saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (71), 2017

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgian State University

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa

Ziebani

#2 (71), 2017

ART SCIENCE STUDIES

gamomcemloba `kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2017

UDC(uak) 7(051.2) s-364

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (71), 2017

saredaqcio sabWozviad doliZeirina abesaZemaia kiknaZe

literaturuli

redaqtorebi

mariam iaSvilimarikamamacaSvili

dakabadonebaekaterineoqropiriZe

inglisuri teqstis

redaqtori

mariam

sxirtlaZe

gamomcemlobis

xelmZRvaneli

maka vasaZe

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan unda axldes monacemebi avtoris samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul da inglisur enebze, agreTve naSromis inglisurenovani reziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocema egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT da cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti,II korpusi.

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 2943728mob: +995 (77) 288 762 +995 (77) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

Art Science Studies #2 (71), 2017

Editorial GroupZVIAD DOLIDZEIRINA ABESADZEMAIA KIKNADZE

Literary EditorMARIAM IASHVILIMARIKA MAMATSASHVILI

Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE

The editor of English Text MARIAM SKHIRTLADZE

Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE

Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author~s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.

Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.

Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversitySecond Block

Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 2943728Mob: +995 (77) 288 762 +995 (77) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

4

sarCevi

Teatrmcodneoba

marine (maka) vasaZe amerikuli kinokomedia da kinodrama

uaxles qarTul TeatrSi .........................................9

marine lomiZe marine xaratiSvili variacia Soumenis Temaze

(Strixebi nikoloz wulukiZis SemoqmedebiTi portretisaTvis) ..............................................................................17

mediologia

vaJa zubaSvilikinoteqnologiebi televiziaSi .....................36

musikismcodneoba

Jana ToiZe reCitativis Seswavlis ZiriTadi

meToduri sakiTxebi .......................................................53

gvanca Rvinjiliamartin luTeris reformaciis gavlena

i. s. baxis Semoqmedebaze ...........................................58

universitetis sadoqtoro programa

nuri nalbanToRludrois buneba (reJisoris komentarebi drois arsTan dakavSirebiT piesaze muSaobis procesSi) ......73SoTa gegiaZe yuradReba da emocia sasceno

moZraobaSi .................................................................................86

xaTuna damCiZeguruli sacekvao dialeqti ..............................107

mzia manjaviZeoTar’ioselianis’`zamTris simRera~

da misi xmovani koncefcia ...................................122

5

CONTENTS

THEATRE STUDIESMarina (Maka) VasadzeAMERIcAN cOMEDy AND DRAMA FILMS IN THE MODERN GEORGIAN THEATRE ..................................134Marina LomidzeMarina KharatishviliVARIATION ON THE THEME OF SHOWMAN ............135

MEDIA STUDIESVaja ZubashviliTEcHNOLOGIES IN TV BROADcASTING ..................136

MUSIC STUDIESJana Toidze BASIc METHODIcAL ISSUES OF LEARNING A REcITATIVE .................................................................137Gvantsa Ghvinjilia THE INFLUENcE OF MARTIN LUTER’S REFORMATION ON J. S. BAcH’S MUSIc ..................138

UNIVERSITY PH.D PROGRAMNuri NalbandogluFEATURE OF TIME (Director’s comments with regard to the Esence of Time in the Process of Play Working)Shota Gegiadze ....................140Shota GegiadzeATTENTION AND EMOTION ON STAGE MOVEMENT .......................................................141Khatuna DamchidzeGURIAN DANcE DIALEcT ...........................................142Mzia ManjavidzeIOSELIANI’S “ZAMTRIS SIMGERA” (“WINTER’S SONG”) AND ITS SOUNDScAPE ...........143

6

7

Teatrmcodneoba

8

9

marine (maka) vasaZe, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

amerikuli kinokomedia da kinodrama

uaxles qarTul TeatrSi

bolo ramdenime welia, saTeatro reJisorebi xSirad mimarTaven cnobili filmebis Teatraluri versiebis Seqmnas. 2015 w. ori saintereso speqtakli Seiqmna quTaisisa da Tbilisis Teatrebis scenebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive speqtakli amerikuli filmebis Teatralur adaptacias warmoadgens. erTi msubuqi, komediuri, gasarTobi Janris speqtaklia, meore ki dramatuli, adamianTa gausaZlisi cxovrebis amsaxveli.

bili uailderis „jazSi mxolod qaliSvilebi arian“ (Some like it hot, 1959) yvela drois saukeTeso komediad aris aRiarebuli. am films arasdros aklda mayurebeli da dResac, did interessa da aRtacebas iwvevs. albaT, swored es gaxldaT reJisor giorgi sixaruliZis mTavari motivi, rodesac man quTaisis lado mesxiSvilis saxelobis dramatul TeatrSi „jazSi mxolod qaliSvilebis“ dadgma ganizraxa. mayurebeli Teatrisgan iTxovs, ara marto, sazogadoebSi arsebuli mtkivneuli problemebis asaxvas da am sakiTxebze scenidan saubars, aramed komediuri, gasarTobi, e. w. gansatvirTi speqtaklebis Seqmnasac. yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili kinoklasikis gasceniureba sakmaod Tamami gadawyvetilebaa, magram reJisorma inscenirebaSi aqcentebis gadaadgilebiT, rolebis swori gadanawilebiT mizans miaRwia da komediuri xasiaTis, msubuqi, gasarTobi speqtakli Seqmna.

makkoi xorasis romanis „xom xocaven

10

qancgawyvetil cxenebs“ (They shoot horses, don’t they?) mixedviT filmi sidnei polakma gadaiRo. avTandil varsimaSvilma ki „Tavisufal TeatrSi“ Tavisive inscenirebiT dadga speqtakli. polakis filmi mayurebelSi ganwirulobis, araadamianurobis, sisastikis gancdas aRZravs. umuSevrobiT da ufulobiT gadaRlili, rwmenadakarguli, sasowarkveTili adamianebi yvelaferze midian, oRond ki arsebobisTvis fuli iSovon. sxvebi ki ufro meti Semosavlis ZiebaSi axali tipis cinikur gasarTobs igoneben _ cekva-maraTons. ramdenime aTeuli wyvili dgas ringze, maT gauCereblad unda icekvon, sanam yvela ar daecema da erTi maTgani ki gaimarjvebs. avTandil varsimaSvilis gadmoqarTulebul variantSi mTavari saTqmeli ucvleli rCeba. reJisorma speqtaklSi qarTuli realobis elementebi Seitana, Seamcira maraTonSi monawile wyvilTa raodenoba, Secvala personaJTa saxelebi da moqmedebis adgili, gaaTanamedrova gmirTa xasiaTebi da situaciebi.

giorgi sixaruliZem, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, mZime socialur-politikuri peripetiebiT daTrgunvili mayureblis cxovrebis gansatvirTad, msubuqi, musikaluri, gasarTobi komedia dadga. man 20-30-iani wlebis amerikaSi _ Cikagosa da maiamiSi _ ganviTarebuli romantikuli, mxiaruli, saTavgadasavlo kino-istoria gaacocxla quTaisis scenaze. inscenirebis avtorebi (giorgi sixaruliZe, giga Ciqovani) scenuri adaptaciisas ecadnen gverdi aearaT konkretuli drois asaxvisaTvis _ mSrali kanonis periodi, gangsteruli garCevebi _ is, rac filmSia parodirebuli. giorgi sixaruliZis speqtaklSi ar aris dakonkretebuli dro da moqmedebis adgili, reJisori ecada

11

drosa da sivrceSi ganevrco filmSi asaxuli ambavi. drois ganzogadeba, sxvasTan erTad, kostiumebis, varcxnilobis, musikis, simRerebis Sesrulebis maneraSic aisaxa. aqve minda aRvniSno, rom siuJeturi msgavsebis da calkeuli scenebis gamoyenebis miuxedavad, reJisorma isini axleburad gadawyvita, iseve rogorc mTlianobaSi speqtakli. dadgmaSi amoRebulia zogierTi siuJeturi xazi, musikaluri nomrebi Semoklebulia, zogierTi scena Tu ambavi Camatebulia. ufro metic, giorgi sixaruliZem uari Tqva adolf doiCis musikaze, simRerebze, saxelganTqmuli tangos versiaze, romlis hangebzec dafna Tayvanismcemel milioners ecekveba. reJisorma Tavad gaaforma speqtakli musikalurad. man gamoiyena sxvadasxva epoqis da mimdinareobis jazuri kompoziciebi, riTac kidev erTxel gausva xazi droisa da adgilis ganzogadebas.

giorgi sixaruliZis speqtaklSi ambavi matareblebis sadgurze iwyeba. aq reJisorma realuri da pirobiTi Teatraluri ena erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTa. mayurebeli da speqtaklSi monawile personaJebi matareblis baqanze aRmoCndebian. realurisa da Teatraluri pirobiTis gadaxlarTvis Semdeg iwyeba mTavari ambavi. SigadaSig ZiriTad movlenaTa rigs, ambidan ambavze gadasvlas Zveli kinofilmebidan gacocxlebuli uxmo epizodebi kravs. ra Tqma unda, rTulia mTlianad gaeqce filmis gavlenas da ar gamoiyeno is, rac saWiroa ZiriTadi ambis mosaTxrobad. quTaiselTa speqtaklSi scenebi, romlebic aucilebelia siuJetis, urTierTobebis gadmosacemad, originaluri gadawyvetis miuxedavad, mainc axlosaa filmSi asaxuli ambis ganviTarebasTan. saerTod, giorgi

12

sixaruliZem sakmaod Tamami gadawyvetileba miiRo, rodesac am filmis gasceniurebas mohkida xeli. upirveles yovlisa, films yvela kargad icnobs, igi kinoklasikadaa aRiarebuli, garda amisa, bevr iseT kinosTvis damaxasiaTebel, tipur elements Seicavs, romelTa pirobiT Teatralur enaze gadmotana Zalian Znelia.

reJisorma speqtakli masobriv cekvebze, jgufur scenebze aago. warmodgena datvirTulia energiuli, ritmulad damuxtuli qoreografiuli monaxazebiT, ileTebiT, saxasiaTo elementebiT, romlebic monawileTagan moqnilobas da daxvewil plastikas moiTxovs. speqtaklSi musikalur rigs da qoreografias udidesi datvirTva aqvT miniWebuli. qoreograf giorgi barbaqaZis mier Seqmnili cekvebi speqtaklis struqturis erT-erT umTavres Sres qmnian. isini ganviTarebuli ambis damatebiTi informaciis matareblebi arian, mocemuli movlenebis arss gamoxataven da personaJTa ganwyobas Tu sulier mdgomareobas vizualurad asaxaven. cekvebi msaxiobebs personaJTa xasiaTis gaxsnaSi exmarebian da saerTo mdgomareobis _ mxiarulebis, silaRis STabeWdilebas ufro amZafreben.

giorgi sixaruliZis „orkestris“ orkestrantebi sinamdvileSi ar ukraven. msaxiobebi mxolod instrumentebze dakvris imitirebas akeTeben Sesatyvisi plastikiT. erTaderTi sakravi, romelic am orkestrSi „cocxlad“ JRers _ gitaraa, romelic akompanements ukeTebs momReralTa trios. trios musikaluri nomrebi speqtaklis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani xazi da warmatebis mizezia.

speqtaklSi monawile yvela msaxiobs zustad aqvs micemuli personaJis gaxsnisaTvis aucilebeli

13

amocana. msaxiobebi plastikiT, aqcentebis swori dasmiT, intonaciebiT, JestikulaciiT, _ groteskul, ironiul, komikur saxeebs qmnian. daviT roiniSvilis da zviad svanaZis mier gansaxierebuli, yvelasaTvis kargad nacnobi personaJebi _ Jozefina da dafna _ erTdroulad sasaciloebi da Sesabralisebi arian. speqtaklSi aqcenti swored am ori msaxiobis mier Seqmnil tipaJebze keTdeba. isini samsaxiobo gardasaxvis saintereso process gadian. amasTanave, ar arRveven „Janris kanons“ _ mayurebels „ar atyueben“, rom qalebi arian. amiT msaxiobebi TavianT personaJebs komikurobas mateben da gamomsaxveli xerxebis gamoyenebiT, TavianT rolebs met datvirTvas da mniSvnelobas sZenen. msaxiobTa TamaSi, musikaluri gaformeba, qoreografia, mxatvroba speqtaklis erTian, awyobil da STambeWdav suraTs kravs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom filmisgan gansxvavebiT, giorgi sixaruliZem kriminaluri samyaros warmomadgenlebic arasaSiS, groteskul arsebebad aqcia, romelTac, mTavari gmirebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar umarTlebT. es, ra Tqma unda, speqtaklis saerTo Janridan, xasiaTidan da movlenaTa ganviTarebidan gamomdinareobs. speqtaklSi ar aris asaxuli politikuri, klasobrivi Tu socialuri problematika. misi gmirebi ar arian erTi romelime konkretuli qveynis warmomadgenlebi. speqtakli simsubuqis, mxiarulebis, feradovnebis, silamazis da sicilis ganwyobas qmnis da sainteresoa yvela Taobis mayureblisaTvis.

Tavisufal TeatrSi avTo varsimaSvilis mier ganxorcielebuli „xom xocaven qancgawyvetil cxenebs“, quTaiselTa speqtaklisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove cxovrebis ekonomikur, socialur

14

kriziss asaxavs da problemaTa simwvaviT gamoirCeva. reJisorma, romanisa Tu kinofilmis, gadmoqarTulebisas Secvala moqmedebis adgili, personaJTa saxelebi da Seqmna qarTuli realobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garemo. avTo varsimaSvilis adaptirebuli nawarmoebi, gmirTa xasiaTebiTa Tu situaciebiT, Cvens Tanamedroveobas Seerwya. reJisori speqtaklSi sazogadoebisaTvis mtkivneul sakiTxebs svams: vin varT, ra faseulobebiT vcxovrobT, gvaqvs Tu ara gadarCenis Sansi. qarTul sinamdvilesTan daaxloebis mizniT, damdgmelma personaJTa sametyvelo enaSi _ TanamedroveobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Jargonebi, slengi, sametyvelo formebi CarTo. amiT personaJebi mayurebelTan kidev ufro daaaxlova.

scenografebis _ SoTa gabaliSvilis da Teo kuxianiZis _ mier scenaze Seqmnili sivrce sajinibos warmoadgens, romelSic Sous Semqmnelebma cxenebad qceuli rva adamiani gamoamwyvdies. am sajiniboSi gamomwyvdeulebs, drodadro prodiuserebi arenaze uSveben dausrulebel maraTonSi, araadamianur SejibrSi monawileobis misaRebad. oTxi wyvilidan, mxolod erTi gaimarjvebs da miiRebs dapirebul fulad jildos. Caketil wreSi myofi dapirispirebuli personaJebis warmoCeniT reJisorma Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yofa asaxa.

qoreografia personaJTa xasiaTebis SeqmnaSi exmareba msaxiobebs. mariam aleqsiZem TiToeul maTgans damaxasiaTebeli plastikuri naxazi Seuqmna. „SouSi“ monawileebi, ambidan gamomdinare, bevrs cekvaven, magram maTi moZraobebi monotonuria, xazgasmiT gawelilia, TiTqos gausaZlisi cxovrebis amsaxvelia. imavdroulad, msaxiobTa plastika gmirTa protestis gamomxatvelicaa.

15

SouSi monawileTa mizania _ asi aTasi laris mopoveba. reJisori da msaxiobebi sxvadasxva xasiaTis tipaJebs qmnian. maT _ uyvardebaT, mtroben, ebrZvian, exmarebian erTmaneTs. isini erTdroulad: erTgulebi, adamianurebi, angarebianebi, farisevlebi arian. maT aqvT miznebi da am miznebis misaRwevad sastik brZolaSi, SejibrSi monawileoben. zogi ver uZlebs gausaZlis pirobebs da maraTons eTiSeba. sabolood erTi wyvili imarjvebs. speqtaklSi monawile msaxiobebi qmnian mxatvrul tipaJebs, romlebic realur cxovrebaSi, Cven garSemo arseboben. zogadad, speqtaklSi naCvenebi Sou Cveni cxovrebis patara modelia. reJisori gveubneba, rom Cveni cxovrebac maraTonia da Cven yvelani am maraTonSi varT Cabmulebi, yvelani im Sous monawileebi varT, romelsac cxovreba hqvia. avTo varsimaSvili TiTqos mxolod socialur problematikaze akeTebs aqcents, magram, ZiriTad ambavTan erTad, dadgmaSi Cveni cxovrebis Tanmdevi sxva problemebic ikveTeba. speqtakli Cveni sazogadoebis xelmocarul, gzaacdenil, niWier axalgazrdebzea. maT surT icxovron normalurad, hqondeT stabiluri Semosavali. isini ibrZvian, raTa gadarCnen. am brZolaSi ki im qancgawyvetil cxenebs emsgavsebian, romlebsac sabolood xocaven.

vfiqrob, reJisorTa mier cnobili, kinoklasikad aRiarebuli amerikuli filmebis gasceniurebas ormagi datvirTva aqvs: gaxmaurebuli filmebis saTaurebiT TeatrSi mayureblis mizidva; quTaisis Teatris SemTxvevaSi, giorgi sixaruliZis mier, mxiaruli, komediuri Janris sarepertuaro speqtaklis Seqmna; `Tavisufali Teatris~ repertuars ki, avTo varsimaSvilma kidev erTi mwvave socialuri problematikis amsaxveli speqtakli Semata.

16

gamoyenebuli literatura:

oCiauri lela. jazSi mxolod qaliSvilebi arian. •Teatri da cxovreba, #2, 2015.CxartiSvili laSa. kinofilmis ori Teatraluri •versiis Sesaxeb. Teatri da cxovreba, #5, 2015.Brotman Mikita, Sterritt David. • They shoot horses, don’t they?. Turner Classic Movies, TCM Article. http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/151877%7c0/• They-Shoot-Horses-Don-t-They-.html Finally had been reviewed in 2017.01.03.Canby Vincent. They shoot horses, don’t they?. New •York Times. 11 December, 11, 1969.http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=EE05E7•DF1739E477BC4952DFB4678382679EDE Finally had been reviewed in 2017.01.03.Suber Howard. Some like it hot. The criterion collection.18 • December, 1989.https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/963-some-like-• it-hot Finally had been reviewed in 2017.01.03.

17

marine lomiZe, Jurnalistikis doqtori

marine xaratiSvili, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

variacia Soumenis Temaze

(Strixebi nikoloz wulukiZis SemoqmedebiTi portretisaTvis)

winasityvaobis magiernikoloz (nika) wulukiZe axalgazrda niWieri

kacia, romelic ager ukve aT welze metia qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe sxvadasxva ampluiT warmoCinda: samauwyeblo mediis gadacemaTa wamyvani (radio ,,imedis~ saavtoro gadacema ,,avanscena~ _ 2012 w. da ,,dila imedisa~ _ 2009 w; saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis ,,erisTavis saTvale~ Tanawamyvani _ 2008 w; telekompania ,,imedis~ ,,dRis Sou~ _ 2011-2012 ww. da ,,kulinariuli dueli~ _ 2012 wlidan); serialebis scenaristi (,,gogona gareubnidan~ _ telekompania ,,imedi~ _ 2011-2012 ww.) da msaxiobi (,,Sua qalaqi~ _ telekompania ,,imedi~ _ 2011-2012 w., 2014-2015 w.); 4 wignis avtori (,,igav-arakebi~ _ 2008 w, ,,moxuci jambazebi~ _ 2009 w, ,,finita la komedia~ _ 2009 w., ,,yvelaferi meore meoradi ar aris~ _ 2013 w.); mravali sagazeTo statiis, Teatraluri recenziisa da narkvevis avtori; sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Teatraluri Jiuris Tavmjdomare da wevri.

Cvens statiaSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT nika wulukiZis saqmianobis erT aspeqtze, gadacemis wamyvanis, ufro Soumenis ekranul saxeze.

18

* * *

satelevizio gadacema ,,Ria, gaxsnili~ struqturaa, saidanac realur drosa da sivrceSi ekranidan mayurebels pirdapir mimarTaven.

telegadacemis komunikaciis specifikis warmosaCenad movixmobT mkvlevar g. leoniZis mier SemoTavazebul saxelovnebo dargebisa (kinematografia, Teatri) da samauwyeblo mediis Sepirispirebas. a.tarkovskis gansazRvrebiT, kinematografi _ aRbeWdili dro _ iZulebiT aRadgens warsuls, ukve momxdars, riTac qmnis dramatul iluzias, romelic e.w. meoTxe kedlis princips emyareba: ,,mayurebeli TiTqosda SeumCneveli Tanadamswrea (mowmea am ,,meoTxe kedlis~ iqiT mimdinare moqmedebisa, romelic misgan damoukideblad viTardeba ekranze. ,,meoTxe kedlis~ princips emyareba Teatric. es pirobiTobaa, ... rom msaxiobebi mayurebels ,,ver amCneven~ da mayureblebsac es ,,sjeraT~ _ aseTia TamaSis wesi. televizias saSualeba aqvs gviCvenos sanaxaoba, romelic ki ar TamaSdeba, aramed realurad amJamad warmoiqmneba da viTardeba Cven Tvalwin~.1

telewamyvani, Soumeni da misi stumrebi teleekranidan mimarTaven teleauditorias da, telekameris miuxedavad, mayurebels swored uSualo mimarTvis saSualebiT eqmneba ,,meoTxe kedlis~ ararsebobis gancda, rac misTvis (mayureblisTvis) e.w. daswrebis efeqtis STabeWdilebas qmnis.

Teatralur warmodgenasa da kinofilmSi moqmed pirTa Soris urTierTobaa da ara mayurebelTan. upriani iqneba gavixsenoT, Tu rogor ganumartes frang Jurnalistebs nigerielma bavSvebma kino

1 ix.: n. leoniZe. satelevizio kontaqtis buneba. tele-radio-Jurnalistikis sakiTxebi. VII. Tsu gam-oba, Tbilisi, 2005.

19

da televizia: kinoSi erTmaneTs elaparakebian, televiziaSi ki _ Cven.

kontaqtis sxva formas gulisxmobs saestrado xelovneba _ estradis msaxiobi yovelTvis uSualod mimarTavs mayurebels. swored es Tavisebureba _ mayureblisTvis muSaoba, mayureblisadmi uSualo mimarTva da mayurebelTan urTierTobis damyareba _ aiRo televiziam saestrado xelovnebisagan, riTac uaryo ,,meoTxe kedlis~ principi da mravalricxovani auditoriac moipova.

estradisa da televiziis amgvari mimarTeba jer kidev televiziis pirvelma mkvlevrebma daafiqsires da marTebuladac axsnes igi komunikaciuri modelebis msgavsebiT. Soumeni, estradis msaxiobis msgavsad, gansakuTrebul grims ar ikeTebs, ar icvams sxvis kostiums, ar sWirdeba dekoracia, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi moixmars namdvil rekvizits. igi ekranze Cans ara rogorc sxvisi rolis Semsrulebeli, aramed rogorc realuri konkretuli pirovneba, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirovnul-profesiuli unar-CvevebiTa da niWierebiT.

estradis msaxiobsa da televiziis wamyvans Soris msgavsebis Sesajameblad, unda aRvniSnoT, rom arc erTi ar mimarTavs Rrma dramatuli gardasaxvis iluziebs da isini TviTrealizaciis erTi niSniT _ TviTgamoxatviT _ ifarglebian.

cnobilia, rom satelevizio kvirisa Tu dRis programebi (Souebi) arsebiTad avtonomiuri xasiaTisaa, xSir SemTxvevaSi gamokveTili avtoriseuli xedviT, rac, umTavresad, ritorikiT, oratoruli xelovnebiT vlindeba. satelevizio mosaubre pirs, kinosa da Teatris msaxiobsa da Tundac radios wamyvanisagan gansxvavebiT, erTi

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umniSvnelovanesi upiratesoba gaaCnia _ saubars (verbalur komunikacias) amdidrebs mimikuri da Jestikulaciuri gamomsaxvelobiT (araverbaluri komunikaciiT). es ki auditoriasTan urTierTobas efeqturs xdis. SesaZlebeli xdeba ara zogadad masasTan komunikacia, aramed mis TiToeul warmomadgenelTan sakuTari sityvisa da emociis mitana.

amdenad, televizia (rogorc masobrivi informaciis saSualeba) da wamyvani (rogorc komunikatori) informacias awvdis (gadascems gzavnils) sxvadasxva geografiul adgilas ganTavsebul farTo auditorias. amasTanave misi uSualo kontaqti asxeulebs pirovnebaTaSoris komunikacias (interaqtiurs), romelic Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da mozRvavebuli informaciis pirobebSi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens.

ori aTeuli wlis win zogierTi specialisti satelevizio sivrceze dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom gasarTobi programebis moZalebis miuxedavad, mayureblebSi meti popularobiT sargebloben ara Soumenebi, aramed sainformacio da sxva politikuri programebis wamyvanebi. da es aisaxeba ara marto sazogadoebis zedmeti politizaciiT, anda wamyvanebis piradi TvisebebiT, aramed urTierTobis formiTac, romelic sakonkurso da gasarTob programebSi naklebad gulisxmobs telemayureblebTan uSualod kontaqtis damyarebas.

vfiqrobT, es Sexeduleba sadReisod ufro sakamaTod SeiZleba miviCnioT. magaliTisTvis ori telekompania gamodgeba. ,,rusTavi-2~-is sazogadoebriv politikuri tokSou ,,arCevanis~ maRal reitings misi gamorCeuli wamyvanis, arxis

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saredaqcio politikis aqtiuri gamtareblis, giorgi gabunias faqtoric ganapirobebs. am niSniT (sazogadoebis interesi) ,,arCevans~ ar Camouvardeba gansxvavebuli salaparako gadacema _ ,,nanukas Sou~, romlis dasaxelebaSivea xazgasmuli wamyvanis faqtori. reitingis rekordul maCvenebels aRwevs telekompania ,,imedis~ tokSou _ ,,sxva rakursi gia jajaniZesTan erTad~.

gadacemis wamyvanis, ufro sworad, Soumenis profesia gansakuTrebulad gamoikveTa satelevizio Janris _ tokSous (,,salaparako Sous~) damkvidrebiT. Soumeni aris Jurnalisti da msaxiobi erTad, romelic aucileblad unda flobdes msaxiobis sabaziso unarebs. es amerikuli Janri, romlis ,,mSobeli~ cnobili amerikeli telekomentatori fil donahiua, CamoyalibebisTanave aqtualur satelevizio nimuSad iqca da dRes mravali variantiT vlindeba.

,,salaparako Sous~ imTaviTve (gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi) maRali Sefaseba misca gamoCenilma amerikelma reJisorma orson uelsma, romelmac specialistTa yuradReba gaamaxvila ,,saubris xelovnebis~ ganviTarebis, telegenurobisa da auditoriis moqalaqeobrivi aqtivobis amaRlebis faqtorebze. misi azriT, toqSou erTaderTi ,,wminda satelevizio formaa~, romelmac momijnave formebisgan araferi isesxa.

amerikulma sinamdvilem tokSous mravali forma daamkvidra, sadac mTavaria mediis ori umniSvnelovanesi funqciis _ informaciis miwodebisa da garTobis daaxloveba da integrireba. am tipis gadacemebs miekuTvneba e.w. realiTi Sou _ gadacemebi cxovrebidan. qarTul sinamdvileSi: ,,jeobari~ (,,rusTavi-2~), ,,amtani~ (,,maestro~)

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,,Segirdi~ (,,imedi~); cnobili adamianebis piradi cxovrebis warmoCena _ e.w. kitCSou _ ,,nanukas Sou~, ,,profili~ (,,rusTavi-2~), ,,eka xoferias tokSou~ (,,imedi~).

evropaSi tokSous yvelaze gavcelebul saxeobad SeiZleba moviazroT _ vrceli interviuebi da politikuri debatebi. postsabWour sivrceSi orive maTgani dRemde inarCunebs popularobas, mag., rogoric aris rusuli teleproduqtebi: ,,na edine so vsemi~, ,,Jena~, ,,pust gavariat~, ,,veCerni urgant~ ,,pozner~ da sxv.

zemoaRniSnuli adasturebs, rom tokSou klasikuri gagebiT (aqtiuri auditoria, saintereso stumrebi, eqspertebi da popularuli wamyvani) naklebad gvxvdeba. Janris struqturuli cvlileba garkveulwilad misaRebia mayureblisTvis da zemoxsenebuli oTxi komponentidan Tu romelimes ararsebobas ,,gvpatiobs~, igi savsebiT Seuwynarebelia studiis stumarTan sakuTari Tavis identificirebis modelis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. anu warmodgena imisa, Tu rogor moiqceoda igi (mayurebeli) mis (stumris) adgilas.

arcTu usafuZvloa zogierTi specialistis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom sazogadoebriv-politikuri Tematika ar miesadageba tokSous bunebas, radgan ,,salaparako Sou~ upiratesad mainc sanaxaobaa da ara saubari. seriozul Temebze saubari sxva satelevizio formatiTac SeiZleba SevTavazoT mayurebels, xolo sanaxaoba (cxadia, ar vgulisxmobT kamaTis monawileTa erTmaneTisadmi araeTikuri gamovlinebis formebs, rac xSirad ufro saintereso sayurebeli da azartuli xdeba) unda iyos dinamikuri, damaintrigebeli, efeqturi, romlis drosac mayurebeli unda xalisobdes,

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gauCndes taSis dakvris survili. amgvar gadacemaSi stumrebi ar unda ,,filosofosobdnen~, xolo Soumeni xalisiani, gemovnebiani iumoris unaris mqone, gonebamaxvili, kargi oratori unda iyos, romelic karg gunebaze gvayenebs da gvarTobs.

am mosazrebis sapirwoned SeiZleba gamodges Tanamedrove ucxouri da samamulo tokSouebis erT-erTi aspeqtic _ maTi metad saCoTiro Tematika-skandalebi, intimuri cxovrebis gasajaroeba, skabrezuli ambebi da sxva mravali. samauwyeblo mediis am TematikiT dainteresebis mizani auditoriis mozidvaa reitingis asamaRleblad, rasac komerciuli televiziebi mimarTaven: WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi interesis miRma arsebuli Temebis saxalxod gamotana _ ganxilva, romelTa wamyvanebi viTomda pirdapirobiT gamoirCevian, faqtobrivad mouridebloba, urcxvoba, utaqtoba da arakoreqtulobaa. swored am niSniT xdebian mediasaSualebebi reintigulebi, wamyvanebi ki _ popularulebi. cxadia, es xarisxiani mediaproduqtis (profesiuli mediastandartis Sesabamisad) Seqmnas ar niSnavs.

