humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebidl.sangu.edu.ge/pdf/shromebiVI.pdf · qarTuli skolis mesveurTa mier Semzadebuli rom ar yofiliyo samcxe-javaxeTis qarTveloba,

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saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis

Sromebi

VI

gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~

Tbilisi 2016

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SromebSi ibeWdeba samecniero gamokvlevebi, romelic miZRvnilia istoriis, filologiis,

Targmanmcodneobisa da samarTlis aqtualuri problemebisadmi.

saredaqcio kolegia profesori sergo vardosaniZe (Tavmjdomare), akademikosi roin

metreveli, profesori mindia ugrexeliZe, profesori vaxtang guruli, profesori giorgi alibegaSvili, profesori tariel futkaraZe, profesori manana tabiZe, profesori rozeta gujejiani, profesori eka duRaSvili, profesori karlo bziSvili, profesori avTandil kiknaZe, profesori nona Todua, profesori sulxan kupraSvili, profesori jemal karaliZe, istoriis doqtori levan jiqia (pasuxismgebeli mdivani).

tomi gamosacemad moamzades profesorma vaxtang gurulma da istoriis doqtorma levan jiqiam

© gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~ © avtorTa jgufi ISSN 2346-7657 @@

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St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Works of Faculty of Humanities and Law

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Publishing House `Georgian University~ Tbilisi 2016

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The Collection contains scientific researches dedicated to the issues of History, Philology, Translation Studies and

Jurisprudence.

Editional bourd

Professor Sergo Vardosanidze (Chairman), Academician Roin Metreveli, Professor Mindia Ugrekhelidze,

Professor Vakhtang Guruli, Professor Giorgi Alibegashvili, Professor Tariel Putkaradze, Professor Manana Tabidze,

Professor Rozeta Gujejiani, Professor Eka Dughashvili, Professor Karlo Bzishvili, Professor Avtandil Kiknadze,

Professor Nana Todua, Professor Sulkhan Kuprashvili, Professor Jemal Karalidze, Doctor of History Levan Jikia

(Responsible secretary).

The Collection was prepared for publication by Doctor of History, Professor Vakhtang Guruli

and Doctor of History Levan Jikia.

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i s t o r i a

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vaxtang guruli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

profesor sergo vardosaniZis Rvawli

Zneli arCevani

XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis sabWoTa sazogadoebis gadagvarebis, moraluri xrwnis

niSnebi ukve saxeze iyo. sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilma gadairCina Tavi da isic imiT,

rom moaxdina Tavisi Tavis izolacia sazogadoebisagan, SeinarCuna jansaRi azrovneba da

mimdinare procesebis realurad aRqmis unari. sazogadoebis udidesi nawili daemsgavsa

cocxal arsebas, romelic Wamda da inelebda. sabWoTa zesaxelmwifo, garegnuli niSnebis

mixedviT, jer kidev uZlevelobis STabeWdilebas tovebda, xolo e. w. disidenturi moZraoba

ganwirulad da uperspeqtivod gamoiyureboda. sazogadoebam alRo auRo arsebul viTarebas,

protestis grZnoba dakarga da mzad iyo uaressac Segueboda. mixail bulgakovi werda:

cenzura kabinetebidan ki ar modis, aramed Cveni cnobierebidan. amis naTel dadasturebas

warmoadgenda XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis sazogadoeba. adamianebma xelisuflebisgan

damoukideblad cenzura TviTon dauweses TavianT Tavs. yvelam kargad icoda, ra unda eTqva,

ra unda daewera, rom xifaTi ar Seqmnoda piradad mas, misi ojaxis wevrebs, axloblebs.

Zneli saTqmelia, sabWoTa politikur sistemas vin ufro efeqturad emsaxureboda:

oficialuri sabWoTa saxelmwifo cenzura, Tu sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli TviTcenzura.

sabWoTa sazogadoeba advili samarTavi iyo. sazogadoebis absoluturma umravlesobam

irwmuna, rom nikita xruSCoviseuli ,,daTboba~ zesaxelmwifos ganmtkicebasa da winsvlas

emsaxurboda. sazogadoeba motyuebuli darCa: nacvlad politikuri da ekonomikuri

aRmavlobisa, aTwliani ,,mmarTvelobiTi qaosi~ (1953-1964 ww.) miiRo. erTxel motyuebuli

sazogadoeba meoredac advilad motyuvda da leonid breJneviseul ,,mSvidi mmarTvelobis~

periodSi (1964_1982 ww.) Tavs sakmaod komfortulad grZnobda. ,,mSvidi mmarTvelobis~

periodSi miZinebuli sazogadoeba verc disidentebma da ,,sxvagvarad moazrovneebma~

gamoaRviZes. imxanad sazogadoebisaTvis, cxadia, ucnobi iyo, rom nikita xruSCoviseuli

,,daTboba~ da misgan gamowveuli ,,mmarTvelobiTi qaosi~, aseve leonid breJneviseuli ,,mSvidi

mmarTveloba” sabWoTa saxelmwifos gareT kargad dagegmili da perspeqtivaze gaTvlili

gegmis nawili iyo.

aseT viTarebaSi Zneli iyo moralurad sufTa, samSobloze Seyvarebul, Rrma da

safuZvliani ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrdas swori arCevani gaekeTebina. cxovrebis asparezze

gamosuli axalgazrda istorikosisaTvis arsebobda ori gza: 1) samecniero xarisxis,

samecniero wodebisa da kargi samsaxuris daubrkoleblad miReba, mSvidi da uzrunveli

cxovreba. yovelive es umsxverplod ar movidoda. axalgazrda sabWoTa ideologiuri

muSakebis uzarmazar armias unda SeerTeboda da komunisturi ideologiis, sabWoTa

wyobilebis mexotbed qceuliyo. cdunebas bevrma niWierma da perspeqtiulma axalgazrdam

ver gauZlo; 2) miRebuli codnis saqarTvelos WeSmariti istoriis SeqmnisaTvis gamoyeneba,

komunisturi ideologiis batonobis periodSi (XX saukunis 20-70-iani wlebi) gayalbebuli

saqarTvelos istoriis, gansakuTrebiT axali da uaxlesi istoriis obieqturad kvleva,

politikuri motiviT miCqmaluli didi qarTveli moazrovneebisa da moRvaweebis saTanadod

dafaseba. meore gza axalgazrda istorikosTa Zalze mcire nawilma airCia, maT Soris iyo

sergo vardosaniZe, romelmac 1979 wels warCinebiT daasrula aleqsandre puSkinis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis istoriis fakulteti.

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saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevari

sergo vardosaniZem arCevani jer kidev aleqsandre puSkinis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis istoriis fakultetis dasrulebamde gaakeTa. 1977 wlis

18-20 noembers soxumSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentTa

respublikuri samecniero konferencia. mesame kursis studenti sergo vardosaniZe

konferenciaze wardga moxsenebiT ,,giorgi wereTeli, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis

mkvlevari~1. giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis kvleva imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom students

seriozuli gegmebi hqonda dasaxuli. es gegma saqarTvelos axali istoriis (1801-1917 ww.)

kvlevas iTvaliswinebda. sergo vardosaniZe ar izRudeboda marto giorgi wereTlis

Semoqmedebis kvleviT. 1984 wels man gamoaqveyna uaRresad saintereso naSromi

,,konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo~2. axalgazrda istorikosis

mier samecniero statiisaTvis SerCeuli Tema dResac aqtualuria qarTul istoriografiaSi.

sergo vardosaniZem sworad Seafasa konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis mniSvneloba: ,,XIX

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi mefis ruseTis mTavrobam Tavis teritoriaze evropel kaTolike

misionerebis moRvaweoba akrZala da gakaTolikebuli qarTveli mosaxleobis movla somex

kaTolikeebs daavala, vinaidan mTavroba evropeli kaTolikebis agentebis rolSi movlinebas

kargad xedavda. mefis mTavrobis es gadawyvetileba erTi SexedviT wminda religiur-

dogmatur sakiTxebs exeboda, magram sinamdvileSi misi sisruleSi moyvana samcxe-javaxeTis

qarTvelebis gadagvarebas xels Seuwyobda da es rom ar momxdariyo, 1860-ian wlebSi zemoT

dasaxelebulma moRvaweebma konstantinopolSi jer qarTuli eklesia da Semdeg qarTuli

skola daaarses. am skolaSi swavleba dedaenaze mimdinareobda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

saqarTveloSi Seqmnil rTul pirobebs, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis brZolas mSobliuri enis uflebebisaTvis, maSin naTeli gaxdeba raoden

didmniSvnelovani movlena iyo konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis gaxsna“3.

konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis mniSvnelobas avtori ase afasebs: ,,amrigad, XIX saukunis

meore naxevarSi gaucxoebuli qarTveloba, Tavis fuZeze aramkvidrad rom grZnobda Tavs,

samcxe-javaxeTSi Tu TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, samoRvaweod amoZravda. isini farTo

propagandas eweodnen aWaris saqarTvelosTan dabrunebis Taobaze. erovnul niadags

eZRvneboda ivane gvaramaZis, mixeil TamaraSvilis da sxvaTa mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba,

romelic maT friad rTul pirobebSi uxdebodaT. sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili ivane

gvaramaZe amasTan dakavSirebiT kidevac werda: ,,ucxo tomelni Semogvesivnen oTxive kuTxiT,

Cvens mamapapaTa siZvelis naSTebs Tvalsa da xelSua gviZarcvaven~. konstantinopolis

qarTuli skolis mesveurTa mier Semzadebuli rom ar yofiliyo samcxe-javaxeTis

qarTveloba, maT isev gadagvarebis safrTxe emuqrebodaT~4. sainteresoa avtoris mier

motanili masala konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis calkeuli moRvaweebis da skolis

konkretuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

1984 wels sergo vardosaniZe Cairicxa saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis, istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis

aspiranturaSi saqarTvelos istoriis specialobiT da profesor mixeil gafrindaSvilis

xelmZRvanelobiT muSaoba daiwyo sakandidato disertaciaze ,,giorgi wereTeli da

saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi~. giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb wera garkveul

riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli. wignieri qarTveli sazogadoebisTvisac ki giorgi wereTeli

aRiqmeboda garkveuli periodidan ilia WavWavaZis ideur mowinaaRmdeged da, miuxedavad

imisa, vin iyo marTali ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis dapirispirebaSi, mainc Crdils

1sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevari._ saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentTa samecniero konferencia. q. soxumi, 18-20 noemberi, 1977 w. moxsenebaTa Tezisebi. saqarTvelos istoriis seqcia. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 20-21. 2sergo vardosaniZe. konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1984, #1, gv. 64-73. 3sergo vardosaniZe. konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1984, #1, gv. 65-66. 4sergo vardosaniZe. konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1984, #1, gv. 69.

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hfenda giorgi wereTels. giorgi wereTels Crdils hfenda isic, rom igi iyo mama cnobili

social-demokrati menSevikis, bolSevizmis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro cnobili ideuri

mowinaaRmdegis, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisa (1918-1921 ww.) da qarTuli

emigraciis gamoCenili moRvawis irakli (kaki) wereTlisa. amitom iyo, rom giorgi wereTlis

naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad Sefaseba dagvianda. arada giorgi wereTeli iyo

gansxvavebuli azrovnebis, sruliad gansxvavebuli miznebis moRvawe TviT didi

moazrovneebiTa da moRvaweebiT cnobil XIX saukuneSic ki. swored amitom migvaCnia, rom

sergo vardosaniZis arCevani exmaureboda qarTul istoriografiis winaSe mdgari im

problemis gadaWras, romelic karga xnis win unda gadaWriliyo.

aspiranturaSi swavlis periodSi sergo vardosaniZem gamoaqveyna ramdenime samecniero

statia, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: ,,giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni~5. statiaSi

sagangebo yuradReba daeTmo giorgi wereTlis damokidebulebas istoriuli wyaroebisadmi.

am TvalsazrisiT giorgi wereTlis damsaxureba kargad aris warmoCenili. sergo

vardosaniZis daskvna aseTia: ,,avtoris (giorgi wereTlis _ v. g.) azriT, saqarTvelos

istoriis mecnierulad SeswavlisaTvis aucilebelia istoriuli sabuTebis, sigelgujrebis

SedarebiTi meTodiT Seswavla~6. sergo vardosaniZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom

giorgi wereTelma istoriuli sabuTebis samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotanamde teqstis

kritikuli analizis Catareba miiCnia aucileblad7. aspiranturaSi swavlis periodSi

gamoqveynebuli naSromebidan yuradRebas iqcevs sergo vardosaniZis samecniero statia:

,,giorgi wereTeli da XIX saukunis erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi~.8 Zalze sainteresoa

avtoris daskvna imis Taobaze, Tu rogor afasebda giorgi wereTeli Zvel da axal

qarTvelobas: ,,giorgi wereTeli imasac iTvaliswinebda, rom feodaluri wes-wyobilebis

dros saqarTveloSi mravlad iyo Suri, mtroba, Zarcva-rbeva, samSoblos Ralatic, magram

umetes SemTxvevaSi samSoblos winaSe ,,Tanasworad valis moxdis” Segneba dominirebda. misi

azriT, XIX saukunis qarTveloba ki daqsaqsuli da gaTiTokacebuli gamxdara, qarTuli

erovnuli cnobiereba individualur jgufur cnobierebamde dacemula, roca ,,yovel kacs,

yovel jgufs, yovel wresa da yovel dass sakuTari saqme gamouwyvia da am saqmeSi xedavs

igi qveynis xsnas~9.

1989 wels sergo vardosaniZem sakandidato disertacia daasrula. 4 ivliss ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis saqarTvelos

axali itoriis ganyofilebis sxdomaze Sedga sergo vardosaniZis sakandidato disertaciis

,,giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi” winaswari ganxilva. sadisertacio

naSromma maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. 1989 wlis 17 noembers ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis sadisertacio sabWos sxdomaze Sedga

sergo vardosaniZis sakandidato disertaciis dacva. movitanT ramdenime adgils

disertantis mier samecniero sabWos sxdomaze warmoTqmuli sityvidan:

_ ,,g. wereTelma mis mierve daarsebul qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebSi: ,,krebuli~, ,,droeba~,

,,sasoflo gazeTi~, ,,kvali~ xalxisaTvis gasagebi eniT daiwyo saqarTvelos istoriis

sakiTxebis gaSuqeba, riTac garkveuli wvlili Seitana xalxis gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi.

igi rusuli, evropuli mecnierebis miRwevaTa gaazrebis safuZvelze cdilobda, sworad

daenaxa qarTuli saistorio mecnierebis miRwevebic da naklovanebebic.

g. wereTelma d. baqraZesTan erTad erT-erTma pirvelma miuTiTa qarTuli saistorio

wyaroebis ucxourTan SedarebiT da kritikulad gamocemis aucileblobaze. man

arqeologiuri monacemebis uqonlobis gamo Zveli saqarTvelos istoriis aRdgena scada

5sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1988, #4, gv. 51-60. 6sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1988, #4, gv. 53. 7sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1988, #4, gv. 53. 8sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da XIX saukunis erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1989, #4, gv. 71-75. 9sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da XIX saukunis erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1989, #4, gv. 71.

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asureT-babilonis istoriasTan SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiT, magram rogorc Tavis

winamorbed qarTvel istorikosebs sayvedurobda, TviTonac daibna am Sedarebebis dros

masalis simcirisa da wyaroTa kritikuli ganxilvis dros~.

_ ,,g. wereTeli gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda XIX saukunis msoflio istoriis

sakvanZo sakiTxebs, ukavSirebda mas saqarTvelos istorias. man, rogorc demokratma da

ganmanaTlebelma, gaakritika ,,kudmokvecili saglexo reforma~. rogorc ,,Seuferavma

realistma~ kargad dainaxa axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis progresuli da uaryofiTi

mxareebi da Tavis publicistur werilebSi, moTxrobebsa da istoriul narkvvebSi scada im

winaaRmdegobrivi procesebis Cveneba, rac am axal urTierTobebs axasiaTebda. misi daskvnebic

winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, rac ueWvelia epoqis winaaRmdegobrivi ganviTarebidan gamosWvioda~.

_ ,,am mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebul kacs erTi dRe ar mousvenia. eZiebda da hpovebda,

man daRupvas gadaarCina ara erTi istoriuli dokumenti, riTac garkveuli wvlili Seitana

XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi mecnieruli qarTuli istoriografiis safuZvlebis momzadebis

saqmeSi~.

sergo vardosaniZem sakandidato disertacia 1989 wels daicva, xolo 2015 wels, e. i. 26

wlis Semdeg sadisertacio sabWoze wardgenili naSromis teqsti calke wignad gamosca10.

gamocema ganxorcielda ise, rom cvlileba ar ganucdia sadisertacio naSromis teqsts. 26

wlis win daculi disertaciis teqsts avtori rom ucvlelad aqveynebs, es imas niSnavs, rom

avtors 1989 wels araferi dauweria iseTi, romelic uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caagdebda 2015

wels. ase xdeba maSin, rodesac istorikosi WeSmaritebas emsaxureba da angariSs ar uwevs

koniunqturas.

sergo vardosaniZis monografia ,,giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis

problemebi~ yuradRebas iqcevs Temis aqtualobiT, gamarTuli struqturiT, mdidari

wyaroTmcodneobiTi baziT, istoriografiuli memkvidreobis obieqturad SefasebiT, XIX

saukunis saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobisa da mTlianad saqarTvelos

istoriis Rrma da safuZvliani codniT. giorgi wereTlis naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad

Sefaseba, am didi moRvawisaTvis saqarTvelos istoriaSi kuTvnili adgilis miCena moiTxovda

ori problemis mecnierul gaazrebas. pirveli problema gaxldaT giorgi wereTlis uamravi

werilisa da statiis Tavmoyra da analizi. meore problemas warmoadgenda giorgi wereTlis

Rvawlis gaazreba im epoqaSi, romlis arsi gansazRvra ilia WavWavaZem. orive problema sergo

vardosaniZem SesaniSnavad gadaWra da misi monografiiT giorgi wereTelma saqarTvelos

istoriaSi daimkvidra is adgili, romelic am originalurad moazrovne adamians yovelgvari

mikerZoebis gareSe ekuTvnis.

sergo vardosaniZis monografiaSi ,,giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis

problemebi~ sxva problemebTan erTad Zalze sainteresoa Semdegi sakiTxebi: ,,axali drois

saistorio mecniereba da giorgi wereTlis istoriografiuli Sexedulebani~, ,,giorgi

wereTeli Zveli da Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa da problemaTa

Sesaxeb~, ,,giorgi wereTeli XIX saukunis saqarTvelos da msoflio istoriis problemaTa

Sesaxeb~. am uaRresad saintereso sakiTxebidan Cven mainc upirates mniSvnelobas vaniWebT

problemas, romelic monografiaSi asea dasaTaurebuli: ,,giorgi wereTeli XIX saukunis

qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis Sesaxeb~11. gamWriaxi gonebis mqone giorgi wereTels bevri

saintereso azri aqvs gamoTqmuli qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb.

erT-erT Taviseburebaze sergo vardosaniZe gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas. avtori

wers, rom, giorgi wereTlis azriT: ,,XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTveli inteligenciis

Tviseba iyo araTanmimdevruloba da stiqiuroba. isini ,,dinjad da SeuCereblad ki ar

moqmedeben, ufro da ufro drodadro afeTqdebian da CaCumdebian. amitomac SesaZloa, rom

esa Tu is azri, sazogado saqme qveynisaTvis didi sikeTis momtani, naklebad midis xalxSi

da niadags ver poulobs~. saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis inteligencias unda ukuegdo mavne

Cveva, rac imiT vlindeboda, rom sakmarisi iyo raime dabrkoleba Sexvedroda da didis ambiT

10sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2015. 11sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 118-126.

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wamowyebuli saerovno saqme Suagzaze mietovebinaT. g. wereTels mohyavda magaliTebi evropis

mowinave qveynebis cxovrebidan, sadac erovnul inteligencias, Tundac didi dabrkoleba da

xifaTi Sexvedroda, ufro aaqtiurebda mcdelobas da mizansac aRwevdnen~12.

saqarTvelos istoriis sxvadasxva problemas mieZRvna sergo vardosaniZis samecniero

werilebi da statiebi. am statiebs avtorma Tavi mouyara da 2004 wels calke wignad gamosca

saTauriT: ,,qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi~13. wignSi Sesuli werilebidan da

statiebidan aRsaniSnavia ,,erekle II qarTul istoriografiaSi~14, ,,erovnuli cnobierebisa

da qarTvelTa erTianobis problema XV-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~15, ,,rogor

idevneboda saqarTvelos istoria~16. statiaSi ,,erovnuli cnobierebisa da qarTvelTa

erTianobis problema XV-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~ avtori aseT daskvnas akeTebs:

,,qarTvel xalxs mravalricxovan mterTan brZolaSi araerTxel dadgomia yofna-aryofnis

Jami, magram mas Tavis TavSi unaxavs eris TviTgadarCenis mZlavri dasayrdeni da am rwmeniT,

TviTSegnebiT gaumarjvia kidec. ilia WavWavaZis mier dasmul kiTxvas ,,ram gadagvarCina?~

mokled ase SegviZlia vupasuxoT: 1. qarTvelma xalxma Sua saukuneebis samefo-samTavroebad

daqucmacebis Jamsac SeinarCuna erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuli

cnobierebis aucileblobis rwmena.

2. qarTvelTa gadarCenaSi didi iyo saqarTvelos mravalferovani bunebis, mTisa da baris

Canacvlebis faqtori;

3. qarTvelobas eris cxovrebaSi ukiduresi gansacdelis Jams Tavis TavSi yovelTvis

mounaxavs TviTgadarCenis didi Zala~17.

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari

qarTul istoriografiaSi sergo vardosaniZe upirvelesad darCeba, rogorc

saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari. saqarTvelos

eklesiis istoriis kvleva XIX saukuneSi daiwyo. kvleva gaZlierda XX saukunis damdegidan,

Tumca 1921 wlidan, sabWoTa wyobilebis arsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos eklesiis

istoriis kvleva praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. ase ganvlo aTwleulebma. XX saukunis 80-

ian wlebSi meufe ananiam (jafariZem) daiwyo saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis

fundamentaluri kvleva da 90-ian wlebSi ukve gamoaqveyna pirveli naSromi. imavdroulad

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kvlevas iwyebs sergo vardosaniZe. 1989 wels JurnalSi

,,istoria da geografia skolaSi” daibeWda sergo vardosaniZis statia ,,saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena”18. statiidan qarTvelma sazogadoebam

bevri iseTi ram Seityo, romelic aTwleulebis manZilze iCqmaleboda. gansakuTrebiT es

exeba kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-s. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis

istorias eZRvneba sergo vardosaniZis moxseneba, romliTac is 1995 wlis oqtomberSi wardga

sveticxovlobisadmi miZRvnil pirvel samecniero konferenciaze. moxsenebis Tema iyo ,,1917

wlis saeklesio kreba~19. saqarTvelos avtokefaliis aRdgenis istoriis gaSuqebisas avtorma

samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semoitana axali masalebi. 2000 wels Tbilisis sulxan-saba

12sergo vardosaniZe. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 119-120. 13sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004. 14sergo vardosaniZe. erekle II qarTul istoriografiaSi._ sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 9-13. 15sergo vardosaniZe. erovnuli cnobierebisa da qarTvelTa erTianobis problema XV-XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi._ sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 45-50. 16sergo vardosaniZe. rogor idevneboda saqarTvelos istoria._ sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 116-124. 17sergo vardosaniZe. erovnuli cnobierebisa da qarTvelTa erTianobis problema XV-XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi._ sergo vardosaniZe. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 49-50. 18sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena._ Jurnali ,,istoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1989, #3, gv. 42-49. 19sergo vardosaniZe. 1917 wlis saeklesio kreba._ sveticxovlobisadmi miZRvnili pirveli samecniero konferenciis masalebi. 11-13 oqtomberi. 1995, gamomcemloba ,,wminda nino~, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 159-167.

11

orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis SromebSi daibeWda sergo

vardosaniZis statia ,,ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxi~20.

naSromi RirsSesaniSnavia imiT, rom masSi gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivSi

daculi manamde ucnobi masalebi. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas, kaTolikos-

patriarq kirion II-s da saerTod 1917-1918 wlebis movlenebs eZRvneba sergo vardosaniZis

statia sasuliero ,,Jurnal ,,sveticxovlisa~ da ,,axali sityvis” profili~, romelic 2001

wels Tbilisis sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis

SromebSi daibeWda21.

1. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqTa Rvawli

sabWoTa wyobilebis likvidaciisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT gacxovelda qarTuli sazogadoebis

interesi im movlenebisa da gamoCenili saeklesio moRvaweebis mimarT, romelTa Sesaxebac

sabWoTa wyobilebis pirobebSi raimes gamoqveyneba SeuZlebeli Tu ara, Zalze Zneli mainc

iyo. amitom iyo, rom sazogadoeba didi interesiT Sexvda 1994 wels gamoqveynebul sergo

vardosaniZis gamokvlevas ,,kirion II. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918). cxovreba da moRvaweoba~22. mkiTxvelisaTvis imxanad did

siaxles warmoadgenda kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is mkvlelobis istoria, romelic

Zalze sainteresodaa naSromSi warmodgenili23. kidev ufro didi interesi gamoiwvia

JurnalSi ,,rani varT qarTvelni?!~ 1997 wels gamoqveynebulma sergo vardosaniZis statiam

,,versiebi kirion II-is mkvlelobis Sesaxeb”24. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,

uwmidesisa da unetaresis kirion II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis kvleva sergo vardosaniZem

daagvirgvina monografiiT ,,sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da

unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.)~25, romelic 2014 wels gamoica. monografiaSi warmodgenilia

iseTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: kirion II _ cxovrebis gzis dasawyisi da misi

moRvaweoba kaTolikos-patriarqad arCevamde, kirion II-is samecniero moRvaweoba, kirion II-

is samRvdelmTavro moRvaweoba, kirion II _ saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, kirion II-is

mkvleloba. monografias Rirsebas matebs dokumentebisa da masalebis danarTi.

sergo vardosaniZem ara marto warmoaCina kirion II-is cxovreba da moRvaweoba, aramed

gadaWra erTi metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: aTwleulebis manZilze saqarTveloSi

vrceldeboda Wori kirion II-is mier Cadenili TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb. uaRresad sando

dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT sergo vardosaniZem daamtkica, rom kirion II-s Tavi ar

mouklavs, igi mokles saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelos eklesiis mtrebma26. advili ar iyo

avtorisaTvis Semdegi sityvebis dawera, advili ar iyo, radgan im braldebas, romelic sergo

vardosaniZem savsebiT samarTlianad da dasabuTebulad wamoayena, Tavisi konkretuli

misamarTebi hqonda: ,,kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is siZulviliT dabrmavebulebs araferi

ar ainteresebdaT garda imisa, rom rogorme igi an nerviulobas gadahyoloda an sxva gza

unda moenaxaT misi Tavidan moSorebis. qarTuli sazogadoeba TiTqos gulgrili gaxda

20sergo vardosaniZe. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxi._ Tbilisis sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi. tomi VIII. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 140-145. 21sergo vardosaniZe. Jurnal ,,sveticxovlisa~ da ,,axali sityvis~ profili._ Tbilisis sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi. tomi X. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 134-144. 22sergo vardosaniZe. kirion II. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. ozurgeTi, 1994. 23sergo vardosaniZe. kirion II. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. ozurgeTi, 1994, gv. 24-27. 24sergo vardosaniZe. versiebi kirion II mkvlelobis Sesaxeb._ Jurnali ,,rani varT qarTvelni?!~ 1997, #4, gv. 16-17. 25sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014. 26sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 99-138.

12

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarT,

kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II Seatoves am gaborotebul, angarebian adamianebs igi marto

darCa~27. didi raodenobiT saarqivo masalis, memuarebis da sxva dokumentebis Seswavla

gaxda aucilebeli imisaTvis, rom avtors gaekeTebina mokle, magram mravlismTqmeli daskvna:

,,uwmidessa da unetares kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-s uTvalTvalebdnen, Sinaurebidan

gamohqondaT informaciebi patriarqis gadaadgilebis marSrutis Sesaxeb~28. didi dro

dasWirda qarTul istoriografias, rom eRiarebina simarTle kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-

is mkvlelobis Sesaxeb. es simarTle ki aseTia: ,,1918 wlis 26 ivniss uwmidesi da unetaresi

kirion II arqimandrit tarasi kandelakTan da vasil kbilaSvilTan erTad dilis 5 saaTze

etliT gaemgzavra martyofis monasterSi, patriarqs Tan axlda Cito (qristefore) kapanaZe,

magram gzaSi gairkva, rom patriarqs darCa wignebi, romlebic samuSaod sWirdeboda, amitom

Cito kapanaZe darCa wignebis wamosaRebad. patriarqi kirioni martyofis monasterSi 11 saaTze

movida, locvis Semdeg muSaobas Seudga. gvian RamiT, 1 saaTze daiZina. wina oTaxSi eZina

arqimandrit tarasi kandelaks. patriarqi dilis 5 saaTze dgeboda. gaxda 5, 6, 7, saaTi,

patriarqis oTaxis kari ar iReboda. bolos gadawyvites da SeaRes karebi. kaTolikos-

patriarqi kirion II sisxlSi curavda, gardacvlilis gverdiT egdo misive daketili

brauningi~29.

sergo vardosaniZem kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis garda

monografiulad Seiswavla yvela kaTolikos-patriarqTa cxovreba da moRvaweoba, romlebic

saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenidan (1917

wlidan) dRemde moRvaweobdnen. sadReisod saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarebs,

eklesiis istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels saSualeba aqvs Tvali gaadevnos saqarTvelos

eklesiis kaTolikos-patriarqTa moRvaweobas 1917 wlidan dRemde. ara gamocemis wlebis

mixedviT, aramed kaTolikos-patriarqTa moRvaweobis rigis mixedviT, sergo vardosaniZis

naRvawi ase gamoiyureba:

1. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II (1855-

1918 ww.). Tbilisi, 2014 (pirveli gamocema: ozurgeTi, 1994).

2. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonide (1861-1921

ww.), Tbilisi, 2014.

3. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi (1921-1927


4. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi qristefore III

(1927-1932 ww.), Tbilisi, 2009.

5. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate (1932-

1952 ww.), Tbilisi, 2009.

6. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-1972


7. patriarqi melqisedek III _ ix.: patriarqebi. wigni II. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 171-212.

8. patriarqi daviT V _ ix.: patriarqebi. wigni I. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 101-189.

garda zemoT aRniSnuli monografiebisa sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis

cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas mieZRvna sergo vardosaniZis mier ganxorcielebuli ori

sayuradRebo gamocema:

9. patriarqebi. wigni I. patriarqi efrem II. patriarqi daviT V. Tbilisi, 2013.

10. patriarqebi. wigni II. patriarqi kalistrate. patriarqi melqisedek III. Tbilisi, 2013.

saqarTvelos eklesiis mamamTavarTa, kaTolikos-patriarqTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis

monografiulad Seswavla urTulesi saqmea. upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia

wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis Seqmna. saarqivo dokumentebisa da masalebis moZieba, memuarebis

27sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 112. 28sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 112. 29sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918 ww.). cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 112-113.

13

Sekreba da kritikuli analizi. samecniero-kvleviTi muSaobis warmatebisaTvis aucilebelia,

rom mkvlevars kargad hqondes gaazrebuli saqarTvelos istoriisa da saqarTvelos eklesiis

istoriis konkretuli epoqa da amis Semdeg gansazRvros kaTolikos-patriarqis adgili

qveynisa da eklesiis istoriaSi. 1917 wlidan dawyebuli saqarTvelos yvela kaTolikos-

patriarqs moRvaweoba uxdeboda urTules politikur viTarebaSi _ eklesiis,

samRvdeloebisa da mrevlis devnis pirobebSi. epoqa Tavis daRs asvamda eklesiis

mamamTavarTa moRvaweobas. mimdinareobda brZola eklesiis gadarCenisaTvis, am brZolis

istoriis warmoCena iyo swored sergo vardosaniZis umTavresi mizani. kaTolikos-patriarqTa

moRvaweoba bevri ramiT waagavda erTmaneTs, magram bevri ramiTac gansxvavdeboda. ai am

gansxvavebis migneba da misi mkiTxvelamde mitana aucilebeli, magram Zalze Zneli iyo

mkvlevarisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom sergo vardosaniZem Seqmna kaTolikos-patriarqTa

portretebi, Rrmad Caaxeda mkiTxveli bevr niuansSi, warmoaCina kaTolikos-patriarqTa

Rvawli eklesiisa da qveynis winaSe.

mZime xvedri ergo kaTolikos-patriarq leonides. igi mowme gaxda sabWoTa ruseTis mier

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyrobisa, 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi

ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebisa. kaTolikos-patriarqs, cxadia, ar SeeZlo win

aRdgomoda momxdars, patriarqic msxverpli iyo. sergo vardosaniZe wers: ,,roca mTavrobam

miiRo gadawyvetileba emigraciaSi wasvlis da amave dros saqarTvelos erovnuli

siwmindeebis, ganZis waRebis Sesaxeb, es iyo Tavzardamcemi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarq leonidisaTvis. saqarTvelos mTavroba emigraciaSi gaemgzavra 17 marts,

ganZeulobiT datvirTuli kreiseri ,,ernest renani” baTumidan gavida. saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonidi 13 aprils TbilisSi dabrunda...~30.

kidev ufro mZime xvedri ergo kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis. tragikuli iyo patriarqis

aRsasruli. sergo vardosaniZe wers: ,,oficialuri xelisuflebis waqezebiT droebiTi

mmarTvelobis wevrebma 1927 wlis TebervalSi uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi faqtiurad

CamoaSores saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobas. am nerviulobam,

SfoTma da ciliswamebam, kidev ufro gaauaresa uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis janmrTeloba. 1927 wlis 22 marts droebiTi mmarTvelobis

wevrebi Sevidnen uwmides ambrosisTan da gamoucxades, rom igi ganTavisuflebuli iyo saqmis

warmoebisagan da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmpyroblobidan. ,,amis

gamocxadebis meore dRes, 23 marts uwmidesma ambrosim dakarga metyvelebis unari, 27 marts

goneba, 29 marts dilis 3 saaTze igi gardaicvala...~31.

kaTolikos-patriarq qristefore III-is Rvawls sxvadasxvagvarad afasebdnen

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarebi, sWarbobda kritika, garkveuli agresiac ki.

sergo vardosaniZem Tavis monografiaSi kaTolikos-patriarq qristefore III-is moRvaweobis

Sesaxeb, bolo Tavi ase daasaTaura: ,,patriarqis mZime uReli~. es ukve avtoris poziciis

gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda, rac aisaxa kidec daskvnaSi: ,,rTuli winaaRmdegobrivi epoqa,

romelSic unetares qristefore III-s mouxda moRvaweoba, aisaxa mis pirovnebaSic da

saqmianobaSic. igi iyo mravalmxrivi ganaTlebis, mebrZoli da erovnuli suliskveTebis

adamiani, hqonda warmatebebic da warumateblobac... erTi dRe mosvenebiT ar ucxovria,

aResrula da Tan waiyola Tavisi samSoblos _ saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis urTulesi mdgomareobiT gamowveuli didi tkivili da sevda~32.

urTules epoqaSi mouwia moRvaweoba kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrate cincaZes.

kritikosebi arc patriarq kalistrates moklebia. sakmaod dagvianda misi Rvawlis Sefaseba,

Tumca WeSmaritebas win mainc veravin da veraferi daudga. sergo vardosaniZe wers: ,,Tu

epoqis rTuli socialur-politikuri movlenebi ar gaiazre, Znelia Caswvde im samwuxaro da

mkacr realobebs, romelSic uwmides kalistrates uxdeboda moRvaweoba. dRes Tamamad

30sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonide (1861-1921 ww.). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 69-70. 31sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi (1921-1927 ww.). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 137. 32sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi qristefore III (1927-1932 ww.). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 127.

14

SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom man gonivruli kompromisebiT gadaarCina saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia, moaxerxa saero xelisuflebisagan warTmeuli

iuridiuli statusis dabruneba, miaRwia ruseTis eklesiasTan normaluri urTierTobis

aRdgenas, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi moaqcia araqarTuli samrevloebi,

eklesias SeunarCuna mrevli, gadaarCina saeklesio siwmindeni, represiebidan ixsna araerTi

sasuliero piri. Tavisi pirovnebisa da eklesiisadmi pativiscemiT gamsWvala saero

xelisuflebis aTeisti Cinovnikebic. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate XX saukunis qarTvel patriarqTa Soris erT-erTi

mokaSkaSe varskvlavia“33.

TiTqos xvedri unda Semsubuqeboda kaTolikos-patriarq efrem II-s, radgan epoqa,

romelSic igi moRvaweobda (1960-1972), politikuri reJimis simkacris mixedviT ukeTesad

gamoiyureboda, vidre XX saukunis 20-ian-30-iani wlebi. magram politikuri reJimis odnavi

Serbileba eklesiaze ar gavrcelebula. patriarqs eklesiis gadasarCenad kvlav urTules

pirobebSi uxdeboda moRvaweoba. sergo vardosaniZe gamokvlevas kaTolikos-patriarq efrem

II-is Sesaxeb am sityvebiT asrulebs: ,,igi iyo ukanaskneli mohikani XIX saukuneSi dabadebul

patriarqTa Soris, istoriaSi darCa rogorc Rirseuli sasuliero piri, romelmac urTules

pirobebSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia SeunarCuna saqarTvelos“34.

marTalia, sergo vardosaniZe 1917 wels saqarTvelos avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg

moRvawe kaTolikos-patriarqebis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas ikvlevs, magram igi Seexo wina

saukuneebSi moRvawe saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis istoriasac. 2002 wels daibeWda

sergo vardosaniZis statia ,,bagrationi kaTalikoz-patriarqni sruliad saqarTveloisa~35.

statia eZRvneba bagrationTa gvaris saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebs dawyebuli daviT

IV-dan (1446-1479) da damTavrebuli anton II-iT (1788-1811).

2. saqarTvelos eklesiis ierarqTa Rvawli

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis monografiulad

Seswavlis Semdeg specialistTa da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis gasagebi gaxda

saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis ganviTarebis magistraluri

xazi. magram Seiqmna STabeWdileba, rom es iyo zemodan danaxuli istoria. qveda dinebebi, am

SemTxvevaSi, naklebad Canda. cxadia, amas avtoric kargad grZnobda, amitom iyo, rom man

kvlevis Semdgom etapze, 2010 wels, gamosca sqeltaniani naSromi ,,qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi

(XX-XXI saukuneebi)~36. wignSi episkopos gabriel qiqoZidan dawyebuli, warmodgenilia 88

qarTveli mRvdelmTavris cxovreba da moRvaweoba. naSromi iwyeba Sesavali weriliT ,,XX-

XXI saukuneebis saqarTvelo~37. qarTveli episkoposebis, romelTagan SemdgomSi cxra

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi gaxda, cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Seswavla

garkveulwilad Seavso saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis

istoriam. srulyofili gaxada saerTo istoriuli procesis aRqma. 2001 wels sergo

vardosaniZem gamosca monografia ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-

52 wlebSi~38 (es iyo avtoris disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis

mosapoveblad). naSromis upirveles Rirsebas warmoadgens is, rom saqarTvelos samociqulo

33sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate (1932-1952 ww.). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 94-95. 34sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-1972 ww.). Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 62. 35sergo vardosaniZe. bagrationi kaTalikoz-patriarqni sruliad saqarTveloisa._ krebuli. miZRvnili profesor arCil CxeiZis 80 wlisTavisadmi. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 55-68. 36sergo vardosaniZe. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebi). gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2010. 37sergo vardosaniZe. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebi). gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 6-33. 38sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-52 wlebSi. gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2001.

15

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoria Seswavlil iqna sistemuri midgomiT. esaa istoria

mTlianobaSi da ara am istoriis calkeuli, Tundac Zalze mniSvnelovani movlenebi. meore

did Rirsebad migvaCnia is, rom sergo vardosaniZem saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria

warmoadgina saqarTvelos istoriasTan kavSirSi. kargad aCvena eklesiis roli qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi. aRarafers vambobT imaze, rom rogorc avtoris yvela sxva

naSromSi, samecniero mimoqcevaSia Semotanili saqarTvelos sapatriarqosa da sxva arqivebSi

daculi uaRresad saintereso dokumenturi masala. sergo vardosaniZis wigni ,,saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-52 wlebSi~ ukve 15 welia Seucvleli

saxelmZRvaneloa studentTaTvis.

saqarTvelos eklesiis istorias, garda zemoTxsenebuli monografiisa, eZRvneba sergo

vardosaniZis statiebi: ,,rundsdtze der georgischen Kirche~39, ,,Грузинская православная церквь в

1917-1952 гг~40, ,,Восстановление автокефалии Грузинской православной церкви~41,

,,Взаимоотношения между Грузинской православной церковью и государством в 1921-1924 гг.~42,

,,saqarTvelos eklesia 1899-1999 wlebSi. aswlovani qronika~43, ,,saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis II saeklesio kreba~44, ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri

eklesiis IV saeklesio kreba~45, ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli da somxuri samociqulo

eklesiebis urTierToba 1917-1922 ww.~46 (somxur enaze), ,,ganaxlebisa da reformebis“

mcdelobani saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi 1922-1927 wlebSi~47, ,,Управление

Грузинской церковью и история епархии в 20-30-е годы XX века~48, ,,saeklesio ganZeulobis

sakiTxi 1921-25 wlebSi~49, ,,Zur Geshichte der Auzenbeziehungen der georgisch-orthodoxen Kirche in den

Jahren zwischen 1917 und 1950~50, ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

urTierToba XX saukunis 20-80-ian wlebSi~51.

saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriaSi iyo periodebi,

rodesac, rbilad rom vTqvaT, opoziciurad ganwyobilma adamianebma scades garkveuli

bzaris Setana eklesiis erTianobaSi da sxvadasxva dausabuTebeli braldeba wamouyenes

eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelT. aseT Temebze wera, rarig maRali donis profesionalic unda iyos

avtori, garkveul uxerxulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 2011 wels gamoqveynda sergo

vardosaniZis wigni ,,XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

39Sasa Schirtladze, Sergo Vardosanidze. Grundsdtze der georgischen Kirche._ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos sainformacio moambe (germanul enaze). Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 7-4. 40Серго Вардосанидзе. Грузинская православная церквь в 1917-1952 гг.– Jurnali ,,amirani“. kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso-samecniero sazogadoebrivi kvleviTi institutis moambe. IV-V. Tbilisi-monreali, 2001, gv. 175-182. 41Серго Вардосанидзе. Восстановление автокефалии Грузинской православной церкви.– журнал ,,Азия и Африка сегодня”

(Москва), 2001 , #10, с. 74-76. 42Серго Вардосанидзе. Взаимоотношения между Грузинской православной церковью и государством в 1921-1924 гг.–

журнал ,,Церковний вестник” (Warszawa), 2001 , #4 , с. 50-56. 43sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos eklesia 1899-1999 wlebSi. aswlovani qronika._ Jurnali ,,saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~, 2001, #4, gv. 20-38. 44sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis II saeklesio kreba._ Jurnali ,,inteleqti~, 2010, #2, gv. 85-87. 45sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis IV saeklesio kreba._ Jurnali ,,inteleqti~, 2010, #2, gv. 88-90. 46sergo vardosaniZis statia daibeWda somxur enaze gamomaval JurnalSi. ix.: JurnalSi ,,Iran-Nameh”, 2001, #37, p. 36. 47sergo vardosaniZe. `ganaxlebisa da reformebis“ mcdelobani saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi 1922-1927 wlebSi._ Jurnali ,,iveria~ (parizi), 2001/2002, VII, gv. 61-73. 48Серго Вардосанидзе. Грузинская православная церквь в 1917-1952 гг, ,,Восстановление автокефалии Грузинской

православной церкви~.– журнал ,,Схiдний свiт” (Киiв) , 2002, #1, с. 124-128. 49sergo vardosaniZe. saeklesio ganZeulobis sakiTxi 1921-25 wlebSi._ Junali ,,promeTe~, XI-XII, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 98-103. 50Sergo Vardosanidze. Zur Geshichte der Auzenbeziehungen der georgisch-orthodoxen Kirche in den Jahren zwischen 1917 und

1950._ ,,Georgica”, 2002, #25, s. 83-90. 51sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba XX saukunis 20-80-ian wlebSi._ saerTaSoriso konferencia ,,religia da sazogadoeba _ rwmena Cvens cxovrebaSi~. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi. 2004 wlis 4-7 Tebervali. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 14-15.

16

saWeTmpyroblebi da maTi oponentebi~52. monografiaSi sergo vardosaniZem miukerZoebeli

mkvlevaris poziciidan gaaSuqa kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-isa da kaTolikos-patriarq

ambrosis opoziciis saZraxisi saqmeni. Zalze sainteresoa naSromis erT-erTi Tavi ,,ra moxda

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi 1968 wels~53 avtorma sando saarqivo

masalebze dayrdnobiT aCvena, Tu rogor ebrZoda eklesiis SigniT aRmocenebuli opozicia

kaTolikos-patriarq efrem II-s. kidev ufro sainteresod aris warmodgenili sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is opoziciis

saZraxisi saqmianoba XX saukunis 70-ian, 90-ian wlebSi.

sergo vardosaniZis wignis mniSvneloba is aris, rom aseT gamokvlevas specialistebi

da mkiTxvelTa farTo wre ukve didi xania eloda. eklesiis istoriaSi damaluli da

miCqmaluli movlenebi yovelTvis eWvs badebda, es eWvebi gafanta sergo vardosaniZis wignma

,,XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebi da

maTi oponentebi~.

saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis srulad warmoCena

SeuZlebelia Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis istoriis gareSe. 2010 wels

sergo vardosaniZem gamoaqveyna wigni ,,Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria~54. wigni

iwyeba mcxeTis sasuliero seminariis istoriis gadmocemiT, xolo naSromis udidesi nawili

eTmoba Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis istorias daarsebidan 2010 wlamde.

sainteresoa wignis is Tavi, romelSic warmodgenili arian mcxeTis sasuliero seminariis

damaarsebelni, reqtorebi, Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis, seminariisa da saRvTismetyvelo

institutebis reqtorebi. aranakleb sainteresoa Tavi, romelSic warmodgenilia Tbilisis

sasuliero akademiis, seminariis, saRvTismetyvelo institutis fakultetebi da dekanebi55.

3. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis ilia II-is Rvawli

dRes ukve yovelgvari daeWvebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos axali da

uaxlesi istoria (XIX-XXI ss.) aSkarad iyofa or periodad: wmida ilia marTlis (WavWavaZis)

epoqad da uwmidesi patriarqis ilia II-is epoqad. amitomac kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is

cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis gamokvleva, patriarqis naazrevisa da naRvawis Sefaseba

urTulesi saqmea, urTulesi da amave dros sariskoc. nebismieri wignis dawerisas avtori

garkveul SiSs grZnobs: rogori iqneba wigni, rogor miiRebs mas mkiTxveli. warmoidgineT,

rogori grZnoba daeufleboda sergo vardosaniZes, roca man miiRo gadawyvetileba, daewera

monografia kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. avtorma xom

kargad uwyoda, rom misi wignis pirveli mkiTxveli da Semfasebeli uwmidesi patriarqi

iqneboda. albaT weris dawyebamde avtorma mravali kiTxva dausva Tavis Tavs, yvela kiTxvis

pirveli ori sityva erTi da igive iyo: ,,vai, rom...” magram rubikoni gadalaxul iqna da

daiwyo monografiaze muSaoba... sergo vardosaniZis monografia ,,sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II~ 2008 wels gamoica56. 2013 wels wignis

meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema gamovida57. sxva sirTuleebTan erTad avtors dasaZlevi

hqonda erTi sirTule. mas unda SeemuSavebina iseTi struqtura, rom srulad warmoCeniliyo

52sergo vardosaniZe. XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebi da maTi oponentebi. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2011. 53sergo vardosaniZe. XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebi da maTi oponentebi. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 5-111. 54sergo vardosaniZe. Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2010. 55sergo vardosaniZe. Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 71-131. 56sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II. gamomcemloba ,,naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2008. 57sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II. Tbilisi, 2013.

17

uwmidesi patriarqis Rvawli. cxadia, verc erTi da verc ori monografia kaTolikos-

patriarq ilia II-is Rvawls srulad ver warmoaCens, amitomac aucilebeli iyo iseTi

optimaluri struqturis SemuSaveba, rom erT wignSi mravali sakiTxi yofiliyo

warmodgenili. sergo vardosaniZem uwmidesi patriarqis mravalmxrivi da yovlismomcveli

moRvaweobidan Semdegi sakiTxebi gamoyo:

1. sruliad saqarTvelos-kaTolikos patriarqis uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is

cxovrebis gzis dasawyisi;

2. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12 saeklesio kreba,

mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba;

3. pirveli siZneleebi, problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebis Zieba;

4. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis urTierToba marTlmadidebel

eklesiebTan da aramarTlmadideblur konfesiebTan. avtokefaluri moZraobis warmatebiT

dagvirgvineba;

5. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis eparqiebis aRorZineba, kavSiri

sazRvargareTis samonastro centrebTan, wmida sinodis ganCinebani, axali wmidanebi;

6. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia _

qarTvelTa erTianobis simbolo;

7. ganaTleba, mecniereba, saRvTismetyvelo literatura, Jurnal-gazeTebi;

8. ukvdavebaSi gardasul saxeTa ardaviwyeba;

9. erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze;

10. patriarqi a) urTierToba politikur da religiur liderebTan, sazogado

moRvaweebTan; b) patriarqis aRsaydrebis dRis aRniSvna; g) patriarqis Semoqmedeba; d)

warsuli, awmyo da momavali.

11. samebis sakaTedro taZari.

gansaxilveli sakiTxebis gamokveTis Semdeg sxva sirTule iyo dasaZlevi. didi

daxelovneba sWirdeboda ara marto masalebis moZiebas, aramed mis ganawilebas TavebSi,

wignSi motanili masala unda yofiliyo mravlismTqmeli da Tanac iseTi, rom mkiTxvels

survili aRZroda sxva msgavsi faqtebis moZiebisa. bolo problema, romelic avtors unda

gadaeWra, exeboda Txrobis stils, masalis gamarTuli qarTuliT gadmocemas.

Cven zemoT CamovTvaleT is problemebi, romelic sergo vardosaniZes unda gadaeWra

kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis warmoCenisas. yvela am problemas

avtorma Rirseulad gaarTva Tavi da qarTvelma sazogadoebam miiRo SesaniSnavi wigni.

2015 wels gamomcemloba ,,qarTuli universitetis~ grifiT daibeWda sergo vardosaniZis

monografia ,,mziani Ramis 38 weli~58. avtorma safuZvlianad gadaamuSava yvelaferi, rac

kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is Sesaxeb dauweria da ase Seqmna monografia, romelic uwmidesi

patriarqis aRsaydrebidan ocdaTvramet wlian moRvaweobas afasebs.

sergo vardosaniZis, rogorc kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis

mkvlevaris aRiarebas warmoadgenda is, rom misi naSromi ,,Патриарх Грузии~ Sevida 2015 wels

moskovSi gamocemul saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-isadmi miZRvnil krebulSi

,,Раб Божий~, rogorc krebulis ZiriTadi nawili59.

kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Seswavlisas sergo

vardosaniZes sxva avtorebTan SedarebiT hqonda erTi upiratesoba: avtori mis wignebSi

aRwerili umetesi movlenebis TviTmxilveli da monawile iyo, rogorc uwmidesi patriarqis

uaxloesi da erTguli adamiani.

sergo vardosaniZe Tavis wigns ,,mziani Ramis 38 weli~ ase amTavrebs: ,,XX saukunis

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriaSi gamorCeuli sidiadiT brwyinavs sami didi

patriarqi: uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II, uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi, uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II. pirveli oris sicocxle iyo tanjva-wamebis, magram sulieri simtkicis

gamoxatuleba, maT TavianTi mowameobrivi sikvdiliT daamarcxes boroteba da SeuerTdnen

58sergo vardosaniZe. mziani Ramis 38 weli. gamomcemloba ,,qarTuli universiteti~, Tbilisi, 2015. 59Серго Вардосанидзе. Патриарх Грузии._ Раб Божи. Жизненный подвиг Илии II, католикоса-патриарха всея Грузии.

Москва, 2015, стр. 13-299.

18

wmindanTa dass. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II 38 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelia... igi sicocxleSive iqca legendad.

,,didni saqmeni~, romelnic man aRasrula, mTel epoqas qmnis. didi adamianis bolomde Secnoba

Tanamedroveebs yovelTvis uWirT, momavali Taobebi ki srulad Seafaseben mis Rvawls:

patriarqis Rvawlis srulad warmoCena momavlis saqmea~60.

garda zemoT aRniSnuli monografiebisa, kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis sxvadasxva aspeqts eZRvneba sergo vardosaniZis statiebi: ,,saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12 saeklesio kreba, mitropolit ilias sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba~61, ,,ra moxda 30 wlis win

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi~62, ,,sudaris Camoxsna eklesiidan~63,

,,erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze~64, ,,misi sityvis Zala~65, ,,gvirgvini

mwyemsmTavrisa~66.

meTodika. pedagogikis istoria

profesor sergo vardosaniZes Tavisi wvlili aqvs Setanili meTodikisa da pedagogikis

istoriis sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. aleqsandre puSkinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

pedagogiuri institutis damTavrebis Semdeg sergo vardosaniZe aTi weli istoriis

pedagogad muSaobda Tbilisis pirvel eqsperimentul skolaSi. am xnis manZilze mas

garkveuli praqtikuli gamocdileba daugrovda.

1987 wels JurnalSi ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~ daibeWda

sergo vardosaniZis werili ,,zogi ram Cveni gamocdilebidan~67. im xanebSi werilis avtori

Tbilisis pirveli eqsperimentuli skolis istoriis maswavleblad muSaobda da kolegebs

Tavis gamocdilebas uziarebda. 1989 wels Jurnal ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba,

geografia skolaSi~ gamoqveynda sergo vardosaniZis werili ,,rogor vaswavli daviT

aRmaSeneblis epoqis istorias~68. Tu pirveli werili ufro zogadi xasiaTisa iyo, meore

werili ukve erT konkretul sakiTxs eZRvneboda. orive werili garkveul daxmarebas uwevda

istoriis maswavleblebs.

1998 wels sergo vardosaniZem daiwyo werilebis seriis beWdva saTauriT ,,rogor

iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi~. pirveli werili daibeWda samecniero-

meTodur Jurnal ,,istoriis~ 1998 wlis pirvel nomerSi69, xolo meore werili _ meore

nomerSi70. meore werili mTavrdeba 1954 wels gamocemuli saqarTvelos istoriis

saxelmZRvanelos (avtorebi: n. berZeniSvili, v. dondua, m. dumbaZe, i. kaWarava, g. meliqiSvili,

S. mesxia, p. ratiani) SefasebiT. imis gamo, rom Jurnal ,,istoriis” mesame da Semdgomi nomrebi

aRar gamosula, sergo vardosaniZis werilebis seriis beWdva Sewyda. am problemas avtori

60sergo vardosaniZe. mziani Ramis 38 weli. gamomcemloba ,,qarTuli universiteti~, Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 185. 61sergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12 saeklesio kreba, mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba._ Jurnali ,,literatura da xelovneba~, 2007, #12, gv. 23-30. 62sergo vardosaniZe. ra moxda 30 wlis win saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #2, gv. 75-82. 63sergo vardosaniZe. sudaris Camoxsna eklesiidan._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #3, gv. 81-90. 64sergo vardosaniZe. erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #4, gv. 87-92. 65sergo vardosaniZe. misi sityvis Zala._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #5, gv. 63-74. 66sergo vardosaniZe. gvirgvini mwyemsmTavrisa._ Jurnali ,,sityva~, 2008, #6, gv. 79-91. 67sergo vardosaniZe. zogi ram Cveni gamocdilebidan._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1987, #2, gv. 53-60. 68sergo vardosaniZe. rogor vaswavli daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis istorias._ Jurnali ,,istoria, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, geografia skolaSi~, 1989, #2, gv. 32-35. 69sergo vardosaniZe. rogor iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi._ Jurnali ,,istoria~, 1998, #1, gv. 50-55. 70sergo vardosaniZe. rogor iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi._ Jurnali ,,istoria~, 1998, #2, gv. 78-84.

19

kvlav daubrunda 1999 wels zoia CimakaZesa da elga cqitiSvilTan erTad gamocemul

leqciebis kursSi ,,istoriis swavlebis meTodika~71.

istoriis swavlebis meTodikaSi arsebul saxelmZRvaneloTa Soris gamoirCeva sergo

vardosaniZis, zoia CimakaZisa da elga cqitiSvilis erToblivi naSromi ,,istoriis swavlebis

meTodika (leqciebis kursi)~72. leqciebis kursi winasityvaobis, 18 Tavisa da 8 damatebisagan

Sedgeba. calkea warmodgenili testebis nimuSebi. 5 Tavi da 4 damateba sergo vardosaniZis

mieraa dawerili. kerZod, sergo vardosaniZis mieraa dawerili Semdegi Tavebi: Tavi X.

istoriis saxelmZRvanelo; Tavi XII. qronologiis Seswavla; Tavi XIII. dokumentebi istoriis

swavlebaSi; Tavi XV. TvalsaCinoeba istoriis gakveTilze; Tavi XVIII. istoriis

maswavlebeli. garda amisa, sergo vardosaniZis mier dawerilia wignis Svidi damatebidan

oTxi: damateba I. istoriis maswavleblis roli Tanamedrove skolaSi; damateba II. erovnuli

cnobierebisa da qarTvelTa erTianobis problema XV-XIX ss. saqarTveloSi da misi swavleba

saSualo skolaSi; damateba III. qristianuli sarwmunoebis roli da mniSvneloba

saqarTvelos istoriaSi, misi swavlebis problemebi; damateba IV. religiur-konfesiuri

mravalferovneba da misadmi Semwynareblobis suliskveTebis aRzrda saqarTvelos istoriis

swavlebis procesSi.

1996 wels sergo vardosaniZem medea keSelavasTan erTad Seadgina testebi saqarTvelos

istoriaSi pedagogTa atestaciisaTvis73, xolo 1997 wels gamovida sergo vardosaniZis

,,saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti saqarTvelos istoriaSi~74.

globalizaciis procesma garkveuli problemebis winaSe daayena saqarTvelos istoriis

swavleba, rogorc sajaro skolebSi, ise universitetebSi. saWiro gaxda programebSi

cvlilebebis Setana da swavlebisadmi axleburi midgomis SemuSaveba. am rTul problemas

eZRvneba sergo vardosaniZis werili: ,,globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis

problemebi~75. werilis avtori svams kiTxvas: ,,globalizacia politikur-ekonomikur da

kulturul sferoSi saxezea. rogor unda moviqceT aseT viTarebaSi?~76. am rTul kiTxvaze

pasuxi aseTia: ,,Tu sazogadoebaSi ar damkvidrebula azri imis Sesaxeb, rom aucilebelia

Cveni cxovrebis yvela sfero Sesabamisad moemzados am procesebSi monawileobis misaRebad

ise, rom maqsimalurad SevZloT qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi, erovnuli da religiuri

TavisTavadobis dacva, momavalSi ufro didi saSiSroebis winaSe aRmovCndebiT~. sergo

vardosaniZes miaCnia, rom globalizaciis mavne Sedegebisagan Tavis dacva SeiZleba. avtori

daaskvnis: ,,saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani istoria erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac gviCvenebs,

rom globalizacia ucxo ar iyo arc antikuri xanis saqarTvelosaTvis (mtkvar-araqsis

kultura, aTenis sazRvao kavSiri, qristianoba). qarTveli xalxi axerxebda globalur

procesebSi monawileobas da TavisTavadobis SenarCunebas. XV saukunidan, roca bizantia

daeca, saqarTvelo samefo-samTavroebad daiSala, saqarTvelos gverdi auara e. w. saokeano

civilizaciam da XIX saukuneSi ruseTis meSveobiT vecadeT msoflio procesebSi CarTvas,

magram es ver moxerxda. aseTive problemebis winaSe viyaviT sabWoTa imperiaSi yofnis

drosac. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi mwvaved dadga sakiTxi, rogor movaxerxoT dasavluri

Rirebulebebis SeTvisebasTan erTad erovnulis SenarCuneba da ra adgili mivuCinoT am

procesebSi saqarTvelos istorias?~77

sergo vardosaniZis samecniero da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis gamocdileba gamovlinda

roin metrevelisa da ilia anTelavas TanaavtorobiT gamocemul saSualo skolis meSvide

71sergo vardosaniZe, zoia CimakaZe, elga cqitiSvili. istoriis swavlebis meTodika (leqciebis kursi). Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 78-84; 40-48. 72sergo vardosaniZe, zoia CimakaZe, elga cqitiSvili. istoriis swavlebis meTodika (leqciebis kursi). Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 78-84. 73sergo vardosaniZe, medea keSelava. testebi pedagogTa atestaciisaTvis. saqarTvelos istoria. Tbilisi, 1996. 74saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti saqarTvelos istoriaSi. Tbilisi, 1997. 75sergo vardosaniZe. globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis problemebi._ saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2003, #6, gv. 213-216. 76sergo vardosaniZe. globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis problemebi._ saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2003, #6, gv. 214. 77sergo vardosaniZe. globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis problemebi._ saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2003, #6, gv. 214-215.

20

klasis `saqarTvelos istoriis~ saxelmZRvaneloSi78. saxelmZRvanelo gamoirCeva gamarTuli

struqturiT (Tavebsa da paragrafebSi masalis ganawilebiT), procesis gaazrebisaTvis

empiriuli masalis kargad SerCeviT, Txrobis mimzidveli stiliT. es saxelmZRvanelo 2000

wels somxur enaze daibeWda saqarTveloSi arsebuli somxuri skolebisaTvis79.

Cven SevecadeT, warmogveCina profesor sergo vardosaniZis Rvawli qarTul

istoriografiaSi. cxadia, erTi werili, rac unda tevadi iyos igi, amisaTvis sakmarisi ar

aris. SevecadeT Tematurad dagvejgufebina sergo vardosaniZis naSromebi da TiToeuli

cal-calke Segvefasebina. miviCnieT, rom es ufro ukeT warmoaCenda avtoris Rvawls. Cveni

statia daiwera mas Semdeg, rac qarTulma universitetma sergo vardosaniZis 60 wlis iubile

aRniSna. 60 weli istorikosisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, saSualo asakia. istorikosi am asakis

Sesrulebis Semdeg iwyebs dagrovili codnisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelze Tavisi

moRvaweobis axal etaps. eWvi ar gvepareba, rom es axali etapi sergo vardosaniZis

SemoqmedebaSi iseTive nayofieri iqneba, rogorc wina aTwleulebi.

78ilia anTelava, sergo vardosaniZe, roin metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo. gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1998. 79ilia anTelava, sergo vardosaniZe, roin metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo somxuri skolebisaTvis. gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, Tbilisi, 2000 (somxur enaze).

21

***

profesor sergo vardosaniZis naSromebis bibliografia*

I. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria

a) monografiebi, statiebi, konferenciis masalebi

1. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena._ Jurnali ìstoria da

geografia skolaSi~, #3, 1989, gv. 42-49.

2. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II. saberZneTi,

gamomcemloba „orTodoqs-kipreli“, 1993, 30 gv.

3. kirion II. uwmindesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918).

cxovreba da moRvaweoba. ozurgeTi, 1994, 32 gv.

4. 1917 wlis saeklesio kreba._ krebuli `saqarTvelos eklesiis, qarTuli sasuliero

mwerlobis da qristianuli xelovnebis istoriis sakiTxebi~. sveticxovlisadmi miZRvnili

pirveli samecniero konferenciis masalebi. 11-13 oqtomberi, 1995, gv. 159-167.

5. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri eklesiis eparqiebi._ Jurnali ̀ saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo~, 1997, #1, gv. 28-30.

6. versiebi kirion II-is mkvlelobis Sesaxeb._ Jurnali `rani varT qarTvelni?!~, 1997, #4, gv.

16-17.

7. saqarTvelos eklesia (inglisur enaze). Tbilisi, 1999, 14 gv.

8. saqarTvelos eklesia (germanul enaze). Tbilisi, 1999, 15 gv.

9. dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe._ Jurnali `saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~, 1999, #1, gv. 47-54.

10. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1918-1921 ww._ Jurnali `klio~, 1999, #8.

11. mogoneba saqarTvelos eklesiis uaxlesi warsulidan._ Jurnali `saydari~, 1999, #1, gv. 7-

9.

12. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1927 wlebSi. gamomcemloba `qronografi~,

Tbilisi, 2000. 152 gv.

13. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-72 w.w.).

gamomcemloba `qronografi~, Tbilisi, 2000. 28 gv.

14. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonidi (1918-1921

w.w.). Tbilisi, 2000. 46 gv.

15. saqarTvelos eklesia 1921-1927 wlebSi._ saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi. Tbilisi,

2000, gv. 32-33.

16. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba da da saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxi._ Tbilisis sulxan-

saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis Sromebi. t. VIII. Tbilisi,

2000, gv. 140-145.

17. saqarTvelos eklesia 1899-1999 wlebSi. aswlovani qronika._ Jurnali `saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo~, 2001, #4, gv. 20-38.

18. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sagareo politika 1917-1947 wlebSi._ Jurnali

`saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~, 2001, #4, gv. 11-19.

19. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis II saeklesio kreba._ Jurnali ìnteleqti~,

Tbilisi, 2001, #10, gv. 85-87.

20. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis IV saeklesio kreba._ Jurnali ìnteleqti~,

Tbilisi, 2001, #10, gv. 89-90.

*Seadgina istoriis doqtorma levan jiqiam.

22

21. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis da eparqiebis sakiTxi 1917-1952

ww._ Jurnali `religia~, 2001, #4-5-6, gv. 14-29.

22. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1927-1952 wlebSi. gamomcemloba `qronografi~,


23. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi. gamomcemloba

`mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2001. 323 gv.

24. sasuliero Jurnal `sveticxovlis~ da àxali sityvis~ profili._ Tbilisis sulxan-saba

orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis Sromebi. 2001, t. X. gv. 134-144.

25. Грузинская православная церквь 1917-1952 гг._ Jurnali àmirani~, 2001, IV-V, gv. 175-184.

26. Внешняя политика Грузинской православной церкви._ Журнал `Азия и Африка сегодня~, Москва,

2001, стр.74-75.

27. Отношения Грузинской православной и Армянской апостольской церквей в 1917-1922 гг._ Журнал

`Иран-наме~, Тегеран, 2001, Т. 37, стр. 36-37.

28. Взаимоотношения между Грузинской православной церковью и государством в 1921-1924 г.г._

Журнал `Церковный вестник~, Варшава, 2001, #4, стр. 50-56.

29. Восстановление Автокефалии Грузинской православной церкви._ Журнал `Азия и Африка сегодня~, 2001,

#10, стр. 74-75.

30. ̀ ganaxlebis da reformebis~ mcdelobani 1922-1927 wlebSi~._ Jurnali ̀ iveria~, safrangeTi,

2001/2002, t. VII, gv. 61-74.

àrRara varT mona, aramed aznaur~._ Jurnali `rwmena da codna~, 2002, #1, gv. 9-13.

31. Управление Грузинской церкви и история епархий в 20-30 годы ХХ века._ jurnal `The WORLD of

the Orient”, Kiev, 2002, #1, стр. 124-128.

32. Zur Geschichte der AuBenbeziehungen der georgisch-orthodoxen Kirche in den Jahren zwischen 1917 und 1950._

Jurnali `georgika~, germania, 2002, #25, gv. 83-90.

33. saeklesio ganZeulis sakiTxi 1921-25 wlebSi._ Jurnali `promeTe~, t. XI-XII, Tbilisi, 2002,

gv. 98-104.

34. saqarTvelos da somxeTis eklesiis urTierToba 1917-2000 wlebSi._ Jurnali `religia~,

Tbilisi, 2002, #7-8-9, gv. 45-52.

35. About Georgia._ Jurnali `WINGS~, 2002, gv. 16-19.

cxum-afxazeTis eparqia da misi mRvdelmTavrebi XX saukuneSi._ Jurnali ̀ religia~, Tbilisi,

2003, #4-5-6, gv. 50-55.

36. bagrationTa gvaris kaTolikos-patriarqebi._ ix.: wigni. bagrationebi. Tbilisi, 2003.

37. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi kalistrate (1932-

1952 w.w.). Tbilisi, 2004. 121 gv.

38. qristianobis oci saukune saqarTveloSi (gzamkvlevi qarTul da inglisur enebze).


39. saqarTvelos eklesia 1952-2000 wlebSi._ ix.: wigni `naTeli qristesi~. Tbilisi, 2004.

40. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba XX saukunis 20-

80-ian wlebSi._ saerTaSoriso konferencia `religia da sazogadoeba _ rwmena Cvens

cxovrebaSi~. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsi. 2004 wlis 4-7 Tebervali. 2004, gv. 14-15.


w.w.). Tbilisi, 2005. 112 gv.

42. History of the Orthodox Church of Georgia 1811 to the Present (inglisur enaze). Sveicaria, 2006,

Tanaavtori.

43. `sasuliero cxovrebis dasawyisi (ilia II)~._ ix._ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

krebuli. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 126-129.

44. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sagareo urTierTobebi 1977-2007

wlebSi._ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis krebuli. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 130-149.

45. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12 saeklesio kreba, mitropolit

ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba._ Jurnali

`literatura da xelovneba~, 2007, #12, gv. 23-30.

46. ix.: Православная энциклопедия. t. XII. moskovi, 2007, gv. 218-229.

23

47. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960-72

w.w.). Tbilisi, 2007. 144 gv.

48. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II.

gamomcemloba `naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2008. 488 gv.

49. sudaris Camoxsna eklesiidan._ Jurnali `sityva~, 2008, #3, gv. 81-90.

50. ra moxda 30 wlis win saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi._ Jurnali

`sityva~, 2008, #2, gv. 75-82.

51. erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze._ Jurnali `sityva~, 2008, #4, gv. 87-92.

52. misi sityvis Zala._ Jurnali `sityva~, 2008, #5, gv. 63-74.

53. gvirgvini mwyemsmTavrisa._ Jurnali `sityva~, 2008, #6, gv. 79-91.


1952 w.w.). gamomcemloba `naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2009. 208 gv.


w.w.). gamomcemloba `naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi, 2009. 226 gv.

56. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi qristefore.


57. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates moRvaweobidan._ krebuli

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60.

59. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebSi). gamomcemloba ̀ naTlismcemeli~, Tbilisi,

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61. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi (1861-1927).


62. XX saukunis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelni da

maTi oponentebi. Tbilisi, 2011. 220 gv.

63. rusuli imperiuli politika da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia

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64. ipolite varTagava saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb (mogoneba)._ Jurnali

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65. patriarqi kalistrate. patriarqi melqisedek III. Tbilisi, 2013. 214 gv.

66. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetresi ilia II. Tbilisi,

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67. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II (1917-1918

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68. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi leonidi (1861-1921).

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69. eqvTime TayaiSvili da saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis problemebi._ krebuli èqvTime

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70. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari._ akademikos roin metrevelis dabadebidan 75

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103-109.

71. patriarq leonidesa da mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias dapirispirebis

istoriidan._ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

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33-49.

72. uwmidesi kalistrate da qarTveli sazogadoeba, misi mecnieruli memkvidreoba._ Jurnali

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74. mziani Ramis 38 weli. Tbilisi, 2015. 185 gv.

24

75. ra moxda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi 1968 wels._ saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis Sromebi I.

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77. Патриарх Грузии._ Книга `Раб Божий~, Москва, 2015, стр. 13-103.

78. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria XX saukunis 50-ian-70-ian wlebSi._ krebuli ìstoria

Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 5-18.

79. `mziani Ramis~ pirvel wlebSi._ krebuli ìstoria Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 32-

47.

80. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriuli avtokefaliis aRiareba._ krebuli ìstoria

Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 48-80.

81. saqarTvelos eklesia saerTaSoriso asparezze._ krebuli ìstoria Seulamazeblad~.

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82. mRvdelmTavrobis 50, patriarqobis 35 da dabadebis 80 wlisTavis aRniSvna._ krebuli

ìstoria Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 88-103.

83. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II da sazRvargareTis samonastro centrebi, diaspora._

krebuli ìstoria Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 104-116.

84. megobroba gzad da xidad. ilia II-is vizitebi sazRvargareT._ krebuli ìstoria

Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 185-222 (Tanaavtori akademikosi roin metreveli).

85. ilia II-is moRvaweobis qronologia._ krebuli ìstoria Seulamazeblad~. Tbilisi, 2015,

gv. 241-254.

II. saqarTvelos istoria

monografiebi, statiebi, konferenciis masalebi

1. giorgi wereTeli, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevari._ saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi

saswavleblebis studentTa saiubileo samecniero sesia, miZRvnili didi oqtombris

socialisturi revoluciis 60 wlisTavisadmi. 18-20 noemberi, 1977 w. moxsenebaTa Tezisebi.

saqarTvelos istoriis seqcia. 1977, gv. 20-21.

2. ilia WavWavaZe da XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTveli istorikosebi._ axalgazrda mecnier

muSakTa XXII samecniero sesia miZRvnili ilia WavWavaZis dabadebis 150-e wlisTavisadmi. 1987

wlis 27-29 maisi. moxsenebaTa Tezisebi. 1987, gv. 13.

3. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos siZveleni._ Jurnali ìstoria da geografia skolaSi~,

1988, #4, gv. 51-60.

4. giorgi wereTeli da XIX saukunis erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi._ Jurnali `skola

da cxovreba~, 1989, #4, gv. 71-75.

5. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi (werilebi). Tbilisi, 2004. 125 gv.

6. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi (1917-1938). narkvevi. dokumentebi da masalebi. Tbilisi, 2014. 190 gv.

(Tanaavtorebi: vaxtang guruli, koba xaraZe, levan jiqia).

7. giorgi wereTeli da saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2015. 184 gv.

8. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris istoria (1917-1957). gamokvleva. dokumentebi da

masalebi. Tbilisi, 2015. 308 gv. (Tanaavtorebi: vaxtang guruli, koba xaraZe, levan jiqia, maka

kvaracxelia).

III. pedagogika

monografiebi, statiebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi, konferenciis masalebi

1. konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo._ Jurnali ìstoria da

geografia skolaSi~, 1984, #1, gv. 64-73.

25

2. zogi ram Cveni gamocdilebidan._ Jurnali ìstoria da geografia skolaSi~, 1987, #2, gv.

53-60.

3. `TviTon sagnebi odnavadac ar exebian suls~._ Jurnali `skola da cxovreba~, 1988, #10, gv.

64-66.

4. `maswavlebeli _ Suqi sulisa~._ Jurnali `skola da cxovreba~, 1989, #10, gv. 31-33.

5. rogor vaswavli daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis istorias._ Jurnali ìstoria da geografia

skolaSi~, 1989, #2, gv. 32-35.

6. testebi pedagogTa atestaciisTvis. saqarTvelos istoria. Semdgenlebi sergo vardosaniZe

da medea keSelava. Tbilisi, 1996, 65 gv.

7. saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti saqarTvelos istoriaSi. Tbilisi, 1997, 48 gv.

8. rogor iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi._ Jurnali ìstoria~, 1998,

#1, gv. 50-55.

9. rogor iwereboda saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi (werili meore)._ Jurnali

ìstoria~, 1998, #2, gv. 78-84.

10. i. anTelava, s. vardosaniZe, r. metreveli. saqarTvelos istoria: me-7 klasis

saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1998. 151 gv.


saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, Tbilisi, 1999. 167 gv. (somxur enaze).

12. saqarTvelos istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo r. metrevelisa da i. anTelavas

TanaavtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1999.

13. istoriis swavlebis meTodika (leqciebis kursi z. CimakaZisa da e. cqitiSvilis

TanaavtorobiT). 1999.

14. i. anTelava, s. vardosaniZe, r. metreveli. me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi,

gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, Tbilisi, 2000. 168 gv.


saxelmZRvanelo. gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, Tbilisi, 2000. 167 gv. (somxur enaze).


saxelmZRvanelo. gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, Tbilisi, 2000. 143 gv. (azerbaijanul enaze).

17. zestafonis raionis sof. zovreTis saSualo skola. Tbilisi, 2002, 31 gv.

globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis safuZvlebis problemebi._ saqarTvelos

ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2003, #6, gv. 213-216.

18. `globalizacia da saqarTvelos istoriis swavlebis problemebi (rogor idevneboda

saqarTvelos istoria)._ Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis samecniero Sromebi. t. I. Tbilisi,

2009, gv. 68-80.

