxdes, sadac mTeli samuSao jgufi Camoayalibebs pedagogis unar-Cvevebis, Tvisebebis da gamocdilebebis erTobliobis monaxazs, romelic aucilebelia meore enis Tanamedrove specialistis nayofieri muSaobisaTvis skolaSi, da mxolod amis Semdeg moxdes modulis programis gaweras sagnobrivad, sadac ukve SesaZlebeli gaxdeba kompleqsurad iqnes aRqmuli yvela im saWiro codnis miRebis da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis procesi, romelic sauniversiteto modulis farglebSi unda moxdes. es, erTi mxriv, moaxdens miznebis dabalansebas maTi mniSvnelobis da kategorizaciis mixedviT da, meore mxriv, Tavidan agvacilebs erTi da imave miznebis ramdenime sagnis farglebSi dasaxvis da ganxorcielebisagan. imave tipis SeniSvna hqonda modulis programasTan dakavSirebiT erovnuli programebis da Sefasebis centris xelmZRvanels - simon janaSias: igi miiCnevs, rom zog SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva saganSi xdeba miznebis

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amis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia ucxo enis leqsikis Sesaswavlad.

yovelive zemoTqmuli gvafiqrebinebs, rom aucilebelia ucxoelTaTvis Tematuri leqsiko-nebisa da bunebrivi dialogebis Semcveli sasaub-roebis Sedgena, aseve qarTuli enis axleburi tipis leqsikonis Seqmna, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba leqsikuri erTeulebis semantikur-grama-tikuli da konotaciuri daxasiaTeba saTanado marTvis, konteqstis miTiTebiTa da dedaenis enobriv monacemebTan Sedareba-SepirispirebiT.

am bolo dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva ucxo enis SemswavlelTa Secdomebis sistematizaciasa da analizs mSobliuri enis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT. vfiqrobT, qarTulis, rogorc ucxo enis, swavlebisTvisac sasargeblo iqneba tipobriv SecdomaTa ganxilva da klasifikacia. enaTaSorisi interferenciiT gamowveuli Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis, moiZebnos maTi Tavidan acilebis saSualebebi.

sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT i. kloCkovisa da z. ievlevas statia: `gramatikuli Secdomebi iaponelTa rusul metyvelebaSi~ (9). masSi aRniSnulia: `ucxo enaTa swavlebis meTodikisaTvis moswavleTa sametyvelo Secdomebis kvleva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac amas SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva moswavleTa mocemul kontingentTan saswavlo masalis SerCevaSi, misi aTvisebis siZneleebis gamovlenaSi, swavlebis prognozirebaSi, saswavlo muSaobis sistemis srulyofaSi~ (9). aqve marTebuladaa aRniSnuli, rom `fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT termini `gramatikuli Secdoma~ gulisxmobs Secdomas sametyvelo procesebis dros gramatikul masalaze moqmedebebsa da operaciebSi, rac iwvevs CanafiqrTan gamonaTqvamis Seusabamobas, gramatikuli kanonzomierebebisa da wesebis darRvevas~ (9).

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cxadia, Sesaswavlia TiToeuli Secdomis gamomwvevi mizezi, ramdenad sistemuri da tipobrivia is. mxolod aseTi midgoma iZleva saSualebas, Tavidan aviciloT interferenciiT gamowveuli Secdomebi ucxo enis Seswavlisas.

bolos kidev erTxel unda gavusvaT xazi imas, rom axali enis dauflebis dros ver gamovricxavT dedaenis faqtors da mis SesaZlo zegavlenas ucxo enis sistemaze yvela enobriv doneze. amitom saWiroa swavleba warimarTos swored dedaenis safuZvelze da misgan gamomdinare, yuradReba mieqces identur, msgavs da gansxvavebul movlenebs dedaenasa da axal enas Soris. yovelive amis gasaTvaliswineblad ki did daxmarebas gagviwevs ucxo enis SemswavlelTa Secdomebis sistemuri analizi, maTze orientirebuli savarjiSoebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgena. vfiqrobT, sasurvelia auditoriis dedaenis bgeriTi Semadgenlobis, gramatikuli wyobis, sityvebis semantikuri Taviseburebebis codna da enaTa tipologiuri monacemebis gamoyeneba axali enis swavlebis procesSi.

rusudan zeqalaSvili Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakulteti

bibliografia

1. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni (Semdg. m. WabaSvili),

Tb., 1989. 2. Лингвистический Энциклопедический Словарь, под, ред.