Cven gvainteresebs wamyvani (Soumeni) rogorc TvalsaCino nimuSi iseTi struqturisa, sadac gadamwyveti roli komunikaciis aqtivizacias ekisreba. miuxedavad moCvenebiTi, zogjer TvalSisacemi araseriozulobisa, satelevizio TamaSis sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba ueWvelia. igi samauwyeblo aqtivobaSi mayureblis CarTvis efeqturi formaa, roca studiaSi mowveul pirovnebas vaiZulebT gascdes misTvis Cveuli saqmianobis farglebs da sakuTari Tavi (unari da interesebi) gansxvavebuli rakursiT warmoaCinos. aq mniSvnelovani xdeba komunikaciis procesSi simultanobis (erTdroulobis) faqtori.

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am cnebis gaazrebidan CvenTvis arsebiTia ori aspeqti: pirveli _ pirdapiri gadacemisas satelevizio sinamdvilis ZiriTadi hipostasis _ droisa da sivrcis ukumSveloba, ukveceloba da movlenis ekranze mimdinareobisas moqmedebis uwyveteloba. simultanobis meore ganmsazRvreli niSani _ mayureblis Tanamonawileobaa.

gadacemis wamyvans moeTxoveba mayurebels ara marto gaacnos moqmedebis mimdinareoba, aramed gadaiyvanos movlenur sivrceSi _ damswred, monawiled aqcios rigiTi mayurebeli. Seqmnas ,,daswrebis efeqti~. amgvari ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba telekomunikaciis dialogurobas. rogorc amboben, warmosaxviTi dialogis nacvlad, komunikatorsa da auditorias Soris, faqtobrivad, xorcieldeba realuri dialogi, romelic ,,Caketil~ ekranul sivrceSi mimdinareobs. Tumca es Caketilobac pirobiTia, ramdenadac telewamyvans mayurebelTan swored ekranuli dialogis warmarTva evaleba.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi dialoguri Jurnalistikis moZaleba demokratizaciisa da globalizaciis procesis Tanamdevi xdeba. qarTuli satelevizio sivrce gajerebulia sxvadasxva tipis tokSouebiTa da interviuebiT, rasac bazris moTxovnac ganapirobebs. sazogadoebis interesi aseTi mediaproduqtis mimarT didia da, cxadia, telekompania amas Tavisi komerciuli interesebisaTvis miznobrivad iyenebs. am procesSi sagulisxmoa ormxrivoba: paritetuli principis dacva _ samauwyeblo mediis warmomadgenlisgan profesionalizmi (sakiTxis floba, informaciulobis xarisxi, profesiuli eTikis dacva, gadacemis stumarTan

25

da auditoriasTan saubris warmarTvis unari) da mayureblisgan interesi, rogorc sazogadoebrivi, aseve piraduli, romelic ganapirobebs am tipis gadacemebSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobas.

gadacemebisadmi interess, romelic reitingiTac izomeba, mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs masSi mowveuli cnobili, popularuli adamianebis monawileoba. am dros kargad ,,TamaSobs~ imijis e.w. ariTmetikuli formula: +1. anu, gadacemis wamyvanis dadebiT imijs emateba gamoCenili pirovnebis imijic, romelic, xSirad, upirobod, gadacemis warmatebis winapirobaa. magram am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs garkveuli riski _ winaswardadgmulma dialogma, ufro sworad fsevdodialogma, romelic moklebulia improvizacias, SeiZleba mayurebeli gaaRizianos da ukureaqciac gamoiwvios.

gadacemaSi zepiri sityva garkveulwilad gamosaxulebis kontrapunqtis (harmoniuli Sewyobis _ polifoniis) funqciis matarebelia. aZlierebs kadrSi asaxuli movlenisa Tu adamianTa mimarT Soumenis damokidebulebas, rac teleauditoriisaTvis asaxulis aRqmas uwyobs xels. arasodes aRweroT is, rac isedac Cans ekranze. Tqveni sityvebi ki ar unda imeorebdes, aramed avsebdes gamosaxulebas, _ amerikeli reJisoris, maikl rabigeris es rCeva ,,oqros wesia~ samauwyeblo mediis nebismieri TanamSromlisTvis. es ganawesi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens SoumenisTvis. igi warmodgenis (Sous) aucilebeli komponentia, rogorc gamosaxvis erT-erTi forma da emyareba Soumenis pozicias, ganwyobilebas, damokidebulebas gansaxilveli Temis an gadacemis stumrisadmi. vfiqrobT, swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs, rom Soumeniseulma sityvam (tembri,

26

diqcia) yvelaze adekvaturad gadmosces is, rasac Cven ekranze vxedavT.

sityvebisa da xedviTi saxeebis amgvari gaerTianeba azrobrivi datvirTvis oriveze gadanawilebis saSualebas gvaZlevs e.w. paralelizmis meTodiT. maSin, roca xma da gamosaxuleba sxvadasxva informacias gvaZlevs, Soumeni ganmartavs ekranze momxdars. ,,kontrapunqtad~ wodebuli xmisa da gamosaxulebis es tandemi, specialistTa azriT, amZafrebs mayureblis interess da ,,aiZulebs~ mas ekranze momxdaris aqtiurad aRqma-Semecnebas.

zepiri sityviT televiziaSi damkvidrebulia axali gamosaxviTi saSualeba-intonacia igi gamoxatavs rogorc wamyvanis emociur damokidebulebas mosaubrisadmi (msmenelisadmi), aseve sxvadasxva niuanss sZens erTsa da imave sityvas da gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebac SeuZlia misTvis. zepir sityvas yovelTvis hyavs adresati. imavdroulad, verbalur komunikacias ekranze Tan axlavs araverbaluri urTierTobis formebi (Jesti, mimika), romlebic kidev ufro met gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs mas da efeqtiansa da efeqturs xdis mayureblisaTvis. rogorc cnobili telemoRvawe irakli andronikovi aRniSnavda _ mosaubre adamianis mTeli qceva _ pauzebi metyvelebisas, daudevrad wamosrolili frazebi, Rimili, sicili, gaocebuli Jestebi, moRuSuli warbebi _ yvelaferi es, zrdis xmieri sityvis tevadobas, avlens sul axal da axal rezervebs, aniWebs mas araCveulebriv TvalsaCinoebas, emociurobas.

zemoaRniSnuli msjelobis kvalobaze SevecadeT gagveazrebina qarTuli telesaxis _ nika wulukiZis saqmianoba. rogorc zemoT ukve

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aRvniSneT, mas samauwyeblo mediis sxvadasxva profilis gadacemaTa wayvanis gamocdileba aqvs. aqve unda gavmijnoT radio da tele sivrce, radgan radioSi igi wamyvania, xolo televiziaSi wamyvanic da Soumenic _ samauwyeblo mediis am ori tipis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.

nika wulukiZisaTvis (telewamyvanisa da SoumenisaTvis) damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi:

ganaTlebuli, Tavdajerebuli, qarizmatuli, •inteleqtualuri, garkveulad _ fsiqologic;uxvsityviani metyveleba. arasdros rCeba •gancda, rom saTqmelis gadmosacemad eZebs sityvebs; Rimiliani saubari, romelic konteqstis •mixedviT SeiZleba msubuq ironiasac moicavdes;sasiamovno tembri da dinamikuri metyvelebis •manera, romelsac mayurebeli miyveba ise, rom arc iRleba da arc Riziandeba;artistuli, profesiuli unar-Cvevebis •gamoyenebiT warmoaCens sakuTar Tavs, rac ar Cans xelovnurad da sruliad bunebrivad aRiqmeba;gamorCeuli keTilganwyoba stumris mimarT, •informaciisa da iumoris Sezaveba, erudicia, taqti;imavdrouli saTanado reaqcia, •gonebamaxviloba, guliTadoba;`jansaRi epataJuroba~ da skandalebisadmi •naklebi midrekileba, rasac mis mier wayvanili gadacemebis formatic gansazRvravs;kargi qarTuliT metyveleba, naklebad •SesamCnevi gramatikuli da stiluri xarvezebi.

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gadacemis wayvanis meTodika:

gadacemis gaZRolis procesSi mniSvnelovania gadacemis temporitmis gansazRvra.

,,kulinariuli dueli~ aCqarebuli temporitmis nimuSia. wamyvani bolomde inarCunebs motorul aCqarebul temps, romelic gadacemis monawilisTvisac da auditoriisTvisac gadamdebia.

,,personaSi~, gadacemis specifikis Sesabamisad, temporitmi zomieri da mSvidia. ,,kulinariuli duelisagan~ gansxvavebiT, samjer neli tempiT mihyavs ,,persona~. am midgomiTac ikveTeba nika wulukiZis Soumenisa (,,kulinariuli dueli~) da wamyvanis (,,persona~) amplua.

_ gadacemis ritmis SesanarCuneblad (monawilis dasaCqareblad) aqvs Tavisi xerxebi. mag., ,,kulinariuli duelSi~ ambobs: ,,iwveba~ (igulisxmeba mosamzadebeli kerZi), an ,,viwvebiT~ (igulisxmeba dro). gadacemaSi ,,persona~ saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi stumars ase mimarTavs: ,,reklamamde unda movaswroT~ (igulisxmeba ambis moyola, Sefaseba, daskvna da a.S.).

_ nika wulukiZe yvela gadacemis teqsts TviTon wers. es upiratesoba saSualebas aZlevs studiaSi ar iyos damokidebuli mokarnaxeze, moqnilad marTos procesi, daimorCilos sityva da masve ,,daamorCilos~ stumari.

_ nika wulukiZis mayureblisadmi mimarTvis formaa _ ,,Zvirfaso megobrebo!~ igi erTaderTi Tu ara erT-erTi telewamyvania, vinc am fraziT mimarTavs mayurebels. mimarTvis amgvar formas televiziis zogierTi muSakic ki sabWouri televiziis gadmonaSTad miiCnevs. Cveni azriT, wamyvaniseuli mimarTva SeiZleba ganvixiloT ufrosi TaobisaTvis

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rogorc erTgvari nostalgiuri svla, xolo mayurebelTa sxva segmentisaTvis _ yuradRebis koncentraciisa da imavdroulad auditoriasTan daaxloebis, ndobis mopovebis saSualeba.

_ nika wulukiZe flobs samsaxiobo xelovnebis sabaziso unarebs da ostaturad iyenebs maT. avlens dramaturgiis elementebis codnas, romelic vlindeba tokSous wayvanis dros. mag., studiuri garemos Seqmna ,,kulinariul duelSi~ profesiuli unaris demonstrirebasTan erTad misi pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri mobilizebis kargi nimuSia. procesis uSualo marTva, udavod, nikas improvizaciis, bunebrivi niWisa da profesiuli alRos damsaxurebaa. calkeul SemTxvevaSi respondentis pirovnebis ,,gasaxsnelad~ igi mimarTavs SemoqmedebiT ,,provokaciul~ xerxs: mag., iwyebs Tavisi piradi cxovrebidan raime epizodis Txrobas, rac gadacemis stumars ,,aiZulebs~ wamyvans mibaZos.

_ nika wulukiZis narativi, metyveleba Sinaarsobrivad daclilia yovelgvari mowodebisa da mentoruli paTosisagan. mayureblis, gadacemis stumris yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad xSirad mimarTavs intonaciuri aqcentebis gaZlierebas, frazebis damarcvlas, riTac movlenis, procesisadmi sakuTar damokidebulebasac gansazRvravs.

mayureblisaTvis ,,daswrebis efeqtisa~ da stumarTan sakuTari Tavis identificirebis modelis Seqmna:

_ nika wulukiZe mayurebels ausrulebeli ocnebebis asrulebis virtualur Sanss aZlevs ,,kulinariul duelSi~, rogorc es moxda Sous stumrebTan: wamyvanma nino ananiaSvilTan erTad

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icekva, anita raWveliSvilTan erTad imRera, rusudan fetviaSvilTan erTad daxata.

_ nika wulukiZis gadacemebs gamoarCevs stumrebisadmi uSualo damokidebuleba. mayureblisaTvis yvela gadacemaSi wamyvani da stumari karg nacnobebad Cans. SeuZlebelia mravalricxovani stumrebis yvela warmomadgenelTan wamyvans axlobloba akavSirebdes, magram igi ise iqceva da iseT garemos qmnis studiaSi, rom gaucxoebis natamali arc studiaSi rCeba da arc mayureblisaTvis saxlSi.

_ nika iwvevs respondentebs gulaxdili saubrisaken. man SeZlo ,,personaSi~ reJisori daviT doiaSvili iumoriT aelaparakebina sakamaTo Teatralur procesebze, profesiul Secdomebze. man nani bregvaZe mayureblisTvis naklebad cnobili ampluiT _ profesiuli da piradi cxovrebis epizodebze saintereso mosaubred warmoaCina.

gadacemis stumrebis wamyvanisadmi damokidebuleba:

_ nika wulukiZe uZRveba ,,dRis SouSi~ rubrikas ,,persona~, romelic 2011 wlidan yovel paraskevs gadis eTerSi. am periodidan mas gadacemaSi mravali saintereso stumari hyavs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom respondentTa did nawils (merab berZeniSvili, gia yanCeli, tariel Wanturia, avTo maxaraZe da sxv.) arasdros miuRia monawileoba telesivrcis arc erT sxva gadacemaSi. es faqtori, upirvelesad, respondentTa wamyvanisadmi ndobis maRal xarisxze metyvelebs.

_ ,,kulinariuli duelis~ monawileTa

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speqtric gansxvavebulia. sxvadasxva dargisa da partiuli kuTvnilebis warmomadgenlebi siamovnebiT ,,eqvemdebarebian~ enawylian Soumens da piradi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva faqts xalisiT asajaroveben. ase moxda daviT gamyreliZis, gigi wereTlis, mixeil maWavarianis, xaTuna gogoriSvilis, irakli baTiaSvilisa da sxvaTa ,,kulinariuli Serkinebisas~. am gadacemis formati ,,uhalstuxo intervius~ erTgvari nimuSia, sadac yvelaze kargad Cans Soumenis profesiuli av-kargi. kiTxva-pasuxis logikuri bma, sakiTxis (pirovnebis) Sesaxeb informaciis floba, stumris naambobisa da qmedebisadmi wamyvanis gulwrfeli interesi mas ,,Cvenianad~ (mayureblis poziciidan) xdis da Sous popularobasac uwyobs xels.

* * *

warmodgenili statia, cxadia, ar isaxavda miznad Cveni Seswavlis obieqtis idealurad warmoCenas. es erT-erTi pirveli mcdelobaa Soumenis profesiuli moRvaweobis standartebiT qarTuli mediasivrcis erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis Cvenebisa. ar gamovricxavT, rom nika wulukiZis am aspeqtiT saqmianobisadmi sazogadoebaSi (rogorc specialistTa, aseve mayurebelTa Soris) gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebic iyos. Cven am kuTxiT mravalmxrivi kvleva ar Cagvitarebia, Sefaseba _ daskvnebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxviTa da mediis kontentanaliziT SemovifargleT. metadre, rom mis mimarT ramdenime survili Cvenc gagvaCnia: ar moaklos mcdeloba mSobliuri enis dacvas qarTul mediasivrceSi. Tavi aaridos iseTi damkvidrebuli umarTebulo gamoTqmebis gamoyenebas, rogorebicaa Tundac: ,,gancxadeba

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gaakeTa~, ,,komentari gaakeTa~, ,,naTqvamma gaiJRera~, ,,madloba moixada~, ,,bodiSi gadaixada~ da sxv.

amasTan, dRevandeli qarTuli mediis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamowveva sxvadasxva enidan Semosuli terminebis mozRvaveba da maTi aramarTebuli gamoyenebaa. Tu gasul saukuneSi Cveni ena mdidari iyo rusuli barbarizmebiT, dRes, samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, araerTi inglisuri termini sul ufro imkvidrebs adgils Cvens enobriv leqsikaSi. sagangebo yuradRebas moiTxovs siZulvilis enis damkvidrebis tendenciac.

vfiqrobT, nika wulukiZis Soumenis (wamyvanis) ampluiT saqmianoba namdvilad imsaxurebs yuradRebas zogadad da gansakuTrebiT qarTuli mediasivrcis dRevandeli xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

dabolos, Cveni statiis obieqti axlgazrda, TviTkritikisa da Ziebis unariT dajildoebuli adamiania, romelsac win didi mravalmxrivi SemoqmedebiTi gza aqvs da SeuZlia WeSmaritad saukeTeso iyos.


e. iberi. saqarTvelos televiziis istoria. Tsu •gam-oba, 2016.n. TaTaraSvili. teleJurnalistikis sakiTxebi.•Tbilisi, 2003.k. inasariZe. telemetyveleba. miunxeni, 2000.•

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g. leoniZe. telepublicistikis poetika. Tbilisi, •2002.n. leoniZe. teleJurnalistika. Tbilisi, 2002.•n. leoniZe. satelevizio kontaqtis buneba. tele-•radioJurnalistikis sakiTxebi. VII. Tsu gam-oba, Tbilisi, 2005.m. lomiZe, x.kaWarava. amerikuli tokSou da qarTuli •analogebi. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi VI. Tsu gam-oba, 2016.satelevizio Jurnalistika. Tbilisi. 1998.•Дробащенко С• . Пространство экранного документа. М., 1986. Мазурина У• . Взаимодеиствие документальных форм кинематографа и телевидения. М., 1984.

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mediologia

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vaJa zubaSvili, asocirebuli profesori, audiovizualuri

xelovnebis doqtori, dokumenturi kinos reJisuris mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli.

kinoteqnologiebi televiziaSi

firi da „cifri“ gansxvavebuli matareblebi da teqnologiebia, teqnologiebi ki yovelTvis cvlida xelovnebis stilistur-esTetikur xerxebs da funqciasac. cifruli teqnologiebi didi naxtomia. am teqnologiebma warsul, miTologiur samyaroSi gadawia Tanamedrove audio-vizualuri kulturis winamorbedi, kinematografi. cifruli teqnologia iafia, moxerxebuli da, rac mTavaria, iZleva manamde warmoudgeneli, an Znelad da rTulad misaRwevi specefeqtebis Seqmnis SeuzRudav saSualebas. TavisTavad cxadia, axali teqnologiebi iwvevs kinos, televiziis da zogadad mediis funqciebis radikaluri cvlilebis da gadaazrebis process. icvleba Sexedulebebi kulturasa da xelovnebaze, mis rolze Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. Tavis droze aseTive naxtomi iyo televiziisaTvis teletranslirebis Tanamgzavruli sistemebis da videoCaweris teqnologiebis Seqmna, manamde ki televizia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli kinofirTan da kinoteqnologiebTan.

televizia gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi iwyebs jer sacdel gadacemebs da Semdeg mauwyeblobasac. dRemde naklebad aris cnobili, rom televizia TiTqmis regularulad muSaobda nacistur germaniaSi, aSS-Si, sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSi da sabWoTa kavSirSic. imdroindeli telekamerebis dabali mgrZnobelobis gamo, gverdi ver auares

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kinofirs da Seiqmna rTuli da mouxeSavi kinotele kamerebi. nacistur germaniaSi televizia 9 wlis manZilze muSaobda.1 satelevizio programebi e.w. meqanikuri televiziis principiT xorcieldeboda da gadaicemoda specialur teledarbazebSi. specialuri teleqvedanayofebi televiziisTvis amzadebdnen reportaJebs, interviuebs da gasarTob Souebs. imis gamo, rom imdroindeli telekamerebi ver uzrunvelyofdnen gamosaxulebis karg xarisxs, prodiuserebi winaswar 35 mm-ian kinofirze iRebdnen gadacemebs pavilionebSi. berlinis studia eTerSi kviraSi samjer gadioda. berlinis 1936 wlis zafxulis XI olimpiadam, romelic pirvelad gadaicemoda televiziiT, didi biZgi misca televiziisadmi sazogadoebis interesis gaZlierebas. olimpiadisTvis damatebiT 20 teledarbazi moamzades. reportaJebis gamosaxulebis maRali xarisxi ki sam uaxles kameras unda uzrunveleyo, magram kinofirs verc aq auares gverdi. moZravi satelevizio studiis avtobusis saxuravze moTavsebuli kinokameriT gadaReba realur droSi mimdinareobda kinofirze, romelic iqve, studiur avtobusSi eSveboda, mJRavndeboda da ramdenime wuTis dagvianebiT gadaicemoda teledarbazebSi, am axali telekamerebis saSualebiT (foto 1,2,3).

nacisturma telemauwyeblobam 1944 wlamde iarseba. meore msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave swrafi tempiT daiwyo telemauwyeblobis ganviTareba msoflioSi. sabWoTa televiziis intensiuri ganviTareba 50-iani wlebidan iwyeba. moskovis, leningradis, kievis da sverdlovskis telecentrebis amuSavebis Semdeg, TiTqmis

1 Michael Kloft, Television under the Swastika, 1999, TV Spiegel- http://www.historymania.info/view_post.php?id=169

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erTdrulad, TanmidevrobiT amuSavda telecentrebi estoneTSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi, uzbekeTSi da a.S. TbilisSi 1955 wels daiwyo teleanZis mSenebloba mTawmindis platoze, iqve aSenda patara satelevizio studia-saaparato da gadamcemi bloki. 1956 wlis 30 dekembers eTerSi gavida saqarTvelos televizia.

imdroindeli telecentrebis mwiri teqnikuri aRWurviloba da erTi patara oTaxis moculebis studiebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi erTi, iSviaTad ori studiuri kameriT, did gasaqans ar iZleoda. gadacemebi pirdapir eTerSi mimdinareobda, satelevizio signali ki pirdapiri xedvis Zalian mcire radiusiT vrceldeboda (miTumetes iseTi reliefis mqone qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa). telegadacemebi xelmisawvdomi xdeboda mxolod gadamcemis moqmedebis SezRudul radiusSi myofi, Zalian mcire raodenobiT arsebuli televizorebis mayureblisTvis. pirveli gadacemebi enTuziazmze iqmneboda, mwirze mwiri teqnikiT (dasawyisSi studiaSi mxolod erT kamera muSaobda). eTerSi iwvevdnen cnobil adamianebs da Semsruleblebs. magaliTad, ase mouwveviaT Tavis droze Tbilisis am patara studiaSi cnobili momTvinierebeli margarita nazarova, Tavisi gawvrTnili vefxvebiT.1

pirvelma eiforiam gaiara, arsebuli SesaZleblobebi da studiuri viwro CarCoebi ukve aRar akmayofilebda SemoqmedebiT koleqtivs (am dros ukve ramdenime popularuli rubrika muSaobs: „mwerlebi studiaSi“, „qarTuli scenis

1 margarita nazarova da vefxvebi TamaSoben cnobil sabWoTa kinokomediaSi „zoliani reisi“ (kinostudia „lenfilmi“, 1961). es filmi sabWoTa kinogaqiravebis lideri iyo 1961 wels (45,8 milioni mayurebeli) - http://2011.russiancinema.ru

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ostatebi“, satelevizio Jurnali „xelovneba“ da sxva). studiuri Caketilobidan TavdaRwevis yvelaze kargi SesaZlebloba da saSualeba ki kinofiris gamoyeneba iyo. televiziis da kinofiris Tavsebadobas rogorc teqnikur, ise SemoqmedebiT aspeqtebSi, mravali eqsperimenti da, Sedegad, daxvewili teqnikisa da teqnologiebis Seqmna mohyva. kinofiri farTod gamoiyeneboda meore msoflio omamde da omis Semdgom televiziaSi mTels msoflioSi, maT Soris saqarTvelos televiziaSic, TiTqmis XX saukunis bolomde (saqarTvelos televiziis kinofondSi sxvadasxva gadacemisa da sainformacio programebisTvis 16 mm-ian kinofirze gadaRebuli bolo masalebi 1991-92 wlebiT aris daTariRebuli).

saqarTvelos televiziaSi specialurad Seqmnili kinojgufi 35 mm-ian kinofirze iRebda da amzadebda gadacemebSi CasarTav masalebs, sakoncerto nomrebs Tu Teatraluri speqtaklebis fragmentebs. did movlenad iqca pirveli satelevizio dadgma „bebrebi“ (1957 w.) niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobis mixedviT, sesilia TayaiSvilisa da aleqsandre JorJolianis monawileobiT (scenaris avtori _ medea lorTqifaniZe, reJisori _ merab jaliaSvili, mxatvari _ r.maxaraZe). es dadgma maSinve gadaiRes 35 mm-ian kinofirze (reJisori _ m. jaliaSvili, mxatvari _ r.maxaraZe, operatori _ qanTaria).1 aseve didi rezonansi gamoiwvia pirvelma qarTulma satelevizio filmmac „dedis xeli“ (1959 w.). es nawarmoebi ara mxolod qarTuli, aramed mTeli sabWoTa televiziis warmatebad aRiares.