26

rozeta gujejiani, istoriis doqtori, profesori

xarebis Wedoba tradiciul qarTul yofaSi

eTnografiuli masaliT cnobilia, rom msoflios bevr eTnikur kulturaSi arsebobda

xarebis erTmaneTTan, an adamianis xarTan, Sejibrebis tradicia. xarebis Wedobis tradicia

dasturdeba saqarTvelos ramdenime istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi (svaneTi, raWa, aWara,

samcxe, javaxeTi, tao-klarjeTi), ritualisa da Sejibrebis konkretuli saxelebiT.

warmodgenili naSromi Sesrulebulia istoriuli eTnologiis kvlevis formatSi.

gamoyenebulia savele-eTnografiuli kvlevis meTodika: interviureba, gamokiTxva, dakvirveba;

dokumentebis analizisa da meoreuli analizis meTodebi. detaluradaa Seswavlili xarebis

Wedobis wesi ama Tu im mxareSi, warmodgenilia saerTo segmentebi da aRdgenilia tradiciis

struqtura. gamokveTilia tradiciis transformirebis obieqturi mizezebi da etapebi,

novaciuri momentebi. saboloo jamSi ki warmodgenilia erTi konkretuli qarTuli

tradiciis istoriuli ganviTarebis dinamika, misi ganfenilobis diaqronuli suraTi da

naCvenebia Tanamedrove viTareba.

naSromi Seqmnilia ukve arsebuli wyaroebisa da samecniero literaturis gamoyenebiT

da sakuTari (2006-2015 wlebSi mopovebuli) eTnografuli masalis analizis safuZvelze.

eTnografiuli kvleva Catarebulia saqarTvelosa (svaneTi, raWa, aWara, qvemo maWaxeli,

samcxe, javaxeTi) da TurqeTis respublikaSi eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris istoriuli

saqarTvelos eTnografiul mxareebSi (artaani, SavSeTiswylis xeoba, imerxevi, borCxa da

Cxalis xeobis soflebi, zemo maWaxeli, devsqelisa da baginiswylis xeobebi, xebis Temi,

maradidis Temi, murRulis xeoba, qalaqi arTvini, xatilas Temi, qarTlas Temi, omanas Temi,

TxilaZis Temi, orjis Temi, trapenis Temi, parxliswylis xeoba).

samecniero wyaroebisa da eTnografiuli masalis rekonstruirebis safuZvelze irkveva,

rom xarebis Wedoba tradiciuli qarTuli kulturis nawilia da is Tavidan ama Tu im

ritualis SemadgenlobaSi sruldeboda. xarebis Wedobis wesi iyo nawili ritualisa da

rituali, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgenda erT-erT umniSvnelovanes komponents Semdegi

tradiciuli qarTuli xalxuri dReobebisa: kviracxovlobis dResaswaulisa svaneTSi,

SuamTobis//mariobis dReobisa _ aWaraSi, samcxe-javaxeTsa da istoriul tao-klarjeTSi.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda tradiciis transformaciis procesi, amJamad TiTqmis

miviwyebulia xarebis Wedobis saritualo mniSvneloba da igi damoukidebel tradiciad

qcevis mkafio niSnebs avlens.

Cveni droisaTvis xarebis Wedobis wesi, saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, zemo aWarasa da,

nawilobriv, zemo svaneTSia Semonaxuli,1 xolo TurqeTis respublikaSi, istoriuli tao-

klarjeTis teritoriaze tradicia cocxalia. iq xarebis Wedobis ori formaa Semonaxuli:

erTia tradiciuli da sruldeba ̀ SuamTobis~ dReobebze, ama Tu im sazaxulo ialaRze. meore

forma xarebis Wedobisa saxecvlilia, mxolod Sejibrebis saxe aqvs da ama Tu im

`festivalis~ farglebSi sruldeba, aRar aris ritualis nawili.

cnobilia, rom tradiciuli qarTuli xalxuri dReobebis umetesoba samxedro-saweso

asparezobebis elementebsac moicavda. jer kidev XX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde xalxuri

religiuri dReobebis dros imarTeboda Sejibri sajildao qvis awevaSi, xtomaSi, sirbilSi,

mSvild-isris srolaSi. samxedro-saweso asparezobis zogierTi elementi axlac cocxalia,

magaliTad, svaneTSi eliaobis dReobis (huliS//uliS) mniSvnelovani komponentia saritualo

doRi; wmida giorgisadmi miZRvnili dReobebis (`ligergi~) nawilia Widaoba, kvirikobis

(`ligurke~) _ sajildao qvis aweva da sxv. aWaraSi am mxriv SuamTobisa da mariobis dReobebi

gamoirCeva. istoriuli tao-klarjeTis zogierT xeobaSi amJamadac sruldeba sportuli

1rozeta gujejiani. eliaoba svaneTSi._ istoriul_eTnografiuli Studiebi. IX. Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 50-71.

27

TamaSebi dReobebze. magaliTad, imerxevis erT-erT TemSi – bazgireTSi – yovel `mariobas~

`bilas~ TamaSoben. bila e. w. balaxis hokeis qarTuli nairsaxeobaa. amave dros, qarTuli

xalxuri dResaswaulebis struqturis ganuyofeli nawilia eTnomusikaluri elementebi:

sagaloblebi, simRerebi, ferxulebi. saritualo ferxulebis Sesrulebis tradicia,

sakralur momentebTan erTad, dakavSirebulia samxedro wvrTnis aucileblobasTanac2.

tradiciuli qarTuli yofa icnobs yoCebis, vacebis `Wedobis rkenis//wessac~, zogierT

mxareSi mamlebis Sejibrebac imarTeboda. yoCebis Sejibrebas, magaliTad, zemo svaneTis

balsqvemo nawilSi saTemo-sasoflo dReobis `liÃvdiSis~ dros marTavdnen. dReoba dResac

sruldeba eceris TemSi da mas yoveli sofeli (Tems SigniT) erTianad aRniSnavs. maspinZeli

morige ojaxia, zogjer, sami ojaxic erTiandeba. dReobas sakmaod mniSvnelovani datvirTva

aqvs, am dRis locva da Sesawiravi mimarTulia Temis, soflis, misi yoveli wevris

mSvidobianobisaken. XX saukunis II naxevramde sadReobo zvarakad zrdidnen yoCebs. sasoflo

moedanze imarTeboda Sesawiravi yoCebis Serkineba. svaneTSi yoCebis Serkineba axla ukve

aRar imarTeba. istoriul tao-klarjeTSi ki yoCebis Serkineba amJamadac Cveulebrivi ambavia

da Sejibrebebi ewyoba `SuamTobis~ dReobis dros.

xarebis Wedobis amsaxveli qarTuli eTnografiuli masala sakmaod mdidaria. svaneTSi

xarebis Wedoba kviracxovlobis sadResaswaulo ciklis nawili iyo. kviracxovlobas

svanurad ùfliS~ _ ùflis dRe~ hqvia, sadResaswaulo cikls ki _ ùfliSier~-i.

dekanoz besarion niJaraZis aRwerilobiT, ùfliS e. i. axal-kviris dResaswauli ician

yvelgan, uSgulis sazogadoebis garda, da grZeldeba sams kviras... zogierTs sazogadaoebaSi

ki ician kidev xaris Sewirva da daklva soflis ekklesiis galavanSi, sadac mosaxlidgan

TiTo kaci midis, miaqvs saxlidgan Tavis jeri didi yveliani puri. da roca xaris xorci,

saarye qvabSi Cadgmuli, ekklesiis galavanSive moixarSeba, xalxi gul-RviZls da sxva xaris

xorcs yvelian purebiTurT Sealocavs RmerTs, romlis Semdegac xalxi sadilad jdeba da

arigebs xaris xorcs mosaxlis ricxvze. nasadilevs xalxi TavianT soflebSi brundeba~3.

ùfliSieris~ farglebSi sruldeboda xarebis Wedobac.

vera bardaveliZis masaliT, ̀ ufliSier~-i, kidev ufro xangrZlivi droiT grZeldeboda:

oridan eqvs kviramde. sadResaswaulo cikli moicavda rogorc locvis rituals (`limzir~),

aseve, xarebis WedobisaTvis gankuTvnil dReebsac, romelTac svaneTis sxvadasxva mxareSi

Semdegi saxelebi erqva: Ãanob, Ãanre laskrob, fusda Ãani litbal, liusxvari, visxvob da

sxva. RvTis an wmindanis saxelze Sesaxelebuli cxoveli iRebda konkretul saxels,

magaliTad, uSualod RvTis saxelze `dayenebul~ xars arqmevden `fusnaÁ~-s,

RvTismSoblisaTvis Sewiruls _ `lamaria~-s, wmida barbaresaTvis Sewiruls _ `brbvlAÁ~-s

da a. S. mosaxleoba kviracxovlobisaTvis saguldagulod arCevda yovelmxriv unaklo

xboebs. xbo unda yofiliyo wmida barbares saxelze Sesaxelebuli furis (`barbvlaÁ~)

naSobi, romelTaaganac yoveli mamrobiTi sqesis xbo _ uisxv-ad, mdedrobiTi ki musx-ad unda

gaezardaT. musxi-s mTeli STamomavloba saritualo zvarakad hyavdaT gamwesebuli.

sayradReboa Uisxv-ad gamorCeuli xbos gazrdisa da movlis wesebi: xbos saguldagulod

uvlidnen, zamTrobiT saTiveSi amyofebdnen, moxarSul cercvs da qers miarTmevdnen, bandnen,

saxres ar gadauWerdnen. uisxv da musxi vera bardaveliZes saerTo qarTuli warmomavlobis

terminad miaCnia da mas Zveli qarTuli ùsxi~-dan momdinared miiCnevs: ùsxi –

sxvilis//msxvilis Zveli formaa~4.

sami wlis uisxv-s kviracxovlobis dReobis (ùfliS~) zvarakad moamzadebdnen.

kviracxovlobamde ori-sami dRiT adre saasparezod gamoiyvandnen. Tuki sofels SigniT

ramdenime uisxv-i iyo, soflis mosaxleoba sasoflo moedanze _ suifSi5 uisxv-ebis

Sejibrebas marTavda. gamarjvebuliUuisxv-i gahyavdaT saTemo Sejibrebaze, sadac soflebSi

2v. bardaveliZe. sicocxlisa da siuxvis xe qarTvelTa sarwmunoebaSi._ krebuli `saqarTvelos eTnografiis sakiTxebi~, Tbilisi, 1968; q. alaverdaSvili. saweso ferxulebis SeswavlisaTvis._ krebuli `vera bardaveliZe _ 110~, Tbilisi, 2013. 3besarion niJaraZe. istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi. I. Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 62-63. 4В. Бардавелидзе. Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искуство грузинских племен. Тб., 1957.

gv., 157-158. В. Бардавелидзе. Главное божество древнегрузинского пантеона Гмертиб Вопросы этнографии Кавказа. Тб.,

1952. 5sუif _ sasoflo moedani svaneTSi. sityva Zveli qarTuli `sufel-idan momdinarea.

28

gamarjvebulUUuisxv-ebs arkinebdnen. Semdeg yoveli sofeli (teritoriul Tems SigniT) erT

gamarjvebul buRas gamoarCevda da mas ukve sxva soflis Uuisxv-s Searkinebdnen. xSirad esa

Tu is Temic ejibreboda erTmaneTs. gamarjvebulad iTvleboda is buRa, romelic

mowinaRmdege buRas mindvridan gaaqcevda. yoveli Uisxv-i Seiwireboda kviracxovlobis

locvis dros. zogierT TemSi sakviracxovlo rituali eklesiaTan imarTeboda, xolo,

magaliTad, eceris TemSi, locvas saojaxo xasiaTi hqonda (meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebi).

yoveli Uuisxv-is Semwirveli ojaxi Tavis saxlSi, salocavad gankuTvnil aRmosavleTis

sarkmelTan loculobda. mamakacebi zvaraks rqaze anTebul sanTels miakrobdnen, samjer

waRma daatrialebdnen, bewvs Seutrusavdnen da Sewiravdnen. mlocvelebs xelT epyraT

anTebuli sanTlebi, `lemzir~-ebi _ saweso-saritualo purebi svaneTSi, sefiskveris

xalxuri nairsaxeobani da `zedaS~-e _ saweso-saritualo sasmeli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

mxareSi, maT Soris, svaneTSic. mTxrobelTa azriT, Uuisxv-i aucileblad unda SeewiraT, mas

mxolod am mizniT zrdidnen.

es rituali, mTxrobelTa dakvirvebiT, TandaTanobiT qreba XX saukunis 30-iani

wlebidan: `sami-oTxi wlis viqnebodi, saukeTeso uisxv-i gvyavda. WelirSi Cveni Uisxv-i iyo

gamorCeuli. quraSelebsac hyoliaT uisxv-i. quraSidan maT wamoiyvanes TavianTi Uuisxv-i,

Weliridan Cven waviyvaneT, Cvens soflebs Soris Sua adgilas SevCerdiT. gramiton pakelianma kiserze Semisva da ise wamiyvana. Cveni buRa lamazi iyo, mowiTalo feris, lamazi rqebi

hqonda da sqeli kiseri. Seerkinnen erTmaneTs Cveni da quraSelebis buRa. Cvenma ajoba, ise

magrad urqina, quraSelebis buRa gaiqca. gagvixarda. yvela Welirels gauxarda. axla bavSvebi vaWidaoTo – Tqves. gramitonma Camomsva da moednisken mibiZga. iqidan Cemi toli

lado xorguani, acxonos RmerTma, gamoiyvanes. advilad wavaqcie. Welirelebs gauxardaT,

xarmac Cvenma gaimarjva da biWmaco. Semisves isev mxrebze da saxlSi wamiyvanes gamarjvebuli.

amis metad buRebis Widaoba ar minaxavs~ (mTxrobeli SoTa tarasis Ze gujejiani, 79 wlis,

sofeli Weliri, eceris Temi, mestiis raioni, 2014).

amrigad, svaneTis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, xarebis Wedoba kviracxovlobis

sadResaswaulo ritualis nawili iyo, saritualod gankuTvnil xbos, romelic RvTisTvis

`dayenebuli~ furs unda moego, zrdidnen sam wlamde da kviracxovlobis locvis dros

Sewiravdnen. wina dReebSi ki sofels SigniT da zogjer TemSic (igulisxmeba teritoriuli

Temi), imarTeboda sauflo buRebis Sejibreba.

aWaraSi xarebis orTabrZolas „buRiebis Wedoba“ erqva da mas atarebdnen adre

gazafxulze. aWaris tradiciul yofaSi _ buRiebis Wedoba _ adresagazafxulo dReobaTa

ciklSia moqceuli. is buRa, romelsac WedobisaTvis amzadebdnen, aWaraSic, msgavsad

svaneTisa, sapatio cxovelad iTvleboda. Semonaxuli elementebis rekonstruirebis Sedegad,

SesaZlebelia, vivaraudoT, rom gvian Sua saukuneebamde, aWaraSic, buRebis Wedobis wesi

kviracxovlobis sadResaswaulo ritualis nawili iyo, xolo Semdeg, kviracxovlobis

sadResaswaulo cikli da Sesawiravi zvarakis idea daviwyebas mieca, rac gamowveuli iyo am

mxareSi axali religiis _ islamis _ gavrcelebiT. qarTvel muslimTa religiis xalxuri

aspeqtebi calke Seswavlis obieqtia da aq masze yuradRebas ar SevaCereb. islamis

gavrcelebis Semdeg, zvaraki, rogorc aseTi, aWaris muslim mosaxleobaSi `yurban bairamis~-

Tvis damaxasiaTebel niSnadRa SemogvrCa, rac, rasakvirvelia islamis tradiciebidan

momdinareobs. kviracxovlobis rituali, Cemi azriT, transformirda `buRiebis Wedobis~

xalxur sanaxaobad, anu, gaqra rituali da Semogvenaxa misi mxolod es konkretuli elementi

(xarebis Sejibreba) fragmentis saxiT.

`buRiebis Wedoba~ aWaris yofaSi detalurad aqvs Seswavlili vaxtang SamilaZes.

vaxtang SamilaZis masaliT, aWaraSi sabuRe xbos saguldagulod arCevdnen da zrdidnen:

`sabuRe xbos SerCevisas... yuradReba eqceoda memkvidreobasa da garegnul-eqsterierul

niSnebs (tani, Tavi, fexebi, rqebi, saTesle jirkvlebi da a. S.). mxedvelobaSi iyo miRebuli

xbos temperamentianoba da sicocxlis unarianoba. sabuRed SerCeul xbos eTmoboda ori,

xSirad ki oTxi ZuZus rZe. garda amisa, 5-6 Tvis asakidan eZleoda nazad moTibuli Tiva,

simindi, qeri da comi. imave asakidan sasurveli iyo dedali lekisa da dgnalis foTlis

mowodebac. Cveulebrivad sabuRe xbos 3-4 wlis asakamde baguri kvebis pirobebSi inaxavdnen...

moWedar buRas kiseri msxvili unda hqonoda, Tavi didi, moyvanili, Sig Semozrdili rqebiT.

29

Sublisa da rqebis are xmeli da winwavardnili, Tvalebi wamocvenili, cxviris nestoebi

gadmobrunebuli, xSiri da mokle balani, grZeli kudi. saukeTeso moWedari buRis SerCeva

da gamozrda did ostatobad iTvleboda, xbos rqebs afxekdnen da ulesavdnen, bagis win

Tunuqs aWedebdnen, raTa xbos TavisiTac aelesa rqebi. Widaobas jer xeliT, muxliT an

TaviT aCvevdnen, Semdeg sxva mozvrebs uqcevdnen, xmiT amxnevebdnen. Widaobas awyebinebdnen 3

wlidan. 5 wlamde buRa momwifdeboda da 8-10 wlamde kargi moWedari iyo. `buRiebis Wedoba~

aprilis pirveli kviridan iwyeboda da mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. muslimuri

kulturis gavleniT, Wedobas paraskev dRes iwyebdnen, rac vaxtang SamilaZes sruliad

samarTlianad gviandel movlenad miaCnia. mkvlevari gamoTqvams azrs, rom, SesaZloa,

buRiebis Wedoba Zvelad qaSatobis sadReobo ciklis nawili yofiliyo. cnobilia, qaSatoba

miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli ritualia da igi pirveli xnulis gavlebasac

gulisxmobada. aprilis pirvel kviras buRebis patronebi soflad Sejibrebis drosa da

adgils daTqvamdnen. Wvanisa da Rorjomis xeobaTa soflebSi SejibrebisaTvis gamoyofili

iyo konkretuli adgilebi: sofel inwkirveTSi _ dubeWalas moedani, sofel mekeiZeebSi _

kintavra, sofel naRvarevSi _ gorikula da sxv. Sejibrebis dRes orive mxriv auracxeli

xalxi grovdeboda. buRebis patronebi TavianT buRebs gverdSi edgnen da SeZaxilebiT

amxnevebdnen Setakebisas. buRis gamarjvebas patronTan erTad mTeli sofeli zeimobda

yiJiniTa da Tofis sroliT. damarcxebuli soflis mosaxleoba ki Cumad tovebda arenas,

magram gamarjvebuls ganmeorebiTi SetakebisaTvis iwvevda. ase grZeldeboda mTeli kvira.

saasparezod axal-axali wyvilebi cvlidnen erTmaneTs. WedobisaTvis buRis saukeTeso asakad

3-8 weli iTvleboda. Semdeg buRas kodavdnen, asuqebdnen da daklavdnen, Tumca zogjer

`nabuRvaras~ uRelSic ki Seabamdnen6.

aWaruli masala, am konkretuli faqtiT, svanurisagan gansxvavdeba, radgan, rogorc

ukve iTqva, svaneTSi nebismieri Uuisxv-i, TviT yvela sxvaUuisxv-is dammarcxebelic

ki,ASesawiravad iyo gankuTvnili. savaraudoa, rom aWaraSi dadasturebuli wesi obieqturi

istoriuli faqtebiTaa ganpirobebuli da tradiciis transformaciis Sedegia.

aWaris sazafxulo ialaRebze, zogan, Cven droSic atareben `buRiebis Wedobas~.

zemo aWaris eTnografiuli masala, vfiqrob, saerToqarTuli tradiciis nawilia.

vvaraudob, rom `buRiebis Wedoba~ qristianul periodSi kviracxovlobis sadResaswaulo

ciklis nawili iyo, islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg ki Camoyalibda damoukidebel tradiciad,

sanaxaobad, romelSic pirvandeli ritualis mxolod erTi fragmenti _ `buRiebis Wedobaa~

SemorCenili. xarebis Wedoba rom saqarTvelos yvela mxarisaTvis cnobili kulturis nawili

iyo, imiTac dasturdeba, rom xSirad gansakuTrebiT cnobili buRebi aWarlebs mesxeTSi,

guriasa da imereTSic ki gadahyavdaT da aCvenebdnen am buRebis `xelovnebas~7.

2006-2015 wlebis eTnografiuli masaliT, xarebis//buRebis Wedoba gavrcelebulia

mTeli istoriuli tao-klarjeTis eTnikurad qarTvel mosaxleobaSi. xarebis//buRebis

Wedoba dasturdeba nigalSi (xeba, maradidi, katafxia, beRlevani, borCxa, Cxalas xeoba,

murRuli, Suaxevi, devsqeli, baginiswyali, omana, trapeni, zemo da qvemo orji, TxilaZe,

qarTla, xatila, qalaqi arTvini), imerxevSi (ustamisis Temi, diobanis Temi, manatbis Temi,

xevwurilis Temi, bazgireTis Temi), zemo maWaxelsa da istoriul taoSi (parxliswylis

xeoba). nigalis mxaris xarebis Wedobis tardiciebi gamovlenilia roin malaymaZis

monografiaSi, am tematikas exmaureba eTer beriZis naSromic. bolo wlebSi Seiqmna giorgi

kalandias dokumenturi filmi _ àrTvineli falavnebi~. filmSi naCvenebia metad

mniSvnelovani dokumenturi masala xarebis Wedobis festivalebisa.

istoriuli tao-klarjeTis ama Tu im xeobaSi, xarebis//buRebis Wedobis wesi

Serwymulia mesaqonleobis tradiciebTan da is zogjer dakavSirebulia SuamTobis

dReobasTan, meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ki bevrgan damoukidebeli saxiT sruldeba da

6v. SamilaZe. koridas adreuli formebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi eTnografiuli monacemebis Suqze._ krebuli `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturisa da yofis sakiTxebi~. I. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 44-47. 7v. SamilaZe. koridas adreuli formebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi eTnografiuli monacemebis Suqze._ krebuli `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturisa da yofis sakiTxebi~. I. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 45.

30

`festivaladaa~ qceuli. cxadia, tradicia transformirebulia, TvalsaCinoa, rom novaciuri

elementebi TandaTan tradiciad mkvidrdeba, xolo iq, sadac xarebis Wedoba, kvlav

sazafxulo saZovrebze imarTeba (SuamTobis dReoba), mas Zveleburi saxe aqvs.

ram ganapiroba xarebis Wedobis tradiciis `festivalad~ formireba? pirveli mizezi

Sida migraciaa: meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan arTvinis regionSi iwyeba mZafri migraciuli

procesi: adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erTi nawili samuSaod da Semdeg ukve sacxobrevlad

gadadis did qalaqebSi da tovebs mSobliur mxares. Sida migraciulma procesma imata 80-

iani wlebidan. Cveni droisaTvis tao-klarjeTSi moSlis pirasaa tradiciuli kulturul-

sameurneo tipi da, Sesabamisad, droTa ganmavlobaSi, daviwyebis safrTxe emuqreba

mesaqonleobis sameurneo tradiciebTan dakavSirebul SuamTobis dReobis aRniSvnis wessac.

meore mizezi aris TurqeTis saxelmwifos mcdeloba administraciul CarCoebSi moaqcios

xalxuri dReobebi. meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli adgilobrivma

administraciebma daiwyes xalxur dReobebSi Careva da maTi marTva. maT yovel xeobaSi

gamoyves moednebi, sadac oficialur `festivalebs~ atareben. zogan es adgilebi daemTxva

istoriul sasoflo, saxeobo Sekrebis adgilebs, magaliTad, saTave diobanis TemSi

(imerxevi). xelisuflebis CareviT saTavis festivali Camoyalibda imerxevelTa saerTo

Sekrebis adgilad. miuxedavad amisa, imerxevis bevr TemSi, sadac jer kidev zamTar-zafxul

aris mkvidri mosaxleoba, imarTeba sasoflo tradiciuli `SuamTobebi~. aseT soflebSi

`SuamTobis~ dReobebi avTenturi saxiT sruldeba. `SuamTobis~ msgavsad cvalebadoba Seexo

xarebis Wedobis tradiciasac. saxelmwifos CareviT Seiqmna axali oficialuri saxalxo

dResaswaulebi _ `xarebis festivalebi~ misi menejmentic administraciam SeiTavsa. xarebis

Wedobis yvelaze masStaburi `festivalebi~ aris kavkasoris, axalTis, murRulisa...

tradiciis Casmam `festivalis~ CarCoebSi~ rituals TviTmyofadoba da avTenturoba

daukarga.

sakvlev sakTxze muSaoba garkveul siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. siZneleebi wmida

mecnieruli xasiaTisaa, radgan mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom TurqeTis administraciis mxridan

araviTari SezRudva ar yofila, arc gadaadgilebis da arc mTxrobelebTan komunikaciis

dros. kvlevis sirTules ganapirobebda Semdegi konkretuli garemoeba: saistorio

naratiuli wyaroebis ararseboba. samwuxarod, ar mogvepoveba arcerTi saistorio Zegli,

romelSic aRwerili iqneboda xarebis Wedobis tradicia tao-klarjeTSi 1990-ian wlebamde.

aqedan gamomdinare, sakvlevi faqtis SeswavlisaTvis damrCa erTaderTi gza: savele-

eTnografiuli kvleva da moZiebuli masalis rekonstriurebiT axlo warsulis suraTebis

aRdgena. eTnografiuli kvleva grZeldeboda wlebis ganmavlobaSi da SesaZlebloba mqonda

moZiebuli informaciis mravalgzis gadamowmebisa da axal-axali novaciebis SeniSvnisa.

savele-eTnografiuli kvlevis Sedegad Sekrebili masala avlens saintereso suraTs:

Suaxans gadacilebul mTxrobelebs axsovT xarebis Wedobis Zveli forma, rodesac

Sejibreba tardeboda ama Tu im soflis sazafxulo saZovarze, e. w. agaraSi. agaras, zogierT

mxareSi, Turquli sityva _ iaila _ Caenacvla. mTxrobelTa maxsovrobiT aRdgenili suraTi

sakmaod informaciuli da tevadia. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, vimsjeloT `festivalad~

transformirebuli elementis adreul formaze, romelic Semdegi saxiT warmogvidgeba:

xarebiT//buRebiT Wedobis wesi sazafxulo mTis sadgomebSi (agara, iaila) sruldeboda,

sadac aramarto „memTevrni~8, aramed maTi stumrebic, maspinZlebTan erTad, aRniSnavdnen

xalxur dReobas _ SuamTobas. cnobilia, istoriul tao-klarjeTSi, eTnikuri qarTvelebiT

dasaxlebul teritoriaze, yovel Tems da masSi Semaval sofelTa (//mahaleTa) jgufebs aqvs

Tav-Tavisi „mTa“//`Ta~ (agara, „iaila“)9, sadac „memeTevrni“ mierekebian saqonels gvian

gazafxulze da rCebian gvian Semodgomamde. magaliTad, istoriul nigalSi//liganSi//livana,

qalaq arTvinsa da mis mimdebare eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze, mdinare

8`memTevrni~ _ ojaxebidan mTaSi (jer àgaraze~//`yiSlaze~, Semdeg ki mTaSi _ `Taze~//ìaliaze~) daaxloebiT 4-5 TviT gadasuli adamianebi, romlebic ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi uvlidnen mTaSi garekil saqonels, amuSavebdnen rZis meurneobis produqtebs. yovel `yiSlasa~ da agaraSi agebuli iyo sacxovrebeli da sameurneo sadgomebi. 9statiaSi sityva `mTa~ gamoyenebulia ara geografiul terminad, aramed mesaqonleobis intensiur formebTan dakavSirebul eTnografiul cnebad, roogrc es zemoT iqna ganmartebuli.

31

Woroxis marjvena da marcxena napirebze Sefenil qarTul soflebSi yvela sofels Tav-

Tavisi ̀ mTa~ aqvs. marjvena napiris soflebis ̀ mTebi~ (agara, iaila), ZiriTadad, TeTriwyalis

midamoebSi da karCxalzea gamarTuli. mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirze ki _ trialas mTis

midamoebSi. yoveli „mTis“ qvemoT, zeganze mdebareobs kidev sxva sadgomebi, e. w. yiSlebi,

sadac memTevri binavdeba gazafxulidan zafxulamde da adre Semodgomidan gvian

Semodgomamde, ra droidanac memTevri, saqonliTurT, brundeba Tav-Tavis sofelSi.

adamianisa da saqonlis samyofi sadgomebi gamarTulia, rogorc yiSlaSi, aseve mTaSi (agara,

iaila).

2013 wels istoriuli nigalis TiTqmis yvela mTaSi (agara, iaila) aRiniSna SuamTobis

dReoba. ebrikis Temis mosaxleobas TeTriwylis mTaze aqvs iailebi: „mTa Teli Cveni ebrikis aris TeTriwyali. SuanToba TeTriwyalze vicodiT. erTi Tve gaxda, iq wavlen. xarebis iataRi

erTad gvqonda. isic TeTriwyalze iyo“. axaldabelebi SuamTobas karCxalSi aRniSnaven,

radgan „Cveni mTa karCxalSia, sinkoTis iailaa CvenTan axlos“; „sasmeli wyali ialaidan,

Tidan mova, irsas ialiadan mova wyali. irsis mTaSi ari Cveni wyali. Cveni mTa karCxalSia, iqve aris baginis, devsqelis, Suaxevis, ebrikis mTa. Cveni da adagulis iaila axloa. or Tves

iq iqnebian, Camovlen. gaTovlebula da Camovidnen guSin, mec viyav SuanTobaze, visaameT“.

2012-14 wlebSi `SuamToba~ aRiniSna imerxevis Temebis `mTebSic~: Cixisxevi, ustamisi,

bazgireTi, xevwurili; agreTve, zemo maWaxelSic (xerTvisis, zedvakis, qvabiTavis, evfratis,

mindieTisa da akriis mTebSic).

SuamTobis dReobis TariRs angariSoben saqonlis ̀ yiSlaze~ garekvidan vidre sofelSi

dabrunebamde arsebuli drois Sua periodiT. dReobis etimologiis xalxuri axsnac amgvaria:

Sua mToba. es TariRi agvistos dasawyisis SabaT-kviras uwevs da swored am dros aRniSnaven

umTavres `mTebSi~ (agara, iaila) dReobas.

sagulisxmoa, rom SuamTobas (zogierT xeobaSi dReobas „mariobas“ uwodeben),

aramxolod istoriuli tao-klarjeTis, aramed samcxis, javaxeTis, aWaris, qvemo maWaxlis

xalxuri dReobacaa da igi zogierT mxareSi dResac moqmedia10.

yoveli soflis „mTa“ (agara, iaila), ZiriTadad, alpur zonaSi mdebareobs. agvistos

pirvel an momdevno SabaT-kviras Tav-TavianT `mTaSi~ ikribebian ara mxolod memTevrni,

aramed maTTan amodian soflad myofi ojaxis wevrebic da stumrebic. qalaqad myofi

mosaxleoba cdilobs am ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi mainc dabrundes mSobliur mxareSi.

xSiria, Svebulebebis aRebis drois misadageba SuamTobis dReobasTan.

daTqmul dRes stumrebi da maspinZlebi Tavs iyrian Tav-TavianT `mTaze~, „SuanToba sam

dRe iyo, sami dRe iq vrCebodiT“. medResaswauleni Rames aTevdnen iqve arsebul sacxovrebel

da sameurneo nagebobebSi. mTisken axalgazrdoba amJamad miemarTeba naWrisgan damzadebuli

karvebiTa da saZile tomrebiTac.

SuamTobas iSleba saerTo sadResaswaulo sufrebi, imarTeba ferxulebi, Widaoba,

xarebis Serkineba... tradiciulad, ama Tu im `mTas~ (agara, iaila) adgilobrivebTan erTad

stumroben moyvrebi, megobrebi, qalaqeli mezoblebi. bevri xalxi ikribeba istoriuli tao-

klarjeTis sxvadasxva mezobeli xeobebidan da qalaqebidan. am dReobis nawilia

Sejibrebebic: „cxeneb vaxtunebdiT TaSi, kacis Wedoba, Tofis srola, xarebis, vacebis Wedoba vicodiT“; „TeTrwyalSi Zovdes xarebi da xarebs iq vaWedebdiT. Tovli rom gadneboda, mis

memre waviyvandiT xarebs mTaSi. iq iyo rTvelamde~11.

xarebis WedobisaTvis, zogan `xarebis iataRs~ iyenebdnen, rac ufro Zvel tradiciad

mimaCnia. sazafxulo ialaRebis yvelaze maRal nawilSi, noyieri balaxiT mdidar alpur

10r. malaymaZe. liganis xeoba (istoriul-eTnologiuri gamokvleva). Tbilisi, 2008; e. beriZe. nigali (istoriul-eTnografiuli da lingvistur-toponimikuri aspeqtebi). Tbilisi, 2009; rozeta gujejiani. tradiciuli qarTuli kulturis motivebi tao-klarjeTSi._ krebuli `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnologiis problemebi~. III. baTumi, 2010, gv. 86-110; rozeta gujejiani. parxliswylis xeobis eTnikur qarTvelTa tradiciuli yofa da kultura (TurqeTis respublika, iusuflis raioni). saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe. meore (47-b). Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 409-432; rozeta gujejiani. eTnikur qarTvelTa Tanamedrove yofa da kultura (TurqeTis respublika)._ krebuli ìnterdisciplinaruli arqeologia~. I. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 130-146. 11`rTveli~, `sTveli~ istoriul tao-klarjeTSi `Semodgomis~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba. am terminTan dakavSirebiT mzaddeba calke naSromi, romelic amave krebulis morig nomerSi gamoqveyndeba.

32

zonaSi „memTevrebs“ mowyobili hqondaT xarebis samyofi adgilebi, e.w. „xarebis iataRi“.

swored am adgilebSi imarTeboda xarebis//buRebis Wedoba.

istoriul tao-klarjeTSic, WedobisaTvis gamosazrdel vargis pirutyvad, msgavsad

aWarisa da svaneTisa, erTi wlis xbo SeirCeoda. xbos nebaze gauSvebdnen, nebierad zrdidnen,

risi aRmniSvneli eTnografiuli terminia _ „xareb vapativebdiT“: „vapativebdiT xareb. Sav

cercv avaduRebdiT, imas vasmevdiT, Tafls wyalSi guurevdiT, imas vasmevdiT“. „xars kiwi

(qedi) unda hqonoda didi, kai. rqis wamoTla ar SeiZleboda, Tu iqmna, ar iWedebs is xari“, `saxre ar unda gadauWiro, ar iqneba. uSualod Wedobas awyebinebdnen sami wlis asakidan.

Cven droSi ufro meti socialuri aqtivoba SeiniSneba oficialuri festivalebis

farglebSi. mTxrobelTa nawili _ axalgazrdebi, romlebic qalaqad cxovroben da

mowyvetilni arian mSobliur soflebs, xSirad, samwuxarod, mxolod am sanaxaobiT

(`festivaliT~) icnoben xarebis Wedobis wess.

arTvinis regionSi yvelaze masStaburi xarebis festivali `kavkasoris~ saxeliTaa

cnobili, kavkasori mTis (geografiuli mTa) saxelia da igi qalaq arTvinidan ramdenime

kilometriTaa daSorebuli. farTo gaSlili zegania. es adgili Zvelad agara yofila da iq

imarTeboda `SuamToba~, romlis nawilic iyo xarebis Wedoba. amJamad ki iqauroba

safestivalo arenadaa qceuli: mayureblisaTvis mowyobilia dasasvenebeli da gasarTobi

infrastruqtura. „kavkasorSic iyo xarebis Wedoba Zuelad, axlac aris, sul mTlad aqeT

moyavan xarebi yvelas. iq axla festival akeTeben“. festivali, daaxloebiT, 30 welia

imarTeba.

meore masStaburi `xarebis festivali~ murRulis xeobaSi imarTeba. saasparezod

SerCeuli adgili murRuliswylis marjvena napirzea, Txirafuna hqvia. Zvelad ki xarebis

Wedoba aqac `SuamTobis~ nawili iyo da `mTaSi~ imarTeboda: „xarebis Wedoba vicodiT. aq

sofelSi qvemoT duzi aris da iq viqmT. Cveni mTa aris Savi qedi, Cans (xeliT gviCvena

mimarTuleba) iq aris, yomrali, iq aris xarebis iataRi. furebis sxva aris. Zvelad xarebis

Wedoba iailaSi iyo. xarebis meTave gvyavda“. amJamad Txirafunas festivalSi gamarjvebuli

xaris patrons fulad jildos aZleven.

xarebis Wedoba damaxasiaTebelia istoriuli taos im nawilisTvisac, sadac dRemde

eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleoba cxovrobs: parxliswylis xeobaSi sami didi Temi

(qvabai//qobai, xevai, balxi) qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli da amave xeobis sxva soflebSic

zemoT dasaxelebuli sami Temis namati mosaxleobaa gansaxlebuli. parxliswylis xeobaSi

xarebis Wedoba adgilobrivi qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovani segmentia12. mTxrobelebs

axsovT xarebis Wedobis tradiciuli formac: „TevnarSi Zovdes xarebi da xarebs iq

vaWedebdiT. Tovli rom gadneboda, mis memre waviyvandiT xarebs mTaSi. iq iyo rTvelade“. „sarigolSic13 iyo xarebis Wedoba, Reles aqeTken, or-sam alags irColebodnen, zaforis

mTebSic iyo, devTisaiSic iyo. axla yvela TuTluRSi akeTebs. xar vzrdiT, fuls vakeTebT.

xevaelebis xarebis Wedoba iyo dudgur-Si. devsakarais zemoT aris es adgili. iq axla festival akeTeben“. ̀ qvabavrebi walikvan mivdodiT, iq iyo xarebis Wedoba~. xevaelebi xarebis

Wedobas WanWaxSic marTavdnen. „qoxebi iyo, axla gaveranda. maisidan iyo xarebis Wedoba.

qeriT vapatiebT, iq vaWedebT. buRaa, xari ar aris. verZebsac vaWedebdiT. sami-oTxi dRe iq vrCebodiT agaraSi. vferxulobdiT. kacebic eWidebodnen, verZebic. xelis moWidebac

vicodiT“.

xevaelebi WedobisaTvis gankuTvnil buRebs sagangebod uvlidnen sacorias mTebSi.

„devsakaraiSi sacoria iyo. sacorias veZaxiT. devsakarais uknidam aris, olviloZiridam. iq mivasxamdiT xarebs. xari iataRia iq. iq RamiT dawvebian. meorem mecxvare iq aZovebs xarebs.

qers davnayevdiT, cxel wyals movasxemdiT, dasivdeba qeri, darbildeba, imas vaWmevdiT

xarebs. Seiqneba didi xari“. „sacoriaSi balxi, xevai, qobai vikribebodiT. Wedoba damTavrdeboda, qadebs gamoacxobdnen, kvar vanTebdiT, dilaplapeboda, viWedebdiT, xelWid

viqnodiT _ maja en didi unda gqonoda“.

12rozeta gujejiani. parxliswylis xeobis eTnikur qarTvelTa tradiciuli yofa da kultura (TurqeTis respublika, iusuflis raioni). saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe. meore (47-b). Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 409-432. 13sarigolis qarTuli saxelia sarekeli, sariyeli.

33

parxliswylis xeobis im soflebSi, sadac amJamadac imarTeba SuamToba, xarebis Wedoba

kvlav sadReobo ritualis nawilad gvevlineba. SuamTobas axlac sruldeba ferxulebi,

imarTeba Widaoba, xarebis Serkineba... tradiciulad, am dReobaze Wanebi//lazebi da

murRulelebi gadmodian mezobeli xeobebidan. gansakuTrebiT xalxmravalia walikvanis

SuamToba. „cxeneb vaxtunebdiT walikvanSi. walikvani marto qobaisi aris“. „walikvanSi kacis

Wedoba, Tofis srola, xarebis Wedoba vicodiT. iyo mamlis Wedoba. mamlebi bevri iyvnen da

vaWedebdiT. memre fexburTi devwyeT“. festivalis saxe aqvs sofel axalTis (parxliswylis xeoba) xarebis Wedobas. axalTSi,

centraluri gzis piras, specialuri arenaa agebuli da mTeli iusufelis raionidan aq

mohyavT rCeuli xarebi. am dReobas aqvs oficialuri xasiaTi da `xarebis festivali~ hqvia.

gamarjvebuli xaris patrons fulad jildos aZleven.

amrigad, amJamindeli xarebiT Wedoba, Tuki mas aqvs `festivalis~ saxe,

transformirebulia, ar aris ritualis (SuamTobis) nawili da gadaqceulia Sejibrebad.

yvela Tanamedrove festivali msgavsia da konkretuli maxasiaTeblebisagan ganZarcvulia. am

dReobebs aqvT oficialuri xasiaTi. magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, jer kidev aris ramdenime

sofeli, sadac xarebis Wedoba kvlavac ritualis nawilia da tradiciuli formiT

sruldeba.

garda, uSualod, xarebis Wedobisa, saqarTvelos tradiciul yofaSi arsebobda xarTan

adamianis Serkinebis wesic. mas „kuruli“ erqva. kuruli damaxasiaTebeli iyo samegrelos

tradiciuli yofisaTvis. vera bardaveliZis masaliT, kuruli, magiur-ritualuri xasiaTis

wesi, uZvelesi tradicia iyo. kuruli imarTeboda soflis moedanze14. moednis SuaSi

CaarWobdnen boZs da masze abamdnen specialurad gazrdil da gavarjiSebul kuros. ori

mamakaci kuros aRizianebda, xels axebdnen rqebze, yurebze, wina mxrebze, zurgze.

gaRizianebul buRas boZidan xsnidnen da masTan brZolas iwyebda erTi mamakaci. mamakaci

gamarjvebulad iTvleboda, Tuki igi gamZvinvarebul buRas SeboWavda da waaqcevda. kurosTan

Wedobis damTavrebis Semdeg iwyeboda adamianTa Widaoba15.

termin `kurulis~ eTnografiul yofaSi arsebul datvirTvasTan dkavSirebiT

saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli lali maZRaraSvils: `marTalia, es termini

gamoyenebulia xarebTan SebrZolebis iseTi saxeobis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac adgili aqvs

kacisa da xaris orTabrZolas, magram, vfiqrobT, rom igi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT yvela im

garToba-sanaxaobis aRmniSvnel zogad terminad, romelSic xari monawileobda, imisagan

damoukideblad, mxolod xarebi erkinebian erTmaneTs, Tu xari da kaci~16. lali

maZRaraSvili swored amgvari definiciiT iyenebs termin kuruls Tavis naSromSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Semdgom mopovebulma eTnografiulma masalam (r. gujejiani, 2011-2015)

daadastura termin kurulis arseboba qarTvelTa sxva mxareSic _ istoriul

nigalSi//liganSi. nigalis mxareSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, cocxalia buRebis

rkinebis//Wedobis wesi da mas zogierTi mTxrobeli `koroli~//koruli~//`kuruli~-s saxeliT

ixseniebs. amasTanave, `koruli~ mTis saxeladac aris Semonaxuli. am mTaze dResac imarTeba

buRebis Wedoba. es axali informacia kidev ufro ganamtkicebs lali maZRaraSvilis

mosazrebis marTebulobas da vvaraudob, rom termini `kuruli~//`koruli~//`koroli~,

istoriis garkveul etapze, mTel saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli, radgan sityvis fuZed

`kuro~ ikveTeba da sruliad bunebrivia misi ganzogadeba mTeli qarTuli samyaros

masStabiT. kuro, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT aris `xari gamoyveravi~17, anu, WedobisaTvis

gamosadegi pirutyvi, rogorc es miRebuli iyo yofaSi.

qarTul mxatvrul literaturaSi arsebobs kurulis msgavsi faqtis aRwera, magram am

SemTxvevaSi, kurulisagan gansxvavebiT, _ xaris mokvlis mizniT. akaki wereTlis moTxrobis

_ `daTuna gociriZe~ _ siuJeti daTuna gociriZis Sesaxeb arsebuli legendis amsaxvelia.

14В. Бардавелидзе. Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искуство грузинских племен. Тб, 1957. 15g. Citaia. Toxis kultura dasavleT saqarveloSi._ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi. t. IV. nakveTi II. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 159. 16l. maZRaraSvili. `kuruli~ qarTul tomebSi._ krebuli àia~, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 180-181. 17sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. I. avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem. Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 399.

34

dadians mefisaTvis saarako mozveri miuZRvnia. mozveri gagareulebula da mejogeebs ver

daumorCilebiaT. mefes ubrZanebia, vinme Zlier kacs, erTi moqneviT, Tavi gaegdebinebina

mozvrisaTvis. kacisa da buRis `Wedoba~ geguTis mindorze gamarTula. g. raWvel aznaurs

daTuna gociriZes, marTlac, daumarcxebia mozveri, xmlis erTi moqneviT kisris Zvlebi

gadaumtvrevia18. msgavsi siuJeti Cauweria mkvlevar ioseb megreliZes raWaSi19.

xarebis Wedobis tradicias, bunebrivia, uZvelesi warmomavloba aqvs, igi istoriis

adreuli etapebidan momdinare CveulebaTa rigs miekuTvneba. cnobilia, saqarTvelo

gamorCeuli iyo miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis ganviTarebuli formebiT jer kidev

arqauli xanidan da mesaqonleobis damjdari formebi uwyveti saxiT viTardeboda

dRevandeli dRis CaTvliT. bunebrivia, rom winareqristianuli xangrZlivi drois manZilze

qarTvelbs hqondaT religiis adgilobrivi, lokaluri formebi, romlebSic ikveTeba xaris,

rogorc sakulto cxovelis arseboba. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom kviracxovlobis zemoT

aRweril variaciaSi sinkretizmis niSnebic ikveTebodes. xarebis Wedobis wess saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva mxareSi garkveuli lokaluri niSnebi axasiaTebda.

arsebuli eTnografiuli masalis analizis safuZvelze, gamovTqvam varauds, rom

xarebis Wedobis tradiciis sakralurobis gaazrebis ramdenime etapi arsebobda da igi

icvleboda istoriis sxvadasxva etapze. pirvel etapad moiazreba arqauli xana, rodesac

saritualo zvaraks, Tanadrouli religiuri msoflaRqmidan momdinare Sesabamisi

ritualuri datvirTva axlda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

xarebis Wedobis wesi saqonlis ganayofierebisa da gamravlebisadmi miZRvnili magiuri

ritualebis nawilia, rom es wminda xarebis brZolis konteqstiTaa gansaxilveli; qarTuli

xarebis Wedobisa da kurulis wesi Sedarebulia Sumerul, kreta-mikenur tradiciebTan (v.

bardaveliZe, v. SamilaZe) da espanur koridasTan, romelsac baskuri fesvebi aqvs (S. ZiZiguri).

cnobilia, xaris kults didi adgili ekava arqauli xanis miTosur samyarosa da rwmena-

warmodgenebSi. SesaZloa, qarTvelTa eTnografiul jgufebs Soris ukve im dros arsebobda

adamianis xarTan Serkinebis wesic, romelic gvianobamde Semoinaxa samegrelos tradiciulma

yofam, saxelwodebiT `kuruli~. klarjeTSi dafiqsirebuli toponimi `koroli~//`koruli~

da buRebis Serkinebis saxelad ̀ korolis~//`korulis~//`kurulis~ arseboba mafiqrebinebs mis

momdinareobas saerTo qarTuli enobrivi samyarodan da tradiciidan. momdevno etapad

qristianobis gavrcelebis periodi warmomidgeba, rac svanuri masaliT vlindeba da rac,

savaraudod, tradicia iyo mTel saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi mxareebis

iZulebiTi gamuslimebis Sedegad, aWaraSi, mesxeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi, bunebrivia, ikargeba

saritualo buRis sakviracxovlo zvarakad gazrdisa da Sewirvis tradicia. sakraluri arsi

miviwyebas eZleva, magram rCeba sportuli sanaxaoba _ buRebis Wedobis wesi da zogan igi

ukavSirdeba ̀ SuamTobis~, an ̀ mariobis~ xalxur dReobas, ufro did nawilSi ki sagazafxulo

dReobaTa pirobiT ciklSi eqceva – mesaqonleobis lokaluri tradiciebidan gamomdinare.

Semdegi etapi Tanamedrove droa, rodesac meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebidan xarebis Wedobis

wesi svaneTSi TandaTanobiT qreba, ufro xangrZlivad igi arsebobs zemo aWaraSi. amjerad

ki, faqtobrvad, mxolod istoriul tao-klarjeTSia Semonaxuli, umetes nawilSi _

transformirebuli saxiT.

18akaki wereTeli, daTuna gociriZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. VIII. Tbilisi, 1958. 19i. megreliZe. toreadorobis kvali saqarTveloSi._ Jurnali `sabWoTa xelovneba~, #1. Tbilisi, 1959.

35

Rozeta Gujejiani

Bull fight ritual in traditional Georgian life

Summary

As is known from ethnographic materials, there are certain rituals of bulls’ fight with each other or bulls’ fight

with humans in many ethnic cultures worldwide. Bull fight tradition is known in several historical-ethnographic regions

of Georgia (Svaneti, Racha, Adjara, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tao-Klarjeti). Bull fight has its specific name in one or another

regions of Georgia.

In this work, along with already existing scientific literature and sources, there were used and analyzed

ethnographic materials obtained by me through field-ethnographic studies carried out in 2006-2015.

Ethnographic study was conducted in Georgia (Svaneti, Racha, Adjara, Kvemo Machakheli, Samtskhe, Javakheti)

and Turkish Republic, in ethnographic regions of historical Georgia (Artaani, Shavshetistksali gorge, Imerkhevi, villages

of Borchkha and Chkhala gorges, Zemo Machakheli, Devskeli and Baginistskali gorges, Khebi community, Maradidi

community, Murguli gorge, Artvin city, Khatila community, Kartla community, Omana community, Tkhiladze

community, Orji community, Trapeni community, Parkhlistskali gorge). On the basis of ethnographic material analysis

becomes clear that bull fight ritual is the part of traditional Georgian culture and it was executed as part of one or another

rituals.

This work is executed in the format of study of historical ethnology. Field and ethnographic research methodology:

namely interviewing, polling, observation, as well as the methods of document analysis and secondary analysis are used

here. Bull fight rituals in one or another country are studied thoroughly, common segments are represented and tradition’s

structure is recovered. Objective reasons and stages of tradition transformation, innovative moments are singled out. In

the final analysis is restored the dynamics of historical development of one specific Georgian tradition and diachronic

picture of its spreading.

On the basis of reconstruction of ethnographic material is established that in olden times bull fight was conducted

within the framework of Georgian folk holidays: Kviratskhovloba – in Svaneti, Shuamtoba/Marioba – in Adjara,

Samtskhe-Javakheti and historical Tao-Klarjeti.

In our days bull fight ritual in Georgia is basically preserved in Upper Adjara and, partially, in Upper Svaneti,

while in Turkish republic this tradition is still alive, but in fact it is transformed: bull fight ritual basically has a form of

competition, it is conducted within the frameworks of one or another “festival” and no longer represents the part of ritual,

while there are still several villages, where bull fight is a part of ritual again and is executed in its traditional form.

In Nigali gorge “Kuruli”//”Koruli”//”Koroli” is confirmed as the name of bull fight. It is expressed an opinion that

this term at some stage was spread across the whole Georgia, since “kuro” is singled out as the root of word and its

generalization on a scale of the whole Georgian world is perfectly obvious.

Bull fight tradition has ancient origin and it ranks among customs coming from earlier stages of history. From

archaic period Georgia was distinguished by developed forms of agriculture and cattle breeding and intensive forms of

cattle breeding uninterruptedly develop through present days. It is natural that during pre-Christian long-term history the

Georgians have had local forms of religion in which is identified the presence of bull as ceremonial (cultic) animal.

On the basis of analysis of available ethnographic material is expressed a supposition that there were several stages

of understanding of sacred meaning of bull fight tradition and it has been changed at various stages of history. As first

stage is meant an archaic period, when ritual holy cow had appropriate sacral load based on religious world perception of

that time. The period of spread of Christianity is considered by us as an ensuing stage that is identified from Svan materials

and that presumably was characteristic for whole Georgia. Third stage is late Middle Ages when tradition of breeding and

sacrifice of ceremonial (sacral) bull as a ritual holy cow for Low Sunday disappeared in Adjara, Meskheti and Tao-Klarjeti

as a result of forcible adoption of Islamism in south-western regions of Georgia. Sacral meaning of ritual was buried in

oblivion but sport show – bull fight remained and somewhere it was related to folk festival of “Shuamtoba” or “Marioba”,

while in bigger part of territory it was included in conventional cycle of spring feasts, based on local traditions of cattle

breeding. The last stage begins from 30’s of the twentieth century, when bull fight ritual gradually disappears in Svaneti,

and it exists relatively longer in Upper Svaneti. Nowadays it is preserved only in historical Tao-Klarjeti, mostly in

transformed form, and to a lesser degree – in traditional form as a part of ritual.

36

istoriuli tao-klarjeTis xarebis Wedobis amsaxveli fotoebi

37

jemal karaliZe, istoriis doqtori, profesori

baTumis olqis administraciuli mowyoba 1878-1903 wlebSi

1877-1878 wlebis omis Sedegad samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebis

mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris aWara, deda samSoblos daubrunda: aWaris ganTavisuflebas

aRtacebiT miesalma qarTuli sazogadoeba ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT. mowinave

inteligenciam aWarelTa Soris imTaviTve aqtiuri kulturuli saqmianoba gaaCaRa, rasac

uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda samuslimano saqarTvelos mkvidrTa erovnuli

cnobierebis aRdgenis saqmeSi.

1878 wlis 20 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvalma mixeil nikolozis Zem xeli moawera

baTumis olqis adminitraciuli mmarTvelobis droebiT debulebas. ruseTTan SerTebamde

yofili lazistanis sanjayi, romlis teritoriazec Camoyalibda baTumis olqi, osmaluri

dayofiT iTvlida 7 mxares anu nahies: baTumis, Curuq-sus (qobuleTis), zeda-aWaris, qveda

aWaris, maWaxlis, arTvinis da gonios. yoveli sasoflo Temis anu makrialis saTaveSi idga

mosaxleobis mier arCeuli muxtari. ramdenime makriali Seadgenda nahies, romelsac saTaveSi

edga mudiri. ori nahies gaerTianeba Seadgenda kazas (mxares), romelsac kaimakami xelmZR-

vanelobad. kaimakams niSnavda baTumis muTesarifi (gubernatori)1.

mefisnaclis debulebiT Seiqmna baTumis olqi, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga samxedro

gubernatori. pirveli samxedro gubernatori gaxda general-maiori konstantine besarionis

Ze komarovi2. mas piradi Tvisebebi xels uSlida adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan urTierTobaSi,

ris gamoc male Secvales da gubernatorad dainiSna general maiori b. smekalovi.

baTumis olqis droebiTi debuleba, romelic 14 muxlisagan Sedgeboda, miuTiTebda:

1. baTumis olqi Sedgeba lazistanis sanjayis im teritoriisagan, romelic berlinis

traqtatis ZaliT ruseTs gadaeca,

2. baTumis olqi emorCileba kavkasiis samxedro ganyofilebas, xolo samxedro da

administraciuli TvalsazrisiT kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardals,

3. baTumis olqis gamgeobas axorcielebs samxedro gubernatori,

4. samxedro da samoqalaqo saqmeebSi gubernatori ixelmZRvanelebs mefinsacvlisagan

miRebuli intsruqciebiT,

5. baTumis samxedro gubernators eyoleba TnaSemwe, romelic gubernatoris aryofnis

SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebs mis movaleobas; is iqneba saolqo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarec;

6. samxedro gubernatorTan iqmneba: a) samxedro kancelaria b) samxedro da samoqalaqo

saqmeTa mmarTveloba.

7. baTums erqmeba: sanavsadguro qalaqi, romlis yvela saqme mTavari sammarTvelos

meSveobiT waredgineba kavkasiis mefisnacvals;

8. administraciulad baTumis olqSi Sedis sanavsadguro qalaqi baTumi da sami okrugi:

a) baTumis okrugi – Sedgeba baTumis, kintriSis da gonios uCastkebisagan

b) aWaris okrugi - Sedgeba zemo aWaris, qvemo aWaris, maWaxlis uCastkebisagan;

g) arTvinis okrugi - Sedgeba artanujis, arTvinisa da SavSeTis uCastkebisagan;

9. okrugisa da ubnebis ufrosebis ufleba-movaleobebs gansazRvravs baTumis samxedro

gubernatori da amtkicebs mefisnacvali;

10. baTumis gubernatoris wardginebiTa da mefinscvalis damtkicebiT am Tanamdebobebze

SeiZleba adgilobrivi mcxovreblebic dainiSnon;

1Френкель А. Очерки Чурук-су и Батума. тифлись, 1879, стр. 4. 2Батумь и его окрестности. Батумь, 1906, стр. 105.

38

11. saxelmwifo danaSaulisaTvis (Ralati, xazinis Zarcva, fostaze dacema, kacis

ganzrax mokvla) adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ruseTis kanonebiT iqnebodnen gasamarTlebul-

ni, xolo yvela sxva saxis saqmeebs gaarCevda saxalxo sasamarTlo anu mejlisi;

12. mejlisebi iqmneboda 6 uCastkaSi da 3 okrugSi. ori iqneboda samazro mejlisi:

baTumsa da arTvinSi;

13. baTumis mazris gareSe saxelmwifo damnaSave ar gasamarTldeboda;

14. baTumSi iqneboda 100 cxenosani Cafari3;

baTumis olqis gubernators unda exelmZRvanela mefisnacvlis intruqciiT.

qalaqidan misi gasvlis SemTxvevaSi mis movaleobas Seasrulebda TanaSemwe, romelic

imavdroulad saolqo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarec iqneboda.

gubenatorTan iqmneboda samxedro kancelaria da saxalxo da samoqalaqo saqmeTa

gamgebloba, romlis xelmZRvanelebsac gubernatoris rekomendaciiT amtkicebda kavkasiis

mefisnacvali. am Tanamdebobaze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebic iniSnebodnen.

okrugisa da uCastkis (ubnis) xelmZRvanelTa uflebamosilebas gansazRvravda olqis

gubernatori da amtkicebda kavkasiis mefisnacvali.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlo sferos, debulebis meTerTmete muxliT, mZime xasiaTis

danaSaulebisaTvis (saxelmwifo Ralati, xazinisa da fostis gaZarcva, saxelmwifo qonebis

ganadgureba...) adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ruseTis saxelmwifos Sesabamisi kanonebiT

iqnebodnen gasamarTlebulni. yvela sxva saxis danaSauls gaarCevda saxalxo sasamarTlo-

mejlisi. 1878 wlis 11 dekembris debulebiT baTumis saolqo sasamarTlo Tbilisis

sasamarTlo palatas daeqvemdebara.

baTumis olqis calke administraciul erTeulad gamoyofiT ruseTis xelisufleba or

mizans isaxavda: jer erTi, amiT xeli SeeSleboda aWaris danarCen saqarTvelosTan Serwymis

(ekonomikuri da politikuri) bunebriv process da meorec, xelisufleba ufro swrafad

moaxdenda aWaris da saerTod baTumis olqis kolonizacias.mTavroba male darwmunda, rom

am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli RonisZiebebi arasakmarisi iyo. carizms aSkarad ar

akmayofilebda baTumis olqis kolonizaciis tempebi4. baTumis olqis administraciis Senaxva

mTavrobas arc Tu mcire Tanxa ujdeboda. ,,kavkazis~ cnobiT baTumis olqis administaciis

xarjebi, sasamarTlosa da sxva specialuri dawesebulebebis garda xazinas yovelwliurad

ujdeboda 219,419 maneTi5. XIX s-is 80-ian wlebSi kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis xarjebis

Semcirebis mizniT momzadda reformebi, rogorc centralur aparatSi, ise administraciul

mowyobaSi.

aseT viTarebaSi gaCnda baTumis olqis gauqmebisa da misi quTaisis guberniasTan

SeerTebis idea. sakiTxis ase gadawyveta saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani xarjebisagan

gaaTavisuflebda. ,,olqis centraluri mmarTveloba SeiZleba gauqmdes saqmisadmi

yovelgvari zianis gareSe. Aam gziT saxelmwifo Seamcirebda xarjebs 173,349 maneTiT~ – werda

,,kavkazi~6. xelisuflebas moewona aRniSnuli mosazreba da baTumis olqis gauqmebis

gadawyvetileba miiRo.

baTumis olqi, rogorc damoukidebeli administaciuli erTeuli arsebobda

daaxloebiT 4 wels. 1883 wlis 12 ivniss misi udidebulesobis damtkicebuli saxelmwifo

sabWos dadgenilebiT ganisazRvra baTumis olqis SeerTeba quTaisis guberniasTan. riTac

gauqmda saolqo mmarTveloba da Camoyalibda baTumis da arTvinis okrugebi7. baTumis olqis

gauqmebam gamoiwvia garkveuli cvlilebebi mmarTvelobis sferoSi. 1883 wlis 12 ivniss

saxelmwifo sabWos dadgenilebiT baTumis da arTvinis okrugebi daiyo 7 ubnad. amave

gadawyvetilebiT quTaisis gubernators ewoda samxedro gubernatori da SemoRebuli iqna

samxedro gubernatoris TanaSemwis Tanamdeboba8. quTaisis gubernatoris TanaSemwe baTumSi

3Френкель А. Очерки Чурук-су и Батума. тифлись, 1879, стр. 4; gazeTi `droeba~, 1878, #198. 4quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130, aRwera 1, saqme 258, furceli 24. 5,,Кавказъ~, №115, 1882. 6,,Кавказъ”, 1882, №115. 7quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130, aRwera 1, saqme 258, furceli 4. 8saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 12, aRwera 1, saqme 2947, furceli 2.

39

ijda. reformis Semdeg baTumSi sapolicio aparati ara Tu Semcirda, piriqiT, ufro

gaizarda. qalaqSi Semoiyvanes damatebiTi samxedro nawilebi.

sul male cxadi gaxda, rom gatarebuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad carizmis

mzakvruli mizani – baTumis wminda rusul qalaqad gadaqceuliyo, xolo aWara saerTod

mowyvetoda qarTul samyaros – ganuxorcielebeli darCa. carizmis erTgulma guSagebma

gvian igrZnes es marcxi da amis umTavres mizezad 1883 wlis reformis Sedegad baTumis

olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTeba miiCnies9.

ruseTis xelisuflebis survili, swrafad moexdina aWaris kolonizacia, miuRweveli

iyo. es maSin, roca baTumis okrugi (e.i. aWara) mTels quTaisis guberniaSi yvelaze

aramWidrod dasaxlebul mxares warmoadgenda. quTaisis guberniis 1892 wlis angariSSi

vkiTxulobT:,, yvelaze mcirericxovani dasaxlebebi aris baTumis okrugSi. Tu saSualod

guberniaSi erT dasaxlebaze modis 87 komli 530 mcxovrebiT, baTumis okrugSi es cifri

Sesabamisad Seadgens 28 komls da 157 mcxovrebs~10. amis miuxedavad, gadmosaxlebuli

erTguli elementebis raodenoba arc ise bevri iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase acxadebdnen rusi

moxeleebi. baTumis da arTvinis okrugSi mosuli mosaxleoba aris umniSvnelo. sul aris

ori rusuli dasaxleba – erTi Curuq-susTan, sadac moaxalSeneebs gamoeyoT 11 desetina miwa

TiTo komlze, da meore- xolodnaia sloboda baTumTan axlos. aq mxolod mamulisaTvis

gamoeyoT miwebi11.

saqme mTlad ase rodi iyo. jer erTi rusi kolonistebi Znelad eguebodnen adgilobriv

klimatur Tu sayofacxovrebo pirobebs, meorec maT surdaT mxolod zRvispira zolSi

dasaxleba, sadac Tavisufali miwebi ukve im droisaTvis Znelad iSoveboda. amiT iyo

gamowveuli, rom XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebis Sua xanebamde aWaraSi gadmosaxlebul rus

kolonistTa SedarebiTi simcire, rasac ase ,,gulistkiviliT~ usvamdnen xazs mTavrobis

moxeleebi. 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan baTumis samrewvelo ganviTarebis masStabebma, da

CaqvSi saufliswulo mamulis daarsebam, rac Tavis mxriv didi raodenobiT muSaxels

moiTxovda, xelisuflebas zemoT aRniSuli naklovanebis gamosworebis saSualeba misca.

1896 wels dondukov-korsakovis Semdeg kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli gaxda generali

golicini. igi mTavarmarTeblis movaleobas asrulebda 1896-1904 wlebSi. axladdaniSnuli

mTavarmarTebeli akritikebda 1883-1885 wlebis reformebis organizatorebs, romelTa

ZiriTad mizans mxaris marTva-gamgeobis xarjebis Semcireba Seadgenda.12 golicini sastikad

ilaSqrebda baTumis olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTebis winaaRmdeg. miaCnda, rom es

xels uwyobda ara marto mahmadian qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebas, aramed

aZlierebda qarTvelTa konsolidaciis process. es ki namdvilad ar Sedioda koloniuri

politikis Tanmimdevrulad gamtarebeli mTavarmarTeblis interesebSi. amas daemata isic,

rom XIX s-is damlevidan baTumi muSaTa moZraobis mniSvnelovan centrad gadaiqca. kavkasiis

administracia revoluciuri gamosvlebis gaZlierebisa da mis winaaRmdeg araefeqturi

brZolis mizezs baTumSi administraciuli centris ar arsebobaSi xedavda.

baTumis olqis aRdgenis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi jer kidev 1900 wels damdgara. amas

adasturebs quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis kancelariaSi 1900

wlis 23 oqtombers gagzavnili werili (№4821), romelSic naTqvami iyo: ,,Tqveno umaRlesobav,

quTaisis guberniidan baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebis gamoyofa vcaniT sasargeblod da

aucileblad~13.

aRniSnul sakiTxze saqmis kursSi yofila ruseTis umaRlesi xelisuflebac, rasac

mowmobs peterburgidan TbilisSi, mTavarmarTebelTan 1901 wlis 24 aprils gamogzavnili

werili: ,,Tqvens maRalkeTilSobilebas vacnobebT, rom baTumidan CvenTan modis metad

SemaZrwunebeli ambebi. iq Zaladobasa da antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas sazRvari ara aqvs.

TqvenTvis isic aris cnobili, Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebs misi imperatorobiTi

udidebulesoba Cveni imperiisaTvis am metad mniSvnelovan da strategiulad sasicocxlo

9v. siWinava. baTumis istoriidan. baTumi, 1958, gv. 83. 10quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130, aRwera 1, saqme 175, furceli 2. 11quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 18, aRwera 1, saqme 2145, fondi 4. 12S. vaniSvili. amierkavkasia ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi (1864-1917 ww.). Tbilisi 1989, gv. 86. 13quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 186, aRwera 1, saqme 759, furceli 1.

40

mxares. amitom, CvenTvis yovlad mouTmenelia am kuTxis agre uyuradRebod mitoveba.

guberniis xelmZRvanelobas ver gauTavisebia is mniSvneloba, romelsac baTumis olqi

warmoadgens CvenTvis. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Cveni mTavrobis mimarT keTilganwyobili

damokidebulebiT gamoirCeva da rodesac dainaxavs, rom Cveni xelisufleba ar icavs maT

interesebs, SesaZlebelia zurgi gvaqcios da Cven undobloba gamogvicxados. is ki CvenTvis

namdvilad ar aris xelsayreli. Aamitom, gTxovT daviwyoT fiqri, rom baTumis olqi

gamovides quTaisis guberniis Semadgenlobidan~14. maRali rangis moxeleTa didi survilis

miuxedavad erTbaSad am sakiTxis gadawyveta maSin SeuZlebeli gaxda.

1902 wlis 9 martis movlenebma kvlav gansakuTrebuli aqtualobiT dasva baTumis

administraciuli statusis aRdgenis sakiTxi. imperatoris kancelariidan mTavarmarTeblis

saxelze gamogzavnil werilSi aRniSnuli iyo: ,,rogorc Cans Tqven ver imoqmedeT ise, rom

umokles droSi gadawyvetiliyo baTumis olqis calke guberniad Camoyalibebis sakiTxi.

swored es umoqmedoba gaxda mizezi 1902 wlis 9 martis sisxlisRvrisa. amJamad, mgoni aRar

gamoinaxeba sababi imisa, kidev erTxel gadaidos es umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi drois mogebis

mizeziT. amitom, gTxovT, dauyovnebliv warmoadginoT proeqti baTumis olqis calke

gamoyofis Taobazed~15. oficiozi baTumis olqis gamoyofis aseTnairad asabuTebda: ,,1883

wels baTumis olqis quTaisis guberniasTan SeerTeba iyo xelovnuri da meqanikuri

gaerTianeba erT mmarTvelobaSi ori principulad gansxvavebuli sistemisa da absoliturad

sxvadasxvagvari adgilebisa da am RonisZiebebma Seaferxa axladSemoerTebuli olqis

ganviTareba yvela mimarTulebiT da moutana xazinas zarali, romelic aWarbebda ekonomias,

miRebuls damoukidebeli olqis gauqmebiT.

namdvilad, meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi rusulma mmarTvelobam am mxareSi TiTqmis

ukvalod Caiara Cveni saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis. amis ZiriTad mizezad unda CavTvaloT

1883 wlis reforma, romelmac elementarulad ekonomiis ZiebaSi Seamcira adgilobrivi

administraciis Semadgenloba, Seasusta es zemoqmedebis erTaderTi iaraRi mxareSi.

Aamis Sedegad administraciuli zemoqmedeba Zalze susti iyo, riTac es olqi

politikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sruli uZraobisTvis aRmoCnda ganwiruli~16. es

sityvebi naTlad aCvenebs ruseTis xelisuflebis namdvil damokideblobas saqarTvelosadmi.

1903 wlis 17 marts imperatorma nikoloz II xeli moawera baTumis olqis aRdgenis

Sesaxeb dadgenilebas. 1903 wlis 17 marts misi umaRlesobis damtkicebuli saxelmwifo

sabWos winadadebis safuZvelze imave wlis 1 ivniss quTaisis guberniis Semadgenlobidan

masTan SeerTebuli baTumis da arTvinis okrugebi gamoeyo damoukidebel administraciul

erTeulad, samxedro gubernatoris mmarTvelobiT. olqis administraciul centrad

ganisazRvra q. baTumi17.

baTumis olqis damoukideblobis aRdgenas carizmis mxridan Sors gamiznuli gegmebi

hqonda. imperiis mesveurebi SeSfoTebuli imiT, rom baTumSi Tavi moiyara saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosulma mTavrobisaTvis arasaimedo moxeleebis mravalricxovanma

kontigentma, cdilobdnen baTumis olqi gadaeqciaT rusuli Sovinisturi politikis

gatarebis epicentrad18.

Aaxladgamoyofili baTumis olqis sazRvrebi aseTi iyo: CrdiloeTidan – quTaisis

gubernia, aRmosavleTidan – Tbilisis gubernia da yarsis olqi, samxreTidan – osmaleTi

(kerZod lazistanis sanjayi), dasavleTidan – Savi zRva. axal olqs eWira 6195 kv. versi.

administraciuli TvalsazrisiT axali olqis ori okrugi- baTumis da arTvinis – iyofoda

7 ubnad. baTumis okrugSi Sedioda oTxi ubani: kintriSis, goniis, qveda – aWaris da zeda-

aWaris. arTvinis okrugSi sami ubani iyo: arTvinis, artanujis, SavSeT-imerxevis da erTi

14quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 12, aRwera 1, saqme 156, fondi 24. 15 aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 7, aRwera 1, saqme 431, fondi 46. 16 saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 12, aRwera 1, saqme 2947, furceli 2. 17 quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130, aRwera 1, saqme 258, furceli 4. 18 o. gogoliSvili. socialuri da erovnuli moZraoba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1900-1921 wlebSi. baTumi, 2005, gv. 34.

41

sapristavo arTvinSi. TiToeuli ubani iyofoda 24 sasoflo okrugad, romelic imarTeboda

Tavad golicinis mier 1900 wlis 22 ivliss damtkicebuli debulebis Sesabamisad19.

amrigad, XX s-is dasawyisSi baTumis aqtiurma politikurma cxovrebam daaCqara ruseTis

xelisuflebis ganzraxvis – baTumis olqis aRdgena- sisruleSi moyvana.

Jemal Karalidze

Batumi Region Administration Arrangement during 1878-1903 Abstract

Summary

In 1877-78-ies as a result of Russia-Ottoman Empire warfare the South-Eastern parts of Georgia, and Adjara

among them, was returned to Georgia. In 20 September, 1878 the Vice Emperor in the Caucasus ordered to create a

separate administrative unit – region of Batumi, and an interim regulations of the region was endorsed. The Tsarist Russia

had two goals in regards of setting a separate administrative unit: primarily, it would be an obstacle on the way of

consolidation of Georgia, and secondly, they would more rapidly colonize this region.

After four years, in order to reduce administrative expenses, the Russian government abolished the Batumi region

and attached it the Kutaisi region (Gubernia). However, in the late XIX the new Governor of the Caucasus, Golitsin

applied the Emperor with the mediation to restore the Batumi region. He justified this with the interests of the Empire. In

17 March of 1903 Nickolas II signed the decree on restoration of the Batumi region. The paper focuses on the

administrative arrangement of the Batumi region and the blatant colonial regime of the Tsarist Russia.

19 quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 18, aRwera 1, saqme 1554, furclebi 45-46.

42

levan jiqia, istoriis doqtori

dokumentebi da masalebi 1924 wlis antisabWoTa

erovnuli ajanyebis istoriisaTvis

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

okupacia da aneqsia ganaxorciela. rusuli okupaciis pirvel TveebSi SeuZlebeli iyo

ajanyebis organizeba da qveynis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis dawyeba. saokupacio reJimi

mkacri RonisZiebebiT aRkveTda xolme winaaRmdegobis yovelgvar gamovlinebas, magram es ar

SeiZleboda didxans gagrZelebuliyo. umkacresi saokupacio reJimis pirobebSi erovnuli

Zalebi cdilobdnen organizebas. qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis mizans saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena warmoadgenda. 1921 wels dawyebuli erovnuli

moZraoba 1924 wels SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis organizeba politikurma partiebma daiwyes.

saerTo miznis misaRwevad saqarTvelos xuTi wamyvani politikuri partia gaerTianda:

saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (menSevikebi) muSaTa partia, saqarTvelos erovnul-

demokratiuli partia, saqarTvelos socialist-federalisturi partia, saqarTvelos

socialist-revolucionerTa partia (eserTa partia) da saqarTvelos social-demokratiul

muSaTa partias CamoSorebuli jgufi „sxivelebi“ (damoukidebeli social-demokratebi). am

politikurma partiebma 1922 wlis agvistoSi interpartiul organizacias „saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis komitets“ („damkoms“), igive „paritetul komitets“ safuZveli Cauyares.

damkomSi politikuri partiebi warmodgenili iyvnen TiTo wevriT. saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis komitetis pirveli Tavmjdomare giorgi (gogita) faRava iyo, Semdeg -

nikoloz qarcivaZe, bolos - konstantine (kote) andronikaSvili. damkoms daemorCila

„samxedro centri“, romelic damkomis mier miwodebul informaciebs amuSavebda. samxedro

centris Cavardnis Semdeg misi funqcia „samxedro komisiam“ ikisra. samxedro komisiis

muSaobas emigraciidan saqarTveloSi sagangebod Camosuli social-demokrati noe xomeriki

xelmZRvanelobda. samxedro komisiaSi mniSvnelovan funqcias cnobili qarTveli mwerali

mixeil javaxiSvili asrulebda.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetma mTeli saqarTvelo samoqmedo zonebad dayo

da regionebSi Tavisi warmomadgenlebi daniSna. saqarTvelos regionebSi iatakqveSeTSi

momuSave politikuri partiebi rogorc damkomTan, ise erTmaneTTan kavSirSi imyofebodnen.

damkomma ajanyebis TariRad 1924 wlis 28-29 agvistos Ramis 2 saaTi daniSna. saqarTvelos

sagangebo komisia (Ceka) flobda informacias mosalodneli ajanyebis Sesaxeb. 1924 wlis 28

agvistos saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomare epifane kvantalianma aWaris

sagangebo komisias, afxazeTis sagangebo komisias da yvela politbiuros ufross gaugzavna

Setyobineba, rom antisabWoTa politikur partiebs ganzraxuli hqondaT SeiaraRebuli

gamosvlis mowyoba sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, epifane kvantaliani

zemoT xsenebul organoebs nebas rTavda masobrivi represiuli RonisZiebebi

ganexorcielebinaT, emoqmedaT saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) samazro

komitetebTan erTad, informaciebi daSifruli teqstiT saqarTvelos sagangebo

komisiisaTvis ecnobebinaT.

dRemde gaurkveveli mizezebiT WiaTuraSi 1924 wlis ajanyeba dagegmilze erTi dRiT

adre daiwyo, ramac sabWoTa xelisuflebas saSualeba misca sastiki meTodebiT CaexSo

ajanyeba WiaTuraSi. saqarTvelos danarCen qalaqebSi myofma ajanyebulebma WiaTuris

naadrevi gamosvlis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen, amitom maT ajanyeba daniSnul dros daiwyes.

ajanyebulebma mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies da saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi

43

daamxes adgilobrivi sabWoTa xelisufleba da Zalaufleba xelSi aiRes, magram evropidan

samxedro Tu politikuri mxardaWeris gareSe darCenili ajanyebulebi sabolood

damarcxdnen. 1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebisTanave sabWoTa xelisuflebam ajanyebulTa da

„eWvmitanilTa“ gausamarTleblad daxvretebi daiwyo. ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg represiebis

dawyebisTanave sakavSiro komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) amierkavkasiis samxareo

komitetis xelmZRvanelis, sergo orjonikiZis saxelze movida sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo

komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris aleqsi rikovis depeSa daxvretebis dauyovnebliv Sewyvetis

Sesaxeb. sergo orjonikiZem Tavis TanamebrZolTa „viwro“ TaTbiri moiwvia, sadac ganacxada:

„jerjerobiT am depeSas yuradReba ar mivaqcioT da energiuli zomebi gavataroT, raTa

saqarTvelo rac SeiZleba maqsimalurad gavwmindoT kontrrevoluciuri

uwmindurobisagano“.