Ярцевой В.Н. - М., Сов. энциклопедия, 1990. 3. Имедадзе Н. В., К психологии усвоения русского языка в

грузинской школе, Тб., Mецниереба, 1966. 4. Е. Гугунава, О некоторых проявлениях межъязыковой

итерференции на лексическом уровне: Грузинская славистика, Тб., 2006, стр. 60-65.

5. n. kapanaZe, kontrastuli analizi da interferenciebi ucxouri enis swavlebaSi:

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pedagogiur praqtikaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven Sansi gveZleva, rom latviis magaliTze davinaxoT axali kadrebis, resursebis gazrdis aucilebloba, romelic Tavidanve iqneba aRzrdili meore enis specifikur midgomebsa da meTodologiebis principebze. amasTan, aucilebelia, rom sauniversiteto badis Sedgenisas ufro calsaxad da TvalsaCinod moxdes orientacia im Sedegze, im produqtze, vis misaRebadac aris Seqmnili modulebis sauniversiteto programa da romelsac momavali maswavlebeli hqvia; ra unarebs, codnebs, midgomebs da meTodebs unda flobdes is adamiani, romelic skolaSi moswavleebTan imuSavebs? romeli principebi unda gaxdes mTavari misi warmatebuli moRvaweobisaTvis? Tu apelis da muoskienis Teoriebs daveyrdnobiT, gamodis, rom koleqtiuri orenovneba gulisxmobs 2 enis gamoyenebas sazogadoebaSi, magram sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom yoveli adamiani flobs am orive enas. rasakvirvelia, es erT-erTi mosazrebaa mravalTaganidan da Cveni mizani ar aris, rom mis absolutur WeSmaritebaSi davarwmunoT vinme, magram vfiqrob, rom es midgoma mimarTulia imisaken, rom momavali pedagogis profesiul midgomebSi wina planze iqnes wamoweuli multikulturuli komponentis mniSvneloba enis Seswavlisas da sauniversiteto modulebSic Sesabamisad moxdes mTavari miznis am komponentis garSemo gaerTianeba: Sesabamisad, qarTulis, rogorc meore enis sauniversiteto programis damTavrebis Semdgom, pedagogi miznad unda isaxavdes multikulturuli ganaTlebis damkvidrebas da ganviTarebas klasSi da swored am principidan gamomdinare, meore enis Seswavlas: ratom aris es komponenti amdenad mniSvnelovani meore enis swavlis efeqturobisaTvis da ra miznebs unda emsaxurebodes igi?

proeqtis eqsperti miiCnevs, rom es midgoma:

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qarTulis, rogorc meore enis sauniversiteto swavlebis saswavlo procesi umaRles saswavleblebSi swored maTi xelmZRvanelobiT da uSualo monawileobiT unda ganxorcieldes.

proeqtSi CarTuli iyo ivane javaxiSvilis da ilia WavWavaZis sax-is saxelmwifo universitetis, agreTve axalcixis universitetis da axalqalaqis profesiuli umaRlesi saswavleblis pedagogebi.

Sesabamisad, modulebis damuSaveba maTi uSualo monawileobiT, mosazrebebis da SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda.