„rogor ganviTardeboda teleJurnalistika 1940-iani wlebis bolos, mis CasaxvaSi presisa da

1 ssm arqivi, kinofondi: мтф-3120a

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radios Jurnalistebs ki ara, kinematografistebs rom mieRoT monawileoba? albaT Tavidanve meti yuradReba daeTmoboda garemos bunebriv xmebs...“, _ amboben „teleJurnalistikis“ gzamkvlevis avtorebi.1 saqarTvelos televiziaSi daibada pirveli novatoruli idea, satelevizio dadgmebSi studiuri pavilionidan naturaze gasvla kinofiris saSualebiT. am meTods farTod iyenebdnen satelevizio dadgmebSi, studiur scenebs dramaturgiulad erwymoda kinofirze winaswar gadaRebuli scenebi (magaliTad, satelevizio dadgma „uCinara“, mixeil javaxiSvilis mixedviT, rolebSi _ elene yifSiZe, nugzar juReli).

am periodSi ukve seriozulad msjelobdnen, CaeTvalaT Tu ara televizia xelovnebad, radganac arsebiTad imdroindeli televizia ZiriTadad xelovnebis nimuSebs _ satelevizio speqtaklebs, filmebs da koncertebs uCvenebda. aseve, pirdapiri translaciiT gadaicemoda akademiuri Teatrebis speqtaklebi, TbilisSi gastrolebze myofi ucxoeli da sabWoTa Semsruleblebis koncertebi, sacirko sanaxaobebi. im dros televiziam marTlac Searyia adamianebis cnobiereba. maSin bevrs sjeroda, rom televizia Caanacvlebda kinos da Teatrs. televiziis meSveobiT dedaqalaqis da regionebis (sadac vrceldeboda satelevizio signali) mcxovreblebisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo dedaqalaqis kulturuli cxovreba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sabWoTa warmoeba ver akmayofilebda moTxovnas televizorebze. aseve SezRuduli iyo satelevizio gadacemis arealic, Sesabamisad, Zalian mcire raodenobis adamianebs eZleoda es

1 f. Suki, j. larsoni, j. detarsio, „satelevizio reportaJis momzadeba da teleJurnalistika“, Tbilisi, 2014

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SesaZlebloba. xSirad televizoris mqone ojaxi kinoTeatrs emsgavseboda, am saocrebis sanaxavad imdeni axlo da Soreuli mezobeli iyrida Tavs teleekranTan, sakuTari skamebiT.

amave dros, mwvaved dadga sakiTxi, rogor daefiqsirebinaT da SeenarCunebinaT didi SromiT da ZalisxmeviT Seqmnili da teleekranze erTxel gamoCenili „cocxali“ gadacemebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda am gadacemebis gameoreba, daarqiveba da, rac mTavaria, maTi gadacema qveynis masStabiT Tu qveynis gareT moqmedi sxva telecentrebisTvisac, Semdgomi gavrcelebisTvis. am problemis gadasawyvetad yvelaze misaRwevi meTodi telegamosaxulebis kinoregistracia iyo. televizoris ekranis win Tavsdeboda specialuri kinokamera da xdeboda gadacemis gadaReba kinofirze (fotoN4). am erTi SexedviT martiv meTods mravali teqnikuri problemis gadalaxva, gadawyveta da daxvewa dasWirda. pirvel etapze, meTodis dauxvewaobis gamo, gamosaxuleba da xma uxarisxo iyo, moZraoba ki xSir SemTxvevaSi wyvetili. 1950-iani wlebidan kineskopuri gadaReba farTod gavrcelda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. nacionaluri qselebi NBc da cBS telegadacemebis aTasobiT 16 mm-ian kinoasls uSvebda Tavis filialebSi gasavrceleblad. am tipis gadaRebebi xdeboda rogorc 35 mm-ian negatiur kinofirze (rac mravali aslis damzadebis saSualebas iZleoda), aseve 16 mm-ian Seqcevad kinofirzec, sinqronuli xmis optikuri an magnituri fonogramis TanxlebiT.

saqarTvelos televizia amuSavebidan aTi wlis Semdeg, 1966 wels, axal, kargad aRWurvil SenobaSi agrZelebs muSaobas. rogorc Cans, am

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periodidan iwyeba monitoruli gadaRebebic 16 mm-ian Seqcevad kinofirze (fotoN5). magram videoCaweris teqnologiis danergvidan (1972 w.) kineskopuri gadaReba SeCerda da daviwyebas mieca ara Tu es teqnologia, aramed is unikaluri firebic, romlebic am teqnologiiT iyo gadaRebuli. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis arqivSi muSaoba fondebis SeswavliT daviwye da kinofondSi Cemi yuradReba maSinve miipyro am firebma. es firebi unikaluria, rogorc daviwyebuli, ukve ararsebuli teqnologiis artefaqtebi, rogorc erTaderTi egzemplari, radganac is gadaRebulia Seqcevad firze da misgan kinoaslebis damzadeba ar xdeboda; aseve unikaluria Tavisi SinaarsiT, kulturul-istoriuli RirebulebiT.

am firebis wamkiTxveli teqnika televizias ar Semounaxavs. manamde, Cemi kinogamocdilebis miuxedavad, aseT firebs (optikuri gamosaxuleba xmis magnituri bilikiT) me ar vicnobdi, magram gamaxsenda saskolo, 16 mm-iani firis kinosaproeqcio aparatebi, romelTa xmis wamkiTxvel blokSi, gadamyvan saxelurze, aRniSnuli iyo magnituri fonogramac. me da Cemma TanamSromelma grigol kupraZem daviwyeT aseTi kinoproeqtoris Zieba da viSoveT, magram magnituri xmis wasakiTxad saWiro aRmoCnda kidev damatebiTi aqsesuari... sabolood, Cven SevZeliT am firebis ekranze gaSveba da ekranidan cifrul matarebelze Cawera. ra Tqma unda, es xarisxi ver akmayofilebs Tanamedrove standartebs, miT ufro, rom imdroindel telemonitorebs ar hqonda iseTi mkveTri gamosaxuleba da, Sesabamisad, dedanze gamosaxulebac da xmac dabali xarisxisaa. magram dabal xarisxs aneitralebs am firebze aRbeWdili faqtebis da movlenebis, rogorc

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unikaluri artefaqtebis istoriuli da mxatvruli Rirebuleba.

kinofondis TanamSromlebi didi enTuziazmiT Seudgnen am masalebis moZiebas. baraTze an kinokolofze iSviaTia aRniSvna, rom es aris monitoridan gadaRebuli firi, mxolod gamocdilebiT SeZenili alRoTi SeiZleba maTi gamovlena. am droisaTvis gamovlenilia 150 erTeulze meti sxvadasxva Canaweri. xSirad kolofze an baraTSi gadaRebis weli miTiTebuli ar aris, magram aRniSnuli TariRebidan Cans, rom es teqnologia muSaobda 1960 wlidan 1972 wlamde. am Canawerebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom am meTods iyenebdnen ara mxolod pirdapiri eTeris Casawerad, aramed speqtaklebis da gadacemebis winaswar mosamzadeblad da eTerSi ukve damuSavebuli da damontaJebuli gadacemis Tu speqtaklis gadasacemad. amaze metyvelebs e.w. daumontaJebeli masalebi, sadac scenis ramdenime sruli da arasruli dublia gadaRebuli, an sulac sruliad daumontaJebelia. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris da saqarTvelos saxalxo artisti veriko anjafariZe kiTxulobs qalaqur poezias, sadac erTi leqsi ramodenimejer eSleba da Tavidan iwyebs kiTxvas. sruliad warmoudgenelia aseTi faqti pirdapir eTerSi momxdariyo („qalaquri poezia“, Teatralur gadacemaTa redaqcia, reJisori badri kobaxiZe, 1970 w.).1 satelevizio speqtaklis „mziani dRe“2 ramdenime epizodi da erTi scenis ramodenime dublia warmodgenili; SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom dazRvevis mizniT paralelur

1 ssm arqivi, kinofondi: мтф-12292 iqve: мтф-3080

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reJimSi muSaobda meore aparatic da es dublebi aqedan aris damatebuli.

yuradRebas gavamaxvileb satelevizio dadgmaze „uCinara“ (leo qiaCelis moTxrobis mixedviT, mTavar rolSi elene yifSiZe, reJisori naTela afaqiZe, mxatvari _ a. ramiSvili, operatorebi: e. dundua, Tabagari, mdivani; 1968 w.).1 pirvel rigSi, es dadgma sainteresoa imiT, rom masSi studiis pavilionSi gaTamaSebul ZiriTad scenebs organulad erwymis naturaze gadaRebuli scenebi. dublebidan Cans, rom reJisori kargad flobs montaJuri Wris da moqmedebis transsekvenciuri uwyveobis meTods. garda amisa, revoluciuri Tematikis am dadgmaSi poeturi metaforisTvis gamoyenebulia Tbilisuri quCis, Tbilisuri ezos, muSaTa demonstraciebis darbevis, metexis sapyrobilis da sxva kadrebi munji kinofilmebidan „komunaris Cibuxi“ da „kamo“.

TiTqmis srulad naturazea gadaRebuli satelevizio dadgma „ybaCam daigviana“ (mixeil javaxiSvilis amave saxelwodebis moTxrobis mixedviT, mTavar rolSi _ sofiko Wiaureli da guram saRaraZe).2 Canaweri arasrulia, siuJeti ki araTanmimdevruli; rogorc Cans, firi aRar daumontaJebiaT. am teqnologiam unikaluri fragmenti Semogvinaxa mixeil TumaniSvilis legendaruli dadgmidan „WinWraqa“.3 am dadgmis manamde cnobili, 35 mm-ian kinofirze gadaRebuli ramdenime scena gamdidrda axali epizodiT, romelSic mzias rols ukve nana faCuaSvili ganasaxierebs (am rols TamaSobda bela mirianaSvili). scenaSi TamaSoben:

1 ssm arqivi, kinofondi: Мтф-13342 iqve: safondo-3003 iqve: МТФ-1184

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medea Caxava, giorgi gegeWkori, erosi manjgalaZe, zinaida kverenCxilaZe, daviT uflisaSvili.

1966 wels farTod aRiniSna rusTavelis 800 wlisTavis iubile; saiubileo dReebis centraluri RonisZieba iyo mweralTa plenumi, romelic sazeimod Catarda rusTavelis Teatris did darbazSi. am saiubileo sazeimo sxdomis pirdapiri translaciac Semogvinaxa monitoruli gadaRebis teqnologiam („saxelovani iubile 800“).1 1968 wlis saaxalwlo „moambisTvis“ reportaJs, „riTi iyo RirsSesaniSnavi 1968 weli“, uZRveba julieta vaSaymaZe.2 Zalian sainteresoa axalgazrdul gadacemaTa redaqciis gadacema „axalgazrduli xmebi“, satelevizio musikaluri konkursis erT-erTi turi; masSi monawileoben: zugdidis, Coxatauris, maxaraZis da zestafonis axalgazrda musikos-Semsruleblebi; Jiuris SemadgenlobaSi arian: kompozitorebi _ giorgi cabaZe, SoTa milorava, nodar gigauri, boris Tbileli, momRerlebi _ lili gegelia, suliko koroSinaZe, musikaTmcodne simon cincaZe, televiziis axalgazrdul gadacemaTa mTavari redaqtori, momRerali Teimuraz (Temo) nacvliSvili, televiziis musikaluri gadacemebis mTavari redaqtori suliko lafauri, kompartiis da komkavSiris centraluri komitetebis warmomadgenlebi. Jiuris TiToeuli wevri Tavis Sefasebas specialur trafaretebze aRniSnuli qulebis raodenobiT aCvenebs. gadacema satelevizio studiaSi mimdinareobs da yuradRebas ipyrobs studiis dizainiT da reJisoruli gadawyvetiTac.3

monitorul firebze sakmao raodenobiTaa

1 ssm arqivi, kinofondi: МТФ-3003

2 iqve, МТФ-2700 3 iqve, П-1605

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sxvadasxva musikaluri gadacemebi: ansamblebi „dielo“, „orera“; momRerlebi _ Tamar iSxneli, meri Sildeli, jilda daTuaSvili; frangi momRerali, rozi armeni Tavis orkestrTan da kompozitorTan erTad; iugoslavieli popularuli momRerali, jorj marianoviCi stumradaa kafeSi „cisferi ekrani“;1 kompozitori andria balanCivaZe studiaSi roialTan asrulebs im periodisaTvis mis bolo nawarmoebs „romantiuli cikli fortepianosaTvis“.2

mravali gadacema eZRvneba literaturas, poezias, Teatrs, saxviT xelovnebas. studiaSi stumrad arian amerikeli mwerali artur mileri,3 dasavleT germaneli mwerali hainrix bioli, frangi reJisori da msaxiobi Jan vilari, romelic saubrobs Teatrze, samomavlo gegmebze, kiTxulobs monologs „antigonedan“ da pirdapir studiaSi TamaSobs, kostiumisa da grimis gareSe. dasasruls, mas ulocaven damdeg dabadebis dRes, Cuqnian „vefxistyaosans“ da suvenirebs, romlebic studiaSi Semoaqvs Janeta arCvaZes.4 erT-erTi gadacema _ „qarTuli poezia moskovSi“ (1971 w.), cnobili qarTveli da rusi poetebis monawileobiT, gadaRebulia saqarTvelos televiziaSi. gadacema, rogorc Cans, sareleo xaziT gadaicemoda centralur televiziaSi, adgilze ki moxda misi gadaReba monitoridan.5

telexidis erTgvar winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT gadacemaTa cikli „megobroba gzad

1 ssm arqivi, kinofondi: П-14892 iqve, safondo-30 3 iqve, МТФ -3505

4 iqve, МТФ -1126

5 iqve, МТФ-1299

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da xidad“. es gadacemebi mimdinareobda sabWoTa respublikebis telestudiebSi; Semonaxulia erevnis da baqos studiebidan gadmocemuli gadacemebi.1 studiaSi stumrad arian poetebi, mTargmnelebi, kritikosebi, saubroben qarTul literaturaze, kiTxuloben maT mSobliur enaze Targmnil qarTuli literaturis fragmentebs...

„amRerebuli afxazeTi“ _ ase hqvia gadacemas, romelic soxumSia gadaRebuli. literaturul gadacemaTa redaqcia stumradaa afxazeTSi. soxumis erT-erT skverSi Sekrebilni arian qarTveli da afxazi poetebi, afxazeTis mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare ivane Tarba. afxazi poetebi kiTxuloben sakuTar leqsebs, qarTveli poetebi ki _ maT qarTul Targmanebs.2

monitoruli gadaRebebis ucvleli operatori iyo valeri tatunaSvili (fotoN7). am teqnologiiT dafiqsirebuli gadacemebi Tu pirdapiri translaciis dros Cawerili Teatraluri speqtaklebi da sxva RonisZiebebi mniSvnelovani masalaa imdroindeli qarTuli satelevizio gadacemebis Sinaarsis, mxatvruli donis da esTetikis TvalsazrisiT; mniSvnelovania qarTuli Teatris istoriisTvis, radganac inaxavs legendarul dadgmebs (Tundac fragmentis saxiT), reJisorebs, msaxiobebs, maT cocxal Sesrulebas, rac gvifarTovebs warmodgenas imaze metad, vidre audio Canaweri, foto, mxatvris eskizi an TanamedroveTa teqstebi. am teqnologiis wyalobiT, Cven vflobT unikalur wyaros xelovnebis, mediis da a.S. mkvlevarTaTvis da qimiuri (kino) da eleqtronuli (televizia) teqnologiebis Tanaarsebobis araCveulebriv sailustracio masalas.

1 ssm arqivi, kinofondi: МТФ-3001; МТФ-1150

2 iqve, МТФ-1695

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foto 1. meqanikuri televizia-kamera

foto 2. pirveli meqanikuri televizori

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foto 3. nacisturi olimpiada _

moZravi satelevizio sadguri

foto 4. monitoruli gadaRebis aparati

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foto 5. monitoruli kino firi

foto 6. firis kolofi

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foto 7. monitorul kino danadgarTan,

valeri tetunaSvili


ivlita mesxiSvili, „saqarTvelos televizia 1956-•1988 wlebSi“, Tbilisi, 1999. f. Suki, j. larsoni, j. detarsio, „satelevizio •reportaJis momzadeba da teleJurnalistika“, Tbilisi, 2014.saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis arqivis •kinofondis masalebi. Kloft Michael, “Television under the Swastika”, 1999, TV •Spiegelhttp://www.historymania.info/view_post.php?id=169•http://2011.russiancinema.ru•

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musikismcodneoba

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FJana ToiZe,xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,

profesori

reCitativis Seswavlis ZiriTadi

meToduri sakiTxebi

reCitativi profesiul musikaSi damkvidrda

operis SeqmnasTan erTad (XVI-XVII ss.). rogorc saopero xelovnebaSi, aseve kantatebis Sesrulebisas, operetaSic, reCitativis Sesruleba yvela epoqaSi problemuria momRerlisTvis. gansakuTrebul sirTules reCitativi warmoadgens im SemsruleblisTvis, romelic akademiur doneze ar eufleba deklamaciasa da sasceno metyvelebis meTodikas, anu vgulisxmobT im student-vokalistebs, romlebic universitetSi ar euflebian sasceno metyvelebas, ar gadian am sagans.

rogorc cnobilia, reCitativi simReraSi ZiriTadad sruldeba metyvelebis aqcentebiT, musikaluri da sametyvelo ritmis, tonalobis, wminda (sufTa) intonaciis, musikaluri pauzebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saopero ariis win reCitativis Sesruleba Seamzadebs momRerals partia-rolis Sesasruleblad, uqmnis mas da agreTve msmenels Sesabamis `ganwyobas~. amgvarad, reCitativi unda Sesruldes srulad, yovelgvari kupiurebis gareSe. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom reCitativis struqtura yovel epoqaSi sakompozicio skolis Sesabamisad icvleba. studentisTvis savaldebuloa Zveli da axali vokaluri skolebis codna, maT msgavseba-gansxvavebebze dakvirveba, maTi SegrZneba Sesrulebis dros.

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urTulesi reCitativebiT datvirTulia XVI-XVII saukuneebis operebi, gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdi vinCenco belinis operebs `norma~, `kapuleti da montegi~, ̀ puritanebi~, ̀ somnambula~ (La sonnambula) da sxv. TiToeuli nawarmoebi momRerlisgan xmis sinarnares _ belcanto-s (mSvenieri simRera) Sesrulebas moiTxovs. Sesasruleblad aseve metad rTulia gaetano donicetis iseTi saopero nawarmoebebi rogorebicaa: _ `siyvarulis neqtari~, `luCia di lamermuri~ da sxv. joakino rosinis _ ìtalieli qali alJirSi~, `sevilieli dalaqi~ da sxv.

zemoT CamoTvlili operebis Sesrulebisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes rogorc reCitativebze, aseve urTulesi fioriturebis (fioritura), trelebis (trilo), stakatoebis (staccato) Sesrulebis teqnikaze. kerZod: rogorc reCitativis Sesruleba, aseve vokaluri fioriturebi da momdevno musikaluri frazebi, dayrdnobilia nekn-mucel-diafragmiseul sunTqvaze. amgvarad, students – vokalists,romelic flobs sasceno metyvelebasa da samsaxiobo ostatobis meTodikas, bevrad uadvildeba rogorc reCitativis, aseve teqnikurad urTulesi fioriturebis Sesruleba. amasTan, studentebma da operis axalgazrda momRerlebma xSirad unda moisminon gamoCenili saopero momRerlebis, _ mag.: sopranoebis: pati, grizi, pasta, gali-kurCi da sxvebi. tenorebis: garsia, rubini, tamanio, pertile da sxv.; agreTve cnobili vokalistiebis: kafareli da farineli (es Semsruleblebi erT sunTqvaze mRerodnen 16-taqtian musikalur frazebs) _ audio/video Canawerebs..

Semdegi rCeva: studentebma is saWiro literatura unda Seiswavlon, romelsac iyeneben

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rogorc vokalis, aseve sasceno metyvelebis pedagogebi, ZiriTadad:

Морозов• В. П. Биофизические основы вокальной речи. изд.: “Наука”, Л., 1977.Барсов Ю.А. Вокально-исполнительские и •педагогические принципы, изд.: “Музыка”, Л., 1968.m. mrevliSvili. mxatvruli kiTxvis xelovneba, •gamomc. `kentavri~, Tb., 2006.b. nikolaiSvili. qarTuli sasceno metyveleba, •gamomc. `ganaTleba~, Tb., 1979.reCitativis Seswavlis procesi axalgazrda

studentTan misi xmis kategoriis diagnostikis Sesabamisad (gansakuTrebiT biWebis xmebia sayuradRebo gardatexis asakSi: 18, 19, 20 weli) unda mimdinareobdes. xmis Sua registri xmis diagnostirebis, e.w. dadgenis procesSi gamoikveTeba. dawyebiTi, samuSao etapis dros, reCitativis daswavlis procesi studentisTvis specialurad morgebul, anu winaswar `dadgenil~ registrSi unda mimdinareobdes. da mxolod xangrZlivi da dauRalavi mecadineobis Semdeg _ laRad, Zaldautaneblad _ unda moxdes kompozitoris mier mocemul tonalobaSi gadasvla. studenti mxolod da mxolod am meTodiT moaxrexebs, SeZlebs reCitativis daswavlas _ am urTulesi procesis advilad da xalisianad gadalaxvas da aseve advilad, imave tonalobaSi, gadava mecadineobis Semdeg etapze _ mocemuli ariis sityvebisa da melodiis Sesrulebaze (es yovelive teqnikisa da sulieriebis SerwymiT xdeba).

aseve mniSvnelovania e.w. ̀ gardamavali xmebis~1 _

1 cnobili momRerali da vokalis Teoretikosi jakomo lauri

volpi moixseniebs, rogorc _ «промежуточные голоса».

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(dramatul sopranosa da maRal mecosopranos Soris; an dramatul tenorsa da lirikul baritons Soris) _ arsebobis gaTvaliswinebac. am SemTxvevaSi, axalgazrda momRerlis iogebi rom ar daziandes, saWiroa, mecadineobis procesi warimarTos Sua _ e.w. medium registrSi, da Semdgom nel-nela, naxevar-naxevari toniT, SedarebiT maRal da dabal registrSi, gagrZeldes mecadineoba. es procesi aucilebeli savarjiSoebis garda, iTvaliswinebs (moswavlisaTvis `SeumCnevlad~) misTvis sayvarel repertuarze _ mag.: markezis, panovkas, konkones vokalizebze, SedarebiT advil romansebze, simRerebze: neapolitanur, qarTul nanebze _ gr. CxikvaZis, a. CimakaZis, o. TaqTaqiSvilis, g. yanCelis da sxvaTa nawarmoebebze muSaobasac.

stanislavskis sityvebi rom davimowmoT: aseve kargi iqneboda, vokalis pedagogi vokalistebs aswavlides metyvelebas, xolo metyvelebis pedagogi _ vokals.1

XIX-XX ss.-Si, miTumetes, XXI saukuneSi, sakompozicio skolasTan erTad, icvleba saSemsruleblo skola, romelic moiTxovs bevrad Zlier bgeras _ Zlier sunTqvaze dayrdnobil, Tavisufal, ukiduresad maRal sasimRero _ e.w. formantas. metad sayuradReboa, rom Teodor Saliapinma, sxvaTa Soris pirvelma vokalur xelovnebaSi, moiTxova `Zlieri sityva~.

cnobilia, rom momRerlis xmis JReradoba damokidebulia Zlier sunTqvaze, ara marto maRal, aramed dabal formantaze, romelic aseve Seicavs:

bgeris moculobas;•bgeris siRrmes;•bgeris siZlieres (sikaSkaSes);•

1 Станиславский К.С. Моя жизнь в искусстве, М., 1954

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bgeris e.w. gadafrenas _ simsubuqes;•movercxlil JReradobas.•

momRerlis xmis maRal kategorias ki swored xmis xarisxi ganapirobebs. Cvens epoqaSi cnobili gaxda unikaluri kategoriis iseTi xmebi, rogoric gaaCndaT _ kalass, jilis, sazerlends, domingos, karerass, pavarotis, bruzonis, kaufmans, netrebkos da sxvebs.

aqve minda aRvniSno, rom cnobil qarTveli momRerlebidan, rogorc Cems disertaciebSi, aseve Cemi magistrantebis mier Seswavlili da gaanalizebulia cnobili qarTveli momRerlebis _ v. sarajiSvilis, s. inaSvilis, v. qaSakaSvilis, m. nakaSiZis, g. gogiCaZis, n. bokuCavas, n. andRulaZis, p. amiranaSvilis, l. aTanelis da a. xomerikis, T. guguSvilis, e. egaZis, b. maisuraZis, i. alibegaSvilis, i. ratianis, m. TomaZis da sxvaTa saSemsruleblo biografia da maTi repertuari.


sakandidato: • К вопросу становления и развития профессионального вокального образования в Грузии. 1980, Автореферат, Тбилиси.sadoqtoro: Tanamedrove qarTuli saopero reJisura •da momRerali-msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi XX saukunis damlevs, 1997, avtoreferati, Tbilisi.

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gvanca Rvinjilia,xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,

Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis asocirebuli profesori,

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis mowveuli

pedagogi

martin luTeris reformaciis

gavlena i. s. baxis Semoqmedebaze

martin luTeris saeklesio reformam udidesi istoriuli roli iTamaSa germanuli saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis gzaze, misi ekonomikuri winsvlis da germanuli xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis, gansakuTrebiT _ protestantuli musikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Sesabamisad, martin luTeris reformatoruli moRvaweoba kompleqsuri kvlevis sagania, romelic erTnairad sainteresoa rogorc Teologebis, filosofosebis, ise xelovnebaTmcodneebisa da gansakuTrebiT, musikismcodneebisTvis. luTeris saxels mkvlevrebi germanul musikasa da zogadad xelovnebaSi erTgvar revoluciasac ki ukavSireben.1

„luTeris gavlena germanur kulturaze Zalian Rrma iyo da ufro Sorsmimavali, [...] luTeris gavleniT germanuli nacionaluri kultura sakuTar niadagze dadga, Sinagani SemoqmedebiTi

1 Barber, J. Luther and calvin on Music and Worship. Retrieved from- http://thirdmill.org/articles/joh_barber/PT.joh_barber.Luther.calvin.Music.Worship.html

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Zala gaicnobiera“.1 rad Rirs Tundac hainrix haines Sefaseba, romelic amtkicebda, rom „germanul kulturas luTeris Secdomebic ki ufro gamoadga, vidre sxvebis qvelmoqmedeba“.2

luTeris reformaciulma moRvaweobam faqtobrivad gansazRvra germanuli mxatvruli azrovnebis, gansakuTrebiT musikaluri xelovnebis bedi. misi am dargze udidesi gavlenis dasturad yvela drois udidesi kompozitoris iohan sebastian baxis Semoqmedebac ikmarebda. warmoudgenelia obieqturad da srulfasovnad Sefasdes i.s. baxis memkvidreoba, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT mis luTeriseul reformasTan mimarTebas. kompozitoris biblioTekaSi inaxeboda 83 saRvTismetyvelo wigni, romelTa Soris, luTeris nawerebic moiazreba.3 riT iyo i.s. baxis musika davalebuli luTeris reformisgan? pasuxi am kiTxvaze reformis arsSi unda veZeboT, radgan luTeris gavlena musikaze am antikaTolikuri paTosis mqone reformatoruli moRvaweobis erTian farvaterSi vlindeba.

pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom luTeris reformas garkveuli safuZveli ukve Semzadebuli hqonda germaneli filosofosebisa da moazrovneebis _ erazm roterdamelis, iohan roixlinis naazreviT. luTeris reformaciuli swavleba Camoyalibda erfurtis mucian rufis wris humanistebTan

1 TevzaZe, g. martin luTeris mxoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi problemebi. krebulSi _ ̀ religiuri filosofiis problemebi~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, filosofiis instituti. „mecniereba“, Tb., 1995., gv. 10.

2 iqve, gv. 10.


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mWidro kavSirSi. gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos am wris warmomadgenlis ulrix fon hutenis „bneli adamianebis werilebi“ (1517), rogorc erTgvari galaSqreba kaTolicizmis winaaRmdeg. protestantuli moZraobis paTosi swored kaTolicizmis gavlenisgan gaTavisuflebisken da religiis nacionalizaciisken iyo mimarTuli. am gzaze luTerma musikaluri xelovneba, rogorc masebze zemoqmedebis yvelaze mZlavri iaraRi, maqsimalurad gamoiyena.

man mravali sagulisxmo mosazreba gamoTqva musikaluri xelovnebis raobis, morwmunis cxovrebaSi misi ganuzomeli rolis Sesaxeb. igi Teologias da musikas Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebda, metic, es ukanaskneli RvTismsaxurebis safuZvlad miaCnda. sulier SeWirvebaSi Cavardnili sulebis xsna swored Teologiasa da musikaSi iyo, romelTac codvil suls dapatronebuli eSmaki gaurboda.1

eklesiuri poziciebidan Sefasebuli musikaluri niWi da musicirebis unari luTerisTvis RvTisgan boZebuli udidesi saCuqri iyo, romelic sulac ar ewinaaRmdegeba rwmenas. mas surda Seecvala mcdari warmodgena musikaze, rogorc gasarTob da zedapirul xelovnebaze; metic, RmerTTan adamianis urTierTobis saukeTeso saSualebad da am saidumlo kontaqtis aqtiur monawiled igi swored musikas Tvlida. luTeris azriT, iq, sadac sityva uZluri iyo, musika srulyofilad axerxebda grZnobebis gadmocemas.2 swored musika

1 Sabzghabaei, D. Martin Luther and early Lutheran church music:Reformation to eighteenth century. Retrieved from -https://danielsabzghabaei.com/martin-luther/2 Retrieved from -http://www.rjgrune.com/blog/martin-luthers-view-on-music

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akontrolebda qristianis gonebas, guls da suls.1 „ar vemxrobi azrs, vinc fiqrobs, rom msaxureba gaanadgurebs xelovnebis yvela dargs, yoveli maTgani da gansakuTrebiT musika minda imis samsaxurSi vixilo, vinc is Seqmna“. 2

luTerisTvis musika pirovnuli poetizmis umniSvnelovanesi nawili iyo, romelic pozitiurad moqmedebda adamianis moralur-eTikur ganviTarebaze, rac eSmakeul fiqrebs daupirispirdeboda.