1924 wlis agvisto-seqtembris avbediT dReebSi daxvretilTa zusti raodenoba dResac

ucnobia. sergo orjonikiZe 1924 wlis oqtomberSi sakavSiro komunisturi partiis

(bolSevikebis) centraluri komitetis plenumze acxadebda: „mivmarTeT masobriv daxvretebs.

iqneb cota gadavaWarbeT, magram amas axla raRa eSveleba“.

1925 wlis 15 ivlisidan 1925 wlis 3 agvistomde 1924 wlis ajanyebis monawileTa

sasamarTlo procesi gaimarTa. manamde ki Zieba mimdinareobda. Ziebis organul gagrZelebas

warmoadgenda sasamarTlo procesi. gansasjelTa skamze 47 adamiani aRmoCnda: konstantine

(kote) andronikaSvili, iason vladimeris Ze javaxiSvili, nikoloz ioTamis Ze qarcivaZe,

daviT oniaSvili, giorgi evgenis Ze jinoria, samson platonis Ze dadiani, grigol simonis

Ze rcxilaZe, egnate gabliani, biZina pirveli, lavrenti esvanjia, parTen ivanes Ze xurciZe,

akaki fiCxaia, giorgi (gizo) nestoris Ze anjafariZe, valerian mixeilis Ze bilaniSvili,

napoleon otias Ze kaxiani, grigol dimitris Ze cincabaZe, aleqsandre nikolozis Ze CxaiZe,

vaxtang dimitris Ze nacvliSvili, simon (xuxu) giorgis Ze xoferia, mixeil nikolozis Ze

iSxneli, artem filipes Ze fanculaia, xariton petres Ze laSxia, vlasi lukas Ze mamalaZe,

genadi moses Ze belTaZe, konstantine (ciceroni) darispanis Ze lorTqifaniZe, kirile ieses

Ze niniZe, nikifore besarionis Ze imnaiSvili, Salva avqsentis Ze TvalTvaZe, ambrosi saSas

Ze kvirikaZe, grigol giorgaZe, gabriel konstantines Ze gogoliSvili, vladimer kimoTes Ze

gegeWkori, apolon kimoTes Ze baxtaZe, mixeil Tomas Ze WaniSvili, vladimer aleqsis Ze

beriZe, Salva maTes Ze kalandariSvili, aleqsandre beglaris Ze ZaZamia, estate besarionis

Ze lataria, akaki maTes Ze kalandariSvili, Teofile simonis Ze Sengelia, iakob saSas Ze

fanoziSvili, nikoloz nikolozis Ze nakaSiZe, Salva dimitris Ze ioseliani, ivane nestoris

Ze lorTqifaniZe, mixeil nikolozis Ze boWoriSvili, aleqsandre samsonis Ze bokeria da

ivane daviTis Ze avaliSvili. sasamarTlom zemoT CamoTvlil pirebs sxvadasxva vadiT

patimroba miusaja.

qvemoT gTavazobT dokumentebsa da masalebs, romlebic kidev ufro srulyofen 1924

wlis ajanyebis istorias.

dokumentebi da masalebi qveyndeba dednis stilis Seucvlelad, gasworebulia

mxolod koreqtura da punqtuacia, kvadratul frCxilSi motanili teqsti ekuTvnis

gamomcemels.

44

***

dokumenti #1. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos

Tavmjdomaris werili saqarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sabWos

1925 wlis 3 ivlisamde

[saqarTvelos] saxalxo komisarTa sabWos

uzenaesi sasamarTlo gTxovT, paritetul komitetis saqmisaTvis rusTavelis TeatrSi

darbazis mosawyobad saCqarod gamogviyoT Semdegi masala: ficrebi 3 1/4X6 sigrZ[e]-12

arS[ini]=45 cali

„bruski“ 1/2X2 „-12 “ =25“

„bruski“ 1/2X5 „-12 „ =15 “

„bruski“ 1/2X1/2 „-12 “ = 2“

da 200 maneTi avansad samuSaos xarjebis gasawevad.

uz[enaesi] sas[amarTlos] Tavmjdomare (xelmowerilia)

mdivani (xelmowerilia)

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furceli 505.

dokumenti #2. 1924 wlis ajanyebis monawile patimarTa werili

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi

sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares galaktion vaSaZes

1925 wlis 5 ivlisi

saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikis

uzenaes sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares

moq[alaqe] vaSaZes

saq[arTvelos] anti-sabWoTa

politikur partiebis paritetul

komitetis saqmeebis gamo

pasux[isgebaSi] micemul pirTagan

gancxadeba:

Cven, qvemoT amisa xelis momwerni braldebulebi gTxovT, rac SeiZleba daCqarebiT

dagviniSnoT TviTeulze TiTo saxazino damcveli da amrigad, mogvceT saSvaleba

sasamarTlos sxdomebamde Cvens damcvelebTan erTad Cveni saqmeebis gacnobisa.

1. [gabriel] gogoliSvili

2. apolon baxtaZe

3. simon xoferia

4. al[eqsandre] CxaiZe

5. xariton laSxia

6. genadi belTaZe

7. vaxtang nacvliSvili

8. ambr[osi] kvirikaZe

9. v[ladimer] gegeWkori

10. m[ixeil] WaniSvili

11. a[rtem] fanculaia

12. mixeil iSxneli

13. v[lasi] mamalaZe

45

5 ivlisi 1925 w[eli]. gam[asworebeli] saxlis saavadmyofo.


dokumenti #3. saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier 1924 wlis

ajanyebis monawileTaTvis saxazino damcvelebis daniSvna

1925 wlis 5 ivlisamde

saxazino damcvelTa ganawilebis sia

1. [grigol] giorgaZe

2. [kirile] niniZe CerqeziSvili

3. [nikifore] imnaiSvili

4. [grigol] rcxilaZe

5. [samson] dadiani mesxiSvili

6. [ambrosi] kvirikaZe

7. [aleqsandre] CxaiZe

8. [gabriel] gogoliSvili gubelaZe

9. [ivane] lorTqifaniZe

10. [mixeil] boWoriSvili

11. [apolon] baxtaZe riJamaZe

12. [mixeil] WaniSvili

13. [ivane] avaliSvili

14. [nikoloz] nakaSiZe dadiani SoTa

15. [vladimer] beriZe

16. [iakob] fanoziSvili

17. [vaxtang] nacvliSvili qiqoZe nikoloz

18. [vladimer] gegeWkori

19. [mixeil] iSxneli

20. xoferia xuxu polumordvinovi

21. [Salva] TvalTvaZe

22. kalandariSvili akaki

23. Sengelia Teofile jafariZe vano

24. [egnate] gabliani

25. [aleqsandre] ZaZamia

26. kalandariSvili S[alva] tatiSvili mixeil

27. [daviT] oniaSvili

28. [konstantine] andronikaSvili

29. [grigol] jinoria nasiZe

30. [genadi] belTaZe

46

31. [giorgi] cincabaZe

32. [nikoloz] qarcivaZe zedginiZe

33. [napoleon] kaxiani

34. [valerian] bilaniSvili

35. [vlasi] mamalaZe tatiSvili andrei

36. [Salva] ioseliani

37. [xariton] laSxia

38. [estate] lataria maWavariani

39. [akaki] fiCxaia

40. [artem] fanculaia

41. [parTen] xurciZe gelazarovi

42. [lavrenti] esvanjia

43. [biZina] pirveli

44. [aleqsandre] bokeria RvamiCava

uz[enaesi] sasam[arTlos] Tavmjdomare g. vaSaZe

mdivani (xelmowerilia)


dokumenti #4. 1924 wlis ajanyebaSi monawileobis braldebiT

dapatimrebulebis werili saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi

respublikis uzenaes sasamarTlos

1925 wlis 6 ivlisi

saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos

ama Tvis 4 Cabarebul sabralmdeblo daskvnis gacnobam CvenSi dahbada saWiroeba

gamoZiebis masalasTan xelmeored gacnobisa.

vinaidan sasamarTlos pirvel sxdomamdis jer sakmao dro aris, es ar gamoiwvevs

sasamarTlosaTvis raime uxerxulobas. miT umetes, rom Cven sul dagvWirdeba mxolod

ramodenime saaTi.

amitom, Tanaxmad s[aqarTvelos] s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] 246 muxlisa, gTxovT,

mogvceT saSvaleba saqmis mTel warmoebasTan gacnobisa.

kargi iqneboda, rom Cven gvqonoda saSvaleba imave dros, e. i. rodesac saqmis gacnobas

SeudgebiT, damcvelebTan Sexvedrisa, romlebsac, Tanaxmad Cvenis Txovnisa, dagviniSnavs

sasamarTlo.

Camatebul sityvas „xelmeored“ daujereT.

sagangebo komisiis satusaRo kote andronikaSvili sakani #18 6/VII 25 w. n. kaxiani

dilis 10 saaTi g. jinoria

g. anjafariZe


47

dokumenti #5. 1924 wlis ajanyebaSi monawileTa saqmeze

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi

sasamarTlos ganaCeni

1925 wlis 5 agvisto

ganaCeni

s[aqarTvelos] s[abWoTa] s[ocialisturi]

r[espublikis] saxeliT

uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavisi samsjavro sxdomaze 1925 wlis 15 ivlisidan 2/3

mariamobis Tvemde, Semdegi SemadgenlobiT:

Tavmjdomare amx[anagi] g. s. vaSaZe

da saxalxo msajulni: amx[anagebi]: i. T. sturua

i. a. cincaZe

moismina ra saqme braldebisa gamo braldebulebis: 1) k. e. andronikaSvilis 49 wlis,

yof[ili] Tavadi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]

/menSevikebis/ wevri 1902 wlidan; 2) d. e. oniaSvilis, 41 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT,

s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 wlidan; 3) g. e. jinorias,

37 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]

/menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 wlidan; 4) g. d. cincabaZis, 46 w[lis], muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT,

s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1899 wlidan; 5) n. i. qarcivaZis,

43 w[lis] yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa]

p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 wlidan; 6) g. m. belTaZis, 25 w[lis], glexi, studenti,

s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1916 wlidan; 7) n. o. kaxianis,

47 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, profesiiT muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli]

m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1900 wlidan; 8) v. m. bilaniSvilis, 55 w[lis], yof[ili]

aznauri, profesiiT muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]

/menSevikebis/ wevri 1896 wlidan; 9) n. n. nakaSiZis, 28 w[lis], yof[ili] Tavadi, saSualo

ganaTlebiT, yof[ili] oficeri, upartio; 10) i. s. fanoziSvilis, 29 w[lis], glexi, saSualo

ganaTlebiT, upartio; 11) g. n. anjafariZis, 37 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT,

s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1905 wlidan; 12) v. l.

mamalaZis, 41 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]

/menSevikebis/ wevri 1905 wlidan; 13) T. s. Sengelias, 38 w[lis], muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT,

s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1905 wlidan; 14) a. m.

kalandariSvilis, 24 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, studenti, s[ocial]-

d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1919 wlidan; 15) S. d. ioselianis, 40

w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]

/menSevikebis/ wevri 1905 wlidan; 16) x. p. laSxias, 32 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT,

s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1912 wlidan; 17) e. b. latarias,

30 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis]

/menSevikebis/ wevri 1915 wlidan; 18) a. m. ZaZamias, 34 w[lis], muSa, dabali ganaTlebiT,

s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1906 wlidan; 19) a. a. fiCxaias,

46 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa]

p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1902 wlidan; 20) a. f. fanculaias, 30 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi

ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1912 wlidan; 21)

p. i. xurciZes, 24 w[lis], glexi, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/

wevri 1917 wlidan; 22) l. v. esvanjias, 42 w[lis], glexi, dabali ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-

d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 w[lidan]; 23) i. v. javaxiSvilis, 37

w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, erovnul-demokratebis partiis wevri 1917

wlidan; 24) m. n. iSxnelis, 37 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, nac[ional]-

demok[ratiuli] partiis wevri 1917 wlidan; 25) s. g. xoferias, 28 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri,

studenti, nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli] partiis wevri 1914 wlidan; 26) S. m. kalandariSvilis,

27 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli]

48

partiis wevri 1914 wlidan; 27) b. g. pirvelis, 22 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis,

nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli] partiis wevri 1917 wlidan; 28) v. d. nacvliSvilis, 57 w[lis],

yof[ili] aznauri, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yof[ili] polkovniki, upartio; 29) i. d. avaliSvilis,

48 w[lis], yof[ili] Tavadi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, upartio; 30) v. a. beriZis, 33 w[lis], yof[ili]

aznauri, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yof[ili] oficeri, upartio; 31) S. a. TvalTvaZis, 28 w[lis],

yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, studenti, nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli] partiis wevri 1917

wlidan; 32) g. t. giorgaZis, 44 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT,

s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1912 w[lidan] 1920 wlamdi,

Semdeg „sxiveli“; 33) n. b. imnaiSvilis, 35 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-

d[emokratiuli] m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1904 w[lidan] 1920 wlamdi, Semdeg

„sxiveli“; 34) k. i. niniZis, 44 w[lis], glexi, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, s[ocial]-d[emokratiuli]

m[uSaTa] p[artiis] /menSevikebis/ wevri 1903 w[lidan] 1920 wlamdi, Semdeg „sxiveli“; 35) g. s.

rcxilaZis, 48 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-fed[eralisturi]

p[artiis] wevri 1905 wlidan; 36) s. a. dadianis, 39 w[lis], yof[ili] Tavadi, umaRlesi

ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-fed[eralisturi] partiis wevri 1914 wlidan; 37) a. s. bokerias, 24

w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, studenti, soc[ialist]-fed]eralisturi] partiis wevri 1916 wlidan;

38) a. n. CxaiZis, 22 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-fed[eralisturi] partiis

wevri 1919 wlidan; 39) g. k. gogolaSvilis, 28 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, dabali ganaTlebiT,

soc[ialist]-fed[eralisturi] partiis TanamgrZnobi 1917 wlidan; 40) e. g. gablianis, 43 w[lis],

glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-feder[alisturi] partiis wevri; 41) k. d.

lorTqifaniZis, 33 w[lis], yof[ili] aznauri, dabali ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-

fed[eralisturi] partiis wevri 1917 wlidan; 42) a. s. kvirikaZis, 31 w[lis], yof[ili]

sasuliero wodebis, dabali ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-feder[alisturi partiis wevri 1913

wlidan; 43) g. n. boWoriSvilis, 32 w[lis], glexi, saSualo ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-

revol[ucionerTa] partiis wevri 1914 wlidan; 44) i. n. lorTqifaniZis, 35 w[lis], yof[ili]

aznauri, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, soc[ialist]-revol[ucionerTa] partiis wevri 1905 wevri; 45)

m. T. WaniSvilis, 28 w[lis], glexi, studenti, soc[ialist]-rev[olucionerTa] partiis wevri

1916 wlidan; 46) a. t. baxtaZis, 28 w[lis], yof[ili] sasuliero wodebis, saSualo ganaTlebiT,

soc[ialist]-rev[olucionerTa] partiis wevri 1916 wlidan; 47) v. a. gegeWkoris, 31 w[lis],

yof[ili] aznauri, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yof[ili] oficeri, upartio, romelTac braldebaT

borot-moqmedebani kontr-revolucioneruli danaSaulis xasiaTisa da romelnic mimarTuli

arian sabWoTa xelisuflebis da revoluciis monapovarTa winaaRmdeg, rac

gaTvaliswinebulni arian s.s.s.r. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58, 59 - pirveli nawili, 16, 64,

61, 60, 66 muxlebSi da miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi yvela is masalebi, romelnic CarTulia am

saqmeSi da romelnic dagrovilia momxdari mokvlevisa da winaswar gamoZiebis dros, risi

Sinaarsic Camoyalibebulia am saqmeSi darTuli sabralmdeblo daskvnaSi. am masalebis

SefasebebiT, awon-dawoniT, dapirdapirebiT im masalebTan, romelnic warmoiSven

sasamarTlos samsjavro gamoZiebis dros, mowmeebis Cvenebebis da braldebulTa axsna-

ganmartebis SefasebiT, werilobiTi sabuTebis garCeviT, uzenaesi sasamarTlo aRniSnavs: 1924

w[lis] mariamobisTveSi saqarTvelos s[abWoTa] s[ocialisturi] respublikis sxvadasxva

adgilebSi moxda calke jgufebis SeiaraRebuli gamosvla, romelic xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da miznaT hqonda ukanasknelis damxoba da Zalauflebis xelSi

Cagdeba. es gamosvla yvelgan damarcxebul iqna da misi mTavari monawileni dapatimrebuli...

1921 w[els] gasabWoebis Semdeg menSevikebis cekas TaosnobiT saqarTvelos antisabWoTa

partiebSi aRZrul iqna molaparakeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxis garSemo

mTliani frontis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. es molaparakeba grZeldeboda TiTqmis erTi weliwadi.

1922 w[lis] naxevrisaTvis moxda SeTanxmeba. Cvenebebis mixedviT teqsti SeTanxmebisa Semdegia:

1) partiebi erTdebian im mizniT, rom saerTo ZalebiT ibrZolon saqarTvelos

damoukideblobisaTvis; 2) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRdgenili

iqneba, unda mowveul iqnes damfuZnebeli kreba, romelsac warudgenen Tavis moqmedebis

angariSs rogorc sazRvargareT myofi mTavroba, ise is mTavroba, romelic gardamaval dros

iqneba Seqmnili; 3) damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze Sedgenili iqneba axali mTavroba

koaliciur principze im pirobiT, rom arc erT partias ar eqneba ufleba am mTavrobaSi

49

adgilebis erT mesamedze metis daWerisa; 4) unda arCeul iqnas paritetuli komisia

winandeli mTavrobis moRvaweobis gansaxilvelaT, romelmac respublika daRupvamde miiyvana;

5) am xelSekrulebaze xelismoweris momentidan unda arCeul iqnes paritetul safuZvelze

komiteti: „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis“ saxelwodebiT /igive paritetuli

komiteti/. paritetuli komitetis pirveli Semadgenloba Semdegi iyo: 1) menSevikebidan -

gogita faRava; 2) nac[ional]-demok[ratebidan] - i[ason] javaxiSvili; 3) „sxivelebidan“ -

muxran xoWolava; 4) soc[ialist]-fed[eralistebidan] gr[igol] rcxilaZe; 5) soc[ialist]-

revol[ucionerebidan] - i[oseb] gobeCia. Semdgomi cvlilebani paritetuli komitetis

SedgenilobaSi aseTi iyo: 1) menSevikebis mxriT g. faRava Sescvala n[ikoloz] qarcivaZem,

romelic am adgilze iyo 1923 w[lis] martamde, rodesac igi e. w. „samxedro centris“

CaSlasTan dakavSirebiT dapatimrebul iqna. qarcivaZis adgili daiWira kote

andronikaSvilma, romelic darCa iq agvistos avantiuris likvidaciamde; 2) nac[ional[-

demok[ratebis] mxriT paritetul komitetSi bolomde i. javaxiSvili darCa; 3) „sxivelebis“

mxriT m. xoWolavas sikvdilis Semdeg, e. i. 1922 w. dekembridan paritetul komitetSi aravin

ar yofila, formaluraT paritetul komitetTan kavSiris gawyveta ki maT acnobes ara

paritetul komitets, aramed partiebs aralegaluri konferenciis dadgenilebis saxiT,

romelic moxda 1923 w[lis] oqtomberSi; 4) soc[ialist]-fed[eralistebis] mxriT g. rcxilaZis

magivraT, romelic iyo paritetul komitetSi 1923 w[lis] martis Tvemdin, 1924 w[lis]

TebervalSi gaigzavna s[amson] dadiani, sadac is darCa imave wlis 18-19 mariobis Tvemde; 5)

soc[ialist]-revol[ucionerTa] mxriT - i. gobeCias Semdeg agvistos amboxebamde iyo m[ixeil]

boWoriSvili.

zemoT aRniSnul partiebs Soris moyvanili msgavsi SeTanxmeba moxda sazRvargareTac,

saxeldobr parizSi e. w. „sazRvargareTuli biuros“ Seqmnis saxiT. amas garda aqve, parizSi

Seiqmna qarTvel nacionalistebis, musavatelebis, daSnakebis da Crdilo kavkasiis erovnuli

jgufebis warmomadgenelTa bloki. am blokis istoria iwyeba jer kidev 1921 wlidan, rodesac

kavkasiis respublikebis sazRvargareT wasulma mTavrobebma moaweres xeli deklaracias da

SeTanxmebas Tavisi interesebis erTianobis Sesaxeb kavkasiis respublikebis

„damoukideblobis“ aRdgenisTvis warmoebul politikur brZolaSi. am SeTanxmebas win

uswrebda kavkasiis warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri. am TaTbirze dadebuli SeTanxmeba ecnoba

safrangeTis mTavrobis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare brianis saxiT. TaTbirze sxva

komisiebTan erTaT arCeul iqna samxedro komisiac, romelsac TaTbirma daavala samxedro

aparatis saorganizacio formebi. amnairaT, sakiTxi SeiaraRebuli amboxebis Sesaxeb,

intervenciis imedze damyarebuli, aRiZra sazRvargareT ufro adre, vidre saqarTveloSi

Seiqneboda paritetuli komiteti.

paritetuli komiteti isaxavs ra demokratiuli respublikis aRdgenas jer kidev n.

qarcivaZis Tavmjdomareobis dros ayenebs sakiTxs SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis programis

miRebis Sesaxeb. am kiTxvis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs soc[ialist]-fed[eralistTa]

warmomadgeneli g. rcxilaZe da gadis paritetuli komitetidan. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis idea

paritetul komitetSi TandaTanobiT iRebs gansazRvrul, ukve Camoyalibebul formas, e. w.

„samxedro centris“ saxiT. am droisTvis, e. i. 1922 w[lis] agvisto-seqtemberSi saqarTvelos

teritoriaze metad gafarTovda politikuri banditizmi, romelSiac TvalsaCino adgili

daiWira qaquca ColoyaSvilma. Tu pirvel xanebSi ColoyaSvili Tavisi bandiT moqmedebda

nac[ional]-demok[ratTa] xelmZRvanelobiT, misi xevsureTSi da duSeTis mazraSi gamosvlis

Semdeg gadadis paritetuli komitetis srul gankargulebaSi.

rodesac ajanyebis sakiTxi iRebs garkveul realur formebs, paritetul komitetTan arsdeba

samxedro komisia, romelic Tavisi mxriT iWers mWidro kavSirs: 1) TbilisSi gansakuTrebul

qvekomisiasTan; 2) periferiebSi - samazro, saolqo paritetul komitetebTan arsebul

samxedro organizaciebTan, iq ki sadac aseTebi ar arsebobda - sagangebo samxedro

rwmunebulebTan.

ukve zemoT aRniSnuli iyo kavkasiis, kerZoT ki sabWoTa xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege

qarTuli partiebis damokidebuleba safrangeTTan. amasTan erTaT, qarTveli nacionalistebi

yovel Rones xmarobden, rom makdonaldis mTavrobidan mieRoT gadaWrili dapireba,

romliTac uzrunvelyofili iqneboda inglisis Careva s[abWoTa] s[ocialisturi]

50

r[espublikebis] k[avSiris] Sinaur saqmeebSi saqarTvelos sakiTxis Sesaxeb. amisda mixedviT,

sabWoTa mowinaaRmdege qarTuli partiebi, romlebsac meTaurobda paritetuli komiteti,

SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebisaTvis mzadebaSi, mTel Tavis moqmedebas amyarebda mtkice rwmenaze,

rom antanta inglisisa da safrangeTis saxiT mxars dauWerda am gamosvlas ara marto

„moraluraT“, rogorc amis mtkicebas cdilobden avantiuris xelmZRvanelni, aramed

nivTieradac da iaraRiTac. rom saqarTvelos sakiTxis gadaWra ufro advili yofiliyo,

aucilebeli iqna cnobili kavSiris daWera musavatelebTan, daSnakebTan da umTavresaT

Crdilo kavkasiis kontr-revoliucionur organizaciebTan. amisda mixedviT baqoSi

menSevikebis cekas mier igzavneba evtixi saluqvaZe, romelsac davalebuli qonda cdiliyo

daemyarebina kavSiri musavatelebTan. saluqvaZem inaxula musavatisti aRa-ali-iusuf-zade,

ukanaskneli 1923 w[els] saTanado baraTebiT aRWurvili gaemgzavra TbilisSi da marTla

inaxula xomeriki. gacilebiT ufro farTo iyo damokidebuleba, romelic Seiqmna

paritetuli komitetisa da Crdilo kavkasiis kontr-revolucionur organizaciaTa Soris

sxvadasxva dros. Crdilo kavkasiaSi igzavnebian nac[ional]-demok[ratiuli] partiis wevrni:

winamZRvariSvili, yarangoziSvili, iSxneli da rwmunebulebi: avaliSvili, nakaSiZe, beriZe.

ukanasknelni sami specialuraT paritetuli komitetis davalebiT. amnairaT, paritetuli

komitetis blokis sakiTxSi kavkasiis sxva kontr-revoliucionur organizaciebTan irkveva,

rom paritetuli komitetis moqmedeba scildeboda „saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis

brZolis“ farglebs da gadioda blokamde musavatelebTan da Crdilo kavkasiis kontr-

revoliucionur organizaciebTan da rom am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos antisabWoTa partiebis

taqtika ubralo gameoreba iyo imisi, rac sazRvargareT xdeboda.

1923 w[lis] dasawyisSi ColoyaSvilis banda ukve gadadis formaluraT paritetuli

komitetis gamgeblobaSi. amis Semdeg ColoyaSvilis banda sazrdoebs im fuliT, romelic

mas paritetuli komitetidan egzavneba yovelTviuraT. i. javaxiSvili Tavis CvenebaSi ambobs:

yovel TviuraT mas - ColoyaSvils - egzavneboda orasi lira. paritetul komitets aqvs

masTan kavSiri samxedro komisiis meSveobiT. amiT ar isazRvreba paritetuli komitetis

kavSiri sxvadasxva xasiaTis bandebTan, kerZoT kasraZis bandasTan. geno belTaZis Cvenebidan

sCans, rom partiuli organizaciis mier davalebuli qonda gadaeca aTi kacisagan Semdgar

bandisTvis sapasporto blankebi. paritetul komitetTan arsebobda teroristuli jgufi

agvistos gamosvlebis drosa da... mixeil koRuaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. am jgufs savsebiT

Camoyalibebuli saxe hqonda. igi paritetuli komitetis davalebiT asrulebda teroristul

aqtebs: 1) am jgufis mier 1923 w[lis] dekembris 29 moklul iqna Zveli muSa, profkavSiris

wevri da moRvawe ilarion giorgaZe; 2) 1923 w[lis] 10 Tebervals, ozurgeTis mazraSi, sof[el]

lixaurSi ozurgeTis organizaciis dadgenilebiT da menSevikebis cekas TanxmobiT

SeiaraRebuli brbo Tavs daeca samxedro komisar aleqsandre obolaZes da wiTel

komandirebs sanikiZes da CubinaZes da yumbariT daxoces; 3) mzaddeboda Tavdasxma 1923 w[lis]

seqtembris 3 moskovidan baTumSi mimaval matarebelze mgzavrebis gaZarcvis mizniT partiis

saWiroebisaTvis. am or ukanasknel faqts adastureben mowmeni, pirvels WeiSvili da meores

batonisaSvili da Smeliovi.

jer kidev 1923 w[lis] damdegs, rodesac saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiam moaxdina e.

w. „samxedro centris“ likvidacia, aRniSnuli saqmidan gamoirkva, rom paritetul komitets

sruli cnobebi hqonda saqarTvelos wiTeli jaris nawilebis saomari unaris Sesaxeb.

xomerikis dapatimrebis dros aRmoaCines sazRvargareTidan mis saxelze gamogzavnili

werili, romelSidac iwereboden: „gigzavniT radio-aparats. Tu es aparati imuSavebs, Cven

saSualeba gveqneba samxedro cnobebi SevkriboT mTel kavkasiaSi, Cveni miznebisaTvis amas

daufasebeli mniSvneloba eqneba“. rom sazRvargareT igzavneboda samxedro xasiaTis cnobebi,

amas adasturebs seiT devdarianis Cvenebac. amas adasturebs agreTve g. faRavasTan

aRmoCenili werili stambolidan. am werilSi Semdegi frazaa: „mogvawodeT samxedro

informacia“. amgvaraT, jaSuSoba da kontr-damzveravi muSaoba paritetuli komitetis xelSi

samxedro cnobebis dagrovebiT, romelic grovdeboda ara marto ajanyebis mowyobis mizniT,

aramed sazRvargareT gasagzavnaTac, rac faqtiuraT kidevac igzavneboda.

1924 wlis zafxulisaTvis paritetuli komitetis samxedro mzadeba sruldeba.

ajanyebis gegmaSi Sedioda mTavrobis iaraRis sawyobebis xelSi Cagdeba. daniSnulia

51

ajanyebis dRec 28/29 agvistos Rame. amboxebis win muSaoba gacxovelda. v[aliko] juRelis

dapatimrebis Semdeg paritetuli komiteti Cqarobs gamosvlis mowyobas maxlobel dReebSi

da 1924 w[lis] 18 agvistos „paritetuli komitetis“ prezidiumi iwvevs plenarul sxdomas. am

sxdomaze daeswren: k[onstantine] andronikaSvili, i[ason] javaxiSvili, boWoriSvili, s[amson]

dadiani, „sxivelebidan“ aravin daswrebia. sxdomam gadaswyvita ajanyebis sakiTxi

praqtikulaT, rasac mxari dauWires: menSevikebma, nac[ional]-demokratebma da soc[ialist]-

revoliucionerebma TavianTi warmomadgenlebis saxiT. soc[ialist]-federalistebis partiis

warmomadgenelma, s[amson] dadianma protesti ganacxada SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mowyobis

winaaRmdeg da dastova partiis saxeliT sxdoma.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom, miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi yvela zemoaRniSnuli da personaluri roli

kontr-revoliucionur moqmedebaSi, gamomJRavnebuli sasamarTlos samsjavro gamoZiebis

dros scno:

I braldebulni: k. andronikaSvili, d. oniaSvili, g. jinoria, n. qarcivaZe, g.

anjafariZe, i. javaxiSvili, g. giorgaZe, n. imnaiSvili, k. niniZe, g. rcxilaZe, s. dadiani da m.

boWoriSvili, iyvnen ra sxvadasxva dros 1922 wlis agvistodan vidre 1924 wlis agvistos 30-

mde wevrebaT da sagangebo rwmunebulebaT „paritetuli komitetisa“ da antisabWoTa

partiebis centraluri komitetebis aqtiur wevrebaT, saxeldobr „paritetuli komitetis“

wevrebaT: k. andronikaSvili, i. javaxiSvili, m. boWoriSvili, n. qarcivaZe, g. rcxilaZe, s.

dadiani; „paritetuli komitetis“ sagangebo rwmunebulebi: g. anjafariZe da g. jinoria;

antisabWoTa partiebis centralur komitetebis wevrebaT: d. imnaiSvili, g. giorgaZe, k. niniZe

da d. oniaSvili, romlebis mizansac Seadgenda saqarTveloSi muSaTa da glexTa sabWoebis

xelisuflebis da saqarT[velos] soc[ialisturi] sabW[oTa] respublikis konstituciis

safuZvelze arsebuli muSur-glexuri mTavrobis ZaliT damxoba da Zalauflebis xelSi

Cagdeba. igini - braldebulni - am mizniT zemoaRniSnuli drois ganmavlobaSi, SeiaraRebuli

bandebis SeqmniT da arsebulTan kavSiris daWeriT awyobden da amzadebden SeiaraRebul

ajanyebas saqarTveloSi, ra amboxebasac marTla qonda adgili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

adgilebSi 1924 w[lis] agvistos 28-dan - 30-mde, magram is sruli marcxiT daTavda, ra qmedebac

gaTvaliswinebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58 da I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebiT]. am

m[uxlebis] aRniSnul qmedebas ar uaryofen braldebulni: k. andronikaSvili, g. jinoria, d.

oniaSvili, i. javaxiSvili da n. qarcivaZe. braldebulni - g. rcxilaZe, g. giorgaZe, n.

imnaiSvili, k. niniZe, s. dadiani - iyven ra: 1) g. rcxilaZe paritetuli komitetis wevraT

dRidan misi daarsebisa Teberval-martamde 1923 w[lis] da rodesac daisva SeiaraRebuli

amboxebis programis sakiTxi, ar SeuerTda mis miRebas da dastova paritetuli komiteti; 2)

s. dadiani iyo ra soc[ialist]-feder[alisturi] partiis warmomadgenlaT paritetul

komitetSi 1924 w[lis] Tebervlis Tvidan da rodesac daisva da gadawyda praqtikuli

SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mowyobis sakiTxi, man dadianma partiis saxeliT gamoacxada

protesti da gavida paritetuli komitetidan; 3) n. imnaiSvili, g. giorgaZe da k. niniZe,

rogorc „sxivelebis“ centraluri komitetis aqtiuri wevrebi iyven dakavSirebulni

paritetuli komitetis muSaobasTan Tavisi partiis warmomadgenlis, muxran xoWolavas

saxiT. ukanasknelis sikvdilis Semdeg „sxivelebis“ centralur komitets, romelSic

Sedioden braldebulni: n. imnaiSvili, k. niniZe, g. giorgaZe Tavisi warmomadgeneli

paritetul komitetSi ar gaugzavniaT, radganac uaryofden ajanyebas, rac, e. i. ajanyebis

uaryofa miiRo maTi partiis aralegalurma konferenciam 1923 w[lis] oqtomberSi.

braldebuli n. qarcivaZe paritetuli komitetis Tavmjdomare iqmna dapatimrebuli 1923

w[lis] martSi da mis dapatimrebis gamo ar miuRia monawileoba mariobis Tvis ajanyebaSi. im

qmedebaSi ki, romelic mas bralaT edeba zemoaRniSnuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me

58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebis] mixedviT, saq[arTvelos] sag[angebo] komisiis dadgenilebis

ZaliT ukve misjili aqvs Tavisuflebis aRkveTa dapatimrebiT.

II braldebulni: a. kalandaraSvili, S. kalandaraSvili, k. biloniSvili, e. lataria,

a. fiCxaia, p. xurciZe, l. esvanjia, S. TvalTvaZe, a. fanculaia, v. mamalaZe, T. Sengelia, n.

kaxiani, S. ioseliani, m. iSxneli, x. laSxia, g. cincaZe, g. cincabaZe, v. gegeWkori, g. belTaZe,

s. xoferia, b. pirveli, e. gabliani, a. kvirikaZe, m. WaniSvili, a. bokeria, a. CxeiZe, g.

gogoliSvili, k. lorTqifaniZe, i. lorTqifaniZe, a. baxtaZe, n. nakaSiZe, i. avaliSvili, v.

52

beriZe, iyven ra pirveli 29 maTgani, rogorc wevrebi da aqtiuri moRvaweebi saqarTvelos

aralegalur antisabWoTa partiebisa da ukanaskneli sami, rogorc upartioebi, Tumca ar

iRebden uSualo monawileobas paritetuli komitetis SeqmnaSi da ar iyven misi wevrebi,

magram exmareboden ukanasknels, rogorc 1924 w[lis] agvistoSi momxdar ambebis wina xanebSi,

ise TviT am ambebis dros I punqtSi CamoTvlil miznebis misaRwevaT, SeiaraRebuli bandebis

organizaciiT, maTTvis sursaT-sanovagis da aRkazmulobis gadacemiT da kidev uSualo

monawileobiT am bandebis gamosvlebSi, rogorc 1924 w[lis] 28-30 agvistos ambebis dros, ise

manamde, ra qmedebac gaTvaliswinebulia sis[xlis] sam[arTlis] kod[eqsis] 61 m[uxliT]

braldebulebma: latariam, esvanjiam, TvalTvaZem, Sengeliam, ioselianma, laSxiam,

gegeWkorma, pirvelma, gablianma, a. kalandaraSvilma, S. kalandaraSvilma, iSxnelma,

avaliSvilma, kaxianma, icvnes Tavi damnaSaveT. braldebuli s. bilaniSvili ar uaryofs im

faqts, rom man miiRo werili k. andronikaSvilisagan da ukanasknelis winadadebiT gauwia

daxmareba vinme levan kandelaks, romelic SemdegSi caguria aRmoCnda, romelsac

davalebuli qonda k. andronikaSvilis mier gare kaxeTSi amboxebis mowyoba; 2) xurciZe Tavis

CvenebaSi, micemuli sasamarTlos samsjavro sxdomaze, ar uaryofs Sexvedris faqts

cikuriSvilis bandasTan, romelTanac is awarmoebda molaparakebas. ar uaryofs agreTve im

faqts, rom is g. faRavas davalebiT iyo vladikavkazSi iqauri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb cnobebis

CamosatanaT; 3) TvalTvaZe ar uaryofs, rom is braldebul S. kalandaraSvilis davalebiT

asrulebda kavSiris rols zugdidsa da senaks Sua; 4) mamalaZe ar uaryofs im faqts, rom

igi amboxebamde awarmoebda muSaobas qobuleTis organizaciaSi; 5) fanculaia ar uaryofs

im faqts, rom igi iyo afxazeTis menSevikuri partiis saolqo komitetis Tavmjdomare da

qonda kavSiri centridan Camosul pirebTan, romelTac davalebuli qondaT amboxebis

niadagis momzadeba afxazeTSi; 6) kaxiani ar uaryofs im faqts, rom misi xelmZRvanelobiT

Catarda Tbilisis raionebSi samxedro organizaciebis mowyoba; 7) g. cincabaZe ar uaryofs

im faqts, rom Rebulobda aqtiur monawileobas ajanyebis samzadisSi; 8) g. belTaZe ar

uaryofs im faqts, rom partiis davalebiT gadasca aTi kacisagan Semdgar bandas sapirado

mowmobebis blankebi; 9) kvirikaZe ar uaryofs im faqts, rom amboxebis dros s[ofel] baRdadSi

mitingze warmoTqva sityva sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. agreTve qonda molaparakeba

amboxebis wina dReebSi v. mgelaZesTan; 10) fiCxaia ar uaryofs im faqts, rom miiRo davaleba

soxumSi wasasvlelaT braldebuli jinoriasagan; 11) WaniSvili ar uaryofs im faqts, rom

iyo soc[ialist]-revoliucioner[Ta] partiis cekas wevri; 12) bokeria ar uaryofs im faqts,

rom qonda molaparakeba ajanyebis Sesaxeb g. faRavasTan da winamZRvariSvilTan; 13)

gogolaSvili ar uaryofs im faqts, rom baTumis samxedro organizaciis wevris winadadebiT

l. axvledianTan erTaT baTomidan wavida qobuleTSi, sadac samxedro Stabi unda

Camosuliyo; 14) lorTqifaniZe konstantine ar uaryofs im faqts, rom ajanyebis wina dReebSi

Sexvda vlasa mgelaZes, romlidganac miiRo winadadeba mieRo monawileoba ajanyebaSi,

razedac igi dasTanxmda; 15) lorTqifaniZe ivane iyo soc[ialist] revol[ucionerTa] partiis

cekas wevri, rac daadastura winaswar gamoZiebis dros braldebulma baxtaZem; 16) baxtaZes,

winaswar gamoZiebis dros misi CvenebiT, mas davalebuli qonda SeiaraRebuli Zalis

saSvalebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ajanyeba daiwyeboda TbilisSi aeRo sasaxle, sakomendanto

sammarTvelo da wiTeli jaris Stabis Senoba; 17) nakaSiZe da 18) beraZe ar uaryofen im faqts,

rom braldebul avaliSvilTan erTaT gagzavnil iqmnen paritetuli komitetis davalebiT

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi cnobebis SesakrebaT.

III braldebulni: k. andronikaSvili, g. jinoria, i. javaxiSvili, m. boWoriSvili, m.

iSxneli, g. cincabaZe, iyven ra antisabWoTa partiebis wevrebad da aqtiur moRvaweebaT,

ganzraxuli maT mier ajanyebis warmatebiT dasrulebisaTvis iyoliebden ucxo

saxelmwifoebs saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikis saqmeebSi SeiaraRebul Carevaze. es

qmedoba, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 60 m[uxliT] da brali

edebaT braldebulebs: k. andronikaSvils, g. jinorias, i. javaxiSvils, m. iSxnels, m.

boWoriSvils da g. cincabaZes, gamomdinareobs im umTavresi braldebidan, romelic

gaTvaliswinebulia s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59, 61 m[uxlebiT] da

romelidanac Tavi damnaSaveT aRiares zemoaRniSnulma braldebulebma da savsebiT

mtkicdeba saqmeSi myof werilobiTi sabuTebiT da CvenebebiT.

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IV. braldebulni: k. andronikaSvili, g. jinoria, i. javaxiSvili, m. iSxneli, m.

boWoriSvili, a. ZaZamia, s. xoferia, i. fanoziSvili, iyven ra aralegalur antisabWoTa

partiebis wevrebaT da aqtiur moRvaweebaT, ukanaskneli - i. fanoziSvili - ki, rogorc

upartio, sxvadasxva dros 28-30 agvistos momxdar ambebis wina xanebSi uwevden farvelobas

da xelmZRvanelobas respublikis farglebSi momqmed SeiaraRebul bandebs, romlebic

kontrrevoliucionuri mizniT asrulebden teroristul aqtebs, saxeldobr ColoyaSvilis

banda awarmoebda teroristul aqtebs muSur-glexur organizaciebis moRvaweTa winaaRmdeg;

awyobden da xelmZRvanelobden imave mizniT teroristul aqtebs partiebis centralur

komitetebTan arsebuli teroristuli jgufebis saSvalebiT: 1923 w[lis] 10 Tebervals

moklul iqnen samxedro komisari a. obolaZe da jaris wiTeli xelmZRvanelebi sanikiZe da

CubiniZe; 1923 w[lis] 29 dek[embers] moklul iqna profkavSiris wevri ilarion giorgaZe;

mzaddeboda Tavdasxma moskovidan baTumSi mimaval matarebelze mgzavrebis gaZarcvis mizniT.

es qmedobani, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], romlis

Cadena bralaT edebaT braldebulebs: k. andronikaSvils, g. jinorias, i. javaxiSvils, m.

iSxnels, m. boWoriSvils, gamoZaxili iyo im sastiki brZolis, romelsac awarmoebden

braldebulebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da am mxriT maTi mTeli moqmedeba

danaSaulis CasadenaT sxvasac iyoliebda.

uzenaesi sasamarTlo gamomdinareobs ra zemoT aRniSnuli Camoyalibebuli braldebisagan

da ixelmZRvanela ra me 317, 318, 319, 320, 326 da s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 26 m[uxlebiT].

adgens:

1. braldeba mimarTuli: v. bilaniSvilis, n. nakaSiZis, a. kalandaraSvilis, e. latarias,

ak. fiCxaias, p. xurciZis, l. esvanjias, S. kalandaraSvilis, i. avaliSvilis, v. beriZis da S.

TvalTvaZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT]

59 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos daumtkiceblaT.

2. braldeba mimarTuli: i. fanoziSvilis da a. ZaZamias mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli

s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 61 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos daumtkiceblaT.

3. braldeba mimarTuli: d. oniaSvilis, g. anjafariZis, g. giorgaZis, k. niniZis, n.

imnaiSvilis, g. rcxilaZis, s. dadianis, a. kalandaraSvilis, S. kalandaraSvilis,

bilaniSvilis, n. nakaSiZis, latarias, fiCxaias, xurciZis, esvanjias, avaliSvilis, beraZis,

TvalTvaZis, fanculaias, mamalaZis, Sengelias, ioselianis, laSxias, belTaZis, ZaZamias,

xoferias, gablianis, kvirikaZis, WaniSvilis, iv. lorTqifaniZis, n. qarcivaZis da n. kaxianis

mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis samar[Tlis] kod[eqsis] me 60 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos

daumtkiceblaT.

4. braldeba mimarTuli: d. oniaSvilis, n. qarcivaZis, v. bilaniSvilis, n. nakaSiZis, g.

anjafariZis, a. kalandaraSvilis, e. latarias, a. fiCxaias, p. xurciZis, l. esvanjias, S.

kalandaraSvilis, i. avaliSvilis, v. beriZis, S. TvalTvaZis, g. giorgaZis, n. imnaiSvilis, k.

niniZis, g. rcxilaZis, s. dadianis, v. cincabaZis, g. belTaZis, n. kaxianis, v. mamalaZis, T.

Sengelias, S. ioselianis, x. laSxias, b. pirvelis, v. nacvliSvilis da v. gegeWkoris mimarT,

gaTvaliswinebuli sisx[lis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos

daumtkiceblaT.

5. braldeba mimarTuli: d. oniaSvilis, n. qarcivaZis, v. bilaniSvilis, n. nakaSiZis, g.

anjafariZis, a. kalandaraSvilis, e. latarias, a. fiCxaias, p. xurciZis, l. esvanjias, S.

kalandaraSvilis, v. beriZis, S. TvalTvaZis, g. giorgaZis, n. imnaiSvilis, k. niniZis, g.

rcxilaZis, s. dadianis da fanculaias, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis]

me 66 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos daumtkiceblaT.

6. vaxtang dimitris Ze nacvliSvili, mis mimarT wayenebuli braldebis

daumtkiceblobis gamo, gamarTlebuli iqnas.

7. braldeba mimarTuli: ivane nestoris Ze lorTqifaniZis, valerian mixeilis Ze

bilaniSvilis, estate besarionis Ze latarias, akaki aleqsis Ze fiCxaias, lavrenti vasilis

Ze esvanjias, Salva konstantines Ze TvalTvaZis, vlasi lukas Ze mamalaZis, Salva dimitris

Ze ioselianis, xariton petres Ze laSxias, vladimer aleqsis Ze gegeWkors, Teofile simonis

Ze Sengelias, egnate giorgis Ze gablians, ambrosi sabas Ze kvirikaZis, mixeil Tomas Ze

54

WaniSvilis, gabriel konstantines Ze gogoliSvilis, konstantine darispanis Ze

lorTqifaniZis, aleqsandre samsonis Ze bokerias, aleqsandre nikolozis Ze CxaiZis, akaki

maTes Ze kalandaraSvilis, Salva maTes Ze kalandaraSvilis da artem filipes Ze fanculaias

mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 61 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos

damtkicebulaT. sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs ra maT mier Cadenil qmedobis mcire

mniSvnelobas, TanaxmaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa] miesajos TiToeul

maTgans Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT, sastiki izolaciiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo iRebs

ra mxedvelobaSi, rom zemoaRniSnuli pirebi saSiSroebas sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis ar

warmoadgenen, TanaxmaT sakavSiro centralur aRmasrulebeli komitetis me III sesiis 1925

w[lis] 7 martis dadgenilebisa, ganTavisuflebuli iqnan sasjelisagan.

8. braldeba mimarTuli daviT efremis Ze oniaSvilis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli

s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebisa], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT.

uzenaesi sasamarTlo iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi d. oniaSvilis Tavisi Secdomebis gulwrfel

aRiarebas sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaSe, Tanaxmad s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28

m[uxlisa], miesajos Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT, sastiki izolaciiT, winaswari

dapatimrebis CaTvliT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs ra d. oniaSvilis avaTmyofobas,

darCenili sasjelis vadas, TanaxmaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 46 m[uxlisa], sTvlis

pirobiT sasjelaT sami wliT gamasworebeli vadiT.

9. braldeba mimarTuli: grigol simonis Ze rcxilaZis, samson platonis Ze dadianis,

kirile iases Ze niniZis, nikifore besarionis Ze imnaiSvilis da grigol kimoTes Ze giorgaZis

mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebisa],

CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi, rom xsenebuli

pirebi winaaRmdegi iyven sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis mowyobis da

sasamarTlos samsjavro sxdomaze aRiares sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis

aucilebloba, Tanaxmad s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa], miesajos TiToeul

maTgans Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT, sastiki izolaciiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo

iTvaliswinebs ra, rom g. rcxilaZe, s. dadiani, n. imnaiSvili, k. niniZe, g. giorgaZe ar

warmoadgenen sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis saSiSroebas, TanaxmaT sakavSiro centraluri

aRmasrulebeli komitetis 1925 w[lis] 7 martis dadgenilebisa ganTavisuflebuli iqnan

sasjelisagan.

10. braldeba aleqsandre beglaris Ze ZaZamias mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]

s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT. uzenaesi sasamarTlo

iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi mis proletarul mdgomareobas, TanaxmaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis]

kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa], miesajos mas sami wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sastiki izolaciiT.

xolo am sasjelis moxdidan sakavSiro centraluri aRmasrulebel komitetis 1925 w[lis] 7

martis dadgenilebis TanaxmaT, ganTavisuflebul iqnas.

11. braldeba nikoloz ioTamis Ze qarcivaZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis

sam[arTlis] kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebiT], romelzedac is erTxel ukve iyo

gasamarTlebuli saqarT[velos] sag[angebo] komisiis mier, uzenaesi sasamarTlo

xelmZRvanelobs ra s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 3 m[uxliT], n. qarcivaZes am saqmeze

sasamarTlo pasuxismgeblobidan anTavisuflebs.

12. braldeba iakob sabas Ze fanoziSvilis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]

s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], romelzedac is erTxel ukve iyo gasamarTlebuli

saq[arTvelos] sag[angebo] komisiis mier, uzenaesi sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs ra s[isxlis]

s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 3 m[uxliT], i. fanoziSvils am saqmeze sasamarTlo

pasuxismgeblobidan anTavisuflebs.

13. braldeba mimarTuli: apolon kimoTes Ze baxtaZis, nikoloz nikolozis Ze

nakaSiZis, vladimer aleqsis Ze beriZis, parTen ivanes Ze xurciZis da genadi moses Ze

belTaZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 61 m[uxliT],

CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da TanaxmaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa],

miesajos TiTeul maTgans Tavisuflebis aRkveTa sami wliT, sastiki izolaciiT, winaswari

dapatimrebis drois CaTvliT.

55

14. braldeba simon giorgis Ze xoferias mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]

s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 61, 16, 64 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da TanaxmaT

s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 28 m[uxlisa], miesajos mas sami wliT Tavisuflebis

aRkveTa, sastiki izolaciiT, winaswari dapatimrebis CaTvliT.

15. braldeba giorgi nestoris Ze anjafariZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]

s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59 m[uxlebisa], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da

miesajos mas Tavisuflebis aRkveTa xuTi wliT, sastiki izolaciiT da winaswari

dapatimrebis CaTvliT.

16. braldeba mimarTuli ivane daviTis Ze avaliSvilis da biZina giorgis Ze pirvelis

mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 61 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos

damtkicebulaT da miesajos TiTeul maTgans xuTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, sastiki

izolaciiT da winaswari dapatimrebis CaTvliT.

17. braldeba napoleon ilias Ze kaxianis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]

s[amarTlis] k[odeqsis] me 61 m[uxliT], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da miesajos mas

Tavisuflebis aRkveTa rva wliT, sastiki izolaciiT da winaswari dapatimrebis CaTvliT.

18. braldeba grigol dimitris Ze cincabaZis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli s[isxlis]

s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] me 60, 61 m[uxlebiT], CaiTvalos damtkicebulaT da miesajos mas rva

wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, sastiki izolaciiT da winaswari dapatimrebis caTvliT.

19. braldeba mimarTuli: konstantine emanuilis Ze andronikaSvilis, iason vladimeris

Ze javaxiSvilis, grigol evgenis Ze jinorias, mixeil nikolozis Ze boWoriSvilis da mixeil

nikolozis Ze iSxnelis mimarT, romelTagan pirvel oTxs braldebaT s[isxlis] s[amarTlis]

kod[eqsis] me 58, I naw[iliT] 59, 60, 16, 64, 66 m[uxlebiT] gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli da

ukanasknels s[isxlis] s[amarTlis] kod[eqsis] 61, 60, 16, 64, 66 m[uxlebi], CaiTvalos

damtkicebulaT da miesajoT maT sasjelis umaRlesi zoma - daxvreta. uzenaesi sasamarTlo

iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas da agreTve zemoaRniSnul

braldebulebis samsjavro sxdomaze gancxadebas, riTac isini mouwodeben qarTul

politikur partiebs dadgen mSvidobian gzas da sabWoTa konstituciis farglebSi sabWoTa

xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobiT, miiRon monawileoba saxelmwifoebriv, ekonomiur da

kulturul aRmSeneblobaSi, sasjelis umaRles zomas - daxvretas - cvlis aTi wliT

Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, sastiki izolaciiT da winaswari dapatimrebis CaTvliT. ganaCeni es

saboloa da ar SeiZleba iqnas gansaCivrebuli.

nivTieri damamtkicebeli sabuTebi gadaeces revoliuciis muzeums.

Tavmjdomare g[alaktion] vaSaZe

wevrebi: vano sturua,

i. cincaZe

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furclebi 766-779.

dokumenti #6. safrangeTis rkinigzis muSaTa delegaciis

saubari „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis“ TavmjdomaresTan konstantine (kote)

andronikaSvilTan

1926 wlis 30 seqtemberi

muSebi

kiTxvebi, romlebic dausva 1926 wlis 30 seqtembers

#1 gamasworebel saxlSi politikur patimrebs safrangeTis

rkinigzis muSaTa delegaciam da am kiTxvebze pasuxebi

kiTxva 1. ra aris Tqveni dapatimrebis mizezi?

pasuxi 1. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebaSi monawileoba.

kiTxva 2. romel politikur jgufs ekuTvnian dapatimrebulebi da rogori

proporciiT?

56

pasuxi 2. 16 patimridan 7 social-demokratia, 4 erovnul-demokrati, 2 socialist-

revolucioneri da 3 upartio.

kiTxva 3. cnobT Tu ara klasTa brZolas?

pasuxi 3. am kiTxvaze mxolod social-demokratebi pasuxoben, rom ki vaRiarebT.

kiTxva 4. mmarTvelobis rogori sistemis damyareba gsurdaT saqarTveloSi?

pasuxi 4. damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis, romelic sayovelTao saarCevno

sistemaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli.

kiTxva 5. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis periodSi aZlevdiT Tu

ara komunistebs im Tavisuflebas, romelsac Tqven iTxovdiT?

pasuxi 5. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis damokidebuleba komunistebTan or

periodad unda daiyos: pirveli, rodesac komunistebs miecaT legalurad muSaobis ufleba

(hqondaT TavianTi klubi, beWvdiTi organo „kavkasieli muSebi“, „komunisti“ da Rebulobdnen

monawileobas yvela saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis arCevnebSi); meore

periodi es aris represiebis periodi (dapatimrebebi da gazeTebis daxurva), radgan ruseTis

kom[unisturi] partia sistematurad cdilobda saqarTveloSi intervenciis ganxorcielebas;

mesame periodi. kom[unisturi] partiis xelaxla legalizeba 1920 wlis 7 maisis SeTanxmebis

Semdeg, romliTac sabWoTa ruseTma de iure cno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.

kiTxva 6. ra gaakeTa Tqvenma mTavrobam saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis

im 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi, ra periodSic iyaviT Tqven xelisuflebaSi?

pasuxi 6. unda gavixsenoT, rom msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg yvela eris

meurneoba dangreuli iyo. mdgomareoba kidev ufro daamZima sabWoTa ruseTis mier

saqarTvelosaTvis gamocxadebulma blokadam da saerTaSoriso satranzito gzis moSlam.

unda aRiniSnos aseve isic, rom saqarTvelos axalgazrda respublika maSin Tavis pirvel

nabijebs dgamda. moxda yvela Tavadaznauris miwis konfiskacia (garda TiToeuli

maTganisaTvis datovebuli normisa). konfiskirebuli miwebidan Seiqmna specialuri miwis

fondi, saidanac glexebi Rebulobdnen miwebs. saqarTvelom Seqmna Tavisi finansuri sistema.

aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli maneTis kursi yvela sabWoTa fulze ufro maRali kursis iyo

ara mxolod saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi, aramed saqarTvelos gasabWoebis

Semdegac, 1923 wlamde, roca qarTuli fuli gauqmda (ixileT 1922-1923 wlebSi gamocemuli

saqarTvelos centraluri statistikuri sammarTvelos krebuli). saqarTvelos

demokratiulma respublikam imTaviTve daiwyo molaparakebebi ucxoel kapitalistebTan maTi

kapitalis qveyanaSi mosazidad, magram amas xeli rusulma okupaciam SeuSala. rusulma

okupaciam SeuSala xeli aseve inglisisgan sesxis miRebas, arada sesxi ukve gamoyofili iyo.

ai, mxolod ramodenime Strixi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis nabijebis.

kiTxva 7. aRiarebT Tu ara s[abWoTa] s[ocialisturi] r[espublikebis] k[avSiris]

socialur da ekonomikur progress samoqalaqo omidan dRemde?

pasuxi 7. ruseTis socialuri da ekonomikuri progresi imsaxurebs Rrma Seswavlas

da interess, magram maTi Sefasebisagan Cven Tavs vikavebT. amasTanave, Cven gvsurs rus erTan

erTad gamovideT arsebuli siZneleebidan. saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT Cven vacxadebT, rom

okupaciis win saqarTvelos sawarmoo Zalebi iwyebdnen mxolod gafurCqvnas, magram

saokupacio xelisuflebam ZalmomreobiT SeaCera is.

kiTxva 8. rogor gepyrobian sapyrobileSi?

pasuxi 8. ajanyebasTan kavSiris braldebiT, Cveni informaciiT, sasamarTlos gareSe

4000 adamiani daxvrites, ramdenime aseuli ki ruseTSi gadaasaxles, sadac maT iZulebiT

amuSaveben. saqarTvelodan gasaxleba xdeba ZiriTadad politikuri motiviT. ajanyebaSi

monawile mxolod ramdenime aTeuli gadasces sasamarTlos. aTasebi ki Cekam daxvrita. aq

imyofeba 16 braldebuli sxvadasxva vadiT da mkacri izolaciiT (samidan aT wlamde).

kiTxvaze Tu rogori pirobebi gvaqvs sapyrobileSi, Tavs vikavebT pasuxis gacemisagan.

kiTxva 9. safrangeTis muSaTa gamosvlam da safrangeT-sabWoTa kavSiris molaparakebam

ra motivacia mogcaT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad?

pasuxi 9. Cven vfiqrobT, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad Cven mxari

unda dagviWiros mTelma saerTaSoriso demokratiam, romlis mTavar princips warmoadgens

erTa TviTgamorkveva. frangi komunistebidan Cven aseT mxardaWeras velodiT, radgan isini

57

aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars marokos da sirias damoukideblobas. es gvaZlevs uflebas

vifiqroT, rom mimdinare safrangeT-sabWoTa kavSiris molaparakebebi maTTvis warmoadgens

xelsayrel moments saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxis wamosaWrelad.

kiTxva 10. fiqrobT, rom moxdeba kapitalisturi qveynebis intervencia da isurvebdiT

amas saqarTvelos sasargeblod?

pasuxi 10. Cven winaaRmdegi varT yovelgvari intervenciis saqarTveloSi rogorc

sabWoTa ise momaval burJuaziul saqarTveloSi. es sakiTxi 1915 wlis parizis samSvidobo

konferenciaze wamoswia Cvenma deputatma i. wereTelma. am mosazrebas vemxrobiT exlac.

kiTxva 11. rogori saSualebebiT apirebT sabWoTa xelisuflebis Camogdebas?

pasuxi 11. vfiqrobT, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi cnobilia

yvela saerTaSoriso demokratiisTvis da rom am demokratiam Tavisi organoebis meSveobiT

(muSaTa socialisturi internacionali, erTa liga da sxv.) mosTxova sabWoTa ruseTs

moexsna okupacia saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc cdilobs sabWoTa ruseTi moxsnas rumineTma

okupacia besarabiaSi.

kiTxva 12. amarTlebT Tu ara Tqven axla 1924 wlis ajanyebas?

pasuxi 12. Cveni Sexeduleba amaze Cven sasamarTlo procesze vaCveneT, sadac

vacxadebdiT, rom ajanyeba iyo xelisuflebis okupaciis Sedegi. igive azrze varT axlac.

kiTxva 13. xarT Tu ara momxre sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZolis?

pasuxi 13. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis ganmeorebas Cven qarTveli erisTvis damRupvelad

vTvliT.

gadasca 16 patimris saxeliT k. andronikaSvilma.

1926 wlis 30 seqtemberi.

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 2, saqme 40, furclebi 386-389.

Levan Jikia

Documents and materials for the history

of 1924 Anti-Soviet National Revolt

Summary

In February-March, 1921 the Soviet Russia executed annexation and occupation of the democratic republic of

Georgia. Under the conditions of the strictest occupation regime the national forces attempted to organize the situation.

The aim of Georgian National Movement represented restoration of state independence of Georgia. The national

movement launched in 1921 was transformed into the forced revolt in 1924. The political parties began organizing the

struggle for restoration of the independence of Georgia. For achieving the common goal five leading political parties of

Georgia were united. They created `Committee of Independence of Georgia” (`Damkomi”). The committee determined

the date of the rebellion as 2 a.m. on August 28-29, 1924. In spite of the great devotion the rebels were defeated. From

July 15, 1925 to August 3, 1925 the trials of the leaders of the rebellion were being processed. The court divided the

defendants into categories and sentenced to imprisonment for different term. Five defendants were sentenced to be shot

though later the sentence was changed into 10 year-imprisonment. With it the soviet government wanted to show its

`human” face to the mankind, but in reality, under the unbearable circumstances existing in the prisons it was their torturer

face for death.

I suggest you the documents and materials that will complete the history of 1924 revolt in Georgia.

58

gvanca burduli, istoriis doqtori

brZola saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis

(ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris

1906 wlis 13 dekembris sxdoma)

1906 wlis 8 martidan 15 dekembramde sankt-peterburgSi mimdinareobda ruseTis

saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiri. TaTbiris mizani iyo ruseTSi patriarqobisa da saeklesio

krebis aRdgenisaTvis aucilebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis momzadeba. Cafiqrebuli saeklesio

reforma Tavisi SinaarsiT mravlis momcveli iyo. erT-erT sakiTxad ruseTis saeklesio

krebis winare TaTbirze ixileboda kavkasiaSi saeklesio cxovrebis mowyobis proeqti.

ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore ganyofileba ixilavda saqarTvelos

eklesiis statusis sakiTxs. qarTvelma mRvdelmTavrebma, episkoposma kirionma (giorgi

saZagliSvilma) da episkoposma leonidma (longinoz oqropiriZem), cnobilma mecnierma

qarTvelologma niko marma, aleqsandre cagarelma da aleqsandre xaxanaSvilma rogorc

kanonikuri, ise mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT daasabuTes saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis

avtokefaliis aRdgenis kanoniereba da samarTlianoba. rusma mecnierebma da samRvdeloebam

veraferi daupirispires qarTvelTa logikur mtkicebulebebs. miuxedavad amisa, saeklesio

krebis winare TaTbirma miuReblad miiCnia saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena.

ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirma muSaoba 1906 wlis 15 dekembers daasrula1.

ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore ganyofilebis 13 dekembris sxdoma

iyo ukanaskneli sxdoma, sadac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis kanonierebis sakiTxi

sabolood unda gadawyvetiliyo. sakiTxis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, warmovadgenT rusi

mecnierebis saboloo Sexedulebebs saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

1906 wlis 13 dekemberis ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore

ganyofilebis sxdomas (seqcias), romelsac Tavmjdomareobda litvisa da volinskis

mTavarepiskoposi, maRalsamRvdelo nikandri, eswrebodnen: mogilevis episkoposi stefane;

dekanozi prof. t. i. butkeviCi, dekanozi i. i. vostorgovi; profesori T. i. titovi, dekanozi

i. i. koialoviCi, profesorebi: i. s. berdnikovi, a. i. almazovi, m. a. ostroumovi, i. s. palmovi,

n. n. glubokovski, a. i. briliantovi, i. i. sokolovi. sxdomas aseve eswreboda wmida sinodis

oberprokurori, samoqalaqo mrCeveli v. f. trelini.

profesorma n. n. glubokovskim Tavisi saboloo Sexeduleba saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefaliis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ase daasabuTa:

„saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi, upirvelesad, CvenTan warmoadgines

misi praqtikuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare. Cvenc davadeqiT am gzas, raTa igi

gadagvewyvita ara marto Teoriuli mosazrebebiT, aramed Sesabamisi saeklesio

cxovrebisaTvis saWiro sasargeblo nabijebiT, yovelmxrivi ganmartebebiTa da dasabuTebiT.

Cvens ukanasknel sesiaze zogierTi Seecada saqme istoriul-arqeologiuri Ziebis sferoSi

gadaeyvana da msjelobisaTvis samecniero xasiaTi mieca. amis msurvelni maleve damarcxdnen.

me srulebiT ar veTanxmebodi da ar viyavi momxre, gvesaubra am axal SemoTavazebaze...

1) istoriuli movlenebis obieqturad gaSuqebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos

uZvelesi qristianobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb Cven SemogvTavazes bevri axali da originaluri

mosazreba, romliTac mniSvnelovan gaurkvevlobebs naTeli moefina, magram es yvelaferi

Zalian daSorebulia ZiriTadi Temisgan. Tuki mainc movindomebT da SesaZleblad CavTvliT

1Сергей Бычков. Русская Церковь и Императорская власть. Москва, 1998.

59

romelime mosazrebis gamoyenebas saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis dasamtkiceblad, unda

gamoviyenoT mociqulebrivi warmomavlobis faqti. msgavsi RirsebiT ki Semkulia dRes

arsebuli qristianuli eklesiebis umravlesoba. miuxedavad amisa yvelas ar gaaCnia

TviTmmarTvelobis unari, romlis pretenziasac acxadebs saqarTvelos eklesia. maSasadame,

es ukanaskneli (igulisxmeba saqarTvelos eklesia - g. b.) ar Seesabameba kanonikur

avtokefaliurobas. Cven vnaxeT, rom qarTvelebi qristes moZRvrebas sxvadasxva misioneris

saSualebiT ecnobodnen, romelTac Cven ver aviyvanT macxovris ama Tu im mowafis xarisxSi.

am dakvirvebebis Sedegad SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos eklesias mieniWos avtokefalia.

amitomac valdebulni varT, is davyoT ramdenime damoukidebel saeklesio olqad.

2) aravis eeWveboda, rom saqarTvelo odesRac saeklesio damoukideblobas flobda,

Tumca pirvel xanebSi msgavsi damoukidebloba saqristiano samyaros yvela did eklesias

hqonda. amJamad ki avtokefalia mxolod cotasRa gaaCnia. es uciloblad adasturebs imas,

rom rigiTi saeklesio damoukidebloba ar Seicavda aucilebelsa da kanonikur sanqciebs,

romlebic, gardauvalobidan gamomdinare, maTgan ar modioda. politikur sferoSi Cven

vpoulobT avtonomiurobis sakmaris magaliTebs, magram gana SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela

flobs saxelmwifoebriv avtonomias? maSin kulturul erTobas mowyvetili yvela veluri

iqneboda saxelmwifoebrivad avtonomiuri. WeSmariti avtonomia iwyeba im droidan, roca

adgilobriv xalxs sxva avtonomiur qveynebTan harmoniuli urTierToba aqvs da maT Soris

Tanasworuflebian adgils ikavebda iaponiac. arsebiTad igi mxolod ganvlili omis Semdeg

gaxda sruli avtonomiuri qveyana, xolo manamde mas saerTaSoriso SezRudvebi hqonda (sxva

qveynebSi ar hyavda sruluflebiani warmomadgenlebi). igive viTarebaa saeklesio

avtokefaliurobis SemTxvevaSic. es niSnavs sanqcirebul damoukideblobas, romelic

eklesiam moipova sxvadasxva TviTmmarTveli eklesiis msgavsad, romelsac saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis ucilobeli faqtoris RirsebiT iuridiul legalizebas ukeTebs.

sainteresoa, rogor iyo saqme am mimarTebiT saqarTvelos magaliTis mixedviT? d ai, es aris

metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. pasuxis sruli gaazrebisa da gacemisaTvis Cven gvesaWiroeba

mxolod faqtis da eklesiis avtokefaliis konstantireba. amasTanave, dazustebiT unda

gavarkvioT, rogor garemosa da ra pirobebSi eboZa mas avtokefalia?

3) am kardinaluri Temis Sesaxeb Cven aranairi gansxvaveba ar gvxvdeba da Semdgomi

viTarebisaTvis yvela damatebiTi swavleba mdgomareobas ufro arTulebs, arada, piriqiT,

naTels unda hfendes. pirvel rigSi niSandoblivia, rom Cven avtoritetulad gvimtkiceben,

TiTqos qarTuli wyaroebi sakmaod saeWvoa da gamoirCeva tendenciurobiT. Tuki es marTlac

asea, maSin Cven Zalian didi sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT iseTi cnobebis warmodgenisas,

romlebic exebian iuridiul-kanonikur Temebs tendenciuri da ZaldatanebiTi zegavlenis

fonze, romelic Tan gasdevs istoriul masalas. irkveva, rom saqarTvelos avtokefaliis

erTguli damcvelebi zustad am Zeglebze ageben analogebs misi kanonikurobis dacvisaTvis,

riTac mTel rig sakuTar daskvnebs agdeben ganqiqebaSi; dasasrul, mTeli maTi Sroma xdeba

gansakuTrebulad sadavo. maT kvlevebs bevri ukliaT faqtebamde da ar Seicaven

damajereblobas. maTSi ar SeimCneva arc raime samecniero maxvilgoniereba da arc

subieqturi kvleva-Zieba. amis gamo bevri ram gaugebari da bundovania. magaliTad, isini

adastureben, rom avtokefaliur saqarTveloSi kaTalikosi ar moixseniebda arc erT

patriarqs. es ki savsebiT dauSvebelia avtokefaliuri eklesiebis urTierTobaSi, anu, aqedan

gamomdinare, mas ar gaaCnia kanonikuri avtokefalia. sxva qarTuli cnobebi kidev ufro

bundovania da avtokefaliuri apologetika SemdgomSi iZulebulia mimarTos sxva

saSualebebs (antioqiis patriarqis Teodore balsamonis mier saqarTvelos garkveviT

moxsienieba, Tumca, rogorc Tvlian, es cnoba „antioqiuri tendenciurobisagan“ ar aris

Tavisufali). yovelive amis Semdeg me kvlav Seuryevlad vagrZeleb fiqrs, rom λεγεται mas

udasturebs istoriuli wyaroebis ararsebobas da eyrdnoba mxolod Worebs. magram gana

SeeZlo am Tavisi sizustiT cnobil avtors dakmayofilebuliyo am ukanaskneliT, Tuki igi

niSandobliv monacemebs flobda? amasTanave, es gaurkvevloba am gadmocemaSi srulad

ganekuTvneba kanonikurad boZebul avtokefalias. iveriis eklesiis daqvemdebarebas antioqiis

sapatriarqosadmi balsamoni mtkiced adasturebs, roca yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom es faqti

ar moiTxovs aranair damatebiT argumentacias. saqarTvelos eklesiis mogviano istoriaSi

60

imdenad xSiria arev-dareva, winaaRmdegobebi, rom axla namdvilad SeuZlebelia ZiriTad

sakiTxebSi garkveva, Tu ramdeni sakaTalikoso iyo, ratom daarsdnen isini, sxvebTan rogor

urTierTobaSi iyvnen, rogor kompetencias flobdnen da a. S. dasasrul ki, yvelaze

tendenciuri ganmartebebidanac SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom, kerZod, marTlac SemTxveviT moxda

erTi sapatriarqos (antioqiis) mxridan saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWeba

da ara „msoflio eklesiis mier“. am aramtkice niadagze ufro advilia Senobis dangreva,

vidre axali myari Senobis ageba saeklesio msaxurebisaTvis.

4) Tuki saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliurobis kanonikuri faqti jer kidev

gaurkvevelia, maSin aranakleb saTuo iqneba misi warmoSobisa da ararsebobis pirobebic,

riTac cdiloben Tavi daicvan. erT referatSi pirdapir xazgasmuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos

gaaCnda „imperiisadmi“ aradaqvemdebarebuli provinciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saeklesio

damoukidebloba. es ki TavisTavad sagangebod aRsaniSnavi ambavia, romelsac mxolod gakvriT

ixsenieben, arada Cveni sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis es didad faseulia. kanonebis mixedviT ki,

saeklesio mowyoba unda Seesabamebodes samoqalaqo mowyobas (IV msoflio krebis me-17

kanoni, trulis saeklesio krebis 38-e kanoni, II msoflio saeklesio krebis me-3 kanoni, IV

msoflio saeklesio krebis 28-e kanoni da antioqiis krebis me-9 kanoni). maSasadame, romelime

olqis politikuri mdgomareobis SecvlasTan erTad SesaZlebelia misi saeklesio

mdgomareobis Secvlac. aqedan gamomdinare, kanonikuri avtokefaliac ar SeiZleba

xeluxleblad CaiTvalos. garda amisa, mocemul Temaze uamravi magaliTi gvaqvs da isini

dokumentaluradac arian dadasturebulni i. s. palmovis moxsenebasa da ganmartebebSi,

aqedan ki T. i. titovma saWiro daskvnebi gamoitana. rac adre iyo saqarTvelo, dRes is aRar

aris. is ruseTis saxelmwifos Semadgeneli nawilia. sainteresoa, ratom aris, rom

gardasuli xana mas saerTod ar amcnobs missave uflebebs, romlebsac amJamad gamoiyenebda,

maSin, rodesac misaRebia garkveuli aucilebeli kanonikuri normebi. Tuki „saero

Jamgasuloba“ gamouyenebelia Tanamedrove saqarTvelosaTvis, maSin igi ufro uadgiloc

iqneba marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelosaTvis da ar arsebobs aranairi dabrkoleba

dasaxelebuli kanonebis marTebulad gamoyenebisaTvis... aqedan ki neba gveZleva davaskvnaT,

rom ar arsebobs Cvens droSi saqarTveloSi adre arsebuli avtokefaliis aRdgenis

safuZveli...

5) amrigad, kidev ver avxseniT is kanonikuri safuZveli, romlis mixedviTac unda

moxdes saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena. am punqtSi me principulad veTanxmebi

im Tvalsazriss, romelic Cveni ganyofilebis kompetenturi wevrebis kanonikur referatSi

gvxvdeba. Cemi mxriv, garkveviT mivuTiTeb, rom kanonikuri avtokefaliuroba saeklesio

TviTmyofadobasTan aranair kavSirSi ar aris da aqedan gamomdinare, pirvelis dakargva ar

niSnavs meoris darRvevas da Seuracxyofas. piriqiT, msgavsi metamorfozis drosac

saeklesio cxovreba adrindeli regulirebiT aRsruldeba da yovelgvari cvalebadobis

gareSe warmatebiT ganagrZobs Tavis arsebobas sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis. me Rrmad vcem

pativs erovnul Segnebas, religiur moTxovnilebebs, aseve yvelasagan didi pativiscemiT

viReb mocemuli saxis logikur damowmebebs, magram vfiqrob, rom es maRali delikaturi

elementi sruliad ar exeba avtokefaliurobis sakiTxs. es ukanaskneli Cveulebrivi saxiT

analogiuria Cveni, Cveulebrivi samrevlo mowyobisa. masSi gvxvdeba damoukidebeli

samrevloebi, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad ixurebian da Tavis damoukideblobas kargaven.

arseboben daqvemdebarebuli samrevloebic, romlebic TandaTanobiT aRweven kanonikur

avtonomias. orive SemTxvevaSi yoveldRiuri saeklesio cxovrebis dros morwmuneebs

aranairad ar awuxebT esencialuroba da gareSe mdgomareobasTan aranairi daeWvebis

faqtoric ar arsebobs. aq saqme exeba mxolod faqtobrivad xelsayrel pirobebs, Tu rogor

TanxvedraSia droebiTi xasiaTis gansakuTrebul faqtorebTan da yvelaferSi cvalebad

xasiaTs avlens. es yovelive, rac zemoT aRvniSneT, aucilebelia saeklesio kanonikuri

avtokefaliisaTvisac. maS ratom aris saWiro qarTvelebisaTvis misi dasabuTeba ara

istoriul-arqeologiuri argumentebiT, aramed saeklesio keTildReobisaTvis arsebuli

moTxovnilebebis gadaWriT.