Tumca, rasakvirvelia, jer kidev Zalian bevria gasakeTebeli imisaTvis, rom sauniversiteto modulebma is saxe da datvirTva SeiZinon, romelic maT realurad akisriaT. amisaTvis, vfiqrob, rom didi Zalisxmeva da Sromaa saWiro da, rasakvirvelia, aucilebelia im rCevebis da konsultaciebis gaTvaliswineba, romlebic modulebis misamarTiT gakeTda da keTdeba am sferoSi momuSave profesionalebis mier:

rogorc proeqtis mowveuli eqsperti - ligita grigule miiCnevs, sauniversiteto modulis Seqmnisas aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli is gamocdileba, romelic am sferoSi erT-erT yvelaze aqtiurad momuSave qveyanas - latvias gaaCnia: kerZod, xazi gaesvas im upiratesobebs, romelsac sauniversiteto modulis srulyofili kursis gavla ganapirobebs. latviam meore enis swavlebis gansxvavebuli midgomebis danergvisaTvis saskolo sivrceSi meore gza airCia. kerZod, moxda arsebuli pedagogebis gadamzadeba da maTTvis Tanamedrove meTodebis da midgomebis principebis gacnoba-swavleba. aqve eqsperti miiCnevs, rom es meTodi arasrulyofili aRmoCnda da pedagogebis gadamzadebam mosalodneli Sedegi ver moitana. maTi didi nawilisaTvis faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda tradiciuli meTodikis gansxvavebuli midgomebiT Canacvleba da miT ufro maTi gamoyeneba

109

Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis I samecniero konferencia, miZRvnili akad. akaki SaniZis dabadebidan 120 wlisTavisadmi, samec-niero konferenciis masalebi, 25-27 ivnisi, Tb., 2007, gv. 125-126.

6. <http://www.mirrabot.com/work/work_36877.html>: Интерференция родного и русского языков при контакте с немецким в условиях национально-русского двуязычия.

7. Хауген Э., Процесс заимствования: Новое в лингвистике, № 6, М., Прогресс, 1985.

8. Елоева, Ф.А., Русаков, А.Ю., Проблемы грамматической интерференции. Л. 1990.

9. Клочков Ю.Б., Иевлева З.Н., Грамматические ошибки в русской речи японских учащихся: Русский язык за рубежом, N 02, 2003.

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gramatikis swavlebis ZiriTadi orientirebi qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, dauflebis

procesSi

enis codna ara marto enis leqsikuri fondis aTvisebaa, aramed im gramatikuli sistemis flobasac niSnavs, rac enis umTavres maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. es debuleba Tanabrad miesadageba rogorc mSobliur enas, ise nebismier sxva enas, iqneba es meore Tu ucxo enis statusiT warmodgenili ena. enis matarebelTa Soris ZiriTadad ori jgufi gamoiyofa _ erTi flobs enas, magram ar aqvs gaazrebuli enis gramatikuli sistema; anu enas iTvisebs bunebriv garemoSi da ara aqvs gacnobierebuli enis gramatikuli struqturis agebuleba. am SemTxvevaSi mas miRebuli aqvs ena, rogorc mza sistema, daubrkoleblad SeuZlia komunikacia, magram enobriv formaTa an SecdomaTa analizs ver axerxebs.

meore jgufad ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT isini, vinc ara marto icis ena, aramed gaazrebulad flobs mis gramatikul sistemas da amitom SeuZlia rogorc enobriv formaTa, ise SecdomaTa analizi. am mosazrebis ganviTareba dagvWirda imisaTvis, rom gamogvekveTa orgvari midgoma enis gramatikuli sistemis aTvisebisadmi. erTi mxriv, iswavleboda enis gramatikuli sistema anu Teoriuli gramatika. am SemTxvevaSi teqsti aRiqmeboda rogorc am sistemis gamovlenis konkretuli sfero da misi realizaciis saSualeba. magram amgvar midgomas aqvs nakli _ enis Semswavlelma icis gramatikuli sistema, magram ver iyenebs am codnas garkveul situaciaSi an ver agebs situaciis Sesaferis teqsts.