Tuki kaTolikobaSi musikis funqcia qristianuli WeSmaritebebis mxolod mistikur-alegoriuli gamoxatva iyo, luTerma daamkvidra misi praqtikuli Rirebuleba _ qarizmatuli teqstis proklamaciis saSualeba. musikas luTeri didaqtikur funqciasac aniWebda da xazgasmiT miuTiTebda TeologisTvis musikis Seswavlis aucileblobaze.3 luTeri moiTxovda, rom yvela saeklesio pirs hqonoda musikaluri ganaTleba. ymawvilebs sauzmis Semdeg, aucileblad unda emecadinaT vokalSi, rac maT moralur, inteleqtualur ganviTarebas Seuwyobda xels da rwmenasac ganamtkicebda. qristianis xsnas luTeri swored adamianis profesiul saqmianobasa da SemoqmedebaSi xedavda, profesia RvTaebriv mowodebasac warmoadgenda. es sityva xom germanul enaSi orive mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. (der Beruf _ arsebiTi saxeli, iTargmneba rogorc profesia, berufen _ zmna _ iTargmneba rogorc mowodeba).

Tavad luTers brwyinvale musikaluri ganaTleba hqonda, Cinebulad ukravda fleitaze,

1 Retrieved from -http://www.eldrbarry.net/mous/saint/luthmusc.htm2 Швеицер, А.. «Иоганн Себастиан Бах», (пер. с нем.) изд. «Музыка», М., 1965, გვ. 213 Retrieved from - https://songsandhymns.org/people/detail/martin-luther

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barbiTze, hqonda mZlavri tenoruli xma. Tomas mani werilSi „germania da germanelebi“ werda: „martin luTeri, germanuli sulis es bumberazi gansxeuleba, uCveulod musikaluri iyo“. 1

gavixsenoT ra mniSvnelobas aniWebda musikalur ganaTlebas i.s. baxi, rogor amecadinebda igi Tavis Svilebs Tu mowafeebs. kompozitoris erT-erTi Sedevri _ 48 preludiisa da fugisgan Semdgari cikli „sworad temperirebuli klaviri“, swored pedagogikuri mizniT daiwera. saRvTismetyvelo emblematikiT datvirTuli es cikli mowodebuli iyo imisken, rom moswavles Rrmad gaecnobierebina musikalur bgerebSi ametyvelebuli bibliuri WeSmaritebani, musikis enaze Seemecnebina qristianuli mrwamsi. temperaciis mizani da praqtikuli Sedegebi sayovelTaodaa cnobili _ praqtikaSi Semosuliyo musikis dawera mravaldiezian Tu mravalbemolian tonalobebSic, rac manamde, aratemperirebuli wyobis usufTao xmovanebebis gamo, SeuZlebeli iyo. magram es „Tanabroba“ scdeba musikaluri temperaciis problematikas; temperaciis wyalobiT gaTanabrebuli tonalobebic simboluri miniSnebaa qristianuli WeSmaritebebis Tanasworobaze.

SevexoT luTeriseuli reformis wamowyebis ZiriTad motivacias. reformis dawyebis aucilebloba mas agrZnobina indulgenciebis gayidvis gziT monaniebis mopovebis meqanizmis absurdulobam.2 es gaxldaT protesti rwmenisa da sindisis kategoriebis materialur kalkulaciaze (mitevebis sabuTis yidviT saiqio

1 mani, T. germania da germanelebi. JurnalSi „literatura da xelovneba“, erovnuli mwerloba. Tb., 1999, gv. 13

2 Retrieved from - https://songsandhymns.org/people/detail/martin-luther

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tanjvisgan ganTavisuflebisgan dapireba), romelic Suamavlis uflebiT aiRo Tavis Tavze romis papma. luTeris, rogorc Teologis mier sulis xsnis Ziebam bunebrivad gamoiwvia codvis fenomenis siRrmiseuli gacnobiereba da monaniebis ideis win wamoweva. protestantuli 95 Tezisidan pirveli swored monaniebas exeboda, romelic luTeris azriT, mravaljeradi aqti iyo. SemTxveviTi araa, rom baxis SemoqmedebaSic ori umniSvnelovanesi Tema dominirebs _ jvarcmis tkivilis gacnobiereba da monaniebis idea. baxis pasionebis pirveli gundebi, romlebic mTeli nawarmoebis dedaazrs azogadebs, upirveles yovlisa, swored monaniebis ideas amkvidrebs. am gundebis mTavari musikaluri motivi tirilis intonaciis masimbolovebel ritorikul figuras eyrdnoba. aseve rad Rirs Tundac „maTes pasionis“ #47, aria, romelSic petres saxeSi danaxuli nebismieri qristianis monanie sulis tirili da godeba gadmoicema. gavixsenoT maRali mesis 4-taqtiani Sesavalic, romelic monanie kacobriobis moxmobas da maTi locvisTvis Semzadebas simbolizebs. 4-taqtiani frazis Semdgomi pauza locvisTvis srul mzadyofnaSi garindebul mrevls gamoxatavs, Semdgomi fraza ki, romelic erTi bgeris orive mimarTulebiT gaSlil musikalur ganviTarebas gvTavazobs, gonebaSi sakuTar codvaze dafiqrebas da sinanulSi Cavardnas gvagonebs. is faqtic, rom mesaSic da pasionebSic yvelaze grandiozuli pirveli gundebia, swored imiT aixsneba, rom isini monaniebis ideas eZRvneba. monanieba sxvagvarad fiqrs, gonebis cvlilebas niSnavs, romelic mxolod sulis didi mecadineobiT miiRweva. sulieri transformacia ki metad mtkivneuli, xangrZlivi

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da mtanjveli procesia. gana pirveli gundebis erT afeqtze akumulireba, e.w. ritorikuli figuris permanentuli gameoreba, metadre nawarmoebis yvelaze xangrZliv musikalur nomerSi, swored am mtanjveli procesis msmenelis mier gacnobierebas ar emsaxureba?! amgvarad, am sakiTxis siRrmiseul wvdomaSi baxi luTeris Rirseuli memkvidrea.

SevexoT reformis kidev erT strategiul sakiTxs, romelmac mTel germanul xelovnebaze revoluciuri gavlena moaxdina. luTers miaCnda, rom rwmena Suamavlis, anu eklesiis gareSec, eZleva adamians da amitom daamkvidra Sinagani rwmeniT xsnis principi.1 es gulisxmobda RmerTTan uSualo mimarTebis SesaZleblobis danergvas, ramac qristianobis dogmatebis axleburi wakiTxvisken ubiZga germanels da amaSia protestantobis arsic. Sinagani rwmenis principis damkvidrebam qristians SesaZlebloba misca, biblia subieqtur prizmaSi gaetarebina. Tuki manamde mrevls bibliis wakiTxvac ki ekrZaleboda sasuliero piris daxmarebis gareSe, realobad iqca qristianis mier bibliis Tavisufali interpretirebis SesaZlebloba. „luTeris RmerTs luTeris xasiaTi hqonda. amas igi Tavadac ar malavda. amtkicebda, rom sxvanairad RmerTi Seumecnebadia da roca igi mainc gwams, cxadia, raRac gageba igulisxmeba. es gageba ki swored am pirovnebis individualur SesaZleblobazea damokidebuli. amdenad, Seumecnebadi RmerTis saxe yovelTvis anTropomorfulia. luTers ekuTvnis saocrad gulaxdili sityvebi, romelnic am mosazrebas adastureben. RmerTi carieli dafaa, romelzedac araferi sweria, garda imisa, rasac

1 Retrieved from - http://ariom.ru/wiki/martinLjuter

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Sen daswer masze“.1 pirovnul prizmaSi yovelives gaazrebis

tendenciam germanul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi sruli kart-blanSi misca movlenebis interpretacias xelovanis individualobis niSniT albrext diureris, matias grunevaldis, iohan valteris, hainrix Siutcis, ditrix buqstehudes da gansakuTrebuli ZaliT i.s. iakob biomis naazrevsa da baxis musikaSi. SemTxveviTi araa, rom baxs mexuTe maxareblad moixsenieben.2 pasionebis avtori Tavis saxarebebs musikaluri bgerebiT wers. maxareblis partiaSi periodulad Cadgmuli protestantuli qoralebiT, turbae gundebiT, ariebiT baxi, TiTqos, erTgvar komentars ukeTebs saxarebis movlenebs. maTSi gadmoicema gancdaTa simZafre, jvarcmis tkivilis sidiade da monaniebis Rrmad tragikuli saxiereba. komentireba xdeba ara mxolod musikaluri intonaciurobiT, aramed TviT ama Tu im nomris nawarmoebis arqiteqtonikaSi ganTavsebiT. ase, mag.: #47 ariaSi („maTes pasioni“) tenoris partiaSi reCitatiulad gamRerebul sityvebze _ „da mwared atirda“ baxi saxarebis teqsts wyvets da Semdgom nomrad gvTavazobs altis arias, romelic tirilis sasowarkveTil godebaSi gadasvlis etapebs warmogviCens. tirilis fsiqologiis Rrma codniT dawerili es nomeri msmenelSi sinanulis emociis utrirebas axdens.

protestantobam aRiara yoveli qristianis Tanabroba sulis xsnis gzaze, romelic

1 TevzaZe, g. martin luTeris mxoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi problemebi. krebulSi _ ̀ religiuri filosofiis problemebi~. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, filosofiis instituti. „mecniereba“, Tb., 1995., gv. 23.

2 Mohler, A. Passions of Bach. Art & culture. April 11, 2006. Retrieved from-http://www.albertmohler.com/2006/04/11/the-passions-of-bach/

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adamianTa wodebriv da sakralur ierarqias arad dagidevT. Sesabamisad, yoveli qristiani Tanabrad srulRirebulia, ramac protestantuli cnobierebis farglebSi pirovnebis emansipacia gamoiwvia. amis naTel nimuSad swored zemoT xsenebuli aria gamogvadgeba, romelSic nebismieri qristianis sinanuli igulisxmeba; meco-sopranos tembri mkafio miniSnebaa petres saxis nonpersonificirebaze.

luTeris reformis kidev erT umniSvnelovanes monapovars warmoadgens misi Tanmdevi procesi _ erovnuli identobis sakiTxis win wamoweva. luTers miaCnda, rom imJamindeli kaTolikuri RvTismsaxureba ar emsaxureboda mrevlis interesebs, amitom mrevlis aqtiuri CarTva msaxurebaSi reformis umniSvnelovanes punqtad aqcia. es SeuZlebeli iqneboda RvTismsaxurebis procesis germanizaciis gareSe. luTeris reformis umTavresi paTosi swored RvTismsaxurebis germanul enaze warmarTvisken iyo mimarTuli. misTvis morwmunis Sinagani mimarTeba ufalTan SeuZlebeli iyo sakuTar enaze Tavisufali azrovnebis gareSe, radgan Tavisuflebis faqtoris SezRudva rwmenas Searyevda. amdenad, biblia Tavdapirvelad man germanulad, kerZod zeda saqsonur dialeqtze aTargmnina, rac sabolood, germanulenovani RvTismsaxurebis procesis CamoyalibebiT dasrulda. amiT tabu moixsna dasavleT evropis saqristianos laTinuri msaxurebis qveS gaerTianebaze.

1526 wels luTerma Seqmna germanuli mesa (romlis mxolod mcire nawili imRereboda laTinur enaze), rac mrevls msaxurebaSi CarTvis met SesaZleblobas aZlevda.1 germanuli mesis struqtura

1 Sabzghabaei, D. Martin Luther and early Lutheran church music:Reformation to eighteenth century Retrieved from - https://danielsabzghabaei.com/martin-luther/

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Semdegnairad ganisazRvra _ gamoitovebodaGloria, Semcirda da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi gamoitoveboda _ Proprium-is ramdenime nawili, luTerma uari Tqva Offertorium-ze.

swored am reformiT luTerma baxze ara mxolod konceptualuri, ideur-filosofiuri, aramed wminda musikaluri gavlena moaxdina. rogorc cnobilia, luTeri (garda saSemsruleblo praqtikisa) 1523 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde aqtiurad werda musikas, Tumca misi Txzulebebis dazustebuli raodenoba cnobili ar aris. baxis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi luTeris moRvaweobis yvelaze saintereso mxare protestantul qorals ukavSirdeba. metad sadavoa luTeris mier Seqmnil protestantul himnTa raodenoba.1 cnobilia mxolod mis mier Sedgenili 4 krebuli da utyuaria 36 himnis avtoroba.2

rogori iyo protestantuli qorali da ra simbolikiT Tu funqciiT datvirTa igi luTerma? man Tavdapirvelad Targmna laTinuri teqstebi, Semdeg miuwera axali melodiebi. mogvianebiT es procesic xelovnurad miiCnia da axali melodiebisTvis axali teqstebic dawera. hangebis harmonizacia iTava misma megobarma da Tanamoazrem, kompozitorma iohan valterma. italiuri grZeli kantabiluri melodikis sapirispirod qorali daefuZna mokle Tema-motivebs an intonaciur saqcevebs.

sagulisxmoa, rom adreuli qoralebi polifoniuri wyobis iyo, rac mniSvnelovan


2 Retrieved from -http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/martin-luther-and-music/

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sirTuleebs uqmnida profesiuli specialuri ganaTlebis ar mqone germanul mrevls. luTeris reformam es procesi warmarTa qoralis misawvdomlobis koeficientis gazrdisken. imisTvis, rom mrevls ar gasWirveboda msxurebis procesSi CarTva, luTerma mas SesTavaza advilad dasamaxsovrebeli erTxmiani qoralebi germanul enaze (rac TavisTavad aiolebda qristianuli WeSmaritebebis Semecnebas). amdenad, saeklesio musikaluri praqtika erTxmian wyobaze gadavida da polifoniuri wyoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo misaRebi, Tuki musika verbaluri teqstis aRqmas ar abundovanebda. am TvalsazrisiT, misTvis ideali Josken depres mesebi iyo.1

ras emsaxureboda yovelive es? RvTismsaxurebis procesSi mrevlis maqsimalur CarTulobas. germanuli qoralis danergva RmerTisadmi uSualo mimarTvis erTgvar simbolod iqca.

miuxedavad imisa, rom protestantuli qorali TviTmyofi movlenaa, mas, rogorc musikalur Janrs, didi istoriuli mexsiereba gaaCnia. misi erT-erTi wyaro maisterzingerTa melodiebi iyo, saidanac momdinareobda maTi forma. es iyo 4, 8-taqtiani struqturis melodia frazirebis mkafio niuansebiT. arsebobda ori saxis qorali: ureprizo (aab) da repriziT (aaba). ramdenime strofiT, sxvadasxva teqstiT erT melodiaze. qoralis xmovaneba amaRlebuli, haerovani da qarizmatuli iyo, yvela xmaSi erTgvarovani ritmiT. xalxur ZirebTan kavSiri gansazRvravda mis demokratiulobas. Sinaarsobrivad isini uaxlovdeboda Cexebis husistur da hugenotebis

1 Retrieved from- http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/martin-luther-and-music/

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frangul himnebs, romlebic aseve reformaciis pirmSo Janrebad moiazrebian.

qoralebis raodenoba weliwadSi eqvss ar aWarbebda, anu ramdenime Tvis manZilze mRerodnen erTsa da imave qoralebs. Tu romelime qalaqSi ar iyo profesiuli gundi, mrevlis roli izrdeboda da yovelwliurad 20 qoralic imRereboda. garda imisa, rom luTeris mesam moaxdina baxze gavlena, gamorCeuli mniSvneloba baxma mainc luTeris protestantul qoralebs mianiWa. isini baxma TviTgamoxatvis mZlavr iaraRad aqcia da ukvdavhyo. kompozitori mimarTavda luTeris uSualod citirebasac da iyenebda sxvadasxva avtoris daweril protestantul qoralebsac. ase magaliTad, „sworad temperirebuli klaviris“ mravali preludiis da fugis safuZveli swored qoralebia, romlebic TavianTi cnobadobis maRali koeficientis gamo, teqstis gareSec iwveven saxeobriv-azrobriv asociaciebs.

ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom baxis mier pasionebSi saxarebis movlenebis da qristianuli WeSmaritebebis yvelaze siRrmiseuli gacnobiereba, emociuri komentirebis metad faqizi niuansebi swored qoralebSia akumulirebuli. pasionebis a cappella qoralebis qarizmatuli xmovaneba TiTqos yvelaze arqaul, dematerializebul sibrtyeSi gadaisvris musikalur qsovils da luTeris droSi gvabrunebs. sagulisxmoa, rom luTerma dawera rogorc germanuli (1526) ise laTinuri mesac (Formula missae, 1523). am mxrivac, baxi misi uSualo gamgrZelebelia _ igi orive konfesiaSi muSaobda; baxis mesebi esadageba kaTolikur msaxurebis kanonikas, pasionebi, kantatebi da oratoriebi ki _ germanuli protestantuli konfesiis kanonikas.

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luTeri saero yofaSi gavrcelebul melodiebsac iyenebda mesaSi, rac kanonikis darRvevad ar esaxeboda. misi argumentacia kvlav qristianobis WeSmaritebebs efuZneboda _ „Tuki iqadageba, rom ufali aris sekularuli (miwieri) da aseve sasuliero (spiritualuri) samyaros mmarTveli, es musikasac exeba: sasuliero da saero musikis STagonebis wyaroc qristea“.1

baxis musikaSic mravlad vxvdebiT saero warmomavlobis melodiebs, romlebic nawarmoebSi TviT gregoriseul qoralebTan da protestantul qoralebTan erT mxatvrul sivrceSi arseboben.

amgvarad, i. s. baxis musika RvTismsaxurebis sferoSi luTeris mier ganxorcielebul globalur cvlilebebTan naziarebi rTuli fenomenia. kompozitoris Semoqmedebis gaazreba luTeris reformis gareSe SeuZlebelia, radgan baxis musikis arsi religiis enaze cnaurdeba. kompozitoris protestantuli msoflmxedvelobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, marTlac gaugebaria, magaliTad is, Tu ratom Tanaarsebobs nawarmoebebSi saxarebis kanonikuri teqstebi da Tavisufali religiuri poezia, ormagi gundi orkestris TanxlebiT da qoralis qarizmatuli xmovaneba, ratom CaerTveba maxareblis kanonikur teqstSi ariebi, gundebi da qoralebi saxarebis komentirebis funqciiT.

kompozitoris musikalur azrovnebas protestantuli mrwamsi ayalibebs, romelic man memkvidreobiT martin luTerisgan SeiTvisa. baxma musikaSi aaJRera is, rac RvTismsaxurebis sferoSi

1 Sabzghabaei, D. Martin Luther and early Lutheran church music:Reformation to eighteenth century Retrieved from -https://danielsabzghabaei.com/martin-luther/

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germanuli istoriis strategiuli mniSvnelobis figuram _ martin luTerma ganaxorciela.


TevzaZe guram. • martin luTeris mxoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi problemebi krebulSi _ `religiuri filosofiiis problemebi~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, filosofiis instituti. Tb., „mecniereba“, 1995. mani Tomas. • germania da germanelebi. JurnalSi „literatura da xelovneba“, Tbilisi: erovnuli mwerloba. 1999.Швеицер Альберт. «Иоганн Себастиан Бах», (пер. с •нем.) М., изд. «Музыка», 1965Barber John. Luther and calvin on Music and Worship. •Retrieved from-http://thirdmill.org/articles/joh_barber/PT.joh_barber.Luther.calvin.Music.Worship.htmlRetrieved from- • https://songsandhymns.org/people/detail/martin-lutherRetrieved from- • http://ariom.ru/wiki/martinLjuter Retrieved from -• http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/martin-luther-and-music/Retrieved from- • http://www.rjgrune.com/blog/martin-luthers-view-on-music

Retrieved from -• http://www.eldrbarry.

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universitetis

sadoqtoro programa

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nuri nalbanToRlu,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtorantixelmZRvaneli: prof. Tamar bokuCava

drois buneba

(reJisoris komentarebi drois arsTan dakavSirebiT piesaze muSaobis procesSi)

es aris mcdeloba CamovayaliboT Tvalsazrisi, romelic dagvexmareba piesaze reJisoris Sexedulebis, misi xedvis gaazrebaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, drois cnebis xelaxla ganmarteba gascdeboda am naSromis farglebs. rodesac reJisori piesaze komentars akeTebs, is Tavis inteleqtualur gamocdilebas eyrdnoba da, garda amisa, sakuTar TvalsazrisTan axlos mdgom mwerlebs, maTi azrovnebis stils swavlobs. amiT is Tavis pozicias aZlierebs, amdidrebs. reJisoris Tvalsazrisis, piesaze misi komentaris formirebaze gavlena SeiZleba nebismierma movlenam moaxdinos – sagazeTo informaciam, simReram, moulodnelmaSemTxvevam. Cven mier qvemoT ganxiluli drois gageba efuZneba erol anaris statias _ „gamokvleva drois cnebis Sesaxeb“.

avgustine, kanti, haidegeri, hegeli, aristotele, niutoni da sxva moazrovneni da mecnierni werdnen da fiqrobdnen drosa da mis bunebaze. drois arsis gageba erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli amocanaa. Cemi azriT, imisaTvis, rom gaigo Tu ra aris dro, erTdroulad unda gqondes rogorc samecniero, aseve filosofiuri xedva.1

1 http://karaanaliz.blogspot.com.tr/2015/12/zaman-kavrami-uzerine-bir-deneme.html

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„ra aris dro? Tu aravin mkiTxavs, vici, rac aris. magram Tu movindomeb, rom vinmes ganvumarto, ukve aRar vici... darwmunebuli var, Tu ar ganvlo, warsuli droc ar iarsebebs, raRac Tu ar movida, momavali dro ar iarsebebs. rogor xdeba, rom arsebobs warsuli da momavali? warsuli ukve aRar arsebobs. momavali _ jer ar arsebobs. awmyo ki mudam arsebobs. Tu warsulad ar iqca, awmyo ki ara, usasruloba iqneba. ese igi, imisaTvis, rom iyos awmyo, saWiroa is warsulad iqces. vsvamT kiTxvas: rogor SeiZleba vilaparakoT awmyos arsebobaze, romelic ganwirulia gaqrobisTvis? e.i. dro arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac ararsebobas eqvemdebareba“.1

avgustinem drois cneba Tavisi filosofiis Sesabamisad metafizikur sibrtyeSi Seafasa, amasTan man Tavi aarida drois zust gansazRvras. ufro mets werda imaze, Tu ra ar aris dro, vidra imaze, Tu ra aris is. aristotele aRiarebs, rom drois sawyisi wertili samyaros sawyisi wertilia. ueWvelia, rogorc samyaros, aseve drois Semqmneli RmerTia.

frangi fizikosi eTien kleinic cdilobs ganmartos dro. igi xazs usvams imas, rom dro ver gansazRvra rogorc erTi mTlianoba.

dro: 1. arsebobs (miedineba) maSin, roca sxva

araferi ar arsebobs;2. es aris procesi Tanmimdevruli

movlenebisa;3. es aris momavali, romelic modis;4. dro bunebam Seqmna, raTa gagviadvilos

cxovreba, rom yvelaferi erTdroulad ar

1 İtiraflar, Augustinus, s. 354-430

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moxdes.1 rodesac drois cnebaze viwyebT fiqrs,

vfiqrobT warsulze. imitom, rom adamianis drosTan arsebuli urTierToba vlindeba warsulTan damokidebulebaSi. drom adamianebis cxovrebaze „warsulSi“ moaxdina gavlena. warsulma drom adamiani Secvala, movlenebisadmi damokidebulebac Seucvala. aseTi ram momaval dros ar exeba. amitom, roca dros vaxsenebT, momavalze ki ara, warsulze vfiqrobT.

drois Sesaxeb bevri ram SeiZleba viswavloT mecnierebisgan. qvemoT SemogTavazebT, Tu ra wvlili Seitanes mecnierebma drois gansazRvraSi. oRond imisaTvis, rom gavigoT iseTi cneba, rogoricaa dro, gvWirdeba rogorc mecnieruli ganaTleba, aseve filosofiuri kreatiuloba. magaliTad, galaqtikis uSoresi wertilebidan varskvlavebi sinaTles gvigzavnian, es sinaTle Cvenamde asi aTasi wlis mere aRwevs. asi aTasi wlis winandeli gamosxivebebis naxva Zalian momajadoebelia. TiTqos drois manqanaSi vsxdebiT da galaqtikas asi aTasi wliT warsulSi mivyavarT. warsuli saiT midis? SesaZlebelia warsulSi dabruneba? anda momavalSi „gadaxtoma“? Tu mxolod awmyoSi vcxovrobT, warsuls da momavals ra adgili ukavia am realobaSi? rogorc vxedavT, Tu Cven gvinda, drois cneba ganvsazRvroT, unda davsvaT bevri kiTxva da pasuxebiT gavikvlioT gza.2

kleini am sakiTxze werda: „bolos unda aRvniSno, rom dro paradoqsulia, qreba. warsuli ukve aRar arsebobs, momavali ki jer ar damdgara, awmyo ki

1 http://www.derindusunce.org/2010/09/06/fizikcilerin-zamani/2 Anar, Erol. http://karaanaliz.blogspot.com.tr/2015/12/zaman-kavrami-uzerine-bir-deneme.html

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dadgomisTanave damTavrebisken, gaqrobisken aris mimarTuli. rogor SegviZlia warmovidginoT drois arseboba, romelic ararsebobasTan ase axloa? rogorc vitgenSteini ambobs: „sad midis awmyo, romelic warsulad iqceva? sad aris warsuli? ai, es aris filosofiis yvelaze didi sisuste“.1

niutonis Sexeduleba samyaroze deterministulia. misi azriT, yvelaferi dagegmili da daangariSebulia. niutoni samyaros saaTs amsgavsebs. es mimsgavseba zustad miesadageba piesas, romelic Cven unda ganvixiloT. „TamaSis dasasruli“ TiTqos „danadgarze gamarTuli“ speqtaklia. yvelaferi Zalian meqanikuria. niutonTanac dro warsulidan momavlisken miedineba mudmivi siCqariT. dro sivrcisa da obieqtebisgan, yvelafrisgan damoukidebeli ganzomilebaa. niutonis mniSvnelovni daskvna drois Sesaxeb aris drois moZraobasTan dakavSireba: „absoluturi, WeSmariti da maTematikuri dro Tavisi bunebis Sesabamisad gawonasworebulad miedineba. raime gare movlenasTan kavSiri ar aqvs. sxvagvarad mas Jami ewodeba. fardobiT, gansazRvrul da ZiriTad dros aqvs garkveuli ganzomilebebi: saaTi, Tve da weliwadi“.2

dro sivrceSi aris maTematikuri modeli, romelic mocemulia naSromSi _ „sivrceSi drois xangrZlivoba“. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, samyaro Sedgeba sivrcis sami ganzomilebisa da droisgan, romelic meoTxe ganzomilebas qmnis. ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, dedamiwis mizidulobas (gravitacias) SeuZlia dro modrikos.