6) aucileblobidan gamomdinare, kvlav unda davubrundeT Cveni muSaobis sawyis gegmas

da unda gavarkvioT Sesaswavli Tema Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saWiroebis kuTxiT. aq Cven

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pirdapir migviTiTeben, rom marTlmadideblurma ruseTma yvela kanonis darRveviT,

yvelanairi „agresiuli xrikebis“ gamoyenebiT moaxdina saqarTvelos uzurpacia da

`Zaladobrivad miitaca“ saqarTvelos eklesiis „TviTmmarTvelobis“ xelSeuxebeli

uflebebi. arada Tavis droze man TviTon gadasca es uflebebi erTmorwmune did

saxelmwifos, maSin, rodesac tiriliTa da cremlebiT iTxovda mfarvelobas. amitom

„xelSeuxeblobaze“ saubaric ki ar SeiZleba, ramdenadac avtokefalia, romelic Tavisi

aRiarebisaTvis kanonikur sanqciebs moiTxovs, faqtobrivad ikargeba. ase iyo saqarTvelos

SemTxvevaSic, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi kargavda Tavis politikur TviTmyofadobas.

amis paralelurad TandaTan usustdeboda saeklesio damoukideblobis SenarCunebis unaric.

es ki did saSiSroebas warmoqmnida, rom daiTrguneboda TviTon marTlmadidebluri rwmena

da moxdeboda misi STanTqma muslimobiT. bunebrivia, rom maSin qarTvelTagan aravin

acxadebda pretenzias arc adrindel avtokefaliaze, arc ormxriv pirobebze, romlebic

damyarda molaparakebis Sedegad. aqedan ki ra gamodis d Cven saerTod ar gvesmis, Tu ra

aris avtokefaliisaTvis, anda avtonomiisaTvis gadamwyveti moTxovnebi, piriqiT, XIX

saukunis bolomde mxolod aRtacebuli qeba-dideba gaismoda „keTilmeurveobis Sesaxeb

marTlmadidebluri ruseTis mxridan, radganac misi kalTis qveS ,,saqarTvelos eklesia

keTildReobda da uzrunvelad imyofeboda“. religiur-zneobrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva mxare

SesamCnevad amaRlda da gaumjobesda. TandaTan daiwo ganaxleba axali formebiT da axla

Cvens mZime gaWirvebul epoqaSi simSvideSi mcxovrebi saqarTvelo xmas imaRlebs, mkvaxe

protests gamoTqvams gadamrCenelis mimarT da mkacri gamonaTqvamebiT adanaSaulebs

saeklesio sinodalur mmarTvelobas... gana mniSvnelovani ar aris es yvelaferi?.. ratom ar

gamoiTqva msgavsi pretenziebi SeerTebis dros, rodesac ruseTi mzad iyo yovelgvari

msxverpli gaeRo erTmorwmune gatanjuli qveynis xsnisaTvis? Tundac is faqti rad Rirs,

rom samagierod is aranair sargebels ar iTxovda, magram iZulebuli gaxda aqtiurad

CarTuliyo Tavisi survilis sawinaaRmdegod, oRondac erTaderTi da yovelgvari madlis

miRebis gareSe, mxolod kacTmoyvareobis interesebidan gamomdinare... zogierTi amtkicebs,

rom Tavdapirvelad qarTvel kaTalikoss rus mRvdelmTavrebs Soris miakuTvnes meoTxe

adgili, SemdgomSi ki mecxre adgilze gadaiyvanes. aq yvelaze mniSvnelovania mxolod

ZiriTadi principi, rom qarTveli kaTalikosi Cairicxa rus ierarqTa ricxvSi, rogorc maTi

Semadgeneli nawili da es moxda ara despotizmiTa da mitacebiT, aramed sruli

nebayofilobiT. cxadia, ruseTisaTvis yovelTvis ucxo iyo angarebiani zraxvebi da igi ar

xelmZRvanelobda mxolod erTi „egoisturi simpaTiebiT“, rasac aRniSnavs mxolod prof. n.

a. mari, da gulwrfelad surda qarTvelTa samefosaTvis saukeTeso survilebi. gvekamaTebian,

rom ruseTma ver gaamarTla qarTvel marTlmadidebelTa molodini, da axla am ukanasknelis

mxolod dabrkolebas Tu emsaxureba. Cveni mxriv, Znelia uarvyoT am saxis zogierTi faqti,

Tumca unda dagveTanxmon, rom isini SemTxveviT movlenebs ar warmoadgendnen. isic ar unda

dagvaviwydes, rom ruseTis samoqalaqo xelisuflebas mravali samoqalaqo-politikuri

SezRudvebi hqonda, amitomac xSirad ver sargeblobda Tavisufali qmedebebiT, raSic

damnaSaved cnes mxolod ruseTis xelisufleba, maSin, rodesac Cvens Tanamedrove

cxovrebaSi, TviTon TbilisSive, dRisiT-mzisiT, pirdapir Tavs esxmian da iaraRs esvrian

rus mRvdelmTavrebs... da Tuki am faqtorebs obieqturad SevafasebT, maSin piradad me ar

SemiZlia imis daSveba, rom qarTvelma ukiduresma avtokefalistebma gadawyvites daasabuTon,

TiTqos ruseTis eklesia marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelos mimarT yovelTvis sistematuri

mtrobis iniciativas iCenda da winaswar gegmavda sxvadasxva saxis devna-Seviwroebas rwmenis,

saeklesio marTlweris, tradiciebisa da enis sferoSi. saegzarqosos periodis mkacri

mimoxilva sapirispirosac sakmarisad amtkicebs. masSi iyo arcTu ise mcire defeqtebi,

iseTebi, rogorebic kerZo, aseve saerTo Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, magram isini srulebiTac

ar iyvnen principialurni da yovelTvis mzad iyvnen gamosworebisaTvis, ramdenadac arsebuli

viTareba amis saSualebas iZleoda. gavixsenoT, rom es is droa, roca Cven (ruseTs)

sisxlismRvreli omi gvaqvs kavkasiaSi... msgavsi, metad mZime siZneleebis dros saegzarqosos

mmarTvelobam marTlmadidebeli saqarTvelosaTvis bevri ram gaakeTa, zogjer TviTon

ruseTis interesebis sazianodac ki (amis fonze ki qarTveli samRvdeloebis moTxovnebs

akmayofilebda). amasve gvidasturebs yvela qarTveli kompetenturi mwerali yovelgvari

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aRelvebis gareSe. amis Semdeg maTi kerZo braldebebis aq ase mZafrad da ukmexad warmodgena

ar aris marTebuli. saerTod ki, rogorc sCveviaT, maT mier yvelaferi zedmetad aris

gazviadebuli... aseT SemTxvevaSi yvela naklovaneba unda aRmoifxvras da saukeTeso unda

iqnas datovebuli. es unda moxdes ormxrivad, raTa mivaRwioT eklesiis erTianobas

siyvaruliT, simarTliTa da WeSmaritebiT.

7) maSasadame, saqarTvelos dRevandeli saerTo mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,

saqarTvelos eklesiis sasargeblod sakmarisi safuZvlebi ar mogvepoveba, raTa moxdes

misTvis avtokefaliis „sruli“ miniWeba, rogorc xdeba bevr SemTxvevaSi. msgavsi magaliTebi

istoriasa da kanonebSi uxvad aris. amitomac mxolod erTi, Semwynareblobis moraluri

motiviRa dagvrCenia. kidev ufro mciredi iyo CemTvis keTili da myari imediT STagoneba,

rom avtokefaliuri sakaTalikosos arsebobisas saeklesio saqme marTlmadideblur

saqarTveloSi nayofierad da mTeli sisruliT warimarTeboda. me imaSic mepareba eWvi, rom

qarTvel xalxSi iqneboda namdvili simSvide da saeklesio sferosac ar Seexeboda erovnuli

angariSsworeba. es ki marTlmadideblobisa da qarTveli xalxisaTvis daRupvis tolfasi

iqneboda. es ukanaskneli swored amiT iyo Zlieri da mtkice, swored amiT Semoinaxa aqamde

pirvandeli saxiT Tavisi meoba yvela mZime gaWirvebis gamovlis Semdegac. amave dros

namdvilad SesaZlebelia, rom erovnuli metoqeobiT gamTbari gulmodgineba gadava erovnul

prozelitizmSi. es ki tomTa Soris metad mwvave Setakebas gamoiwvevs, rac metad saxifaToa,

gaarTulebs urTierTobas ruseTis samoqalaqo da saeklesio xelisuflebasTan. ratom iqna

saWiro ZaldatanebiTi Carevis moTxovna, romelic sabolood mospobs Semweobisa da dacvis

ormxriv simpaTias? moiZebneba ki aq adgili wminda religiuri interesebisaTvis da isini

sxvadasxva garTulebis SemTxvevaSic xom ar gauCinardebian? an iqneb sruliad sxva miznebisa

da miswrafebebisaTvis mxolodRa iaraRi gaxdebian? arada istoriaSi amis Sesaxeb bevri

tragikuli da samwuxaro magaliTi mogveZebneba, romlebic dResac yvelas afrTxileben, rom

metad didia boroteba, roca religia gadadis politikaSi. es umniSvnelovanesi gakveTili

Cvenc unda gaviTvaliswinoT, raTa ar gagvitacos erTgvarma gulCvilobam. amitomac winaswar

yvela SesaZlebloba unda detalurad avwon-davwonoT... yovel SemTxvevaSi, aRweril

perspeqtivebSi Semwynareblobis motivebi yvelaze cudi argumenti aRmoCndeba...

me ar var sxvadasxva saxis mcire avtonomiurobisa da danawevrebuli

avtokefaliurobis momxre. yovelive amis Semdeg me srulebiT ar vdgavar „organul

mtkicebulebaze“ saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sawinaaRmdegod. piriqiT, mTeli

gadawyvetilebiT vuSveb, rom axal saeklesio avtokefalias SeuZlia sruli kanonierebis

dacviT aRmocendes da damyardes iqac ki, sadac is adre arasdros yofila, rogorc es moxda

uaxles warsulSi (XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi) avstria-ungreTSi, roca lovackis eparqias

gamoeyo germanStadtis (sibonis) ruminuli eklesia. es faqti marTebuli iqneba

marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvisac. Tuki igi saerTo wevria aRmosavleTis

ruseTis eklesiisa, maSin am ukanasknelis uSualo interesi imazea damyarebuli, rom misi

yvela nawili srulfasovani iyos. sxvagvarad erTi Semadgeneli elementis avadmyofobasa da

dabeCavebas SeuZlia mTeli organizmis daavadeba damRupveli seniT“...2

profesorebis i. s. palmovisa da n. n. glubokovskis saboloo Sexedulebebis mosmenis

Semdeg ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris 13 dekembris sxdomaze unda

gadawyvetiliyo kavkasiaSi saeklesio saqmeebis mowyobis sakiTxi. ruseTis saeklesio krebis

winare TaTbiris sxdomis Tavmjdomarem kenWi uyara Semdeg sakiTxs: sxdomam miiRos pirveli

proeqti, romelic dekanozma i. i. vostorgovma waikiTxa, Tu daamtkicos meore proeqti?

pirveli proeqtis Sesaxeb azri gamoTqves dekanozebma: t. i. butkeviCma, i. i. vostorgovma, a.

i. almazovma, meore proeqtis Sesaxeb ki sxdomis danarCenma wevrebma. umravlesobis

gadawyvetilebiT sxdomam miiRo meore proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda kavkasiaSi ori

samitropolitos dawesebas.

2Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки

подлежащих разсмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2.

Заседание 13 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №8 за 1907 год, стр. 180-191.

63

sakiTxis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare warmovadgenT ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare

TaTbiris meore ganyofilebis 13 dekembris sxdomaze wakiTxul proeqtebs:

kavkasiaSi saeklesio saqmeebis mowyobis I proeqti

(saegzarqoso SenarCunebulia)

qarTuli eparqiebis mTavari saWiroeba, romelic miTiTebulia qarTveli episkoposebis

peticiebSi, dakmayofilebulia wmida sinodis a. w. 6 agvistos cnobili gankargulebiT. amave

gankargulebis me-4 da me-5 punqtebis mixedviT isRa dagvrCenia egzarqosebis wardginebas

davelodoT, romelic, ra Tqma unda, moxdeba saqarTvelos eparqiebis episkoposebTan

SeTanxmebiT.

gardaqmnis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro nabijebi asea warmodgenili:

soxumis eparqia, wmida sinodis mier orjer miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad,

gamoeyofa saegzarqosos, Semdeg ki wmida sinodi gadawyvets, mianiWebs Tu ara mas

damoukideblobas, anda SeuTavsebs Tu ara mezobel stavropols, an sulac ekaterinodaris

eparqias, Tuki iq iqneba damoukidebeli samRvdelmTavro kaTedra.

enguris marjvena sanapiroze, soxumis eparqiis samxreTiT arsebuli megruli

samrevloebi gadaecema samegrelos eparqias. samegrelos eparqias SeuerTdeba aseve is

svanuri samrevloebic, romlebic mas mdinare enguriT advilad ukavSirdebian.

qalaqi baTumi soxumis eparqiis gamgeblobaSi iqneba. saqarTvelos eparqiis is

samrevloebi, romlebic ganlagebulia samxedro gzaze gudauris uReltexilis

(gasasvlelis) CrdiloeTiT (eseni ufro osuri samrevloebia), geografiuli mdebareobidan

gamomdinare, ufro vladikavkazis eparqias unda ekuTvnodes. amave eparqias mieTvleba osuri

samrevloebi zgubisas uReltexilidan javis xeobamde.

guria miiRebs an gansakuTrebuli saepiskoposos statuss, anda miuerTdeba

imereTis saepiskoposos. Tuki gamoinaxeba saSualeba, is SeiZleba savikariodac gadakeTdes.

Tbilisis gubernia gadaiqceva gansakuTrebul samRvdelmTavrod, romelsac

saTaveSi mTavarepiskoposi (erovnebiT qarTveli) eyoleba. misi kaTedra mcxeTaSi iqneba,

xolo monacvle samyofeli (metoqi) ki TbilisSi, anCisxatis taZarTan, imave saxiT, rogoric

es adreve, qarTveli kaTalikosebis dros iyo.

episkoposebi moixsenebian ara im kuTxis macxovrebeli xalxis saxeliT, sadac

isini moRvaweoben, aramed maTi moxsenieba moxdeba sakaTedro qalaqis saxelis mixedviT.

amasTanave, eqnebaT sruli titulatura, iseTi Semoklebuli ki ara, rogoriTac axla

episkopos-vikarebs moixseneben.

araqarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis saegzarqosos sazRvrebSi dgindeba rusuli

eparqia, romelSic Seva: qalaqi Tbilisi mTeli Tavisi samrevloebiT, Tbilisis guberniis

borCalos mazra, erevnis, baqosa da elizavetpolis guberniebi.

is mizezebi, romelTa gamoc saegzarqosos rusi sasuliero pirebisaTvis aucileblad

unda daarsdes msgavsi eparqia, mocemulia qvemoT CanawerebSi.

rusuli eparqiis saTaveSi dgas mitropoliti, igi aseve wmida sinodis egzarqosia.

eparqiis kaTedraluri taZari Tbilisis sionia. mis gankargulebaSia amJamindeli

saegzarqosos saxlic. sionis taZridan anCisxatis taZarSi unda gadaabrZanon wmida ninos

jvari.

saegzarqoso daafuZnebs samitropolito olqs imave uflebebiT, rogoric ruseTSi

imave saxis olqebs gaaCniaT, mxolod mcire sxvaobiT, rom: a) mitropoliti adgilze ki ar

irCeva, aramed mas wmida sinodi niSnavs; b) episkoposebi mas Tavis wardginebebs aslebis

saxiT gadascemen, romlebic Tavis droze wmida sinodSi gadaagzavnes. egzarqoss ufleba

aqvs, saWiroebisamebr, gaakeTos Tavisi daskvnebi da aseve gaagzavnos wmida sinodSi.

sinodaluri kantora uqmdeba.

eparqiebis marTva xorcieldeba zustad imave safuZvlebiT, rogoric miRebulia im

eparqiebisaTvis, romlebic Sedian rusuli samitropolitoebis SemadgenlobaSi.

amis Semdeg SeiZleba Camoyalibdes gansakuTrebuli uflebebis mqone saepiskoposoebi:

rusuli _ baqoSi, berZnuli _ yarsSi, afxazuri _ afxazeTSi, osuri _ axalgorSi. masve

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SeuerTdeba 30 osuri samrevlo vladikavkazis eparqiidan. samitropolitos mxares SeiZleba

SeuerTdes gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT urubiis (sparseTis) eparqiac.

axali rusuli eparqiis daarsebisaTvis srulebiTac ar aris saWiro raRac

gansakuTrebuli Tanxebi. nawili am Tanxebisa, romlebic amJamad aris gamoyofili

sinodaluri kantorisaTvis, SesaZlebelia, Cairicxos axali eparqiis mmarTvelobis

Sesanaxad.

im TanxebiT, romlebic gamoyofilia samxedro saswavleblebis sabWosa da saeklesio

skolebis meTvalyureebis SenaxvisaTvis, dakmayofildes rusuli eparqiis saeklesio-

saskolo administracia.

TbilisSi, SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes ori sasuliero seminaria. axal SenobaSi

ganTavsdeba araqarTveli moswavleebisaTvis gankuTvnili seminaria (rusuli eparqiis) da

aqve ganTavsdeba droebiT, specialuri Senobis mowyobamde, sasuliero saswavleblebic

rusuli eparqiis sasuliero pirTa SvilebisaTvis. aq momsaxure pirTaTvis Statebi gadmova

gorisa da Telavis saswavleblebidan, romelTagan erT-erTi daixureba. Zvelsave SenobaSi

darCeba qarTvelebisaTvis gankuTvnili seminaria. qarTvelebsave rCebaT Tbilisis

sasuliero saswavlebelic. qarTuli seminariis SenaxvisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqneba

saqarTvelos eklesiis saxazino Tanxebi. rac Seexeba araqarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis

gaxsnil seminarias, igi im saxelmwifo Tanxebs gamoiyenebs, romlebic amJamad gamoyofilia

quTaisisa da Tbilisis seminariebisaTvis.

qarTveli sasuliero pirebis SvilebisaTvis gankuTvnili sasuliero-saswavlo

dawesebulebebis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi saqmis mowyobis proeqti SeiZleba damtkicdes

qarTveli episkoposebis mier mowyobil TaTbirze, romelsac egzarqosi uxelmZRvanelebs.

TaTbiris bolos ki krebis gadawyvetileba wmida sinods waredgineba.

rusulenovani saswavlo dawesebuleba ruseTSi miRebul saerTo wesebs iyenebs.

saqarTvelos, imereTis, guriisa da samegrelos eparqiaTa mRvdelmTavrebs uSualod

unda daevaloT da movaleobad unda daekisroT is, rom araqarTulenovani

samrevloebisaTvis daniSnon maTive Tanamemamule mRvdelmsaxurebi: rusulSi _ rusi,

berZnulSi _ berZeni da a. S.

qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi valdebulni arian flobdnen rusul enas. rusul enas unda

flobdnen agreTve saeparqio sammarTvelos wevrebi, saero moxeleebi, mTavarepiskoposisa da

saeparqio sammarTvelos momsaxure personali, sasuliero-saswavlo dawesebulebis gamgeebi

da momsaxure personali, saeparqio da samazro mniSvnelobis saeklesio skolebis

zedamxedvelebi, meore xarisxisa da orklasiani saeklesio skolebis gamgeebi da yvela saxis

saeklesio skolebis maswavleblebi. wera-kiTxvis Semswavleli skolebis maswavleblebis

garda yvelani unda flobdnen rusul enas.

kavkasiaSi saeklesio saqmeebis mowyobis II proeqti

(saegzarqoso gauqmebulia)

samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi) ori samitropolito olqi fuZndeba, romelTagan

erTi uSualod qarTulia. missave SemadgenlobaSi Sedis: saqarTvelos, imereTis, guriisa da

samegrelos eparqiebi. garda amisa, mas miekuTvneba is megruli samrevloebic, romlebic

mdinare enguris marjvena napirzea ganlagebuli. qalaqi baTumi gadaecema soxumis eparqias

da TavisTavad gamoeyofa qarTul samitropolitos. CrdiloeTSi mdebare samrevloebi javis

xeobidan da gudauris uReltexilidan mieTvleba vladikavkazis eparqias. qarTuli eparqiis

mRvdelmTavars mieniWeba mitropolitis tituli. samitropolito kaTedra mcxeTaSi

ganTavsdeba, xolo misi monacvle samyofeli (metoqi) ki iqneba Tbilisis anCisxatis taZari.

am samitropolito mxaris Sinagani mowyoba unda emTxveodes ruseTis

samitropolitos mxareebis mowyobas. calkeuli eparqiis episkoposebs airCeven

samitropolito krebis mier wmida sinodis mier dadgenili droisa da wesis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

samitropolito krebam unda gadawyvitos imereTis kaTedris samTavarepiskoposo

xarisxSi ayvanisa da guriis saepiskoposs masTan Semdgomi urTierTobis sakiTxi, aseve

65

saswavlo dawesebulebebSi saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobisa da samitropolitos Sida

mowyobis yvela sakiTxi.

samitropolitos mxaris episkoposebisaTvis savaldebuloa Semdegi moTxovnebi:

episkoposi unda gamoirCeodes saTanado da aucilebeli saRvTismetyvelo ganaTlebiT.

man aseve unda icodes saxelmwifo (rusuli) ena. igi valdebulia araqarTul samrevloebSi

mRvdelmsaxurebad mrevlis Tanamemamule pirebi daadginos, ar daawesos qarTuli ena

eklesiasa da skolaSi.

rusuli enis codna savaldebuloa saeparqio mmarTvelobis wevrebisa da

moxeleebisaTvis, sasuliero-saswavlo dawesebulebebis gamgeebisaTvis da momsaxure

personalisaTvis, orklasiani da meore xarisxis skolebisaTvis, yvela saeklesio skolis

pedagogisaTvis, wera-kiTxvis Semswavleli skolebis pedagogebis garda.

Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis Zveli Senoba unda gadaeceT qarTvelebs axali

sasuliero seminariis gasaxsnelad. amasTanave, misi rCena (Senaxva) moxdeba im TanxebiT,

romlebsac saqarTvelos sasuliero xazina gascems Tbilisisa da quTaisis seminariebs. raime

saxis saCivrisa da, saerTod, mniSvnelovani saqmeebis gadasaWrelad sruliad ruseTis wmida

sinods ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos samitropolito olqSi, ise rogorc yvela danarCen olqSi,

reviziisaTvis gaagzavnos gansakuTrebulad uflebamosili egzarqosi saqmis warmoebisa da

saCivris gadasamowmeblad.

ruseTis eklesiis RirsebisaTvis, aseve araqarTuli mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebisa

da interesebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki rusi xalxisaTvis qarTuli samitropolitos mxaris

gverdiT amierkavkasiaSi unda dafuZndes rusuli samitropolito olqi (mxare). motivebi

(mizezebi), ris mixedviTac aris moTxovna rusuli eparqiis daarsebisa, mocemulia aqve

moyvanil amierkavkasiaSi moRvawe rusi saeklesio pirebis CanawerebSi.

rusuli samitropolitos mxaris saTaveSi mitropoliti dgas. misi adgilsamyofeli

TbilisSia, xolo sakaTedro taZaria sioni. amitomac wm. ninos jvari SeiZleba gadavitanoT

anCisxatis taZarSi. samitropolitoebs ekuTvniT Semdegi eparqiebi: q. Tbilisi, Tbilisis

guberniis borCalos mazra, yarsis olqi, erevnis, elizavetpolisa da baqos guberniebi.

garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg baqoSi aucileblad daarsdeba gansakuTrebuli

saepiskoposo, iseTive, rogoric yarsSia. ruseTis samitropolitos mxareSi Sedis soxumis

eparqia q. baTumiT, vladikavkazis eparqia, taSkentis eparqia (kaspiispireTis olqi 1901

wlamde Sedioda saqarTvelos saegzarqosos SemadgenlobaSi), aseve gansakuTrebuli

uflebebiT sparseTis urubiis saepiskoposo. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis (rusuli)

samitropolitos mxaris mitropolitebi dasavleT amierkavkasiis (qarTuli) mxaris

mitropolitebTan erTad RvTismsaxurebis dros daikaveben sapatio adgils xeldasxmulTa

Soris.

ruseTis samitropolitos mxares gaaCnia seminaria (axali Senoba) TbilisSi. mas

inaxaven im saxelmwifo TanxebiT, romlebic gamoyofilia Tbilisisa da quTaisis

seminariebisaTvis. Sesabamisi Senobis mowyobamde araqarTveli mRvdelmsaxurebis

SvilebisaTvis imave SenobaSi gaixsneba sasuliero saswavlebeli, romlis Statebsac

Telavis an goris sasuliero saswavleblis saStato ganrigidan Seavseben, imisda mixedviT,

Tu romel saswavlebels gaauqmeben.

im eparqiis mmarTvelobis SenaxvisaTvis, romelic miekuTvneba ruseTis

samitropolitos, Tanxebi gaicema saxelmwifo xarjebidan, romlebsac axla sinodaluri

kantora gascems. saeklesio-saskolo inspeqciis Senaxvis Tanxebs im xarjebiT faraven,

romlebic gamoyofilia samxreTis saswavlo sabWosaTvis da samxareo zedamxedvelobisaTvis.

gansakuTrebulma komisiam is Tanxebi unda gaanawilos, romlebic amJamad

saqarTvelos saegzarqosos SenaxvisaTvis aris gamoyofili. Tanxebi Tanabrad unda

ganawildes orive samitropolitosaTvis. komisiaSi SeuZliaT Sevidnen dainteresebuli

mxareebis warmomadgenlebi.

am proeqtis aRsrulebisas yvela mizezi qarTveli episkoposebis ukmayofilebisa da

yvela ukmayofileba zemoT moxseniebuli sinodaluri dadgenilebis mimarT, romelic ZalaSi

66

Sevida a. w. agvistos TveSi da uSualod exeba kirionisa da leonidis azrebs, TavisTavad

gauqmdeba3.

ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore gayofilebis sxdomebis msvlelobidan

gamomdinare cxadi iyo, ruseTis saimperatoro kars da ruseTis marTlmadidebeluri

eklesiis uwmides sinods saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris dawyebamde ukve miRebuli hqonda

politikuri gadawyvetileba _ saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena

ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis imperiis interesebs.

Gvantsa Burduli

FFight for restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church

The conference preceding of Russian Church Council

(December 13th, 1906) Summery

Descussing the restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church in conference preceding of

Russian Church Council (1906) was a great appearance. Without studing this question it would be impossible to consider

scientifically one of the important period of Georgian Apostolic church history, concretely the history of autocephalous

movement. It would not be representing the merit great church hierarchs such as Bishop Kyrion (Gerogi sadzaglishvili),

Bishop Leonidi (Longinoz Oqropiridze) and others, also notable Georgian scientists Niko Mari, Aleqsandre Tsagareli,

Aleqsandre khakhanashvili’s merit in struggle of restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church. It is not

known as well how Russian scientists and clergy fought against the restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian

apostolic church in conference preceding of Russian Church Council. Georgian church hierarchs and scientists

substantiate greatlythe restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church, but they did not achieve practical

result.

The purpose of the present paper is to present the most important question such as legality of the restoration of

the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church in conference preceding of Russian Church Council, concretely:

Russian Church position in conference preceding of Russian Church Council (December 13th, 1906).

3Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки

подлежащих разсмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2.

Заседание 13 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №8 за 1907 год, стр. 193-197.

67

miqael (maxare) bukia, doqtoranti

episkopos kirion II-is mecnieruli memkvidreobidan

,,Cvens winaparTa SegnebaSi da moqmedebaSi iseve ganuyofeli iyo sarwmunoebisa da

samSoblos siyvaruli, rogorc ganuyofeli iyo qristes RvTaebrivi da adamianuri buneba~1

_ brZana uwmindesma da unetaresma ilia II Tavis erT-erT qadagebaSi da marTlac, Cveni

matianis furclebi sxvas aras gviTxroben, mamulisa da rwmenisaTvis Tavdadebis garda.

yovel qarTvelSi odiTganve SenivTebuli iyo RvTaebriv saunjeTa ,,enis, mamulisa

da sarwmunoebis~ dacva. ,,ufalman Zali ersa Tvissa mosces-o~, diax, mxolod Tavis

RvTismosav ers aZlevs ufali Zalas, imdenad, rom miuxedavad saxelmwifoebrivi simcirisa,

SeZlos avbediTobisa da gaWirvebis daZleva. ufali Rirseul winaparTa fesvebidan

aRmoacenebs xolme RvTismosav moRvaweT, romelTac ZaluZT eris Cveulebisamebr svlis gziT

tareba~2. amgvari RvTisa da kacis msaxuri pirovneba moevlina tanjul saqarTvelos wminda

mRvdelmowame kirion II-is saxiT. akiafda qarTvelTa caze Tavisuflebisaken gzis

mimaniSnebeli varskvlavi. SemTxveviTi ar yofila albaT is garemoebac, rom 1855 wlis 10/23

noembers daibada swored, kirion (giorgi) saZagliSvili; diax, sworedac rom wminda giorgis

borbalze wamebis dRes gaCnda adamiani, romlis cxovrebis mTeli gza iseve, rogorc

qarTveli erisa, wilnayari iyo tanjva-wamebasTan.

wminda mRvdelmowame kirioni is pirovneba iyo, romlisTvisac istoriuli

sinamdviliT gamowveuli qarTvelTa umZimesi yofa miuRebeli iyo. am yofis SecvlisTvis

brZolas Seswira man Tavisi cxovreba, rogorc Tavad brZanebda: ,,vinc samSoblos

keTildReobazed ar zrunavs is uRirsi Svilia erisa“-o3.

erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da masTan eklesiis avtokefaliis dakargvam, gadagvarebis

safrTxis winaSe daayena saqarTvelo, rasac ver egueboda wminda kirioni da masTan erTad

progresulad moazrovne qarTveli inteligencia. gana SeiZleboda, monobas Segueboda is

eri, romelsac odiTganve, monobaSi yofnas, Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi sikvdili erCivna? ra Tqma

unda ara.

,,Zvel xanas da Zvel adamianebs mietevebaT legendebis Seqmna, magram Tavis mxriv Cven

gvevaleba ganvasxvavoT legendebi istoriuli WeSmaritebisagan~4 _ istoriis mamamTavris

ivane javaxiSvilis es sityvebi yvelaze ukeT esadageba wminda kirion II samecniero

moRvaweobas, romelic mravalmxriv iyo gaSlili.

RvTismsaxurebasTan da RvTismetyvelebasTan Sezavebuli saqarTvelos istoria, misi

warsulis kvleva da TanamedroveobasTan paralelebis gavleba iyo umTavresi amocana, xan

samSobloSi, xan ki gadasaxlebaSi myofi mRvdelmTavrisa. gasaocaria misi TiToeuli

naSromis siRrme da sakvlevi masalis safuZvliani codna. jer kidev studentobis wlebidan

moyolebuli, giorgi saZagliSvilidan moyolebuli kaTalikos patriarq kirion II

damTavrebuli araerTi samecniero statia qveyndeboda Jurnal-gazeTebSi: ,,mwyemsSi~,

,,iveriaSi~, ,,Закавкаский вестник~-Si, ,,droebaSi’’, ,,Тифлиский листок~-Si, ,,Новое обозрение~-

Si.

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia, misi werilebi gazeT ,,iveriis~ furclebze,

romelTanac mas mWidro TanamSromloba hqonda.

1gazeTi `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2002, #13. 2Jurnali ,,rwmena da codna“, 2001, #1, gv. 13. 3v. gurgeniZe. wminda mariamis wilxvedr qveyanaSi. wigni II. Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 113. 4Jurnali ,,rani varT qarTvelni“?! 1997, #3.

68

gazeTi ,,iveria~ fexdafex misdevda wminda kirion II-is cxovrebas, aqveynebda da

aSuqebda mis saqmianobas, romelic ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan~, iyo

dakavSirebuli.

uyuradRebod ar darCenila arcerTi Semowiruloba, romelsac giorgi saZagliSvili

axorcielebda. Semowiruloba ki mravlad iyo, es iyo arqeologiuri, numizmatikuri,

teqstologiuri monapovari, romelsac kirioni mTel saqarTveloSi eZebda da agrovebda,

rogorc qarTveli eris, misi sulieri Tu materialuri kulturis saganZurs.

avtokefaliis dakargvis Semdgom, imdeni siwminde iqna gaziduli eklesiebidan rusebis

mier, zogic Cveni uniaTobiT iqna dakarguli, rom TiToeul napovn wyaros, detals,

margalits, SeeZlo Cveni didebuli warsulis gacocxleba da swored, am saunjis movla

patronobas principuli mniSvneloba hqonda kirionisaTvis.

momavali patriarqis ojaxuri tragediis Semdgom, piraduli ar arsebobda, rasac

mowmobs misi sityvebi: ,,me qveyana da maszed zrunva fexebzed rodi mkidia... CemTvis

marad saRmrTo iqneba is ltolvileba, romelsac miveswrafodi. Cems sicocxleSi Cemi

warmatebisaTvis ar mizrunia: ,,arc oqro izidavda Cems guls da arc jildo, piradi

Cemi interesebi didi xania uarvyavi“5.

kirion II-is moRvaweobis periodSi ar darCenila arcerTi taZari, sofeli, romlis

Seswavla, aRwera, aRnusxva ar moexdina. xSirad kardakar siaruli uwevda unikaluri

xelnawerebis ZiebaSi, Semdgom ki saguldagulod swavlobda da aqveynebda. gazeT

„iveriis“ TiTqmis yvela nomerSi qveyndeboda CamonaTvali im wignebisa, xatebisa, monetebisa,

zepirsityvierebis nimuSebisa, apokrifebisa, xelnawerebisa, romlebsac wminda

mRvdelmTavari iZiebda. misTvis umniSvnelo detali ar arsebobda, roca saqme sakuTari

qveynis istorias exeboda.

am saqmisaTvis arafers ar zogavda es iqneboda fizikuri Sroma Tu materialuri

mxardaWera, aqeTken mouwodebda mTel ersac: „me ganvizraxe SeZlebisdagvarad aRvwero

zogierTi qarTuli Zveli taZrebi, romelTa warsuls didi mniSvneloba hqonia Cvens

samSoblo istoriaSi. amJamad vwer ananuris taZris (monastris) istoriul da arqeologiur

ganxilvas, romlis Sesasrulebad dabeWdili Raribi wyaroebis garda saWiroa xelnaweri

masalebi, gafantuli aqa-iq Zvels ojaxebSi. amitom Tqvenis gazeTis saSualebiT mivmarTav

TxovniT, yvelas visac ki moepoveba werilobiTi iadgarebi, (dokumentebi) ananuris taZrisa

da aragvis erisTavebis gvareulobis Sesaxeb, (sigel-gujrebi saTarxno qaRaldebi da sxv.)

keTil inebon, mcire xnobiT gamogvigzavnon qalaq tiflisSi, romelsame qarTuli redaqciis

saxelzed... didis madlobiT miviReb agreTve yvela Cvenebas zemo aRniSnuli sagnebis

Sesaxeb. umorCilesad gTxovT sxva gazeTebsac, gadahbeWdon es werili“6. „iveriaSi“

dabeWdili es werili, xazs usvams kirionis, rogorc didi mecnieris kvlevis stils,

misTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod piradi azri, aramed sxvaTa Sexedulebebic, romelsac

is iTvaliswinebda. yvela wvrilmanic ki yuradsaRebia misTvis, realuri suraTis

dasaxatad, obieqturi istoriis aRsadgenad.

„beri“-s fsevdonimiT „iveriaSi“ dabeWdil werilSi „winaparTa naSTTa mniSvneloba“

wminda kirioni mware Sefasebas aZlevs Tanamedrove yofas erisas - avlebs ra paralelebs

warsulTan „saficar xatad miiCnevs is pirvel qarTvels, qarTloss da mis saflavs, riTac

xazs usmevs qarTvelTa bibliur warmomavlobas. am „xats“ Senalocebi qarTvelebi, „miT

gamxnevebulni lomebr ibrZodnen TavisuflebisaTvis, auarebel mtrebs, velurebs Tu

ganaTlebiT ganTqmulebs. mamacad vuxdebodiT, Cvenis xatisTvis Tavs vdebdiT misis

gamarjvebisTis ganwirulad vxvdebodiT“...7 rogorc eri wiravda Tavs xatisTvis, aseve „xati“

mfarvelobda mis mosavTac, ase „urTierTars“ simZimis tvirTviT modioda qarTveli kaci

amJamad Tavis warsulSi. „winaparTa xateba“ iyo is wminda fesvebi, romliTac Cven

vsazrdoobdiT, „xati“ gansazRvravda erisa da beris erTobas. mRvdelni da didebulni

5sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855 – 1918). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 43. 6gazeTi ,,iveria“, 1894, #227, gv. 4. 7gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1902, #157, gv. 2-3.

69

ugebdnen am „xats“ salocav taZrebs, mkvidr zRudes avlebdnen, raTa mtris Tavdasxmis dros

misi ezo da cixe uZlevel banakad yofiliyo“8.

warsulis didebis gaxsenebis fonze avtori aRniSnavs savalalo mdgomareobas

Tanamedrove qveynisa: „bukioti Wyivis iq, sadac wminda mamebi RmerTs ugalobdnen,

davdromilsa da mSromels zenas avedrebdnen-o“. „yvela eri Tvis naSTebiT amayobs, yvelas

Tavi moaqvs Tavis uZveles ZeglebiT, maT icaven, Tvalis CiniviT ufrTxildebian; zogni, Tu

ZeglebiT xel-naklebi arian, maT gasamravleblad mezobeli eris naSTebsac ki iparaven,

iCemeben... mxolod marto Cvena varT, rom fasi ar viciT mama-papaTa, naSTebisa, xatebisa,

salocavebisa, siwmideTa. iqamdisac-ki midis Cveni dasagmobi gulzviadoba da gambedaoba, rom

xSirad kidec vZarcvavT maT, kidec viparavT maT dazogvils Semowirulobas, kidec vyidiT

mamulebTan erTad... momavali Taoba dagvgmobs, rom pativiscema ar viciT imisa, rac unda

Seadgendes usaRvToess sazrunavs yovelis STamomavlobisas~9.

wmida mRvdelmTavari gansakuTrebulad cdilobs warmoaCinos Cveni didi mefeebis

Rvawli qveynis simtkicis, misi aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi. gazeT ,,iveriis~ furclebze is

aqveynebs statiebis serias, sadac aSuqebs erTiani saqarTvelos mSeneblobis TiToeul

detals, iwyebs ra bagrat III-is cxovrebidan, romlis drosac saqarTveloSi adre feodaluri

sazogadoebrivi urTierToba damTavrda da qveyana feodaluri ganviTarebis axal, ufro

maRal safexurze avida.

wminda kirioni aRwers, Tu rogor gamefda daviT kurapalatis da qarTlis erisTavis

ioane maruSisZis SemweobiT bagrat III samefo taxtze jer afxazeTis, xolo Semdgom

qarTlis mefed: ,,bagrat Seudga xelmwifurs muSakobas, samSoblos gadidebisa da

gaerTianebisaTvis medgrad zrunvas. saca vin urCi da duxWiri pova daamxva, saca vin erTguli

da mowaRmarTe iyo, daiaxlova, saqme miuCina~10.

bagrat III am saqmianobas rasakvirvelia yavdnen mowinaaRmdegeni urC feodalTa saxiT,

romelTac ar surdaT erTiani, mefis Zlieri xelisufleba. wminda kirioni detalurad

aRwers Tu rogor gausworda bagrat III urC kldekaris erisTavs rati baRvaSs, rogor

daamarcxa amira fadloni da Semdgom amisa, ,,Seiqmna bagrat TviTmpyrobelad yovlisa

saqarTveloisa da kavkasiisa. vaxtang gorgasals aqeT amisebri didi mefe aravin

gamoCeniliyo, amisebri ,,simarTlis marTlad momqmedi“ ,,qvrivTa da obolTa Semwynarebeli~,

glaxakTa da davrdomilT mowyale eklesiaTa da qveyanaTa maSenebeli... bagratis mier

gamtkicebuls balavarze aRego aRmSenebloba, Tamar-mefoba da rusTveloba. borot ZalTa

damxobiT qveyana amaRlda, gabrwyinda~11. aqve unda aRiniSnos, is savalalo mdgomareoba,

rom rogorc Cans kirioni ar icnobs taoklarjeTis udabnoT qalaqmyofels, Rirsmyofel

mama grigol xanZTels, romelmac sworad daudo mtkice balavari erTiani, Zlieri

saqarTvelos mSeneblobas, RvTivgvirgvinosan bagratovanTa dinastiiT saTaveSi. rogorc

zemoT aRvniSneT es yvelive imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom „moyvrad“ mosulma mtrebma ruseTis

imperiis saxiT, rogorc Cans gaanadgures TiTqmis yvela is masala, romelic qarTvels

warsul didebaze mouTxrobda, mis ZiriTad Strixebs warmoadgenda. amis gamoisobiT, aris

albaT gamowveuli is garemoebac, rom TiTqmis arcerTi didi wmindanis, kanonizirebis

dokumenti, maTi xsenebis dRis RvTismsaxurebis tipikoniT gansazRvruli sakiTxavebi ar

mogvepoveba.

mteri Tvlida, rom rac ufro naklebi cnobebi iqneboda eris Rirseuli winaprebis

Sesaxeb miT ufro naklebi iqneboda Tavisuflebis, erovnuli Rirsebis, TviTmyofadobis

aRdgenis survili. es yovelive uwyoda ra giorgi saZagliSvilma ufro meti simZafriT

werda Cveni didi wmindanebis Sesaxeb, Tavadac amgvari cxovrebiT cxovrobda. misTvis „ori

wmidaTa-wmidaa qveynierebazed: ,,sarwmunoeba da samSoblo“, eWvi ar aris, rom Zalas

saxelmwifosas qviTkiris cxovrebisas Seadgens morwmune zneobiani xalxi“12. amgvari iyo

8gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1902, #157, gv. 2-3. 9gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1902, #157, gv. 2-3. 10gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1898, #2, gv. 2. 11gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1898, #2, gv. 2. 12gazeTi „iveria“, 1898, #181, gv. 2.

70

iveriis furclebze yovlad usaRmvdeloesi kirionis, alaverdis episkoposis pirovnebis

Sefaseba.

statiaSi „sveti Tavisuflebisa“ kirioni exeba bagrat IV epoqas da mTavar yuradRebas

uTmobs cixe svets, romelic „didebulma kacma“ aWaraSi tbeTis episkoposma sabam aaSena

tbeTs, „cixe xsnisa da simtkicisa“.

wminda kirioni aRwers Tu rogor Sekriba sabam iqauri mcxovrblebisagan jari da mters,

bizantias medgrad dauxvda. berZnebma svetis aReba ver SeZles: ,,brZodnen mas Zliersad,

sxvadasxva saxsars xmarobdnen mis asaRebad. amaod ....,,RmerTman ganaZliera myofni svetsa,

viTarca erTgulni da WeSmaritni martvilni TavTa TvisTa sikvdilad gaswirvides, sisxlTa

dasTxevdes da ase amxnevebdnen erTurTs: movigoT madli erTgulebisa da madli axovnebisa“...

mters sasoeba daukarga da dabrunda, mwvave xangrZliv brZolas bolo bizantiis samefo

karze Seqmnilma garTulebam mouRo. ,,konstantine imperatori mivida. 1031 wels bagratis

deda mariam wavida saberZneTs, iTxova mSvidoba aRmosavleTisaTvis da Tavis SvilisTvis

colad elene batoniSvili... bagrat mefem jvari daiwera, qorwili gadaixada da wavida

quTaiss“. am movlenebis gadmocemiT avtori cdilobs TanamedroveT daanaxos, Tu ra aris

,,sveti Tavisuflebisa“ - es aris erToba erisa, Zliereba mefisa, da sworad warmoebuli,

rogorc saSinao ise sagareo politika, romelic qmnis Zlier saxelmwifos.

exeba ra warsuls, kritikulad afasebs qarTveli didkacobis meryev moRvaweobas

saqarTvelos istoriaSi: ,,liparit orbeliani ixerxeboda - mefis gaZlierebis gamo“13

liparits abazasZeebis da sxva aznaurTa samarcxvino saqmeebis aRweriT, romelTac Tavisi

qveynis winaSe saxeli Seircxvines jaSuSobiT, ZmaTa gamcemlobiT, TanamoZmeTa

gamyidvelobiT - kirioni cdilobs dagvanaxos Tu rogori ar unda unda iyos qarTveli,

amgvar qarTvelebs is moixseniebs, rogorc ,,ganmaTavisuflebelTa mtrebad“ da mwuxarebiT

aRniSnavs, rom ,,iseTi didi mefec, rogoric iyo daviT aRmaSenebeli, agreTve ver gadaurCa

maSindel didebulTa da didgvar TavadTa SuRls da mtrobas“-o14. am movlenis simZafriT

gadmosacemad, mas mohyavs mematianis sityvebi: ,,naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul buneba ars,

pirvelidganve TvisTa ufalTa: rameTu raJams gandidnen, gansuqnen da dideba hpoon da

gansveneba, iwyeben ganzraxvad borotisa“-o,15 amgvar adamianebs ,,cidamtkavelebad“

moixseniebs wminda kirioni, romelTac SeZles da arabTa uRlisagan ganmaTavisuflebels

isaric ki esroles mosaklavad ,,garna RmerTi hfaravda Tavis cxebuls“, rom ara RvTis

Semweoba da mfarveloba albaT SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda CvenisTana patara eris gadarCena,

iseve erisa da beris erTobam, Zlieri mefis mtkice marjvenam, ,,Zlevai sakvirvelma“ da ruis-

urbnisis saeklesio krebam ,,gawminda saqarTvelo naZirala kacTagan“, Tumca rogorc Cans

saqarTvelos istorias laitmotivad gasdevda erTgulebac da Ralatic, wminda kirioni ar

erideba saxelebiT moxseniebasac moRalateebisa, Tavis erT-erT statiaSi „welTa

aRmwerloba Tvalxma ar aris“ is CamoTvlis TiTqmis yvela faqts bagrat III-is epoqidan

erekle meoremde, ar zogavs arc saero da arc sasuliero wodebas, maT Soris episkoposebsac

ki. Tavad sasuliero pirisgan TiTqos warmoudgenelic ki aris amgvari Sefaseba, magram is

xom Tavisi bedkruli saqarTvelos Wirisufalia da sworedac, rom ar erideba mxilebas,

romelSic siZulvili ki ar aris, aramed sibraluli da siyvarulia maTdami. Tanac avtorma

icis, rom am faqtebis damalva, miT ufro mis Tanamedrove yofaSi ufro saziano iqneboda

qveynisaTvis. is imowmebs ra mematianis sityvebs: „JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis metyveleba

ars da ara Tu Tvalxma visTisme dasZens - „Cvenc amgvar TvalTa sazrisiT daviwyeT

„istoriuli cnobis“ - wera, da Semdegac moviyvanT cnobebs im ukeTur ZalTa Sesaxeb,

romelTac vimeorebT xeli Seuwyves saqarTvelosa da masTan misi kulturis damxobas da

TviT qveynis dakninebas, misi miwa wylis gayidviTa da gaflangviTo~-o16.

„ukeTur ZalTa mzakvruli Canafiqris mxilebaa wminda kirionis statia „Tamar didi

da misi saxelwodeba“, romelic gazeT ieriaSi gamoqveynda. avtori gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs

im faqts, rom yovelgvar siwminded moZule adamianebs Tamar mefis saxelis wmindanoba eWqveS

13gazeTi „iveria“, 1898, #181, gv. 2. 14gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #14, gv. 1. 15gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #14, gv. 1. 16gazeTi „iveria“, 1902, #269, gv. 2.

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dauyenebiaT. ra sakvirvelia es saubari mtrebis gegmis nawils Seadgenda. daekninebinaT

qarTvelTaTvis yvelaze didi siwminde, romelmac Seqmna Cvens istoriaSi „oqros xana“.

mizezad Tamaris arawmindanobisa dasaxelda kanonizirebis sabuTis arqona misi saflavis

mdebareobis arcodna da mis saxelobaze aSenebuli taZrebis ararseboba. Tamaris

menelsacxeble dedaTa kviras xseneba ki mama giorgi xelaZem mefis TviTnebobas miawera. am

dasaxelebul mizezebs sakadris pasuxs scems wminda kirioni: „Tamaris wmidanad Seracxvazed

eklesiuri dadgenilebis uqonloba ver daarRvevs qarTveli xalxis Rra rwmenas, rom igi

wmindania.

Tu dogmatur iuridiulis mxriv SevxedavT sazogadod wmindanebs, maSin xom bevri

maTgani unda gamovakloT wmindanebis sias, radganac maT Sesaxeb werilobiTi aqtebi ar

gvaqvs dasasabuTeblad maTis kanonizaciisa“-o17. mas magaliTad mohyavs jer kidev

Seuswavleli da gamouqveynebeli mwerloba, sadac misi TqmiT „cxadad davinaxavT, rom Tamar

brwyinvale CvenTa winaparTa sicocxleSive scnes wmindanad“18. is asaxelebs „gujarebs“,

sxvadasxva cnobil avtorTa poetur Sesxmebs, „swavliT ganmsWvalul,“ saxelganTqmul

sasuliero moRvaweTa gamonaTqvamebs, romelnic ara Tu wmindanad aRiareben Tamars aramed:

„RvTisa sworad Tvlian Tamars, adareben RvTismSobels da sxva amgvar epiTetebiT

ixsenieben,“ da amasTanave dasZens „maS eWvi arc-ki unda gvqondes, rom Tamari

TanamedroveTagan erTxmad wmidanad iyo aRiarebuli. an saeklesio aqti rom SeedginaT

Tamaris wmindanobazed amaTzed ukeTess, sando da sarwmuno pirebs visRa moawerinebdnen

xels!‘‘19

avtors aqve mohyavs metad saintereso cnoba qarTvelTaTvis, romelic miuTiTebs

wminda dedoflis saflavis adgilsamyofelze, rogorc is mogviTxrobs; „qarTveli elCi

xaritoni, winamZRvari qurmuRis monastrisa, gagzavnili Teimuraz mefisagan ruseTSi 1619

wels, mefe mixeil Tedoris zis winaSe imeorebs Teimirazisagan dabarebul sityvebs: -

„Teimurazi exla scxovrobs imereTSio, sadac dakrZalulia wminda gvami Tamar

dedoflisao,“ iqve mohyavs mowmoba „qarTlis cxovrebidan - „da waiyvanes samkvidrebelsa

gelaTad da damarxes samarxosa patiosansa... aRmoiyvanes (gvami Tamarisa) da mcireTa Sina

dReTa mcxeTad dadves, da mere ukanasknel TviT munve gelaTs daamkvidres TvisTa Sina

samarxosa, didebad mun Sina damkvidrebulTa papaTa da mamaTa misTa, saxelovanTa didTa

mefeTa Tana“- [ ix. ibid. naw. I. gv. 334, sxol. I, 345]20.

amgvari dasabuTebuli da argumentirebuli mtkicebulebebiT wminda kirioni aqarwylebs

yovelgvar eWvs da amxels usamarTlobas - udierebas Cvensas, romelsac vin-vin da ar

imsaxurebs swored Tamar deda.

sainteresoa wminda kirionis midgoma Cveni istoriis im sakiTxTan, romelic giorgi III

da demnas Soris dapirispirebas exeba, samefo taxtis memkvidreobaze. „iveriis“ erT-erT

statiaSi „orbelianTa amowyvetas“- amgvarad asaxavs: „1177 wels bneli Rrubeli gadaekra

saqarTvelosa cas. orbelianebma win wamoayenes davaJkacebuli demna daviTis Ze. es demna

ukve orbelianis siZe iyo da am siZis SemweobiT orbelianT ewadaT daekmayofilebinaT

TavianTi qvena survilebi, vin icis agondebodaT, rom winapariviT Seqmniliyvnen, „mefed“

saqarTvelos samxreT dasavleTis nawilisa TrialeT kldekariTgan mokidebuli.

gaimarTa brZola keTilsa da borots Soris. orbelianT gamarjveba bnel ukunis

gamarjvebad miaCndaT da visac qveynis erTguleba edo gulSi, giorgi mefes miemxro, keTilma

borots sZlia ase“21. am Zlevas ki rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia mohyva lekvi lomisa swori _

mefe Tamari da saqarTvelos Zlierebis „oqros xana“. Tumca, arc Tamaris mefoba yofila

mSvidi da wynari, radganac, rogorc wminda kirioni ambobs iyvnen maSinac „jorisebri

gonebis“ mqone _ yuTlu-arslanis nairi adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi Tavis gandidebis

surviliT ewinaaRmdegebodnen mefes. rogorc avtori gviTxrobs: „Tamar mefe yovelive amas

xedavda da rwmundeboda, rom Tu avs kacebs mTebi ar Seekveca saxelmwifo wesierad ver

17gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #116, gv. 1-2. 18gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #116, gv. 1-2. 19gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #116, gv. 1-2. 20gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #116, gv. 1-2. 21gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #24, gv. 2.

72

waremarTeboda“... da am mizniT moiwvia swored Tamarma saxelmwifo kreba... kreba, sadac

„ganixiles swori da mrudi. ganmarTes mrudi. daamxes uRirsi. niWierni da Rirseulni win

wamoayenes, saqmes miuCines“22... am faqtebis aRwera wminda kirions sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom

qarTvelebs dausaxos gza momavali ganviTarebisa.

gulistkiviliT exeba wminda kirioni saqarTvelos „oqros xanis“ dasrulebas, mis

dacemas da dakninebas, daSlas, risi mizezic samwuxarod meramdened Ralati gaxda. ralati

xom qarTvelTa Tanamdevi „boroti sulia“. sworedac „Ralati“ jalal ed dinis Semosevis

da Tbilisis ganadgurebis faqtebis amsaxvel statias, romelic gazeT „iveriaSi“ gamoqveynda.

man ZiriTadi yuradReba gaamaxvila monRolTa sisastikeze da maT siZliereze, magram

rogorc Cans damarcxebis mizezi es ar yofila. mizezi wminda kirionis TqmiT amirspasalar

ivane mxargrZelis saqcieli iyo, „xeli rom gaenZria aTabag-amirspasalar ivane mxargrZels

da mamulisTvis ar eRalatna, egebis saqarTvelos sve-beds sxva gziT evlo“23...

metad sainteresoa wminda kirionis mier, giorgi brwyinvalis epoqis Sefaseba werilSi

„civzed darbazoba“. aq xazgasmulia giorgi mefis sidiade da simtkice, ramac gaaerTiana

dacemuli saqarTvelo: „dafantuli samefo nikofsiiTgan darubandamde da trapezuntedgan

kaspiamde Semohkriba da „viTarca aRmaSenebelman daimona, ganavsna da aRaSena qveyana, sjuli

da samoqalaqno wesni ganabrwyinva“ da yvela es ki SesZlo mxolod maSin, odes „moiyvana

yovelni ama qveynis erisTavni da warCinebulni, reca darbazobad civsa zeda hereTisasa da

moswyvita mun urCni Tvisni da daadginna yovelTa adgilTa Tvisni morCilni“24. ai Zlieri

mefis Zlieri politika, romelic Zlieri qveynis sawindaria. icis wminda kirionma, rom

maxvilis amRebi RvTiv-kurTxeuli, mironcxebuli mefis winaaRmdeg maxviliTve Seimusreba,

sxvagvarad eri erTiani ver iqneba. dasasruls avtori aRniSnavs qveynis daSlis mizezs

samefo samTavroebad, „Sors ganuWvreteli mefeebi arian, romelnic „civzed darbazobas“ ki

ar hmarTavnen aramed iseT dafantul qveyanas saufliswuoebad hyofdnen. TavianT Svilebsa

da SviliSvilebs Soris“25.

wminda kirioni iyo Cveni Rirseuli winaprebis maTi cxovrebisa didi moyvaruli da

gamgrZelebeli. is xedavda da grZnobda, rom didebulni siwmindeni, romliTac amayobda

qarTveli daviwyebas eZleoda. is amobobda: „vinc saTanadod ver Seignebs Tavis mSobliur

siZveles da siyvaruliT ar moufrTxildeba Tavisi winaprebis kulturul memkvidreobas, is

SemTxveviTi rodia cocxal arsebaTa jaWvSi, cudi megzuria. iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia

anbanis gareSe iswavlo kiTxva aseve mSobliuri siZvelis codnisa da winaprebis anderZis

gareSe SeuZlebelia Caswvde warsuls, gaigo awmyo da Segnebulad imuSao momavali didi

nacionalur-kulturuli saqmisaTvis“26.

yvela sikeTesTan erTad, romelsac wminda kirioni aRasrulebda iyo qarTuli

saeklesio galobis dacvis sakiTxic. igi Zalian iyo aRSfoTebuli imiT, rom qarTul

galobas „mglis ymuils“ adarebdnen, is werda: „qarTuli saeklesio galoba yvaoda, rogorc

Cans Cvens samefoSi, agreTve mis gareSe mraval qarTul monastrebSic... aTaswlobiT qarTuli

galoba atkbobs Cvens smenas. galoba imTaviTve gvqonda samxmiani da ara unisonuri, rogorc

aqvT berZnebs da somxebs... qarTuli saeklesio galobis mcodneni, RvTis madliT

mogvepovebian da sruli imedi gvaqvs, rom qarTuli galobis aRdgena did siZneles ar

Seadgens!“27 rogorc Cans istoria meordeba da es sakiTxi aqtiuria dResac.

wminda kirioni gansakuTrebulad cdilobs Tvis samecniero kvlevebSi gamoyos qarTvel

sasuliero pirTa Rvawli. Tavis feletonSi „giorgi mTawmindeli, rogorc sasuliero

piitikosi“, is mogviTxrobs mecnierze, „maRal-niWiers ber monazonze giorgi mTawmindelze.

misi SefasebiT is iyo SesaniSnavi muSaki, friad ganviTareuli piri, romelsac fasdaudebeli

Rvawli miuZRvis saRvTismetyvelo literaturis Targnis saqmeSi: „auarebeli simdidre Cvenis

enis formebisa, misi mixvra-moxvra, sidarbaisle, yvavilovneba, sinaze-sitkboeba, simartive,

22gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #33, gv. 2-3. 23gazeTi „iveria“, 1903, #42, gv. 2. 24gazeTi „iveria“, 1902, #261, gv. 3. 25gazeTi „iveria“, 1902, #261, gv. 3. 26e. abramaSvili. kirionis piradi saarqivo fondi. „mravalTavi“. t. I. Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 362. 27qarTuli saeklesio galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 111.

73

Rrma gamometyveleba da sazogadod Zvirfasi salaro am Zvelis-Zvelis kulturis enisa,

romelsac gancvifrebaSi mohyavs lingvistebi. giorgim pirvelad gamoaqveyna da dagvanaxa,

ris SemZlebelia qarTuli ena“28.

avtoris TqmiT giorgi mTawmindelma didi Rvawli dasdo samonastro da saeklesio

cxovrebis mowesrigebas, rogorc aTonis wminda mTaze, ise saqarTeloSi. man ganagrZo es

didi saqme, romelic misma winamorbedma aTonelma mamebma daiwyes. is iyo pirovneba,

romelsac samSoblos gareTac „saberZneTSic, didi pativiscemiT epyrobodnen bizantiis

gvirgvinosanni da aRmosavleTis patriarqni. aq mudam mcvelad iyo igi saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtonomiisa“29. rac mTavaria wminda kirioni pirvelia, vinc aRmoaCina giorgi mTawmindelSi

garda mTargmnelisa da RvTismetyvelisa, „warCinebuli piitikosi“, mwerali Rrma Teologi

imavdroulad „mSvenier leqsTa mTRzveli yofila,“30 ara marto „qarTuls enazed“, mas

berZnul enazedac uweria leqsebi, da aTonis mTidan mTels evropas mohfenia“31.

wminda kirioni gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs erT metad mniSvnelovan faqts, berlinis

universitetis reqtors, cnobil mecniers harnaks didi interesi gamouCenia qarTuli

istoriuli xelnawerebis mimarT da pastor g. g. bermanisTvis miweria am xelnawerebis

mniSvnelobaze. rogorc werilidan irkveva maT harnaki „Zvel siriul literaturul naSTebs

gverdiT da Tvlis, rom „amieriTgan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqceva qarTuli kulturis

Seswavlas, maT enas da Cvenamdis moRweuls qarTvelTa Zvirfas literaturul saunjes“32.

am movleniT gaxarebuli kirioni Tlis, rom „bedi Cvenc gagviRimebs da axlo momavalSi

dasavleTis evropul sataxto qalaqebSi daarsdeba qarTlis enis kaTedrebi“-o33

sazogadoebisgan ki iTxovs xelSewyobas am didi saqmis dasagvirgvineblad.

wminda kirioni Tavis samecniero statiebSi agreTve gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs

apokrifebis „sazogadod da gansakuTrebiT qarTulis“ Zireulad aRwers, maTi Seqmnis

mniSvnelobas da saubrobs maT sargeblobaze. gamoyofs „didaqtikur Txzulebas „sibrZne

balavarisas“, romelic mecnierebis azriT, aris gadaTargmnili berZnul enaze TviT Cveni

saxelganTqmul saRmrTo mwerlis mTargmnel wmida eqvTimes mier“34.

gansakuTrebis Rirsia kirionis damokidebuleba Cvens udides ganZTan

„vefxistyaosanTan“, romlis SeswavlaSi axali xelnawerebis erTmaneTis Sedarebasa da

kvlevaSi Tavadac iRebda monawileobas. saubrobs ra am wminda wignis Semswavleli komisiis

muSaobaze wminda kirioni wers: „komisiis gamocema, rogorc axalma variantma dagvarwmuna,

bevri moipoveba, etyoba Cvens didebul poetis Seswavlis xana jer male ar dadgeba“35.

vecnobiT wminda kirionis samecniero statiebs presis furclebze, gansakuTrebiT ki

gazeT „iveriaSi“ da vrwmundebiT, rom is iyo ara marto sasuliero piri, aramed masTan

erTad udidesi mkvlevari da mecnieri. misi Sromebi istoriis, arqeologiisa Tu Teologiis

dargSi dResac ar arian moklebulni garkveul mniSvnelobas. farTo ganaTlebis mqone

kirionis saxeli cnobili iyo yvelgan. „mamuliSvilis gvirgvini samSoblos samsxverploze

hkidiao“ _ brZanebda wminda kirioni da es Tavisi cxovrebiTac daadastura. samSoblos

ganumeorebelma moyvarulma mamuliSvilma da mecnierma mRvdelmTavarma Tavisi mowameobrivi

sisxlis fasad moapovebina sakuTar qveyanas, rogorc eklesiis avtkefalia aseve, erovnuli

damoukidebloba.

„cecxlsa da wamebis alSi gawminda kirionma Tvisi suli saqarTvelosTvis da Tu

vinmes hqonda ufleba yvelaze adre igi unda ziareboda saqarTvelos bednierebas“.

„ufalman Zali ersa Tissa mosces, ufalman akurTxos eri Tvisi mSvidobiT“ vambobT am

wminda sibrZnes da cxadad Cans, rom ufalma marTlac mosca Zali RvTismSoblis wilxvedr

qveyanas. mosca maT wminda mRvdelmTavari kirioni, romelmac Tavisi cxovrebiTa da

28gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #105, gv. 1-2. 29gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #105, gv. 1-2. 30gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #105, gv. 1-2. 31gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #105, gv. 1-2. 32gazeTi „iveria“, 1904, #112, gv. 2. 33gazeTi „iveria“, 1904, #112, gv. 2. 34gazeTi „iveria“, 1893, #28, gv. 2. 35gazeTi „iveria“, 1895, #93, gv. 1.

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moRvaweobiT dausaxa ers gza gadarCenisa, gza mamulis Cveulebisamebr svlisa, gza

mimyvanebeli ufalTan.

Michael (Makhare) Bukia

From the Scientific Heredity of Bishop Kirion II Summary

The article concerns to the scientific heredity of Bishop Kirion II (George Sadzaglishvili). Saint Kirion’s life was

very actual and important in many aspects. The rule of his life was especial - he dedicated his life to belief and his country.

His goal was searchig the past of Georgia and comparison data to the modern condition of his country. he was not only

clerical person but a researcher who wrote a lot of articles about the problems those had Geoggian church and nation.

During his life he publised works in periodical and newspapers, for them: `Mtskhemsi~, Ìveria~, `Droeba~,

`Zakavkazskii bestnik~, ̀ Tifliskii Listok~, ̀ Novoe Obozrenie~. In particular he worked with ̀ Iveria~ where were publised

most of his articles and letters.

Saint father visited vilages of Georgia, where fooked for and discribed churches, icons, folk-lore materials,

apocryphes, hard money, manuscripts. Afer discription he studied those materials and publisd the analysis about their

meaning. It’s very important historical and arccaeological discussoion of Ananuri Chuch. In his works he speaks about

international meaning of Georgian manuscrifts.

With pen-name `Beri~ he wrote about critical situation of Georgia. In his works Kirion II paied especial attention

to Georgian kings’ life, e.g. Bagrat III, Bagrat IV; In Ìveria~ saint father published the article `Great Tamar and his

name~, where the author criticizes people who were against to holiness of saint king. And he also wrote about location of

her grave.

In his scientific researches Kirion II wrote about clerics life and merit, e. g. George Mtatsmindeli; It’ s very actual

sant father’s article about Georgian church song. He chooses threepart church song, which was natural for Georgian

church.

75

vaxtang guruli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

ruseTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

(1783-1787)

1783 wlis 24 ivliss qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris daido

mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba(georgievskis traqtat). traqtats, ZiriTadi muxlebis garda,

hqonda oTxi separatuli (saidumlo) muxli, romelTagan meore, mesame da meoTxe muxlebi

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris yofnas exeboda.

meore separatuli muxli gvauwyebs: ,,dacvisaTvis samflobeloÁsa qarTlisa da

kaxeTisaTa yovliT kerZo Sexebisagan mezobelTasa da simtkicisaTvis mÃedrobisa misisa

uganaTlebulesobisa mefisa, didebuleba imperatorebisa misisa aRsTqñams Senaxñad

samflobeloTa Sina mefisaTa orsa srulsa batalionsa qñÀiTsa oTxiTa zarbazniTa...~

(rusul dedanSi: ,,Для охранения владений Карталинских и Кахетинских от всякаго прикосновения со

стороны соседей и для подкрепления войск его светлости царя на оборону ея императорское величество

обещает содержать в областях его два полные баталиона пехоты с четырьмя пушками...~).1 meore separatul

muxlSi savsebiT cxadad iyo gansazRvruli vis unda gaeRo ori rusuli batalionis Senaxvis

xarjebi: ,,dacvisaTvis samflobeloÁsa qarTlisa da kaxeTisaTa yovliT kerZo Sexebisagan

mezobelTasa da simtkicisaTvis mÃedrobisa misisa uganaTlebulesobisa mefisa, didebuleba

imperatorebisa misisa aRsTqñams Senaxñad samflobeloTa Sina mefisaTa orsa srulsa

batalionsa qñÀiTsa oTxiTa zarbazniTa, romelTaca pravianti da saWmeli usityñTa

xarisxisaebr mÃedrobisaganTa maT miecemis, da pravianti igi da saWmeli usityñTa syidul

iqmnebis nayofi ZliT qñÀyanisa TanÃmobiTa misis uganaTlebulesobisaTa Tavisa Tana

mesamzRvrisa mTavrisa dadebuliTa fasiTa~ (rusul dedanSi: ,,Для охранения владений

Карталинских и Кахетинских от всякаго прикосновения со стороны соседей и для подкрепления войск его

светлости царя на оборону ея императорское величество обещает содержать в областях его два полные

баталиона пехоты с четырьмя пушками, которым провиант и фураж по их штатам производиться будет в натуре

от земли по соглашению его светлости с главным пограничным начальником за положенную в штатах цену~)2.

mesame separatuli muxlis ZaliT, ruseTi valdebuli iyo omis SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi

jari gamoegzavna qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis da misi mteri orive qveynis mtrad Seeracxa:

,,...dasdñas h[a]zri SewevnisaTÂs TqmulTa maT qñÀyanaTa da wina-aRmdgomisa mterTasa

moqmedebisaTv[i]s, romelica ara sxñÀbr, aramed viTarca saerTod mtrad Seracxñad saTanado

ars” (rusul dedanSi: ,,...согласить и положить на мере о защищении означенных земель и о действии против

неприятеля, который не инако как за общаго врага разумеем быть должен~)3.

meoTxe separatuli muxli ruseTs avaldebulebda omis SemTxvevaSi (igulisxmeboda omebi

iranTan da osmaleTTan) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos daxmareboda iaraRiT, amasTan erTad, sazavo

molaparakebis dros, unda ecada, raTa qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis daebrunebina winaT

1Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801

год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898, стр. 108-109; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi 1960. gv. 231; valerian maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva. dokumentebi. fotopirebi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 71, 77. 2Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801

год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898, стр. 108-109; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi 1960. gv. 231; valerian maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva. dokumentebi. fotopirebi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 71, 77. 3Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801

год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898, стр. 109; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi 1960. gv. 231-232; valerian maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva. dokumentebi. fotopirebi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 71, 77.

76

mterTagan warTmeuli teritoriebi: ,,...raTa drosa brZolisasa iÃmarosmca yoveli

SemZlebelobaÁ mecadinobisa RoniTa saWurñÀlisaTa, xolo drosa mSvidobisasa dazavebisa

mier ukmo-qcevisaTÂs qñÀyanisa da adgilTa mterTagan qonebulTa da ZñÀladve samefoÁsa

mimarT qarTlisa da kaxeTisa SeracxilTa, eseni ukuÀ daSTebian samflobelod muneburTa

mefeTa...~ (rusul dedanSi: ,,...в случае войны употребить все возможное старание пособием оружия, а в

случае мира настоянием о возвращении земель и мест, издавна к царству Карталинскому и Кахетинскому

принадлежавших, кои и останутся во владении царей тамошних...~)4.

$I. wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva

georgievskis traqtatis meore, mesame da meoTxe separatuli (saidumlo) muxlebis

ZaliT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris ori batalioni unda Semosuliyo, xolo

omis SemTxvevaSi jaris raodenoba unda gazrdiliyo. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ori rusuli

batalioni oTxi zarbazniT 1783 wlis oqtomberSi Semovida da saqarTveloSi 1787 wlis

oqtombramde darCa. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ori rusuli batalionis Semosvlis, mis mier

gadaxdili brZolebisa da saqarTvelodan gasvlis istoria dRemde specialuri kvlevis

sagani ar gamxdara. am movlenam Tavisi asaxva pova qarTul da rusul saistorio wyaroebsa

da samecniero literaturaSi.

wyaroebi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris yofnis istoria Zalze fragmentulad

aisaxa XVIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da XIX saukunis damdegis qarTul saistorio

mwerlobaSi. oman xerxeuliZe Tavis TxzulebaSi „mefoba irakli meorisa“ TiTqmis arafers

gvauwyebs CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb5. igive iTqmis daviT batoniSvilis

Txzulebaze ̀ axali istoria~ da bagrat batoniSvilis ̀ axal moTxrobaze~6. daviT da bagrat

batoniSvilebis TxzulebebTan zedmiwevniT msgavsebas amJRavnebs Teimuraz batoniSvilis

àxali istoria~7da vaxtang batoniSvilis „istoriebri aRwera“8.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris Semosvlis, mis mier gadaxdili brZolebisa da

ukan gawvevis itoriis Sesaxeb pirvelxarisxovani masala gamoaqveyna sankt-peterburgis

universitetis profesorma aleqsandre cagarelma (1844-1929). 1783-1787 wlebs exeba am

gamocemis meore tomis pirveli nakveTi9 da meore tomis meore nakveTi10. aleqsandre

cagarlis publikaciis done, cxadia, veRar akmayofilebs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, magram,

miuxedavad amisa, mecnieris Rvawli Zalze didia problemis Seswavlis saqmeSi, es gamocema

dResac samagido wignad rCeba.

sakiTxis SeswavliT dainteresebuli mkvlevari gverds ver auvlis stepan burnaSevis (1743-

1824)11 qarTl-kaxeTis samefos politikuri mdgomareobis aRweras, romelic saTauriT ̀ Картина

4Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801

год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898, стр. 109; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi 1960. gv. 232; valerian maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva. dokumentebi. fotopirebi.

Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 71, 77 (Seadare: O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII

веке. Издательство „ Наука” , Москва, 1966. стр.170). 5oman xerxeuliZe. mefoba irakli meorisa. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo lela miqiaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1989. 6daviT batniSvili. axali istoria. bagrat batoniSvili. axali moTxroba. Tbilisi, 1941. 7Teimuraz batoniSvili. axali istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZiebeli daurTo lela miqiaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1983. 8vaxtang batoniSvili. istoriebri aRwera. sargis kakabaZis gamocema. tfilisi, 1914. 9Грамоты и другие исторические документы, относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. Выпуск I. Грузинские тексты. С 1768 по 1801

год. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1898. 10Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. выпуск II. С 1769 по 1801 год.

Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1902. 11stepan burnaSevi (1743-1824)_ rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, kartografi, diplomati, general-poruCiki (1790 w.), monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebisa da 1787-1791 wlebis omebSi, ruseTis imperiis mmarTveli senatis wevri (1798-1800 ww.). 1783 wels, georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde, dainiSna komisionerad (rwmunebulad) erekle II-isa da solomon I-is karze, georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg iyo ruseTis imperiis sruluflebiani warmomadgeneli (ministri) qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze

77

Грузии~, 1793 wels gamoica q. kurskSi, xolo 1896 wels _ TbilisSi12. polkovnik stepan

burnaSevis ̀ Картина Грузии~ TbilisSi namsaxuri rusi moxelis memuarebs ar warmoadgens. esaa

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ruseTis imperiis sruluflebiani warmomadgenlisa (ministrisa)

da rusuli batalionebis meTauris oficialuri moxseneba an am moxsenebis odnav

saxecvlili varianti. moxsenebisaTvis masalebs misi avtori qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi yofnis

periodSi (1783-1787 ww.) agrovebda. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamo stepan burnaSevis

`Картина Грузии~ uaRresad saintereso wyaroa.

1901 wels sergei burnaSevma (1875-1929) gamosca dokumentebisa da masalebis krebuli,

romelSic pirvelad gamoqveynda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ruseTis imperiis

sruluflebiani warmomadgenlisa (ministrisa)da rusuli batalionebis meTauris polkovnik

stepan burnaSevis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli masalebi, romlebic rusi moxelis

saqarTveloSi yofnis periods (1783-1787 ww.) exeba13.krebulSi saintereso masala aris daculi

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gamogzavnili rusuli jaris Sesaxeb.

literatura. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris Semosvlis, mis mier gadaxdili

brZolebisa da ukan gawvevis istoria rusul istoriografiaSi pirvelad piotr butkovma

(1775-1857) gaaSuqa naSromSi „Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год“14, piotr

butkovis damsaxurebaa is, rom man samecniero mimoqcevaSi pirvelma Semoitana didi

moculobis saarqivo masala da Seqmna gamokvleva, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs

samecniero Rirebuleba. piotr butkovi ruseTis imperiis istoriografiis warmomadgenelia,

misi mizania ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri politikis gamarTleba. rusi istorikosi

amarTlebs saimperatoro karis gadawyvetilebas erekle II-is Txovnis miuxedavad, ar

gaezarga jaris kontingenti qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi, xolo 1787 wels saerTod gaeyvana

jari saqarTvelodan. CvenTvis saintereso problemis calkeul sakiTxs aSuqebs nikolai

dubrovini (1837-1904) Tavis gamokvlevaSi `Георгий XII последний царь Грузии и присоединение ея к

России”, romelic pirvelad 1867 wels, xolo meored 1897 wels gamoica15. kidev ufro

sainteresoa nikolai dubrovinis mravaltomeuli „История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе“,

romlis meore16 da mesame17 tomebi Cvens sakvlev sakiTxs exeba. piotr butkovis msgavsad

nikolai dubrovinmac didi moculobis saarqivo masala Semoitana samecniero mimoqcevaSi,

gamoiyena ukve gamoqveynebuli dokumentebi da masalebi. Tavis droze nikolai dubrovinis

gamokvleva erT-erT saukeTesod iTvleboda, mas dResac ar daukargavs samecniero

mniSvneloba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nikolai dubrovini, piotr butkovisagan gansxvavebiT,

ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri politikis aSkara mexotbed gvevlineba da xSirad yovelgvari

dasabuTebis gareSe amarTlebs ruseTis saimperatoro karis politikas, ruseTis imperiis

saxlmwifo uwyebaTa, rus politikosTa da samxedroTa damokidebulebas qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos bedisadmi. nikolai dubrovinis naSromi dazRveuli ar aris faqtobrivi

uzustobebisaganac.

marTalia, piotr butkovi da nikolai dubrovini xSirad dausabuTeblad amarTleben

ruseTis saimperatoro karis politikas, magram obieqturoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos: piotr

butkovma da nikolai dubrovinma iseTi saarqivo dokumentebi da masalebi gamoaqveynes,

romelTaA gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTSi myofi ruseTis jaris

Semosvlis, mis mier gadaxdili brZolebisa da jaris ukan gawvevis istoriis Seswavla,

da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris ori batalionis meTauri (1783-1787 ww). samsaxuridan gadadga 1800 wels. 12Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сделанное пребывающим

при Его Высочестве царе Карталинском и Кахетинском Ираклии Темуразовиче полковником и кавалером Бурнашевым в

Тифлисе в 1786 г. Издание К.Н. Бегичева, Тифлис, 1896. 13Новые материалы жизнеописания и деятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго в Грузии с 1783 по 1787 г. Собрал

и издал С. Н. Бурнашев. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.-Петербург, 1901. 14П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869. 15Н. Дубровин. Георгий XII последний царь Грузии и присоединение ея к России. С.-Петербург, 1867. Издание второе, С.-

Петербург, 1897. 16Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886. 17Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе Tом III, С.-Петербург,1886

78

SeuZlebeli iqneboda imitom, rom qarTuli wyaroebi (mateaneebi) mxolod fragmentul

cnobebs Seicaven.