meore mxriv, didi yuradReba eqceva sakomunikacio situaciis aTvisebas da enobriv saSualebaTa Tavmoyras aseTi situaciebis irgvliv;

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gacnobas da aTvisebas. es bloki efuZneba meore enis swavlebis meTodebs da gamocdilebas dasavleT evropis qveynebSi da gulisxmobs am meTodebis logikur da aucilebel sinTezs qarTuli enis specifikasTan;

3. mesame bloki aerTianebs zogadi pedagogikis safuZvlebs da sagnebs, xazs usvams im Taviseburebebs, siZneleebs, problemebs da amocanebs, romlebsac maswavlebeli skolaSi muSaobisas zogadad awydeba;

4. zogadi (tradiciuli) sagnebis bloki, romelic arapirdapir, Tumca arsobrivad ukavSirdeba programis miznebs da romelic momaval maswavlebels exmareba eTnikur-kulturuli da religiuri Taviseburebebis ukeT aRqmasa da gaanalizebaSi;

am blokebze dafuZnebuli modulebi 3 sauniversiteto programad iqna warmodgenili:

1. sabakalavro moduli, romelic miznad isaxavs qarTulis, rogorc meore enis Seswavlas meoradi

(minory) specialobis konteqstSi; 2. samagistro moduli I, romelic humanitaruli safuZvlis mqone bakalavri studentebisaTvis aris gamiznuli; 3. samagistro moduli II, romelic arahu-manitaruli specialobis axalgazrdebis specializebas isaxavs miznad. Sesabamisad, samive modulis bade erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebulia misi samizne jgufis kvalifikaciidan gamomdinare, magram mTavari principi, romelic meore enis swavlebis Taviseburebebsa da gansxvavebebs gulisxmobs, yvela modulSi Tanabari sicxadiT aris warmoCenili.

sauniversiteto modulebis Camoyalibebis Tanmxvedri procesi gaxda proeqtis farglebSi dagegmili da Catarebuli sami 5 dRiani treining-seminari im profesorebisaTvis, romlebic muSaoben am sferoSi da momavalSi igulisxmeba, rom

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velos problemur regionebSi. misi winapiroba ki, garda zemoTaRniSnulisa, is saWiroebaa, rom saqarT-velos nebismierma moqalaqem SeZlos saxelmwifo enis daufleba da mieces saSualeba, moaxdinos sruli integracia samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi _ igrZnos Tavi am sazogadoebis srulyofil wevrad. swored am saWiroebam ganapiroba sauniversiteto modulebis Seqmna. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom es modulebi pirvelia saqarTveloSi, romelic meore enis swavlebis meTodikasa da midgomebze aris da-fuZnebuli da romelic umaRlesi saswavleblis sas-wavlo badeSi unda damkvidrdes.

aqve minda mokled aRvwero sauniversiteto modulebis SemuSavebisa da ganviTarebis procesebis Tanmimdevroba:

modulebis Seqmna moxda euTos euuk-is mier dafinansebul da samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centris mier ganxorcielebuli proeqtis `qarTulis, rogorc meore enis sauniversiteto modulebis~ farglebSi, romelic imTaviTve SeTanxmebul da mowonebul iqna saqarTvelos wamyvani umaRlesi saswavleblebis pasuxismgebeli pirebis mier. am proeqtis farglebSi moxda 9 eqspertis gaerTianeba modulebis SemuSavebis ideis da procesis garSemo, saidanac 2 maTgani modulebis sauniversiteto badeze, xolo danarCeni 7 ki am badeSi Semavali silabusebis SemuSavebaze muSaobda.

modulis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali programa 4 ZiriTad blokad aris dayofili: 1. qarTuli enis gramatikis da litera-turis tradiciuli kursi; rogorc modulebis avtorebi miiCneven, tradiciuli sagnebis Rrma codna aucilebeli winapirobaa Tanamedrove midgomebis da meTodologiebis aTvisebisa da inovaciuri kursis gavlisaTvis;