1 http://www.derindusunce.org/2010/09/06/fizikcilerin-zamani/2 Newton, Isaac. Mathematical Principles of Naturel Philosophy, chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

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yvelanairi masa adgils ikavebs sivrceSi, es ki iwvevs sivrcobrivi drois modrekas. sivrcobrivi drois modreka ki xdeba mizezi sagnebis daxril orbitaze moZraobisa. swored amas vuwodebT dedamiwis mizidulobas. warmovidginoT swori sawoli. am sawols gadaWimuli zewari gadavafaroT, romelic saerTod ar iqneba daWmuWnuli. CavTvaloT, rom es zewari sivrcobriv-droiTi sibrtyea. axla am sibrtyeze dadeT rkinis burTula, romelic simbolurad ganasaxierebs planetas. burTula zewarSi Caefloba da warmoSobs Cazneqil adgils, zewarsac modreks. drois modrekac ase SeiZleba masis saSualebiT, romlis simbolocaa rkinis burTula. masis zrda am masis sivrcobrivi drois sibrtyis daxras zrdis.1

fizikaSi es sakiTxi niutonidan iwyeba da ainStainiT mTavrdeba. radgan niutonis samyaros ucvleli modeli ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoriam daangria. niutonTan yvela ganzomileba (dro, sivrce, moqmedeba da sxv.) erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli iyo. ainStainis Teoriis Tanaxmad ki es ganzomilebebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. fardobiTobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, samyaro sivrcobrivi drois saxiT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, moxda ori movlena. erTdrouli iqneba Tu ara es ori movlena, damokidebulia damkvirvebelze. inertuli damkvirveblisTvis sxeulis zoma, Tu is sinaTlis siCqariT moaxlovdeba, mokldeba. anu yvela sidide (realoba) xdeba SedarebiTi. inertuli damkvirveblisTvis da maRali siCqariT moZravi pirisTvis dro erTnairad ar midis. magaliTad, adamianisTvis, romelic sinaTlis siCqariT

1 http://karaanaliz.blogspot.com.tr/2015/12/zaman-kavrami-uzerine-bir-deneme.html

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moZraobs, dro Cerdeba. yvelaze didi saCuqari, rac ainStainma mecnierebas misca aris E=mc2. rogorc am formulaSi Cans _ energia(E), masa(m) da siCqare (c) sxeulisgan SeiZleba momdinareobdes. yvela sidide SeiZleba erTmaneTSi gadaizardos. amgvarad, drois cnebas, niutonisgan gansxvavebiT, damoukidebel sidided veRar ganvixilavT.

bergsoni akavSirebs drosa da cnobierebas. bergsonis filosofiur samyaroSi centraluri adgili ukavia drois cnebas. dro adamianis cnobierebis nayofi da SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebaa. is mudam ganviTarebis procesSia. adamianis cnobiereba ki mexsierebis Camoyalibebis calke saxeobaa. mexsierebis safuZveli ki warsulis awmyomde motanaa. mexsiereba am Tvisebis gamo, ar aris statikuri. uwyveti nakadia, romelic warsulidan dRemde moedineba. amgvarad, adamianis „cnobieri arsebobis arss mexsiereba qmnis, warsuli awmyomde mexsierebas moaqvs. warsuls ukan ver daabruneb. eqsperimenti amas pirdapir gvaCvenebs“.1

intuitivizmis mimdinareobis damaarseblis, bergsonis azriT, nakadi aris gangrZobiToba, romelsac ar aqvs dasasruli da sazRvari, romelsac mxolod TviTon SeuZlia gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi. meore mxriv, dro daunawevrebeli moZraobaa, es aris garRveva, romelic ar izomeba, qmnilebaa. drois Sesaxeb ver vityviT, rom is „aris“, drois Sesaxeb SegviZlia mxolod vTqvaT, rom is „myofobs“. bergsonis es mosazrebebi rac ar unda idealisturi iyos, man drois cneba „procesTan“ daakavSira, drois dinebaze moaxdina fokusireba.

azri droSi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb ibadeba yvela

1 Bergson’un Felsefe Anlayışı (Kaynak:http://www.felsefe.gen.tr/filozoflar/henri_bergson_felsefe_anlayisi.asp)

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im adamianis TavSi, romelic drois cnebaze iwyebs fiqrs. Tu fardobiT Teoriamde amaze ocnebac ki ar SeiZleboda, fardobiT samyaroSi es SesaZlebelia. radgan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu yvela sidide erTmaneTis formiT SeiZleba mogvevlinos, masisa da siswrafis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia drois damorCileba? stiven hokingis azriT, maTTvis, vinc Savi xvrelis irgvliv trialeben, dro SeiZleba ganaxevrdes. anu Savi xvrelis irgvliv myofi adamianebisTvis ganvlili xuTi weli, Savi xvrelisgan Sors myofi adamianebisTvis aT wels udris.1 radgan Savi xvrelebi TavianTi struqturidan gamomdinare, Zalian Zlier mizidulobis Zalas qmnian. es Zalian did masas niSnavs. es ki Savi xvrelis irgvliv arsebul dros cvlis da Sors myofi adgilebis drosgan ganasxvavebs.

hokingis azriT, warsulSi mogzauroba ramdenime paradoqsuli mizezis gamo ver moxdeba. Tumca momavalSi mogzauroba ufro martivia, vidre es warmogidgeniaT: erTaderTi, rac unda gavakeToT, es aris aCqareba. Cven rom SevZloT avagoT matarebeli, romelic msoflios garSemo sinaTlis siCqaris 99 procentis siCqariT imoZravebs, am matareblSi erTi dRe erTi wlis Sesabamisi iqneboda. isev ainStainis formulas rom davubrundeT, es SesaZlebelic rom iyos, amisaTvis warmoudgenlad didi energia dagvWirdeba.

parmenides Tanaxmad, romelic bevrs fiqrobda yofierebaze, yofiereba arsebobs, danawevrebuli ar aris, erTi mTlianobaa, moZraoba da cvlileba mas ar exeba. Tu moZraoba da cvlileba ar arsebobs, drois cnebaze saubaric zedmetia. disertaciaSi beketis

1 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1269288/Stephen-Hawking-How-build-time-machine.html

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„TamaSis dasasrulze“ saubrisas es mosazrebac ganxilulia. moZraobis drosTan dakavSirebam piesis ganxilvas mniSvnelovani mosazrebebi Semata. zenonma parmenides mosazreba, yofierebis rogorc ucvleli realobis Sesaxeb, ganavrco da sxvadasxva paradoqsi Seqmna. magaliTad, rogoric aris aqilevsisa da isris paradoqsebi. aq ZiriTadi azri aseTia: „mSvildidan gatyorcnili da winmswrafi isari droSi yovel wams konkretul adgilze mdebareobs. Tu momenti erTi gansazRvruli wertilia, maSin isris moqmedebas dro ar aqvs da statikuria. amitom Semdgom momentebSic statikuri anu umoZrao unda iyos. amgvarad, isari yovelTvis statikuria da ar moZraobs, moZraoba SeuZlebelia“. amgvarad, zenoni aRniSnavs, rom moZraoba da cvlileba SeuZlebelia, es yvelaferi iluziaa da „yofiereba“ ar icvleba.

heraklites azriT, dapirispirebulTa brZola yofierebis erTaderTi da aucilebeli pirobaa. dapirispirebulebs Soris brZola rom ar iyos, araferic ar moxdeboda. es aris dialeqtikis principi _ dapirispirebulebis erTianoba da brZola. kosmosi aris dapirispirebulTa brZolis Sedegad damdgari harmonia. misi azriT, yvelaferi miedineba da mudmivad icvleba. es Semdegnairad gamoixateba: „erTsa da imave mdinareSi Sesulebs sxvadasxva wyali asvelebs“. erTsa da imave mdinareSi orjer ver SexvalT, radgan mdinare miedineba da icvleba. heraklite ainStainamde didi xniT adre fiqrobda, rom yvelaferi fardobiTi iyo. zog fragmentSi ganmarta: magaliTad, zRvis wyali aris Zalian sufTa da Zalian binZuri. Tevzebi mas svamen da maTTvis es wyali aris mxsneli. adamiani ki mas

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ver dalevs da Tu dalevs, mokvdeba.1 hegeli dros ganmartavs, rogorc intuicias.

dro aris „iq“ myofi, romelic SenTan modis, rogorc intuicia. amitom suli mxolod droSi cxaddeba. dro aris Tavis TavSi dausrulebeli sulis „bediswera“ da aucilebloba.2

engelsis azriT, yofierebis ZiriTadi formaa sivrce da dro. Tavis naSromSi „anti-diuringi“ igi aRniSnavs, rom imaze didi sisulele araferia, vifiqroT, rom yofiereba arsebobs droisa da sivrcis gareSe.3 es mosazreba Cveni Tvalsazrisis paraleluria. rogorc qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli, dros ar unda SevxedoT rogorc singularul movlenas, romelic marto TavisTvis miedineba, aramed unda ganvixiloT adamianTan urTierTqmedebis TvalsazrisiT.

lenini, sargeblobs ra „anti-diuringiT“, Tavis _ naSromSi „materializmi da empiriokriticizmi“ aRiarebs obieqtur WeSmaritebas, anu materializms, romelic Cveni cnobierebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs. am TvalsazrisiT, materializmi sruliad gansxvavdeba kantianizmisgan. kantianizmSi, iseve rogorc idealizmSi, dro da sivrce obieqturi WeSmariteba ar aris, adamianis cnobierebis formebia.4

haidegeris filosofiis safuZvelSi „iq myofobis“ anda „iq arsebuli yofierebis“ cneba devs. haidegeri am cnebas iyenebs adamianisTvis,

1 http://karaanaliz.blogspot.com.tr/2015/12/zaman-kavrami-uzerine-bir-deneme.html2 Hegel, Tinin Görüngübilimi s. 4843 http://karaanaliz.blogspot.com.tr/2015/12/zaman-kavrami-uzerine-bir-deneme.html4 Lenin, V.I. Materyalizm ve Ampiryokritisizm s. 169

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romelic aris samyaros patroni da romelic ekiTxeba, Tu ra aris yofiereba. „iq myofobis“ mTavari Taviseburebaa, amqveyniur movlenebSi myofoba. es aris adamianis arCvevani, samyaros gagebis mcdeloba.1 Tavis naSromSi „yofiereba da dro“ igi aRniSnavs, rom dro arsebobs „iq myofobisaTvis“, yofierebisaTvis: „iq myofobis“ istoriuli analizi gvaCvenebs Semdegs: yofiereba drosTan imitom ki ar aris dakavSirebuli, rom istoriaSi ikavebs adgils, piriqiT, mis safuZvelSi drois arsebobis gamo daikava istoriaSi adgili.2 haidegeri yofierebis drosTan kavSiris Ziebisas acxadebs, rom arsebulis warsulSi dasarCenad is aRar unda arsebobdes. misi azriT, erTaderTi, ramac SeiZleba naTeli mohfinos „aq myofobas“, aris esTetikuri3 droebiToba.4

Cven ukve visaubreT klasikur fizikaSi droisa da sivrcis mudmivobaze. kvantur fizikaSi ki dro da sivrce ar aris mudmivi da wyvetilia. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, klasikur fizikaSi sagnebis Tvisebebi uwyvetad icvleba. maSin, roca kvantur fizikaSi yvelanairi cvlileba wyvetilia, maTi cvlileba wamierad xdeba. klasikur fizikaSi deterministuli midgoma arsebobs, kvantur fizikaSi ki movlenebi deterministulad ar viTardeba.5 cvlilebebi procentuli albaTobiT

1 cevizci, Ahmet. Felsefenin Kısa Tarihi. s. 6002 Heidegger, Martin. Varlık ve Zaman s. 43 Ekstatik: Ruhun dünyevi realitelerden kurtulduğu, kendinden geçme ve coşkunluk hali.4 http://karaanaliz.blogspot.com.tr/2015/12/zaman-kavrami-uzerine-bir-deneme.html5 http://karaanaliz.blogspot.com.tr/2015/12/zaman-kavrami-uzerine-bir-deneme.html

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aris gamoxatuli. Termodinamikis meore kanonSi vxvdebiT aseT ganmartebas: „Termodinamikis meore kanoni gviCvenebs movlenis mimarTulebas. rodesac Cven aviRebT sxeuls da gavuSvebT xels, is vardeba miwaze da gamoiyofa siTbo. am SemTxvevaSi moZraobis kinetikuri energia gadadis siTbur moZraobaSi. sxva Sedegis miReba SeuZlebelia~ (kelvin-plankis moxseneba).

Termodinamikuli terminis entropiis sistemaSi arsebobs Tboenergia, romelic meqanikur moqmedebad ar gardaiqmneba. am sistemaSi moqmedebs SemTxveviToba da uwesrigoba, romelic arasodes icvleba da arc matulobs. samyaros proeqti, romlis uwesrigobac mudmivad izrdeba, SeiZleba drosTan davakavSiroT. am modelis mixedviT, or movlenas an or mdgomareobas Soris romeli ufro adre moxda da romeli ufro gvian, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT entropiis cnebis meSveobiT. entropiuloba anu movlena (mdgomareoba), romelSic meti iyo uwesrigoba, ufro mogvianebiT ganxorcieldeboda. gatexili vaza ufro uwesrigoa, vidre gatexamde iyo. kbilis pasta, rogorc ki Tiubidan gamova, ufro uwesrigo xdeba, vidre manamde iyo. am magaliTebSi Tanmimdevrobis problema entropiis cnebis daxmarebis gareSec advilad gadaiWreba. magram aba warmovidginoT, rom xelT gvaqvs samyaros erTisa da imave nawilis ori suraTi. romeli suraTia ufro Zveli? entropiasTan mWidro kavSirSia samyaros gafarToebuli modeli. samyaro 13.7 miliardi wlis win, did afeTqebamde, absolutur wesrigSi iyo. erTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, materia, romelic samyaros qmnis, Zalian patara adgilas iyo Capresili. didi afeTqebis Semdeg es Capresili materia gaifanta. anu didi

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afeTqebis Semdeg uwesrigoba gaizarda. roca samyaros am or suraTs vuyurebT, vambobT, rom is suraTia ufro adrindeli, romelSic ufro metia manZili sxeulebs Soris, radgan ufro mouwesrigebel mdgomareobaSia, entropia maRalia. samyaro, rac dro gadis, farTovdeba da entropiac (anu uwesrigoba) izrdeba. Tu dros dasawyisi aqvs, dasasrulic aqvs? am kiTxvaze astronomebi pasuxoben: „diax, SeiZleba hqondes“. erTi Teoriis mixedviT, kosmosSi Savi xvrelebi gaCndeba. isini STanTqaven yvelafers, rac Cvens galaqtikaze arsebobs, Semdeg isini aorTqldebian.

SesaZlebelia dro arsebobdes samyaroSi, romelSic araferi ar iarsebebs? dro Tu adamianis cnobierebis mier Seqmnili cnebaa, SeiZleba droze vilaparakoT, Tu adamiani aRar iarsebebs? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas krebulis momdevno nomerSi SevecdebiT.


Anar, Erol. Zaman Kavramı Üzerine Bir Deneme (Kaynak: •http://karaanaliz.blogspot.com.tr/2015/12/zaman-kavrami-uzerine-bir-deneme.html)Augustinus. İtiraflar (Kaynak: http://www.meryemana.•net/books/itiraflar)Aristoteles / Augustinus / Heidegger Zaman Kavramı •(Çev.: Saffet Babür) İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1996Cevizci, Ahmet. Felsefenin Kısa Tarihi. Say Yayınları, •İstanbul, 2013

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Hegel, George W. F. Tinin Görüngübilimi(Çev.: Aziz •Yardımlı)İdea Yayınları, İstanbul, 1986Heidegger, Martin.Varlık ve Zaman (Çev.: Kaan H. Ökten) •Agora Kitaplığı, İstanbul, 2008Lenin, V.I. Materyalizm ve Ampiryokritisizm, Eriş •Yayınları. İstanbul, 2013Newton, Isaac. Mathematical Principles of Naturel •Philosophy, chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.1952

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SoTa gegiaZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: prof. daviT kobaxiZe

yuradReba da emocia sasceno

moZraobaSi

Ffsiqologiisa da pedagogikis istoriuli, Tanamedrove da mecnieruli faqtebis gaanalizebisas, naTlad ikveTeba yuradRebisa da emociebis sakiTxis mniSvneloba, rogorc adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, ise saswavlo-SemoqmedebiT procesSic. dResdReobiT pedagogikuri meTodologiisadmi mravali saxis midgoma arsebobs. maT Soris, gamoirCevian imdagvari midgomis formebi, romelTa safuZvelSic devs pedagogisa da studentis erToblivi SemoqmedebiTi procesebi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba dakvirvebis meTods, rac gulisxmobs _ studentis SemoqmedebiT procesebSi mimdinare fsiqikuri reaqciebis gamovlenas da dakvirvebis safuZvelze mignebuli xarvezebis daZlevas. saswavlo procesis am modelSi CarTulia informaciuli, samotivacio, operaciuli, diagnostikuri, komunikaciuri da a.S. komponentebi. sasceno moZraobis gakveTilis modelis ZiriTadi strategia ki, studentis fizikur monacemebTan erTad, iseTi fsiqikuri Tvisebebis ganviTarebasac gulisxmobs, romelic students sasceno moZraobaSi profesiuli daostatebis yvela etapis warmatebiT daZlevaSi daexmareba.

sasceno pedagogikaSi saswavlo procesis saboloo Sedegi speqtaklia. es Sedegi ki (dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi) im teqnikur detalebzea

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damokidebuli, romlebisganac Sedgeba saswavlo procesi. am procesSi Cabmul students SesaZlebloba aqvs miiRos ganaTleba da daeuflos specialur codnas, rogorc sakuTari sxeulis SesaZleblobebis, aseve fsiqikuri da emociuri procesebis marTvis Sesaxeb, aqedan gamominare _ pedagogis daxmarebiT miaRwios fizikur da fsiqikur harmonias.

m. TumaniSvili werda: `...reJisori, vidre speqtaklze muSaobas Seudgeba, saTanadod unda moemzados da momavali muSaobis gegma Seqmnas~.1 gegma aq SemoqmedebiTi procesis maregulirebel saSualebas warmoadgens da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba swavlebis procesSic. saswavlo gegmis sistematuri ararseboba SeiZleba qaosis warmoqmnis mizezi gaxdes. gakveTilis gegma, rac konkretuli miznisaken aris mimarTuli, sasceno moZraobis pedagogsac gaaCnia. magram nebismieri gakveTilis warmarTva, misi xarisxi da efeqturoba, aseve didad aris damokidebuli studentis fsiqo-fizikur mzadyofnaze _ maqsimalurad CaerTos saswavlo-SemoqmedebiT procesebSi. Tumca, obieqturi mizezebis gamo, pedagogs xSirad uwevs dasaxuli gegmidan gadaxveva, koreqtivebis Setana gakveTilis msvlelobaSi da studentis samotivacio donis xelovnurad amaRleba, rac isev da isev emociebTan, nebisyofasa da yuradRebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. e.i. sasceno moZraobis Seswavlis procesSi, studentis mier yuradRebis koncentraciis da emociis marTvis unari erT-erT ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens. mizezi? mizezi aris rogorc subieqturi, aseve obieqturi:

1 m. TumaniSvili. sanam repeticia daiwyeba... wigni pirveli. gamomcemloba „kentavri“ Tbilisi 2008, gv. 32.

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Sida jgufuri urTierTobebi, rac gavlenas 1. axdens studentTa swavlis xarisxze da es arc aris gasakviri. maTi urTierTobebis sawyisi etapi, xasiaTTa urTierTSegueba, inteleqtualuri da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis sxvadasxvaoba, daRs asvams maTi SemoqmedebiTi aqtiurobisa da xarisxis iseT Tvisebebs, rogorebicaa: yuradReba da emocia.

konkretuli saswavlo procesisadmi 2. studentis sawyisi fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Seusabamoba, anu studentSi Sesabamisi ganwyobis ararseboba (subieqturi).

saswavlo procesSi uaryofiTi klimatis 3. arseboba (obieqturi). mag., iqneba es darbazis mdgomareoba Tu teqnikuri aRWurviloba, ganaTeba, gakveTilis Catarebis dro, temperatura da a.S.

e.i. studentma piradi interesebi, guneba-ganwyoba gverdze unda gadados da pedagogis mier SemoTavazebul amocanaze unda gaamaxvilos yuradReba, mobilizdes imisaTvis, raTa mis winaSe mdgari amocana warmatebiT daZlios. maSasadame, gakveTilze studenti, Tuki d. uznaZis sityvebs moviSveliebT: àkeTebs imas ki ara rac amJamad unda, aramed imas, rac mis me-s interesebs Seesabameba~.1Dda rac SesaZlebelia imJamad mas srulebiTac ar surdes.

swavlebis sawyis etapze pedagogisaTvis mniSvnelobas iZens studentTa fizikuri da fsiqikuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlineba. SegviZlia pedagogis studentTan urTierTobis ori ZiriTadi momenti gamovyoT:

dakvirvebis meTodi _ mxedvelobaSia 1.

1 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, gv. 164.

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studentTa saerTo, sawyisi fsiqo-fizikuri mdgomareobis gaSifvra (es procesi metnaklebi xangrZlivobiT, mTeli gakveTilis manZilze sxvadasxva xarisxiT vlindeba).

kontrolisa da TviTkontrolis funqcia _ 2. aqcentirebuli saswavlo masalis aTvisebis xarisxsa da sagnisadmi SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebaze.

studentis SesaZleblobebis Secnoba SesaZlebelia mxolod ormxriv _ cocxal da praqtikul SemoqmedebiT _ urTierTobebSi, ra drosac TvalnaTeli xdeba, Tu ramdenad advilad an Znelad iTvisebs esa Tu is studenti SeTavazebul masalas. ramdenadac individualur-jgufuri forma Cveni sagnis _ sasceno moZraobis Seswavlis sakiTxs warmoadgens, saWiroa yuradReba gamaxvildes studentTa Cvevebis iseT aucilebel formirebaze, rogorebicaa _ mobiluroba da situaciebis (ZiriTadad emociuris) prognozireba. aucieleblia aseve aqcentebis dasma iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa _ studentze zemoqmedebis SesaZlebloba, rac miiRweva rogorc studentis mxridan TviTSefasebisa da TviTkontrolis saSualebiT, aseve leqtoris mier pedagogikuri xerxebisa da meTodologiis gamoyenebiT. es procesi students saSualebas aZlevs dainaxos sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi procesebis rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi da pedagogTan erTad moaxerxos misi Sejereba-gaanalizeba. es ki studentisaTvis damatebiTi motivaciis safuZveli xdeba, rasac, Tavis mxriv, studentis warmatebaSi pedagogis uSualo dainteresebulobac uwyobs xels (studentebi pedagogikuri urTierTobebis niuansebs kargad grZnoben).

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia

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gamovyoT is pedagogikuri da fsiqologiuri pirobebi, romlebic saswavlo procesSi studentis profesionalur Camoyalibebaze pozitiur gavlenas axdenen:

saswavlo procesebSi arsebuli pedagogikuri •meTodebis gaumjobeseba.saswavlo procesebis SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis •gaumjobeseba. (igulisxmeba problemuroba, variaciuloba da SerCeviTi situaciebis Seqmna).studentis saerTo profesionaluri da •individualur-fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba. pedagogis mxridan studentis individualur-•jgufuri TviTganviTarebis dagegmareba TviTefeqturobis saSualebiT (termini 70-ian wlebSi Semoitana a. banduram. bandura miiCnevda, rom yvelaze mcire monacemebis pirobebSic ki, misi gonivrulad gamoyeneba adamians aZlevs SesaZleblobas miaRwios maRal Sedegs da imavdroulad, maRali monacemebis arseboba, Tuki arasworad iyenebs adamiani sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, jer kidev araa imis garanti, rom maRal Sedegs miaRwevs). pedagogis profesionaluri kompetenturoba.•amdenad, Cveni pedagogikuri meTodologiis

ZiriTadi mimarTuleba aqcentirebuli unda iyos ara mxolod specialuri Cvevebisa da qcevebis aTvisebis procesebze, aramed studentis organizmSi (rogorc erTiani sistema) mimdinare im fsiqikur procesebzec, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba am CvevaTa da qcevaTa funqcionireba da regulireba.

msaxiobis sasceno moqmedebasTan kavSirSi arsebobs ori _ tradiciuli da erTmaneTisagan

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gansxvavebuli pozicia: wminda èmociis Teoria~ da ìnteleqtualuri (imitaciis) Teoria~. `dResdReobiT, fsiqologTa umetesoba, romlebic dakavebulni arian inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis SeswavliT, aRiareben emociis rols azrovnebaSi da gamoTqvamen azrs, rom emociebi ara marto moqmedeben azrovnebaze, aramed aseve gvevlinebian inteleqtis aucilebel komponentad~.1Ee.i. inteleqtualuri emocia gansxvavdeba sabazo emociebisagan da adamianis cnobierebaSi mimdinare procesebis katalizatorad gvevlineba. msaxiobis inteleqtualur upiratesobaze grZnobebTan mimarTebaSi jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi werda didro: `me minda, rom is (anu msaxiobi) iyos moazrovne, civi, dakvirvebuli da araviTari mgrZnobiaroba. mgrZnobiaroba ar aris geniosebis Tviseba, yvelafers ganagebs ara guli, aramed Tavi. mgrZnobiaroba yovelTvis iqneba organizmis saerTo sisustis niSani~.2 faqtobrivad, didro Tavis `paradoqsSi~ exmaureba spinozas debulebebs (eTikaSi sulisa da gonebis Zalaze) da msaxiobis SemoqmedebaSi grZnobebTan mimarTebaSi upiratesobas gonebas (inteleqts) aniWebda. magram msaxiobi grZnobebis gareSe, rogorc paradoqsi ise JRers.

sasceno moZraobis sagnis amocanaa _ moZraobaTa aTvisebis procesSi erTmaneTs SeuTanxmos inteleqtisa da emociuris SesaZleblobebi. e.i. erTmaneTs daukavSiros (emociebis Segnebuli marTvis xarjze) studentis civi goneba da profesiuli Cvevebis aTviseba. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania swavlis procesSi erTmaneTs ki ar davupirispiroT emocia

1Е.П.Илин.”Емоцииичувства“,2-оеизд.СПБ.,Питер,2007,გვ.85.2 Д.Дидро.„Парадоксобактёре’’,Академия.1936.გვ.2-3.

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da inteleqti, aramed ise mizanmimarTulad, nabij-nabij warvmarToT saswavlo-SemoqmedebiTi procesebi, rom studentis fizikuri monacemebi srul harmoniaSi iyos mis inteleqtualur da emociur SesaZleblobebTan.

pedagogis amocanaa, swavlebis sawyis etapze studentma iswavlos gonebis meSveobiT emociuri mdgomareobis kontroli, rac SeuZlebelia nebisyofisa da yuradRebis gareSe da rac, mxolod civi gonebis fonze, nebisyofis Zalisxmevis gamomuSavebiT miiRweva. es yovelive ki students exmareba moZraobiTi Cvevebis warmatebiT aTvisebaSi _ mivides iseT fsiqo-fizikur mzadyofnamde, rom imis keTeba SeZlos, risi Sesrulebac mas sinamdvileSi surda. students, imavdroulad, naTlad unda hqondes warmodgenili scenuri moqmedebis mizani da amocana. am yvelafris miRweva mxolod treningis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. `mxolod treningis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli sasceno codnis aTviseba~ _ ambobda e. barba da trenings ganixilavda rogorc msaxiobis profesiuli identurobis gamoxatulebas da sakuTari Tavis Secvlis mcdelobas.

studentis fsiqikuri funqciebis varjiSi (am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba da emocia) saswavlo procesis iseTive ganuyofeli nawili unda gaxdes, rogorc fizikuri da teqnikuri varjiSebi. `didi xania eqsperimentulad damtkicebulia, rom yuradRebis yvela ZiriTadi Tvisebis gavarjiSeba SesaZlebelia. e.i. yuradRebis varjiSis Sedegad misi yvela ZiriTadi Tviseba viTardeba, matulobs misi intensiuroba, situaciebisadmi Seguebis siswrafe, viTardeba yuradRebis gamZleoba da

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a.S.~.1 yuradRebis ZiriTad TvisebaTa gavarjiSebaSi igulisxmeba studentis fsiqikuri mdgomareobis gaaqtiureba da misi regulireba, rac Tavis mxriv, niSnavs saswavlo procesSi studentis emociuri mdgomareobis donis gaZlierebas an Sesustebas. èmociuri masala imiT aris faseuli, rom sworedac misgan yalibdeba adamiani-rolis sulis cxovreba, romlis Seqmnac warmoadgens Cveni xelovnebis ZiriTad mizans~, _ wers stanislavski da iqve agrZelebs: àm masalis miReba rTulia imitom, rom is uxilavia, mouxelTebelia da mxolod Sinaganad aris xelSesaxebi. Tumca, marTalia, rom mravali uxilavi, sulieri gancdebi asaxvas pouloben mimikaSi, xmaSi, TvalebSi, metyvelebaSi, moZraobaSi da Cvens mTlian fizikur aparatSi... Cvens fsiqo-teqnikas ki jerac ara aqvs gamomuSavebuli iseTi xerxebi, aRniSnuli procesebis Sesruleba rom Segvimsubuqos~.2 ra xelSesaxeb cvlilebebzea aq laparaki da rogoria es cvlilebebi? d. uznaZe am kiTxvas Semdegnairad pasuxobs: `zogi maTgani imdenad TvalsaCinoa (mxedvelobaSia sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi), rom SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac advilad SeamCnevT; zogis dasaWerad ki sagangebod am miznisaTvis agebuli, metad Tu naklebad grZnobieri aparatia saWiro, es cvlilebebi exeba: majiscemas, sunTqvas, sisxlis ganawilebas sxeulSi–risgamocsxeulisnawilismoculobaimatebs an iklebs – kunTebis energias, saxisgamometyvelebas (mimikas), mTeli sxeulis pozas

1 r. naTaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1977,Ggv. 266..

2 К. С. Станиславский. «Работа актёра над собой”,Дневник ученика. Второе Государственное издательство„Художественнаялитеоатура”,Москва,1938.gv.201.

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da Jestebs (pantomimikas)~.1 fsiqologiaSi msgavs cvlilebebs gamomxatvel moZraobebs uwodeben.