1899 wels TbilisSi gamoica saintereso gamokvleva _ `Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от

их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года“18.

wigni vasili pottos (1836-1911) redaqciiT gamovida. piotr butkovisa da nikolai dubrovinis

gamokvlevebisagan gansxvavebiT, vasili pottos redaqciiT gamocemuli `Исторический очерк

Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии.~ manamde ucnobi saarqivo dokumentebisa da

masalebis samecniero mimoqcevaSi SemotaniT ar gamoirCeva, igi ZiriTadad ukve gamocemul

dokumentebsa da masalebs, aseve arsebul samecniero gamokvlevebs (maT Soris piotr

butkovisa da nikolai dubrovinis gamokvlevebs) eyrdnoba. samagierod, „kavkasiuri omebis

istoriuli narkvevi“ manamde gamocemuli yvela naSromisagan gamoirCeva mecnieruli doniT,

gamokvlevisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSan-TvisebiT. amasTan erTad, garkveviT unda

aRiniSnos, rom vasili pottoc ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri politikis mexotbea.

rusi sabWoTa istorikosebidan 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris

gamogzavnis da ukan gawvevis istorias exeba olga markovas naSromi `Россия, Закавказье и

международные отношения в XVIII веке~19. iseve, rogorc XIX saukuneSi moRvawe rusi

istorikosebi (piotr butkovi, nikolai dubrovini, vasili potto), olga markovac cdilobda

gaemarTlebina ruseTis kavkasiuri politika, mieCqmala xelisuflebisTvis arasasurveli

faqtebi da movlenebi, rac sabolood istoriuli procesis gayalbebiT dasrulda. aqve isic

unda aRiniSnos, rom olga markovam samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semoitana didi raodenobiT

saarqivo masala, gaaswora piotr butkovis, nikolai dubrovinisa da vasili pottos

naSromebSi gaparuli faqtobrivi Secdomebi da uzustobebi.

qarTvel mecnierTagan qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gamogzavnili ruseTis jaris istoria

pirvelad platon ioselianma (1809-1875) gaaSuqa. misi wigni qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis

giorgi XII-is cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb pirvelad avtoris sicocxleSive _ 1767

wels _gamoica, meored 1895 wels, mesamed 1936 wels, meoTxed _ 1978 wels20. platon

ioselianis naSromi sagrZnoblad Camouvardeba petre butkovisa da nikolai dubrovinis

naSromebs, bevrad naklebi Rirebulebisaa vasili pottos redaqciiT gamocemul wignTan

SedarebiT. pirvel rigSi, es exeba wyaroebisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis

ugulvebelyofas.

qarTvel istorikosTa naSromTagan sainteresoa sargis kakabaZis „saqarTvelos istoria.

axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810 ww.)“21, „qarTveli xalxis istoria. 1783-1921“,22 geronti

qiqoZis „erekle meore“23 (naSromi pirvelad 1947 wels gamovida, xolo mesamed _ 1958 wels),

iase cincaZis „1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati“24. 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

myofi ruseTis jaris istoriam asaxva hpova `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~

rvatomeulis meoTxe tomSi. 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperiis

urTierTobas am gamocemis meToTxmete Tavi eZRvneba25. igi dawerilia mamia dumbaZis mier.

`saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ meoTxe tomSi 1783-1787 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

18Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими

войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе

Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899. 19O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Издательство „Наука” , Москва, 1966. 20platon ioseliani. cxovreba mefis giorgi XIII-sa. Tfilisi, Cyiz [1867]; platon ioseliani. cxovreba mefe giorgi mecametisa da saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTeba. zaqaria WiWinaZis gamocema. Tfilisi, 1895; platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. akaki gawerelias Sesavali weriliT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT. tfilisi, 1936; platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi, 1978. 21sargis kakabaZe 1922 wels gamocemul naSromSi „saqarTvelos istoria. axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810 ww.)“. tfilisi, 1922, gv. 222-244. 22sargis kakabaZe. qarTveli xalxis istoria.1783-1921. Tbilisi, 1997. 23geronti qiqoZe. erekle meore. sablitgami, Tbilisi, 1958. 24iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Mmasalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi 1960. 25saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. rva tomad. tomi IV. saqarTvelo XVI saukunis dasawyisidan XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 694-777.

79

myofi rusuli jaris istoria(jaris Semoyvana, mis mier gadaxdili brZolebi da ukan gawveva)

warmodgenilia fragmentulad da umniSvnelovanesi wyaroebis gverdis avliT.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis imperiis jaris(ori batalionis) gamogzavna ruseTis

aRmosavluri politikis nawili iyo. saqarTveloSi gamosagzavni jaris raodenobis

gansazRvra, jaris kontigentis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis saimperatoro karTan da

kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalTan erekle II-is mimowera, erekle II-is Txovnaze imperatorisa

da kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardlis reagireba savsebiT gasagebs xdis ruseTis imperiis

strategias samxreT kavkasiaSi da am strategiis ganxorcielebis taqtikur gzebs.

$2. ruseTis jaris Semosvla qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

(1783 wlis oqtomberi-noemberi)

1783 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi ruseTis jaris ori batalioni, rogorc es

georgievskis traqtatiT iyo gansazRvruli, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Semovida. georgievskis

traqtati jer kidev ar iyo xelmowerili, rodesac general-anSefma grigori potiomkinma26

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jaris gagzavnisaTvis daiwyo mzadeba. jaris gagzavnis saqmes

praqtikulad general-poruCiki pavel potiomkini27 xelmZRvanelobda. 1783 wlis 1 ivliss

pavel potiomkins daekisra Crdilo kavkasiaSi, mozdokidan astraxanamde (kaspiis zRvamde),

kavkasiis sasazRvro xazis dacva. cota mogvianebiT, 1784 wlis 2 Tebervals, igi dainiSna

saratovisa da kavkasiis general-gubernatorad da kaspiis zRvidan Sav zRvamde ganlagebuli

ruseTis jarebis mTavarsardlad _ kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardlad.. 1785 wlis 5 maiss Seiqmna

kavkasiis samefisnacvlo, romelSic Sedioda kavkasiisa da astraxanis olqebi28.

kavkasiis xazidan (mozdoki, georgievski) Tbilisisaken momavali gza jarisa da

artileriis gadaadgilebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo. TbilisSi Camosulma polkovnikma stepan

burnaSevma29 pavel potiomkins acnoba, rom igi Seudga Tbilisidan kavkasionis

uReltexilamde gzebis SekeTebasa da xidebis mSeneblobas. stepan burnaSevs erekle II 1500

kaciT daxmarebas Sehpirebia30. jer kidev manam, sanam mozdoki-astraxanis xazs Caibarebda,

26grigori potiomkini (1739-1791) _ grafi, rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, diplomati. Eekaterina II-is yuradReba miiqcia 1762 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebis dros, gaxda imperatoris favoriti. Mmonawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSi, 1774 wels mieniWa general-poruCikis, 1775 wels _ general-anSefis, 1784 wels_ general-feldmarSlis samxedro wodeba. 1784 wlidan iyo novorosiis general-gubernatori, xelmZRvanelobda xersonesis, sevastopolis, nikolaevis da sxva qalaqebis daarsebas, gaxda osmaleTisa da iranis dapyroba-danawilebis ideis erT-erTi aqtiuri iniciatori da mxardamWeri, ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri da aRmosavluri politikis praqtikuli ganmaxorcielebeli. ruseT-osmaleTis 1787-1791 wlebis omis dros iyo ruseTis armiis mTavarsardali, gardaicvala 1791 wels, iasis zavis dadebamde. 27pavel potiomkini (1743-1796)_grafi, rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, diplomati, general-

poruCiki, mwerali, grigori potiomkinis gare biZaSvili. swrafad dawinaurda samxedro samsaxurSi, monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSi, 1774-1775 wlebSi monawileobda emeliane pugaCovis, da glexTa omis sxva moTaveTa saqmis gamoZiebaSi.1782 wels dainiSna kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardlad, 1782 wlidan monawileobda qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris dasadebi xelSekrulebis momzadebaSi, 1783 wlis 24 ivliss xeli moawera georgievskis traqtats, 1783 wlis seqtembridan meTaurobda CeCnebis winaaRmdeg gagzavnil samxedro eqspedicias, 1783 wlia agvistodan meTaurobda Seix mansuris winaaRmdeg yubanispireTSi moqmed samxedro eqspedicias, monawileobda 1787-1791 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi, 1794 wels monawileobas iRebda ruseTis winaaRmdeg poloneTSi dawyebuli ajanyebis CaxSobaSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs ramdenime mxatvruli nawarmoebi. 28Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 163. 29stepan burnaSevi (1743-1824)_ rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, kartografi, diplomati, general-poruCiki(1790 w.), monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebisa da 1787-1791 wlebis omebSi, ruseTis imperiis mmarTveli senatis wevri (1798-1800 ww.). 1783 wels, georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde, dainiSna komisionerad (rwmunebulad) erekle II-isa da solomon I-is karze, georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg iyo ruseTis imperiis srulyflebiani warmomadgeneli (ministri) qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris ori batalionis meTauri(1783-1787 ww). samsaxuridan gadadga 1800 wels. 30Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 12;

80

1783 wlis maisSi, pavel potiomkinma ober-kvartermaister foxts daavala mdinare Tergis

gaswvriv arsebuli gzis saqarTvelos sazRvramde wesrigSi moyvana. samuSaos

Sesasruleblad foxts gamouyves 800 jariskaci. grenaderTa erTi batalioni gzis

mSeneblobis usafrTxoebas icavda. 1783 wlis oqtomberSi foxtma mdinare Tergze xidebis

mSenebloba daasrula. Tergze, sofel balTidan (oseTi) yazbegamde, gzis 32-kilometrian

monakveTze 27 xidi iyo. foxtma sakmaod myari xideebi aago, Tumca 1786 wels adidebulma

Tergma xidebi mainc daangria31.

1783 wlis oqtomberSi Crdilo kavkasiidan saqarTvelosaken daiZra ruseTis jaris egerTa

2 batalioni 4 savele zarbazniT. im wels adre dazamTrda. kavkasionis mTebze ukve Tovli

ido. ruseTis jaris ori batalioni 1783 wlis oqtomberSi balTa-yazbegis gziT Semovida

saqarTveloSi. 1783 wlis 3 noembers, Semodgomis susxian dRes, rusulma batalionebma

Tbiliss moaRwies32.

***

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jaris gamogzavnasTan erTad grigori potiomkini cdilobda

Crdilo kavkasiidan (mozdokidan) saqarTveloSi momavali gzis dacvas. 1784 wlis

gazafxulze kavkasionis mTiswineTSi daarsda vladikavkazis cixe-simagre, xolo mozdokidan

vladikavkazamde gzaze aigo redutebi: potiomkini (mdinare Tergze), kumbeleini (mdinare

kumbeleize), grigoriopolisi (mcire yabardoSi)33.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jaris, Tundac or batalionis, Semosvla ruseTis kavkasiuri

politikis nawili iyo. imperatori ekaterina II miRweuliT dakmayofilebas ar apirebda. 1784

wels pavel potiomkinma miiRo didi raodenobiT fuli,riTac astraxanSi Seiqmna weliwad-

naxevris sursaTis maragi 6.000 jariskacisaTvis, qeris maragi 1500 cxenisaTvis. Tu ruseTis

jari derbents (darubands) daikavebda, es maragi kaspiis zRvis flotilias derbentSi unda

gadaetana34.

1783 wlis 3 noembers TbilisSi Semosuli egerTa ori rusuli batalioni oTxi savele

zarbazniT ukve saqarTveloSi myof polkovnik stepan burnaSevs daeqvemdebara35. cxadia, es

ar warmoadgenda im Zalas, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mtrebs daaSinebda. 1784 wlis 6

dekembers imperatorma ekaterina II-m mefe erekles uwyaloba 24 qvemexi yumbarebis ori

kompleqtiT. 1785 wlis TebervalSi qvemexebi oTxTvalebiT sankt-peterburgidan tverSi

gagzavnes, Semdeg mdinare volgiT qalaq caricinamde Caitanes, saidanac isev saxmeleTo gziT

Crdilo kavkasiaSi, qalaq ekaterinogradSi, gadaitanes. ase rom, naCuqari qvemexebis sankt-

peterburgidan TbilisSi CamoRweva Zalze gaWinaurda36. imperator ekaterina II-is mier 1784

wels mefe ereklesTvis naboZebi qvemexebis nawili TbilisSi mxolod 1787 wels Camoitanes37,

meore nawils, erekle II-is araerTgzis Txovnis miuxedavad, 1797 wlis 31 dekembersac ki ar

CamouRwevia TbilisSi,38 miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe erekle imperator ekaterina II-s 1793

31П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 130-131;

Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 12-13; 32Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 191; П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803

год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 131; Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом

II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 13; 33П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 131. 34П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 143. 35П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 131;

Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 191. 36П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 131-132. 37Н. Дубровин. Тысяча восемьсот второй год в Грузии. – «Вестник Европы». Журнал истории, политики, литературы. Том II,

1868. С.-Петербург, 1868, стр. 226. 38Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. выпуск II. С 1769 по 1801 год.

Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1902, стр. 78., 180.

81

wlis 17 ianvars sTxovda Crdilo kavkasiaSi, ekaterinogradSi, CarCenili qvemexebis nawilis

saqarTveloSi gagzavnis daCqarebas39.

pavel potiomkini didi pasuxismgeblobiT ekideboda dakisrebul movaleobas. 1784 wlis

zafxulSi igi mozdokidan Tbilisisaken gamoemgzavra, Tumca Tbiliss mxolod seqtemberSi

moaRwia40. pavel potiomkins Tan axlda brwyinvale amala: grigori potiomkinis naTesavi

general-poruCiki aleqsandr samoiloviCi, hesenis princi, ruseTis jaris podpolkovniki

reinsfeldi (igive reinsfeldski) da oficrebi cnobili rusuli sagvareuloebidan. pavel

potiomkini TbilisSi didi zeimiT miiRes. zeimis dasrulebis Semdeg rusi generali Sexvda

qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-s. pavel potiomkinma mefes qarTuli jaris gaZlierebis

aucileblobaze mianiSna41.

$3. muslimuri samyaros reaqcia qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

ruseTis jaris Semosvlaze

qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis

(georgievskis traqtatis) dadebidan (1783 wlis 24 ivlisi) ramdenime dRis Semdeg general-

anSefma grigori potiomkinma kavkasiis muslim mflobelebs (samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasis

iranel da Crdilo kavkasiel xanebs) acnoba, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis

mfarvelobaSi Sevida. muslimi mmarTvelebi am cnobam Zlier aaforiaqa. kidev ufro didi

mRelvareba gamoiwvia cnobam imis Sesaxeb, rom male qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jari

Semovidoda. samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis iraneli da Crdilo kavkasieli xanebi, aseve

axalcixis faSa qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas did

safrTxed aRiqvamdnen. SiSi ruseTisadmi kidev ufro gaZlierda mas Semdeg, rac cnobili

gaxda ruseTis jarebis mier yirimis saxanos dapyroba (1783 w.) da yubanispireTis

dakavebisaTvis brZolebis dawyeba42. ruseTis jaris qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Semosvlas

muslimi mmarTvelebi miiCnevdnen iranisa da osmaleTis teritoriebis dapyrobis dasawyisad.

samxreT-aRmosavleT da Crdilo kavkasiis xanebi, romlebic winaT ruseTisadmi mtruli

moqmedebisagan Tavs ar ikavebdnen, amjerad samagieros gadaxdis molodinSi iyvnen da

gamalebiT emzadebodnen TavdacvisaTvis. xanebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen, Tumca moqmedebis

erTian gegmaze ver SeTanxmdenen. maTi erTi nawili ruseTis winsvlis brZoliT SeCerebis

momxre iyo, xolo meore nawili mzad iyo TavianTi saxanoebi mietovebina da mezobel

saxanoebs Sexiznoda.

iranis garda, ruseTis imperiis winsvla samxreT kavkasiaSi did safrTxes uqmnida

osmaleTs. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mfarvelobaSi miRebiT ruseTs ar daurRvevia osmaleTTan

dadebuli arcerTi zavi, ar SeWrila osmaleTis gavlenis sferoSi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

iranis vasali iyo da amdenad, georgievskis traqtatma Selaxa iranis da ara osmaleTis

uflebebi. stambolSi kargad acnobierebdnen imas, rom osmaleTs formaluri sababi ar

hqonda ruseTisaTvis georgievskis traqtatis gauqmeba moeTxova. amgvari moTxovnis uflebi

mxolod irans hqonda, magram erT dros uZlieresi saxelmwifo 1783-1784 wlebisaTvis

Sinaomebisagan imdenad dasustebuli iyo, rom ruseTs pretenzias ver wauyenebda, miT ufro,

oms ver gamoucxadebda. Seqmnili viTareba osmaleTis sulTans aiZulebda, raRac

saSualebebiT xeli SeeSala qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis damkvidrebisaTvis. osmaleTis

mdgomareobas arTulebda is, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefo iranis vasali iyo, ris gamoc

osmaleTi ruseTis imperiisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos urTierTobaSi ver Caereoda. amasTan

erTad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris Semosvla osmaleTs seriozul safrTxes

39Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. выпуск II. С 1769 по 1801 год.

Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1902, стр. 112, 89-91, 180. 40Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 155. 41Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 192-193. 42Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 22.

82

uqmnida. osmaleTis sulTnisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili is, rom erekle II samcxe-saaTabagos

(osmaluri teritoriul-administraciuli dayofiT axalcixis safaSos) qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos nawilad miiCnevda da ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom ruseTis jari swored axalcixis

safaSos likvidaciisTvis gamoeyenebina. stambolSi isic kargad uwyodnen, rom ruseT-

osmaleTis momavali omi cxra mTas iqiT ar iyo. yirimis saxanos gauqmebam (1783 w.) ukiduresad

daZaba ruseT-osmaleTis urTierToba. ruseTTan momaval omSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

teritoriaze ruseTis jaris yofna osmaleTs seriozuli safrTxis winaSe ayenebda.

miuxedavad amisa, , rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, osmaleTs ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolis

aranairi formaluri sababi ar hqonda. rCeboda erTaderTi gza: axalcixis faSas meSveobiT

osmaleTs ruseTis winaaRmdeg samxreT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebi (erevnis, ganjis,

yarabaRis, naxWevnis ,xois, Saqis, Sirvanis, derbentis da sxv.) da Crdilo kavkasiis muslimi

mflobelebi (tarkis Samxali, avariis xani, xunZaxis xani da sxv.) aemxedrebina. es ise unda

momxdariyo, rom axalcixis faSa ruseTis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi aSkarad ar gareuliyo.

axalcixis faSa suleimans (gamuslimebul qarTvels jayelebis sagvareulodan)

mosveneba daukarga cnobam rusebis mier kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi momavali gzis

mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. gzis mSenebloba jeri damTavrebuli ar iyo, rodesac osmaleTis

propagandis Sedegad Crdilo kavkasiaSi yabardoelTa, CeCenTa da inguSTa mRelvareba

daiwyo. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general-poruCik pavel potiomkins utyuari cnobebi

hqonda, rom yabardos, CeCneTisa da inguSeTis garda, osmaleTis emisrebi aqtiurad

moqmedebdnen daRestanSi. aSkara iyo, rom sulTani advilad ar Seurigdeboda qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas43.

1783 wlis zafxulSi osmalo faSa 10.000 mebrZoliT foTSi Sevida. 1783 wlis miwuruls

osmaleTis sulTanma trapizonSi, arzrumsa da axalcixeSi, xolo mogvianebiT yarsSi axali

sardlebi daniSna. saqarTvelos mosazRvre faSebs stambolidan acnobes, rom ruseTis jarma

kavkasiis mTebi gadmoiara da osmaleTisaTvis saqarTvelos wasarTmevad emzadeboda44.

axalcixis, arzrumis, yarsisa da baiazeTis faSebma gadawyvites dakavSirebodnen samxreT-

aRmosavleT kavkasiis iranul saxanoebs.stambolidan iranul saxanoebsa da daRestanSi

axalcixis faSa suleimanis meSveobiT xSirad Cadiodnen osmaleTis sulTnis emisrebi.

sulTnis firmani muslimebs mouwodebda gaerTianebuliyvnen samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis

damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. sulTanma suleiman faSas daavala dakavSireboda iranel

xanebs, avariis xans da didi fulisa da saCuqrebis meSveobiT isini ruseTis winaaRmdeg

brZolaze daeTanxmebina. muslimi mflobelebis mosyidvis mizniT axalcixis faSam

stambolidan 50 qisa oqro miiRo45. suleiman faSa saswrafod daukavSirda imxanad iranSi

Sahis taxtisaTvis mebrZolTa Soris yvelaze Zlier ali murat xans, aseve amierkavkasiis

iranel xanebs da daRestnis mflobelebs. suleimanma maT ruseTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi

brZolisaken mouwoda: ,,cremlmoreuli gevedrebiT dagvexmareT Cven, moimoqmedeT raime, raTa

urwmunoebi Cveni sazRvrebidan ganvdevnoT~46.

osmaleTis sabrZolo samzadisis Sesaxeb grigori potiomkini yoveli mxridan iRebda

cnobebs. 1784 wlis 18 aprils enzelidan rusi konsuli astraxanis gubernators werda:

arzrumsa da baiazeTSi Tavi moiyara didma jarma, osmalo sardali kavSirSia iranel da

daRestnel xanebTan, mouwodebs maT daxmareba aRmouCinon osmaleTis jars da yovel

mebrZols jildod weliwadSi 200 maneTs pirdeba47.

saqarTvelos mosazRvre osmalo faSebi ukve aSkarad gamoxatavdnen aRSfoTebas

erekle II-is politikiT. stambolSi gavrcelda xmebi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa da

rusTa jaris erToblivi brZolisaTvis mzadebis Sesaxeb. viTarebis ganmuxtvis mizniT

grigori potiomkinma gadawyvita piradad Casuliyo stambolSi da osmaleTis sagareo

politikis mesveurebi daerwmunebina gavrcelebuli xmebis sicrueSi. magram ruseTis elCma

43 O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.201. 44 O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.201-202. 45 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 24. 46 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 25. 47 O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.202.

83

stambolSi iakob bulgakovma 1784 wlis 16 marts werili gaugzavna grigori potiomkins da

stambolSi Casvlisagan Tavis Sekaveba urCia, viziti ar Sedga48.

1783 wlis zafxulSi axalcixe iqca lekTa moTareSe razmebis TavSeyris adgilad.

axalcixeSi lekebi iRebdnen fuls da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis

instruqcias. axalcixis faSas aqtiuri moqmedebis Sedegad georgievskis traqtatis dadebis

Semdeg gaZlierda lekTa Tavdasxmebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze. suleiman faSa Tavis

agresiul miznebs ar amJRavnebda da erekle II-is megobrad asaRebda Tavs. 1783 wels ruseTma

yirimis saxano daipyro. osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda yirimis dakargvas, rac

dadasturda yirimis Sesaxeb ruseT-osmaleTis 1784 wlis konvenciiT. kinvenciis dadebis

Semdeg osmaleTis sulTanma axalcixis faSa suleimans qarTl-kaxeTis mimarT mtruli

moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba ubrZana. Tavis mxriv, suleiman faSam sulTans urCia: qarTl-

kaxeTis winaaRmdeg mtruli moqmedebebi unda gagrZeldes, raTa erekle II ar gaZlierdes.

sulTanma suleiman faSas azri gaiTvaliswina da, ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis

miuxedavad, Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba misca49.

1784 wlisaTvis suleiman faSas konkretuli gegma aseTi iyo: daRestnis mflobelebs

axalcixeSi unda gaegzavnaT 3000 mebrZoli, romelTa jamagiriTa da sursaTiT

uzrulvelyofas faSa Tavis Tavze iRebda. daRestnis mflobelTa didi nawili, cxadia,

Zarcva-glejaze uars ar ityoda, magram arc axalcixis faSas mimarT raime konkretuli

valdebulebis aReba surdaT. amitom iyo, rom lekebis didma nawilma suleiman faSas mxari

ar dauWira. daRestnis mflobelebma axalcixis faSas aseTi pasuxi SeuTvales: ,,Cven

rusebTan da qarTvelebTan erTad arasdros viqnebiT. mzad varT vemsaxuroT sulTans, magram

mas Semdeg, rac igi realur daxmarebas aRmogviCens~50. suleiman faSam igrZno, rom

daRestnelebis ruseTis winaaRmdeg darazmvas ver SeZlebda. amitom iyo, rom man mTeli

yuradReba samxreT kavkasiis iranul saxanoebze gadaitana. 1784 wels suleiman faSa

yarabaRis (SuSis) xan ibrahims werda: ,,wyeulma rusebma kavkasiis mTebSi gza gaiyvanes, rac

saSualebas aZlevs maT gadmoitanon ara mxolod saWiro bargi, aramed artileria da jaris

gamosakvebad aucilebeli sursaTi. ruseTis jari Semovida saqarTveloSi, zafxulis

miwuruls isini (qarTvelebi da rusebi _ v. g.) iranze TavdasxmisaTvis Seikribebian da iseve

gvSTanTqaven Cven, rogorc zafxulis wvimebis Semdeg mosuli niaRvari Tavis gzaze

STanTqavs yvelafers~51. suleiman faSa ibrahim xans urCevda kargad dafiqrebuliyo da

cecxli manamde Caeqro, sanam xanZrad gadaiqceoda. suleiman faSas ibrahim xani SemTxveviT

ar SeurCevia. ruseTis jaris Semosvla qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi did safrTxes uqmnida

yarabaRis xans. saqme is iyo, rom yarabaRis saxanos teritoriaze uamravi qristiani somexi

cxovrobda, romlebic ruseTs TavianT bunebriv mokavSired miiCnevdnen52.

osmaleTis agentura aqtiurad moqmedebda iranSi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos uSualo

mezoblebi, erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebi, erekle II-is xelisuflebis uzenaesobas

aRiarebdnen. Ggeorgievskis traqtatis dadebidan male, 1783 wlis bolos, gardaicvala

erevnis xani husein ali. TbilisSi erekle II-sTan gamocxaddnen erevnis saxanos

warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris gardacvlili xanis ori vaJi da mefes sTxoves xanis taxtze

husein alis ufrosi vaJis damtkiceba. erekle mefem Txovna daakmayofila da erevnis xani

gaxda husein alis ufrosi vaJi53. jer kidev georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde ganjis

saxanoc xanis gareSe darCa. TvalebdaTxrili ganjis xani cixeSi hyavda gamoketili

yarabaRis xan ibrahims. ganjis xanis taxti mitacebuli hqonda mehmed xans, romelic qarTl-

kaxeTis mefis uzenaesobas ar scnobda. erekle II-m da ibrahim xanma ganjaze ilaSqres, mehmed

xanma winaaRmdegobis gaweva scada, magram damarcxda. xani Seipyres, Tvalebi dasTxares da

cixeSi gamoketes. ganja erekle mefisa da ibrahim xanis erTobliv mmarTvelobas

48O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.202. 49O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.203. 50Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 25. 51Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 25. 52Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 25-26. 53Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 40.

84

daeqvemdebara. saxanos teritoria orad gaiyo: erT nawils erekle II-is mier daniSnuli

moxele ganagebda, xolo meore nawils _ ibrahim xanisa54.

georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg meryeoba daetyo erekle mefis Zvel mokavSire

yarabaRis xan ibrahims55. yarabaRis xanma ganjis saxanos gadabireba daiwyo. ibrahim xanma

erekle mefis winaaRmdeg ganjis mosaxleobis ajanyebac ki scada.amboxeba ar Sedga, Tumca

movlenebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis mainc arasasurvelad ganviTarda – ukmayofilo

ganjelebma, rogorc erekle II-is, ise ibrahim xanis daniSnuli mmarTvelebi gamoaZeves56.

miuxedavad qarTuli jaris sisustisa, erekle II cdilobda samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis

iranul saxanoebze, pirvel rigSi, erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebze gavlenis aRdgenas. 1784

wels mefem jari Sekriba da Tavad andronikaSvilisa da SamSadilueli ali sulTnis

sardlobiT ganjis dasamorCileblad gagzavna. ganjis xanis laSqari qalaqis misadgomebTan

Sexvda qarTul jars, magram pirveli SetakebisTanave ukan daixia da ganjis citadels

Seafara Tavi57. erekle mefe varaudobda, rom Tu derbentis xani faTali yarabaRis xans

ibrahims ver gadaibirebda da igi erekle II-s ganjis xanis winaaRmdeg jariT daexmareboda,

qarTuli jari ganjis saxanos daimorCilebda58. amitom iyo, rom erekle mefem elCi gaugzavna

faTali xans da yarabaRis saxanos saqmeebSi Carevisagan Tavis Sekaveba urCia. erekles elCi

derbentis xans yarabaRis saxanosaken jariT mimavals salianSi Sexvda. xani salianSi

sursaTis maragis amowurvis gamo SeCerebuliyo. faTali xanTan erekle mefis elCTan erTad

axalcixis faSa suleimanis elCic gamocxadda, romelmac faTali xans 3000 Cervoneci,

Zvirfasi qurqi da briliantebiT morTuli saaTi gadasca saCuqrad. suleiman faSas elCma

derbentis xans osmaleTis sulTnis saxeliT daxmareba aRuTqva. elCi faTali xans ruseTis

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwodebda. axalcixis faSa derbentis xans swerda: ,,qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos ruseTi imitom wyalobs, rom xelSi Caigdos irani. winaswar gafrTxilebT,

rom mzad iyoT 1784 wlis zafxulSi omis dawyebisaTvis... Tqven Tqveni mxridan SemoutevT,

me Cemi mxridan davesxmebi Tavs saqarTvelos. girCevT Tavi mouyaroT mTel Tqvens jars,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sul male inanebT...~59

derbentis xans, cxadia, ar sjeroda suleiman faSas danapirebisa, magram cdilobda

Seqmnili viTarebidan sargebeli mieRo. faTali xanma Tavisi warmomadgeneli gagzavna pavel

potiomkinTan da axalcixis faSas saCuqrebisa da werilis Taobaze acnoba. faTali xanma

pavel potiomkins isic gaagebina, rom axalcixis faSas elCi masTan Sexvedris Semdeg

yarabaRis xan ibrahimTan mosalaparakeblad gaemarTa. ibrahim xans elCi didi pativiT miuRia.

qalaqSi elCis Sesvlisas saartilerio saliutic ki miucia da elCis miRebisas yvelas

Tvalwin osmaleTis sulTnis mier boZebuli xalaTi mousxams. derbentis xani kavkasiis

xazis mTavarsardals aseve acnobebda: marTalia, ibrahim xani ruseTis mfarvelobaSi myofad

acxadebs Tavs, magram osmaleTis sulTanTan elCebs agzavnis da saidumlo mimowerac aqvs

sulTnis karTan, saCuqrebsac iRebs misgan60. derbentis xanma pavel potiomkinisagan Seqebis

nacvlad aseTi pasuxi miiRo: axalcixis faSas elCi unda dagepatimrebina, moqceuliyavi ise,

rogorc moiqceoda ruseTis erTguli yvela adamianio61. faTali xani mixvda, rom ibrahim

xanis winaaRmdeg Cafiqrebulma intrigam mizans ver miaRwia. derbentis xanis laSqari

yarabaRis xanis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad ar gamodgeboda, laSqars sursaTis maragi ar

gaaCnda. mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma derbentis xanma qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan

megobruli urTierTobis damyarebaze aiRo gezi. xanma didi pativiT miiRo erekle mefis

warmomadgeneli. faTali xani erekle II-s sTavazobda yarabaRis saxanos orad gayofas im

pirobiT, Tu saxanos gayofaSi rusebi ar Caereodnen62. faTali xani erekle II-is

54Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 40. 55Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 40. 56Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 40-41. 57Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 77. 58Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 77. 59Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 77. 60Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 77-78. 61Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 78. 62Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 78-79.

85

warmomadgenels sTxovda mefisaTvis ecnobebina Semdegi: 1. derbentis xani yarabaRis xanis

winaaRmdeg oms daiwyebda, Tu mefe erekle 500 mebrZols daaxmarda; 2. yarabaRis saxanos

dapyrobisa da qalaq SuSis aRebis Semdeg, yazaxidan da SamSadiludan yarabaRSi gaxiznuli

TaTrebi kvlav qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze dabrundebodnen; 3. yarabaRis saxanos

teritoriaze mcxovrebi somxebi mefe erekles gankargulebaSi gadavidodnen, xolo muslimi

mosaxleoba derbentis xans darCeboda; 4. Tu mefe erekle Tanaxma iqneboda, yarabaRis xani

ibrahim xanis Zma gaxdeboda, romelic rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis mefis, ise derbentis xanis

morCilebaSi iqneboda; 5.Tu derbentis xanis pirobebs erekle mefe miiRebda, xani pirobas

debda, rom ganjis saxanos saqmeebSi aRar Caereoda63. erekle II-is warmomadgenelma derbentis

xans aseTi pasuxi gasca: qarTl-kaxeTis mefe ruseTis imperatoris mfarvelobaSia da amdenad,

imperatorTan SeTanxmebis gareSe Tqvens pirobebze pasuxs ver gagcemTo. cxadia, faTali

xani, romelsac qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da yarabaRis xanis kavSirisa eSinoda, aseTma pasuxma

ar daakmayofila da garkveuli kiTxva-pasuxis Semdeg mefe erekles warmomadgenels

ganucxada: ,,me ar vapireb raime saqme daviWiro rusebTan da isini Cemi moRvaweobis

Tanamonawileebad vaqcio. Tu qarTl-kaxeTis mefes ruseTis jari Tavis dasacavad hyavs, dae,

igi eTaTbiros rusebs, me ki mTeli ZaliT vecdebi davipyro yarabaRi~64.

qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan yarabaRis xanis winaaRmdeg kavSiris Sekvris

warumatebeli cdis Semdeg derbentis xani yarabaRis saxanos teritoriaze SeiWra. ibrahim

xani qalaq SuSidan gamovida da oTxi versis moSorebiT erT-erT cixe-simagreSi gamagrda,

saidanac daxmarebis TxovniT macne gagzavna erekle II-Tan. mefes jaris gagzavnis saSualeba

ar hqonda, amitom ganjasTan mdgar Tavad andronikaSvils da ali sulTans sTxova, ibrahim

xanis dasaxmareblad daZruliyvnen. qarTvelTa da SamSadiluelTa laSqarma ganjis cixes

alya moxsna da ibrahim xanis saSvelad daiZra. ganjaSi zeimi daiwyo. male ganjelebma erekle

mefis winaaRmdeg SamSadilueli da Samqoreli TaTrebi aamxedres, ramac mefes axali

Tavsatexi gauCina.

osmaleTi cdilobda ruseTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg erT-erTi

gavleniani mmarTvelis, ispahanis xan ali muradis gadabirebas. sulTani daTmobaze wavida

da baRdadSi osmalebis mier dangreuli sparsuli meCeTis aRdgenisaTvis didi fuli gaiRo.

miuxedavad amisa, xanma ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolisagan Tavi Seikava65. pavel potiomkins

uamravi cnoba hqonda imis Taobaze, rom osmaleTi yvelgan cdilobda wylis amRvrevas. 1784

wlis aprilSi axalcixeSi dabrundnen 1783 wlis Semodgomaze kavkasiaSi gamogzavnili

emisrebi xalil efendis winamZRolobiT. emisrebis mizans Seadgenda Crdilo kavkasiis

daRestneli mflobelebisa da iranis saxanoebis ruseTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg

amxedreba. axalcixis faSa suleimani muslimebs ruseTis winaaRmdeg omisaken mouwodebda.

Tavis werilebTan erTad suleiman faSa muslim mflobelebs ugzavnida ruseTis mier

osmaleTisaTvis gagzavnili im notis asls, romelic adasturebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas66.

xalil efendim Semoiara daRestani, Sirvani da yarabaRi, xolo Semdeg erevanSi Cavida.

erekle II-is mier erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebis mmarTvelad daniSnulma Tavadma

andronikaSvilma mefes xalil efendis Sesaxeb acnoba da Tanac osmalo emisrisaTvis

werilebis CamorTmevis nebarTva iTxova. mefe am radikaluri nabijis winaaRmdeg wavida. 1784

wlis aprilSi pavel potiomkini stepan burnaSevs swerda, rom mefe savsebiT sworad moiqca,

roca osmalo emisars werilebi Zalis gamoyenebiT ar CamoarTva67. xalil efendi SuSaSi

ibrahim xanTan dabrunda. am droisaTvis SuSa osmalo emisrebis Stab-binad iqca. 1784 wlis

19 aprils mefe erekle stepan burnaSevs swerda, rom man SuSaSi xalil efendisaTvis

werilebis moparvis mizniT Tavisi xalxi gagzavna. SuSaSi xalil efendis moRvaweobis

Sesaxeb pavel potiomkins cnobebs awvdida yaiTaRis ucmia amir hamza68.

63Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 79. 64Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 79. 65O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.203. 66O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.203. 67O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.204. 68O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.204.

86

xalil efendis misiis warmateba bevrad ganapiroba iman, rom mas mxari dauWires

daRestnelma mflobelebma. samxedro kavSiri ruseTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg TiTqos

Seikra. 1784 wlis ianvarSi yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma SuSaSi Tavi mouyara 8 000 mebrZols.

yarabaRis xans SeuerTdnen: xunZaxis xanis Svili, yaiTaRis ucmiis naTesavi, ramdenime

mamasaxlisi CeCneTidan da sxvebi. am cnobis miRebisTanave pavel potiomkinma daRestnel

mflobelebs werili daugzavna da sTxova, TavianTi Svilebi da naTesavebi yarabaRidan

gamoexmoT da ar daeSvaT ibrahim xanTan erTad maTi axalcixeSi Casvla. kavkasiis xazis

mTavarsardlis Txovna daRestnis mmarTvelebma yurad iRes69.

1784 wlis TebervalSi yaiTaRis ucmia amir hamzam axalcixis faSas werili miiRo.

suleiman faSa amir hamzas axalcixeSi 300 mebrZolis gagzavnas sTxovda da TiToeuls

jamagiris saxiT 60 maneTsa da aseve qarTl-kaxeTis darbevis Sedegad mopovebul naalafars

pirdeboda. faSa amir hamzas sTxovda axalcixeSi Tavisi warmomadgeneli gaegzavna, raTa

ucmiisaTvis gankuTvnili wina wlebis jamagiri aeRo. msgavsi xasiaTis werilebi suleiman

faSam tarkis Samxal murTaz alis, avariis xan ummas, yaziyumuxis xan muhameds da sxva

xanebs, sul 24 xelisufals, daugzavna. xanebma es werilebi pavel potiomkins gadasces,

xolo am ukanasknelma 1784 wels grigori potiomkins miawvdina. umma xanma ara marto

suleiman faSas werili gadasca pavel potiomkins, aramed Tavisi samsaxuric SesTavaza.

axalcixis faSas werilis miRebis Semdeg tarkis Samxalma murTaz alim pavel potiomkins

ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvlis TxovniT mimarTa.

Crdilo kavkasiisa da iranis muslim mflobelebs Soris antiqarTuli ganwyobilebis

Sesarbileblad pavel potiomkinma xanebs gaugzavna cnoba ruseT-osmaleTis 1784 wlis

dekembris konvenciis Sesaxeb, romlis ZaliTac osmaleTma cno yirimis gadasvla ruseTis

SemadgenlobaSi. xanebTan gagzavnilma rusma oficrebma pavel potiomkins gadasces werilebi,

romlebSic muslimi mflobelebi ruseTs erTgulebas eficebodnen. 1784 wlis 30 maiss pavel

potiomkinma es werilebi grigori potiomkins gaugzavna70.

amierkavkasiaSi xalil efendis warumatebeli misiis miuxedavad, osmaleTi antirusul

propagandas ar wyvetda. male sulTanma ufro realuri gegmebi daisaxa. osmalebma Tvali

daadges erevnis Zlier cixe-simagres. xalil efendis davalebuli hqonda erevanSi

antiqarTuli gamosvlis organizeba. pavel potiomkinma stepan burnaSevis meSveobiT 1784

wlis TebervalSi erekle II-s urCia Tvalyuri edevnebina erevnis axali xanisaTvis, romlis

orpirobis Sesaxeb mas ukve hqonda cnobebi. amasTan erTad, pavel potiomkini erekle mefes

urCevda jari Seeyvana erevanSi. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardali garTulebebs eloda,

amitomac SekiTxva gaugzavna grigori potiomkins: rogor moqceuliyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

osmalebi erevnis cixis dakavebas Seecdebodnen. viTareba marTlac daiZaba. erevnis xanTan

gamocxaddnen axalcixis, yarsis, arzrumisa da baiazeTis faSaTa elCebi. vizitis oficialur

mizezad dasaxelda erevnis axali xanis ulam alisaTvis samZimris gamocxadeba mamis

gardacvalebis gamo. sinamdvileSi elCebma ulam ali xans didi fulis sanacvlod erevnis

cixis osmaleTisaTvis gadacemis winadadebiT mimarTes. elCebis vizitis Semdeg male, 1784

wlis zafxulSi, ulam ali xani mokles. xani gaxda moklulis Tormeti wlis vaJi muhamedi,

romelsac deda qarTveli hyavda. am droidan erekle mefis gavlena erevnis saxanoze kvlav

gaizarda71.

osmaleTi mainc ar wyvetda erevnis cixis dauflebisaTvis brZolas. axalcixis faSa

suleimanis mcdelobiT erevnis cixis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen

erevnis saxanos erT-erTi gavleniani mflobeli ahmed sulTani da xois xani ahmedi.

osmaleTis sulTanma abdul hamidma da osmalo faSebma erevnis mcxovreblebs firmani

gaugzavnes da mefe erekle II-isa da rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken mouwodes. stambolidan

arzrumSi Caitanes didi raodenobiT fuli. sulTanma axalcixis, baiazeTisa da yarsis

faSebs ubrZana jari SeekribaT da erevani erekle mefisagan daecvaT72. aSkara iyo, rom

osmaleTma iranis „damcvelis“ funqcia ikisra. erevnis xanisaTvis gamogzavnil firmanSi

69O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.204. 70O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.205. 71O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.205. 72O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.206.

87

sulTani werda, rom „Tbilisis mefe“ (erekle II _ v. g.) cdilobda azerbaijaneli xanebis

ruseTTan kavSirze dayoliebas, riTac daRupavda maT. osmaleTis sulTani erevnis xans

swerda, rom xois xani ahmedi man jarebis sardlad daniSna da iranis sxva xanebs

daxmarebisaken mouwoda. suleiman faSa erevnis xans swerda, rom faSebs nabrZanebi hqondaT,

rom daxmarebodnen erevans. yarsis faSa erekle II-s emuqreboda: Tu ruseTTan megobrobas

Tavs ar daanebeb, Sens samefos davarbevo73.

erevnis cixis osmaleTis xelSi gadasvla didi marcxi iqneboda rogorc ruseTis

imperiisaTvis, ise qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis. verc erekle II da verc ekaterina II samxreT-

aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi osmaleTis poziciis gaZlierebas ver dauSvebdnen. es

ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis imperiis aRmosavlur politikas, kerZod, osmaleTis dasustebisa

da daSlis gegmas. erevnis saxanoSi mimdinareobda brZola erekle mefis mxardamWerebsa da

osmaluri orienteciis momxreebs Soris. gadamwyvet momentSi,1784 wlis agvistoSi, erekle

II-m erevanSi jari (2.000 mebrZoli) gagzavna. erevnelebi cdilobdnen qarTl-kaxeTis mefe

TavianT erTgulebaSi daerwmunebinaT. erevnis xani muhamedi suleiman faSas swerda, rom igi

erekle mefis morCili iyo. 1784 wlis seqtemberSi kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general-

poruCik pavel potiomkinis Camosvlam erevnis saxanos garSemo vnebaTaRelva droebiT

Caaqro74.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris gamoCeniT SeSfoTebuli osmaleTi ar

cxreboda. 1784 wlis Semodgomaze stambolidan kavkasiaSi gamogzavnes didi misia

(daaxloebiT 60 kaci) ibrahim efendis xelmZRvanelobiT. misiam Tan Camoitana sulTan abdul

hamidis firmanebi da mdidruli saCuqrebi. sulTani iranisa da daRestnis dacvis mizniT

morwmuneebs saRvTo omisaken miuwodebda. ibrahim efendis misia acxadebda, rom igi iraneli

da daRestneli xanebis Txovnis pasuxad Camovida. SeiZleba stambolSi dabrunebulma xalil

efendim ibrahim efendis marTlac gadasca zogierTi iraneli da daRestneli xanis Txovna,

magram Znelad dasajerebeli iyo, rom derbentis xan faTalis dasaxmareblad

osmaleTisaTvis miemarTa. ufro misaRebia is, rom faTali xans xmas uvrcelebdnen misi

dauZinebeli mtrebi yaiTaRis ucmia amir hamza da avariis xani umma. amir hamza da umma xani

pavel potiomkins faTali xanis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas, derbentis, baqosa da Semaxiis

saxanoebis dakavebas urCevdnen. erekle II-c gamoricxavda faTali xanis kavSirs osmaleTTan,

ris Sesaxebac 1784 wlis 16 ivliss mefe erekle pavel potiomkins werda75.

ibrahim efendis misia kavkasiaSi 1784 wlis Semodgomidan 1785 wlis gazafxulamde

darCa da didi energia Sealia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg koaliciis Seqmnas. 1785

wlis gazafxulze erekle II-is winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen: axalcixis faSa, Sirvanis, nuxis,

yarabaRis, xois xanebi da Wareli lekebis mamasaxlisebi. xelSekruleba ficiT ganmtkicda.

ibrahim efendisTan xelSekrulebis dasadebad misuli xanebis warmomadgenlebi am

ukanasknelma Tan waiyvana stambolSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ibrahim efendi cdilobda erekle

mefis winaaRmdeg dadebuli xelSekruleba dromde saidumlod darCeniliyo, qarTvelTa

dazvervam es ambavi mainc Seityo da stepan burnaSevis meSveobiT pavel potiomkins acnoba.

erekle mefis winaaRmdeg iraneli da daRestneli xanebis kavSiri realurad ar amoqmedebula.

ibrahim efendim xanebi xelSekrulebis dadebaze samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis mosalodneli

laSqrobis SiSiT daiyolia da radgan laSqroba ar Sedga, antiqarTuli koaliciac

daiSala76.

osmaleTis Canafiqri iraneli xanebis gadabirebis Taobaze mcdari gamodga. osmalebi

gansakuTrebiT faTali xanis gegmebis amocnobisas Secdnen. verc derbentis xani da verc

azerbaijaneli xanebi osmaleTma ver moisyida. marTalia, xalil efendim da ibrahim efendim

daRestnisa da azerbaijanis xanebSi ruseTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefosadmi siZulvili

gaaZlieres, magram omis dawyebisaTvis es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. Tumca azerbaijaneli xanebi

erTmaneTs mtrobdnen, magram osmaleTTan megobrobisaganac Tavs ikavebdnen. qarTl-kaxeTis

samefosa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad saWiro iyo erTiani frontis Seqmna.

73O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.206. 74O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 206. 75O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 207. 76O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 207

88

tradiciulad, aseTi fronti qristianTa winaaRmdeg saRvTo omis mowodebiT iqmneboda. 1785

wlis martSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi imamma uSurmam (Seix mansurma) ruseTis winaaRmdeg saRvTo

omi daiwyo. Seix mansuris mokavSired gamovida avariis xani umma, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoze TavdasxmisaTvis emzadeboda.. osmaleTis sulTnis zegavleniT umma xanma imam

uSurmas SesTavaza erTad ebrZolaT ruseTis winaaRmdeg. avariis xanis garda, imam uSurmas

mxars uWerdnen sxva daRestneli xanebi da yaziyumuxeli mflobelebi. imimi uSurma da misi

mokavSireebi yizlaris simagrisa da yizlaridan saqarTveloSi momavali gzis dakavebas

apirebdnen. ajanyebulebi ruseTTan omSi damarcxdnen, imami uSurma dasavleT kavkasionis

xeobebs Seexizna da amjerad rusebis winaaRmdeg yubanispireTis ajanyeba scada. uSurma aqac

damarcxda da Tavi osmaleTis SavizRvispira simagre anapas Seafara77.

ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg

muslimuri koaliciis Camoyalileba mainc gardauvali aRmoCnda. diplomatiuri gzebiT

grigori da pavel potiomkinebma antiqarTuli koaliciis Seqmnisagan erekle II ver daixsnes.

antiqarTuli koaliciis CaSlis erTaderT saSualebas qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis

jaris didi kontigentis gamogzavna warmoadgenda, razec ruseTis saimperatoro kari, erekle

II-is mravalgzisi Txovnis miuxedavad, Tavs ikavebda. ori rusuli batalioni qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos mtrebs ver daaSinebda. cnobili rusi mkvlevari nikolai dubrovini (1837-1904)

savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs: ,,qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Seyvanili egerTa ori batalioni

qveyanas verc yoveli mxridan momdgari gareSe mtrebisagan daicavda da verc qveynis SigniT

arsebul uwesrigobaze moaxdenda gavlenas. muslimi mosaxleoba (igulisxmeba erevnisa da

ganjis saxanoebis muslimi mosaxleoba _ v. g.) met-naklebad an saerTod ar emorCileboda

mefes. rac Seexeba qarTlSi mcxovreb TaTrebs (yazaxisa da SamSadilus muslimi mosaxleoba

_ v. g.), isini gaqcevisaTvis mzad iyvnen (igulisxmeba yazax-SamSadilus muslimi mosaxleobis

miswrafeba yarabaRis an sxva saxanoebSi gaxizvnisaken)~78.

amrigad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sesvlam ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi da

georgievskis traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli ruseTis jaris mcire kontigentis gamogzavnam

saqarTveloSi seriozulad gaarTula qaarTl-kaxeTis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba.

osmaleTi, irani (samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebi) da Crdilo kavkasiis

muslimi mflobelebi(avariis xani, xunZaxis xani da sxv.) yovelnairad cdilobdnen ruseTisa

da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samxedro-politikuri kavSiris CaSlas da ruseTis gaZevebas

samxreT kavkasiidan. Tavdapirvelad rusuli diplomatiisa da erekle II-is mcdelobiT

antiqarTuli koaliciis Seqmna Tavidan iqna acilebuli. 1785 wlis gazafxulidan qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen xunZaxis xan omarisa da axalcixis faSa

suleimanis Zalebi. lekTa da osmalTa Semosevebma ori rusuli batalionis imedad

darCenili qarTl-kaxeTis samefo umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo.

§4. qarTuli da rusuli jarebis erToblivi brZolebi

lekTa da osmalTa winaaRmdeg

(1784 wlis Semodgoma – 1785 wlis gazafxuli)

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis ori batalionis Semosvla, cxadia, samefos mtrebs ver

daaSoSminebda, didi sabrZolo moqmedebebis Catareba or rusul batalions ar SeeZlo. Mmefe

erekle ruseTis jaris gamoyenebas lekTa winaaRmdeg apirebda, Tumca is imasac grZnobda,

rom es samxedro Zala qarTl-kaxeTis samefos lekTa Semosevebisaganac ki ver daicavda.

1. alaznis brZola. 1783 wlis noemberSi TbilisSi ruseTis jaris ori batalionis

Semosvlis Semdeg erekle II-m gadawyvita qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebuli jariT Wareli

lekebis winaaRmdeg gaelaSqra. 1784 wlis Semodgomaze TbilisSi myof general-poruCik pavel

potiomkins mefem es azri gauziara. man rus generals aRuTqva, rom lekebis winaaRmeg

laSqrobisaTvis 11.000 qarTveli mebrZolis gamoyvanas SeZlebda. amas daemateboda 4.000

mebrZoli yazax-SamSadilusa da borCalodan, 400 somexi, erevnis xanis laSqari _ 1000 da

77O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.207-209. 78Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 76.

89

yarabaRis xanis 2.000 mebrZoli. ase rom, qarTl-kaxeTis mefes 18.400 mebrZolis Sekrebis imedi

hqonda. pavel potiomkini daeTanxma erekle II-is gegmas. man TbilisSi datova generali

aleqsandr samoiloviCi. ruseTSi gamgzavrebis win pavel potiomkinma general-poruCik

aleqsandr samoiloviCis gankargulebaSi 1783 wlis Semodgomaze TbilisSi Semosuli egerTa

2 batalionisa da 4 savele qvemexis garda, Tavisi amalidan datova dragunTa erTi eskadroni

da 180 cxenosani kazaki. qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebul jars erekle II sardlobda79.

general-poruCiki aleqsandr samoiloviCi laSqrobis dawyebas Cqarobda, magram qarTuli

jaris Sekreba ferxdeboda. garda amisa, jars ar gaaCnda sabrZolo masalisa da sursaTis

maragi. sursaTis maragi ar gaaCnda arc ruseTis jaris or batalions. sabolood moxerxda

ruseTis jarisaTvis aTdRiani maragis Seqmna. aleqsandr samoiloviCi pavel potiomkins

moaxsenebda, rom erekle II suliTa da guliT exmareba mas, rac ar iTqmoda mefis

qveSevrdomebze. generali werda, rom mefis mier jarisaTvis gamoyofil Tanxas iparavdnen.

erekle mefis erTaderT patiosan qveSevrdomad rusi generali gaioz arqimandrits

moixseniebda, romelsac didi daxmareba aRmouCenia laSqrobisaTvis mzadebis periodSi80.

daasrula Tu ara laSqrobisaTvis mzadeba, aleqsandr samoiloviCi ar daeloda qarTuli

jaris Sekrebas da rusuli batalionebi mdinare alaznis napirisaken daZra81. 1784 wlis 4

oqtombers ruseTis egerTa ori batalioni, erTi eskadroni da cxenosan kazakTa razmi

mdinare alazanis marjvena napirs miadga. mefe erekle qarTuli jariT Tbilisidan cota

mogvianebiT unda gasuliyo. Aalaznis napirze misulma generalma aleqsandr samoiloviCma

Seityo, rom soflebis mosaxleoba did SiSianobaSi iyo _ lekebi ganukiTxavad arbevdnen da

Zarcvavdnen qarTul soflebs. lekebis TareSis aRsakveTad generalma ruseTis jaris egerTa

batalionebi gagzavna. rogorc ki egerebi erTi soflidan gandevnidnen lekebs, modioda

cnoba meore soflis darbevis Sesaxeb. meore sofelSi misul egerebs cnoba misdiodaT ukve

sxva soflis awiokebis Sesaxeb. lekebi Seusvenebliv moZraobdnen mdinare alaznis orive

napirze, xan dinebis mimarTulebiT, xanac dinebis sawinaaRmdegod. lekebi erTiani frontiT

ar upirispredbodnen rusul batalionebs _ mcire razmebad daSlili moqmedebdnen.

aleqsandr samoiloviCi jaris daqsaqsvas erideboda da cdilobda lekebis ZiriTadi Zalebi

rogorme brZolaSi CaeTria. generals afiqrebda isic, rom erekle mefe igvianebda. G

aleqsandr samoiloviCma pavel potiomkins acnoba, rom qarTvelTa jari rusebs ar

exmareboda da erekle II-s upasuxismgeblobaSi sdebda brals82. rusma generalma ar icoda

qarTl-kaxeTis laSqris dagvianebis namdvili mizezi. swored im dRes, rodesac qarTvelTa

jari erekle mefis sardlobiT Tbilisidan unda daZruliyo, mefes ganjis xanis SemonaTvali

gadasces: Tu erekle II Wareli lekebis damorCilebas Seecdeboda, ganjis xani lekebis

mxareze ibrZolebda83. Mmefe swored ganjis xanis muqaram Seaferxa. qarTvelTa jari 1784

wlis 8 oqtombers mainc SeuerTda mdinare alaznis piras mdgar rusTa jars84.

sanam qarTvelTa da rusTa jari gaerTiandeboda, amindi Seicvala _ daiwyo didi wvimebi.

gzebi atalaxda da gaZnelda artileriis gadatana. mdinare alazanSi wylis donem

mniSvnelovnad moimata, rac aZnelebda jaris marcxena napirze gadayvanas. lekebma qarTuli

79П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 157-158; Н.

Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 47. 80Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 47. 81Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 47. 82Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 47-48; Исторический очерк

Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799

года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго

округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 195. 83Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими




Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 195.

90

soflebis darbeva Sewyvites. mxolod mcire jgufebi axerxebdnen adidebul alazanze

gadmosvlas da damartoxelebuli adamianebis daxocvas an gatacebas85.

mdinare alaznis marjvena napirze qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris gaerTianebis Semdeg erekle

II brZolisaTvis seriozul samzadiss Seudga. general-poruCikma aleqsandr samoiloviCma

erekle II-s sabrZolo gegmis ori varianti SesTavaza: 1. SeWriliyvnen belaqanSi, daerbiaT

iqauri lekebi da Semdeg Sesuliyvnen WarSi; 2. daerbiaT mdinare alaznis meore napirze

arsebuli lekebis soflebi da Semdeg SeWriliyvnen WarSi86. mefe didxans fiqrobda,

pirvelad WarSi SeWriliyo Tu belaqanSi. aleqsandr samoiloviCi ukmayofilo iyo mefis

umoqmedobiT. ganawyenebuli generali pavel potiomkins werda: `didi ubedurebaa, is rom

mefem Tavis Tavze aiRo sardloba da ar gamogzavna Tavisi sardlebi. me sardlebs

vaiZulebdi emoqmedaT, mefes ki SeiZleba mxolod vurCio~87. rusma generalma ar icoda, rom

erekle II-s uamravi garemoeba unda gaeTvaliswinebina, sanam Setevis mTavar mimarTulebas

airCevda. erevnis, ganjis, naxWevnis, yarabaRisa da sxva saxanoebi qarTl-kaxeTis mefis

gaZlierebas SiSiT Sehyurebdnen, arc erT maTgans Wareli lekebis dasja da War-belaqanSi

qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris SeWra xels ar aZlevda. erekle II qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

winaaRmdeg saxanoebis koaliciis Seqmnas sasikvdilo safrTxed aRiqvamda. mefes morCili

xanebisac ar sjeroda, maTgan mudam Ralats eloda. erekle mefes 1750 wels Waris

SemoerTebisaTvis brZolaSi gancdili marcxic kargad axsovda. amitom iyo, rom igi naCqarevi

gadawyvetilebis miRebas erideboda.

erekle II-is frTxili moqmedeba rom gamarTlebuli iyo, male dadasturda. 1784 wlis 12

oqtombers mefem sagangaSo cnoba miiRo. alaznis marjvena napirze qarTvelTa da rusTa

gaerTianebuli jaris gamoCeniT SeSfoTebul Warelebsa da belaqnelebs ganjaSi myofi

lekebi dasaxmareblad gamouxmiaT. 13 oqtombers kazakTa mzveravma razmma ganjidan momavali

lekebi SeniSna. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari dauyovnebliv moemzada brZolisaTvis88.

1784 wlis 14 oqtombers gamTeniisas mdinare alaznis napirze gamoCnda lekTa laSqari,

romelic sofel muRanlosaken miiCqaroda. sofel muRanlos garSemo xSiri tye iyo.

qarTvelTa cxenosani jari, rusi dragunebi da kazakebi erekle II-is sardlobiT saswrafod

gaemarTnen sofel muRanlosaken, raTa tyis masivis sanapiro zolis dakaveba moeswroT.

lekebma qarTvelebsa da rusebs daaswres da tyis napirze gamagrdnen. tyeSi TavSefarebul

da CasafrebaSi myof lekebze cxenosani jariT Seteva saxifaTo iyo. male qarTvelTa da

rusTa cxenosan jars rusi qveiTebi (egerebi) SeuerTdnen89. egerebi or kolonad (TiToeulSi

200 mebrZoli) iyvnen mowyobili da maT podpolkovnik hessenis princi reixsfeldi

meTaurobda. reixsfeldi egerTa ori koloniT (400 mebrZoli) Setevaze gadavida, raTa

lekebi tyis sanapiro zolidan gaereka. maRlobze ganlagebuli artileriis mizani iyo tyis

sanapiro zolis dabombva. qveiTi jaris flangebze ganlagda cxenosani jari. brZolis velze

dagvianebiT misuli qarTveli qveiTebi rezervSi idgnen. rezervis ganlagebaSi imyofebodnen

erekle II da generali aleqsandr samoiloviCi. mefesTan da generalTan erTad imyofeboda

maTi dacva _ 40 rCeuli draguni da 10 kazaki poruCik piSCeviCis meTaurobiT90.

1784 wlis 14 oqtombers, diliT, brZola daiwyo sami sasignalo raketis gasrolis Semdeg.

artileriam intensiurad dabomba tyis sanapiro zoli. rusTa qveiTi jari Setevaze gadavida.



Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 196. 86 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 48-49. 87Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими




Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 196. 89Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 49. 90Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 49-50; Исторический очерк



округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 196-197.

91

xeebze mokalaTebulma lekebma Zlieri cecxli dauSines rusebs, magram maT Setevas ver

gauZles, rusebma tyis sanapiro zoli daikaves, Tumca win waweva veRar SeZles. tye savse

iyo lekTa jariT. garda amisa, mdinare alaznis marcxena napirze lekTa axali laSqari

iyrida Tavs. lekebi alaznis marjvena napirze gadasvlisaTvis emzadebodnen. poruCiki

piSCeviCi Tavis CanawerebSi aRniSnavda: `Cveni Seteva iyo sastiki, lekTa Tavdacva _

sasowarkveTili~91. generalma aleqsandr samoiloviCma rusuli batalionis meTaurebs

podpolkovnik merlinsa da podpolkovnik kvaSnin-samarins ubrZana podpolkovnik

reixsfeldis qveiTebs daxmarebodnen. TviTon generalma, romelsac erekle mefis sificxe

ar moswonda, Tavi veRar Seikava da poruCik piSCeviCis razmis TanxlebiT tyisaken gaiWra.

tyis piras cxare brZola mimdinareobda. generalma Seityo, rom podpolkovnik reixsfeldis

qveiTTa dasaxmareblad gagzavnili podpolkovnik merlinisa da podpolkovnik kvaSnin-

samarinis egerTa batalionebs jerac ver mieRwiaT brZolis velamde. generali poruCik

piSCeviCis dragunTa da kazakTa mcire razmiT qveiTebs SeuerTda. naxevari saaTis Semdeg

rusTa da qarTvelTa mTeli qveiTi jari brZolaSi iyo Cabmuli. lekebs sul ufro uWirdaT

TavdacviTi zRudis SenarCuneba. generali aleqsandr samoiloviCi da podpolkovniki

reixsfeldi cxenebze amxedrebulebi xelmZRvanelobdnen brZolas. arc erTi ar daeTanxma

TanamebrZolebis Txovnas CamoqveiTebuliyvnen, raTa xeebze mokalaTebul lekTa samizned ar

qceuliyvnen. TanamebrZolebs podpolkovnikma reixsfeldma upasuxa: `Cven meTaurebi imitom

varT, rom yvelam dagvinaxos, Cvenebmac da mtermac~. xeze Casafrebulma lekis nasrolma

tyviam podpolkovniki reixsfeldi sasikvdilod daWra. daWrili reixsfeldis cexnze

Sekaveba aleqsandr samoiloviCma scada, generals tansacmelze sisxli rom SeniSnes, rusul

jarSi panika daiwyo _ generali da podpolkovniki daxoceso. aleqsandr samoiloviCi

ramdenime adgilas gamoCnda sabrZolo poziciaze da jariskacebi daamSvida. SeSfoTebuli

mefe erekle cxenosanTa mcirericxovan razmTan erTad saswrafod reixsfeldis daRupvis

adgilisaken gaemarTa da lekebis mxridan Zlieri cecxlis miuxedavad, generali ipova. mefis

gamoCenam mebrZolebi gaamxneva92.

brZola mdinare alaznis napiras xuTi saaTi gagrZelda. lekebi damarcxdnen da tye

mTlianad datoves. lekebs, romlebic tyidan gamoslas da mimalvas cdilobdnen, umowyalod

xocavda rusuli kavaleria. piotr butkovis cnobiT, brZolaSi mokles 200-ze meti leki,

tyved aiyvanes _ 2. rusebma moklulTa da daWrilTa saxiT 17 kaci dakarges, qarTuli jaridan

20 mebrZoli daiRupa93. sxva wyaros mixedviT brZolaSi 300-ze meti leki daiRupa, xolo

rusebma dakarges 40 kaci, maT Soris erTi oficeri. brZolaSi daRupul qarTvelTa Soris

iyvnen Tavadebi afxazi da CerqeziSvili, daiWrnen Tavadebi: ioseb bebuTiSvili, meliqiSvili

da baraTaSvili. am wyarom daRupuli rigiTi qarTvelebis Sesaxeb cnoba ar Semoinaxa94.

mdinare alaznis napirze, sofel muRanlos gadasasvlelTan mopovebuli gamarjvebis

miuxedavad, erekle II-m da generalma aleqsandr samoiloviCma alaznis marcxena napirze

gadasvlisagan Tavi Seikaves. amis mizezi iyo mdinaris marcxena napirze leTa axali Zalebis

Tavmoyra. garda amisa adidebul alazanze jaris gadasayvanad saWiro navebi arc qarTvelebs

da arc rusebs ar gaaCndaT95.



Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 197. 92Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 50; очерк Кавказских войн

от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под

редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис,

1899, стр. 197-198. 93П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр.158. 94Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими




Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 199.

92

mZimed daWrili hessenis princi podpolkovniki reixsfeldi sofel maCxaanSi miiyvanes,

sadac igi 1784 wlis 19 oqtombers gardaicvala. podpolkovniki reixsfeldi 25 wlisa iyo.

princis cxedari TbilisSi gadaasvenes da kaTolikuri eklesiis ezoSi dakrZales96.

1784 wlis 20 oqtombers qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebuli jari TbilisSi triumfiT

Semovida. gamarjvebulebs win miuZRodnen mefe erekle II da general-poruCiki aleqsandr

samoiloviCi. mefe da generali pirdapir sionis taZrisaken gaemarTnen, sadac maT kaTolikos-

patriarqi anton I elodaT. gadaxdili iqna samadlobeli paraklisi. Tbilisma gamarjveba

zarbaznebidan gasroliT aRniSna97.

brZolidan dabrunebuli general-poruCiki aleqsandr samoiloviCi male dragunebisa da

kazakTa razmTan erTad Crdilo kavkasiaSi gaemgzavra. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi darCenili

ruseTis jaris ori batalionis meTauroba kvlav polkovnikma stepan burnaSevma Caibara.

batalionidan erTi podpolkovnik kvaSnin-samarinis mefaurobiT kaxeTSi, sofel maCxaanSi,

ganlagda. batalions Waridan lekebis Semosvla unda aRekveTa. meore batalioni

podpolkovnik merlinis meTaurobiT qarTlSi, suramSi, gadaiyvanes. batalions axalcixidan

lekTa da osmalTa Semosevis SemTxvevaSi qarTlSi momavali gzis dacva evaleboda98.

1784 wlis 14 oqtombers alaznis brZolaSi lekebis damarcxebis Semdeg erekle mefes

ganjis warmomadgenlebi eaxlnen da moaxsenes, rom kvlav scnoben qarTl-kaxeTis mefis

uzenaesobas. mefe yarabaRis xan ibrahims daukavSirda da ganjaze qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da

yarabaRis xanis erToblivi mmarTveloba aRdga. orive mxarem ganjaSi TavianTi moxele

(mmarTveli) daniSna. ganjis saxanosTan urTierToba TiTqmis mogvarda, magram viTarebas

Zabavda nuxis xanis mcdeloba Careuliyo ganjis saxanos Sinaur saqmeebSi99. nuxis xanma

axmedma ibrahim xanis mier datyvevebuli ganjis xanis Svili ali begi ganjaSi gagzavna.

qalaqis mcxovreblebi mas didi sixaruliT miegebnen. nuxi xanma ali begi ganjis xanad scno.

amis Semdeg axmed xanma erekle mefes ibrahim xanTan urTierTobis gawyveta mosTxova, ris

sanacvlodac ganjis saxanos damorCilebaSi daxmarebas dapirda. erekle mefem nuxis xanis

winadadeba ar miiRo. gagulisebulma axmed xanma 1785 wlis noembris damdegs 3.000 mebrZoliT

mdinare alazani gadmolaxa da ganjisaken daiZra. mefe ereklem gadawyvita nuxis xani

ganjaSi ar SeeSva da daxmarebisaTvis polkovnik stepan burnaSevs mimarTa. 1784 wlis 8

noembers stepan burnaSevi rusis jariT Tbilisidan ganjisaken daiZra. isini sofel

marneulTan iyvnen misuli, rodesac cnobili gaxda, rom lekebma ganjaSi Sesvla gadaifiqres

da axalcixisaken gaemarTnen. erekle mefe qarTuli jariT axalcixisaken mimaval lekebs

daedevna. rusis jari kvaldakval mihyva qarTul jars. rusTa da qarTvelTa jari lekebs

ver daewia. lekebma axalcixes miaRwies, sadac maT suleiman faSam imereTze laSqroba

SesTavaza.

2. lekebis Semosevebi 1785 wlis gazafxulze da rusuli jari. alaznis napirze lekebis

damarcxebam Zalze gaaRiziana osmaleTis sulTani. osmaleTma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

winaaRmdeg samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebis waqezeba daiwyo. erekle II-s

pirveli yarabaRis xani ibrahimi ganudga, mas mibaZa ganjis xanma javadma. erevnis xani,

marTalia,mefe erekles ar gandgomia, magram xarkis gadaxda Sewyvita da gandgomamde bevri

aRaraferi aklda. yazax-SamSadilus SeZlebulma zedafenam rCeul cxenosan jarTan erTad

yarabaRs miaSura da ibrahim xanis samsaxurSi Cadga. amasTan erTad, 1785 wlis gazafxulze

axalcixis safaSodan gaxSirda Semosevebi.



Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 201. 97Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 50-51; Исторический

очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го

ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго

военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 201. 98Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 202. 99Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 51.

93

axalcixis faSa suleimani mtrul ganzraxvaze xels ar iRebda da qarTlSi SemosaWrelad

emzadeboda. axalcixeSi Tavs iyridnen lekebi. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma general-

poruCikma pavel potiomkinma suleiman faSa oficialurad gaafrTxila, rom lekebi

axalcixeSi ar gaeCerebina. axalcixis faSam rus generals upasuxa, rom mas ar SeeZlo win

aRdgomoda lekebis Tavmoyras axalcixeSi da lekTa gaaqtiurebas erekle II-s abralebda.

suleiman faSa pavel potiomkins werda: ,,ratom atareben qarTvelebi lekebs TavianTi

samSoblos teritoriaze da ratom ar aRkveTen lekebis Sesvlas kaxeTsa da qarTlSi,

saidanac lekebi CemTan modian, rogor unda avukrZalo maT CemTan mosvla? miT umetes, rom

Cven erTi aRmsareblobisani varT da Cven Soris mtroba da omi ikrZaleba. cnobilia isic,

rom daRestani Tavisi mdebareobiT axloa saqarTvelosTan da Sorsaa Cemgan... mizezi CemSi

araa. me uZluri var or did saxelmwifos (ruseTsa da osmaleTs _ v. g.) Soris mSvidoba

davarRvio~100. garda amisa, suleiman faSa pavel potiomkins aseve swerda, rom zavs ruseTsa

da osmaleTs Soris (igulisxmeba 1774 wels dadebuli quCuk-kainarjis zavi _ v. g.) arRvevda

mefe erekle, romelic SeiWra axalcixis safaSos teritoriaze, ayara da qarTlSi

gadaasaxla ramdenime aseuli glexi. suleiman faSa Tvlida, rom mas ufleba hqonda

moqceuliyo iseve, rogorc iqceoda qarTl-kaxeTis mefe101.

1785 wlis aprilSi 4.000 leki da axalcixeli osmalo mtkvris xeobiT qarTlSi SemoiWra,

daarbia sami sofeli da tyved aiyvana 600 kacze meti. suramSi mdgari rusuli batalionis

nawili (200 egeri erTi zarbazniT) maior fiodor siunenbergis meTaurobiT lekebs da

osmalebs daedevna. 1785 wlis 17 aprils (zogierTi cnobiT 16 aprils) rusebma suramidan 7

versis moSorebiT, axalcixisaken mimaval gzaze mowinaaRdege mdinare mtkvris marcxena

napirTan miimwyvdies. cxare brZolaSi lekTa da osmalTa laSqridan 1377 mebrZoli, maT

Soris 465 leki daiRupa, tyved Cavarda 200. rusebs moukles 1 mebrZoli, daiWra _ 5. brZolas

qarTulma jarma ver mouswro. brZolaSi daRupul osmalTa da lekTa gvamebi mtkvarma

TbilisSi Camoitana102.

suleiman faSam gadawyvita Suri eZia gancdili marcxisaTvis. SurisZiebis grZnoba

amoZravebdaT lekebsac. osmalebi da lekebi gansakuTrebuli siZulviliT ganewyvnen maior

fiodor siunenbergis mimarT. 1785 wlis 27 maiss lekTa da osmalTa laSqari (1500 leki, 1500

osmalo, zogierTi cnobiT, 1200 leki da 500 osmalo) mdinare mtkvris xeobiT isev SemoiWra

qarTlSi da 28 maiss surams Seutia. maiori fiodor siunenbergi 300 rusi da 125 qarTveli

mebrZoliT, 4 zarbazniT lekTa da osmalTa laSqars SeebrZola. erTsaaTiani brZolis

Semdeg maiorma fiodor siunenbergma mteri gafanta. brZolis velze darCa lekTa da osmalTa

300 gvami, 63 kaci rusebma tyved aiyvanes. rusebs erTi mebrZoli dauWres103.

marTalia, osmalTa da lekTa laSqari orgzis damarcxda, magram suleiman faSa ar

cxreboda. general-poruCik pavel potiomkins daevala osmalTa seraskir haji ali

faSasaTvis saprotesto werilis gagzavna. ruseTi iTxovda, rom suleiman faSas ar daerRvia

mSvidoba or qveyanas Soris104. 1785 wlis 23 aprils imperatorma ekaterina II-m xeli moawera

reskripts ruseTis elCisadmi stambolSi. ekaterina II iakov bulgakovs werda: ,,osmaleTis

qveSevrdomebis gaerTianebas lekebTan Cven miviCnevT axalcixis faSa suleimanis qmedebad.

suleiman faSam araerTxel daadastura or qveyanas Soris keTilmezobluri Tanxmobisadmi

Tavisi cudi ganwyobileba. Cven eWvi ar gvepareba, rom osmaleTs, ruseTTan zavis pirobebSi,

100Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 80-81. 101Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 81. 102П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 161-162;

Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 81-82; Исторический очерк



округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 202-203. 103П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 163; Н.

Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 82; Исторический очерк



округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 203. 104Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 82.

94

mSvidobis darRvevis aranairi gegma ar hqonda~105. ekaterina II iakov bulgakovs avalebda

ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris mSvidobis SenarCunebis mizniT osmaleTis sulTnisaTvis

suleiman faSasa da sxva damnaSave pirebis dasja moeTxova. ruseTis imperatori sulTnisagan

iTxovda imis garantias, rom misi qveSevrdomebi da lekebi ruseTis vasalis _ erekle II-is

samflobeloSi aRar SeiWrebodnen106. roca ekaterina II werda, rom axalcixis faSis

moqmedebaSi osmaleTis sulTnis xeli ar eria, kargad uwyoda, rom sulTani gaRizianebuli

iyo ruseTis jaris SemosvliT qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi da axalcixis faSas swored

stambolidan aZlevdnen miTiTebebs. axalcixis faSa xan farulad, xan aSkarad cdilobda

samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis muslimi

mflobelebis amxedrebas qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg. georgievskis traqtatiT,

ruseTs osmaleTis interesebi formalurad ar Seulaxavs da amdenad, osmaleTs protestis

gamoTqmis formaluri sababi ar hqonda. miuxedavad amisa, cxadi iyo, rom osmaleTis sulTani

Zalze gaaRiziana qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris Semosvlam. 1783 wlidan osmaleTi

ori konkretuli miznis miRwevas cdilobda: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias

Soris dadebuli mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis (georgievskis traqtatis) gauqmebas; 2.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvanas107. samxreT-aRmosavleT da Crdilo

kavkasias moevlinen osmaleTis emisrebi, romlebic muslim mmarTvelebs arwmunebdnen, rom

ruseTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi SemoWris Semdeg irans daipyrobda. 1785 wlis

agvistoSi erekle II-s ukve hqonda cnobebi samefos sazRvrebTan mtris samxedro Zalis

Tavmoyris Sesaxeb. axalcixeSi Tavs iyridnen osmalebi da lekebi, romelTac qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoze salaSqrod suleiman faSa aqezebda. avariis xani omari lekTa jariT War-belaqanSi

Sevida, iqaur lekTa laSqari SeierTa da isic qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze

SemosaWrelad emzadeboda. mefe ereklem isic icoda, rom yazaxisa da SamSadilus muslimi

mosaxleoba meryeobda. maTTan lekebis emisrebi Cadiodnen da adgilobriv mosaxleobis

erekle mefis winaaaRmdeg amxedrebas cdilobdnen. yazaxis TaTrebma lekebs pirobac ki

misces, rom laSqrobis dawyebisTanave Seipyrobdnen iq myof giorgi batoniSvils da lekebs

gadascemdnen. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze farulad Semosuli lekebi qarTvelebs

urCevdnen usafrTxo adgilebSi droulad gadaemalaT TavianTi col-Svili da qoneba. aseTma

xmebma mosaxleobaSi panika gamoiwvia108.

erekle II lekTa Semosevis mosagerieblad emzadeboda. gamocdilma sardalma kargad

icoda, rom qarTuli da rusuli jari axalcixisa da War-belaqnis mxridan osmalTa da

lekTa erTdroul Semotevas ver gaumklavdeboda. amitom iyo, rom mefe ruseTis imperators

damatebiTi jarisa da 200 fuTi Tofiswamlis gamogzavnas sTxovda. polkovnik stepan

burnaSevis egerTa ori rusuli batalioni (8 aseuli) TbilisSi idga da mzad iyo brZolaSi

Casabmelad109.