2. sagnobrivi bloki, romelic miznad isaxavs enis swavlebis Tanamedrove midgomebis

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amgvar midgomas aqvs rogorc upiratesoba, aseve naklic: upiratesoba _ enis Semswavlels SeuZlia komunikacia; nakli _ aseTi sakomunikacio situaciebi sasruli raodenobiTaa, enis Semswavleli axerxebs sakomunikacio situaciebis sworad agebas, magram es ar niSnavs enis flobis maRal dones, mas ar SeuZlia zepiri gamosvlis organizeba an ver qmnis weriTi metyvelebis daxvewil teqsts. saerTod, mSobliur enaze swavlebis mTavari mizania azrovnebis ganviTareba. es mizani ucvlelad rCeba meore enis swavlebis procesSic, radgan amis gareSe ver moxdeba moqalaqis sruli integracia sazogadoebaSi.

azrovnebis unarebis ganviTarebis safexurebi, blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT, Semdegia:

• codna

• gageba

• gamoyeneba

• analizi

• sinTezi.

• Sefaseba. ismeba kiTxva: ra aris meore enis swavlebis

mizani? Sedegis gaanalizebiT, doneebis mixedviT es amgvarad SeiZleba warmovadginoT:

• martivi komunikacia;

• dialogSi Cabma;

• azris gamoTqma;

• msjeloba;

• analitikuri azrovneba.

• SefasebiTi damokidebulebis gamoxatva. Tu yovelive amas gramatikuli sistemis codnis

doneebs mivusadagebT, am SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba sistemis flobis ramdenime safexuri gamovkveToT:

• enis gramatikuli sistemis elementebis codna;

• enis gramatikuli sistemis gaazrebiTi codna;

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• enis gramatikuli sistemis funqciuri gamoyeneba;

• enobrivi saSualebebis codna da maTi gamoyeneba miznis Sesabamisad;

• enaSi arsebuli alternatiuli gramatikuli da leqsikuri saSualebebis codna, enis floba.

• SefasebiTi msjelobis gamarTulad ageba enobrivi SesaZleblobebis sruli gaTvaliswinebiT. enis gramatikuli sistemis codnis doneTa

Sedegebi Sesabamisad amgvarad Camoyalibdeba:

• enis Semswavleli axerxebs komunikacias, mosdis Secdomebi, Tumca pasuxobs adekvaturad;

• igi ebmeba dialogSi, mosdis Secdomebi, magram Tavad SeuZlia am Secdomebis gamosworeba;

• gamoxatavs Tavis azrs, Secdomebis raodenoba mcirea, rac mis mier azris gamoTqmas ar aferxebs, misTvis es dabrkolebas ar qmnis;

• enis Semswavleli situaciis Sesaferisad iyenebs enobriv saSualebebs, Secdomebis raodenoba minimumamdea dasuli, mas SeuZlia zepiri gamosvla da kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli weriTi metyveleba;

• enis Semswavleli flobs enas, igi Tavisuflad irCevs enobriv SesaZleblobaTagan situacii-saTvis maqsimalurad Sesaferiss da srul-yofilad gamoxatavs mosazrebas.

• sabolood, enis sistemis Rrma codnis Sedegad mas kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli rogorc zepiri gamosvlis, ise weriTi metyvelebis unar-Cvevebi.

gramatikuli sistemis Semadgeneli yoveli kategoriis aTviseba rTul da xangrZliv process gulisxmobs. igi garkveuli etapebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda miewodos enis Semswavlels da SesaZloa amgvarad Camoyalibdes:

1. formis sakomunikacio funqciis gansazRvra;

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meore swavlebis praqtikuli aspeqtebi

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavlebis sauniversiteto modulebi