`msaxiobi fizikuri moqmedebis ostatia~ _ ambobda stanislavski. Sesabamisad, studentis moqmedebis garegnuli niSnebi (gamomxatveli moZraobebis saxiT) gamoxatulebas poulobs fsiqo-fizikuri elementebis iseTi saSualebebiT, rogorebicaa: yuradReba, warmosaxva, damokidebulebebi, nebisyofa, kunTebis Sekvra-gaTavisufleba da a.S. amas Tan axlavs Sesabamisi emociuri reaqciebi _ Jestis, mimikis Tu mTliani sxeulis gamomxatveli moZraobebis saxiT. yuradRebis ZiriTad obieqtad gvevlineba mizani, romlis misaRwevad adamiani garkveuli saxis moqmedebas mimarTavs. moqmedeba msaxiobis xelovnebis ZiriTadi iaraRia da igi, rogorc fsiqikuri da nebelobiTi aqti, mimarTulia konkretuli miznisaken, romelSic metnaklebi TvalsaCinoebiT mJRavndeba fizikurisa da fsiqikuris rogorc erToba, aseve winaaRmdegobrioba. arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis dasaZlevad ki adamians sWirdeba nebisyofis mobilizeba. mxolod nebisyofis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli e.w. sxeuli javSnis2 winaaRmdegobis daZleva. nebisyofa warmoadgens pirovnebis Segnebul aqts. misi erT-erT funqciaa yuradRebis nebelobiTi marTva da interesTa obieqtebze drois garkveuli xangrZlivobiT SeCereba, dafiqsireba. `saWiroa gavigoT, rom

1Dd. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, gv.152

2 v. reixi. avstrieli fsiqoanalitikosi: pirvelma gamoiyena fsiqologiaSi termini „sxeulis javSani“, romelic energiis blokirebas axdens da romelic ver poulobs organizmidan gamosavals. Sedegad, vRebulobT bunebrivi emociurobis dakargvas, rac organizmSi biologiuri energiis dagrovebis Sedegia.

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yuradRebis rogorc mokreba, aseve misi ganawileba SeiZleba gamomuSavdes specialuri varjiSebis saSualebiT... yuradRebis mokreba ki Teatraluri magiis jadoqruli Tvisebaa. msaxiobs, romelsac gaaCnia talantis yvela bunebrivi monacemebi, magram ar gaaCnia yuradRebis mokrebis unari, verasodes gaxdeba didi msaxiobi~.1

swavlebis sawyis etapze emocia mudam sWarbobs studentSi, rac dakavSirebulia sxeulebriv cvlilebebTan Sesabamisi specifikuri, gamomsaxveli moZraobebis saxiT. am SemTxvevaSi studenti ar aris mzad nebisyofis saSualebiT akontrolos emocia. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT studentis damokidebuleba simaRlesTan (simaRlidan vardnis SiSi). dimitri uznaZe am sakiTxze msjelobisas jems-langes emociis Teorias (James Lange Theory of Emotion) iSveliebs, romlis mixedviTac: ìs, rasac Cven SiSs vuwodebT, daaxloebiT ase Cndeba: subieqti rasme SiSs aRiqvams, magaliTad: saSiS mxecs pirispir xvdeba, es aRqma refleqtoruli gziT imwamsve im cvlilebebs iwvevs organizmSi, romelic SiSis gamosaxulebad aris cnobili – kunTebis daZabvas, Tmis aburZgvlas... essxeulebrivi cvlilebebi SinagaRizianebad iqceva da SinaSegrZnebebs iwvevs. magram es ukanasknelni urTierTisagan gamoyofil SegrZnebaTa saxiT ki ara, erTad, kompleqsurad ganicdeba; da es is gancdaa, rasac SiSi ewodeba. amrigad emocia, jemsis azriT, sxeulebrivi procesebis cnobierebaSi mocemul anarekls warmoadgens: igi SinaSegrZnebebis

1 ПансоВ.Трудиталантвтворчествеактёра–М.;Российскийуниверситеттеатральногискусства–ГИТИС,2013-228с.стр.147

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kompleqsia da meti araferi~.1 jems-langes emociis Teoria (sxvanairad mas

_ jems-langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis Teoriasac uwodeben) iyo amerikeli fsiqologis uiliam jemsis da danieli anatomis _ karl langes mier SemoTavazebuli koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac, fizikuri reaqciebi win uswrebs emociebis aRmocenebas. anu jer moZraoba, moqmedeba da Semdeg emocia. ara fsiqologizmidan moZraobisaken, aramed piriqiT _ `SemeSinda da imitom ki ar gavrbivar, aramed gavrbivar imitom, rom SemeSinda~. jems-langes Teoriis mixedviT, es formula gulisxmobs, rom refleqsebi gacilebiT swrafad reagireben signalze, vidre grZnobebi, rac Sesabamis kunTur reaqciebTan aris dakavSirebuli. refleqsi gacilebiT reaqtiulia, vidre grZnobebi, rasac amerikeli fsiqologis p. ekmanis mier, axlo warsulSi Catarebuli kvlevebic adasturebs (emociis fsiqologia.). Tu Cvens magaliTs davubrundebiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi, studentis fsiqikaSi arsebuli simaRlisadmi damokidebuleba (saidanac is unda Camovardes an Camoxtes), Sesabamisad, emociuri gancdebis imave Tanmimdevrul SegrZnebebs iwvevs, rac xels uSlis mas dasaxuli amocanis teqnikurad, sworad SesrulebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi pedagogikuri xerxebis sworad gamoyenebis meTods udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.

saswavlo procesSi studentebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, gasagebi xdeba, rom pirvelad ucnob moZraobiT amocanasTan Sexvedrisas, studentis sxeuli instinqturad miiswrafvis, raTa muSa organoSi Seamciros kunTebis Tavisuflebis

1 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, gv. 151-152.

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xarisxTa ricxvi da amiT moaxdinos sxeulSi negatiur ZalTa Semcireba, ganeitraleba. igi mtkiced afiqsirebs kunTebs, rac vizualur gamoxatulebebSi mJRavndeba. magaliTad, moZraobis logikuri suraTis rRveva, uxeSi kunTebi, koordinaciis rRveva da a.S., studentis moZraobebSi advilad SesamCnevia:

moZraobaTa realizaciisas ZalTa ganawilebis •uyairaTianoba.moZraobis ritmuli Sinaarsis rRveva.•mTliani fsiqo-fizikuri aparatis daZabuloba. •Sedegad vRebulobT moZraobis inteleqtualur

aRqmasa da mis fizikur Sesrulebas Soris winaaRmdegobriobas. meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis moviyvan magaliTs: studenti, romelmac warmatebiT gadalaxa specialur moZraobaTa aTvisebis sawyisi faza, xvdeba martiv akrobatul amocanas, romlis Sesrulebac mas xelewifeba, magaliTad, adgilidan winkotriali zedgom mdgomareobidan.Apedagogis daxmarebiT, amocanis diferenciaciisa da moqmedebis goniTi gegmis safuZvelze, studenti am amocnas advilad da sworad asrulebs. aq ar igrZnoba Zlieri fsiqikuri gadatvirTva da amitom sxeulsac Tavisuflad eufleba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi studentis yuradReba koncentrirebulia mxolod erTielementisSesrulebaze–winkotriali.daai dgeba momenti, rodesac studentis yuradRebis moculoba mkveTrad farTovdeba, Sesasrulebeli amocana rTuldeba _ yuradRebis centrSi xvdeba ramdenime obieqti: gamorbeni, kaskadiT winkotriali da dabrkoleba, romelic studentma unda gadaifrinos. es is obieqtebia, romlebzedac studentis yuradReba nawildeba. ra Tqma unda, ar unda dagvaviwydes studentTa is jgufi (romelic

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sawyis etapze zemoqmedebis kidev erT faqtors warmoadgens), romelTa yuradRebis qveSac mimdinareobs pedagogis mier SeTavazebuli amocanis Sesruleba. dakvirvebis safuZvelze Semsrulebeli freniT winkotrialisas yuradRebis did nawils uSualod dabrkolebaze (yuradRebis ZiriTad dominantze) mimarTavs, ris safuZvelzec, umetes SemTxvevaSi, warmoiqmneba fsiqologiuri barieri, rac aisaxeba studentis fizikur mdgomareobaze. es rom ar moxdes, saWiroa studentma yvela SeTavazebuli moZraoba yuradRebis erT fokusSi moaqcios: dabrkoleba ar unda darCes yuradRebis calke obieqtad. rac ufro naklebia obieqtTa raodenoba, miT ufro Zlieria yuradRebis xarisxi da piriqiT. anu, yuradReba SerCeviTobis, proprotetulobis principiT muSaobs da studentis fsiqo-fizikuri moqmedebebi organizebuli xdeba. aq saqme gvaqvs yuradRebis `volutaturi~, imave nebelobiT bunebis aqtivobasTan.

studentis mier yuradRebis axali obieqtisadmi warmarTva, rogorc r. naTaZe wers: `saTanadod cvlis cnobierebis struqturas... cnobierebis velSi dominirebs yuradRebis Sesatyvisi Sinaarsebi. es Sinaarsebi xSirad Sesasrulebeli moqmedebis mizans warmoadgens an romelzedac fiqrobs subieqti~.1 am SemTxvevaSic dominanti dabrkolebis saxiTaa mocemuli, romlis daZlevac ZalisxmeviT, sxeulis Zabvis energiiT da treningebis saSualebiT miiRweva. barba swavlebis sawyis etapze trenings kvlevis meTodad iyenebda. cdilobda savarjiSoTa jaWvis uwyvetobiT, organizmis ukiduresi mobilizebiT da energiis maqsimaluri xarjviT msaxiobSi

1 r. naTaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 239

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gamoewvia dinamikurobis SegrZnebis mdgomareoba, am Zalis (anu energiis) nebisyofis saSualebiT marTvis unariT da masze yuradRebis koncetraciis dominirebiT.

v. panso wers: ̀ xelovneba iwyeba iq, sadac Zalas imorCileben da dauflebulni arian mas. scena mudam itanjeba Zalis stiqiisagan iseve, rogorc uZlurebisagan. kunTuri SeboWiloba, rogorc Zalis stiqiuri Tanamgzavri, msaxiobis mudmivi mteria. xels uSlis azrovnebas da gzas uketavs namdvil grZnobas. amitomac scenisaTvis uaRresad saWiroa SegeZlos moduneba da yovelive amas xeli unda Seuwyos trenaJma~.1 sakuTari kunTuri sistemis TviTnebobis SegrZnebas studenti uSualod xvdeba specialur CvevaTa aTvisebis procesSi. e.w. sxeulebrivi mdgomareoba rogorc scenaze, ise mis gareTac, Tavisufali, Zaldautanebeli unda iyos, rac isev da isev yuradRebis introspeqciis (TviTkontrolis) saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. sakuTar Tavze Zaladataneba mTavrdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac praqtikuli gamocdilebis Sedegad, Semsruleblis yuradReba marTvadi xdeba. a. vasaZe Tavis mogonebebSi werda: `swored sceniuri yuradRebis meoxebiT aRwevda igi (laparakia vaso abaSiZeze) saxis `qerqSi~ Sesvlas da gardasaxvas!... sasceno yuradRebis daZabviT da gamaxvilebiT, msaxiobis fxizeli TviTkontroliT igi Tavs izRvevda yovelgvari egzaltaciisagan, gadaWarbebisagan~.2

sakuTari sxeulis specialurad mocemul

1В.Пансо.Урокимастера.Трудиталантвтворчествеактера,ГИТИС.М.;2013.გვ.75.2 a. vasaZe. mogonebebi, fiqrebi. saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoeba. 1977. gv.89.

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garemoSi marTva rTuli procesia. cxovrebaSi nebismieri moZraoba, romelsac adamiani asrulebs, bunebriv, Tavisufal da organul xasiaTs atarebs. magram, rogorc ki masze specialurad vamaxvilebT yuradRebas da igi xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi gadagvaqvs (da Tu amisaTvis mzad ar xarT) iwyeba is, rasac `sxeulis SejavSna~ hqvia. Cvens amocanas warmoadgens: maqsimaluri fsiqikuri daZabulobis pirobebSi, maqsimaluri Tavisuflebis miRweva. SedarebisaTvis SegviZlia aviRoT msaxiobis mdgomareoba scenaze gasvlis win, romelic Tavisi niSan-TvisebebiT Zalian axlos dgas sportsmenis mdgomareobasTan. magaliTad sprinteris mdgomareoba `startis~ win (v.pansos magaliTi), romelsac win uZRvis udidesi fsiqikuri daZabuloba da, imavdrould, kunTebis sruli Tavisuflebis miRweva specifikuri moZraobebis saSualebiT da `starti~, romlis drosac fizikuri (kunTuri) Zabva maqsimalur zRvars aRwevs, fsiqikuri Zabva ki ukana planze gadadis.

sascno moZraoba, uwinares yovlisa, aris konkretuli, _ specialur moZraobiT CvevaTa erTobliobis nayofi. ra aris Cveva? jemsi Tvlida, rom Cveva udides rols asrulebs adamianis cxovrebaSi.1 profesiuli Cvevebis gamomuSavebis aucileblobaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs tovstonogovic: `saWiroa sakuTar TavSi gamoimuSavo Cveva _ mousmino da daakvirde yovelives. xSirad damiWeria sakuTari Tavi imaSi, rom vusmen, Tu rogor daobs ori adamiani erTmaneTTan. magram daoben sxvadasxvagvarad imitom, rom maT gansxvavebuli amocanebi aqvT. amocanebi, romlebic gansazRvraven maTi moqmedebis

1 Д. Шульц. История современной психологии. Санкт-петербург.2002. D

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xarisxobriv sxvaobas. es Cvevebi, akvirdebode da gadaitano emociis ena moqmedebis enaSi, unda gaxdes Tqveni meore natura...~.1 ra Tqma unda, aq laparakia:

CvevaTa im kompleqsze, rac nebismieri 1. adamianisaTvis cxovrebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens da romelTa gareSec, warmoudgenelia adamianis yoveldRiuroba (yoveldRiuri Cvevebi).

profesiul CvevaTa kompleqsze, romelTa 2. aTvisebac, studentisTvis profesiuli daostatebis gzaze Segnebul process unda warmoadgendes.

profesiuli Cveva moqmedebis Sesrulebis srulyofil xerxia, ra drosac axali moZraobebis formireba cnobieri procesia da rac treningisa da nebisyofis saSualebiT yalibdeba. nebismieri gacnobierebuli moZraoba dakavSirebulia nebisyofasTan. nebisyofa aris adamianis aqtiuroba, romelic miznis misaRwevad winaswar SerCeul xerxebs iyenebs. nebelobiTi moqmedeba gacnobierebuli òbieqtivaciaqmnili~ (d. uznaZis termini) da winaswar ganzraxuli da mizanmimarTuli moqmedebaa. nebisyofis saSualebiT adamiani Segnebulad aregulirebs sakuTar qcevebs. igi (nebisyofa) ise mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli adamianis fsiqikis inteleqtualur da emociur gamovlinebebTan, rom mTlianobaSi erTad aRebuli warmoadgens erTian inteleqtualur da emociur process. saswavlo-SemoqmedebiT procesSi nebisyofa udides rols TamaSobs. swored nebisyofisa da inteleqtis saSualebiT axdens studenti saswavlo procesebis marTvas. nebisyofa is Zalaa, romelic SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis mobilizebas axdens, rac

1 Товстоногов Г. Л. Зеркало сцены., М.; “Наука”. 1984. გვ.13.

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Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs dasaxuli amocanebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas. nebismier momentSi (ase vTqvaT dakveTiT) students unda SeeZlos sakuTari fsiqo-fizikuri aparatis aqtiur SemoqmedebiT mdgomareobaSi moyvana da piriqiT, mSvid mdgomareobaSi gadasvla. imis gamo, rom nebisyofa warmoadgens SemoqmedebiTi procesebis Segnebul, nebelobiT aqts, amocanis gadawyveta, bunebrivia, aucileblad moiTxovs yuradRebas. msaxiobisaTvis specialuri, sasceno `yuradRebis mokrebuloba~ scenaze ZiriTadi, winaswar dasaxuli da dagegmili moqmedebis pirobaa (repeticiisa da gakveTilis saxiT), rac, mxolod nebisyofis saSualebiT miiRweva. da rogorc aRvniSneT, mxolod nebisyofa _ Segnebulad mimarTuli moqmedebisadmi, SeiZleba iqces yuradRebis mobilizebis wyarod. imisaTvis, rom studentma Sesabamis saswavlo-SemoqmedebiT mdgomareobaSi Sesvla moaxerxos, saWiroa mobilizebis unari da yuradRebis srulad mimarTva dasaxuli amocanis gadasaWrelad. sxvagvarad mas SeiZleba vuwodoT nebisyofis mizanmimarTuloba, gamoxatuli yuradRebis koncentraciaSi.

d. uznaZes nebelobiTi aqtis daxasiaTebisas moyavs termini `gegmiani qceva~. igi erTi mTliani, magram rTuli qcevaa: dasaxulia ZiriTadi mizani da garkveulia saSualebebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac es mizani miRweuli unda iqnas; es imas niSnavs, rom rodesac adamiani rasme gadawyvets, magaliTad koncertze wasvlas, es gadawyvetileba sakmarisia, raTa man sagangebo mofiqrebis gareSec swored Sesaferis moqmedebaTa mTel rigs mimarTos: adges, Sesaferisad Caicvas da daixuros, sakoncerto darbazis mimarTulebiT wavides; gzaSi rom raime dabrkoleba Sexvdes, igi mainc Tavisi

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miznis Sesaferisad ganagrZobs moqmedebas. erTi sityviT, rodesac adamiani rasme gadawyvets, Semdgom misi moqmedeba Zaldautaneblad, TiTqos TavisiT swored im gadawyvetilebis Sesaferisad mimdinareobs; adamians ar sWirdeba yoveli nabiji winaswar moifiqros, yoveli Tavisi moqmedeba misi mizanSewonilobis mxriv yovelTvis sagangebod Seafasos. ara, mas swored mizanSewonili tendenciebi uCndeba, swored imis tendencia, rac saWiroa~.1Ee.i. swored moqmedebis saWiroebis gacnobierebis aucilebloba badebs studentSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis process, romlis gareSec (e.i. gadawyvetilebisa da nebisyofis daxmarebis gareSe) warmoudgenelia studentis saswavlo-SemoqmedebiT procesSi CarTuloba.

moZraobaTa aTvisebis procesSi studentma, unda:

ganaviTaros sakuTar TavSi imis unari, rom 1. naTlad SeZlos mimdinare emociis aRqma.

gamoimuSaos Cveva, raTa momentalurad 2. SeZlos yuradRebis gaaqtiureba Zlieri emociebis gamovlenis dros.

gamoimuSaos unari, rom daakvirdes 3. sakuTari emociebis yvela fazas. gaaanalizos, Tu ram gamoiwvia es emocia da civi gonebiT Seudges amocanis gadawyvetas.

faqtobrivad, samive zemoT CamoTvlili unar-CvevaTa gamomuSavebis procesi pirdapir kavSirSia rogorc yuradRebasTan, aseve inteleqtualur da nebelobiT aqtebTan. anu moZraobaTa aTvisebis procesSi xdeba fizikurisa da inteleqtualuris SesabamisobaSi moyvana. moZraobis praqtikul

1 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, gv. 183-186

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proeqts, SeTavazebuls da sityvierad axsnils pedagogis mier, Cveulebriv, gacilebiT ukeTesad afiqsirdebs goneba (inteleqti) da bevrad daxvewilia, vidre moZraobis fizikuri Sesruleba. am mxriv, sainteresod mesaxeba p.a. galperinis koncefcia yuradRebis Sesaxeb. galperinma Camoayaliba gonebrivi moqmedebis mizanmimarTuli, etapobrivi formirebis Teoria, sadac yuradReba gonebrivi (inteleqtualuri) moqmedebis tolfasia. `yuradRebis yvela cnobili aqti kontrolis rogorc nebelobiT, aseve uneblie funqciebs asrulebs da warmoadgens axali gonebrivi moqmedebis formirebis Sedegs~.1 faqtobrivad, es aris kontroli mimdinare moqmedebis Sesrulebaze. swored fizikuri moqmedeba, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor iqceva is gonebriv moqmedebad, gardaiqmneba yuradRebis aqtad. `Tavisi funqciiT, yuradReba aris kontroli Sinaarsze. adamianis nebismier moqmedebaSi devs saorientacio, saSemsruleblo da sakontrolo nawilebi~.2 da Tu galperinis mier SemoTavazebul Teoriul nawilebs Sesabamis, praqtikul gansazRvrebebs movuZebniT, igi Semdeg saxes miiRebs:

saorientacio = informacia•saSemsruleblo = moZraoba•sakontrolo = yuradReba•aRniSnuli formula axali moZraobiTi Cvevebis

aTvisebis srul Tanmimdevrul suraTs gvaZlevs, romelic Cven SegviZlia rTuli moZraobiTi Cvevebis aTvisebis procesisas gamoviyenoT

1П.Я. Гальперин.Четырелекциипообщейпсихологии.,М.,2000.გვ.152 Гальперин П.Я. К проблеме внимания // Доклады АПНРСФСР.1958.-№3.gv.30

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sasceno moZraobaSi, rogorc erT-erTi damxmare meTodologiuri saSualeba (pirobiTad galperinis meTodi).

amdenad, saswavlo procesSi aucilebelia, rom studentma qvemoT CamoTvlili specialuri Cvevebi gamoimuSavos:

yuradRebis mdgradoba. studentis unari _•konkretuli drois manZilze SeinarCunos yuradRebis mdgradoba anu misi gadauxreloba da amocanisadmi Semsruleblis mizanmimarTuli aqtiuroba.yuradRebis koncentracia. studentis unari _ •maqsimalurad daafiqsiros yuradReba mocemul masalaze.yuradRebis gadanawileba obieqtTa jgufze, •imavdroulad, ZiriTadi aqcenti mimarTuli unda iyos am obieqtTa jgufidan mTavarze.yuradRebis moqniloba. studentis unari _ •swrafad cvalos yuradRebis mimarTuleba.Ee. i. yuradRebis gadarTvis siswrafe. koordinacia. anu yuradRebisa da moZraobis •sworad ganawileba drosa da sivrceSi.yuradReba, rogorc informaciis miRebisa •da gadacemis saSualeba da masze Semdgomi reagirebis unari.TviTkontroli. anu SesaZlebloba _ akontrolo •sakuTari qceva da mimdinare fsiqikuri procesebi.moqmedebis goniTi analizi da misi praqtikuli •gadawyveta, rac, Sesabamisad, xels Seuwyobs moqmedebis Sesrulebis procesSi moZraobis avtomaturobas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Semsruleblis ideamotoruli SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba.

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a. vasaZe. mogonebebi, fiqrebi. saqarTvelos •Teatraluri sazogadoeba. 1977. m. TumaniSvili. sanam repeticia daiwyeba... wigni •pirveli, gamomcemloba „kentavri“, Tb., 2008.r. naTaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. Tbilisis •universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 1977.d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. gamomcemloba •`saqarTvelos macne~.Е.П.Илин.Емоцииичувства.2-оеизд.СПБ.,Питер,•2007.Д.Дидро.Парадоксобактёре,Академия.1936.•К. С. Станиславский. ”Работа актёра над собой”,•Дневник ученика. Второе Государственноеиздательство„Художественнаялитеоатура”,Москва:,1938. Пансо В. Труд и талант в творчестве актёра – М.,•Российский университет театральногo искусства –ГИТИС,2013.В.Пансо.Урокимастера.Трудиталантвтворчестве•актера,ГИТИС.М.;2013.Д. Шульц. История современной психологии.•Санкт-петербург.2002. DТовстоногов• Г. Л. Зеркало сцены., М.; “Наука”. 1984.П. Я. Гальперин. Четыре лекции по общей•психологии.М.,2000.ГальперинП.Я.Кпроблемевнимания//ДокладыАПН•

РСФСР.1958.-№3. G

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xaTuna damCiZe, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti,

xelmZRvaneli, asoc. prof. anano samsonaZe

guruli sacekvao dialeqti

qarTuli qoreografiuli folklori ar aris mdidari guruli sacekvao nimuSebiT. maT Sesaxeb istoriuli cnobebic Zalian mwiria. ansamblebis repertuarSic mxolod erTi guruli ferxuli, `farcakuku~, idgmeba. miuxedavad amisa, ramdenime istoriul-eTnografiuli cnoba saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom guriaSi namdvilad arsebobda mdidari sacekvao Semoqmedeba. imereTisa da leCxumis msgavsad, dasavleT saqarTvelos barma ver SeZlo SeenarCunebina xalxuri Semoqmedebis es sfero, rasac ver vityviT mdidar da unikalur vokalur nimuSebze.

guriis Sesaxeb mogzaurTa CanawerebSi xSirad vxvdebiT masalebs guruli qorwilis Sesaxeb. isini gansakuTrebulad amaxvileben yuradRebas, Tu raoden datvirTuli iyo guriaSi lxini cocxali da mravalferovani sanaxaobiT. mogzauri n. dunkel-velingi gazeT `kavkazis~ 1853 wlis #87 nomerSi, statiaSi, `Canawerebi guriis Sesaxeb~, aRwers qorwils guriaSi. xangrZlivi TamaSisa da cxenTa Wenebis Semdeg dgeba cekvis dro, sadac èZlevaT axali SesaZlebloba gamoxaton TavianTi moxerxebuloba da upiratesoba sxvebis winaSe~.1 es mcire amonaridi gvaZlevs saSualebas vivaraudoT, rom guriaSi masobrivi cekvis garda arsebobda

1Дункел-ВеллингН.,ИззаписокоГурии;Кавказ,1853,#87.

108

individualuri cekva, sadac Semsrulebels Tavis warmoCena SeeZlo.

sanaxaobiTa da garToba-TamaSiT yvelaze datvirTul periodad ap. wulaZe aRdgomidan amaRlebamde dros asaxelebs. aRdgomis meore-mesame dRe da zemoT dasaxelebuli drois yoveli kvira dRe soflis moedanze didi drostarebiT aRiniSneboda. sxvadasxva TamaSs Tan axlda cekva da simRera, `cekvis dros ukravdnen xan erTad, xanac cal-calke~.1 Aavtori am erTi winadadebiT metad sagulisxmo informacias gvawvdis, kerZod: Tu cekvis dros ukravdnen, es niSnavs, rom mocekvaves SeeZlo cekvis dros instrumentzec Seesrulebina melodia, savaraudod, sacekvao melodia, romlis TanxlebiTac cekvas asrulebda. amasTan erTad, instrumentze Semsrulebel-mocekvaveTa raodenoba SezRuduli ar iyo. Cndeba kiTxva: romeli instrumenti iqneboda mosaxerxebeli cekvis dros? aWara-lazeTSi Wiboni, igive Tulo iyo miRebuli da sacekvao melodiebis didi nawili swored am sakravze sruldeboda. SesaZloa salamuri yofiliyo, SesaZloa patara garmoni an doli. fanduri da Conguri, miuxedavad imisa, rom am instrumentebze zogadad saqarTveloSi uamravi sacekvao melodiaa SemorCenili, cekvis dros mouxerxebelia. guruli ferxulis sasceno variantSi medole Semsrulebel-mocekvave damkvidrda.

rogorc aRvniSne, istoriul-eTnografiuli cnobebis TvalsazrisiT, guruli qoreografiuli folklori TvalSisacemi simwiriT xasiaTdeba.

yvelaze Zvel cekvad apolon wulaZe `farcakukus~ asaxelebs.

1 wulaZe ap., eTnografiuli guria, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1971, gv. 97.

109

`farcakuku~ uZvelesi cekvaa, cekvavdnen gaTxovili qalebi, vaJebi iSviaTad _ ufro qalebs ajavrebdnen. cekvis maneriT da cekvis dros simReris teqstis mixedviT unda vifiqroT, rom es cekva qarTveli amorZalebis (amazonelebi) cekva unda iyos. cekva aris Camjdari, wyvil-wyvili. SeiZleba cekvavdes 2, 3, 4 da 10 wyvili. mocekvave taSs ukravs da kidec uvlis, TamaSobs, pirvelad xels xelze dairtyamen, meored _ or xels muxlebze, da mesamed sxeulis ukana rbil adgilebze. amave dros mRerian da Camjdarni, simReras fexebs ayoleben, simReris teqsti aseTia:

farca kuku, farca dina!yursa sisxli ram gadina?!laSqars viyav davikode,yursa sisxli man madina!..zRvas gadaved nemsebiTa,zed gaviar CeqmebiTa!`cekva sicocxliT savsea da vnebis

aRmZvreli~.1

yuradRebas ipyrobs termini `kuku~, romelic arc Tu iSviaTad gvxvdeba qarTul enaSi. magaliTad, svaneTSi Tevdorobas acxoben puris comisagan `baciks~ (bacikuku), ramdeni vaJiSvilic hyavT ojaxSi, imdens: ``baciki~ hqvian comisagan gakeTebuls romelime oTxfexis saqonelis Sinauris, gina gareulis da frinvelis saxes, xari, cxeni, mtredi, jixvi...~2

mo-kukva _ mokuzva, welSi moRunva _ ase aris ganmartebuli termini, `kukva,~ vukol beriZis


2 eTnografiuli werilebi svanebze, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1973, gv. 79.