§5. omar-xanis laSqroba saqarTveloSi da rusuli jari

qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris mier 1784 wlis Semodgomasa da 1785 wlis gazafxulze

mopovebuli gamarjvebebis miuxedavad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos usafrTxoeba

uzrunvelyofili mainc ar iyo. viTarebas seriozulad arTulebda is, rom yabardosa da

CeCneTSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli omis Sedegad, xSirad rusebi didi xniT kargavdnen

kontrols kavkasiis xazidan (georgievskidan, mozdokidan) saqarTvelosaken momaval gzaze.

general-poruCiki pavel potiomkini seriozulad iyo SeSfoTebuli imiT, rom qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi gamogzavnili ori rusuli batalioni SeiZleboda safrTxeSi aRmoCeniliyo.

kavkasiis xazidan TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi rusulma batalionebma ver miiRes

xelfasi da tansacmeli. ferxdeboda batalionebis sursaTiT momaragebac. SemaSfoTebeli

105Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 82. 106Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 82-83. 107Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 83. 108Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 83-84. 109Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 84-85.

95

iyo isic, rom TbilisSi ver xerxdeboda batalionebisaTvis proviantis maragis Seqmna, rac

aucilebeli iyo omis SemTxvevaSi110. rusuli batalionebis bediT SeSfoTebuli general-

anSefi grigori potiomkini general-poruCik pavel potiomkins 1784 wlis 13 oqtombers werda,

rom man akrZala qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi batalionebis danawileba da sxvadasxva

adgilas gagzavna, batalionebi unda yofiliyvnen erTad. grigori potiomkini gamosavals

imaSi xedavda, rom mtris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, Tu es SesaZlebeli iqneboda, rusuli

batalionebi SeeyvanaT cixe-simagreebSi, sadac isini daelodebodnen kavkasiis xazidan

damxmare jaris mosvlas111. grigori potiomkini pavel potiomkins avalebda, rom rogorme

zamTris dadgomamde (igulisxmeba 1784-1785 wlebis zamTari), Tavidan aecilebina lekTa

Tavdasxmebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze. grigori potiomkini varaudobda, rom yabardoelebsa

da CeCnebs daamarcxebda da saqarTvelosaken mimavali gzac gaixsneboda112.mas Zalze

aSfoTebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze omar xanis mosalodneli Tavdasxma. amitom iyo, rom

pavel potiomkins omar xanTan molaparakebas avalebda.113

pavel potiomkinma qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze daRestnelTa Tavdasxmis aRsakveTad aseT

xerxs mimarTa: generalma xma gaavrcela, rom kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi igzavneboda

ruseTis jaris didi razmi, am mizniT mozdokTan Tavs iyrida yabardosa da butirskis

polkebi, aseve donis kazakTa jaris polki. gavrcelebuli xmebi, rom ufro damajerebeli

yofiliyo pavel potiomkinma brZaneba gasca, rom polkebSi dawyebuliyo Sor manZilze

gadaadgilebisaTvis aucilebeli moCvenebiTi samzadisi. verc gavrcelebulma xmebma da verc

polkebSi dawyebulma moCvenebiTma samzadisma daRestnelebi SecdomaSi ver Seiyvana. maT

kargad icodnen, rom kavkasiis xazze ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebi yabardoelebisa da

CeCnebis winaaRmdeg brZoliT iyvnen dakavebuli, xolo kavkasiis xazidan saqarTvelosaken

erTaderTi gza midioda, romlis kontroli mowinaaRmdegisaTvis did siZneles ar

warmoadgenda. daRestnelebma isic kargad icodnen, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi ruseTi qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi damatebiT samxedro Zalas ver gadmoisroda, xolo Tu jarebis

gadasrolas mainc Seecdeboda, es did sirTuleebTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli. amitom iyo,

rom omar xani War-belaqnis mxridan qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi SeWrisaTvis mSvidad

emzadeboda114. omar xanma daRestanSi 11.000 mebrZoli Sekriba da WarSi Cavida, sadac mas

Wareli da belaqneli lekebi SeuerTdnen. kaxeTSi SeWris win, 1785 wlis agvistoSi, omar

xans daaxloebiT 20.000 mebrZoli hyavda115.

1785 wlis agvistoSi omar xanma kaxeTSi lekTa mcire razmebis Segzavna daiwyo, Tavad

ZiriTadi ZalebiT mdinare alaznis marcxena napirze idga. omar xanisa da suleiman faSas

molaparakebis Tanaxmad, omar xanis kaxeTSi SeWrisTanave suleiman faSa mtkvris xeobiT

qarTlSi unda SeWriliyo. mefe erekle grZnobda, rom omar xani da suleiman faSa erTi

gegmiT imoqmedebdnen, rac imas niSnavda, rom qarTvelebs or frontze mouxdebodaT brZola.

erekle II-m sul 8.000 mebrZolis Sekreba SeZlo. jari mefem Tbilisis, goris, Telavisa da

siRnaRis cixeebSi Caayena. orive rusuli batalioni maCxaanidan da suramidan TbilisSi

gadaiyvanes. mefe ereklem kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardals saqarTveloSi damatebiTi samxedro

Zalis _ ori polkis gamogzavna sTxova. mefes Tofis wamalic sWirdeboda116. pavel

potiomkinma qarTl-kaxeTis mefis Txovnis Sesruleba SeuZleblad miiCnia. mogvianebiT

rusuli istoriografia uars Semdegi mizezebiT xsnida: 1) Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kavkasiis

xazze simSvide ar sufevda, praqtikulad omis mdgomareoba iyo; 2) Crdilo kavkasiidan

saqarTvelosaken momavali gza ruseTis jaris mier mTlianad ver kontroldeboda; 3) qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ori rusuli batalioni mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda; erekle II

ar asrulebda georgievskis traqtatis pirobas ruseTis jaris Senaxvis xarjebis gaRebis

110Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 137. 111Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138. 112Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138. 113Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138. 114Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138-139. 115П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 178. 116П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 179.

96

Taobaze; rusi jariskacebi sakvebi produqtiTac ki ar iyvnen uzunvelyofili; 4) Seqmnil

viTarebaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi damatebiTi jaris gamogzavna saxifaTo iyo117.

erekle II kaxeTis laSqriTa da ori rusuli batalioniT siRnaRis cixeSi dadga. mefem

qarTlis laSqari axalcixis safaSos mxridan mtris Semosevis saSiSroebis gamo qarTlSive

datova,xolo yazax-SamSadilus TaTrebis lekTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Cabma saxifaTod

miiCnia _ TaTrebis mxridan Ralats eloda118.

polkovniki stepan burnaSevi erekle II-s urCevda omar xanisaTvis maSinve Seetia, rogorc

ki lekTa laSqari mdinare alazanze gadmosvlas Seecdeboda. am droisaTvis mefes sul 3000

mebrZoli Tu eyoleboda. amas emateboda rusuli batalionebi (1500 mebrZoli). iranul

saxanoebSi Seqmnili arasasurveli viTarebis pirobebSi aseTi ZalebiT (4500 mebrZoli)

omar-xanis 20-aTasian laSqarTan SebrZoleba saxifaTo iyo. amitom iyo rom erekle II

siRnaRis cixis datovebas ar apirebda.

1785 wlis seqtemberSi omar xanma 11.000 mebrZoliT sofel yaraRajTan mdinare alazani

gadmolaxa. lekebma siRnaRis cixeSi gamagrebul qarTvelTa da rusTa jaris winaaRmdeg

Setevis dawyeba ver gabedes da qiziyis soflebs Seesivnen119. omar xanis laSqrobis istoria

dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili am movlenis TviTmxilvels, rusuli batalionebis meTaurs,

polkovnik stepan burnaSevs, xolo polkovnik burnaSevis moxsenebebis mixedviT _ piotr

butkovsa da nikolai dubrovins.

17 seqtemberi. omar xanma mdinare iori gadalaxa da Seqmna STabeWdileba, rom TiTqos

Tbiliss Seutevda. mefe erekle 1000 mebrZoliT da polkovniki stepan burnaSevi ori rusuli

batalioniT saswrafod gamoemarTnen Tbilisis dasacavad.

18 seqtemberi. omar xani mtkvris napiras Tbilisidan 25 versze SeCerda. am droisaTvis

erekle II-m ukve 3.000 mebrZolis Sekreba SeZlo.

19 seqtemberi. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari Tbilisisaken moiswrafoda. omar xani mdinare

mtkvris marcxena napiridan marjvena napirze gadavida, Semdeg ki sofel marneulTan mdinare

algeTi gadalaxa. am droisaTvis erekle II-is gankargulebaSi ukve 4.000 mebrZoli iyo.

qarTvelTa da rusTa jari Tbilisidan 18 versze imyofeboda.omar xanis laSqris moZraobis

mimarTulebidan Canda, rom lekebi borCaloSi apirebdnen SeWras. Mmefem gadawyvita mters

dadevneboda. rusuli batalionebis artileria da aRali TbilisSi gagzavnes.

20 seqtemberi. qarTuli jari artileriiTurT Tbilisidan 12 versis moSorebiT mdinre

mtkvarze gadavida, 40 versi gaiara da sofel marneulSi mivida. am droisaTvis mefe erekles

ukve 5.000 mebrZoli hyavda.

21 seqtemberi. erekle II qarTul jarTan da or rusul batalionTan erTad borCaloSi

Sevida. borCaloSi ereklem Seityo, rom omar xans Tofis wamlis gamoyenebiT aufeTqebia

axtalis cixe, gauZarcvavs da gaunadgurebia axtalis vercxlis mompovebeli sawarmoebi,

gauZarcvavs axtalis taZari, dauxocavs 640 da tyved auyvania 860 kaci (ZiriTadad axtalaSi

vercxlis mopovebaze momuSave berZnebi).

22-29 seqtemberi. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari borCaloSi idga da eloda axtalaSi myofi

omar xanis mier laSqrobis gagrZelebas. axtalaze Seteva tyis masivebSi gamavali da

artileriis gadaadgilebisaTvis gamousadegari gzebis gamo saxifaTod iqna miCneuli.

26 seqtemberi. omar xanma Tavi aarida qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebul jarTan brZolas

da axtalidan lores cixis mimarTulebiT gaemarTa. lekebi qarTvelTa da rusTa banakidan

45 versze, sofel uzunlarTan, SeCerdnen. lekTa razmebma lores garSemo soflebi gadawves.

erekle II-m lores cixis garnizonis dasaxmareblad 70 mebrZoli gagzavna. 5.000 qarTveli

mebrZoliTa da ori rusuli batalioniT omar xanis mTavari Zalebis winaaRmdeg Setevis

dawyeba mefes gaumarTleblad miaCnda. Mmefe erekle kavkasiis xazidan ruseTis jaris

Semosvlas eloda. mefis brZanebis miuxedavad, Tavadebma Tbilisis, goris, Telavisa da

siRnaRis cixeebis garnizonebis gasaZliereblad mebrZolebi ar gagzavnes da TavianT

117П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 179. 118П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 179. 119 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 138-139.

97

cixeebSi gamagrdnen. Tumca mkacri zomebi gaatara, mefem borCaloSi mdgari qarTuli

jaridan dezertiroba ver aRkveTa.

28 seqtemberi. qarTul jarSi mxolod 3.000 mebrZoli darCa. omar xanma sofeli uzunlari

datova da lores cixes Seutia, magram cixis garnizonma lekebis Seteva moigeria.

29 seqtemberi. lekebs lores cixis aRebis imedi gadaewuraT. omar xanma erekle II-s Semdegi

piroba wauyena: TiToeul tyveSi mefes unda gadaexada gamosasyidi 50 maneTis odenobiT,

xolo omar xanisaTvis yovelwliurad mieca 10.000 maneTi.

30 seqtemberi. erekle II-m omar xans aseTi pasuxi SeuTvala: TiToeul tyveSi gadaixdida

45 maneTs, naxevar Tanxas naRdi fuliT, naxevars farCis qsoviliT. omar xans laSqari

mdinare alaznis marcxena napirze unda gadaeyvana da molaparakeba sxva pirobebze amis

Semdeg daiwyeboda. omar xanma mefis pirobebi ar miiRo.

2 oqtomberi. erekle II varaudobda, rom omar xani axalcixeSi gadavidoda, suleiman

faSasagan mebrZolebsa da qvemexebs miiRebda da Tbilisze daiZreboda. amitom iyo, rom mefem

banaki mdinare qciis napiras, sofel marneulTan, Tbilisidan 40 versze, gadaitana.

3 oqtomberi. omar xani faravnis tbasTan imyofeboda, saidanac axalqalaqis gavliT

axalcixeSi Cavida. erekle II-m qarTuli jaris ZiriTadi nawilis TbilisTan Tavmoyra

gadawyvita120.

qarTl-kaxeTSi omar xanis laSqrobis paralelurad qarTlSi axalcixidan xSirad

Semodiodnen marbieli razmebi da qveyanas awiokebdnen. axalcixis faSa suleimans osmaleTis

sulTnisagan akrZaluli hqonda ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi myofi qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos winaaRmdeg omis Riad dawyeba. sulTnis firmanSi ewera: `nu Seexebi mwoliare xarsa

da nu aiZuleb wamodges~121. miuxedavad amisa, suleiman faSa lekebs qarTlis darbevaSi

farulad uwyobda xels.

osmaleTis emisrebi mTel kavkasias moedvnen. daRestnelebis garda, maT kavSiri daamyares

osebTan. osmalo emisrebi osebs sTxovdnen CaeketaT kavkasiis xazidan saqarTvelosaken

mimavali erTaderTi gza, raTa rusebisaTvis jarebis gadmosrolis saSualeba ar miecaT.

marTalia, osebma Tavi Seikaves ruseTis winaaRmdeg aSkara gamosvlisagan, magram osmaleTis

emisrebma warmatebas miaRwies CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva xalxebSi da isini ruseTis

winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaze daiTanxmes122.

TbilisSi myofma erekle II-m SemaSfoTebeli ambavi Seityo: bambakis mosaxleoba lekebis

Tavdasxmis SiSiT ayrila da erevnis saxanoSi gadasula, xolo nawils yarsamde CauRwevia.

mefes isic Seutyvia, rom axalcixis faSa suleimans erevnis xanisaTvis bambakidan Sexiznuli

mosaxleobis misTvis gadacema mouTxovia123. yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma gadawyvita esargebla

Seqmnili viTarebiT. am droisaTvis ibrahim xani jer kidev ganjasTan idga. xanma ganjis

cixis aReba scada, magram male didi zaraliT ukan daixia. ganjasTan damarcxebulma ibrahim

xanma taqtika Secvala da erekle mefesTan urTierTobis mogvareba scada. xanma mefes werili

miswera da momxdari ise warmoaCina, rom TiTqos ganjis cixis ieriSisas ki ar damarcxebula,

aramed ukan erekle II-is rCevis gamo daixia. ibrahim xani mefes arwmunebda, rom masTan

megobroba da kavSiri surda. yarabaRis xanma qarTl-kaxeTis mefes aseve acnoba, rom man omar

xanTan Tavisi warmomadgeneli gagzavna da erekle mefesTan dazaveba urCia. omar xans ibrahim

xanis rCeva ar miuRia, ris gamoc ibrahim xans gadauwyvetia omar xanis winaaRmdeg jariT

daxmareboda erekle mefes124. erekle II ibrahim xans ar endoboda, amitom iyo, rom jariT

miSvelebaze uari uTxra, samagierod, fuliTa da SeiaraRebiT daxmarebis miRebaze

dasTanxmda. ibrahim xans arc fuli da arc iaraRi mefisaTvis ar gamougzavnia125.


Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 139-144 121П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 182-183;

Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 144. 122Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 144-145. 123Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 145. 124 Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 145. 125Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 145; П. Г. Бутков.

Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 182-183.

98

omar xani laSqriTurT axalqalaqSi idga. suleiman faSam mas 100 qisa oqro gaugzavna,

raTa laSqrisaTvis xelfasi droulad daerigebina. amjerad suleiman faSa omar xans

saqarTveloze axali laSqrobisaken aqezebda. suleiman faSam imereTis mefe daviT giorgis

Zes SeuTvala: sulTani imereTis mefes xmliTa da qurqiT daajildovebs, aseve firmans

uboZebso. samagierod, imereTis mefe suleiman faSasa da omar xans unda mimxroboda. imereTis

mefem axalcixis faSas uari SeuTvala. gagulisebuli omar xani 1785 wlis 25 oqtombers

imereTSi gadavida126.

1785 wlis 27 oqtombers omar xanma 6.000 lekiTa da axalcixidan masTan imereTSi

salaSqrod wasuli 1000 mebrZoliT imereTis sazRvarze mdebare vaxanis cixes Seutia,

romelic Tavad qaixosro abaSiZes ekuTvnoda. Seityo Tu ara vaxanis cixis alyis ambavi,

erekle mefe cxenosani jariT Tbilisidan gorisaken gaemarTa, xolo Tbilisidan gasuli

ori rusuli batalioni polkovnik stepan burnaSevis meTaurobiT muxranis velze

dabanakda127. erekle mefes surda rusis jarisaTvis gorSi provianti moemzadebina. mefe

stepan burnaSevs sTxovda sagangebo Setyobinebamde muxranis velze darCeniliyo. amis mizezi

iyo is, rom erekle II-s damajereblad ar miaCnda cnoba lekTa da osmalTa jaris mier

vaxanis cixis alyis Sesaxeb. saqme is iyo, rom suleiman faSas da qaixosro abaSiZes kargi

urTierToba hqondaT. vaxanis cixis alyis Sesaxeb dadasturebuli cnoba, mefem 28 oqtombers

miiRo. erekle mefem stepan burnaSevs acnoba, rom rusuli batalionebi qarTul jars

saswrafod unda dasweodnen. mefem rus polkovniks isic gaagebina, rom imereTis mefe daviTi

imereTisa da samegrelos jariT mzad iyo sabrZolvelad128. gorSi Casul stepan burnaSevs

mxolod dRe-naxevris provianti daxvda. polkovnikma gorSi datova mTeli aRali, aseve

avadmyofi jariskacebi da TviTon dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gaagrZela svla. 1785 wlis 30

oqtombers rusis jarma surams miaRwia. imave dRes suramSi erekle II-is sardlobiT qarTuli

jaric Sevida. mefes, mxolod 1500 mebrZoli (zogierTi cnobiT 1200 mebrZoli) axlda.

qarTvelTa da rusTa jari suramSi ori dRe SeCerda. am droisaTvis (30-31 oqtombrisaTvis)

omar xani kvlav vaxanis cixis alyas agrZelebda129.

omar xans laSqrobaSi Tan axlda qarTveli Tavadi gedevani (rusul wyaroSi gvari ar

ixsenieba _ v. g.). Tavadma gedevanma qaixosro abaSiZe (imereTis mefis solomon I-is qaliSvil

darejanis meuRle) da kidev ori Tavadi abaSiZeTa sagvareulodan omar xanTan molaparakebis

mizniT cixidan gamoityua. qaixosro abaSiZes imedi hqonda, rom omar xanTan molaparakebaSi

mas daexmareboda Tavadi papuna wereTeli da Tavadi abaSiZe (qaixosro abaSiZis naTesavi),

romlebmac omar xani axalcixidan imereTSi gadaiyvanes da vaxanis cixis alyisas isev omar

xanis banakSi imyofebodnen. lekebma qaixosro abaSiZe da misi Tanmxlebi orive Tavadi

Seipyres. vaxanis cixis garnizons brZolis gagrZeleba jer kidev SeeZlo. lekebma xerxs

mimarTes da cixis damcvelTa Tvalwin tyved ayvanili Tavadebis wameba daiwyes. vaxanis cixe

danebda. am droisaTvis cixeSi orive sqesis daaxloebiT 700 adamiani iyo TavSefarebuli.

omar xanma, Tavadebis garda, yvela mamakaci daxoca, cixe ki daangria. tyved iqna ayvanili

ori qali abaSiZeTa sagvareulodan. erTi maTgani omar xanma colad SeirTo da saxelad

javar-xanumi uwoda. javar-xanumad wodebulma wereTlis qalma omar xanis sikvdilis Semdeg

samSobloSi dabruneba moaxerxa. meore qali, elene wereTeli, omar xanma yarabaRis xan

ibrahims gaugzavna colad130.

mefe erekle qarTl-kaxeTis samefos jariTa da ruseTis jaris ori batalioniT imereTis

jarTan SeerTebas 1785 wlis 1 noembers gegmavda. moulodnelad 1 noembers mefem cnoba

miiRo, rom vaxanis cixis garnizoni danebda. omar xanis mier vaxanis cixis aRebam erekle II


Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 146. 127Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 146. 128Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 146. 129Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 146-147. 130П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 183-184;

Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 146-147, Исторический

очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября

1799 года. Под редакциею генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго

округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 206-207.

99

aiZula laSqroba Seewyvita. ereklem imereTis mefes SeuTvala, rom omar xanis laSqrisaTvis

Seetia, xolo qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da rusis jari omar xanis laSqars qarTlSi

gadasasvlel gzas mouWrida. erekle mefis varaudi ar gamarTlda, omar xans qviSxeTis

gavliT ukan ar dauxevia.. igi imereTidan mTebze gadavliT pirdapir axalcixeSi gadavida131.

polkovniki stepan burnaSevi ori rusuli batalioniT mtkvris napirs gahyva da sofel

WalasTan SeCerda. WalaSi mivida erekle mefec qarTuli jariT. WalaSi myof erekle mefes

imereTis mefe daviTma Seatyobina, rom gavrcelebuli xmebis mixedviT, omar xani quTaisze

Tavdasxmas apirebda132. Seqmnil viTarebaSi mcirericxovani qarTuli jariT da ori rusuli

batalioniT erekle II imereTis mefes daxmarebas ver aRmouCenda.

omar xanis laSqris damarcxeba SeuZlebeli gaxda. qarTvelTa da rusTa jars amisaTvis

Zalebi ar yofnidaT. pavel potiomkinma omar xans 1785 wlis 29 noembers 1.000 Cervoneci

gaugzavna saCuqrad, rac sakmarisi sulac ar iyo laSqrobis Sesawyvetad.133 mteri umowyalod

Jletda da itacebda adamianebs, aCanagebda soflebs.mefe erekle iZulebuli gaxda omar

xanTan molaparakeba daewyo134. 1785 wlis 22 dekembers mefesTan omar xanis warmomadgenlebi

gamocxadnen da xanis pirobebi gaacvnes. avariis xani omari iTxovda: 1) 10.000 maneTs wliurad

daRestnelTa beladebisaTvis; 2) 10.000 maneTs wliurad piradad misi jamagiris saxiT. Mmefis

piroba aseTi iyo: omar xani dauyovnebliv miiRebda 10.000 maneTs, xolo Semdeg yovelwliurad

_ 4.000 maneTs135.

zavze molaparakebis periods ekuTvnis omar xanis werili erekle mefisadmi. ai, isic:

“Tqveni werili miviRe. mwerT, rom aw ukve gardacvlil mamaCemTan 33 weli megobrobdiT

da mravalgzis gamoavlineT misdami keTilganwyoba, xolo mamaCemis gardacvalebis Semdeg

me momagebdiT pativs. es sruli simarTlea.

Tqven gvwerT, rom dagibrunoT axtalaSi ayvanili tyveebi. xelmwifev da mamav Cveno! Cven

yovelTvis veswrafodiT TqvenTan megobrobas, survili gvqonda SviliviT damjere

vyofiliyaviT... Tqven ki SvilebaT Cven ki ara, daRestneli beladebi aRiareT... Cven

saqarTveloSi jariT saomrad movediT, gvinda nadavlis aReba da ara Tqveni sabrZolo

didebis gamravleba. Tu Tqven gsurT simarTliT gangsvajoT, maSin unda aRiaroT:

saqarTveloSi momxdaris mizezi TqvenSia, magram Cven ar gvaxasiaTebs TqvenisTana didi

adamianisaTvis pasuxis moTxovna. tyved ayvanilebi, daRestanSi arsebuli wesis mixedviT,

ukve jars gaunawilda da amitom SeuZlebelia maTi erTad Tavmoyra~136.

molaparakebis Sedegad miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba: omar xani saqarTvelos teritorias

datovebda, yovel tyve qarTvelSi mefe erekles unda gadaexada 50 maneTi, xolo omar

xanisaTvis yovelwliurad unda eZlia 10.000 maneTi. omar xanma saqarTvelos teritoria

datova137.

omar xanma udidesi zarali moutana saqarTvelos. erekle mefe werda, Sah-abas II-is

laSqrobebis Semdeg saqarTvelos aseTi ubedureba Tavs ar dastexiao138.

mefe erekle did sagonebelSi iyo Cavardnili. samefo saxlSic ar iyo Tanxmoba. dedofali

darejani qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ubedurebis mizezad ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi

Sesvlas da georgievskis traqtats miiCnevda. dedofals mxars uWerda ramdenime Tavadi139.

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, antirusuli mamarTulebis sulisCamdgmeli iyvnen solomon

131Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 148. 132Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 148. 133П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 187. 134Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 149. 135П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр, 185-186,

Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 149. 136П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 186, Н.

Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 150. 137Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 207; П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803

год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 185. 138П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 188, Н.

Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 150-151. 139Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151.

100

lioniZe da daviT orbeliani140. erekle II kvlav ruseTze amyarebda imeds. omar xanTan

brZolaSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg, 1785 wlis dekemberSi mefe grigori potiomkins

saqarTveloSi damatebiTi jaris gamogzavnas sTxovda. imavdroulad, mefe qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos sruluflebian warmomadgenels ruseTis saimperatoro karze garsevan WavWavaZes

werda, yoveli Rone exmara jaris gamogzavnis dasaCqareblad141. uaRresad mZime

mdgomareobaSi myof mefes garsevan WavWavaZe arwmunebda, rom general-anSef grigori

potiomkins erekle mefis qaliSvilze surda daqorwineba. garsevan WavWavaZe mefes

sTavazobda qaliSvili grigori potiomkinisaTvis mieTxovebina, Semdeg siZe Tavis vasalad

gamoecxadebina da eboZebina misTvis samflobelo darialidan ananuramde142. garsevan

WavWavaZis azriT, grigori potiomkini darialSi cixe-simagres aaSenebda, alagmavda osebs

da uzrunvelyofda kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi momavali gzis usafrTxoebas. garsevan

WavWavaZe aseve arwmunebda mefes, rom ananuri gadaiqceoda mSvenier evropul qalaqad Tavisi

fabrikebiT, vaWrebiT, mxatvrebiT da evropuli wesrigiT143. garsevan WavWavaZis gegma ar

ganxorcielda. iranma qarTl-kaxeTis samefo imdenad daasusta, rom grigori potiomkinma

xeli aiRo samxreT kavkasiaSi Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideaze da miznad

daisaxa saerTo kavkasiuri qristianuli saxelmwifos Seqmna144.

§6. ruseTis jari da qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da osmaleTis urTierToba

(1785-1787 ww.)

omar xanis laSqrobis Semdeg, 1785 wlis miwurulidan, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos War-

belaqnisa da axalcixis safaSos mxridan lekTa axali Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba daemuqra.

erekle II-m kvlav ruseTs mimarTa da samefos Tavdacvisunarianobis gasaZliereblad 30.000

maneTi iTxova. kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardali general-poruCiki pavel potiomkini 1786 wlis

28 ianvars general-anSef grigori potiomkins swerda, rom man mefe erekles 4.000 Cervoneci

gaugzavna da im artileriis gagzavnasac dahpirda, romlic imperatorma ekaterina II-m 1784

wels mefes aCuqa145.

ruseTisagan miRebuli fuli erekle II-m polkovnik stepan burnaSevs gadasca da Tanac

gaafrTxila: ruseTidan fulis miReba saidumlod unda darCeniliyo da mefis naTesavebs ar

unda SeetyoT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi fuli daixarjeboda. stepan burnaSevma mefis Txovna

Seasrula. erekle II stepan burnaSevs sTxovda eSuamdgomla qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

ruseTis jaris kontigentis gazrdis Taobaze. mefe polkovniks arwmunebda, rom ori rusuli

batalioni sakmarisi ar iyo lekTa TareSis aRsakveTad146. erekle mefis naTqvami male

dadasturda. 1786 wlis martSi War-belaqanSi mokalaTebulma lekebma mdinare alazani

gadmolaxes da saqoneli garekes. axalcixidan mdinare mtkvris xeobiT SemoWrilma lekebma

suramis midamoebi gaZarcves da tyved 20 adamiani aiyvanes. mefe ereklem Seityo Tu ara

lekTa Tavdasxmis ambavi, 200 qarTveli da 150 rusi mebrZoliT Tbilisidan gavida, magram 17

versis gavlis Semdeg laSqroba Sewyvita, sami dRe banakad idga da Semdeg qalaqSi dabrunda.

stepan burnaSevis 1786 wlis 13 martis moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom laSqrobis Sewyvetis

mizezi sursaTis uqonloba iyo147. stepan burnaSevi aRniSnavs, rom rusuli batalionebis

danawileba da qarTul jarTan gaerTianeba mizanSewonili ar iyo, xolo ruseTis ori

batalionis erTad gadaadgilebisaTvis saWiro sursaTis raodenoba mefes ar gaaCnda.

polkovniki werda, rom rusuli batalionebi sursaTis uqonlobas aramarto laSqrobisas

ganicdidnen, aramed TbilisSi yofnis drosac148. mefe erekle stepan burnaSevs arwmunebda,

140sargis kakabaZe. saqarTvelos istoria. axali saukuneebis epoqa (1500-1810 w.w.). tfilisi, 1922, gv.233. 141Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151. 142Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151. 143Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151-152. 144Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 151-152. 145Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 205-206. 146Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 206. 147Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 206. 148Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 206.

101

rom samefoSi puris seriozuli maragi arsebobda, rac sakmarisi iyo ara marto ori rusuli

batalionis, aramed ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontigentis gamosakvebadac149. mefe kidev

erTxel sTxovda polkovniks eSuamdgomla ruseTis jaris gazrdis Taobaze, radgan utyuari

cnobebi hqonda, rom lekebi kvlav SemoiWrebodnen samefos teritoriaze. rogorc Cans, stepan

burnaSevsac eWvi ar epareboda, rom lekebi kvlav gaagrZelebdnen qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

Zarcvas. 1786 wlis 18 aprils stepan burnaSevi pavel potiomkins moaxsenebda, rom axalcixis

faSa suleimani omar xans fuls ugzavnida da axali laSqrobis dawyebisaken mouwodebda150.

omar xans wesad hqonda or an sam mxaresTan erTad ewarmoebina molaparakeba da Semdeg

yvelaze ufro sarfiani gadawyvetileba mieRo. omar xanma suleiman faSas SemoTavazeba miiRo

da 7.000 mebrZoliT axalcixeSi Cavida. 7.000 leki mebrZolidan calkeuli razmi TiTqmis

yovel dRe SeiWreboda xolme qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi. lekTa erT-erTma razmma

TiTqmis Tbilisamde miaRwia da 300 cxeni gaitaca. lekebs ufliswuli giorgi daedevna,

magram uSedegod151.

osmaleTTan omis dawyebamde ruseTis imperiis diplomatia cdilobda samxreT kavkasiaSi

viTarebis ganmuxtvis mizniT erekle II da suleiman faSa Seerigebina. grigori potiomkini

ekaterina II-s swerda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da axalcixis faSas Serigeba droebiTi

movlena iyo da mas savsebiT konkretuli mizani hqonda _ ruseTs drois mogeba sWirdeboda.

konkretuli mizani hqonda erekle mefesac: CrdiloeT kavkasiidan ruseTis jaris damatebiTi

kontigentis Semosvlamde omar xanTan brZoliT dasustebuli qarTl-kaxeTis jari

axalcixis safaSos winaaRmdeg oms ver daiwyebda. erekle II-isa da grigori potiomkinis

mimoweridan irkveva, rom zavi axalcixis safaSosa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris

saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontigentis SemosvlisTanave dairRveoda152.

sulTanic savsebiT garkveuli mizniT dasTanxmda erekle II-isa da suleiman faSas Serigebas.

sulTans eSinoda, ruseTTan omis dawyebis Semdeg erekle II axalcixis safaSos teritoriaze

ar SeWriliyo153. osmaleTis sulTnis Tanxmoba qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da axalcixis faSas

dazavebaze sulac ar niSnavda imas, rom osmaleTi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis

mfarvelobaSi Sesvlasa da saqarTveloSi ori rusuli batalionis Semosvlas Seurigda.

erekle II-sa da suleiman faSas Soris molaparakebis umTavresi sakiTxi safaSos

teritoriaze lekTa razmebis yofnas exeboda. mefem suleiman faSas sTxova safaSos

teritoriaze lekebi ar gaeCerebina da ar mieca maTTvis qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriis

darbevis saSualeba. erekle II-isa da suleiman faSas Soris gamarTuli molaparakebis kursSi

iyo stepan burnaSevi. 1786 wlis 31 maiss stepan burnaSevi pavel potiomkins moaxsenebda:

suleiman faSam erekle mefes aRuTqva, rom mis Txovnas Seasrulebda mxolod erTi pirobiT:

mefes axalcixis safaSos winaaRmdeg ruseTis jari da imperator ekaterina II-is mier

naboZebi artileria ar unda gamoeyenebina, aseve osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis jarisaTvis

daxmareba ar unda aRmoeCina. stepan burnaSevi imasac werda, rom axalcixis faSas mier

wamoyenebuli pirobis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis sulTani qarTl-kaxeTis mefes

ganjis, erevnisa da iranis sxva saxanoebs dauqvemdebarebda154. erekle II-s pirobebi ar miuRia

da suleiman faSasaTvis ucnobebia: qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperatoris

mfarvelobaSi imyofeba da imperatoris gverdis avliT ufleba ar maqvs vinmesTan

molaparakeba vawarmooo155. gagulisebul suleiman faSas mxridan pasuxmac ar daayovna.

lekTa razmebi moedvnen samefos teritorias: erTi razmi mdinare algeTze, Tbilisidan 30

versis moSorebiT gamoCnda, meore _ mcxeTasTan, mesame _ qarelTan, meoTxe _ diRomTan,

mexuTe _ suramTan156.

149Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 207. 150Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 207. 151Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 207. 152O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.228. 153O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 228. 154Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 207. 155Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 208. 156Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 208.

102

1786 wels axalcixis mxridan Semosuli lekebis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriis

darbeva da adamianebis gataceba osmaleTis mxridan ruseTis imperiis interesebis Selaxvas

niSnavda. ruseTma osmaleTis sulTans mosTxova suleiman faSasaTvis axalcixeSi lekebis

Tavmoyra da maTi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze Segzavna aekrZala. 1786 wlis 17

aprils imperatorma ekaterina II-m ruseTis elCs stambolSi iakov bulgakovs specialuri

brZaneba gaugzavna. imperatori werda, rom elCs osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrisaTvis

protesti werilobiT gadaeca. ruseTis moTxovna aseTi iyo: sulTans axalcixis faSa unda

aeZulebina Seewyvita qarTl-kaxeTis samefos darbeva, samagierod ruseTi ar daarRvevda

osmaleTTan dadebul zavs157 (igulisxmeba 1774 wels dadebuli quCuk-kainarjis zavi – v. g.)

sanam ekaterina II-is brZaneba stambolSi CaaRwevda da ruseTis elCi iakov bulgakovi

osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros saprotesto notas gadascemda, suleiman faSa

mtrul moqmedebas agrZelebda. faSam xmebi gaavrcela, rom sulTanma mas saCuqrebi da 44.000

Cervoneci gamougzavna. saCuqrebi da fuli gankuTvnili iyo azerbaijaneli xanebisa da

daRestneli mflobelebisaTvis, romelTac qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze erToblivi laSqroba

unda moewyoT. imave xmebis mixedviT, omar xani kaxeTSi unda SeWriliyo, suleiman faSa _

qarTlSi, azerbaijaneli xanebi _ yazaxsa da SamSadiluSi158. erekle II am xmebma seriozulad

SeaSfoTa. 1786 wlis 6 agvistos mefe pavel potiomkins daxmarebas sTxovda. mefem icoda,

rom sanam pavel potiomkini sankt-peterburgidan qarTl-kaxeTSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi

kontigentis gagzavnis uflebas miiRebda, lekebi samefos gaaCanagebdnen. amitom iyo, rom

mefe erekle generals sTxovda jaris damatebiTi kontigenti sankt-peterburgidan nebarTvis

miRebamde gamoegzavna159.

erekle II-is daJinebulma Txovnam qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi arsebuli jaris kontigentis

gazrdis Taobaze garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo. imperatorma ekaterina II-m ukve meored daavala

ruseTis elCs stambolSi iakov bulgakovs protesti ganecxadebina osmaleTis sagareo

saqmeTa saministrosaTvis. moTxovnis Sinaarsi igive iyo: sulTans axalcixis faSasaTvis

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi SeWra unda aekrZala160.

ruseTis imperatoris meore protestis Semdeg osmaleTis sulTanma arzrumis, vanis,

yarsisa da axalcixis faSebs firmani gaugzavna da qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan mSvidobiani

urTierTobis damyareba ubrZana. Tavis mxriv, faSebma erekle II-s megobrobis

damadasturebeli werilebi gamougzavnes. gansakuTrebiT gamoido Tavi arzrumis faSa

baTalim, romelic male sulTanma seraskirad daniSna. baTali faSa mefes swerda, rom misi

keTildReoba osmaleTis sulTnis mfarvelobaze iyo damokidebuli. faSas arc is daumalavs,

rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos yvela ubedureba ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT iyo

gamowveuli161. 1786 wlis 31 ivliss baTali faSas werili mefe ereklem kavkasiis xazis

mTavarsardal general-poruCik pavel potiomkins gadaugzavna. mefe generals kvlav jaris

damatebiTi kontigentis gamogzavnas sTxovda162.

erekleII-is SeSfoTebas savsebiT realuri safuZveli hqonda. erTi mxriv,sulTanma

axalcixis faSas aukrZala qarTl-kaxeTis samefos teritoriaze SeWra, raTa am gziT Tavi

aeridebina ruseTis jaris winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis, xolo meore mxriv, osmaleTi ruseTTan

omis dawyebisaTvis emzadeboda163. 1786 wels foTSi Semovida sabrZolo masaliTa da

sursaTiT datvirTuli 2 samxedro da 15 satransporto gemi. baTumsa da foTSi osmalebma

gemebidan gadmozides zarbaznebi, mdinare rionsa da paliastomis tbas Soris daiwyes mcire

simagreebis mSenebloba, sadac SehqondaT zarbaznebi. mSeneblobas xelmZRvanelobda

stambolidan Camosuli oTxi ucxoeli specialisti. simagreebSi dadgmuli zarbaznebis

157Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 208. 158Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 209. 159Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 209. 160Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 210. 161O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Издательство „ Наука” , Москва, 1966.

стр. 228-229. 162O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Издательство „ Наука” , Москва, 1966.

стр. 229. 163Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 210.

103

amoqmedebisaTvis ucxoelma specialistebma moamzades 60 osmalo mebrZoli. gavrcelda xmebi,

rom anatoliaSi Tavmoyrili iyo osmaleTis armia (35.000 mebrZoli), xolo axalcixeSi Casul

osmalo faSas davalebuli hqonda Seekriba daaxloebiT 12.000 leki164.

1786 wels saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan osmaleTis jaris Tavmoyra winaaRmdegobaSi modioda

sulTnis brZanebasTan, romelic suleiman faSas qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi SeWras

ukrZalavda. Tumca isic cxadi iyo, rom osmaleTi samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWrisaTvis ar

emzadeboda. sulTani cdilobda saqarTvelo-osmaleTis sazRvari imdenad gaemagrebina, rom

osmaleTis teritoriaze ruseTis jaris SeWra aecilebina Tavidan165. ruseTis imperatori

ekaterina II savsebiT garkveviT ambobda: aranairi aucilebloba ruseTs ar gaaCnia, rom

osmaleTSi saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT scadon SeWra, osmalebs albaT is axsovT,

gemebis gareSe rusebma rogor gadalaxes mdinare dunai, isic ar daviwyebiaT, rogor daeca

osmaleTis cixe-simagreebi, Cveni mxedarTmTavrebi iq ar Seuteven, sadac maT elodebian166.

anatoliasa da axalcixeSi osmaleTis jaris Tavmoyris Sesaxeb cnobam Zalze SeaSfoTa

erekle II, SeSfoTebuli iyo stepan burnaSevic. am droisaTvis stepan burnaSevs ori

batalionidan (daaxloebiT 1.500 mebrZoli) mwyobrSi mxolod 1000 mebrZoli hyavda. danarCeni

jariskacebi an avadmyofobdnen an avadmyofobis Semdeg imdenad sustad iyvnen, rom brZolaSi

monawileobas ver miiRebdnen. rus polkovniks afiqrebda isic, rom mis gankargulebaSi ar

iyo Zlieri sakavalerio razmi. isic sagulisxmo iyo, rom laSqrobis dawyeba rusul

batalionebs proviantis maragis gareSe mouwevdaT167.

pavel potiomkinma omis SemTxvevisaTvis garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba daiwyo. 1786

wels ruseTis jarisa da osebis daxmarebiT daiwyo kavkasiis xazidan saqarTveloSi

momavali gzis SekeTeba, vladikavkazis simagresTan Tavi moiyara ruseTis jaris samma qveiTma

batalionma, dragunTa oTxma eskadronma da kazakTa polkma. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi es

samxedro Zala qarTl-kaxeTis mefis dasaxmareblad unda daZruliyo168. axalcixis faSas

osTa Soris bevri moene hyavda, amitom kargad iyo informirebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiis xazze

ruseTis jarebis ganlagebasa da vladikavkazis simagresTan jaris Tavmoyris Sesaxeb.

suleiman faSam miiRo cnoba samxreT kavkasiis sazRvrebTan dajgufebul osmaleTis jarebis

sardlad baTali faSas daniSvnis Sesaxeb.axalcixis faSas baTali faSas jarisa da ruseTis

jaris axalcixesTan miaxloebisa erTnairad eSinoda. suleiman faSa baTali faSas pirad

mtrad miiCnevda da sulac ar surda, rom safaSo baTali faSas kontrolis qveS gadasuliyo.

axalcixis faSa manevrirebis gzas daadga. 1786 wlis agvistoSi TbilisSi Camovida suleiman

faSas elCi da erekle II-s sazavo xelSekrulebis dadeba SesTavaza. axalcixis faSa qarTl-

kaxeTis mefes pirdeboda, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis sakiTxs osmaleTis did vezirTan igi

piradad SeaTanxmebda. erekle II-s axalcixis faSas winadadeba cota ucnaurad eCvena.

suleiman faSas savsebiT konkretuli mizani hqonda dasaxuli: qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da

axalcixis safaSos Soris samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg axalcixis faSa

osmaleTis did vezirs daarwmunebda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mxridan osmaleTis sazRvrebs

safrTxe ar daemuqreboda. am SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis jarebis Tavmoyra samxreT kavkasiis

sazRvrebTan aucilebeli aRar iqneboda, rac cxadia xels aZlevda erekle II-sac169. erekle

II-isa da suleiman faSas elCis molaparakeba ise dasrulda, rom mefes saqmis kursSi ar

Cauyenebia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos karze ruseTis sruluflebiani

warmomadgeneli(ministri)stepan burnaSevi170.

molaparakeba erekle mefesa da suleiman faSas Soris Zalze mZimed mimdinareobda. faSa

mefes Semdeg pirobebs uyenebda: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvana da Tu es

ar moxerxdeboda, samefoSi ruseTis jari ar unda gazrdiliyo. 2.ekaterina II-is mier erekle

mefisaTvis naboZebi artileria samefos teritoriaze ar unda SemoetanaT. 3.ruseTis jaris

164Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 210-211. 165Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 211. 166Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 211. 167Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 211-212. 168Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 212. 169Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 212-213. 170Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 213.

104

ori batalioni axalcixis safaSos sazRvrebTan ar unda ganlagebuliyo. Tu erekle mefe am

pirobebs Seasrulebda, suleiman faSa valdebulebas iRebda: 1. axalcixeSi lekebs ar

gaaCerebda; 2. axalcixis faSas ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebze pretenzia ar eqneboda; 3.

axalcixis faSa Crdilo kavkasiis muslim mflobelebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze Tavdasxmebis

Sewyvetisaken mouwodebda.imave werilSi, romelSic pirobebi iyo Camoyalibebuli, suleiman

faSa erekle mefes swerda: Tu mefe saerTod CamoSordeboda ruseTs, igi sulTnisagan did

jildos miiRebda da saganmgeblod gadaecemoda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mosazRvre bevri

teritoria171. cxadia, am teritoriebSi igulisxmeboda ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebi da

ramdenime azerbaijanuli saxano. yvela es saxano iranis nawili iyo, ase rom osmaleTis

sulTani qarTl-kaxeTis mefes iranis teritoriebs umtkicebda.

suleiman faSas winadadebebi erekle II-m ar miiRo. amis Semdeg axalcixis faSam erekle

mefes SesTavaza dadebuliyo Tavdausxmelobis xelSekruleba ara qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa

da osmaleTs Soris, aramed qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da axalcixis safaSos Soris. suleiman

faSas separatistuli ganwyobileba moewona ekaterina II-s. 1786 wlis 26 ivliss imperatori

grigori potiomkins swerda:kàrgi iqneboda, rom suleiman faSa damoukideblobis gzas

Sesdgomoda~172. cota ufro adre rusma diplomatebma suleiman faSas agrZnobines, rom Tu

igi osmaleTidan axalcixis safaSos gamoyofas Seecdeboda, ruseTi mxars dauWerda. bolos

suleiman faSa SeSinda da safaSos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaze xelsayreli viTarebis

Seqmnamde xeli iaRo. 1786 wles 8 seqtembers grigori potiomkini ekaterina II-s swerda: Tu

ruseTma osmaleTis omSi gaimarjva, suleiman faSa Cven dagvemorCileba, manamde ki faSas

ruseTTan aranairi molaparakebis warmoeba ar SeuZlia173.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da axalcixis safaSos Soris samSvidobo xelSekruleba 1786

wlis 12 seqtembers daido. xelSekrulebis pirobebi aseTi iyo: qarTl-kaxeTis mefe

valdebulebas iRebda: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris raodenoba ar unda

yofiliyo 3.000 mebrZolze meti; 2. osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris zavis moqmedebis periodSi

erekle II-s omi ar unda daewyo axalcixis safaSos winaaRmdeg; 3. Tu axalcixis safaSos

sazRvrispira teritoriis mflobelebi erekle II-is uflebebs Selaxavdnen, mefe Tavs

daicavda rogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli jariT (3.000 mebrZoliT). axalcixis faSa suleimani

valdebulebas iRebda: 1. axalcixis faSas safaSos teritoriaze ar unda gaeCerebina lekebisa

da daRestnelebis laSqari da lekebisa da daRestnelebisaTvis ar mieca axalcixis safaSos

mxridan qarTl-kaxeTis darbevis ufleba; axalcixis faSas lekebisa da daRestnelebisaTvis

unda aekrZala axalcixeSi qarTveli tyveebiT vaWroba; 2. axalcixis faSas safaSos

sazRvrispira teritoriis mflobelebi ar unda waeqezebina qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

winaaRmdeg; 3. axalcixis faSas osmaleTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvarze ar unda

ganelagebina174. erekle II-m kargad icoda, rom suleiman faSas mier dadebul pirobas,

aranairi kavSiri ar daemyarebina qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mtrebTan da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

sazRvrebTan osmaleTis jarebis Tavmoyra ar daeSva, aranairi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. Tu

osmaleTis sulTani ubrZanebda, axalcixis faSa qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mtrebTanac

daamyarebda urTierTobas da verc samefos sazRvrebTan osmaleTis jarebis Tavmoyras

aRudgeboda win. miuxedavad amisa, erekle II-m xelSekruleba mainc dado, dado im mizniT,

rom suleiman faSasa da lekebs droebiT mainc SeewyvitaT samefos sazRvrebSi SemoWra175.

axalcixis safaSosTan dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb 1787 wlis 15

seqtembers erekle II-m osmaleTis did vezirs acnoba. didi vezirisaTvis gadasacemi werili

erekle mefem suleiman faSas elCs gadasca. ase rom, stambolSi werilis gagzavna saidumlod

ar darCenila. erekle mefe osmaleTis did vezirs swerda: ,,mtris Tavdasxmebis dros Cven

171O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 229. 172O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.229. 173O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.230. 174Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся до Грузии. Том II. выпуск II. С 1769 по 1801 год.

Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.- Петербург, 1902, стр. 60; Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на

Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 212-213; iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 174; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi rva tomad. tomi IV. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 709. O. П. Маркова. Россия,

Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.207-209. 175Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 213.

105

iZulebulni viyaviT daxmareba mezoblebisaTvis gveTxova, Tumca am Txovnas xSirad

sasurveli Sedegi ar mohqonda. mxolod ruseTma Cven da Cvens winaprebs aRmogviCina Zlieri

daxmareba. amitom iyo, rom Cven mivmarTeT ruseTis umaRles kars. misma imperatorobiTma

udidebulesobam Cven mfarveloba gviwyaloba da qveynis dacvisaTvis gviboZa jari, 3.000

mebrZoli. ukve sami weli gavida, rac rusis jari Cems samflobeloSia, magram sulTnis

qveSevrdomebisaTvis Cven arc farulad da arc aSkarad wyena ar migviyenebia, xolo Cvens

sazRvrebSi SemoWril mters SeZlebisdagvarad vuwevdiT winaaRmdegobas. amis sanacvlod

suleiman faSam, rogorc ki gaigo CvenTan ruseTis jaris mosvlis Sesaxeb, axalcixeSi

daRestnelebi moixmo, romelTac bevri sofeli gagviZarcves, daxoces da tyved waiyvanes

Cveni uamravi qveSevrdomi, radgan Cvens qveynebs Soris mSvidobaa da vcdilobT wyena ar

mivayenoT sulTans, axalcixidan ganxorcielebuli Semosevebi dausjelad davtoveT, rasac

daadastureben Tqvens qveSevrdomobaSi myofi Tqveni mezoblebi~176. am Sesavlis Semdeg

erekle II ukve suleiman faSasTan urTierTobas exeba da ganagrZobs: ,,axla suleiman faSas

surs, rom CvenTan megobroba hqondes. faSam elCi gamogvigzavna, romelTanac Cven

SevTanxmdiT: CvenTan mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamogzavnili ruseTis samiaTasiani

jari ar gaizrdeba, sanam ruseTi da osmaleTi mSvidobian urTierTobaSi iqnebian. suleiman

faSa gvpirdeba, rom daRestnelebs axalcixeSi aRar moiwvevs, xolo axalcixeSi myof

daRestnelebs gaaZevebs, Tavisi jariT zians arasdros mogvayenebs, Cveni qveSevrdomebis

axalcixeSi yidva-gayidvas ar dauSvebs, Cven mtrebTan arc farulad da arc aSkarad

urTierTobas ar iqoniebs da sulTnis jars Cven sazRvrebTan ar daayenebs~177. cxadia, elCma

erekles werili suleiman faSas aCvena. faSa, cxadia, kmayofili ar darCeboda. suleimans

surda erekle mefes sulTnisaTvis mfarveloba eTxova, amitom iyo, rom suleiman faSam

samSvidobo xelSekrulebas xeli ar moawera da axalcixeSi Casuli erekle mefis elCebic

ukan gamoistumra. suleiman faSa erekles werda, rom Tu mefes Tavisi qveSevrdomebis

keTildReoba da qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva surda da Tu ar surda lekebs saqarTvelo

gaenadgurebinaT, sxvagvarad unda moqceuliyo. faSa mefes acnobebda, rom axalcixeSi myofi

lekebis SeCereba mas ar SeeZlo. miuxedavad aSkara ukmayofilebisa, suleiman faSa erekle

II-s hpirdeboda, rom is mSvidobis SenarCunebaze Tanaxma iyo178. axalcixis faSa arc imas

malavda, rom ar moewona erekle II-is mier osmaleTis didi vezirisaTvis gagzavnili werilis

Sinaarsi. faSa erekles rCevas aZlevda: Tu sulTnis erTguleba ginda daamtkico, sulTnis

karze mZevlebad ori moxele unda gaagzavnoo. suleiman faSa mefes aseve urCevda, rom

ruseTSi gagzavnili Svilebi saswrafod ukan gamoewvia. werilis dasasruls suleiman faSa

erekle II-s aseTi sityvebiT mimarTavda: ,,Tu me Sen Zmad mTvli, nu ugulvebelhyof am

sasargeblo rCevebs~179.

1786 wlis dekembris Sua ricxvebSi suleiman faSam TbilisSi kvlav gamogzavna Tavisi

elCebi. elCebma mefe erekles faSas danabarebi zepirad gadasces. axalcixis faSa qarTl-

kaxeTis mefes wina werilSi micemulm”rCevebs” faqtobrivad imeorebda, roca werda, rom

ruseTis jari samefodan gaeyvana (ruseTSi daebrunebina), xolo Svilebi, miriani da

Teimurazi (berad aRkvecis Semdeg antoni, momavali kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II _ v.g.),

ruseTidan gamoewvia. suleiman faSas azriT, am pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg osmaleTis

sulTani erekle II-s yvela Txovnas daakmayofilebda. garda amisa, axalcixis faSam erekle

II-s acnoba: 1. Tu rusis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi darCeboda, mas araviTari ziani ar

unda mieyenebina osmaleTis samflobeloebisaTvis; 2. erekle II-s ar unda moeTxova ruseTis

jaris raodenobis gazrda; 3. erekle mefes axalcixeSi mZevlad unda gaegzavna ori Tavadi

cnobili sagvareuloebidan. mxolod am pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg sulTani aranair zians

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ar miayenebda, osmaleTis sazRvrebidan gaaZevebda lekebs,

176Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 213-214. 177Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 214. 178Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 214-215. 179Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 215.

106

axalcixeSi myof qarTvel tyveebs daabrunebda da erekle II-s kvlav daumorCilebda

azerbaijanis urC saxanoebs180.

axalcixidan lekebis gaZevebis Sesaxeb dapirebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTl-kaxeTis

samefosaTvis. lekTa Semosevebisagan rom Tavi daecva, erekle II omar xanis mamas wliurad

1.000 maneTs uxdida, xolo omar xans 6.500 maneTs. erekle mefe omar xanTan danaTesavebasac

ki cdilobda da surda batoniSvil giorgisaTvis omar xanis qaliSvili SeerTo colad.

qorwineba ar Sedga da avariis xanma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos darbeva kvlavindeburad

gaagrZela. mogvianebiT omar xanma TviTon moindoma erekle II-sTan danaTesaveba. xans surda

batoniSvil vaxtangs mis daze eqorwina. es qorwinebac ar Sedga da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

rbeva-awiokebac Zveleburad grZeldeboda181.

aseT viTarebaSi suleiman faSas dapirebas, rom axalcixidan lekebs gaaZevebda, erekle

mefisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda. amitom iyo, rom suleiman faSas elCis TbilisSi

CasvlisTanave erekle II-m samefo darbazis wevrebs sagarejoSi Sekreba ubrZana. calke miiRes

miwveva taxtis memkvidrem giorgi batoniSvilma da kaTolikos-patriarqma anton II-m.

sagarejoSi darbazis sxdoma 1786 wlis 18 dekembers Sedga. darbazis sxdomis Semdeg erekle

II-m qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ruseTis imperiis sruluflebian warmomadgenels (ministrs)

polkovnik stepan burnaSevs ganucxada: 1. darbazis mier miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba

axalcixeSi ori Tavadis mZevlad gagzavnis Sesaxeb; 2. mZevlebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis miReba ganpirobebuli iyo im mosazrebiT, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT

osmaleTis Tavdasxma182. stepan burnaSevi, cxadia, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos darbazis

gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo darCa da erekle mefes ganucxada: georgievskis traqtatis

meoTxe muxlis ZaliT, msgavsi gadawyvetileba kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalTan unda

SegeTanxmebinao. erekle mefe polkovniks dahpirda, rom momxdaris Taobaze werils

gaugzavnida general-poruCik pavel potiomkins. Tumca, mefe pavel potiomkinisgan pasuxis

mosvlas ar daeloda da axalcixeSi mZevlebad gagzavna Tavadebi nikoloz orbeliani da

Teimuraz ciciSvili183.

erekle II-is moqmedebiT ukmayofilo darCa pavel potiomkini, romelic mefes werda: ,,Tqven,

ruseTis imperiasTan dadebuli traqtatis meoTxe muxliT valdebuleba aiReT mezobel

qveynebTan yovelgvar urTierTobamde da mezobeli qveynebidan elCebis mosvlamde rCeva

gekiTxaT sazRvris ufrosisaTvis (igulisxmeba kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardali _ v. g.),

traqtatis ZaliT, Cemi valia Tqvens umaRlesobas vurCio ar misces axalcixis faSas

mZevlebi”184. rusi generali mefes swerda, Tu ra gegmebi hqonda osmaleTs qarTl-kaxeTis

mimarT: 1. ruseTis imperatorisadmi qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erTgulebis Seryeva, erekle mefis

veragad warmoCena; 2. qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvana, samefos mrisxane

damcvelis gareSe datoveba; 3. qarTl-kaxeTis mefisagan pirobis miReba, rom lekebisagan

miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba osmaleTs ar moeTxovos; 4. qarTl-kaxeTis mefisaTvis

Tavadebis mZevlad moTxovna. pavel potiomkini erekle mefes afrTxilebda, rom dapirebis

miuxedavad, axalcixis faSas ar SeeZlo azerbaijaneli xanebi erekle II-saTvis

daemorCielebina185. ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris urTierTobis daZabvis gamo pavel

potiomkini erekle II-s urCevda yovelgvari urTierToba gaewyvita axalcixis faSasTan da

ar mieca misTvis mZevlebi186. amis sapasuxod mefem pavel potiomkins miswera, rom man ukve

gagzavna elCebi axalcixeSi, yovelnairad ecdeboda, mZevlebi aRar mieca suleiman

faSasaTvis, magram aseTi moqmedebidan gamowveuli Sedegebisa eSinoda187. erekle II-s

frTxili politika ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom ar icoda ruseT-osmaleTis daZabuli

urTierToba omis gareSe damTavrdeboda, Tu omi aucileblad daiwyeboda. amitom iyo, rom

180Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 215. 181Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 215-216. 182Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 216. 183Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 216. 184Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 217. 185Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 216-217. 186Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 218. 187Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 218.

107

mefe pavel potiomkins swerda: ,,Tu or saxelmwifos Soris (ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris _

v. g.) mSvidoba male dairRveva, Cven axalcixidan mZevlebis gamoyvanas SevZlebT~188.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da axalcixis safaSos Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT

ukmayofilo darCa grigori potiomkinic. 1786 wlis 10 dekembers grigori potiomkini

Eekaterina II-s swerda, rom erekle mefem daTmo, roca qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dasaxmareblad

gamiznuli ruseTis jaris raodenoba sami aTasiT gansazRvra189.

sulTanma, cxadia, icoda axalcixis faSas separatistuli miswrafebani da SeiZleba arc

qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebas iwonebda, magram erekle II-

Tan urTierTobis daZabva sulTans xels ar aZlevda. sulTans eSinoda, mefe erekles qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi jaris raodenobis gazrda ar eTxova ruseTis imperatorisaTvis190.

suleiman faSamac ar icoda, rogor ganviTardeboda osmaleT-ruseTis daZabuloba,

daiwyeboda Tu ara omi.

amitom iyo, rom suleiman faSa yovelnairad cdilobda kargi urTierToba daemyarebina

qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan da mieRwia axalcixeSi mZevlebis gagzavnisaTvis. ruseTi

yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa da axalcixis faSas urTierTobas. 1787

wlis 3 ianvars stepan burnaSevi pavel potiomkinisaTvis gagzavnil moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda,

rom axalcixis faSam erekle II-is elCebs gzaSi cxenosani razmi daaxvedra da didi pativiT

miiRo isini191. erekle mefem axalcixeSi mZevlad gagzavnil nikoloz orbelians da Teimuraz

ciciSvils daavala suleiman faSas zraxvebSi garkveva da masze zegavlenis moxdena.

mcdelobis miuxedavad, mZevlebma faSa ver daarwmunes, rom xeli aeRo qarTl-kaxeTis

mefisaTvis mZevlebis moTxovnaze. piriqiT, suleiman faSa osmaleTis sulTans arwmunebda,

rom ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobidan qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gamosvla SesaZlebeli iyo.

stambolidan axalcixeSi gamoigzavna didi raodenobiT saCuqrebi, safaSos teritoriaze

mdgari osmaleTis jaris sardals da suleiman faSas daevalaT qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan

xelSekrulebis dadeba. aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba advili ar iyo, radgan erekle II-m

kargad icoda, ra veragul politikas atarebda osmeleTis sulTani da rogor sastikad

epyroboda igi qristian xalxebs. mefe imasac cxadad grZnobda, Tu ra Sedegebi mohyveboda

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobidan gamosvlas da osmaleTis

mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas192.

erekle mefem icoda, rom suleiman faSa misi dauZinebeli mteri iyo, xolo mis mier

SemoTavazebuli megobroba da mSvidoba _ moCvenebiTi. Tumca qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze

prorusuli orientaciis proosmaluriT Secvlas Tavisi momxreebi hyavda. prorusuli

orientaciis uaryofas moiTxovda dedofali darejani da misi Tanamoazre Tavadebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom taxtis memkvidre batoniSvili giorgi prorusul orientaciaze rCeboda.

dedofal darejanis antirusuli orientacia didi gansjisa da fiqris Sedegi ar iyo.

dedofalma icoda, rom ruseTis saimperatoro kari erekle II-isagan moiTxovda

batoniSvilebs Soris samefos danawilebis (saufliswuloebis gamoyofis) Sewyvetas da mefis

xelisuflebis gaZlierebas. darejan dedofali ZiriTadad swored am moTxovnebis gamo

daupirispirda rusebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom dedofals mebrZoli xasiaTi hqonda, sasaxlis

karze ramdenime gavleniani Tavadic uWerda mxars, magram sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwia _

erekle mefem prorusuli orientacia ar uaryo. Ddedofal darejanisa da misi momxreebis

brZolas ukvalod mainc ar Cauvlia: erekle II-is daaxloeba suleiman faSasTan swored

darejan dedoflis gavleniT moxda193.

1787 wlis Tebervlis meore naxevarSi axalcixeSi miiRes osmaleTis sulTnis firmani,

romelic faSas auwyebda, rom male osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris omi daiwyeboda. firmanidan

suleiman faSam Seityo, rom osmaleTis armia (52.000 mebrZoli) male daiZvreboda mdinare

arpaCais (mdinare araqsis marcxena Senakadi, somxeTi _ v. g.) mimarTulebiT. sulTanma

188Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 218. 189O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.230. 190saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. rvatomeuli. tomi IV. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 709. 191Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 218. 192Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург,1886, стр. 218. 193Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 219.

108

suleiman faSa seraskirad daniSna da daavala armiisaTvis aucilebeli proviantis

momzadeba194. mdinare arpaCais mimarTulebiT osmaleTis jaris gamogzavnis ambavi suleiman

faSam erekle mefis mZevlebs acnoba. faSa irwmuneboda, rom mas qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan

mSvidobis SenarCuneba surda da Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosavlis povnis mizniT an piradad

erekle II-sTan, an taxtis memkvidre batoniSvil giorgisTan iTxovda Sexvedras. 1787 wlis 28

Tebervals suleiman faSa dedofal darejans swerda: ,,xelmwifeebma (osmaleTis sulTanma

da ruseTis imperatorma _ v. g.) moimoqmedon is, rac ganzraxuli aqvT, Cven ki Cveni

samflobeloebis sasargeblod unda vecadoT. Svidi Tu rva mefe miiswrafoda ruseTisaken

(igulisxmeba rusuli orientaciis qarTveli mefeebi _ v. g.), magram warumateblad. amjerad

davinaxavT, SemiZlia Tu ara me Cemi Zmisa da mefisaTvis (igulisxmeba erekle II _ v. g.) raime

sasargeblo gavakeTo~195.

darejan dedofali marTali iyo imaSi, rom Tu osmaleTis jari (52.000 mebrZoli) ruseT-

osmaleTis omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi SemoiWreboda, qarTuli jari

da ori rusuli batalioni mas winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda. viTarebas verc qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris raodenobis gazrda (gaormageba, gasammageba) ixsnida, Tumca

ruseTi saerTod ar fiqrobda raodenobis Secvlas. yovelive es kargad icoda erekle II-mac.

mefe iZulebuli gaxda axalcixis faSasTan da safaSos teritoriaze mdgar osmaleTis jaris

sardalTan molaparakeba gaemarTa. molaparakebis Sedegi aseTi iyo: 1. qarTl-kaxeTis mefes

axalcixeSi mZevlebi unda gaegzavna; 2. osmaleTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ar

SemoiWreboda; 3. axalcixis faSa lekebs safaSos teritoriaze ar gaaCerebda. axalcixeSi

myofma erekles elCebma molaparakebis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg mefes acnobes: zavi

damtkicebulia, lekebi gaaZeves196.

molaparakebis warmatebiT dasrulebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg axalcixeSi Cavidnen

yarabaRis, xoisa da avariis xanebis warmomadgenlebi. maT suleiman faSas sTxoves araviTari

xelSekruleba ar daedo erekle II-Tan, romelsac ,,aqvs oTxi fexi, aqedan sami ukve moWrili

aqvs da mxolod meoTxeze dgas”197. suleiman faSa ar daeTanxma xanebis winadadebas da erekle

mefes acnoba, rom maT Soris arsebul ,,Zmobasa da megobrobas” SeinarCunebda198. am

danapirebis Semdeg suleiman faSa erekle mefes mTavar saTqmels moaxsenebda: ,,sulTnisagan

wyalobis sigeli rom miiRoT, unda ecadoT moiSoroT ucxo qveynis jari(igulisxmeba

ruseTis jari _ v. g.), daangrioT aSenebuli gza (igulisxmeba kavkasiis xazidan

saqarTvelosaken momavali gza _ v. g.), aRar miemxroT romelime saxelmwifos, sulTans

miarTvaT Txovna, romelSic gamoxatavT Tqvens gulwrfelobas. me vaskvni, rom Tqvenis

mxridan aseTi qmedeba ara Tu vnebas ar mogitanT, aramed sulTnisagan miiRebT wyalobis

firmans da kidev sxva wyalobas”199. suleiman faSas mier wamoyenebuli piroba qarTl-kaxeTis

mefisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo. mefem saqmis kursSi Caayena stepan burnaSevi.

polkovnikma mefes urCia suleiman faSasaTvis uari SeeTvala. rogorc Cans, erekle II-m da

stepan burnaSevma suleiman faSasaTvis gasagzavni werili erTad Seadgines. mefe faSas

swerda: ,,Cveni mizani arasdros yofila sulTnis ganawyeneba, Cveni samefos dacvis mizniT

misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis (ruseTis imperatoris _ v. g.) jari SemoviyvaneT, magram

miznad ar gvqonia mezoblebis Sewuxeba. Tqven agvijanyeT azerbaijanelebi da daRestnelebi

da sami weli TavSesafars aZlevdiT lekebs, romlebic Zarcvavdnen da averanebdnen Cvens

miwebs, xolo nadavls Tqvens samflobeloSi hyidnen. Mmiuxedavad amisa, Cven Cveni jariT

umciresi zianic ki ar migviyenebia sulTnis qveSevrdomebisaTvis da es Tqven kargad

mogexsenebaT. bolos gaCnda survili dagvedo megobrobis Sesaxeb kavSiri da Segvewyvita

mtroba da Zarcva-gleja~200. werilis bolos erekle mefe miRweuli mSvidobis

194Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 219. 195Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 219. 196Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 219. 197Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 220. 198Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 220. 199Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 220. 200Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 220-221.

109

SenarCunebisaTvis mzadyofnas gamoTqvamda da iTxovda axalcixidan qarTveli mZevlebis

gamoSvebas201.

erekle II-is aseTi werili SeiZleboda axalcixis safaSosa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobis Sewyvetis sababi gamxdariyo. sruliad moulodnelad 1787

wlis 13 ivliss axalcixidan TbilisSi suleiman faSas elCebi Camovidnen202. elCebma erekle

mefes ganucxades, Tu ruseT-osmaleTis omSi rusebi gaimarjveben, suleiman faSa maSinve

morCilebas gamoucxadebs ruseTs, xolo omis damTavrebis Semdeg rusebs aCvenebs

stambolidan miRebul yvela firmans~203. suleiman faSas aseTi gabeduli moqmedeba imiT iyo

ganpirobebuli, rom gavrcelda xmebi saqarTveloSi ruseTis didi jaris (30.000 mebrZolis)

Semosvlis Taobaze. ruseTis jaris Semosvlis Sesaxeb gavrcelebulma xmebma sulTani

aiZula sapasuxo nabijebi gadaedga. vanis, baiazeTis, yarsis, arzrumisa da axalcixis faSebma

miiRes brZaneba, SeekribaT 60.000 mebrZoli. amave dros axalcixis faSam miiRo calke firmani,

romelic mas avalebda kargi urTierToba SeenarCunebina qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan.

axalcixeSi mZevlad myofma Tavadma Teimuraz ciciSvilma moaxerxa xsenebuli firmanis

wakiTxva da amdenad, aRar ukvirda, erekle mefis dauZinebeli mteri suleiman faSa ratom

cdilobda masTan kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas. axalcixis faSam stambolidan firmani

qarTl-kaxeTis mefisaTvis Zalze xelsayrel dros miiRo _ mSvidobis, Tundac droebiT

SenarCuneba, erekle mefisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo204.

axalcixis faSa suleimani ruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebis Semdegac cdilobda erekle

II-sTan kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas. marTalia, qarTveli tyveebiT vaWroba axalcixeSi

1786 wlis xelSekrulebis Semdegac grZeldeboda, magram samSvidobo xelSekrulebis sxva

muxlebi ase Tu ise sruldeboda. amaze metyvelebs is, rom erekle II suleiman faSasgan

iRebda strategiul nedleuls. 1789 wels suleiman faSam neba darTo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi

sabaJo gadasaxadis gareSe mieyidaT qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis kala, foladi da rkina.

dadginda Sesyidvis yovelwliuri norma: kala _ 1.000 fuTi, foladi _ 500 fuTi, rkina _ 20

fuTi. kalis, foladisa da rkinis nawils erekle II daRestanSi yidda, raTa lekebis mier

motacebuli, aseve iranSi myofi qarTveli tyveebi rogorme gamoesyida205.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareobas arTulebda isic, rom sagareo viTarebis daZabvasTan

erTad daiZaba viTareba qveynis SigniT, Tavi iCina centraluri da adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobis sisustem. ar iyo mSvidoba muslimebiT dasaxlebul regionebSic. yazaxidan

ahmed aRas meTaurobiT muslimTa 1.500 ojaxi aiyara da yarabaRis saxanoSi ganizraxa

gadasvla. erekle II 5.000 qarTveli mebrZoliTa da ori rusuli batalioniT, yazaxidan

gaxiznul muslimTa ukan dabrunebis mizniT ganjisaken gaemarTa. yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma,

Seityo Tu ara Tbilisidan qarTvelTa da rusTa laSqris ganjis mimarTulebiT

gadaadgileba, TavisTan daibara yarabaRis saxanos somexi meliqebi, romlebic xans rusuli

orientaciis gamo aTvalwunebuli hyavda. meliqebi xans ar eaxlnen da ganjasTan mdgar

ruseTis jars Seafares Tavi. ganjidan erekle II-m 4.000 mebrZoli iulon batoniSvilisa da

Tavad daviT orbelianis sardlobiT yarabaRis xanis winaaRmdeg gagzavna. qarTulma jarma

yarabaRis xani pirvelsave brZolaSi daamarcxa. warmatebuli laSqroba moulodnelad

Sewyda qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvanis gamo.

§6. ruseTis jaris gayvana qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan

(1787 wlis agvisto-oqtomberi)

omar xanis laSqrobam da momdevno xanebSi lekTa gamudmebulma Semosevebma qarTl-

kaxeTis samefo ise gaaverana, rom erekle II-s ori rusuli batalionis Sesanaxi Tanxis

gaRebac ki uWirda. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac rusebi SimSilobdnen. erekle II-sa da pavel

potiomkins Soris rusuli batalionebis Taobaze mimowera daiwyo, Tumca raime konkretuli

201Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 221. 202O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.231-232. 203Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 221. 204Н. Дубровин. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе.Tом II. С.-Петербург, 1886, стр. 221. 205П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 197-198.

110

gadawyvetileba miRebuli ar yofila. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi ruseTis jaris ori

batalionis bedi ukve sxva viTarebaSi gadawyda.

1787 wlis 13 agvistos osmaleTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs. omis dawyebis Semdeg, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, yazaxis muslimi mosaxleoba, sul 1.500 ojaxi, aiyara da yarabaRis saxanoSi

gadavida, riTac yarabaRis xanis samxedro Zala gaZlierda. mefe erekle yazaxis muslimi

mosaxleobis dabrunebas ZaliT apirebda. mefem 5.000 mebrZoli Sekriba da qarTul jarTan

da or rusul batalionTan erTad 1787 wlis seqtemberSi yarabaRis saxanos winaaRmdeg

daiZra. qarTvelTa da rusTa jari ganjas miuaxlovda. erekle II-m Tavad daviT orbelianisa

da iulon batoniSvilis sardlobiT 4.000 qarTveli mebrZoli somex meliqebTan erTad

yarabaRis saxanoSi gagzavna. qarTul jars gzad yarabaRis xanis laSqari Semoeyara.

qarTvelebma mters sZlies da 500 mebrZoli moukles206. qarTuli jariTa da ori rusuli

batalioniT erekle II da polkovniki stepan burnaSevi yarabaRisaken daiZrnen. stepan

burnaSevi da rusuli batalionebi mefem ganjasTan datova, TviTon ki yarabaRisaken

gaemarTa. qarTulma jarma erekle II-is sardlobiT yarabaRis xani ibrahimi sastikad

daamarcxa da saxanos teritoriaze SeiWra207.

1787 wlis 13 agvistos, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, osmaleTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs.

ruseTis imperiis umaRles politikur da samxedro wreebSi ukve miRebuli iyo

gadawyvetileba, rom samxreT kavkasiidan, arc qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da arc imereTis

samefos teritoriidan, ruseTi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebs ar daiwyebda.

es ki imas niSnavda, rom saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris damatebiTi kontingentis gamogzavna

ar igegmeboda. Tu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos prorusuli orientaciiT gaRizianebuli

osmaleTi erekle II-is dasasjelad seriozul samxedro Zalas gadmoisroda, iranis

saxanoebsa da Crdilo kavkasiis muslim mflobelebsac miimxrobda, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

jari da ori rusuli batalioni uZluri iqneboda am koaliciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, _

qarTul da rusul jars ganadgureba eloda. aseT viTarebaSi grigori potiomkinma miiRo

gadawyvetileba: safrTxeSi ar Caegdo ori rusuli batalioni da isini mosalodneli

katastrofisagan ganeridebina. ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sesuli qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos bedi, rogorc grigori potiomkinma, ise ekaterina II-m, Seqmnil samxedro-politikur

viTarebaSi ruseTis interesebidan gamomdinare gadawyvites. radgan samxreT kavkasiidan

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebi ar igegmeboda, mimdinare omSi qarTl-kaxeTis

samefom funqcia dakarga, Sesabamisad, misi bedic naklebad aqtualuri iyo...

cxadia, mfarvelobaSi miRebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gawirva grigori

potiomkinisaTvis garkveul uxerxulobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ruseTis imperiis

gamoCenili politikuri da samxedro moRvawe, romelic osmaleTis imperiis dangrevasa da

mis danawilebaze ocnebobda, arad dagidevda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos momavals. yovelive

amas imperatoris favoriti sajarod ar aRiarebda da jaris gayvanis gadawyvetilebis

gamarTlebas cdilobda. 1787 wlis 22 agvistos qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan rusuli

batalionebis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT grigori potiomkini ekaterina II-s swerda:

èreklesaTvis ufro moxerxebuli iqneba axalcixis faSasTan urTierTobiT usafrTxoebis

miRweva” (rusul dedanSi: `Ираклию удобнее будет себя обезопасить через сношение с пашой

ахалцихским~)208.

ganjasTan savele banakSi myofma polkovnikma stepan burnaSevma 1787 wlis 13 seqtembers

miiRo general-poruCik pavel potiomkinis 1787 wlis 29 agvistoTi daTariRebuli saidumlo

orderi (miweriloba). dokumentidan dgindeba, rom 1787 wlis 19 agvistos general-

feldmarSal grigori potiomkins general-poruCik pavel potiomkinisaTvis ucnobebia

Semdegi: saqarTveloSi myofi egerTa ori batalionis gamokvebaSi Seqmnili ukiduresi

sirTuleebis gamo batalionebi gamoyvanili iqnan saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan da gaigzavnon

206П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 194-195. 207Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 207-208. 208O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Издательство „ Наука” , Москва, 1966.

стр. 234.