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobe-bis samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxi erT-erT um-niSvnelovanes problemad rCeba dReisaTvis da udavoa, rom ganaTlebis sistema centralur rols asrulebs am problemis gadaWris saqmeSi. am mimar-TulebiT muSaoba ukve dawyebulia. kerZod, euTos erovnuli umciresobebis komisris, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros da Cveni organizaciis - samoqalaqo integraciis da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centris saerTo ZalisxmeviT ganxor-cielda proeqtebi, romelTa farglebSic qarTulis, rogorc meore enis erovnuli saganmanaTleblo geg-mebi da programebi skolebSi Seicvala da ganaxlda, aseve SemuSavda da daibeWda axali sax-elmZRvaneloebi da meTodologiuri masalebi, rom-lebic Tanamedrove komunikaciur da interaqtiul swavlebis principebze aris dafuZnebuli da moxda qarTulis, rogorc meore enis skolis maswavle-blebis gadamzadeba. magram miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev did problemad rCeba qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavlebis reformis sakiTxi. arc erT umaRles saswavlebelSi am dromde ar xdeboda qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, specialistebis momzadeba, xolo swavlebis procesi, romelic umaRles saswavle-blebSi mimdinareobda, praqtikulad, did gansxvavebas qarTulis, rogorc mSobliuri enis da qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavlebaSi ver xedavda.

swored qarTulis, rogorc meore enis sauni-versiteto modulebis mTavari funqciaa meore enis Seswavlis problemis gadaWris gzebis Zieba saqarT-

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xatavad sxvadasxva formis (mag.: aRweriTi formebis) gamoyeneba. funqciuri gramatikiT xdeba enis amTviseblisaTvis (rogorc mSobliuris, ise meore enis SemswavlelTaTvis) alternatiul enobriv saSualebaTa SeTavazeba.

reziume

naSromSi warmodgenilia gramatikis roli enis srulyofilad dauflebis procesSi. naCvenebia enis swavlebis sxvadasxva doneze gramatikuli sistemis aTvisebis mniSvneloba. warmoCenilia qarTuli enis Tavisebureba da sirTuleTa daZlevis saWiroeba da aucilebloba.

daskvnis saxiT warmodgenilia, rom am rTuli sakiTxis gadaWra SesaZlebelia komunikaciuri da funqciuri gramatikebis SeqmniT, rac qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, dauflebis procesis Sedegianad da efeqturad warmarTvis safuZveli gaxdeba.

nino SaraSeniZe samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobebis centri; Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis profesori

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2. formis warmoeba; 3. gramatikuli kategoriis mniSvnelobis

gaazreba; 4. gramatikuli kategoriis warmoebisa da

semantikis aTviseba; 5. gramatikul kategoriaTa da enobriv

saSualebaTa gamoyeneba konteqstis Sesabamisad. 6. Tavisufali monacvleoba enobrivi

saSualebebisa anu sxvadasxva gramatikuli kategoriis meSveobiT azris gadmocema. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom enis Semswavleli imdenad kargad unda flobdes enobriv-gramatikul sistemas, rom mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia erTi azris sxvadasxvagvarad gamoTqma, rasac igi konkretuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT SearCevs. Cven CamovayalibeT is zogadi principebi, rasac

enis swavlebis procesi unda daefuZnos. es Sedegebi aucileblad misaRwevia meore enis swavlebis procesSi, raTa mTavari mizani ganxorcieldes _ moqalaqem sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad igrZnos Tavi da daubrkoleblad SeZlos rogorc ganaTlebis miReba, ise sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa realizacia moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferoSi.

bunebrivia, arsebobs konkretul enasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi, ris gaTvaliswinebac aseve mniSvnelovan sakiTxad rCeba swavlebis procesSi. qarTuli enis Tavisebureba, misi gramatikuli sistemis sirTule da gansxvaveba sxva enebisagan (magaliTad, indoevropuli enebisagan), metad mniSvnelovnad warmoaCens gramatikuli sistemis safuZvliani analizis da swavlebis procesSi am sistemis gaazrebulad miwodebis aucileblobas. qarTuli enis bunebidan gamomdinare, sakmaod didia gramatikis swavlebis roli enis aTvisebis procesSi, radgan martivi sakomunikacio situaciac ki moiTxovs rTuli