110

mier Sedgenil (raWul-imerul) sityvis konaSi.1 sulxan-sabac `facqikukus~ `kukiliT (kukiT) xltomad~ ganmartavs~.2 Tu svanur versias gavyvebiT, Tevdorobas cxovelis gamosaxulebiani kverebis dacxoba, ganayofierebis kults ukavSirdeba da Sinaur Tu gareul (mosanadirebel) cxovelTa simravlis savedrebels warmoadgenda. aqve unda gavixsenoT termini `mokutalieba~, rac zurgze kacis mosmas niSnavs da gvaxsenebs saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul nayofierebisadmi miZRvnil rituals, rodesac sruliad SiSveli wyvili (col-qmari) keris garSemo erTurTze `mokutaliebuli~ tradiciul saweso qmedebas asruleben. Tu am azrobriv veqtors gavyvebiT, guruli `farcakuku~ arqauli periodis uZvelesi kultis danaSrevs unda Seicavdes da warmarTobisdroindeli RvTaebis sadideblis danatovars unda warmoadgendes.

zemoaRwerili cekva dRevandel qoreografiul sivrceSi mxolod saxelwodebis, `farcakukuTi~, donezea SemorCenili, romlis sasceno varianti mkvlevarebma sabrZolo xasiaTis ferxulad Seafases; avTenturi `farcakuku~ qalTa saTamaSoa. avTentur cekvaSi dafiqsirebul moZraobaTa erToblioba ki sruliad ucxoa ara mxolod guruli cekvis qalTa repertuarisTvis, aramed mTlianad qarTuli sacekvao folklorisTvis. buqnebma ferxulis sasceno variantSi mamakacTa sacekvao leqsikaSi gadainacvla, rac lazuri cekvisTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli. mag.: niko maris mixedviT, imerxevSi icodnen ferxuli buqniT ̀ delixoromis~ saxelwodebiT.Gguruli ferxulis `farcas~

1 beriZe v., `sityvis kona (imerul da raWul TqmaTa)~, peterburgi, 1912, gv. 25.

2 gvaramaZe l., qarTuli sacekvao folklori, Tb., 1997, gv. 84.

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sasceno varianti 1951 wels qoreografma giorgi saluqvaZem Seqmna. cekvas masobrivi xasiaTi aqvs. Cveni azriT, qoreografma guriaSi apolon wulaZis mier moZiebuli da dafiqsirebuli ferxulisa da cekva `farcakukus~ erTgvari sinTezuri sasceno varianti ganaxorciela.

avTenturi ferxuli ki aseTi saxis aRwerilobiT SemogvrCa: `ferxuliT cekva Tavdeboda, es iyo, ase vTqvaT, ukanaskneli cekvis apoTeozi... jer dinji da Semdeg ki TandaTan swrafi... es cekva unda iyos mzis kultis. ferxuls sakuTari simRera da teqsti aqvs:

ewerSi kaxambalebized Seyurula qalebi,zogs mokvdomia qmarebi, zogs sayvareli Zmanebi.Zmanebis momtiralebsacremliT savse aqvT Tvalebi,qmarebis momtiralebsa kidev sxvaze aqvT Tvalebi...ferxuli icodnen orsarTuliani da metic.~1

samwuxarod sxva informacia guruli ferxulis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba.

swored es ferxuli daedo guruli ferxulis sasceno versiis pirvel nawils safuZvlad. Tumca, aq ferxulis teqsti ar gamoiyeneba. sasceno versia eyrdnoba ra ori cekvis (`ferxuli~ da `farcakuku~) apolon wulaZiseul cnobebsa da informatorTa monaTxrobs, mTlianad qoreografma g. saluqvaZem Seqmna.

miuxedavad imisa, rom `farcakuku~ nayofierebis kultis danaSrevs Seicavs, ferxuli ki avtorTa


112

azriT, astralur RvTaebaTa kultis gamomsaxvelia, qoreologTa nawili mas sabrZolo xasiaTis nawarmoebad Tvlis: `ferxuli `farcakuku~ gamarjvebul gurul meomarTa cekvaa, is Sedgeba ori nawilisagan, _ cekvis pirveli naxevari, anu ̀ adajio~, guruli ferxulia, meore nawili `farcakuku~ ki qal-vaJTa mxiarulebisa da aRtacebis gamomxatvelia, romelic sazeimo finaluri gasvliT mTavrdeba~.1 sasceno variantTan dakavSirebiT miRebulia, rom sarTulebi samxedro-meomruli xasiaTis mxatvruli saxea, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSne, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azrTa mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaoba fiqsirdeba. samxedro-meomrul ferxulad miiCneven gurul `farcas~ a. TaTaraZe,2 l. gvaramaZe3.

a. TaTaraZe ar asabuTebs, Tu ratom miiCnevs gurul ferxuls sabrZolo xasiaTis ferxulad da eyrdnoba lotbaris, vasil maxaraZis informacias: `gurul ferxuls adre, sxva kuTxis sarTulebiani sabrZolo ferxulebis darad, mamakacebi asrulebdnen. qalebi am ferxulSi mogvianebiT Caebnen da amJamad guruli ferxuli qal-vaJTa saerTo cekvaa~.4 vfiqrobT, rom a. TaTaraZisa da v. maxaraZis Sefaseba sasceno versiis gaTvaliswinebiTaa Camoyalibebuli.

rac Seexeba l. gvaramaZis ganmartebas cekvis, `farcakuku~, Sesaxeb: miuxedavad imisa, rom es folkloruli nimuSi qalTa mier sruldeboda da

1 WaniSvili r., alaviZe o., `giorgi saluqvaZe 100~, Tb., 2014, gv. 128.

2 TaTaraZe a., qarTuli xalxuri cekvebis mokle mimoxilva, Tb., 1974, gv. 32.

3 gvaramaZe l., qarTuli sacekvao folklori, Tb., 1997, Tb., gv. 84.

4 TaTaraZe a., qarTuli xalxuri cekva, saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centri, Tb., 2010, gv. 167.

113

mamakacebi masSi monawileobas arasodes iRebdnen, mainc aRniSnavs, rom igi `samxedro-patriotul cekvebs unda mivakuTvnoT~.1 Amis safuZvlad sulxan-sabaseuli ganmarteba `kukiliT xltomis~ Sesaxeb da qoreograf g. saluqvaZis sasceno varianti moaqvs. Aigi aseve eyrdnoba, faqtobrivad, sportuli Sejibris aRwerilobas, rodesac sofel dvabzudan ozurgeTSi axalgazrdebis jgufebis mier ̀ farcakukus~ cekviT-xtunviT, buqniT ramdenime kilometris gavlam mocekvaveebis yurebidan sisxlis wamosvla gamoiwvia da rom swored es detalia dafiqsirebuli xalxur leqsSi: `yurSi sisxli ram gadina~

l. gvaramaZis aRwerilobiT unda vivaraudoT, rom aseT daZabulobas qalebi ver gauZlebdnen da zemoaRwerili sanaxaoba mamakacebis jgufebis mier iyo Sesrulebuli. Tavad es leqsi ki ori Zmis sabrZolo Tavgadasavals aRwers, sadac erT-erTs yuris dazianebis gamo Coxa sisxliT eRebeba. l. gvaramaZiseuli versia `farcakukus~ Sesrulebis Sesaxeb srul winaaRmdegobaSi modis g. SaraSiZis versiasTan, romelic imeorebs ap. wulaZiseul aRwerilobas, sadac cekvis Semsruleblebi usaTuod qalebi unda yofiliyvnen da teqsts dialogis xasiaTi aqvs.2

winaaRmdegobaSi modis ferxulis saxumaro-iumoristuli xasiaTis Semcveli teqsti, romelsac araferi aqvs astralur sxeulTan saerTo. unda iTqvas, rom arc ferxulis da arc `farcakukus~ teqstebi xsenebuli folkloruli qoreografiuli nimuSebis azrobriv sinkretizmSi mWidro rgols

1 gvaramaZe l., qarTuli sacekvao folklori, Tb., 1997, gv. 84.

2 TaTaraZe a., qarTuli xalxuri cekva, saqarTvelos folk-loris saxelmwifo centri, Tb., 2010, gv. 167.

114

ar qmnian, isini TiTqos calke arseboben da mxolod riTmul xazs awesrigeben. vfiqrobT, rom sanaxaoba nayofierebis uZvelesi kultis aRmniSvnel rituals an ritualis fragments unda warmoadgendes, teqsti ki, savaraudod, gvian unda daSeneboda. Ees detali xalxuri SemoqmedebisTvis ucxo ar aris da sakmaod xSiri movlenaa. sanaxaobis Sinaarsobrivi da teqstis Sinaarsobrivi nawilebi absoluturad acdenilia da ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, teqstis Sinaarsi ar asaxavs moqmedebis Sinaarss.

rogorc cnobilia, sarTulebiani ferxulebi, zogadad, sabrZolo xasiaTis cekvebad aris miCneuli. ekaterine geliaSvili ki sarTulebian ferxulebs, rogorc samyaros kosmogoniur models ganixilavs da astralur simbolikas ukavSirebs. `sarTulebiani ferxuli qarTvelTa mier Taviseburad aRqmuli samyaros modelia. aq cisa da miwis kavSiris aRdgena xdeba qoreografiuli formiT, romlis saSualebiT sakralur sivrceSi mimdinareobda qaosis kosmizireba~.1

rac Seexeba `ferxulis~ musikalur mxares, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom gurul saferxuloTa arc erTi variacia zemoT moyvanil teqsts ar Seicavs da mxolod glosolaliebzea agebuli. musikaluri TvalsazrisiT guruli ferxulis ramdenime varianti moiZebneba, magram qoreografiuli TvalsazrisiT qarTuli cekvis repertuari guruli ferxulis mxolod erT saxeobas, `farcas~ saxelwodebiT, icnobs. eTnomusikolog v. samsonaZis kvlevis Sedegad sanoto magaliTis guruli `ferxulis~ òTxi variantis moZieba gaxda SesaZlebeli:

1 geliaSvili e., ornamentuli simbolika qarTul xalxur qoreografiaSi (disertacia), saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb., 2014, gv. 6.

115

d. arayiSvilis naSromSi moTavsebuli;1. v. simoniSvilis gundis mier 2.

Sesrulebuli; g. saluqvaZiseuli varianti;3. gr. kokelaZis wignSi moTavsebuli 4.

varianti.am erTi saferxulo nimuSis sxvadasxva

variantebs Soris gansxvaveba sakmaod didia~.1 eTnomusikologebi d. arayiSviliseul variants

yvelasgan gansxvavebulad da yvelaze adreulad miiCneven. gurul ferxulTan dakavSirebiT d. arayiSvili aRniSnavs, rom sagundo simRera `ferxuli~ guriaSi gansakuTrebulad uyvarT. ès aris cekvis erT-erTi yvelaze sayvareli forma, Tanac Zalze originaluri. arsebobs misi ori forma _ erTsarTuliani da orsarTuliani. erTsarTuliani warmoadgens adamianTa ubralo wres, romelTac xelebi erTmaneTis mxrebze aqvT gadadebuli da mRerian da cekvaven simReris zomier melodiaze, Tavidan nela, Semdeg swrafad; xolo, orsarTuliania, rodesac pirveli wris mxrebze aZvreba meore partia, mReris da irweva pirvelTan erTad. sanaxaoba uaRresad saintereso da originaluria~.2

eTnomusikolog v. samsonaZis mokvlevis safuZvelze, sanoto krebulebSi guruli sacekvao mxolod ramdenimea: `ferxuli~, `saTamaSo~, `xorumi~, `vadila~. d. arayiSvilis krebulSi

1 samsonaZe v., `guruli sacekvao musika (guruli ferxulis magaliTze)~, samecniero Sromebi krebuli III, Tbilisis e. TayaiSvilis saxelobis kulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb., 2005, gv. 251.

2 АракчиевД.,Народная песня Западной Грузии (Гурийскойветви),М.,1908,стр.13.

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aRmoCenilia aseve guruli `mWedelo~, romelsac, rogorc saferxulos, mesxeTSi vxvdebiT. guruli varianti gansxvavebulia misgan, magram xasiaTiTa da ritmuli suraTiT isic saferxulo simReris elfers atarebs.1

ZiriTadi informaciis wyaro guruli sacekvao xelovnebis Sesaxeb ap. wulaZea da isev mas mivmarTav. Aap. wulaZe aRwers cekva `kalmaxurs~: `kalmaxuric Zveli cekvaa. kalmaxuris mocekvave Zlier iSviaTi iyo, ufro xSirad erTpirovnulad cekvavdnen. Mmocekvave unda yofiliyo kalmaxiviT cocxali, swrafi da moZravi.

guriaSi surebel ramiSvils hqonda sakuTari sagvareulo locva (dReoba) ̀ Wabukoba~. Ees dReoba ician adre gazafxulze da im dRes zvarakad Wuris pirze cocxal kalmaxs daklavdnen. Ees aris Wabukobis _ axalgazrdobis, trfobis rituali. Cemi azriT, kalmaxuri cekvac amasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli, radgan kalmaxi metismetad moqnili da sicocxliT savse Tevzia, zvarakad, msxverplad kalmaxi aurCeviaT misi siswrafisa da simarjvisaTvis~.2

cekva `kalmaxobasac~ sasceno sicocxle qoreografma giorgi saluqvaZem mianiWa 1954 wels. is faqti, rom kalmaxs adreul gazafxulze msxverplad swiravdnen, bunebis gacocxleba-ganayofierebisadmi miZRvnil sakralur rituals unda ukavSirdebodes. giorgi saluqvaZis CanawerebSi ki `kalmaxoba~ Sromis procesis amsaxvel cekvad aris warmosaxuli,

1 samsonaZe v., `guruli sacekvao musika (guruli ferxulis magaliTze)~, Tbilisis kulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloris kompleqsuri kvlevis samecniero centri, Tb., 2004, (xelnaweris uflebiT).


117

romelic agvistos 19-Si, feriscvaleba dRes, soflis Tavyrilobis dros icodnen: `cekva-TamaSis dros, rodesac kacebi damwkrivdebodnen erTad. mopirdapire mxares Seiqmneboda qalebis mwkrivi. yvela mReroda. kacebi viTomc meTevzeebi iyvnen, qalebs ise miecekvebodnen, TiTqos bade gadaacveso. qalebi tanis nazi SerxeviT kalmaxebs baZavdnen~.1 Tumca erTi cxadia, am cekvis arc sacekvao, arc musikaluri, arc sxva pirdapiri avTenturi masala qoreografs ar moepoveboda. werilobiTi wyaroebisa da sasceno saxed asametyvelebelEobieqtebze xangrZlivi da gulmodgine dakvirvebis Sedegad daibada es cekva, romelic saavtoro nawarmoebTa kategorias miekuTvneba.

gurul cekvad iTvleba, aseve, 1961 wels giorgi saluqvaZis mier Seqmili cekva `fundruki~.

`fundruki~ mamakacTa, `xuntruci~ ki _ qalTa sportul varjiSs, erqva. man orive qmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moZraobebi gaaerTiana. aqac cekvas mTlianad avtoris Semoqmedebis nayofad moviazrebT. masobrivi cekva qal-vaJTa SemadgenlobiT, ZiriTadad, muSaiTTa ileTebze iyo agebuli. musikaluri TvalsazrisiT gamoyenebuli iyo qarTul folklorul melodiaTa kolaJi da simRera ìaramaSa~.

apolon wulaZis gadmocemiT, guriaSi icodnen cekva _ mokvla-gacocxleba: òri vaJi cekvavs, cekvis dros viTom waiCxubes, erTimeoreze xanjliT miiweven (ise, rom cekva ar wydeba). erTi sZlevs da meores `moklavs~ _ waaqcevs, gulze xelebs daukrebs _ `gaasworebs~, garSemo cekviT uvlis, cekvis dros miuaxlovdeba, yurs daadebs, rwmundeba,

1 WaniSvili r., alaviZe o., `giorgi saluqvaZe 100~, Tb., 2014, gv. 117.

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rom mkvdaria, aRar sunTqavs, TaviT `sakurTxs~ daudebs, kidev gars uvlis, xanjals amoiRebs da Seulocavs, raRac gaugebar sityvebs CasCurCulebs, mere am SelocviT xanjals `micvalebuls~ sibrtyiT scems da micvalebulic gacocxldeba, wamoiWreba da orive momRimari cekvaven~.1 cekvaSi personaJis gardacvaleba _ mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, SesaZloa, qristianobamdeli RvTaebis sikvdil-sicocxlis monacvleobis dinamikuri ciklis misteriis saxecvlil gadmonaSTs warmoadgendes.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, aRdgomis Semdgomi periodi gansakuTrebuli xalisiTa da sanaxaobaTa simravliT gamoirCeoda. soflis moedanze Sekrebili xalxi am dros foTliT cekvas asrulebda. àRdgomasa da meore-mesame dRes (axal kviramde) saTamaSoze cekva rom daiwyeboda, 10-15 sacoled SeRerebuli Wabuki saTamaSodan moSorebiT, erT-erT karg mocekvave vaJs mTlianad morTavdnen mwvane foTlebiT, daamsgavsebdnen adamianis fituls, qudi da qamar-xmalic ki foTlebisagan unda yofiliyo da amave dros damaluli hqonoda Tavis adgilas karga mozrdili mwvane `falosi~. vaJi ar unda ecnoT. roca qal-vaJi TavdaviwyebiT uvlidnen, am foTlis vaJs Semoatarebdnen, gaarRvevdnen wres da sacekvao wreSi Seagdebdnen. is daiwyebda cekvas da vaJs qals waarTmevda, daRlida erTs, gaiwvevda meores, mesames da SeiZleba metsac, da roca TviTonac daRlas igrZnobda, maSin `faloss~ iSiSvlebda da imaT yvela mxriv salams aZlevda _ àbabrikebda~. Seiqmneboda qalebis wioki.Ddaircxvendnen, magram cali TvaliT mainc ucqerodnen, vaJebi Jriamulobdnen, icinodnen, amave dros waetanebodnen


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mas da cdilobdnen foTlis Semoglejas, magram is wridan Tavis tolebs gahyavdaT, zogjer verc ki gaigebdnen Tu vin cekvavda.

es cekva, usaTuod, gazafxulis migebebisa da gamravlebis kultis aris~.1

aRwerilobidan cxadi xdeba, rom nayofierebis kultisadmi miZRvnil saxiobasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic aWarul-lazuri `fadikos~ gurul saxesxvaobas unda warmoadgendes. aRdgoma-aRorZinebas ukavSirdeboda CoxataurSi cekva `qajuri~, romlsac mamakacebi asrulebdnen.

uaRresad saintereso informacias gvawvdis vaxtang kotetiSvili sagazafxulo wes-CveulebebTan dakavSirebul ritualze da paralels avlebs guriaSi gavrcelebul (aw ukve dakargul _ x. damCiZe) cekva `qajurTan~. mravalferovani iyo sagazafxulo dResaswaulebi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. drois am intervalSi nayofierebis RvTaebisadmi orgiebiT datvirTuli sanaxaobebi Warbobda. am sanaxaobebs axladaRorZinebul bunebasTan, simwvanesTan dakavSirebuli misteriebis saxe hqonda. sagazafxulo dResaswaulebi germaniaSi, SveicariaSi, avstriaSi Zalian hgavs guriaSi SemorCenil `qajur cekvas~: `saerTod germanul modgmebSi icodnen vaJis yvavilebiTa da foTlebiT morTva (dergruüneMann),romelic gundTan erTad dadioda kardakar didebaze. saqsoniaSi aseTi wesi yofila: erT-erTi vaJi, wesis dawyebamde tyeSi gaiqceoda da jagebSi imaleboda. moZebnidnen, ipovnidnen, is kvlav cdilobda gaqcevas da sxv.~2

nayofierebis warmarTuli kultis gamoZaxils


2 kotetiSvili v., folkloruli Ziebani, Tb., 2006, gv. 175.

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unda warmoadgendes mimikiT cekva, (pantomima). ̀ ori vaJi iwyebs cekvas, jer seriozulad Sexvdebian, mere erTimeores tuCis, xelis, fexis da ukana nawilis sxvadasxva sasacilo moZraobiT erTimeores emanWebian, maimunoben da es did sicils iwvevs~.1

amave sagazafxuli ciklis nawilia `berikaoba~, romelic guriaSic icodnen. guriis eTnografiuli SeswavlisTvis masalebSi vkiTxulobT: `lanCxuTis raionis s. juruyveTis mcxovrebis kowie giorgis Ze saluqvaZis gadmocemiT, àRdgomis moadgilea pirveli maisi. am dros icodnen `maskoba~, imarTeboda cekva-TamaSi~. bavSvebi am mxiaruli sanaxaobis meTvalyureebad gamodiodnen. rogorc Cans aq ̀ berikaobaa~ nagulisxmevi, romelic marTlac mxiarulad mimdinareobda.~2

amgvarad, zemoT warmodgenili informacia guruli sacekvao dialeqtis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs qristianobamdeli sanaxaobiTi kulturis arsebobas, sadac aRdgoma-aRorZinebis, nayofierebis kultis Semcveli Sinaarsis motivi dominirebs. istoriuli masalis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT isaxeba sacekvao leqsikisa da moZraoba-pantomimis Semcveli sanaxaobebis gansakuTrebuli simravle. Tumca, maTi didi nawili dakargulia, nawili ki _ sayofacxovrebod transformirebuli. dRes sascenod warmodgenili ferxuli `farcakuku~ erTaderTia guruli qoreografiuli nimuSebidan.

1 kotetiSvili v., folkloruli Ziebani, Tb., 2006, gv. 175.

2 masalebi guriis eTnografiuli SeswavlisTvis, Tb., 1980, gv. 151.

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beriZe v., ̀ sityvis kona (imerul da raWul TqmaTa)~, •peterburgi, 1912.geliaSvili e., ornamentuli simbolika qarTul •xalxur qoreografiaSi (disertacia), saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb., 2014. gvaramaZe l., qarTuli sacekvao folklori, Tb., •1997.masalebi guriis eTnografiuli SeswavlisTvis, •`mecniereba~, Tb., 1980. TaTaraZe a., qarTuli xalxuri cekvebis mokle •mimoxilva, Tb., 1974.TaTaraZe a., qarTuli xalxuri cekva, saqarTvelos •folkloris saxelmwifo centri, Tb., 2010.kotetiSvili v., folkloruli Ziebani, `merani~, •Tb.; 2006.wulaZe ap., eTnografiuli guria, `sabWoTa •saqarTvelo~, 1971.WaniSvili r., alaviZe o., `giorgi saluqvaZe 100~, •Tb., 2014.samsonaZe v., `guruli sacekvao musika (guruli •ferxulis magaliTze)~, samecniero Sromebi krebuli III, Tbilisis e. TayaiSvilis saxelobis kulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb., 2005.Аракчиев Д., Народная песня Западной Грузии•(Гурийскойветви),Москва,1908.Дункел-Веллинг Н., Из записок о Гурии, Кавказ,•1853, #87.

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mzia manjaviZe, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti, xelmZRvaneli: prof. elisabed erisTavi

oTar ioselianis `zamTris simRera~

da misi xmovani koncefcia

kinematografiaSi 60-iani wlebidan moRvawe reJisori oTar ioseliani, upiratesad, evropul azrovnebasTan da stilistikasTanaa dakavSirebuli. magram gansxvavebuli rakursisa da xelweris mqone qarTveli xelovani pirvelive namuSevrebSi avlens sakuTar, individualur xedvas _ gajerebuls, rogorc gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi, ise moralur-zneobrivi mrwamsiT.

oTar ioselianis dokumenturi, TiTqos mdore, magram iumoriTa da, xandaxan, sarkazmiT savse reJisoruli manera _ specifikuria. es exeba rogorc adreul _ qarTul, aseve mis franguli periodis filmebs. kinoreJisori dramatul svlebsac ki iseTi rakursiT, tempo-ritmiTa da xmovanebiT aCvenebs, TiTqos, mayurebels mZafri gancdebisgan icavdes. Zalze Taviseburia misi kinoxmovanebac _ arasodes aris ilustraciuli da gadajaWvulia filmis Sidakadrul Tu garekadrul xmaurTan, musikasTan da mxolod reJisoris konceptualur mizans emsaxureba.

nikoloz zurabiSvili, romelic ioselianma Tavisi franguli filmebis kompozitorad airCia, mokle safortepiano reqtaim-valsebs akeTebs, ZiriTadad, filmis titrebisTvis. Tumca, cnobilia, rom reJisori yovelTvis TviTon adgens sakuTari filmebis musikaluri xmovanebis rigs,

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ris saSualebasac mas profesionaluri musikaluri ganaTleba aZlevs.

`zamTris simRera~ ioselianis kinosTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravalpersonaJiani istoriebiTaa daxunZluli. reJisori filmSi aseve mravalferovan socialur panoramas warmoadgens _ dawyebuli gaRatakebuli aristokratiidan, policiis zedamxedvelobiTi samsaxuridan an quCis qurdbacacebidan _ damTavrebuli ltolvilebisa Tu usaxlkaro, mawanwala loTebis CvenebiT.

filmis titrebi safortepiano lirikuli valsiT iwyeba, romelsac mocemul siuJetTan da mis xmovanebasTan TiTqos aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs. pirvelive kadrSi vxedavT baronis sikvdiliT dasjis scenas (XVIIIs.), sadac yuradRebas uCveulo Sidakadruli xmebi iqceven _ qalaqis macxovrebeli qalebi xalisiani yiJiniTa da siciliT egebebian giliotinaze baronis Tavis kveTas. irkveva, rom barons brali saeWvo mimoweris gamo dasdes. mokveTil Tavs erT-erTi qali didi ambiT inaxavs, rogorc sapatio relikvias (am qalis fotos da baronis Tavis qalas filmis Semdgom epizodSi _ Tanamedrove droSi ganviTarebul siuJetSi kvlav SevxvdebiT). epizodi mTavrdeba safortepiano, mxiaruli reqtaimiT da gadadis uaxlesi periodis omis amsaxvel kadrebze _ romlebsac zogierTma kinokritikosmasaxelicvermouZebna–xansiriis,xan aRmosavleT evropis erT-erTi qveynis, xan, saerTod ùsaxelo omic~ ki uwodes. magaliTad, rusi kinomcodne andrei plaxovi Tvlis, rom òmi filmSi gakvriTaa naCvenebi da mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sad xdeba: siriaSi, afxazeTsa Tu sxvagan...~.1

1 Андрей Плахов. Со своим эпатажем, Журнал «Коммерсант

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arada, reJisori am epizodSi Casmuli Sidakadruli musikis meSveobiT, aSkara miniSnebas iZleva _ jariskacebi nangrevebSi mdgar pianinoze rusul melodias asruleben. es musika, aq maT, TiTqos sul axlaxan Cadenil, codvebs Camorecxs da sastiki jariskacebidan Cveulebriv biWebad gardaqmnis _ adamianebad, romlebsac, TiTqos, vxedavT kidec TavianT ojaxur garemocvaSi. reJisori sarkazmis mTeli apoTeoziT gviCvenebs kadrSi mimaval tankze Semodebul unitazs. asociaciurad im azramde midixar, rom es 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omia. oTar ioseliani TiTqos xarks ixdis samSoblos winaSe _ sakuTar Tavze iRebs misias _ mxatruli kinos saSualebiT, esaubros danarCen msoflios im dramatuli movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelic saqarTvelom gamoiara. kinomcodne klimenti gisma, `gamoicno~ ra reJisoris mesiji, am oms _ `qarTuli~ uwoda.1 am faqts imdenad aqvs filmis dramaturgiisTvis mniSvneloba, ramdenadac, momdevno siuJetSi qarTveli ltolvilebis epizods am sastiki omis logikur, mizez-Sedegobriv gagrZelebad miviCnevT. xolo is, rom ltolvilebi namdvilad qarTvelebi arian, ioseliani am faqtsac, kvlav, mxolod xmovanebiT _ kadrSi CarTuli qarTuli simReriT _ migvaniSnebs.

omis erT-erT epizodSi aseve vxedavT marTlmadidebel mamaos, romelic mdinareSi jariskacebis (dampyrobi, rusi meomrebis) codvebisgan ganbanis rituals asrulebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganbanis kadrebs Zveli grigorianuli

Weekend” №14 от 29.04.2016, стр. 25 (http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2981793).

1 clément Ghys. Personnages d’hiver et variés (http://next.liberation.fr/cinema/2015/11/24/personnages-d-hiver-et-varies_1415837).