111

kavkasiis xazze. pavel potiomkini polkovnik stepan burnaSevs ubrZanebda batalionebTan

erTad masac daetovebina saqarTvelo da gamocxadebuliyo da general-feldmarSal grigol

potiomkinTan. pavel potiomkini stepan burnaSevisagan iTxovda ecnobebina misTvis, rodis,

konkretulad romel ricxvSi, daiwyebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan batalionebis gayvanas.

pavel potiomkini werda, rom saqarTveloSi rusuli batalionebis Sesvlis Semdeg erekle

II-s brZolebi hqonda mtrebTan, rusuli batalionebis gamoyvanis Semdeg ki viTareba

ganimuxtebao. orderze xelmoweris Semdeg PS-iT pavel potiomkins aseTi minaweri gaukeTebia.

`Под рукою же объявите Его Высочеству что он поладил с Ахалцихским пашею...209 ase ànugeSa~

kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardalma erekle II. rogorc vxedavT, pavel potiomkini sityva-sityviT

imeorebda batalionebis gayvanis Taobaze grigori potiomkinis misazrebas. orive

potiomkinis pozicia SemdegSi mTlianad gaiziara rogorc ruseTis imperiis

istoriografiam (piotr butkovma, nikolai dubrovinma, vasili pottom da sxv.), ise sabWoTa

istoriografiamac (olga markovam da sxv.).

polkovnikma stepan burnaSevma pavel potiomkinis brZanebis Sesaxeb dauyovneblad acnoba

erekle mefes. stepan burnaSevma mefis Txovna ar gaiTvaliswina da ganjidan dauyovnebliv

kavkasiis xazisaken gaemarTa. 1787 wlis 9 oqtombers ruseTi jaris orive batalionma stepan

burnaSevis meTaurobiT vladikavkazis simagres miaRwia. batalionebis kavkasiis xazze

dabrunebis Semdeg rusebma vladikavkazis simagre daangries, romelic mxolod 1793-1795

wlebSi iqna aRdgenili210.

erekle II-m yarabaRSi dawyebuli laSqroba Sewyvita da TbilisSi dabrunda211. ganjis

saxanosa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris urTierToba droebiT mogvarda. erekle mefem

uari Tqva ganjis xan javadis gadayenebis moTxovnaze, samagierod, yarabaRSi gaxiznuli

yazaxisa da SamSadilus muslimi mosaxleoba ukan dabrunda212.

§7. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareoba ruseTis jaris gayvanis Semdeg

1783 wlis 24 ivliss qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi miReba da

georgievskis traqtatis ZaliT 1783 wlis 3 noembers ruseTis jaris ori batalionis

TbilisSi Semosvla samxreT kavkasiaSi iranisa da osmaleTis politikis marcxs

warmoadgenda. CrdiloeTidan ruseTis mier ukiduresad Seviwroebulma kavkasiis xalxebma,

mmarTvelma zedafenam samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCena did safrTxed aRiqves.

kardinalurad Seicvala iranis, osmaleTisa da Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebis, maTi mmarTveli

zedafenis damokidebuleba qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da mTlianad saqarTvelosTan.

georgievskis traqtatma Secvala kavkasiis geopolitika. ruseTma kavkasiaSi

damkvidrebisaTvis xelsayreli placdarmi Seqmna da, cxadia, ecdeboda mis gafarToebas. aseT

viTarebaSi ruseTis jarma 1787 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefo datova, ramac isedac

dasustebuli qveyana umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo.

***

Nnadir Sahis mkvlelobis (1747 w.) Semdeg irani sul ufro da ufro sustdeboda. qerim

xanma iranis gaerTianeba ver SeZlo, Sahis tituli ver miiRo. iranis Sahis taxtisaTvis

zendebisa da yajrebis brZolam qveyana ukiduresad daasusta. qerim xanis gardacvalebis

(1779 w.) Semdeg iranSi SinaaSliloba kidev ufro gaZlierda. centraluri xelisuflebis

sisustis, praqtikulad, ararsebobis pirobebSi amierkavkasiis iranul saxanoebs Soris

Sinaomebi daiwyo. erekle II-s saxanoebs Soris urTierTobasa da maT Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevis

saSualeba mieca.

209Новые материалы жизнеописания и деятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго в Грузии с 1783 по 1787 г. Собрал и издал С.

Н. Бурнашев. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.-Петербург, 1901, стр. 29. 210O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр.234-235. 211Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими


Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 208. 212O. П. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке. Москва, 1966. стр. 234-235.

112

1783 wlamde (georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde) qarTl-kaxeTis mefes erekle II-s erevnisa

da ganjis xanebi umaRles xelisuflad aRiarebdnen. erevnis xanma huseinma mefe erekles

sazeimod Sehfica erTguleba da Sesabamis dokumentsac moawera xeli. erevnisa da ganjis

saxanoebidan samefos xazinaSi xarkis saxiT seriozuli raodenobis Tanxa Semodioda.

yarabaRis xanma ibrahimma ganjis saxano daimorCila, Tumca erekle II da ibrahim xani

morigdnen da ganjis saxanosaTvis Seweril xarks Suaze iyofdnen. nuxis xani, Seqmnili

viTarebidan gamomdinare, xan erele II-Tan karg urTierTobas arCevda, xanac qarTl-kaxeTSi

moTareSe lekebs emxroboda. naxWevnis xani erekle II-Tan kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas

eswrafoda213.

axalcixis faSas, suleimans, aRizianebda qarTveli mefeebisa da maT Soris erekle II-is

swrafva samcxe-saaTabagos SeerTebisaken. 1768-1774 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi osmaleTis

damarcxebis Semdeg, 1774 wels, suleiman faSam erekle II-s osmaleTis sulTnis mier

gamogzavnili saCuqrebi miarTva. suleiman faSa erekle II-s arwmunebda qarTl-kaxeTis

samefosadmi Tavis keTilganwyobilebaSi214.

***

1783 wels georgievskis traqtatis dadebam da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris

Semosvlam iranis saxanoebi erekle II-is winaaRmdeg aamxedra. yarabaRis xani ibrahimi qarTl-

kaxeTis mefes ganudga da ganjis xanic gadaibira. erevnis xani huseini, dediT qarTveli,

erekle mefis mier iqna dasmuli xanis taxtze. axalcixis faSa suleimani yvela saSualebiT

cdilobda erevnis xanis gadabirebas, Tumca husein xani aSkara Ralatisagan jer-jerobiT

Tavs ikavebda215.

osmaleTis sulTani grZnobda, rom samxreT kavkasiis iranuli saxanoebis ZalebiT ruseTs

ver aiZulebda qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaze xeli aeRo da saqarTvelodan jari gaeyvana.

osmaleTma Tavisi gegmebis realizeba daRestnelTa daxmarebiT gadawyvita. axalcixis faSad

suleimanma avariis xani omari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze salaSqrod daiyolia. omar xanma

suleiman faSasagan Tanxmobis sanacvlod didi raodenobiT qrTami miiRo216. 1785 wels omar

xanis laSqrobam aunazRaurebeli ziani miayena qarTl-kaxeTis samefos217.

***

1787 wlis 13 agvistos osmaleTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs. 21 agvistos osmaleTis floti

Sav zRvaze, oCakovis cixe-simagris misadgomebTan, Tavs daesxa ruseTis samxedro flots.

1787 wlis 7 seqtembris imperatorma ekaterina II-m specialuri manifestiT omi gamoucxada

osmaleTs. sabrZolo mdgomareobaSi iqna moyvanili kavkasiis xazze ganlagebuli ruseTis

jarebi218. omis gamocxadebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg, 1787 wlis 19 agvistos, grigori

potiomkinma qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvanis gadawyvetileba miiRo, rac

dauyovnebliv acnoba pavel potiomkins. 1787 wlis 29 agvistos pavel potiomkinma qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi myof ruseTis imperiis srulyflebian warmomadgenels (ministrs) da

rusuli batalionebis meTaurs polkovnik stepan burnaSevs ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi

miRebuli qveynidan jaris gamoyvana da kavkasiis xazze dabruneba ubrZana. brZaneba ganjasTan

213Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сделанное пребывающим

при Его Высочестве царе Карталинском и Кахетинском Иракли Темуразовиче полковником и кавалером Бурнашевым в

Тифлисе в 1786 г. Издание К. Н. Бегичева. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 11-14. 214Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сделанное пребывающим


Тифлисе в 1786 г. Издание К. Н. Бегичева. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 14-15. 215Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго. Сделанное пребывающим


Тифлисе в 1786 г. Издание К. Н. Бегичева. Тифлис, 1899, стр. 15-16. 216П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 176-177. 217П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 179-185. 218П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 198.

113

mdgarma stepan burnaSevma 1787 wlis 13 seqtembers miiRo da dauyovnebliv Seudga mis

Sesrulebas. 1787 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTis jaris orive batalionma saqarTvelo datova219.

ra viTareba iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebTan ruseTis jaris gayvanis wina xanebSi

da gayvanis Semdeg? viTareba uaRresad daZabuli iyo. movuxmobT amis damadasturebel

faqtobriv masalas:

1. imereTSi vaxanis cixis aRebis Semdeg omar xans 1785 wlis Semodgomazeve qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoze axali laSqrobis mowyoba surda. qarTl-kaxeTsa da imereTSi laSqrobis dros

omar xanma 2600 mebrZoli dakarga. omar xani axalcixis faSa suleimanisagan daxmarebas

eloda, kerZod, 3.000 mebrZolsa da 10 zarbazans. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg axali

laSqroba daiwyeboda, rom ara osmaleTis sulTnis firmani. sulTanma suleiman faSas

ruseTis jaris winaaRmdeg Riad brZolaSi Cabma aukrZala220.

2. imereTidan omar xani axalcixeSi dabrunda. 1786 wlis aprilis bolos omar xani 7.000

mebrZoliT axalcixidan daRestnisaken gaemarTa. gzad lekebma ganjis saxanoze gaiares,

gaZarcves erTi sofeli da Zarcvas Tavi mxolod maSin daanebes, rodesac ganjis xanma 5.000

maneTi gadaixada221.

3. 1787 wlis damdegs osmaleTis sulTanma avariis xan omars, daRestnis Samxals, yarabaRis

xansa da sxva xanebs didZali fuli da saCuqrebi gaugzavna, raTa isini ruseTis winaaRmdeg

miemxro222. am droisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi jer kidev imyofeboda ori rusuli

batalioni.

4. 1787 wlis oqtomberSi avariis xani omari laSqriT belaqanSi Sevida da qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoze TavdasxmisaTvis mzadebas Seudga223.

5. ruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebis (1787 wlis 13 agviosto) Semdeg grigori potiomkinma

daRestnis mflobels SeuTvala Tavi SeekavebinaT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT mtruli

moqmedebisagan. omar xans grigori potiomkinma acnoba, rom ruseTisadmi keTilganwyobis

damtkiceba Tu surda, xeli aeRo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos darbevaze.224 daRestnis

mflobelebisa da omar xanis pozicia damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, Tu rogor

warimarTeboda ruseT-osmaleTis omi. Tu omSi ruseTi upiratesobas moipovebda, maSin

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo SedarebiT daculi iqneboda. Tu omi osmaleTis gamarjvebebiT

daiwyeboda, grigori potiomkinis sityvas aranairi fasi aRar eqneboda da qarTl-kaxeTis

samefo sasikvdilo safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeboda. jer-jerobiT ki erekle II mSvidobas omar

xanisaTvis wliurad 5.000 maneTisa da lekebisaTvis 3.000 maneTis gadaxdis sanacvlod

inarCunebda225.

6. qarTl-kaxeTis samefodan ruseTis jaris gayvanis Semdeg, 1788 wels, grigori potiomkini

erekle II-sagan iTxovda, rom imereTis mefesTan erTad gaenadgurebina osmaleTis

mcirericxovani razmebi226. es, cxadia, gaamwvavebda urTierTobas osmaleTTan, romelic

ruseTTan omis dawyebis Semdeg arc qarTl-kaxeTis samefos da arc imereTis samefos

TavdasxmebiT ar awuxebda, neitralitets inarCunebda227.

***

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo martodmarto aRmoCnda iranis, osmaleTisa da kavkasiis muslimi

xalxebis winaaRmdeg. samive Zala, gaRizianebuli georgievskis traqtatiTa da saqarTveloSi

ruseTis jariT SemosvliT, revanSis aRebas Seecdeboda. erekle II-m muslim xelisufalTa

219ix.: Новые материалы жизнеописания и деятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго в Грузии с 1783 по 1787 г. Собрал и издал

С. Н. Бурнашев. Под редакцией А. А. Цагарели. С.-Петербург, 1901, стр. 29; Исторический очерк Кавказских войн от их

начала до присоединения Грузии. К столетию занатия Тифлиса русскими войсками 26-го ноября 1799 года. Под редакциею

генерал-майора В. Потто. Издание Военно-историческаго отдела при штабе Кавказскаго военнаго округа. Тифлис, 1899,стр.

208. 220П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 185. 221П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 189. 222П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 196. 223П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 37. 224П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 196-197. 225П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 196. 226П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 197. 227П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая. С.-Петербург, 1869, стр. 197.

114

ndoba dakarga. samxreT kavkasiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis imperiis forpostad

gadaqcevis gegma imxanad ver ganxorcielda. miuxedavad amisa, yvelam kargad uwyoda, rom

xelsayreli pirobebis SeqmnisTanave ruseTi isev Seecdeboda miznis miRwevas _ samxreT

kavkasiaSi SemoRwevas. ruseTisagan mitovebul erekle II-s iransa da osmaleTTan morigebis

Sansi ar hqonda. ufro zustad, Sansi hqonda, Tu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos iranis saxanod an

osmaleTis safaSod gadaqcevas dasTanxmdeboda. am gzas, cxadia, erekle II ar daadgeboda.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos arc damoukidebeli politikuri kursis gatareba SeeZlo da arc

samxreT kavkasiaSi Seqmnili samxedro-politikuri viTarebis Secvla. samxreT kavkasia sami

didi saxelmwifos _ iranis, osmaleTisa da ruseTis _ brZolis asparezad gadaiqca da

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos bedic am brZolis Sedegebs unda ganesazRvra.

Wachtang Guruli

Russische Armee im Konigreich Kartlien-Kachetien

(1783-1787)

Resümee

Am 23. Juli 1783 wurde zwischen dem Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien und dem Russischen Reich ein

Schutzvertrag (Vertrag von Georgijewsk) abgeschlossen. Nach diesem Vertrag sollten zwei Bataillons der russischen

Armee (1500 Kämpfer) mit vier leichten Kanonen im Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien ständig stationiert sein. Im Falle

eines Krieges sollte die Zahl der russischen Soltaden gesteigert werden. Dass Kaiserin Katharina II beschlossen hatte

Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien unter Schutz zu nehmen und die russische Armee dorthin zu schicken, hing damit

zusammen, dass seit 1782-1783 Jahren das Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien eine bestimmte Rolle in der Ostpolitik

Russlands zu erfüllen hatte. Nämlich beabsichtigte das Russische Reich das Osmanische Reich zu zersplittern und zu

zerstören, wozu auch König Erekle II seinen Beitrag leisten sollte.

Im Oktober 1783 marschierten zwei Bataillons der russischen Armee aus dem nördlichen Kaukasus ins

Königsreich Kartlien-Kachetien ein und erreichten am 3. November Tbilissi. Zum Kommandeur der beiden Bataillone

wurde der bevollmächtigte Vertreter des Russischen Reiches (Minister) Oberst Stephan Burnaschew ernannt. Zu dieser

Zeit war das Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien der dreifachen Gefahr ausgesetzt. Obwohl der 1774 zwischen Russland und

dem Osmanischen Reich abgeschlossene Friedensvertrag immer noch gültig war, schickte Pascha von Achalziche

Suleiman auf Befehl des Sultans vom Osmanischen Reich öfter kleine Truppen von Osmanen und Awaren nach Kartli.

Diese Truppen griffen Dörfer an, plünderten sie, entführten die Menschen. Awarentruppen überfielen außerdem aus

Dagestan und Tschar-Belakan kachetische Regionen. Gegen das Königreich Kartlien-Kachetien kämpften auch im

Südostkaukasus liegende persische Khanate (Karabach, Derbent, Gandscha). König Erekle II benötigte russische Armee

um das Land vor diesen Gefahren zu schützen. Russische und georgische Armeen führten zusammen Kämpfe, einige

davon sehr erfolgreich: am 14. Oktober 1784 wurden in Kachetien eingedrungene Awaren am Fluss Alasani bei Muganlo

besiegt; Am 17. April 1785 wurde die aus Achalziche durch das Tal vom Fluss Mtkwari eingedrungene Armee von

Osmanen und Awaren (4000 Kämpfer) am Fluss Mtkwari ebenfalls geschlagen; Am 27. Mai 1785 wurde die aus

Achalziche eingedrungene Armee von Osmanen und Awaren (3000 Kämpfer) bei Surami besiegt. Allerdings erlitt

georgische-russische Armee im Sommer und Herbst 1785 eine Niederlage im Kampf gegen Khan von Chundsachi Omar,

was zur Zerstörung des Königreiches Kartlien-Kachetien führte. Im Oktober 1787, nach dem Beginn des russisch-

osmanischen Kriges, verließen beide Bataillons der russischen Armee das Königreich.

115

mamuka cuxiSvili, filologiis doqtori

M

Cixis jvari saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebisTanave damkvidrda macxovris rCeuli

mociqulis wmida andria pirvelwodebulis jvari, amis gagrZelebaa „jvari vazisa“, romelic

pirdapir asocirdeba qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebel da mociqulTaswor wmida ninosTan da e. w.

„bolnuri jvari“ anu wreSi Casmuli tolmklavebiani jvari.

yvela jvari Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da arsiT erTia, Tumca sxvadasxvaa maTi forma da

saxismetyveleba. magaliTad, vnebis jvari gamomxatvelia macxovrisa, romelmac sikvdiliT

sikvdili daTrguna, wmida ninos vazis jvari simboloa TviT saqarTvelosi, xolo wreSi

Casmuli jvari gamoxatavs macxovris amaRlebas, rasac adasturebs kidec jvris amaRlebis

kompoziciasTan gamosaxuli angelozebi (mcxeTis da TeTriwyaros magaliTze).

wmida basili didi brZanebs „mTeli msofliosTvis jer kidev xis jvramde iyo

aRmarTuli azrobrivi jvari, romelSiac erTmaneTs SeukavSirda samyaros oTxi mxare,

romlis Zalac, moTavsebulia garemoSi, gadis oTxiv kuTxiT“.

CvenSi odiTgan damkvidrebuli jvrebis garda gvxvdeba:

berZnuli - Tanabarboloiani,

laTinuri - oTxboloiani,

rusuli - eqvsboloiani,

antioqiuri - rvaboloiani,

monograma, romelic aRniSnavs ieso qristes,

qristes xuTi Wrilobis gamomxatveli ierusalimuri jvari.

aseve, aRmosavluri, Ruzisebri, golgoTis, tevtonuri da sxva saxis jvrebi...

jvarze gakvra sikvdiliT dasjis erT-erTi saxeoba iyo, romelic qristes jvarcmis

Semdeg cxonebis simbolod gvevlineba. xolo sul raRac sami saukunis Semdeg, IV saukunis

romis imperiaSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli qristianuli sarwmunoebis umTavres simbolod

gadaiqca, romelic ukavSirdeba wmida konstantine didis saxels.

mociqulTa swori wmida konstantine didi (306-337 ww.) pirveli iyo romis

imperatorTagan, romelmac Sewyvita qristianTa devna da qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad

gamoacxada. am udides movlenas win uswrebda xiluli saswauli, romelic TviT imperatorsa

da mTels armias gadaxda Tavs. 312 wels, maqsentis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli erT-erTi brZolis

miwuruls maT caze gamosaxuli jvari ixiles warweriT „amiT sZlie!“, xolo meore RamiT

imperators TviT macxovari Cveni ieso qriste gamoecxada jvriT xelSi da uTxra, rom jvris

ZaliT sZlevda mters, Tan ubrZana, brZolaSi jvari win waemZRvanebina. imperatoric ase

moiqca da miaRwia kidec Zlevamosil gamarjvebas. amis Semdeg, 313 wels, konstantine didma

da misma mokavSirem avgustus liciniusma qalaq mediolanumSi erToblivi ediqti gamosces

qristianobis oficialur-uflebamosil religiad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. Tumca jvris

aRiarebamdec arsebobda jvris simboloebis gamosaxuleba, rasac mowmobs wmida kvipriane

karTagenelis (daaxl. 200-258 ww.) cxovrebis aRmwerelis pontes cnobiT, III saukuneSi

zogierTi qristiani jvars gamoisaxavda Sublze, rac gamoarCevda danarCenebisgan imiT, rom

is iyo qristes mimdevari...

Cveni mizani ar aris jvarTan dakavSirebuli masalebis ganxilva, Tumca savsebiT

sakmarisia guldasmiT wavikiTxoT saqarTvelos istoria, movilocoT eklesia-monastrebi da

umalve davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom qarTveli xalxi qristes WeSmarit gzaze svlas Seudga

pirvelive saukuneebidan da amis naTeli dasturia Cveni eris gmiruli warsuli da qvaSi

ametyvelebuli siyvaruli rwmenisadmi.

116

„xolo Cemda nu iyofin siqadul, garna juariTa uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesiTa,

romlisaTvis sofeli Cemdamo juar-cmul ars da me soflisa“ brZanebs wmida pavle

mociqluli galatelTa mimarT epistoleSi (6, 14).

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriis specialistebi, ise rogorc istorikosebi,

arqeologebi, arqiteqtorebi Zalian axlos icnoben bolnisis sionis taZarsa da mis

warwerebs, aseve im jvrebs, romlebic dRes „bolnuri jvris“ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili,

magram praqtikulad ar icnoben Cixis taZris jvars, romelic TiTqmis bolnuri jvris

analogias warmoadgens da yvirilis xeobis marTlmadidebluri Zeglebidan gamorCeuli da

gansakuTrebulia. imasac davsZenT, rom dadga dro, jerovani yuradReba davuTmoT

miviwyebul, magram didi warsulis mqone unikalur Zeglebsa da am Zeglebze gamosaxul

jvrebs, ornamentebs Tu CuqurTmebs, romelTa eniT Cveni didi da Rirseuli warsuli

metyvelebs.

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, qalbatoni ina gomelauri (1918-2006 ww.) naxevar

saukuneze metxans Rirseulad emsaxura qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Seswavlisa da

popularizaciis saqmes. Cixis taZris Sesaxeb swored man dagvitova erT-erTi uaRresad

saintereso naSromi.

Tumca, namdvilad umaduroba iqneba is, rom aqve ar movixsenioT batoni giorgi boWoriZe

(1884-1939 ww.), romelmac fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitana saqarTvelos, misi warsulis

gamomzeurebis, eklesia-monastrebisa da cixe-qalaqebis istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi. rom ara

sulmnaTi mecnieri, udavod bevr rames davkargavdiT.

am orma adamianma mokled gadmogvces Cixis RmrTismSoblis (wm. barbares) saxelobis

taZris Sesaxeb yvelaze sando da faseuli cnobebi.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom i. gomelauris gamokvleva warmoadgens bibliografiul

iSviaTobas, aqve srulyofilad gTavazobT aRniSnul naSroms. aseve, g. boWoriZis kvlevas

da amis Semdeg SemogTavazebT Cvens mokrZalebul daskvnebs aRniSnuli Zeglis Sesaxeb.

„Cixa

Cixa RvTismSoblis (wm. barbares) eklesia dgas tyiT Semosil mcire gorakze, oTxkuTxi

koSkis nangrevis gverdiT; igi erTnaviani bazilikaa 5X4 arSini (daaxl.), naSenia

qviTkirisagan; dasavleTis kari da karnizebi (nawilobriv) Semkulia Zvirfasi CuqurTmebiT.

adgilobriv mcxovrebis abiaTar iakobaSvilis1 sityviT, eklesia Zvelad mdgara ufro

CrdiloeTiT, koSkisken da Semdeg aq gadmoutaniaT.

eklesiis dasavleTis karis Tavze mdebare Zvirfas WriRobiani jvariTa da saxeebiT

Semkuli qvas gareSemo da Zirs aqvs mrgvlovani asomTavruli warwera ikiTxeba:

j(var)i qr(iste)si.

w(mida)i b(ar)b(a)re.

mrav(a)l m(o)wy(a)l(e)o R(mer)To, S(eu)ndv(e)n

c(o)dv(a)ni Serazats da g(anu)su(e)ne

[s(u)lsa] mamisa misisa iv(a)nesa.

warweris paleografiuli xasiaTi da jvris gamosaxulebis xelovneba gvafiqrebinebs

warweris mikuTvnebas X saukunisaTvis.

eklesiaSi aris qva, romelSiac aris gaqvavebuli neknis Zvali; xalxis gadmocemiT,

viTomc is wm. barbaresia. qva woniT iqneba 10 girvanqa, daaxloebiT.

Cixa uZveles xanaSi saerisTavo adgili iyo. Cixis erisTavi ixsenieba IX s. meore

naxevarSi“2 da iqve moxmobili aqvs nawyveti „matiane qarTlisaჲ“-dan, romelic ar aris

simarTlesTan axlos.

qarTlis cxovrebis teqstebSi Cixis erisTavis Sesaxeb aRmovaCineT erTaderTi yvelaze

marTebuli teqsti, romelic Semdegnairadaa warmodgenili: „gamefda Ze bagratisa daviT.

Jamsa amas gamovida mefe afxazTa da daipyra qarTli da dauteva erisTavad Cixas tinen Ze

1mRvdeli abiaTar iakobaSvili gaxldaT Cixeli iakobaSvilebis STamomavali, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi Rirseulad da patiosnad eweoda RvTismsaxurebas sofel Cixis taZrebSi, samwuxarod qalbatoni ina mama abiaTars mxolod adgilobriv macxovreblad moixseniebs. 2g. boWoiZe. imereTis istoriuli Zeglebi. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 134.

117

dimitrisa. xolo Semdgomad, gardaicvala ra giorgi mefe afxazTa, colman misman mokla

tinen Ze dimitrisa da ecrua ioane mTavarsaca da STaagdes Ze dimitrisave bagrat zRuasa

Sina; aramed RmerTman ganarina igi da mivida konstantinepolad“3.

„XII s-is xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli sofel CixaSi sxvadasxva xanis xuroTmoZRvruli

ZeglebiT Zalze mdidar yvirilis xeobaSi erT-erT saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens am

werilis saganic, sofel Cixis RvTismSoblis eklesia.

es patara Senoba, romelic aq agebuli cixe-simagris eklesia-samlocvelos

warmoadgenda, ar yofila dRemde gazomili da gamokvleuli. specialur literaturaSi mis

Sesaxeb araviTari masala ar moipoveba, arc istoriul sabuTebSi Semonaxula raime cnobebi,

arsebobs mxolod xuroTmoZRvar kalaSnikovis mier Sesrulebuli sqematuri naxazi cixis

kompleqsis generaluri gegmisa - galavani, koSki da eklesia (Zegli 1929 wels gazoma

kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri institutis eqspediciam).

CixaSi agebuli cixe, rogorc Cans adgilobriv feodalTa saTavdacvo simagres

warmoadgenda. adgili misTvis didad moxerxebuladaa arCeuli. maRla, mTis kalTaze

dadgmuli koSkidan, rogorc xelis gulze, iSleba vrceli xedi zemo-imereTis midamoebze,

soflebze.

cixis galavani, romelic ovaluri moxazulobis ezos farglavs, axla TiTqmis

mTlianad nangrevebadaa qceuli. dazianebulia droTa ganmavlobaSi ezos centrSi

aRmarTuli oTxkuTxa koSkic. misi zeda nawili mTlianadaa gadangreuli, samxreTis kedeli

nawilobriv gangreulia. yuradRebas iqcevs koSkis kedlebis uzarmazari sisqe. dRevandeli

saxiTac ki cixe mZlavri da mniSvnelovani nagebobis STabeWdilebas axdens mayurebelze.

SekeTebis kvals arc koSki da arc galavani ar atarebs. saSen masalas koSkisaTvis

umTavresad uxeSad gaTlili, muqi ruxi feris qva warmoadgens. galavnis wyobaSi ki

qvayorecaa gareuli.

miniaturuli eklesia-samlocvelo ezos samxreT-aRmosavleTis kuTxeSi dgas. galavanSi

da eklesiasTanac misasvleli gza aqedanvea gakeTebuli.

3vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 131.

118

eklesiisaTvis adgilis SerCeva galavniT Semovlebul ezoSi, kompleqsis ZiriTadi

nagebobis - koSkis - mdebareobiT unda iyos gansazRvruli. orive Senoba erTdroulad

agebuli Cans. orive erTi meoriTaa ganpirobebuli, erTi meores uwevs angariSs.

Zeglis arqiteqtura ukiduresad martivia. es erTnaviani darbazuli tipis eklesiaa.

romlis absoluturi zomebi imdenad mcirea, rom aq sul ramdenime kaci Tu daeteoda

Tavisuflad. tradiciul sayrden TaRebsa da kedlebis gaswvriv gavlebuli safexurs

moklebuli pawawa navi - darbazi moyvanilobiT kvadrats uaxlovdeba. igi brtyeli

naxevarwriuli, eklesiis iatakis donesTan SedarebiT SemaRlebulia. afsidiT mTavrdeba.

afsidSi gaWrili eklesiis erTaderTi sarkmeli sworkuTxa moxazulobisaa. sarkmlis orsav

mxares TaRCebia datanebuli - saeklesio nivTebis Sesanaxi erTaderTi adgili. aqve

sakurTxevelSi moTavsebulia mozrdili qvis trapezi.

Sesasvleli eklesiaSi oria. erTi, Tavdapirveli, dasavleTiTaa, meore, samxreTisa,

yvela niSnis Tanaxmad gvianaa gaWrili (mas arabunebrivi, trapeciisebri, uxeSi moxazuloba

aqvs, SeWrilia cokolis safexurSi; funqciuri TvalsazrisiT karis gaWra aqedan

gaumarTlebelia: samxreT-aRmosavleTiT ezos Zlieri daferdebis gamo Senoba maRal

cokolzea dadgmuli da am mxridan Sesasvleli ar aqvs).

eklesiis iataki uxeSad gaTlili filebiTaa mofenili. Senobis CrdiloeTisa da

samxreTis kedlebSi Cans kankelis Casamagrebeli budeebi (axla aq xis kankelia, dafaruli

iaffasiani, gviandeli rusuli xatebiT). SigniT eklesiis kedlebi galesilia, magram

mxatvrobis kvali ar Cans. Senobas aRar SerCenia Zveli gadaxurva. afsidis konqisa da navis

kamarac mTlianad daRupulia. axla aq Tunuqis orkalTiani saxuravia gakeTebuli.

gacilebiT ufro sainteresoa Senobis garegani saxe. eklesia kargad gaTlili

moyviTalo ruxi qviTaa mopirkeTebuli. miuxedavad gviandeli Selesilobisa, romelic

garedanac sul mTlianad faravs kedels (Seulesavadaa datovebuli mxolod ornamentuli

morTulobis Semcveli nawilebi Senobisa), mainc irkveva wyobis xasiaTi; iq, sadac

Selesiloba Camocvenilia, Cans, rom kedlebi kargi ostatobiTaa naSeni.

eklesiis gegmis konturi garedan sworkuTxaa. Senobis cokoli ubralo safexurs

warmoadgens. martivi profiliani karnizi _ brtyeli wreTargi Tarosa da lilvs Soris _

mTlianad moCuqurTmebuli yofila, rasac Tavdapirveli fragmentebi garkveviT mowmoben.

Senobis kamarisa da konqis Cangrevis Sedegad, roogrc Cans, Zalian dazaralda karnizic.

dRevandeli saxiT, arabunebrivad mcire qonebis mqone frontonis kalTebi gviandeli

SekeTebis Sedegi unda iyos, iseve, rogorc karnizis Zveli qvebis nebismieri dalageba,

Semamkobeli CuqurTmebis saxeTa angariSgauwevlad.

eklesiis samxreTi, aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi fasadebi savsebiT sadaa. yuradRebas

iqcevs aRmosavleTis sarkmeli, romelic yvela niSnis Tanaxmad, Tavdapirvelia; igi sruliad

moklebulia morTulobas, rac TavisTavad uCveuloa momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis

eklesiebisaTvis.

Senobis „sazeimo“ fasads dasavleTisa warmoadgens. aq aris moTavsebuli mdidrulad

Semkuli Sesasvleli kari, romlis timpanzec asomTavruli warweraa amoWrili. igi timpanis

centralur nawilSi moTavsebuli, medalionSi Casmuli, jvris orsav mxares da mis qvemoTaa

ganlagebuli. warwera kargad ikiTxeba, asoebi Rrmadaa CaWrili. striqonebis siswore

sakmaod wesieradaa daculi, asoebi mrgvali moyvanilobisaa. arsad ar Cans maTi gadabma.

Sinaarsi warwerisa gaxsnili saxiT Semdegia:

„qw jvari qristeis [i]

wmidao barbare

da qvemoT, sami striqoni:

„qw mraval mowyaleo RmerTo Seundven codvani Serazats

da ganusvene [sulsa] mamisa misisa iovanessa“.

119

Serazatisa da misi mamis iovanes vinaoba CvenTvis ucnobia (is ki unda aRiniSnos, rom

SerazadiSvilTa gvari dResac cnobilia zemo imereTis mezobel raWaSi).

Cixis eklesiis Zalze martivi arqiteqtura TavisTavad ar iZleva raime garkveul

monacemebs misi zusti daTariRebisaTvis. aq ZiriTadad dasayrdens Zeglis morTuloba

warmoadgens. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa dasavleTis portalis kompoziciis

Sedgenis principi.

Cixis portalSi sainteresoa misi rTuli, nakleb gavrcelebuli saxe profilisa. Tu

adrindel analogias Cveni ZeglisaTvis (mxolod profilis TvalsazrisiT) XI s.

sveticxovelSi vxvdebiT aRmosavleTis fasadis dekoratiuli frizis saxiT XII saukuneSi

aRniSnuli profili gelaTis didi taZris narTeqsis morTulobaSi ukve sarkmlis sapiris

saxiTaa cnobili. igive profili, kvlav sarkmlis Sesamkobad, gamoyenebulia 1152 w. saorbisis

eklesiaSi. Cveni SemTxvevis uSualo msgavseba or ukanasknel nimuSTan, saorbisTan da

gelaTTan, e. i. drois garkveul monakveTSi moqceul ZeglebTan, mniSvnelovani garemoebaa.

momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis ZeglebSi arc manamde, arc mis Semdeg, msgavsi profilis

gamoyenebis magaliTebi uSualod kar-sarkmelTa sapireebis msgavsad Cven ar Segvxvedria.

amasTan erTad, Senobis dasaTariReblad mniSvnelovania sapiris agebis saerTo sqemac. Cixis

portalSi jer kidev ara gvaqvs TaRis quslebTan da boloSi moTavsebuli tradiciuli

samkaulebi, romlebic TiTqmis sayovelTaod vrceldeba XII-XIII ss. mijnidan.

Tavisi aRnagobiT Cixis portali adrindel nimuSebs ukavSirdeba, romlebSic sapireebi

uwyvetad uvlian gars kar-sarkmlebs.

aseTi sqema, rogorc cnobilia, kvlav Semodis xmarebaSi momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis

gvian safexurze, saxeldobr XIII saukunis meore naxevridan, magram am dros kar-sarkmelTa

morTuloba, CuqurTmis saxeebi, profilebi - aRniSnuli periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

mkveTri niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili, rac sruliad ganasxvavebs maT winamorbedi xanis _ XI-XII ss.

nimuSebisagan, kerZod, Cveni magaliTisaganac.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Cixis portali gansakuTrebul msgavsebas saorbisis

aRmosavleTis sarkmelis morTulobasTan amJRavnebs. aq saerToa ara marto sapireTa

profilis Seqmnisa, aramed profilis uSualo xasiaTic. Sefardeba sapiris centralur

Cazneqil aresa da ganapira amozneqil areebs Soris; didia CuqurTmis msgavsebac, roforc

TviT naxatis sqemis, ise CuqurTmis Sesrulebis stilistikuri monacemebis TvalsazrisiT.

Cixis portalis CuqurTma, iseve rogorc saorbisis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis CuqurTma,

Seqmnilia sapiris kideebze ganlagebuli wreebisa da msazRvruli lentebidan aRmocenebuli

mravalnawiliani foTlebic, romlebic avseben CuqurTmis TiTqmis mTel ares.

es saxe dakavSirebulia qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli dekoris farTod gavrcelebul

motivTan, romelsac ramdenime saukunis manZilze vxvdebiT Zeglebis morTulobaSi.

droTa ganmavlobaSi, rogorc cnobilia, Seqmnili iyo aRniSnuli motivis mravalgvari

saxesxvaoba, romlebic faqtiurad erTi, ZiriTadi saxis variaciebs warmoadgens.

momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis am metad popularul da mravalferovan

saxeSi naTlad aisaxa stilis ganviTarebis TiToeuli safexuri Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli

specifikuri niSnebiT, mxatvruli formebiTa da xerxebiT. am ornamentis evolucias, rogorc

rene Smerlingi SeniSnavs specialuri dakvirvebis safuZvelze, axasiaTebs mcenareuli

elementebis gadazrda dawnul elementebad. XI s. ZeglebSi naxati kompoziciis ZiriTadi

elementia msxvili ganStoebuli foTlebi, romlebsac axasiaTebs didi siaxlove mcenareul

prototipebTan, stilizacia mxolod isaxeba. am CuqurTmaTa naxati da Zerwva rTulia

(samTavro, samTavisi, nikorwminda). aseTia Tavisi xasiaTiT foToli jer kidev XII saukunis

saorbisis CuqurTmaSic. Tumca aq wnvis elementi centraluri kvanZis saxiT ukve Cndeba.

Cixis motivi foTlis xasiaTisa da misi mniSvnelobis mixedviT kompoziciaSi swored

dasaxelebul nimuSebs uaxlovdeba. Zalian gavs igi am mxriv saorbissac. ukanasknelisagan

mas mxolod centraluri kvanZis uqonloba ganasxvavebs.

droTa viTarebaSi foTlis gamosaxuleba, rogorc cnobilia, sul ufro da ufro

Sordeba mcenareul prototips; stilizacia masSi ganmsazRvreli xdeba, xolo CuqurTmis

kompoziciaSi foToli TandaTan wnvis meorexarisxovan, damatebiT elementad iqceva. XIII

saukunidan es tendencia ufro Zlier iCens Tavs XI-XII s. ZeglebTan (samTavisi, samTavro,

120

nikorwminda, saorbisi) Cixis motivs foTlis modelirebis xerxic akavSirebs. foTlis mTeli

are am nimuSebSi mocemulia TiTqos erTiani sibrtyiT, saerTo planiT. foTlis calkeul

elementebs Soris, foTlis SigniT, zRvari mkveTrad ar isaxeba; xazgasmuli diferencireba

foTlebis elementebisa ufro gvian - XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnidan - iCens Tavs.

XI-XII ss. ZeglebTan Cixis CuqurTmas mtkiced akavSirebs centraluri foTlebis

ganapira areebis Taviseburi damuSavebac damatebiTi, festonebis msgavsi, elementebiT.

swored aseTia foTlebis ganapira areebi saorbisSic.

mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens Cveni nimuSisaTvis foTlis Semadgeneli elementebis

Sexvedris adgilebis damuSaveba Rrma, TiTqos gaburRuli, wertilovani RrmulebiT. aseTi

„Savi wertilebi“ XI s. mraval CuqurTmebSi gvxvdeba (ruisSi, samTavisSi, nikorwmindaSi). maT

vxedavT saorbisSic. ufro gvian ki es xerxi daviwyebulia. foTlis naxatis gamartivebasTan,

misi calkeuli elementebis mkveTr xazgasmaTan erTad, igi sruliad ispoba. me-13 saukunis

ZeglebSi „Savi wertilebi“ aRar Cans. CuqurTmebis es detali stilis mkveTri

damaxasiaTebeli niSania. aseTi wertilebis arseboba Cvens ZeglSi, sxva niSnebTan erTad,

garkveviT gansazRvravs Zeglis Seqmnis dros: igi XII saukunis meore naxevarze gviandeli ar

unda iyos. ukve 1172 wlis ikorTaSi da 1196 wlis beTaniis mcire taZarSi es xerxi

daviwyebulia.

aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli detali Cixis CuqurTmaSi - esaa patara

horizontaluri sartyelebi foTlebis Reroebze, aseTi samkaulebi kvlav mxolod XI-XII

saukuneebSi gvxvdeba. aRniSnul sartyelebs mniSvnelovani adgili eTmobaT, magaliTad,

samTavisis CuqurTmaSi. sartyeli aq guldasmiTaa damuSavebuli. mas mkafiod dekoratiuli

xasiaTi aqvs. aseTive xasiaTis sartyelebi gvaqvs saorbisis samxreTis sarkmlis

morTulobaSi. Cvens ZeglSic sartyelebis naxati gulmodgineTaa damuSavebuli: mas erTgvari

manerulobac ki axasiaTebs. sartyeli mTlianad ki ar kveTs foTlis Reros, aramed

mowyvetilia sawnavi lentis ganapira RarebTan.

did msgavsebaTa erTad, romelic XI-XII ss. zemoT moyvanil nimuSebsa da Cixis motivs

Soris arsebobs, rogorc CuqurTmebis calkeuli elementebis xasiaTis mxriv, ise Sesrulebis

saerTo xerxebis TvalsazrisiTac, maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebac aris. Cixis

portalis CuqurTma moklebulia im rbil plastikurobas, Sesrulebis virtuozul

Tavisuflebas, artistizms, rac damaxasiaTebelia mag., samTavros, samTavisis an saorbisis

CuqurTmebisTvis. CixaSi sagrZnobia kuTxovanebis, sixistis elementebi, naxatis mouqneloba,

Tvisebebi, romelnic portalis morTulobas gawafuli xeliT Sesrulebul xelosnur

naxelavad aqceven.

portalis CuqurTmasTan CixaSi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli karnizis Semamkobeli

saxeebic. rogorc saxis naxatis TvalsazrisiT, ise Sesrulebis xerxebiT da maneriT (es

kvlav foTlis zedapirze daunawevrebeli, mTliani zedapiriT damuSavebaa. kvlav „Savi

wertilebis“ gamoyeneba da sxv.). Senobis ornamentuli dekori, erTgvarovani Tavis

stilistikuri monacemebiT da Sesrulebis xasiaTiT. erTi ostatis xels unda ekuTvnodes.

Cixis eklesia, Tavisi morTulobiT SegviZlia miviCnioT didi xuroTmoZRvrebis

provinciuli skolis warmomadgenlad. igi Sors aris qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis zemoT

moyvanili wamyvani nimuSebis brwyinvalebisagan, magram masSi, rogorc davinaxeT, gvxvdeba is

niSnebi, romlebic swored aRniSnul Zeglebs axasiaTebs. es niSnebi saerToa, rogorc

gamoCenili, didad niWieri ostatebis mier Seqmnili ZeglebisaTvis, aseve maTi nakleb

daostatebuli, nakleb daxvewili gemovnebisa da naklebi gaqanebis mqone kolegebis mier

agebuli Senobebisa.

Cixis ostati cdilobs ar CamorCes Tavis drois miRwevebs, mxatvrul xerxebsa da

motivebs. sainteresoa, rom maT Soris gabedulad irCevs urTules magaliTebs. ukanasknelTa

xasiaTis mixedviT, rogorc Cans, Zeglis ageba ukavSirdeba XII saukunes, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

amaze gvian ar unda iyos agebuli. analiziT miRebul am daskvnas ar ewinaaRmdegeba

dasavleTis karis warweris paleografiuli monacemebic.

121

amgvarad, Cixis eklesiis saxiT Cven rusTavelis epoqis kidev erTi Zegli Segvemata“4.

Cixis RmrTismSoblis (wm. barbares) saxelobis taZris Sesaxeb ina gomelauri da giorgi

boWoriZe gvawvdian metad sasargeblo informacias, Tumca aris garkveuli sakiTxebi,

romelzedac daTanxmeba namdvilad ar SeiZleba.

upirveles yovlisa ina gomelauri ar icnobs giorgi boWoriZis kvlevas da arc

qarTlis cxovrebis im epizodebs, sadac gadmocemulia Cixis saerisTavos ambavi da

saukuneebis win momxdari tragedia.

Tumca, giorgi boWoriZe eyrdnoba ra qarTlis cxovrebis leonti mroveliseul cnobas,

pirdapir, ukomentarod gadmoaqvs Cixis erisTavis Sesaxeb metad bundovani informacia

(romelic zemoT ukve SevasworeT), romelic meordeba yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi (leonti

mroveli, juanSeri, vaxuStisTan pirveli varianti) - Cixis erisTavi yofila bagrati,

romelic mokles da aseve eqsoriaqmnili iyo, Tanac cocxalic gadarCa, mivida

konstantinepolSi da Semdeg dabrunda samSobloSi, rac absurdia.

Cixis saerisTavo jer kidev IX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi moeqca istorikosTa yuradRebis

centrSi. kerZod, afxazTa mefem giorgi I aRwefelma, argveTidan CixaSi gadaitana saerisTao-

saufliswulo rezidencia.

giorgi afxazTa mefe uSvilo iyo da Sesabamisad, samefo taxtze misi gardacvalebis

Semdeg unda asuliyo misi ZmisSvili tineni, romelic manamde swored Cixis erisTavad

daadgina biZam - giorgi aRwefelma. magram, mefis qvrivi Seekra Savlianebs, savaraudod

samefo karze dawinaurebul gavlenian ojaxs da moakvlevina Cixis erisTavi, xolo misi

umcrosi Zma bagrati zRvaSi Caagdes, romelic RmrTis madliT gadarCa, konstantinepols

miaRwia da garkveuli wlebis Semdeg isic Cixis erisTavad dabrunda, rasac bagratis mxridan

Semdeg wlebSi mohyva samwuxaro ambavi, anu Savlianebis (Tu Savlalianebis) dinastiis mimarT

mtroba da sisxlisRvra.

i. gomelauri am faqts ar aRwers, Tu ratom es CvenTvis ucnobia. praqtikulad arafers

ar ambobs taZris timpanze gamosaxul jvarze, romelic Tavisi moyvanilobiT yvelaze axlos

dgas bolnur jvarTan, SeiZleba iTqvas mis analogsac ki warmoadgens. Tumca naSromSi

gadmotanili aqvs aRniSnuli jvari da warwerebi.

g. boWoriZe savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs, roca wers: „warweris paleografiuli

xasiaTi da jvris gamosaxulebis xelovneba gvafiqrebinebs warweris mikuTvnebas X

saukunisaTvis“, rac simarTlesTan Zalian axlosaa. miTumetes, timpanis jvari ganekuTvneba

swored aRniSnul periods, rasac i. gomelauri sxvagvarad afasebs: „rogorc Cans, Zeglis

ageba ukavSirdeba XII saukunes, yovel SemTxvevaSi, amaze gvian ar unda iyos agebuli“, Tumca

iqve SeniSnavs, rom: „kompleqsis ZiriTadi nagebobis - koSkis - mdebareobiT unda iyos

gansazRvruli. orive Senoba erTdroulad agebuli Cans. orive erTi meoriTaa

ganpirobebuli, erTi meores uwevs angariSs“, rac savsebiT sarwmunoa da amarTlebs Cvens

pozicias, rom taZari agebuli unda iyos VI-IX saukuneebSi, kerZod ki manamde, vidre afxazTa

mefe giorgi aRwefeli saerisTavo rezidencias argveTidan CixaSi gadaitanda, radgan,

warmoudgeneli iqneboda axali rezidencia cixisa da taZris gareSe,

aris erTi gasaocari faqtic, taZari udavod agebulia didmowame barbares saxelze

(rac warweridanac garkveviT Cans), magram orive mecnieri, iseve rogorc mTeli sofeli

ixseniebs RvTismSoblis (RmrTismSoblis) saxeliT. ratom atarebs es taZari or saxels

namdvilad gaugebaria.

garda amisa, Cixis taZari erTaderTia mTels dasavleT saqarTveloSi (yovel

SemTxvevaSi arsebuli wyaroebis gaTvaliswinebiT), romelmac Semogvinaxa V-X saukuneTa

periodis bolnuri jvris analogiuri jvari, rac yovelmxriv sasiamovno faqtia.

bolnisis sionis taZris mravalferovan dekoraciul elementebSi gamorCeuli adgili

ukavia taZris aRmosavleT fasadze moTavsebul, warweraSi Casmul tolmklava (igive

erTnairmklavebiani) jvars, romelic asocirdeba wmida konstantine imperatoris

4i. gomelauri. XII s-is xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli sofel CixaSi._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, 1966, #8, gv. 69-78.

122

aRmosavleTSi gamarjvebasTan. uZvelesi cnobebis mixedviT aseTi jvari specialurad

SeukveTes xuroTmoZRvrebs bolnisis sionis5 taZrisTvis.

mas Semdeg wreSi (wrewirSi) Casmul jvars saqarTveloSi ewoda „bolnuri jvari“,

romelmac ZiriTadad gavrceleba hpova aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. „bolnuri jvris“

analogebi aseve gvxvdeba V-X saukuneebSi agebul akvanebas taZarSi, TeTrwyaroSi, mcxeTis

jvris did taZarze, mogvianebiT - olTisSi, parxalSi, xcisis taZarze da qaCaRanas qvajvarze.

rac kidev erTi faqtia imis sailustraciod, rom Cixis taZris timpanze gamosaxuli jvari

ganekuTvneba am epoqas da ara XI-XII saukuneebs, anu Sesrulebulia udavod VI saukunidan

IX saukunis Sua wlebamde.

akvanebas taZris6 karis Tavze moTavsebuli jvari dekoratiuli repertuariT Zalian

hgavs bolnisis sionis jvars. formiT aseTivea TeTriwyaros taZris Sesasvlelis Tavze

gamosaxuli jvari amaRlebis kompoziciiT. amave taZarSi (amaRlebis gareSe) gansxvavebuli

jvrebi gvxvdeba ramdenime adgilze.

mcenareuli elementebiT gajerebuli da gamSvenebuli jvari xuroTmoZRvrebasa da

saeklesio arqiteqturaSi aRiniSneba specialuri terminiT „ganedelbuli jvari“, romlis

unikalur magaliTs warmoadgens mcxeTis jvris mTavari Sesasvlelis Tavze gamosaxuli

„bolnuri jvari“, romelic xelT upyriaT angelozebs, anu mas aseve ewodeba „jvris

amaRleba“.

„jvris amaRlebis“ adrindeli magaliTebi reliefuri gamosaxulebania, romlebic

adrefeodaluri xanis eklesiebis kedlebs amkoben (mcxeTis jvari, anCisxatis bazilika,

TeTriwyaros taZari), isini gadmoscemen am scenis adreqristianul xelovnebaSi

Camoyalibebul da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi farTod gavrcelebul ikonografiul redaqcias.

medalionSi Casmuli jvris amaRleba xdeba ori angelozis mier, romelTa mfrinavi figurebi

simetriuladaa ganlagebuli medalionis orive mxares“7 _ wers xelovnebaTmcodneobis

doqtori naTela aladaSvili.

zogadad, „jvris amaRlebis“ kompoziciebi adastureben imas, rom qarTveli

xuroTmoZRvrebi Tu dargis specialistebi TavianTi warmosaxviT, magram ikonografiis

sruli dacviT hqmnidnen axal variantebs, ramac asaxva hpova jer kidev V saukunis

miwurulidan, riTac dasturdeba jvris TayvaniscemasTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi rwmena-

tradiciebis simtkice mTels saqarTveloSi, Tavdapirvelad ki mis aRmosavleT nawilSi.

agebis, struqturisa da kompozciis TaviseburebiT i. gomelauri Cixis taZarTan

yvelaze axlos xedavs saorbisis taZars8. Tumca, daTariRebaSi namdvilad cdeba, xolo

msgavsebaze Tu midgeba sakiTxi, Cixis jvari zedmiwevniT hgavs TeTriwyaros da wromis

taZris jvrebs.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom X saukunidan iwyeba „bolnuri jvris“ analogebis

ganviTarebis meore etapi, anu isini gvxvdeba X-XI saukuneebis iseT mniSvnelovan Zeglebze,

rogorebicaa: gumbaTis, darkveTis, bediis, parxalisa da xcisis taZrebi. aseve, sainteresoa

Tanamedrove TurqeTSi, jayis wylis xeobaSi mdebare yola boinas cixis eklesiis qvaze

gamosaxul jvari.

Cixis taZari da jvari naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom argveTis saerisTavo VII-VIII

saukuneebSi inarCunebda qveynis erT-erTi dawinaurebuli saerismTavos statuss, aq

moRvaweobdnen da aqve gmirulad aResrulnen wmida Zmebi daviT da konstantine mxeiZeni, rac

erTi orad zrdis argveTis saerisTavos da masSi Semavali cixe-qalaqebis istoriul

mniSvnelobas, romelTagan Cixa xuTi saukunis manZilze saTaveSi edga saerisTavros,

5taZari bolnisis raionSi, mdinare foladauris marcxena napirze, agebulia 478-493 wlebSi. 6akvanebas darbazuli taZari _ VI-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli qvemo qarTlSi, bolnisis raionSi, romelsac samxreTidan eketeri aqvs miSenebuli. nagebia Tlili qvis zusti wyobiT. Semkulia reliefebiTa da CuqurTmebiT. 7naTela aladaSvili. `jvris amaRlebis~ Tema qarTul xelovnebaSi._ Jurnali `Zeglis megobari~, 1969, gv. 7. 8saorbisis taZari aris erTnaviani bazilika, romelic mdebareobs kaspis raionSi, TeZmis xeobaSi. taZari Semkulia ostaturad Sesrulebuli CuqurTmebiT. aseve, masze datanili warwera zustad daTariRebulia, anu XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi agebuli taZrebi, romelTac TariRi miwerili aqvT, CvenSi naklebadaa cnobili.

123

romelic moicavda teritorias lixis qedidan rionamde da raWis mTebidan fersaTis mTebamde

(Tanamedrove sazRvrebiT moicavs - saCxeris, WiaTuris, zestafonis, xaragaulis, Terjolis,

baRdaTisa da tyibulis raionebs).

Cixis jvarTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli dimitri gordeevs9

„Выгравированный на фронтоне храма в селе Чиха крест своей композицией очень похож на кресты храмов

Болниси Сиони и Тетрицкаро, которые были построены в V-VII веках“.

Cixis jvari gamoirCeva Tavisi daxvewilobiT, kompoziciuri simartiviT da moqnili

teqnikiT. Tavisufalia zedmeti klasikuri simkacrisgan. jvris oTxive bolos kuTxeebze

ganlagebulia lilvismagvari wreebi, romlebic pirdapir kavSirSia frTebTan, xolo qveda

bolo eyrdnoba samagrs, igive fexs, rac miuTiTebs mis siZlieresa da simyareze. bolnuri

jvrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wreebis nacvlad ostats SeurCevia msgavsi, magram mainc

gansxvavebuli rvakuTxedi, romelic jvris boloebze gamoCuqurTmebuli lilvebis pirdapir

iZleva kuTxeebs.

jvris SuagulSi Semovlebulia uwyveti Rarebi, Sida sivrceebi odnav CaRrmavebuli da

natifad gamoyvanilia. jvris garSemo mTels perimetrs fonad gasdevs atmis yvavilis feri,

rac ufro met sisadaves da sifaqizes hmatebs qvaSi amokveTil qristianobis mTavar

simbolos. Tavis moxazulobiT, datvirTviT, gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT da Sesrulebis

TaviseburebiT Cixis jvari zust msgavsebaSia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli

bolnuri jvris tipebTan, rac am epoqis dasavleT saqarTvelos arc erT sxva taZarze ar

gvxvdeba.

ostati SeiZleba aris provinciuli azrovnebis da misi SemoqmedebiTi teqnika ver

aRwevs epoqis sxva mniSvnelovani Zeglebis ostatTa simaRles, magram udavoa erTi ram, is

aris gulwrfeli, daxvewili da mizandasaxuli xelovani, romelmac STamomavlobas dautova

Cixis unikaluri jvari, romelsac JamTa siavem veraferi daaklo. dazustebiT SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom swored aseT ostatTa damsaxurebaa provinciebSi agebuli taZrebi, maTi

Semkuloba, ornamentebi da stilis Camoyalibebis Taviseburebani. samwuxarod, maTi

safuZvliani Seswavla jerac ar dawyebula.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom Cixis taZari agebulia swored

VI-IX saukuneebSi, rac aseve dasturdeba Cixis saerisTaos istoriul-politikuri winsvliT,

rac damowmebulia „qarTlis cxovrebis“ qronikebiT.

jvari odiTgan iyo qarTveli kacis sawinamZRvro, misi mTavari mcveli da mfarveli,

amitomacaa CemTvis Zvirfasi da gamorCeulad saTayvanebeli Cixis jvari - mcveli Cveni saaqao

da saiqio cxovrebisa, `jvari qristesi“ jvarcmul qristes mowafes dedamiwas warstacebs,

sakuTar jvarze gakruli, Semmecnebeli amaRlebuli sibrZnisa. gonebiTa da guliT zecad

aRityorcneba da Wvrets saidumloebebs uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristessa. „romelsa hnebavs

Semdgomad Cemda uaryavn Tavi Tvisi, da aRiRen juari Tvisi, da Semomidegin me“ amin“! wers

wmida egnate brianCaninovi.

didi akaki wereTeli brZanebs: „ubeduria is xalxi, romelsac Segnebuli da

gamokvleuli warsuli ara hqonia da ucxovria velurad, magram kidev ubeduri da satiralia

is, romelsac hqonia warsuli da iviwyebs“.

„jvaro mfarvelo yovlisa soflisao, jvaro mSvenierebao eklesiaTao, jvaro

simtkiceo mefeTao, jvaro Semweo morwmuneTao, jvaro didebao angelozTao da Semmusvrelo

eSmakTa“10 daifare, daicavi, rwmenaSi ganamtkice da gaaZliere sruliad saqarTvelo, amin!

9rusi xelovnebaTmcodne, 1889-1965 ww. ZiriTadad muSaobda saqarTveloSi; 1952 wlidan gardacvalebamde iyo saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis mecnier-TanamSromeli; Seswavlili aqvs qarTuli xelovnebis araerTi Zegli (safara, zarzma, Wulevi...) muSaobda mxatvrobis, minanqrisa da miniaturebis mecnieruli Seswavla-popularizaciis kuTxiT. 10tropari cxovelsmyofelisa da patiosani jvrisa.

124

Mamuka Tsuchishvili

Cross of Chikha

Summary In the village Chikha, Sachkhere region,there is a small one-deck basilica that,in I. Gomelauris opinion belongs

to the XII th century . But G.Bochoridze consideres it was built in the 10th century.Our investigation proves that the

cathedral of Chikha was built in VI-IXth centuries.It is proved by the promotion of viarious power of that epoch and by

the similarity of the etched cross of this cathedral with he crosses of Tetritskaro,Sioni and Bolnisi cathedrals that are

known as Bolnisi crosses.

Vicarious authority of Chikha was already promoted in the VIIIth century. It transformed this fortress into a

vicarious centre.According to this,the cathedral and the fortress were built not in the XII th century but in the VI-IXth

centuries.

125

cira janaSia, doqtoranti

ramdenime SeniSvna araqel Tavrizelis cnobebTan dakavSirebiT

Tavis droze akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili werda: ,,samwuxaroa, rom CvenSi srulebiT

Segnebuli ara aqvT, arca hqondaT, rom TviToeuli Zveli saistorio Txzulebis ganxilvis

dros mkvlevars marto avtoris Tanamedroveoba ki ar unda hqondes gaTvaliswinebuli,

aramed misi pirovnebac, ganaTleba, medaseoba misi wyaroebis Tviseba, JamTaaRmwerlis weris

wesi da meTodebi. saistorio nawarmoebis qronologiuri ganxilva mxolod Tanamedroveobis

mxriv metad martivi saSualebaa imitom, rom matiane da JamTaaRmwereli SeiZleba Tanamedro-

vec iyos, magram Tu amasTanave moTxrobilis Tanadamxudari ar aris, an Tu misi moambe

sarwmuno Tanadamxvduari da TviTmxilveli ar iyo mis moTxrobas didi fasi da mniSvneloba

ara aqvs“1. akademikos ivane javaxiSvilis SefasebiT erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa

,,TviTmxilveli“ da ,,TviTmxilvelTagan“ mosmenili ambavi: ,,yoveli ganaTlebuli istorikosi

movale iyo, rom moTxrobis ueWvelobaze unda ezruna da sando wyaroebiT esargebla,

Sesaferisadac hqonoda dasabuTebuli... qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba iyo miqceuli da naTlad hqondaT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs

saistorio moTxrobis ueWvelobisTvis, rodesac mTxrobeli TviT aRmwerlis

,,TualTaxiluli“ an ,,TvalTxiluli“, ,,xiluli“, iyo roca istorikosi an misi moambe

naambobis ,,TvaliT mxilveli“, `TvalTa mxilvelni“, ,,TviTmxilvelni“ anu ,,mnaxavi“ da swo-

red im aRwerili SemTxvevis ,,TanadaxTomili“ anu ,,Tanadamxudari“ gamodgeboda2.

qarTul istoriografiaSi araqel Tavrizelis naSromi ,,istoriaTa wigni“ sando

wyarod aris miCneuli. araqela Tavrizeli daibada XVI saukunis damlevs azerbaijanis

sataxto qalaq TavrizSi, somxebi am qalaqs ,,davriJs“ uwodebdnen. aqedan warmodga araqelas

zedsaxeli ,,davriJeci“3.

rogorc somex istorikosTa umravlesoba, araqela Tavrizeli iyo sasuliero piri.

cxovrebis didi nawili man eCmiaZinis saZmoSi gaatara, sadac swavlobda kaTalikos filipos

aRbkecTan (1633-1655). man miiRo ,,varTapedis“ anu ,,moZRvris wodeba“. sicocxleSive uwodebdnen

mas ,,araqel istorikoss“4. araqel Tavrizeli kaTalikosis davalebiT xSirad mogzaurobda

sxvadasxva qveynebSi da qalaqebSi, ZiriTadad somxebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi. garda imisa,

rac kaTalikosisgan hqonda davalebuli, is erTdroulad Tavisi ,,istoriaTa wignisTvis“

agrovebda masalebs, xelnawerebs, ismenda da iwerda naambobs, man imogzaura, rogorc

aRmosavleTSi, aseve dasavleTSi, saberZneTSi, ispahanSi, amasiaSi da mraval qalaqSi. Sromis

sirTulis gamo Tavdapirvelad uari uTqvams araqels patriarqisTvis, magram patriaqis

mkacri gafrTxilebis Semdeg araqelma 1651 wels daiwyo muSaoba am wignze. kaTalikos

filiposis gardacvalebis gamo [1655 wlis 25 marti] araqelma Sewyvita Sromaze muSaoba da

mxolod 3 wlis Semdeg axali kaTalikosis hakof jugaecis davalebiT 1658 wels gaagrZela

Tavis ,,istoriaTa wignze“ muSaoba, daamTavra 1662 wels. cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda

araqeli am wignze, sadac gadmosca imdroindeli mdgomareoba, magram ar dausrulebia. misi

davalebiT gadamwerebi xelnawerebs amzadebdnen da ase avrcelebdnen5. araqela Tavrizeli

1ivane javaxiSvili. istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla._ ,,Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII s.s). Txzulebani. Tormettomeuli. t. VIII. mariam lorTqifaniZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 26. 2ivane javaxiSvili. istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla._ ,,Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII s.s). Txzulebani. Tormettomeuli. t. VIII. mariam lorTqifaniZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 31-32. 3a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 6. 4А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 16. 5А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 18.

126

gardaicvala 1670 wels. misi survilisamebr dakrZalulia eCmiaZinis monastris saZmo

akldamaSi. is iyo pirveli somexi istorikosi, romelmac Tavis sicocxleSi ixila beWduri

saxiT gamocemuli naSromi. 1669 wels araqel Tavrizelis ,,istoriaTa wigni“ gamoica ams-

terdamSi6. ,,istoriaTa wignSi“ araqeli ganixilavs Tavisi qveynis socialur-politikur vi-

Tarebas, aseve mezobeli qveynebis TurqeTis, azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos socialur-

politikur mdgomareobasac7. araqela davriJecis istoriaSi uxvadaa motanili cnobebi

saqarTvelos, konketulad, qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi naSromis me-9-12

Tavebs, is sagangebod uTmobs saqarTvelos da vrclad aRwers im politikur da ekonomikur

mdgomareobas, romelic Seiqmna qarTl-kaxeTSi Sah-abas I (1587-1629) dapyrobiTi omebis

Sedegad. istorikosi umTavresad eyrdnoba Tavisi TvaliT nanaxs, yuriT mosmenils. araqelis

informatorebs Soris iyvnen, rogorc qristianebi, ise sxva religiis mimdevrebi. XVI

saukunis damlevis da XVII saukunis damdegis movlenebis gadmocemisas, araqeli Cans,

sargeblobda winare xanis istorikosTa TxzulebebiTac8.

,,sparseTis xelmwifed yofnis dros gaZlierda Sah-Tamazi da Tavisi Zalaufleba

ganavrco sxva xalxebzec, romlebic misi qveynis mezoblad cxovrobdnen. gaZlierda agreTve

qarTvelebzec da maT mefeebs mZevlebi gamoarTva: Tbilisis mefes did simon xans asuli

da Zma“9. cnobili faqtia, rom daviTi SemdegSi daud-xanad wodebuli, TviTon eaxla Sah-

Tamaz I yazvinSi 1561 wlis 25 dekembers da Tavisi samsaxuri SesTavaza. vaxuSti batoniSvili

mogviTxrobs: ,,xolo ixila ra, Zmaman mefis svimonisam, daviT, sparsTagan Zleva ese, warvida

sparseTad, rameTu iyo kaci xorcTmoyvare, meZav-ganmcxromel, da iqmna gamcemel qveynisa da

mivida winaSe yeenisa. amas pativsca Sas-Tamaz dahyo mahmadianad, uwoda dauTxan da Zed

Tvisad uxmobda, misca jildo c~ Tumani (2000) xalaTa, kaba, sartyeli da tyavi samuriTa,

oqroqsovilni, Taji, xrmali, sabuxari margalitisa, cxeni aRkazmuli oqroTi, yovelni

mooWvilni TvlebiTa, sura da Ta oqrosi (romeli Semdgomad daidva da moscemdnen mefeTa

qarTlisaTa), warmoavlina mefed qarTlisad spiTa didiTa Semovida tfiliss da aqunda

Semwed ganjis xanica... xolo dauTxan daipyra qarTli. aramed vieTnime mTavarni gandgnen da

ara morCilebdnen. da dajda dauTxan qveSis cixesa10. daaxloebiT igives gvimeorebs beri

egnataSvilic11, rac Seexeba asulis mZevlad micemas, cnobilia mxolod araqelasTan.

qarTveli istorikosebi ar malaven sxva SemTxvevaSi mZevlad micemis faqts, amitom maTi

cnoba ufro sarwmuno unda iyos, vidre araqel davriJecis.

araqel davriJeci kaxeTis samefo karze momxdari ambebis gadmocemisas uSvebs

Secdomebs: ,,zemoTxsenebulma kaxeTis mefe aleqsandrem Tavisi surviliT misca mefoba Tavis

Zes daviTs da daviTi ganagebda samefos. aleqsandres meore vaJi giorgi amis gamo SuriT

aRivso da mokla Tavisi Zma daviTi, raTa TviTon gamxdariyo mefe. maTi mama aleqsandre jer

kidev cocxali iyo. man ar daaneba mefoba giorgis, TviTon daiWira taxti da TviTonve

mefobda12. sinamdvileSi aleqsandrem Tavisi nebiT ki ar gadasca taxti daviTs, aramed am

ukanasknelma waarTva mamas mefoba. marTalia, rom giorgi batoniSvili Zmas taxts

ecileboda, magram mas ar mouklavs batoniSvili daviTi. is bunebrivi sikvdiliT

gardaicvala. araqel Tavrizelma ar icis, rom aleqsandre II-s (1574-1605) daviTis, giorgis,

konstantines garda hyavda sxva Svilebic, beri egnataSvilis mixedviT: ,,xolo kaxsa batonsa

aleqsandres esua asuli amilaxorisa da esxnes xuT Ze daviT, erekle, giorgi, konstantine,

rostom, asuli ese nestan-darejan miaTxova dadiansa manuCars, Zesa mamiasasa, ziTviTa

6А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 18. 7А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 23. 8a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 6-7. 9a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 12. 10vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwerai samefosa saqarTveloisa._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. IV. teqsti dadge-nilia yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 407-409. 11beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. II. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 367. 12a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 14.

127

didiTa. xolo Ze misi erekle gauarSivda aleqsandres da warvida stambols”13. araqels

aranairi informacia ara aqvs iseT mniSvnelovani problemis Sesaxeb, rogoric iyo Sirvanis

sakiTxi. rogorc cnobilia, 1578 wels osmaleTma daarRvia amasiis zavi da daiwyo iranis

winaaRmdeg Seteva. osmaleTma isargebla ra Sah Tamaz I-s memkvidreebs Soris atexili

brZolebiT, kavkasiis mimarTulebiT daZra jarebi mustafa lala-faSas sardlobiT.

osmaleTi miznad isaxavda daekavebina mTeli amierkavkasia. samcxis dapyrobis Semdeg mustafa

lala-faSa imereTSi gadavida, sadac igi imerlebma daamarcxes. faSam aq gaCereba

mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala da Sirvanisken daiZra. kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II (1574-1605) mas

sarTiWalasTan Seegeba, gaimarTa molaparakeba, romlis drosac gamoCnda aleqsandres didi

diplomatiuri niWi. aleqsandrem, marTalia, Tavi osmaleTis morCilad scno, magram

qristianoba SeinarCuna. osmalebma masve miandes Saqis dapyroba, sadac mmarTvelad Sahis

ndobiT aRWurvili misi metoqe Zma gamahmadianebuli iese (isa-xani) ijda, rogorc, simon

mefis Zma daviTi (daud-xani) eaxla Sahs, ise aleqsandes Zma iesec eaxla Sahs da Tavisi

erTguleba gamoucxada (mas isa-xani uwodes). aleqsandre TviTon iyo danteresebuli ieses

Tavidan moSorebiT, romelic kaxeTis taxtze Tavis metoqed miaCnda. aleqsandrem Saqi

daikava, isa-xani gaaZeva da Saqis mmarTvelad Tavisi Svili erekle batoniSvili dasva.

kaxeTis mefeTa tradiciulma politikam Tavisi sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo: qveyana ara Tu

gadaurCa osmalTagan dapyrobas da darbevas, aramed formaluri ymobis aRiarebiT igi

gaZlierda da misi gavlena mezobel Saqzec gavrcelda14.

wminda didmowame qeTevan dedofalTan mimarTebaSic uzustobaa araqel davriJecis –

,,istoriaTa wignSi“: ,,Teimurazis deda Sah-abasma sparseTis SuagulSi, SirazSi gagzavna imam-

yuli-xanTan da iq hyavdaT sapyrobileSi. amgvarad Sah-abasis brZanebiT Seipyres Teimurazis

deda, romelsac mariami erqva“15. Tavis droze b-n k. kuciam aRniSna, rom saubari iyo qeTevan

dedofalze16. Cvenis mxriv davamatebT imas, rom saxeli ,,mariami“ – qeTevanis nacvlad mas

sxvisgan aqvs gagonili, im pirisgan, romelic srulebiT ar icnobda wminda mowame qeTevan

qarTvels – qeTevan dedofals, Torem sxva axsna ar SeiZleba moeZebnos am faqts, radgan

saqarTvelosTvis, qristianobisTvis Tavdadebuli qarTveli dedoflis wameba ara marto

qristianulma samyarom Seityo, aramed imdroindelma msofliom.

araqel Tavrizels aqvs dauzustebeli informacia giorgi saakaZis pirovnebis

mimarTac. araqeli brals sdebs saakaZes imaSi, rom man Semoiyvana Sah-abas-I (1587-1629)

saqarTveloSi da urCia mas, rom saqarTvelos dapyroba zamTarSi ufro gaadvildebao. ,,Sahma

hkiTxa mouravs: ,,ai ukve ganvlo didma drom, rodisRa wagviyvan saqarTveloSi? mouravma

upasuxa: cota kide moiTmine, radganac jer dro araa. me TviTon gagaxseneb iq wasvlas.“

mouravi imitom ambobda, jer dro ar ariso, rom zafxuli gasuliyo, zamTari damdgariyo,

tyeSi xeebs foTlebi gascvenoda, rom sparselTa jars gaadvileboda cxenebiT siaruli da

Sesvla qarTvelTa qveyanaSi“17. ,,Sahma uTxra giorgi saakaZes: ,,yvela Cems meinaxeT upirveles

didebulTa Soris Sen iqnebi“. mouravis rCeviT moicades dekembris Tvemde, did

dResaswaulemde, rodesac dadga zamTari, siciveebi gaZlierda, mosulma Tovlma dafara

mTis mwvervalebi da gasaqcevi gzebi. simagreebSi myofi xalxi sicivisagan Sewuxda. xeebs

foTlebi gascvivda da yvela adgili xelisguliviT gamoCnda. maSin mouravma uTxra Sahs:

,,ai axla gavemarToT qarTvelTa qveynisaken, radgan dadga Jami. [wasvlisa] wamovidnen qalaq

ganZakidan da miaRwies kaxeTis sazRvrebs, romelic aris Teimurazis qveyana. kaxeTis gza

xeobebSi gadioda“18. sparselTa laSqari ki ganlagda xevis win gaSlil adglze, sparselebma

13beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. II. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 370. 14nodar asaTiani, givi jamburia. saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. t. II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 163-164. 15a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 41. 16a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 71. 17a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 22. 18a. Tavrizeli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali da komentarebi karlo kuciasi. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 25.

128

romelTac dainaxes, rom xevis gasasvleli qarTvelebma daikaves, daibnen. Sahma kvlav moixmo

mouravi da sikvdiliT daemuqra, magram mouravma TviTon ar icoda ra eqna, ori dRis Semdeg

man uTxra Sahs, me vici aqedan ori dRis savalze erT adgilas gza, magram gauvali tye rom

advilad gasasvleli gaxdes, saWiroa najaxebi da sxvadasxva iaraRi, rom tye gavkafoT. Sahma

ubrZana Tavis mebrZolebs, aeRoT saWiro iaraRebi da wasuliyvn gzis gasakafad. maT gakafes

Znelad gasasvleli gza. Sahma brZaneba gasca, ar daeSalaT karvebi, aqlemebis sadgomebi,

raTa eWvi ar aeRoT, mxolod jaris nawili sabrZolo masalebiT da cxenebiT uCumrad

misuliyvnen kaxeTSi. axali gaWrili gziT Semovidnen Teimurazis qveyanaSi, gadawves

soflebi, dasaxlebuli adgilebi da sastikad gauswordnen mosaxleobas. ,,luarsabma da

Teimurazma ar icodnen momxdaris Sesaxeb, radgan xevis gadmosasvels icavdnen“19. am cnobaSi

laparakia ara Tu rodis ajobebda laSqroba, amas urCevs TiTqos g. saakaZe da ara imas, rom

saerTod unda elaSqra Tu ara Sahs saqarTveloSi. aseTi xerxi (zamTarSi laSqroba) sxva

dampyroblebsac aqvT gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, Temur-lengs. 1399 wlis bolos Temuri

amierkavkasiaSi Semovida da saqarTvelosken daiZra. Temur-lengis laSqari tyiani gziT

hereTSi SeiWra. jariskacebi culebiT ikafavdnen gzas. 20 dRis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv

Tovda. Temuris molaSqreebi Zarcvavdnen da anadgurebdnen yvelafers, Cexavdnen xexils,

venaxebs, kaklis xeebs. bolos didTovlobaSi, saqonlis sakvebis simciris gamo, iZulebulni

gaxdnen SeewyvitaT laSqroba da ukan dabrunebuliyvnen20. ase rom Sah-abas wesiT es unda

scodnoda, aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom mas am sakiTxSi saakaZis rCeva ar

dasWirdeboda.

am cnobam asaxva mogvianebiT hpova qarTul istoriografiaSi: a) beri egnataSvilis

mixedviT: ,,pirvelad Turme erCiva mouravs Saabaz yaenisaTvis esreT, viTarmed: qarTlSi

zamTar midio, xizani mTaSi ver Sevao da rac ginda iqo, Tumca mTaSi Sevideno, Tovli da

sicive amoswyvetso. da esmina Saabaz sityva mouravisa da movida Tuesa ianvarsa xuTsa

qristes aqeT C~qkd. (1624) da aRiRo cixe TorRisa. Saabaz gamoiRo yovelive saganZuri

kaxTisa“21. b) vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT: „...aramed amisa Semdgomad movida ganjas ug-

rZneulad Saabaz Sesvlad kaxeTs, rameTu eaxla mouravi da euwya yeenisTvs Sesvla qarTls

umjobes ars zamTars, vinaiTagan, ver wavlen xizanni mTaTa Sina da xelT ig¬deb yoveelTa~22.

dasaxelebul istorikosTa mosazrebebi tendenciuria, imitom, rom saqarTvelos

mimarT Sah-abass (1587-1629) garkveuli angariSebi amoZravebda, kerZod, kaxeTis damorCilebiT,

dasustebiT igi mTeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos iranis saxanod gadaqcevas fiqrobda, jer

erTi, Sah-abasi ar iyo is politikosi, romelic sxvisi WkuiT ivlida, meorec, kargad esmoda,

Tu ruseTi fexs moikidebda saqarTveloSi, maSin irani mTels amierkavkasias dakargavda,

xolo Teimuraz I (1606-1648) im politikas adga, rasac Tavis droze misi papa aleqsandre II

(1574-1606) atarebda.

im Znelbedobis Jams, 1616 wlis TebervalSi, Teimuraz I-ma ruseTSi werilebi gagzavna

,,is moskovis winaSe ayenebda sakiTxs, kvlav aRdgenil iyo Zveli mfarvelobiTi kavSiri

kaxeTsa da ruseTs Soris, romelic gaformebul iqna misi papis aleqsande II-is dros.