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gramatikuli procesebis analizs da codnas; magaliTad, martivi konstruqciis agebac ki enis Semswavlels uyenebs erTbaSad ramdenime amocanas _ brunvis formis sworad SerCeva, piris niSnebis sworad gamoyeneba, subieqt-obieqtis brunvis formaTa sworad gansazRvra, aglutinaciuri enis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare formis Seqmna Zirisa da afiqsebis meSveobiT, rTuli winadadebis konstruqciis ageba da sxva. enobrivi specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, garkveuli sirTuleebi arsebobs qarTulis, rogorc meore enis aTvisebis procesSi, aseT sakiTxTa arasruli CamonaTvalia:

• brunvaTa simravle da maTi funqciebi;

• zmnis pirianoba;

• piris niSanTa ganawileba sxvadasxva zmnasTan da warmoebul formasTan;

• subieqturi da obieqturi uRleba;

• zmnis dro-kiloTa warmoeba;

• sxvadasxva zmnuri kategoriis gaazreba;

• sxvadasxva kategoriis warmoebisas erTiani modelis ararseboba;

• kategoriis mawarmoeblis arafunqciuri datvirTva;

• rTuli winadadebis konstruqcia;

• kavSirTa funqciuri gamoyeneba;

• aglutinaciuri enis principebidan gamomdinare Zirisa da mawarmoeblis mniSvnelobis da funqciis codnis aucilebloba konteqstis Sinaarsis gasagebad... am da sxva sirTuleTa etapobrivad da

gaazrebulad daZlevas metad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, raTa ar Seferxdes swavlebis procesi da ar daikargos yvelaze mTavari _ enis Semswavlelis survili, rac, upirveles yovlisa, garkveul motivacias efuZneba _ mas miznis gaTvaliswinebiT surs swavleba

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Sedegianad warimarTos. amdenad aucilebelia, rom rTuli gramatikuli sistema SedarebiT advilad da efeqturad miewodos enis Semswavlels. amasTanave mniSvnelovania, Seswavlil formaTa gaaqtiureba specialurad Seqmnili teqstebiTa da savarjiSoebiT, raTa enis Semswavlelma SeZlos formaTa Tavisufali gamoyeneba situaciis Sesabamisad. sabolood ki man Tavisuflad unda Camoayalibos sakuTari azri werilobiTi an zepiri gamosvlis saxiT, rac enis flobis maRal dones gulisxmobs.

qarTuli enis rTuli gramatikuli sistema, upirveles yovlisa, sirTulisa da komunikaciuri saWiroebis mixedviT unda damuSavdes. amis yvelaze kargi saSualeba ki aris, erTi mxriv, komunikaciuri gramatikis, xolo meore mxriv, funqciuri gramatikis Seqmna.

ase rom, enis Semswavlels gramatikuli sistema miznebisa da Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT etapobrivad unda miewodos:

I etapi: komunikaciuri gramatika _ enis Semswavleli gaiazrebs da aiTvisebs ara marto sakomunikacio situaciisaTvis Sesaferis enobriv saSualebebs, aramed Tavad agebs amgvar sakomunikacio situaciebs da saWiroebisamebr iyenebs enobriv saSualebebs; garda amisa, igi gaiazrebs enobriv SesaZleblobaTa daniSnulebas da iTvisebs misTvis gansxvavebul enobrivs sistemas.

II etapi: funqciuri gramatika _ komunikaciuri gramatikis aTvisebis Semdgom xdeba enobriv SesaZleblobaTa Tavmoyra da gaanalizeba maTi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. funqciur gramatikaSi ganixileba enis gramatikul kategoriaTa funqciebi da piriqiT, garkveuli enobrivi kategoriebis gamosa-