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galoba gasdevs fonad, mainc advilia rusi warmoSobis mamaos amocnoba, _ momdevno scenaSi mRvdelTmsaxuri samxedros formas icvams sviringebiT moxatul sxeulze da saomrad emzadeba (cnobili faqtia, rom rusuli jari, saqarTveloSi wamosvlis win, erT-erTma mamaom akurTxa). amdenad, XI saukunis evropuli galobis JReradobis filmSi gamoyenebiT, reJisori ara mxolod niRbavs dampyroblebis konkretul warmomavlobas, aramed mayurebelSi, TiTqos, jvarosnul omTan asociaciis gamowveva surs (gavixsenoT, rodesac jvarosnebis e.w. keTilSobilur mizans, aTasobiT adamiani emsxverpla).

mdinareSi codvebisgan ganbanili jariskacebi vagonze datvirTuli, nayaCaRevi nivTebiT, mxiarulad toveben iqaurobas. scenas reJisori germanuli romantikuli simReriTa da sakvarteto, lirikuli xasiaTis melodiiT asrulebs. amiT oTar ioseliani erTi konkretuli faqtis ganzogadebis xerxsac mimarTavs. esaa tragikuli ambavi, romelic TavisTavad daclilia dramatuli emociebisgan.

aRsaniSnavia, imave omis epizodSi CarTuli xanmokle sasiyvarulo scenac _ erTi-erT mebrZols nangrevebSi napovni samkauli miaqvs SeyvarebulTan. xis qveS wyvilis nebivrobas reJisori matareblisa da vertmfrenis utrirebuli, Sidakadruli xmauris efeqtebiT avsebs. irgvliv yvelaferi xmaurobs, reJisori TiTqos borotad dascinis maT idilias _ garSemortymuls sisxliTa da codvebiT. msgavs emocias aRZravs aseve scenis dasasruls gaJRerebuli musikaluri citatac, romlis warmomavloba munji kinos sasiyvarulo motivebidan modis.

filmis ZiriTadi siuJeti _ franguli ambavi quCis scenidan iwyeba _ Tineijeri qurdbacacebi

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xalxze Tavdasxmas axorcieleben, rasac aseve aqtiuri, utrirebuli, Sidakadruli xmauris efeqtebi axlavs Tan. Tavdasxmis epizods tragi-komikuri xasiaTis scena enacvleba, rodesac mamakacebi kompaqtoris mier gabrtyelebul loTs saxlSi miitanen da fanjridan dazaralebulis coli mSvidad miugebs _karis qveS SemoacureTo... es xom Zveli anekdotia, romelsac reJisori aq Savi iumoris ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad iyenebs.

filmis konkretul personaJebs, momdevno epizodSi, gasuli saukunis 40-iani wlebis retro-musikis ganwyobilebis fonze vecnobiT, romelic fanjris rafaze dadgmuli patefonidan moedineba. sacxovrebeli saxlis ezoSi mezobeli qalebi erToblivad qsoven. es scena giliotinis scenasTan asociaciebs badebs _ iqac ase erTad qsovdnen moyiJine qalebi. am epizodSi gaJRerebuli msubuqi retro melodia iseT myudro da uSfoTvel ganwyobilebas qmnis, rogoric Zveli Tbilisis ezoebSi erT dros trialebda. reJisors aSkarad surs, mSobliuri qalaqis Zveli ubani parizis am ubanTan daanaTesaos (amis dasturad SemiZlia moviyvano filmis erT-erT scenaSi gamoyenebuli Tbilisuri arRnis Sidakadruli xmovaneba).

filmis gmirebi parizis erTsa da imave ubanSi da erTsa da imave saxlSi cxovroben, garda cixe-koSkis mflobeli Raribi baronisa, romelsac am saxlSi SviliSvilebi samecadinod dahyavs kacTan (enriko kezi), romelic wignebis SegrovebiT aris gatacebuli. bibliofili (italieli kritikosi enriko geci) da misi megobari _ mezobeli anTropologi (amiran amiranaSvili) filmis mTavari personaJebi arian. imave saxlSi cxovroben qurdbacaca biWebi, quCas rom periodulad awiokeben,

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da, aseve, policiis ufrosi zedamxedveli, romelic yvelasa da yvelafers durbindiT akvirdeba. aqve daudevT bina col-qmars, romelTa Cxubisgan yvela Sewuxebulia.

film `zamTris simReris~ TiToeuli epizodi mdidaria xmovani palitriT, reJisori iyenebs rogorc Sidakadrul, aseve garekadrul xmovanebas. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos Zveli franguli Sansonebis JReradoba, romelic oTar ioselianis sxva frangul filmebSic gvxvdeba. reJisori am melodiebs aqtiurad mimarTavs maSin, roca epizodSi WeSmaritad franguli ganwyobis, franguli bunebis warmoCena surs da, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, vin asrulebs Sansons _ mdidari Tu Raribi personaJi, orive maTgans erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli _ tradiciuli Rvino aerTianebs.

Zveli franguli simRera, romelsac filmSi mTavari personaJi baronis patara SviliSvilebs aswavlis, momdevno epizodis wamyvani, Sidakadruli xmovanebaa. imave epizodSi Cndeba giliotinaze moWrili baronis Tavis qalac, romelic xmauriani col-qmris usiamovnebis mizezi SeiqmnebaL_ qmari baronis Tavis qalas mezobel anTropologs aZlevs.

filmis sxva danarCen personaJebs saprotesto aqciaze vecnobiT, rodesac policia maT droebiT TavSesafar barakebs ungrevs. da ai, moulodnelad gvesmis cnobili qarTuli simRera _ `gvimReria, kidec vimRerT~ – saidanac vgebulobT, romltolvilebi qarTvelebi arian. sakvirvelia, ratom ver gaiges kinokritikosebma am simReris erovnuloba da ltolvilebi boSebad moixsenies!(?)1

1АнтонДолин.«Зимняяпесня»ОтараИоселиани:бульдозернаявыставка (https://daily.afisha.ru/cinema/1381-zimnyaya-pesnya-

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dramaturgiuli TvalsazrisiT, es scena uneblieT omis im epizods mogvagonebs, sadac rusis jariskacebi mSvidobian qarTvel mosaxleobas arbeven. Cndeba logikuri asociacia da ibadeba azric, rom SesaZloa, es ltolvilebi, swored im omsa da gaWirvebas gamoqceuli qarTveloba iyos, unikaluri, erovnuli mravalxmovanebiT Tavs rom imxnevebs Soreul qveyanaSi. aqve maxsendeba reJisoris adrindeli filmi `yaCaRebi~, sadac samoqalaqo omis epizodi Tbilisis gapartaxebul quCebSia gadaRebuli, xolo dangreuli Senobis fanjrebidan mxiaruli, saqeifo simRerebi moismis.

davubrundeT barakebis epizods, rodesac darbeuli ltolvilebi da maTi frangi damcvelebi policiis manqanas mihyavs, kadrSi ki iqve mSvidad movarjiSe _ Tai-Zis jgufi rCeba, romelsac fonad garekadruli xma _ aRmosavluri musikaluri citata mihyveba. unda aRvniSno, rom igi filmSi gamoyenebuli erTaderTi ilustraciuli musikaluri xmovanebaa.

policiis manqanaSi msxdomi, aseve dakavebuli _ frangi uflebadamcvelebi mTeli SemarTebiT mRerian Zvel frangul Sansons. am SesrulebiT isini TiTqos enaTesavebian barakebis epizodSi momReral qarTvel ltolvilebs _ bedisgan boZebul gaWirvebas erovnuli simReriT rom egebebian. mogvianebiT, maT isev _ nagavsayrelis scenaSi SevxvdebiT _ wumpeSi msxdomebs, kvlav mSobliuri, mravalxmiani simReriT amRerebulebs.

filmis Semdegi epizodi mistikur xasiaTis atarebs _ quCaSi mosiarule mTavari gmiri moulodnelad gaCenil karSi Seva da CitebiT savse samoTxis msgavs baRSi aRmoCndeba. aq mas

otara-ioseliani-buldozernaya-vystavka/).

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keTilganwyobiT xvdeba ucnobi qali, Tumca scena metad xanmoklea, radgan aseve moulodnelad darekil mobilur zars mamakaci Tavisdauneburad, gaucnobiereblad kvlav gamohyavs baRidan telefonze salaparakod. rogorc ki mamakaci gaacnobierebs, ra xdeba mis Tavs, karic gaqreba. telefonidan ki rusuli simRera gvesmis, romelsac sasaxlis win, etlSi mjdari qali kacs fanjris rafaze dadgmuli patefonis meSveobiT asmeninebs. simRera gvafiqrebinebs, rom qali rusuli warmoSobis Zveli aristokrati unda iyos. am varauds amZafrebs qalis sasaxleSi mowyobil saRamoze gamarTuli identuri scenac _ qali kacs kvlav asmeninebs patefoniT simReras _ reJisori xmovani miniSnebebiT yveba maT Zvel, warsul grZnobaze, romelic orivesTvis jer isev Zvirfasia. es aris ambavi Seumdgari siyvarulis Sesaxeb. am epizodSi irkveva aseve, rom Turme qali uimedod hyvarebia kacis megobar anTropologs, romelic mxolod ori sityviT amxels dafarul siyvaruls _ `mas me vuyvardi~ _ rasac megobrebis Cxubi mohyveba...

koSkis mepatrone baronis istorize calke filmis gadaReba SeiZleba. mas didi ojaxi hyavs _ avadmyofi mama, kapasi coli da gogo, ori bavSviT. ojaxi Raribia, ar ZaluZs kulturul Zeglad aRiarebuli sacxovrisis garemonteba, ris gamoc, maT koSkidan gamosaxleba uwevT. baroni ojaxis sarCenad quCaSia gamosuli da Celoze ukravs, misi Svili _ elitarul saroskipoSi daiareba fulis saSovnelad. finalSi vxedavT, rom qali siyvarulisa da harmoniis povnas mainc axerxebs kacTan, romelic iqve Soriaxlos, yvelasgan gancalkevebiT, saxls iSenebs. filmis dasasruls maT Cais smis idiliur atmosferSi vtovebT.

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`zamTris simReris~ istoriebSi gaelvebul sasiyvarulo ambebs reJisori epizoduri kadrebiT, dramaturgiuli ganviTarebis gareSe, mxolod mxatvruli miniSnebebiT gviyveba, iseve, rogorc TiTqos gakvriT yveba qarTvel ltolvilTa ambavze, romelic oTar ioselianma ase ucnaurad Casva Tavis axal, frangul suraTSi. qarTuli fesvebi aqvs aseve erT-erT epizodSi televizoris ekranze asaxul omsac, romelsac baronis gogo, or SvilTan erTad, udardelad, nayinis WamiT uyurebs. esaa reaqcia omze, romelzedac msofliom gamoxmaureba mxolod sityvieri SeSfoTebiT Semofargla. filmis finalSi, mTavar personaJebs _ megobar, uflebadamcvel frangebs reJisori zustad imave situaciaSi tovebs, rogorSic filmis dasawyisSi gviCvena. isini kvlav ganagrZoben wynari, uSfoTveli cxovrebiT cxovrebas _ simReriT, RviniT, erTmaneTiT garemoculni da mzad arian gaWirvebulis dasaxmareblad.

oTar ioselians yvela Tavisi kino-gmiri uyvars, imisda miuxedavaT, Tu ramdenad dadebiTi gmirebi arian isini. aqac, filmis _ policiis ufrosi zedamxedveli, romelic, filmis yvelaze arasimpaTiuri gmiria (ioselianis `Semodgomis simReraSi~ is, aseve identur tipaJs TamaSobs), SemTxveviT vardeba sakanalizacio WaSi. Was maSinve Tavs axuraven da Cven gvggonia, rom is iqidan veRarasodes amoZvreba, rom is daiRupa. magram reJisori mas sakanalizacio milidan pirdapir mdinaris piras gadmoriyavs, sadac vxedavT tyis piras mSvidad mobalaxe Txas da Zroxas. aq sruliad moulodnelad gvesmis qarTuli xalxuri simRera _ `batonebo~. ioseliani am konkretuli simReris meSveobiT gadmoscems filmSi gatarebul,

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sakuTar filosofiur Tu esTetikur koncefcias. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul kinematografiaSi arc

erT sxva reJisorTan ar vxvdebiT quCaSi mowanwale usaxlkaro loTebisadmi aseT keTilganwyobil damokidebulebas, rogorc amas ioseliani franguli periodis filmebSi asaxavs. es gaRatakebuli adamianebi yvelgan mRerian... mRerian Zvel frangul Sansonebs _ yelisCaxleCvamde, sasacilod, magram Zalze gulwrfelad. rogorc Cans, reJisori maT amqveynad yvelaze uwyinar da gulwrfel arsebebad miiCnevs, romlebic Tavisuflebas ganasaxiereben.

`zamTris simReras~ kinokritikosebic gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen da afaseben. ana sotnikova suraTs ̀ tragikul farss~ uwodebs, anton dolini ki _ `komediur absurdad~ axasiaTebs.1Ppier muratis azriT, es filmi reJisoris `mTvaris favoritebs~ Camohgavs.2 vfiqrob, rom `zamTris simRera~, Tavisi dramaturgiuli wyobiT, marTlac axlos dgas `mTvaris favoritebTan~ _ iqac da aqac gvxvdeba sxvadasxva epoqaluri drois Cveneba, orivegan erTsa da imave sagnebzea aqcenti dasmuli _ `mTvaris favoritebSi~, es Zvirfasi WurWeli da SiSveli qalis portretia, `zamTris simReraSi~ ki _ sikvdilmisjili baronis mokveTili Tavi, romelic filmis Tanamedrove

1 Антон Долин. «Зимняя песня» Отара Иоселиани:бульдозерная выставка (https://daily.afisha.ru/cinema/1381-zimnyaya-pesnya-otara-ioseliani-buldozernaya-vystavka/); АннаСотникова о «Зимней песне» Отара Иоселиани-- (Еще однапохвала глупости), АФИША DAILY (http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2974746).

2 Pierre Murat, Télérama, Comédie dramatique, Chant d’hiver (http://www.telerama.fr/cinema/films/chant-d-hiver,503417,critique.php).

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drois siuJetSic figurirebs. anton dolinic amaxvilebs yuradRebas am or films Soris kavSirze. amasTan, Tvlis, rom `zamTris simRera~ vizualurad imdenad gamomsaxvelia, Tavisuflad SeiZleboda suraTi uxmo yofiliyo. `reJisors asakobrivi daRla ar emCneva, is kvlav agrZelebs bohemur cxovrebas, miuxedavad Tavisi asakisa~ _ aRniSnavs dolini da iqve varaudobs, rom SesaZloa filmis saTaurSi sezonis nacvlad sikvdili igulisxmebao.1 kinokritikosi matie amariki aseve xazs usvams filmis gamomsaxvelobiT struqturas da suraTs `freskas~ uwodebs. igi aseve wers, rom ìoselianis filmebi ucvlelia da isini yovelTvis melanqoliuri siamovnebis momtania~.2 Tumca, CemTvis reJisoris yvelaze utyuar Semfasebelad mainc qarTveli kinomcodne _ irine kuWuxiZea, romelic ambobs: `misi xelovneba _ simarTlis xelovnebaa, sadac poeturadaa gaazrebuli da ganzogadebuli realuri sinamdvile... reJisoris yuradReba mimarTulia Cveni drois yvelaze ufro siRrmiseuli, mniSvnelovani sulieri da zneobrivi procesebisa da problemebisken~.3

1 АнтонДолин.«Зимняяпесня»ОтараИоселиани:бульдозернаявыставка (https://daily.afisha.ru/cinema/1381-zimnyaya-pesnya-otara-ioseliani-buldozernaya-vystavka/).2 Marie Gueden. chant de cygne? (http://www.critikat.com/actualite-cine/critique/chant-d-hiver/). 3 kuWuxiZe i., ekrani da dro, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 65.

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kuWuxiZe i., ekrani da dro, Tbilisi, 2009. •clément Ghys. Personnages d’hiver et variés- • http://next.liberation.fr/cinema/2015/11/24/personnages-d-hiver-et-varies_1415837 Pierre Murat, Télérama, comédie dramatique, chant •d’hiver - http://www.telerama.fr/cinema/films/chant-d-hiver,503417,critique.phpMarie Gueden. chant de cygne? -• http://www.critikat.com/actualite-cine/critique/chant-d-hiver/Антон Долин. «Зимняя песня» Отара Иоселиани: •бульдозерная выставка - https://daily.afisha.ru/cinema/1381-zimnyaya-pesnya-otara- iosel iani-buldozernaya-vystavka/ Анна Сотникова о «Зимней песне» Отара Иоселиани - •Еще одна похвала глупости), АФИША DAILy - (http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2974746)Андрей Плахов. Со своим эпатажем, Журнал •«Коммерсантъ Weekend» №14 от 29.04.2016 - http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2981793

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THEATRE STUDIES

Marina (Maka) Vasadze, The Doctor of Arts,

The head of Publishing House “Kentavri” at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

Member of the International Association of the Theatre critics of Georgian Section (IATc)

AMERICAN COMEDy AND DRAMA FILMS IN THE MODERN GEORGIAN THEATRE

Two interesting plays were created on the stages of Kutaisi and Tbilisi theatre in 2015. It should be noted, that both plays present the theatrical adaptation of American films. One is a light, entertaining, comedy genre, the second one is reflecting the dramatic intense life of human. Billy Wilder’s “Some like It Hot “(1959) is recognized as the best comedy of all time. This film has always had the audience and even today it causes the great interest and admire. Perhaps it was the main motive of director Giorgi Sikharulidze, when he aimed to stage “Some like It Hot” In Kutaisi’s Drama Theatre named after Lado Meskhishvili. The audience demands from theatre not only reflection of the painful problems existing in society and talk about it from the stage but the creation of comedy entertaining so called relieving plays. Making the stage performance of well-known film classics is fearless decision but director reached his goal and created entertaining, light play of having comedic nature by moving accents in the staging and sharing the roles correctly. Sidney Polak made a film according to novel “They shoot horses, do not they?” by Mccoy Horace. Avtandil Varsimashvili staged a play by his dramatization in “Liberty Theatre”. Polak’s film arises the feeling of sacrifice, inhumanity and brutality in viewer. People of tired with unemployment, lack of money, desperate and having loss of faith are doing everything to earn money for existence. Others are making a new kind of cynical entertaining such as the dance-marathon

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for gaining more income. Several pairs are standing in the ring, they have to dance without rest until everyone fall and then one of them will become the winner. The main say remains unchanged in the Georgian variant of Avtandil Varsimashvili. Director added the elements of Georgian reality in the play, changed the names of characters and place of action, he made the nature of heroes and modern situation.

Marina Lomidze,The Doctor of Journalism

Marina Kharatishvili,The doctor of Arts,

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

VARIATION ABOUT THE THEME OF SHOwMAN

In the article there is one aspect of NIka Tsulukidze’s work - as the host of the program and more the screen face of showman

characteristic features of Nika Tsulukidze (TV presenter and Showman) are that he is educated, confident,, charismatic, intellectual, kind of psychologist and eloquent and his smileful conversation that can include a bit of irony according to the context; Pleasant timbre and the manner of dynamic speech which is followed by the audience so that neither is getting sick nor irritated; Using the artistic professional skills demonstrates himself what seems and completely naturally perceived. Distinguished goodwill towards the guest, mixing the humor and information, erudition, tactics; the proper reaction, sharp-wittedness, warm-heartedness; “healthy Outrageous” and less aspiration towards scandals what is defined by the format of programs taken by him; Good Georgian speech, less noticeable grammatical and stylistic gaps.

I think, Nika Tsulukidze’s work as showman really deserves attention in general and especially due to current quality condition of media space.

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MEDIA STUDIESVaja Zubashvili,

Associated Professor, PhD in Audio-Visual Arts,

The head of the documentary film department.

TECHNOLOGIES IN TV BROADCASTING

Digital technologies have moved cinematograph, a predecessor of contemporary audio-visual culture, into an ancient, mythological world. It is obvious that the new technologies have caused the dramatic changes and provoked the need to rethink the function of cinema, TV and media, generally. By the time when TV was tightly connected to film and film technologies, the appearance of satellite systems of TV broadcasting and of the video-recording technologies was exactly such a breakthrough for it. The film was used in TV all around the world as before the World War II, so after it. Georgia was not an exception either, film was used in Georgian TV until the end of the 20th century (In the archives of Georgian Broadcaster’s film funds, the last material recorded on 16mm film for different TV shows and news programs dates back to 1991-1992).

The TV shows, as well as the live broadcastings of theatre plays or other events recorded using this technology, represent an important material in terms of the content, artistic value and aesthetics for understanding the development of Georgian TV shows of that period. This technology is a significant illustration of coexistence of chemical (film) and electronic (TV) technologies and a unique source for the researchers of art, media, etc.

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MUSIC STUDIES

Jana Toidze,The Doctor of Arts, The Professor

BASIC METHODICAL ISSUES OF LEARNING A RECITATIVE

It is known that learning a recitative is different for vocalist student. Recitative has got a great importance in vocal art, because it trains internally in order to fulfill for aria – especially for the artistic face to open the role.

Recitative must organically move in the aria performance. It must be merged as a true vocal-technical and also in performing point of view.

composers themselves were mastering the art of recitative in XVII and XIX centuries. Their operas were reloaded by declamation. During the working on recitative, the specifics of the language phonetics should be taken into account by the teacher and student on which there is performing this operas in original.

Learning stages:1. Introducing the musical text of aria and recitative,

determination of the style (comic, lyrical, lyrical-dramatic and etc.)

2. Determination of tessitura of musical work ( considering the voice range of singer);

3. Learning and understanding the melody of recitative, considering so called “Speaking Pause” (Mikh. chekhov – Speaking Pause) especially on permato;

4. Introducing the words of aria and recitative and eliminating the articulating drawbacks;

5. Listening to the aria and recitative and the whole party-role with observing on clavier by the performance of the famous singers;

6. Learning process should be going on with using the methods of acting skills;

(It should be noted: Free and healthy articulating machine,

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right pronunciation of vowels and consonants, right management of diaphragmatic breathing during the singing and recitative)

7. Working process on recitative of modern opera music is differ from the old vocal school. Voice output process requires the special strength of acoustic-resonator machine, rich sound palette with overtones (without force) lower-rib diaphragmatic breathing;

8. Working out so called “Speaking words” and “Vocal phrase” on the basis of the methods of “Stage speech” and “Acting vocal phrase”;

9. Lessons should be going on a creative joyful atmosphere and organism muscles of singers should not be tensioned.

All these serves the creation of artistic face with high-professional level.

Gvantsa Ghvinjilia,An Associate Professor of V. Sarajishvili Tbilisi State

conservatoire, Invited Lecturer at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia

State University, The Doctor of Arts

THE INFLUENCE OF MARTIN LUTER’S REFORMATION ON J. S. BACH’S MUSIC

Martin Luter’s church reform has played a great role in the matters of formation of the German state, its economic advance and dynamic development of the process of artistic thinking in German art branches. Without the Reformation, it is inconceivable to assess objectively, in full value, the heritage of Johann Sebastian Bach, the greatest composer of all times. The fact that Bach is referred to as the ‘fifth evangelist,’ is connected exactly with the reforms of Luther.

Luther has set as his aim to introduce the possibility of the direct relation with the God as well as the principle of the internal faith, which has given him and his followers, including

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Bach, an inspiration for a novel reading of christian dogmas. Luther’s reform has initiated the tradition of transition of the Bible into one’s own prism, which has been revealed in the original interpretation of theological emblematics in Bach’s passions in music. Within his own reform, Luther practically determined the future perspectives of development of the German music. According to Luther’s ideas, the global changes should find their reflections in the musical part of the divine service in the first turn, as he believed that the musical art is tightly connected with the religion.

Luther’s reformatory activities have found their direct implications in the modification of the rules of divine service, including its musical part. In this respect, the introduction of the German choral and the emphasis of the factor of congregation should be considered as greatest reforms.

Actually, Luther has created a novel type of the German mass.

The music of J. S. Bach, directly connected with Protestantism, is a complex phenomenon that had a communion with those global changes that Luther implemented in the sphere of divine service. He has expressed in sounds of music the same phenomenon which Luther has implemented in the sphere of divine service.

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UNIVERSITY PH.D PROGRAM

Nuri Nalbandoglu,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgia State UniversityThe head: Prof. Tamar Bokuchava

FEATURE OF TIME (Director’s comments with regard to the Esence of Time in

the Process of Play Working)

The article “Nature of time” represents the reflections of author and director on the essence and nature of time while he is commenting the Play. Vision of time is very important in Beckett’s literary art and drama. The flow of time is one of the main factors shaping the action in “Endgame.” Approaching the play director needs to realize what time is, what is its nature and how it was interpreted in the past and present. Time is one of the most accurate and at the same time most mysterious and ambiguous things we know. Most of philosophers tried to develop their vision of time from Aristotle to nowadays, to understand is it totality or has fragmented nature, is it objective physical phenomenon or subjective intuitive thing. In the article, as in the part of the qualification work is asked the questions we aim to answer in the whole dissertation. Besides, author tries to underline the specific features of director’s work, which depends both on objective knowledge and subjective impressions, regular phenomena and accidental occasions. This part of dissertation presents the preliminary analytic work lead by the author to understand the peculiarities of time “scheme” and its sensual nature in Beckett’s “Endgame”.

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Shota Gegiadze,PhD student at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgia State UniversityThe head: Prof. David Kobakhidze

ATTENTION AND EMOTION ON STAGE MOVEMENT

On the basis of the modern and scientific, pedagogic historical and psychological facts and based on their analysis becomes very clear for us that attention and emotion are being paid a great significance as in everyday life of human also on learning and creative process.

Many approaches exist towards the pedagogic processes in modern conditions. Among them more or less demanded are those processes on the ground of which are pedagogues’ and students’ joint creative processes. Special importance is given to the processes of pedagogic support such as revealing (the method of observation) a current psychic reaction in student’s creative process and overcoming defects which is found on the basis of observation. Informative, motivation, operational, diagnostic and communicational and other components are involved in the model of learning process. The main strategy of stage movement’s model of lesson is the development of such psychic features together with student’s physical skills which will help the student to overcome all stages of professional mastering in stage movement. Also the common methods for solving the aimed tasks by the way of using pedagogic resources and methods is the specific task of learning process.

Performance is the final result of earning process of stage pedagogic. This result depends on those technological processes which consist the learning process. The students who are involved in these processes are able to master a special knowledge. Knowledge about the skills of own body at the same time control of psychical and emotional processes and hence it follows the students attempt in the process of learning movements and to reach the absolute harmony of physic and psychic by the help of pedagogue.

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Khatuna Damchidze,PhD student at

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State UniversityHumanities, Social Sciences,

Business and Management FascultyThe head: Prof. Anano Samsonadze

GURIAN DANCE DIALECT

Georgian folk choreography is not rich in Gurian dance patterns. Historical data about them is very scarce too. There is only one Gurian Perkhuli “Partsa-kuku” in the repertoire of the ensembles. However, some historical and ethnographic information enable us to assume that Guria had really rich dance creations. Like Imereti and Lechkhumi, the plain in western Georgia was unable to maintain this field of folk art, the same does not hold true for the rich and unique vocal samples.

The paper discusses the following choreographic works “Partsa-kuku”, “Perkhuli”, “Kalmakhuri”, “Pundruki”, “Killing - Resurrection”, “Dancing with leaves”, “Kajuri”, “Mimic Dance”, “Maskoba”.

Information about the Gurian dance dialect tells us about the existence of sightseeing culture of pre-christian times, where the motive of content containing the cult of Easter-revival, fertility dominates. However, the majority of them is lost, while the part is transformed.

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Mzia Manjavidze,PhD student at

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State UniversityThe head: Prof. Elisabed Eristavi

IOSELIANI’S “ZAMTRIS SIMGERA” (“wINTER’S SONG”) AND ITS SOUNDSCAPE

The soundscape of O. Ioseliani’s films represent one of the most notable original features within the Georgian cinema. In all of his films the director clearly hints towards the confrontation between the genuine life values and false and unhealthy phenomena. He mocks humorously and sarcastically the faulty and wicked habits of the humanity, which are to be perceived generically. Such is the case in “aprilshi”(“In April”), as well as in his last work “Zamtris simgera”(“winter’s song”) in which irony and sarcasm characterize the war scenes.

In his soundscapes Ioseliani actively deploys different types of sounds, exaggerating noise sounds from street, public transport, etc. He makes an interesting use of motifs from National Georgian music: from street-organ, and city folk songs to the folk song “Batonebo”. His soundscapes are a good presentation of his world-views.

Interpretations of his ideas by film specialists are not uniform. According to the author of this article this results from a false conception of Ioseliani’s soundscapes. This is firstly the case with the Georgians living in Paris, whose identity is only referred to with a Georgian song in the film “Zamtris simgera”. A correct perception of this component is vital for understanding the film’s dramaturgy and conception.

Documents

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (71), 2017