Teimurazi sTxovda ruseTis mefees, Tavisi megobruli urTierToba gamoeyenebina iranTan da

moeTxova Sahisgan, rom am ukanasknels xeli aeRo kaxeTis ganadgurebis ganzraxvaze, xolo

Teimurazi kvlav mefed daetovebina. 1619 wlis martSi moskovSi Cavida Teimuraz I-is (1606-

1648) elCi xariton kumurdoeli, romelmac mefe mixeil Tevdores Zes gadasca dasavleT

saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTa da Teimuraz I-is werilebi. mefe Teimurazi auwyebda kaxeTSi

datrialebul saSinelebas, sTxovda Sah-abasis mier datyvevebuli dedis, qeTevanis da

Svilebis, levanis da aleqsandres bed-iRbalSi Carevas. 1621 wlis gazafxulze moskovSi

Casul iranis elCs bulat-begs principulad dausves saqarTvelos sakiTxi~23.

19А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 116-117. 20nodar asaTiani, givi jamburia. saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. t. II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 92-93. 21beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. II. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 392-393. 22vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwerai samefosa saqarTveloisa._ ,,qarTlis cxovreba“. t. IV. teqsti dadge-nilia yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 425. 23n. asaTiani. gza-aRdgoma gamoxsnisaken. Tbilisi, 1983. gv. 65-67.

129

amrigad, kaxeTis ruseTTan dakavSireba aRizianebda iranis Sahs da misi moqmedebac

amiT iyo ganpirobebuli qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mimarT da ara g. saakaZis rCeviTa da

TxovniT. ,,mouravi yovelTvis cdilobda luarsabisTvis samagiero gadaexada, amitom sababad

misi Casvlis mizezze dauwyo laparaki Sah-abass24. braldeba imis Sesaxeb, rom saakaZem

daasmina luarsab mefe Sah-abasTan, werilobiT pirvelad XVII saukunis istorikosTan

araqela TavrizelTan aris dafiqsirebuli25.

akademikos ivane javaxiSvilis analizis mixedviT vaxtang VI da misi ,,swavlul kacni“

naSroms oTx nawilad anu xanad yofen. pirveli xana exeba im dros, roca cxovrebani

qarTvelTani aRara werebuliyo anu Zisa mefisa giorgis Zisa bagratisa, vidre mefisa

giorgisa Zisa bagratisamdeo“. am drois ganmavlobaSi ese ambavi gujarTa da sparsTa da

somexTa cxovrebebidan gamoviReT da aRvwereTo. meore nawilad unda CaiTvalos ,,cxovrebani

bagratisa da Zisa missa konstantinesi“. ese Txzulebebi ,,vpoveT Zveelsa wignsa, Sina, da

qvemore rigsa missa zeda dagviweriao.“ mesame nawils Seadgens: ,,cxovrebani mefisa

aleqsandresi da Zisa misisa, mefisa konstantantinesi da Semdgomi ...vidre mefisa

rostomamde“. mTeli es xana Semdgomi kacTa sparsTa cxovrebisa da qoronikonTa da

gujarTagan aRviweriao.“ meoTxe nawils Seadgens ambavi rostomis aqeTi“ TviT TvaliTa

mnaxvelTa, misTa omebiTa Sina myofTa kacTagan aRgviweriao“. saqarTvelos xangrZlivi

cxovreba XIV-XVII saukunis dasasrulamde aRuwereli iyo da es didi TvalsaCino nakli

maT unda SeevsoT. rogor? am SemTxvevaSi ,,swavlulni kacni“ imnairsave mdgomareobaSi unda

yofiliyvnen, ra mdgomareobaSic iyo farsadan gorgijanisZe, roca igi Tavis Txzulebebis

weras Seudga. Soreuli warsulis cxovrebis aRdgena da dasabuTeba Zneli saqmea, metadre

roca mkvlevars im droindeli saistorio Txzulebebi ar moepoveba.“

,,swavlul kacebs“ TavianTi Sromis mesame nawilSic raRac sparsuli saistorio

TxzulebebiT (,,sparsTa csovreba“) usargebliaT. es nawili aleqsandres mefobiT iwyeba da

vidre rostomamde aRwevs, magram ra Txzuleba iyo es Txzuleba, igive iskander munSis

istoria, Tu rame sxva wyaro, amis gamorkveva axla ar SeiZleba imitom, rom xelnawers

swored am nawilSi bevri aklia. mxolod cxadia, rom am sparsuli Txuzulebebis garda (Tu

munSis TxzulebebiT marTalia usargebliaT) maT sxva sparsuli wyaroc unda hqonodaT“26.

CvenTvis sainteresoa beri egnataSvilis – ,,axali qarTlis cxovrebis“ swored is

mesame nawili: ,,cxovrebani mefisa aleqsandresi da Zisa misisa mefisa konstantinesi da

Semdgomi... vidre mefisa rostomisamde.“ es xana rogorc weren, ZvelTa kacTa sparsTa

cxovrebis da qoronikonTa gujarTagan aris gadmocemuli. vfiqrobT, arc is aris

gamoricxuli, rom maT gamoyenebuli hqonodaT somexi istorikosis araqel davriJecis,

istoriaTa wigni“, sadac daSvebuli uzustobis gamomwvev mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT isic,

rom naSromis Seqmna moxda ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg (saqarTvelos Sesaxeb ambebis

Txroba 1622 wliT sruldeba). rac Seexeba cnobebs giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb, araqeli eyrdnoba

mosmenil ambebs, romlebic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zog SemTxvevaSi sizustiT ar

gamoirCeva, es Semdgom dafiqsirda qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi, pirvelad beri

egnataSvilTan (XVIII ss), mogvianebiT, vaxuSti batoniSvilTan (XVIII ss.) savaraudod

migvaCnia isic, rom araqel Tavrizelis cnobebi im wyaroebidan momdinareobdes, visac

eyrdnoba beri egnataSvili da vaxuSti batoniSvili. SesaZlebelia, rom samives erTi wyaro

hqonoda.

vfiqrobT, rom araqel davriJecis SromaSi gaparuli uzustobani unda aixsnas

ramdenime mizeziT: a) misi pirvelwyaro anu ,,moambeebi“ TviToni iyvnen am saqmis naklebad

mcodne. b) advili SesaZlebelia isic, rom es ,,moambeebi“ aRniSuli movlenis ,,mxilvelni“

da ,,Tanamedroveni“ naklebad yofiliyvnen.

24А. Даврижец. Книга Историй. Перевод с армианского Л. А. Xалрариаи. Москва, 1973, стр. 110. 25givi jamburia. ,,kidev erTxel giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb“._ gazeTi ,,saqarTvelos respublika“, Tbilisi, 1998, 24 ianvari. 26ivane javaxiSvili. istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla._ ,,Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII s.s). Txzulebani. Tormettomeuli. t. VIII. mariam lorTqifaniZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 26.

130

Tsira Janashia

Several observations in connection with data of Arakel of Tabriz

Summary

Armenian historian Arakel of Tabriz’s work `Book of histories~ in the Georgian historiography is considered to

be a reliable source. 9-12th chapters of this work concern social and economic, political events of the end of XVI and

XVII centuries in Georgia. During reproduction of the events of the end of XVI and XVII centuries the historian was

relying on the heard events. As it seems Arakel used also works of the previous ages’ historians.

On the basis of study and analysis of `Book of histories~ it was singled out that a whole number of inaccuracies

is given in data, e. g. ̀ Iranian Shah Shah-Tamaz took daughter and brother of Tbilisi King Great Simon-Khan as hostage~.

Giving daughter as hostage is not fixed at the Georgian historians (Monk Egnatashvili, Vakhushti Batonishvili), who in

other case do not conceal the fact of giving as hostage, that is why their data is more reliable, then Arakel’s. Arakel makes

mistakes during reproduction of the facts taken place in Kakheti Kingdom. He accuses Giorgi Saakadze that he had

advised Shah-Abbas I to take the field to Georgia in winter that was later shared by the Georgian historians. This way

(taking the field in winter) was used by the other conquerors as well (e. g. Timur Leng, taking field of 1399), so Shah-

Abass in fact would have known this. Hence we think that Shah did not require Saakadze’s advice on this issue.

Inaccuracies occurred in Arakel of Tabriz’s `Book of histories” shall be explained for several reasons: a) his primary

source, that is `messengers~ themselves were poor knowers of this affair; b) it is easily possible that these `messengers~

hardly were eyewitnesses, contemporaries of the mentioned events that has great importance for reliability of the historian

work that in due time academician Iv. Javakhishvili was noting.

131

mariam gabunia, doqtoranti

iberiis mefis winadadebebis ganxilva madridis samefo karze

(saxelmwifo sabWos dokumentebis mixedviT)

gvianfeodaluri xanis saqarTvelos istoriaSi XVII saukunis I naxevari mniSvnelovani

politikuri movlenebiT gamoirCeva. Znelbedobis Jams qarTl-kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I-ma

yuradReba dasavleT evropas miapyro, sadac sagangebo politikuri misiiT aRWurvili

qarTuli elCoba gaagzavna cnobili sasuliero moRvawisa da despanis nikifore irbaxis

(nikoloz irubaqiZe-ColoyaSvili) xelmZRvanelobiT. aRniSnuli elCoba qarTuli

diplomatiis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa rigs ganekuTvneba da Cveni qveynis

warsulis gansacdeliT aRsavse periods ukavSirdeba. Teimuraz I-s surda dasavleT evropaSi

Zlieri mokavSire hyoloda espaneTis mefe felip IV-is saxiT, Tundac mis mimarT vasaluri

damokidebulebis aRiarebis fasad. qarTveli despanis mier SeTavazebuli winadadeba espaneT-

saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb ormxriv dainteresebas

iTvaliswinebda im samxedro daxmarebis sanacvlod, romelsac sparseTis asalagmavad

Teimuraz I espaneTisagan moeloda. am mizniT igi felip IV-s Tavis qmediT mokavSireobas

sTavazobda saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg aziis im regionSi, sadac am ori qristianuli qveynis

sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis ganxorcieleba savsebiT realuri Canda.

statiaSi SeviswavleT espaneTis qalaq valiadolidis saistorio arqivSi daculi

saarqivo dokumentebi, romlebic naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian saqarTvelo-espaneTis XV-XVII

saukuneebSi arsebul religiur, politikur da diplomatiur urTierTobebze1. am

dokumentebis saxiT samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semodis wyaroebi, romlebic saqarTvelo-

dasavleT evropis urTierTobebis istoriis mTeli rigi aqamde ucnobi movlenebisa da

faqtebis aRdgenis saSualebas gvaZlevs. qarTul istoriografiaSi, amave dros SevecadeT

ukve cnobili wyaroebis dazustebas da maT axleburad gagebas. aRniSnuli wyaroebi kidev

ufro utyuars xdis im faqts, rom saqarTvelos urTierToba evropis qveynebTan iyo ara

SemTxveviTi, aramed kanonzomieri. igi xorcieldeboda imdroindeli saerTaSoriso,

religiuri da politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

profesorebi g. Jordania da z. gamezardaSvili fiqroben, rom Teimurazis werili

miwerilia ara uSualod espaneTis mefisadmi, aramed qarTveli elCisadmi. mkvlevarTa azriT,

n. irbaxs evaleboda am werilis mixedviT Camoeyalibebina Seqmnili viTareba da, Tavisi mefis

saxeliT, Tavadve daewera espaneTis monarqisaTvis gadasacemi werili2. Cven ar veTanxmebiT

am mosazrebas da movixmobT saTanado argumentebs: Teimurazis werili mimarTulia uSualod

espaneTis monarqisadmi da ara n. irbaxisadmi. werilis adresatia felip IV, rasac misi

saprotokolo formula gvidasturebs. aseve, mesame pirSi iyo dawerili romis papisadmi

gagzavnili Teimurazis werili, romlis laTinur da italiur enebze Sesrulebul TargmanSi

papi ukve moxseniebulia meore pirSi. vfiqrobT, cdebian profesorebi g. Jordania da z.

gamezardaSvili, roca amtkiceben, rom es werilebi iyo, upirveles yovlisa, elCisadmi

gankuTvnili instruqciebi, romelTa mixedviTac mas unda ewarmoebina molaparakeba. maTi

azriT, es werilebi unda yofiliyo is sanimuSo forma, romlis mixedviTac nikifore irbaxs

ucxour enebze unda Seedgina werilebi, rac man kidevac Seasrula madridsa da romSi

1Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).

Madrid, 1993. 2Г. Жордания, З. Гамезардашвили. Римско-католическая миссия и Грузия. г. I. Тбилиси, 1994, стр. 52.

https://www.google.ge/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwiTwu7xmozHAhXLkSwKHVbjB-Q&url=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2596%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584&ei=CAC_VZOeBsujsgHWxp-gDg&usg=AFQjCNGqe9C5KiWW0DH4LCD3ScKoP3eHRQ&bvm=bv.99261572,d.bGg

132

TarjimanTa meSveobiT (madridSi berZen konstantine sofias, romSi ki berZen kariofiles

daxmarebiT)3.

Teimurazs diplomatiuri molaparakebis mTavar miznad qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

diplomatiuri sagareo izolaciidan gamoyvana da dasavleT evropis qveynebTan (umTavresad

espaneTTan da romis papTan) daaxloeba miaCnda. swored espaneTis mefesa da romis paps unda

SeeyvanaT Teimurazi da misi samefo dasavleTis qristianul saxelmwifoTa erTobaSi da

ganemtkicebinaT misi saerTaSoriso avtoriteti.

1626 wlis 1 seqtembriT daTariRebul werilSi ierusalimis patriarqi Teofane

espaneTis mefe felip IV-Tan rekomendacias uwevda Teimurazis diplomatiur misias da

piradad mis elCs _ nikifore irbaxs. amave dros, es werili iyo, erTgvari, rwmunebaTa

sigeli, romelic felip IV-s egzavneboda patriarqis warmomadgenlis, arqidiakon aTanases

xeliT. werilSi xazgasmuli iyo espaneTis monarqisa da qarTveli mefis erTi sarwmunoebrivi

erTguleba, sagangebod iyo aRniSnuli is, Tu rogor iyvnen Sewuxebulebi qarTvelebi iranis

Sahisagan. nikifores TxovniT, patriarqi werilSi gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebda yuradRebas

espaneTis monarqis mxridan qarTvelebisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis aucileblobaze.

m. TamaraSvili miCnevs, rom madridis molaparakebebs savaraudod hqonda antiiranuli

xasiaTi. igi wers: „neapolidan qarTveli elCi pirdapir gaemgzavra madridSi, raTa

waeqezebina espaneTis mefe daewyo omi sparselTa winaaRmdeg. marTalia nikifore am

molaparakebidan kmayofili dabrunda, magram ar Cans ra dapireba miiRo man. naTelia, rom

sparseTis winaaRmdeg omi ase advili gansaxorcielebeli ar iyo, rameTu evropis

saxelmwifoTa monarqebi megobrulad iyvnen sparseTis mimarT ganwyobilni, radgan es

ukanaskneli evropelebTan erTad ibrZoda osmanTa winaaRmdeg“4. simankas arqivSi aRmoCenili

dokumentebidan irkveva, rom espaneTis mefes qarTvelTa elCma warudgina antiiranuli

samxedro-politikuri kavSiris proeqti. amis safuZvelze SeiZleba msjeloba, Tu rogor

warmarTa qarTvelTa elCma espaneTis mefis mrCevlebTan saubari. 1. nikifore espanur

mxaresTan saubrisas araerTgzis aRniSnavs Tavisi misiis saidumlo xasiaTs. Tan acxadebs,

rom misi misia „Rrma saidumloebiT unda inaxebodes, rameTu es exeba mravali qristianis

yofna-aryofnis sakiTxs“. 2. irbaxma espanel mrCevlebs moaxsena Tavisi personis Sesaxeb,

auwya, rom igi aris nikifore irubaxisZe (irbaxi), qarTveli, wm. basilis ordenis beri,

saidumlo davalebiT wargzavnili qarTvelTa mefis Teimurazis mier, romlis erTgul

msaxursac igi warmoadgens. 3. sityvaSi, elCi dawvrilebiT Seexo Tavisi qveynis mdgomareobas

da Tavisi mefis pirovnebas. elCma aRniSna, rom Teimuraz mefe flobda „eqvs samefos“,

dasaxlebuls „uZvelesi meomari xalxiT“ qarTvelebiT, romlebic garSemortymulni arian

mtruli xalxebis _ sparselTa da TurqTa saxelmwifoebiT. 4. irbaxma moxsenebaSi

Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa Tavisi mefe: Teimuraz mefe _ kaTolike qristiani, bibliuri mefe

daviTis STamomavali, uZvelesi samefo gvaris warmomadgenelia. elCma mefe Teimurazi

moixsenia SesaniSnav mxedarTmTavrad, romelmac arc Tu didi xnis winaT (igulisxmeba 1625

weli) iranis Sahs waarTva (daibruna) „sami samefo“ da erTi wlis manZilze samjer daamarcxa.

aseve osmalebs waarTva maT mier uzurpirebuli samefo. 5. maTTan saubarSi elCma ganacxada,

rom igi, rogorc Tavisi mfarvelis Teimurazis elCi sTavazobs espaneTis mefe Sekras maTTan

samxedro-politikuri kavSiri, da axsna, Tu ratom surs Teimurazs swored espaneTTan da

mis mefesTan kavSiri, sxva evropul saxelmwifoebTan msgavsi molaparakebis dawyebamde.

nikifores ganacxadis Tanaxmad, Teimuraz I moxibla kaTolike mefis siZlierem, romelic

warmoadgens wminda kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis erTaderT sayrdensa da mfarvels da aseve, im

garemoebamac, rom espaneTis monarqs da qarTvelTa mefes saerTo mtrebi hyavT, upirveles

yovlisa, iranis Sahis saxiT. 6. qarTvelTa elCi cdilobda espaneTis mefis mrCevlebi

daerwmunebina imaSi, rom espaneTis mefisTvis savsebiT xelsayreli iqneboda qarTvelTa

mefesTan kavSiri. amis dasadastureblad elCs mohyavda sami argumenti. Teimurazi iqneboda

kaTolike mefis Rirseuli mokavSire da partniori saerTo mtrebis, upirveles yovlisa,


Madrid, 1993, pp. 52. 4mixeil TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. Tbilisi, 1902, gv. 92.

133

sparseTis mefis (iranis Sahi) winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. am ukanasknels nikifore udides tiranad

da Tavisi kaTolikuri rwmenis da qristes saxelis dauZinebel mtrad moixseniebda. nikifore

Tavisi xelmwifis samxedro Zalebs gazviadebulad warmoadgenda da aRniSnavda, rom

Teimurazs mzadyofnaSi hyavs asiaTasiani laSqari da CamoTvlida Tu ra gamarjvebebs

miaRwies maT Sahze. amasTan erTad, nikifore aRniSnavda, Tu ra warmatebebi SeiZleba moetana

espaneTis mefis TeimurazTan erTad brZolas Sahis winaaRmdeg. Teimurazisgan Seviwroebuli

Sahi, romelic erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samjer daamarcxa qarTvelTa mefem, ver moaxerxebda

ormuzSi mebrZoli Tavisi xalxis daxmarebas espaneTis mefis winaaRmdeg5.

nikifore aseve cdilobda daerwmunebina espaneTis mrCevlebi imaSi, rom kaTolike

mefisaTvis momgebiani iqneboda Teimuraz mefesTan kavSiri ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac,

rameTu Teimurazis gankargulebaSi iyo uxvi da mdidari provinciebi da miwebi, sadac aris

oqrosa da vercxlis sabadoebi, romelTa damuSaveba saomari viTarebis gamo ar xerxdeboda.

magram, roca saerTo mters daamarcxeben (igulisxmeba iranis Sahi) da aRdgeba kavSiri da

vaWroba, espaneTis mefe saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis damyarebiT miiRebs did sargebels.

7. espaneTis mefis mrCevlebTan qarTvelma elCma Camoayaliba is amocanebi, romlebic espaneT-

saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri kavSiris miznebs warmoadgenda. upirveles yovlisa unda

daemarcxebinaT iranis Sahi da gaeTavisuflebinaT iranTa uRlisagan Sahis mier dapyrobili

qveynebis xalxebi. 8. rogori xasiaTi unda hqonoda am samxedro-politikur kavSirs? irkveva,

rom es kavSiri iTvaliswinebda qarTl-kaxeTis mefis espanel monarqze vasalur

damokidebulebas. Teimurazi varaudobda, rom espaneTis mefe, romelsac igi miiCnevda Tavis

mbrZaneblad mas saTanadod daexmareboda. Teimurazi upirveles yovlisa misgan iTxovda

samaradJamo mSvidobas, megobrobas, kavSirs, urTierTobis damyarebas. mis udidebulesobas

igi sTavazobs Tavis samefoebs, iaraRs, avladidebas, mTel Tavis Zalas misi udidebulesobis

nebismieri mtris winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki sparselTa winaaRmdeg... 9. qarTveli elCi

mimarTavda TxovniT espaneTis mefes, rom mis udidebulesobas umokles vadaSi Seetyobinebina

misTvis pasuxi samefo werilebze, romlebic mis udidebulesobas warudgina, agreTve mis

mier aRZrul winadadebebze, iseve rogorc espaneTidan misi gamgzavrebis SesaZleblobis

Taobaze, raTa mas moexerxebina espaneTidan gamgzavreba Tavisi misiis gansaxorcieleblad6.

espaneTis mefis mrCevlebTan qarTveli elCis saubridan naTeli xdeba, rom nikiforem

espaneTis mefes SesTavaza samxedro-politikuri kavSiris Sekvra, romelSic Teimurazs

umcrosi partnioris roli eniWeboda. qarTveli mefe felip IV-s Tavis siuzerenad miiCnevda

da pirobas aZlevda, rom misi erTguli vasali iqneboda nebismieri mtris, gansakuTrebiT

iranis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

nikifores Txovna _ espaneTs omi gamoecxadebina sparseTTan, Zneli

gansaxorcielebeli iyo, rameTu, im droisaTvis espaneli monarqebi ufro megobrulad iyvnen

sparseTTan, radgan es ukanaskneli sxva evropelebTan erTad ibrZoda osmanTa winaaRmdeg7.

espaneTisaTvis mTavar mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda ara irani, aramed osmanTa imperia.

evropaSi mimdinare ̀ ocdaaTwliani omis~ gamo (romelSic espaneTic aRmoCnda Cabmuli)

espaneTi dainteresebuli iyo megobruli urTierToba daemyarebina iranTan da igi osmanTa

imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken waeqezebina. Tu espaneTis xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli

aRmoCndeboda antiiranuli samxedro-politikuri kavSiri, maSin qarTuli elCoba

imedovnebda, rom saTadarigod eqneboda sxva proeqti _ antiosmaluri samxedro-politikuri

kavSiris saxiT. j. vaTeiSvili aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia irbaxi madridSi elCobisas

iZulebuli gamxdariyo Seecvala Tavisi gegmebi espaneTis xelisufalTa politikis

gaTvaliswinebiT8. Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom n. irbaxis diplomatiuri misiis mTavari

amocana mdgomareobda SemdegSi: sagareo politikuri izolaciisagan exsnaT Teimurazis

samefo da moeZebnaT Zlieri mokavSire; Tu romel saxelmwifosTan kavSiris meSveobiT

ganxorcieldeboda es amocana, mas ukve meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeboda. amave dros,


Madrid, 1993, pp. 432-433. 6j. vaTeiSvili. nikifore irbaxis nakvalevze._ gazeTi `komunisti~, #175. 7mixeil TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. Tbilisi, 1902, gv. 93. 8j. vaTeiSvili. nikifore irbaxis nakvalevze._ gazeTi `komunisti~, #175.

134

qarTveli elCi aRniSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo qarTul-espanuri samxedro-politikuri

kavSiris Seqmna. swored amitom am proeqtis irgvliv espaneTis samefo sabWoSi gaimarTa

sakmaod seriozuli da xangrZlivi msjeloba. savaraudod, espanur enaze Targmnisas iqna

Setanili garkveuli koreqtivebi Teimurazisa da ierusalimis patriarqis werilebis

originalebSi.

Teimuraz mefis „survilebi da mosazrebani“ espaneTis xelisuflebis interesebTan

SesabamisobaSi iqna moyvanili, ris Semdegac mefis brZanebiT, Teimuraz mefis werilis

Targmani da nikifores mier wardgenili sxva werilebic, gadaeca saxelmwifo sabWos.

wardgenili masalebi sabWom 1627 wlis 29 ivliss guldasmiT ganixila da misi TiToeuli

wevris mosazreba mefes warudgina. moxsenebiTi baraTis mixedviT, sabWos wevrebis

winadadebebi da moTxovnebi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:

1. mefes rekomendacias aZleven gansaxilvelad miiRos saqarTvelos mefis winadadeba

(don avgustin mesia, hercogi de feria).

2. sabWos sami wevrisagan Semdgarma komisiam mousminos nikifore irbaxs (don avgustin

mesia, grafi de monterei, grafi de CinCo).

3. aucilebeli iyo qarTvel mefes jer papisaTvis Semdeg ki espaneTis mefisaTvis

miemarTa. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs papis azrs (don avgustin mesia, markiz de

montesklarosi, grafi hercogi de san lukari, sulieri mama).

4. iberiis mefes gaegzavnos espaneTis mefis werili, romelSic aisaxeba mTavrobis

mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba (don avgustin mesia).

5. iberiis mefes upasuxon damakmayofilebeli dapirebebiT (markiz de montesklarosi,

grafi hercogi de san lukari, don xuan de viliela).

6. aris Tu ara nikifore irbaxi iberiis mefis elCi? amis garkveva daevalos espaneTis

elCs romSi graf de oniates an neapolis vice mefes hercog albas. am ukanasknels daevala,

agreTve, informaciis Segroveba saqarTveloze (markiz de montesklarosi, grafi hercogi de

san lukari, markizi de la inoxosa, grafi de monterei, sulieri mama, don xuan de viliela,

hercogi de feria, grafi de CinCo).

7. osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omze TavSekaveba, ramdenadac is qveyana (saqarTvelo),

romelic omSi daxmarebas iTxovs ar aris kaTolikuri. amdenad omi sargebels ar moutans

kaTolikur eklesias (markiz de montesklarosi, grafi hercogi de san lukari).

8. iberiis mefisaTvis daxmareba gamoiwvevs osmaleTis yuradRebis aRmosavleTiT

gadatanas, rac sasargeblo iqneba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli germaniisaTvis (markizi

de la inoxosa).

9. iberiaSi gaigzavnos erTi an ramdenime kaci, romlebic Seiswavlian qveynis

mdgomareobas da mis samxedro potencials (markiz de montesklarosi, grafi hercogi de san

lukari, markizi de la inoxosa, hercogi de feria).

10. espaneTis omma, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gamoiwvios muslimanuri qveynebis

antiespanuri koaliciis Seqmna, rac arasasurvelia (don fernando xironi, grafi de

monterei).

11. elCis dasaCuqreba da samgzavro fuliT uzrunvelyofa (markizi de la inoxosa,

sulieri mama, grafi de segorbe, grafi de CinCo)9.

antiosmaluri laSqrobis gegma mokled aris gadmocemuli Teimurazis werilis

espanur TargmanSi, sakmaod dawvrilebiT ki relaciaSi, romelic sajarod iqna ganxiluli

samefo mrCevelTa mier10. zogierTi mrCeveli dadebiTad gamoexmaura Teimurazis gegmas da

pirovnebas (markizi monteskliaresi, hercogi de sanlukari, markizi de inoxosa,

neapolitaniis vice-mefe hercogi alba, grafi de monterei, xuan de vilela, avgustin mesia,

fernando xironi, hercogi de feria...) Teimurazis werilis ganxilvisas warmoiSva sxvadasxva

Sexedulebebi _ zogi Tvlida, rom saSiSi iyo osmalTa imperiis winaaRmdeg omis wamowyeba,


Madrid, 1993, pp. 433-434; ix.: eldar mamisTvaliSvili. saqarTvelos sagareo politika da diplomatia. II tomi. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 243-244. 10Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).

Madrid, 1993, pp. 434-449.

135

Tumca es ukanaskneli iyo qristianobis mteri... fernando xironis azriT, saWiro iyo

pativiscemiT mohkideboda elCis winadadebas, magram ar Careuliyo mosalodnel omSi

osmalTa winaaRmdeg, elCisTvis ki SeeTavazebinaT fuladi daxmareba da sityvieri

SeTanxmebebiT Semofargluliyvnen. grafi de monterei Tvlida, rom amgvari erToblivi

laSqroba espaneTis winaaRmdeg gaaerTianebda mTel muslimur Zalebs. gamoiTqva eWvic _

aris Tu ara irbaxi namdvilad Teimuraz I-is elCi, aris Tu ara sarwmuno irbaxis mier

Camotanili werilebi... gamoiTqva azri, sasurveli iyo iberiis mefes jer Tavad miemarTa

papisaTvis da mxolod papis sanqciis miRebis Semdeg miemarTa espaneTis mefisaTvis. romis

papis kurTxevis gareSe, kaTolike mefes ar unda mieca saqarTvelos mefis winadadebaze

Tanxmoba. aseve, gamoiTqva eWvi, iberiis mefis samxedro Zalebi realuria? sabWoze iTqva, rom

iberiis mefe maSin unda CarTuliyo espaneTis mefesTan kavSirSi, Tu is gaxdeboda WeSmariti

kaTolike. iTqva isic, rom iberiis mefes unda mieRo kaTolikoba, aseve, miCneul iqna, rom

iberiis mefes ar SeeZlo kaTolikuri rwmenis miReba Tavis qveSevrdomebisgan Tanxmobis

gareSe. espaneli mrCeveli TiTqosda Wvretda im viTarebas, romelic gvian ganviTarda qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi. mrCevlebi moiTxovdnen molaparakebebSi CarTuliyo ori pirovneba,

espaneTis elCi papis karze grafi de oniate da neapolitaniis vice-mefe hercogi alba.

kardinali sapata elCis mier Camotanili werilebis sandoobas eWvqveS ayenebda da moiTxovda

es werilebi gadaegzavnaT romSi _ oniatesa da neapolSi _ albasaTvis, raTa maT am

werilebis sandooba ganexilaT da saqmis kursSi yofiliyvnen. aseve, hercogi de san lukari

moiTxovda n. irbaxis elCobis mTeli masalebi gadaegzavnaT albasaTvis, raTa mas

daedasturebina iyo Tu ara irbaxis elCoba sarwmuno, aseve, daedgina romeli sarwmunoebis

mimdevari iyo iberiis mefe. Tu es yvelaferi sando iqneboda, maSin Tavad albas am daxmarebis

sakiTxic unda gadaewyvita. albas unda gaeyolebina qarTveli elCisaTvis iberiaSi ori

misioneri, raTa Tavad darwmunebuliyvnen ra Zalebis mflobeli iyo iberiis mefe.

madrididan saqarTveloSi irbaxTan erTad unda wasuliyo komisia 2-3 samefo mrCevlis

monawileobiT, romelTac unda SeeswavlaT Teimurazis samefoSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SesaZleblobebi. am mrCevlebis mier mokvleuli masalebi unda

gagzavniliyo hercog albasTan, romelic daadgenda ra samxedro Zalebs flobda iberiis

mefe da ramdenad sando iyo irbaxis elCoba. mefis mrCevlebi aRniSnavdnen, rom maTTvis

mTavari iyo romis kaTolikuri eklesiis interesebis da rwmenis dacva. qarTveli mefis

elCis winadadebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebdnen, Tu am winadadebebis ganxilva

momgebiani iqneboda eklesiisaTvis. ra moTxovnebi unda Seesrulebina qarTul mxares: 1.

iberiis mefes unda hqonoda didi samxedro Zalebi, romlebic SeZlebdnen dasaxuli gegmis

ganxorcielebas; 2. imisaTvis, rom gamxdariyo kaTolike mefis mokavSire, iberiis mefes unda

mieRo romis kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba. Tu es ori moTxovna ganxorcieldeboda, hercogi de

feria SesaZleblad Tvlida espaneTs monawileoba mieRo antiosmalur laSqrobaSi. pirveli

ganxilva Sedga 29 ivliss, meore _ 20 seqtembers (1627 w.). ganxilvas eswreboda qarTveli

elCi, romelic pasuxobda mefis mrCevlebis kiTxvebze. sxdomis Semdeg mefes waredgina

mrCevelTa moxsenebiTi baraTi11. qarTvel elCTan erTad unda gagzavniliyo xuan vinsensio

de san feliCe, grafi de banili, maTTan erTad unda gagzavniliyo ori italieli Teatineli

misioneri. elCs dausves kiTxvebi: 1. ramdenad SeeZlo iberiis mefes gamoeyvana meomrebi

osmalTa winaaRmdeg; 2. Tu datovebdnen meomarTa nawils sparselebisagan qveynis dasacavad;

3. rogor ucxadebda morCilebas iberiis mefe paps, mihqonda Tu ara irbaxs papTan Teimuraz

I-is werili; 4. ra xasiaTis damokidebuleba eqneboda iberiis mefes espaneTis mefisadmi; 5.

mzad iyo Tu ara elCi Tavisi misiis gasagrZeleblad gamgzavrebuliyo neapolSi.

irbaxma upasuxa espaneTis mefis mrCevelTa kiTxvebs, moxerxebulad Seecada gverdi

aevlo zogierTi kiTxvisagan, man kargad warmoaCina gamocdili diplomatisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli taqtianoba12. irbaxi Seecada daerwmunebina Tavisi mosaubreni imaSi, rom

Teimurazze aranakleb, Tavad iranis Sahi iqneboda dainteresebuli Tavisi saukunovani,


Madrid, 1993, pp. 447-449. 12Luis Gil Fernandez, Ilia M. Tabagu. Fuetes para La Istoria de Georgia. En Bibliotecas y archives espanoles (iglos XV-XVII).

Madrid, 1993, pp. 448.

136

mTavari mowinaaRmdegis, osmalTa imperiis damarcxebiT da siriis warTmeviT, romelic

imxanad osmalTa xelSi imyofeboda. kaTolike mefis mrCevlebs unda moswonebodaT qarTl-

kaxeTis mefis vasaluri damokidebulebis samomavlo perspeqtiva. rac Seexeba Teimurazis

sarwmunoebis sakiTxs. nikiforem arc Tanxmoba ganacxada da arc uari (icoda ra, rom es

SeuZlebeli iyo), man Tavi aarida zust pasuxs, Tumca agrZnobina mrCevlebs, rom uaryofiTi

poziciis dafiqsirebas ar apirebdnen. romSi nikifore Seecdeboda daerwmunebina papi da

kardinalebi, rom mieCniaT Teimurazi `morwmune kaTolike xelmwifed. papis dadebiTi

gadawyvetileba sakmarisi iqneboda, rom momxdariyo espanur-qarTuli samxedro-politikuri

kavSiris damyareba. moxsenebiT baraTSi naTqvami iyo: iberiis mefis elCi aRmoCnda Wkviani

adamiani da man gasca gonivruli pasuxebi dasmul kiTxvebze. amitom migvaCnia, rom igi unda

aRWurvil iyos yovelgvari pativiT13. qarTvelTa elCma Tavisi gonivruli moqmedebiT

gafanta yvela eWvi. espaneTis mmarTvelma wreebma momgebianad miiCnies rogorc antiosmaluri

koaliciis Seqmnis gegma, aseve espaneT-saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri kavSiris

damyarebac, magram am mosazrebebma asaxva ar hpoves im dokumentebSi, romlebic iqna

gamoqveynebuli.

dasavleT evropis uZlieresi kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebi romis papis meTaurobiT

osmaleTTan momaval dapirispirebaSi sparseTs TavianT potenciur mokavSired ganixilavdnen

da, cxadia, axlo aRmosavleTSi TavianT am globalur politikas saqarTvelos interesebs

ver dauqvemdebarebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi, qarTveli elCi iZulebuli xdeboda ahyoloda

dasavluri politikuri samyaros liderebs da mxari aeba momavali erToblivi galaSqrebis

gegmisTvis (rac misTvisac iyo misaRebi) osmaleTis winaaRmdeg, romelic saqarTvelosTvis

im konkretul istoriul viTarebaSi sparseTTan SedarebiT nakleb saSiSi iyo.

migvaCnia, rom: warmodgenil naSromSi mTeli rigi dokumenturi masalis Seswavlisa

da gaanalizebis safuZvelze dadgenili da axleburad gaSuqebulia saqarTvelos sagareo-

politikuri da religiuri urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, gamoTqmulia mTeli rigi mosazrebebi:

• n. irbaxis romSi Casvla SesaZlebelia dagegmili Tavad iyo madridis samefo karze;

espaneTis monarqi felip IV urban VIII-sTan daZabuli urTierTobis mogvarebas swored

qarTveli elCis meSveobiT fiqrobda, rameTu, irbaxis mSobliuri qveynis saxiT, kaTolikur

eklesias ufro mWidrod daakavSirebda romis papis mier saqarTveloSi axlad gagzavnil

TeatinelTa misiasTan.

• nikifore irbaxis evropuli misia saqarTvelos dasavluri orientaciis praqtikuli

gamovlinebis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino demonstracia iyo. samwuxarod, Tavis

problemaSi Caflulma evropam saqarTvelosaTvis ver moicala da mefe Teimuraz I

iZulebuli gaxda qveynis gadarCenis sxva gzebi eZebna.

• 1625-1628 wlebis qarTuli elCoba Rrmad gaazrebuli, safuZvlianad momzadebuli

politikuri RonisZieba iyo. Cvens mier Seswavlili saarqivo sabuTebidan kargad Cans irbaxis

diplomatiuri misiis ZiriTadi monaxazi. sabuTebis Sinaarsis gacnoba-Seswavla saSualebas

gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rogori iyo dasavleT evropis qveynebSi qarTuli elCobis politikuri

dedaazri. igi ar unda ganvixiloT, rogorc gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili qristiani

mefis Txovna-mudara Svela-daxsnis Taobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli elCi Seecdeboda

sxva, ufro axlos mdebare, aranakleb Zlier qristianul saxelmwifosTan dakavSirebas.

magram mas Tavisi xelisufalisagan sagangebod hqonda davalebuli swored espaneTTan

ewarmoebina molaparakeba da sparseTTan ukiduresad gamwvavebuli urTierTobiT gamowveuli

qveynis politikuri siduxWire uSualod daekavSirebina portugalia-sparseTis konfliqtur

situaciasTan ormuzis srutis regionSi.

• espaneT-saqarTvelos antiosmaluri gegmebis Seswavla-gaanalizebam gviCvena, rom

dasavleTSi _ espaneTi, xolo aRmosavleTSi _ saqarTvelo yvelaze naTlad xedavdnen da

sworad afasebdnen osmalur safrTxes qristianobisaTvis;

• qarTl-kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is warmomadgenlis nikifore irbaxis madridSi

elCoba (1626-1627 wlebSi) naTlad miuTiTebs imaze, rom espaneTis samefo kars antiosmaluri

problemis gadawyvetaSi yvelaze saimedo mokavSired saqarTvelo miaCnda;

13ilia tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi. tomi meore. Tbilisi, 1986, 168.

137

• espaneTi, rogorc XVI-XVII saukuneebis saerTaSoriso wesrigis warmomadgeneli

kaTolikuri saxelmwifo, aRmosavleTSi swored saqarTvelos miiCnevda ZiriTad religiur

sayrdenad msoflio kaTolikuri samyaros SeqmnaSi;

• dasavleTSi - espaneTi, aRmosavleTSi - saqarTvelo yvelaze naTlad da sworad

xedavda osmalur safrTxes qristianebisaTvis. albaT, amaSi espaneTis mxridan did rols

asrulebda rekonkistas gavlili gzis istoriuli mgrZnobeloba da qarTvelTa simtkice

qristianobis dacvis saqmeSi.

• qarTul-espanur globalur gegmebSi vgulisxmobT antiosmalur safrTxes, xolo

konkretulSi - religiur unias. aseve, yovelive amis gaanalizebiT unda gamovlindes am or

qveyanas Soris real-politikis ZiriTadi principebi.

• migvaCnia, rom mTeli rigi sakiTxis garkveva-Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca naTlad

dagvenaxa, Tu ra principebi edo safuZvlad saqarTvelos evropuli politikis prevalirebas

evropis ama Tu im qveyanaze mokavSiris ZiebaSi.

• madridis samefo kars umniSvnelovanesi samxedro-politikuri problemebis

gadawyvetaSi yvelaze saimedo mokavSired saqarTvelo miaCnda. sagareo politikuri

interesebis Tanxvedram saqarTvelo da espaneTi Tanamoazre qveynebad aqcia da ganapiroba

erTad dapirispirebodnen osmalur agresias da SeeqmnaT saerTo samxedro politikuri

koalicia.

• Cveni kvlevis Sedegad, gamovlinda saqarTvelos evropaze orientaciis warsuli

istoriuli perspeqtivebi, romlebmac axleburad dagvanaxes Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

miswrafebebi evropul ojaxSi gaerTianebisaken.

• qalaq simankas generalur saistorio arqivSi daculi da Cvens mier Seswavlili

masala, erTi mxriv, adasturebs sxvadasxva istoriul dokumentSi moxseniebuli cnobebisa

da faqtebis utyuarobas, xolo, meore mxriv, ufro dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems movlenaTa

msvlelobis calkeul detalebs. xsenebuli dokumentebi naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian im did

mxardaWeraze, romelsac imxanad saqarTvelos mimarT iCendnen romis papi da dasavleT

evropis kaTolikuri qveynebi.

Mariam Gabunia

King of Iberia’s proposals discussion at Madrid royal court

(According to the documents of the State Council)

Summary

The ambessadors sent by TeimurazI and led by Nikipore Irbakhi (Nikoloz Cholokashvili) are being in the center of

researchers’ attention for a long time. Nearly every researcher declares that the aim of these ambassadors was the creation

of anti-Ottoman coalition. To our mind, this fact contradicts historical sources and even there is no logical reality. The

king Teimuraz aimed to find anti Iranian and anti anti-Ottoman force in Europe (this interest drove him to Spain royalty.

Teimuraz and his partners supposed that Spain had anti Iranian course but later they found out that the opposition was not

strong enough to create anti Iranian coalition. That’s why Nikipore Irbaki and Spanish guards instead of creating anti

Iranian coalition worked out the plan of anti-Ottoman coalition). Diplomatic relation between Kartl-Kakheti and Spain

did not continue any more.

138

Teimuraz petriaSvili, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

mefe erekles gardacvaleba da dakrZalva

aRa mahmad xanma udidesi ziani miayena qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, Tumca

saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba mterma mainc ver SeZlo. qveyana isev fexze idga. daiwyo

miwasTan gasworebuli Tbilisis aRdgena. qarTvelebma ganjac dalaSqres da Tbilisidan

aRa mahmad xanis mier wayvanili tyveebis didi nawili ukan daabrunes. mTlianobaSi qarTl-

kaxeTis samefo mainc umZimes mdgomareobaSi rCeboda. bolo ar uCanda lekTa Semosevebs. aRa

mahmad xani Tbilisze axali laSqrobisaTvis emzadeboda. yovelive amas Tan erTvoda erekle

II-is avadmyofoba. Tu sul oriode wlis win mefe cxens uzangSi fexis gauyrelad

Seafrindeboda, axla sisuste Seepara, unagirze jdoma uWirda. mdgomareoba imanac

gaarTula, rom 1797 wlis zafxulze, ganjidan Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi Savi Wiri

gavrcelda1. epidemiam ifeTqa da aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla ̀ momsvrelma senma~. TbilisSi

gaCereba saSiSi iyo, xalxi qalaqidan gadioda da saimedo adgilebs afarebda Tavs2. erekle

II Telavidan marTavda samefos da TbilisSi myof taxtis memkvidres, giorgis davalebebs

aZlevda. mefe yvelafris kursSi iyo, rac ki qveyanaSi xdeboda.

1797 wlis Semodgomidan erekle II-is janmrTeloba gauaresda. mefes fexebi

usivdeboda. ambobdnen wyalmanki sWirso. `seni mefisa iyo wyliT MAmankiereba“ – aRniSnavs

Teimuraz batoniSvili3. BAeqimis daxmarebiT liTonis patara basri xelsawyoTi – neStriT

(romelic asacrelad da sisxlis gamosaSvebad gamoiyeneboda) mefem Sesiebuli wvivis midamo

daisera da siTxe gamouSva. èrT fexze erTi ori neStriT aviceriT da wyali gvdis, RvTis

mowyalebiT kargaTa varT: marcxena wvivSi gaviWeriT neStriT organ da wyali kargad

gamodis“ – werda erekle werilSi Tavis vaJs farnaozs4. magram, „wyliT mankiereba“ farTe

cnebaa da ama Tu im organoSi siTxe sxvadasxva daavadebis dros, sxvadasxva mizeziT

SeiZleba dagrovdes, qveda kidurebis SeSupeba ufro xSirad gulis ukmarisobis erT–erTi

niSania. am SemTxvevaSic, albaT mainc gulis ukmarisoba iyo fexebis Sesivebis mizezi da

Sesivebuli adgilebidan siTxis gamoSveba mefis zogad janmrTelobas ar gaaumjobesebda,

Tumca ki tkivilebsa da qvemo kidurebSi usiamovno SegrZnebas odnav Seumsubuqebda. fexebis

Sesivebas isic Seuwyobda xels, rom moZrav cxovrebas SeCveuli erekle II, rogorc Cans,

fizikur sisustes amjeradac ar epueboda da SeZlebisgvarad bevrs moZraobda. mZime

avadmyofi, sikvdilis wina xanebSic ki msaxurebis daxmarebiT Tavad gadioda gareT

bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. es ki ufro gaaZlierebda fexebis SeSupebas5.

eqimis rCeviT, qaTmis bulioni miarTves mefes, magram iuara: axla marxvaa, me rom marxva

gavtexo xalxi ras ityvis, Tavad rogor moiqcevao.

1798 wlis ianvris damdegs mefis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba kritikuli gaxda. 5

ianvars gulis midamoSi usiamovno SegrZneba daeufla, goneba dakarga, ramdenime saaTi

gaunZrevlad iwva, Semdeg Tvalebi gaaxila, gons movida, axloblebs gadaxeda, albaT

1saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 205. 2saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 205; Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 60. 3Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 60. 4saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 207. 5Teimuraz petriaSvili. aRsasruli da gapatiosneba patara kaxisa._ Jurnali ìstoriani~, 2011, #7, gv. 35-40.

139

fiqrobda es ra udroo dros gtovebT Tqvenca da mTels qveyanaso. mefem msaxurebi Semoiyena

gverdiT da sTxova gareT gaeyvanaT bunebrivi moTxovnilebis gamo.

11 ianvars, gamTeniisas – erekle „SemZimda friad“, aRar moZraobda, Tvalgaxelili

erT wertils misCereboda, TiTqos uxmod loculobso. mere, erTxel kidev moavlo Tvali

oTaxs da... „ganTiad SuaRamidgan meSvidesa Jamsa, gardaicvala.“ „TviT masve sawolsa

Sina, romelsaca Sina iSva saxelovani ese mefe, aResrula“. imave sawolSi dalia suli,

romelSic dabadebula6. darejan dedoflis kivilma SesZra samefo darbazi. mas ahyvnen

ojaxis sxva wevrebi.

mefis cxedari marTmadidebluri wesiT gaapatiosnes. yvelas ainteresebda da dResac

ainteresebT ramdeni Wriloba hqonda sxeulze mefes. erekles droindel wyaroebsa da

literaturaSi arsadaa aRniSnuli erekles Wrilobebis Sesaxeb. zogi ambobda erekles tanze

adgili ar moeZeveboda, rom zed naWrilobevi ar hqonodao. zogic siamayiT aRniSnavda _

siCauqis, simarjvis, siZlieris, kargi saomari aRWurvilobis wyalobiT arc erTi Wriloba

ar hqoniao. „Tavisi samxedro mamacobis, xelCarTuli brZolis wesebis srulyofilad

dauflebis da brZolaSi xeliTa da TvaliT manZilis araCveulebrivi siswrafis gazomvis

wyalobiT, igi ise Cavida samareSi, rom ar miuRia arcerTi Wriloba. da es im dros, rodesac

ara marto Wabukobis, aramed moxucebulobis drosac igi pirveli eSveboda brZolis

qarcecxlSi da ukanaskneli stovebda mas“ – aRniSnavda m. aleqsiSvili7. ase rom, ramdeni

da ra saxis Wriloba hqonda erekle II – es maT saidumlod darCa, vinc mefis cxedari

gaapatiosna8.

mefis cxedari ormagad Sekrul xis kuboSi Caasvenes. yinulebi Caulages. kubo

Zvirfasi xaliCebiT da Savi xaverdiT morTul did darbazSi dadges.

qveyanaSi didma glovam da uimedobam daisadgura.

darejan dedoflisa da kaTolikos-patriarq anton II-is (ereklesa da darejanis vaJi

– eriskacobaSi Teimurazi) davalebiT cermonialis gegmis Sedgena Telavis sasuliero

seminariis reqtors daviT aleqsis Ze mesxiSvils daevala. mTel qveyanaSi afrines Sikrikebi,

raTa mosaxleobisaTvis mefis gardacvaleba euwyebinaT... da didZali xalxi daiZra

Telavisken, sadac Ramis gasaTevi adgilic aRar iyo. saxeldaxelod gaSlil karvebSi

aTevdnen Rames samZimarze mosulni.

qarTvelebTan erTad sxva erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis mcxovrebni, sakuTari adaT-wesebis

mixedviT dastirodnen TavianT momavlis imeds.

kubo oc dRes samefo sasaxlis did darbazSi idga, Semdeg sasaxlis axlos Tavad

yorCibaSvil-rusiSvilebis kuTvnil taZarSi gadaasvenes da sakurTxevlis win ambionze

dadges.

ezoSi mefis nivTebis gamosafen sagangebod mowyobil, uZvirfasesi xaliCebiT

morTul adgilze ganalages mefis tansacmeli, samkaulebi, sabrZolo iaraRi, abjari,

unagirebi, jildoebi, saqarTvelos sami daxrili droSa...

miwaze msxdom mejinibeebs aRviriT eWiraT Zvirfasad Sekazmuli gamorCeuli cxenebi mefisa,

iranuli jiSis ori taiWi, erTi - TeTri, meore - mowablisfro-wiTeli feris, romelsac Savi

fafari da Savi Zua hqonda. swored am cxeniT avida mefe mTiuleTSi krwanisis marcxis

Semdeg.

darejan dedofali stumrebis misaRebad sasaxlis did darbazSi gamodioda da

misTvis sagangebod mowyobil, xaliCebiT morTul adgilze jdeboda. garSemo sapatio

stumrebi iyvnen. orive mxares isxdnen asakis mixedviT ganlagebuli batoniSvilebi, Semdeg

samRvdeloeba da warCinebuli Tavadaznauroba Camwkrivebuliyo. TeTri tansacmliT mosili

sefeqalebi tiriliTa da saxis xokviT xvdebodnen stumrebs. sasaxlis oTaxebis kedlebi

6Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 70. 7m. aleqsiSvili. ruseT-saqarTvelos istoriuli urTierTobebis sakiTxebisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 186. 8Teimuraz petriaSvili. aRsasruli da gapatiosneba patara kaxisa._ Jurnali ìstoriani~, 2011, #7, gv. 35-40.

140

Signidan da garedan Sav narmas daefara. samgloviaro darbazsa da sasaxlis SesasvlelSi

mdgar kariskacebs gadatexili kverTxebi eWiraT.

darbazSi qudmouxdeli aravin Sedioda, arc fer-umarili hqondaT qalebs wasmuli.

sasaxlis ezoSi moTqmiT Semovida zemo qarTlis yofili sardali, 80 wels

gadacilebuli Tavadi ciciSvili, romelic mefes TiTqmis yvela brZolaSi axlda. igi

erekles unagirs gadaexvia da mwared aqviTinda. wrfeli guliT mistiroda batonsa da

megobars. tiriliTa da saxis xokviT miegeba mas darejan dedofali9.

uamravma adamianma daitira mefis cxedari, magram gansakuTrebiT SesZra Wirisufalni

qiziyeli glexi qvrivi qalis moTqmam. misi natirali mTel saqarTvelos gadaswvda da kidev

erTxel dauTuTqa guli mgloviareT.

samefo karze yvelaze gamorCeuli da ganswavluli kacis, solomon lioniZis

samgloviaro sityva istorias SemorCa, rogorc nimuSi qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli mefis

Rvawlis obieqturad Sefasebisa10.

Semzaravi iyo aragvelTa tirili. maT saqveynod cnobili leqsiT mimarTes

saTayvanebel mefes da misi daRupva saqarTvelosTvis rkinis karis Camoxsnas Seadares.

ruseTidan Camovida erekles erT-erTi vaJi - miriani, romelic, mamis survilisamebr

iq cxovrobda da generlis Cini hqonda miRebuli. 14 weli ar enaxa mirians ded-mama. evropaSi

ganswavluli eqimi, gvarad gorTciuri wamoiyvana Tan, magram mamas samwuxarod cocxals

veRar Camouswro.

Telavisken mimaval gzaze TiTqmis 7 kilometrze orive mxares idga mgloviare xalxi.

miriani cxenidan daqveiTda da sasaxlisken fexiT gaemarTa. ukan adiutanti da mxleblebi

mihyvebodnen.

batoniSvili bundovnad amCnevda, mis danaxvaze, rogor ecemodnen muxlebze SaviT

mosili mgloviare qalebi da kacebi, romlebic gamwarebiT Sestirodnen:

_ vinRa gvipatronebs obolT da gaWirvebulT...

_ vin gandevnis Semoseul mters...

_ vin gaarCevs Cvens tyuilsa da marTals..

_ vin gamoesarCleba RatakT da sneulT...

_ davkargeT saqarTvelos imedi, daiRupa saqarTvelo...

sasaxlis ezoSi miriani SeCerda, Tvalcremlianma gaxeda sasaxles, mere mamis

cxenebTan mivida da maT win muxlze daiCoqa. cxenebi gulSemzaravad aWixvindnen, floqvebis

cemiT aamtveres miwa.

miriani darbazSi Sevida da darejanisken gaemarTa. 14 wlis unaxavi deda-Svili

muxlebze daecnen, daCoqilni gadaexvivnen erTmaneTs da mwared atirdnen. bolos miriani

wamodga, deda anugeSa da batoniSvilebTan mivida misasamZimreblad11.

„erekles sikvdili ise aRiniSna, rogorc erovnuli ubedureba da mefe Tavadma Tu

glexma Tanabrad daitira“12.

am dros, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, qarTlSi Savi Wiri mZvinvarebda, ris gamoc, samefo

ojaxi ramdenime aTeul dRes eloda epidemiis Cacxromas, raTa dakrZalvis ceremoniali

winaswari gegmiT gansazRvruli wesiT Catarebuliyo TbilisSic da mcxeTaSic. miuxedavad

zamTris civi dReebisa da kuboSi yinulebis Calagebisa, iyo cxedris gaxrwnis saSiSroebac.

dro aRar iTmenda, epidemia ar klebulobda da bolos taxtis memkvidre giorgisTan

SeTanxmebiT gadawyda, mefis cxedari gardacvalebidan meormoce dRes pirdapir mcxeTaSi,

sveticxovlis taZarSi daekrZalaT.

erekles gamosvenebis dRes uamravma xalxma moiyara Tavi yorCibaSvil–rusiSvilebis

eklesiis garSemo, romelSic mefis kubo idga. TelavSi da Telavidan gasasvlel gzaze

xalxis teva ar iyo.

9И. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа. Часть II. САНКТПЕТЕРБУРГ, 1869, стр. 440-441. 10Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 73. 11И. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа. Часть II. САНКТПЕТЕРБУРГ, 1869, стр. 442–443. 12platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 120.

141

procesiis win cxenosani da qveiTi jari ganlagda ori zarbazniTurT. ormocdRiani

tirili, samgloviaro wirva-locva da galoba droebiT Sewyda. zarbaznebis baTqma da

Tofebis srolam xalxs auwya, rom erekles cxedars ukve miasvenebdnen mcxeTaSi. atyda

zarebis sulisSemZvreli rekva.

procesia daiZra, savaraudod gomboris gziT midiodnen. kubo xeliT mihqondaT.

erekles kubos xeliT tareba didi pativi iyo yvela qarTvelisaTvis. gzispira soflebSi

gamofenili xalxi xmamaRali tiriliT ukanasknel gzaze acilebda Tavis mefes.

rogorc Cans, dakrZalva, didi pompezurobiT ki iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, magram, Savi Wiris

epidemiis gamo, rogorc amas platon ioseliani aRniSnavs _ ̀ dResaswaulebiT~ ver moxerxda13.

aseve saeWvoa, rom dakrZalva warimarTa ise, rogorc amas winaswar, daviT reqtoris mier

Sedgenili ceremonialis gegma iTvaliswinebda.

***

òci aTasamde cxenosani da qveiTi mebrZoli miacilebda erekles kuboso~, – wers

rusi istorikosi p. butkovi, romelic dakrZalvis TviTmxilveli ar iyo, amdenad, igi sxva

wyaros eyrdnoba.

es ambavi, simarTles ar unda Seesabameodes da, rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa

dasamcirebladaa mogonili. amiT p. butkovi qarTvelebs TavianTi samSoblosa da mefisadmi

orgulobaSi sdebs brals, TiTqos qveyanas amcnobs: „ai, ra moRalate xalxi arian

qarTvelebi, mefem gadamwyveti brZolisTvis ori aTasi kacic ki ver Seagrova, mis kubos ki

oci aTasi meomari mihyvebodao. sad iyvnen isini maSin, roca uWirda mefes da qveyanaso.”

im dRes TelavSi marTlac Seikribeboda uamravi xalxi, albaT oci aTasze metic,

magram cnobilia, rom maSin qarTl-kaxeTSi, miT umetes marto kaxeTSi, am raodenobis

SeiaraRebul mebrZolTa Sekreba yovlad SeuZlebeli gaxldaT. oci aTasi mebrZoli

ereklesa da Teimurazs, qarTvelTa ricxobrivi simciris gamo, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

gaerTianebul jarSic ar hyoliaT da xSirad sxva qveynis mebrZolebs qiraobdnen saomrad.

garda amisa, Savi Wiris epidemiis gavrcelebis SiSi arsebobda, ris gamoc qarTlidan

kaxeTisken gadaadgileba SezRuduli iyo. Mmodaraje razmelebs imaTi mokvlis uflebac ki

hqondaT vinc ar daemorCileboda da unebarTvod, ZaliT wasvlas moindomebda kaxeTisaken.

oci aTasi meomari marTlac rom mosuliyo dakrZalvaze, rogorc p. butkovi

gvamcnobs, Sekrebili xalxis kolonebi jarTan erTad ramdenime kilometrze gaiWimeboda,

rac warmoudgenelia da rac romelime sxva istoriuli wyaroTi ar dasturdeba. albaT

marTalia cnobili istorikosi platon ioseliani, rodesac brZanebs: òdes mefe

gardaicvala Telavsa, Wiri ese iyo mizezi romel mcirediTa kaciTa da ara dResaswaulebiT

gadaitanes gvami mefisa mcxeTas dasasaflaveblad~14.

im dros bevri araswori da damamcirebeli iwereboda qarTvelebze da p. butkovis

monaTxrobic erT-erTi amgvaria. rasac zogjer, samwuxarod, qarTvelebic vimeorebT da amiT

Cvens istorias vayalbebT. aseTiA Aaraswori da qarTvelTa damamcirebeli ambebis

gavrceleba ruseTis imperias imisaTvis sWirdeboda raTa saqarTvelos ruseTTan

`nebayofilobiTi~ SeerTeba gaemarTlebinaT15.

***

Telavidan wamosuli, erTob SeTxelebuli procesia mesame dRes Tbiliss

mouaxlovda. Savi Wiris mZvinvarebis gamo mefis cxedari qalaqSi ver SeabrZanes da mcire

xniT mainc ver daasvenes sionSi. maxaTas mTis Ziras SeCerdnen, kubo Tbilisisaken Seabrunes,

TiTqos undodaT mefisTvis misi sayvareli da naamagari qalaqi ukanasknelad daenaxvebinaT.

Semdeg avWalisken daiZrnen. mcxeTis gamoRma, sveticxovlis gaswvriv miadgnen aragvs da

kubo mdinaris napirTan dadges. aragvis gaRma mcxeTelebi idgnen. procesiis mosvlisTanave

maT fexiT gadmovles aragvi, raTa mefis cxedari gadaebarebinaT. platon ioseliani wers:

13П. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, ч. II, САНКТПЕТЕРБУРГ. 1869. стр. 442–443. 14platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 120. 15iase cincaZe. aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze. Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 169.

142

„aragvis pirsa dadebuli kubo mefisa miiRes mcxeTelTa da daasaflaves da kaxni arRa

gasruli aragvsa ukuiqcen kaxeTad“16. kaxeTidan mosulebma kidev erTxel daasveles

cremliT mefis cxedari da ukan gabrundnen.

mcxeTelebi miuaxlovdnen da mowiwebiT Tayvani sces mefis cxedars, daiCoqes

kubosTan, Semdeg kubo aswies da ise frTxilad gadaatares aragvze, TiTqos cdilobdnen,

ar gaeRviZebinaT mxcovani, samSobloze fiqriT daRlili mZinare mefe.

kubo sveticxovlis karibWesTan miitanes da iq Semogebebul berebs gadaabares.

Telavidan wamosul WirisufalTagan aravin Sehyolia mcxeTaSi erekles cxedars,

garda samefo karis mRvdel qristefore badriZe-keJeraSvilisa. Savi WiriT daavadebis SiSiT

veravin ekareboda sveticxovlis midamoebs, radgan sveticxovlis ezo da TviT taZari savse

iyo avadmyofebiT. zogi maTgani cocxlad gadarCenis imediT, zogi ki gardauvali sikvdilis

molodinSi RvTis saxls iyvnen Sefarebulni da mis ganaCens elodnen.

qristefore badriZe-keJeraSvili iyo is moZRvari, vinc mefis ojaxs aRuTqva, rom

sakuTari sicocxlis gansacdelSi Cagdebis fasad, aRasrulebda yvela qristianul wess da

sakadrisad dakrZalavda mefes. qveynisa da mefis erTgulma moZRvarma, romelsac manamdec

bevri kargi saqme hqonda qveynisaTvis gakeTebuli, pirnaTlad moixada Tavisi vali – `Tavi

gamoimeta~, `saflavs miudga da emsaxura~, mcire AaRapic gadaixada17.

1799 wlis dekemberSi giorgi XII mRvdel qristefore badriZe-keJeraSvilisadmi

naboZeb sigelSi werda: „kurTxeuli mama Cveni Telavs miicvala, mcxeTas unda migvesvenebina.

mcxeTaSi didi Wiri iyo da svra. Sen dauTalabi Seiqmen, Tavi gamoimete,– rom me Sevyvebio

iaxel Tana qarTlidam kaxeTidama diax mravali xalxi axlda Tan, magram Sens meti aravin

Sehyolia, vinc Sig ar iyvnen mcxeTelT meti Wirianebi. iq saflavs miudeqi da emsaxure“18.

1798 wlis 21 Tebervals, kviras, sveticxovlis taZarSi dakrZales qarTl-kaxeTis mefe

erekle II. daasaflaves „mun marjvniT kerZo Sinagan didisa mis eklesiisa, qvemore pirispir

xatisa macxovrisa, meufisa qriste mxsnelisa Cvenisa“19.

Teimuraz Petriashvili Death and burring of King Erekle

Summary

The Kingdom of Eastern Georgia – Kartli and Kakheti Regions faced particular difficulties by the end of the 18th

century. There was a growing threat from Persia and Turkey and regular invasions from the North Caucasian tribes which

heavily disintegrated the country and decreased its population.

By this time King Erekle II Bagrationi, thedistinguished militaryleader well-known in Europe and Asia who

ruled the Kartli and Kakheti Kingdom since 1762 and Kakheti since 1745 had almost reached the age of 80 and was

experiencing serious health problems. In addition to that the epidemics of plague spread all over the country. Thousands

of people suffered and died of the epidemics.

Erekle II moved to Telavi, the second biggest city. His health gradually deteriorated. The brave king was

exhausted from numerous battles, conflicts, military and political problems. He had managed to protect Tbilisi, the capital

of Georgia and keep it unconquered for longer than 50 years as cultural, trade and political centre of the Caucasus. Only

in 1795 Persia managed to take over the city of Tbilisi.

On 11 January, 1798 Erekle II died. The whole country, representatives of every ethnic and religious groups

grieved over the beloved leader and the national mourning was declared in the whole of Georgia.

The funeral of the brave king was proposed in Svetitskhoveli – the Royal Cathedral in Mskheta, the ancient

capital. However due to the epidemics of plague in the ancient capital carrying out of Erekle II from Telavi to Mtskheta

was delayed for 40 days, but eventually the coffin was placed on the bank of the Aragvi river opposite of the Svetitskhoveli

Cathedral and later hand-carried across the river. Only the King’s private priest accompanied the coffin into the Cathedral

and led the funeral procession along with the people of Mtskheta in full accordance with the Christian rules and traditions.

16platon ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 120. 17saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 213-214. 18saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi. XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada a. ioselianma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 213-214. 19 Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT batoniSvilis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada T. enuqiZem. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 73.

143

magda WiqaberiZe, doqtoranti

1832 wlis SeTqmuleba dimitri yifianis memuarebis mixedviT

1832 wlis ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyves saqarTvelos maSindelma

progresulma Zalebma. maTi mizani iyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena. damarcxebis

miuxedavad, am SeTqmulebam didi roli iTamaSa saqarTveloSi erovnuli cnobierebis

aRorZinebis saqmeSi; kerZod, saTave daudo samocianelTa ideebs. dimitri yifiani erT-erTi

aqtiuri monawile iyo 1832 wlis SeTqmulebisa, romlis gamoaSkaravebis Semdeg igi

damnaSaveTa meoTxe kategorias miakuTvnes - „vinc ganzraxvaze Tanxmdeboda da monawileobas

iRebda SeTqmulebis arsebobis manZilze erT-erT wels, oRond ara qmediTad, xolo ajanyebis

ganzraxva icoda nawilobrivad“. igi vologdaSi gadaasaxles samoqalaqo samsaxuris

uflebiT, saidanac samSobloSi 1837 wels dabrunda da saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Cadga.

wlebis gasvlis Semdeg moxucebulma dimitri yifianma 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb

mogoneba dawera, romelsac „yazarmobis saqme“ uwoda. igi rusul JurnalSi, „ruskaia

starinaSi“, unda gamoqveynebuliyo, magram, samwuxarod, es ver moeswro, ramdenadac

TbilisSi ukve sxva ambebi datrialda da samocdaTormeti wlis dimitri yifiani Tavisi

pirdapirobiTa da principulobiT msxverplad Seewira did qarTul saqmes, saqarTvelos

Rirsebis dacvas.

„yazarmobis saqme“ „1832 wlis yazarmobis“ saxelwodebiT Sevida 1930 wels profesor

silovan xundaZis redaqtorobiT gamocemul dimitri yifianis „memuarebSi“. memuaristis mier

asaxuli masala istoriul pirvelwyaros warmoadgens da misi mniSvneloba am TvalsazrisiT

uaRresad didia. aranakleb sainteresoa avtoris damokidebuleba SeTqmulebisa da misi

monawileebis mimarT, vinaidan „ama Tu im epoqis suls xSirad ganwyobileba ufro mkafiod

gadmogvcems, vidre faqti“1.

memuaristi movlenaTa aRnusxvas iwyebs 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatiT. misi

SefasebiT, swored traqtatis pirobebis Seusruleblobam gamoiwvia saqarTvelos

dedaqalaqis akleba sparseTis mier 1795 wels. ruseTis ministri rezidenti kovalenski,

romelic im dros imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, dimitri yifianis azriT, Tavad iyo yvelaze

ufro mwvave da sruli gaugebroba. 1798-1799 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Semovidnen guliakovisa

da lazarevis polkebi. maleve ori rusi Cinovniki - generali lazarevi da ministri

kovalenski - erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen: maT saqarTveloze zrunvisTvis ar ecalaT. meore

mxriv, erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen samefo ojaxis wevrebi, rasac qveynisTvis cudis meti

araferi mohqonda.

dimitri yifianis azriT, qveyanaSi mosalodneli iyo didi areuloba, rac mohyveboda

sneuli mefis gardacvalebasa da mravalricxovan memkvidreebSi gaCaRebul brZolas; misive

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mefe giorgim - „avadmyofobiT dasustebulma da suliT-xorciT

dacemulma“ - sTxova ruseTis imperators, daemyarebina qarTl-kaxeTSi uSualo mmarTveloba,

raTa „moasvenos qveyana gareSe mtrebisaganac da Sinauri areulobisganaco“2.

memuarebis mixedviT, ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre jer uarze damdgara, Semdeg ki

daukmayofilebia mefe giorgis Txovna. dimitri yifianis SefasebiT, manifesti daiwera

sityvebiT, romlebic „cxadad gamohxatavdnen kurTxeuli aleqsandre imperatoris sruls

did-sulovnebasa da keTil ganzraxvebs“3. samwuxarod, „saxelmwifos didi aqtis“ sionSi

saxalxod gamocxadebis dros (1802 wlis 12 aprili) daSvebuli iqna „upatiebeli da

1dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 12. 2dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. qarTuli mwerloba. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 233. 3dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. qarTuli mwerloba. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 233.

144

daujerebeli“ Secdomebi, romlebic mdgomareobda SemdegSi: 1. sionamde misasvleli quCebi

rusis jariT aivso, risi saWiroebac ar iyo; 2. manifesti qarTulad ar iTargmna, ramac

rusuli enis ucodinarTa ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. xolo roca is sityvebi warmoTqves, rac

qarTulad sakmaod uxerxulad JRers („da sxva da sxvao“), taZarSi aRSfoTebis gamomxatveli

grgvinva atyda.

profesor Tamaz jologuas azriT, dimitri yifiani aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12

seqtembris cnobil manifests ganixilavda ara rogorc ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis

Semamzadebel politikur dokuments, aramed giorgi XII-is politikuri nebis

dakmayofilebasa da saqarTvelos nebayoflobiT SeerTebas ruseTTan4.

qarTl-kaxeTSi mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg (1801 w.) saqarTveloSi daiwyo axali, imperiuli

wes-wyobilebis damyareba, romelic ucxo da miuRebeli aRmoCnda qarTvelebisTvis.

ukmayofilebis talRa maleve agorda, bolos ki antiimperiul SeTqmulebaSi gadaizarda.

dimitri yifiani memuarebSi ganixilavs mizezebs, romlebmac moamwifa saqme, romelsac

oficialurad „erTi didi saxelmwifo saqme“ ewoda. es mizezebia:

- qarTl-kaxeTSi ucxo enisa da kanonmdeblobis damkvidreba;

- xalxis zne-Cveulebebisa da adaTebis ugulebelyofa;

- qveynis administraciaSi uvici da ugulo Cinovnikebis mosvla;

- samefo ojaxis qveynidan ayra-gadasaxleba;

- batonsa da ymas Soris urTierTobis gafuWeba.

dimitri yifiani ukmayofilebis, mRelvarebisa da ajanyebis mTavar mizezs sayovelTao

usamarTlobaSi xedavs, rac ruseTis mmarTvelobas mohyva saqarTveloSi. rus mmarTvelTa

da saerTod CinovnikTa sruli uvicoba da Tavxedoba, adgilobrivi cxovrebis wesis, adaT-

tradiciebis ucodinroba da sruli ugulebelyofa, xalxis abuCad agdeba, enobrivi barieri...

- yovelive aman Seqmna niadagi ajanyebebisa da qveynis ukeTes SvilTa SeTqmulebisaTvis.

„1832 wlis yazarmobaSi“ avtori ar saubrobs SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis sakuTar

mizezebsa da miznebze, dawvrilebiT arc gadasaxlebaSi gatarebul wlebs aRwers, magram

mniSvnelovania misi naazrevi SeTqmulebis monawile zogierTi piris daxasiaTebis

TvalsazrisiT; kerZod, dimitri yifianis cnobiT, 1832 wlis dekembris damdegs SeTqmuleba

gasca gubernatoris Zmam - iase falavandiSvilma. avtori ase aRwers masTan pirvel da

ukanasknel Sexvedras:

`Sesaxedaoba hqonda Zalian rigiani, magram tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami, garegnoba

atyuebso. es Sesaxedavad aseTi moridebuli, saTno adamiani, dauZinebeli mteri aRmoCnda

yoveli weswyobilebisa da amasTan iseTi sisxlismeli adamiani, romlis msgavsi Cems

sicocxleSi aravin ar Semxvedria.

misi aRgznebuli sityvebi imdenad mZvinvare da imdenad Seubralebeli iyo, rom iq

damswreTa umravlesobam didi zizRi igrZno im saqmisadmi, ris Cadenasac is urCevda da

yoveli misi rCeva sruliad ukuagdes“5... dimitri yifianis TqmiT, iase falavandiSvili

moiTxovda ramdenime warCinebuli qarTvelis, maT Soris Tavisi Zmis, nikolozis, mokvlas.

sainteresoa memuaristis mosazreba SeTqmulebis gacemis motivis Sesaxeb; kerZod: iase

falavandiSvilma gulis acrueba Seatyo SeTqmulebs da imis SiSiT, vinme gamcemi ar

gamoCndeso, saidumlo organizaciis dabezRebis qaRaldi mTavrobas warudgina, rasac

SeTqmulTa sayovelTao dapatimreba mohyva. dimitri yifiani wers, rom iase udides sasjels

imsaxurebda, rogorc `yvelaze mZvinvare SeTqmuli, saSineli ganzraxvebiT“6, magram mas

daufases ruseTis mTavrobis erTguleba da administraciul sasjels daajeres (fineTis

korpusSi gaamweses unteroficrad).

dimitri yifiani memuarebSi vrclad da sainteresod aRwers avlabris yazarmebSi

gatarebul periods. misi cnobiT, yvela patimari saTiTaod gamoamwyvdies sakanSi da imave

oTaxSi daraji miuCines, romelic saaTobiT xmis amouReblad da gaunZrevlad unda mdgariyo.

zedamxedvelTa yofa Cvensaze uaresi iyoo, aRniSnavs dimitri yifiani.

4T. jologua. bolosityva qarTuli mwerlobis XX tomisa. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 509-510. 5dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 146. 6dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 153.

145

sami Tvis Semdeg or-ori da sam-sami patimari Casves erT oTaxSi, ramac maTi xvedri

metad Seamsubuqa. Tavdapirvelad dimitri yifiani da zaal avTandilaSvili erT sakanSi

aRmoCndnen7, Semdeg ki Tekla batoniSvilis vaJebTan - aleqsandre da vaxtang orbelianebTan

- gadaiyvanes.

pirvel xanebSi patimrebs kargad epyrobodnen. dimitri yifianis TqmiT, „TiTon

aswrebdnen Cvens survilebs, gvaWmevdnen kargad, dilaze visac ra iameboda, imas gvaZlevdnen,

vis Cais, vis yavas da me ki kakaosa. saRamoobiT ki yvelas - Cais“8. patimrebs, aseve, ufleba

miecaT, esargeblaT Stabis biblioTekiT - ekiTxaT „sulis sacxovnebeli wignebi“; agreTve,

ojaxebidan gamoeTxovaT saWmeli da piradi nivTebi.

memuarebis mixedviT, mdgomareoba Seicvala sagamoZiebo komisiis axali Tavmjdomaris,

general Cevkinis, daniSvnis Semdeg. man daamyara axali wesi, romelic „gansxvavdeboda winad

miRebuli adamianuri da ase vTqvaT, ganaTlebuli mopyrobisagan“9. dimitri yifianis TqmiT,

raime iaraRiT wameba arc Cevkinis dros iyo, magram „SemoiRes fexebis dabraguneba, dayvireba,

Seteva; xan erTs gaiyvandnen kameridan, xan meores da calke daamwyvdevdnen, cariel xmel

purze, erTi dRiT ki ara, mTeli kviraobiT da TveobiTac“10.

gamoZiebam erT weliwads gastana. saqmeSi as kacze meti eria, romelTac sazogadoebaSi

TvalsaCino adgili eWiraT. memuarebis mixedviT, umetesoba administraciuli wesiT

gasamarTlda xelmwife-imperatoris brZanebiT, romelmac „Tavisi sidinje, mefuri

samarTlianoba gamoiCina“11 da damnaSaveebi msubuqad dasaja.

dimitri yifiani calke gamohyofs Tormet Tu camet kacs, romelnic samxedro wesiT

gaasamarTles general d. axlestiSevis TavmjdomareobiT. maTgan umaRlesi sasjeli miesaja

eqvs kacs - SeTqmulebis moTaveebs: elizbar erisTavs, aleqsandre da vaxtang orbelianebs,

mamuka orbelians, TaTar molla-zamans, solomon dodaSvils. dimitri yifiani xazgasmiT

aRniSnavs, rom ruseTis mTavrobas sikvdiliT aravin dausjia da Tuki vinme amas amtkicebs,

ùsircxvilod styuis~.

marTlac, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawileTaTvis gamotanili sasjeli imaze msubuqi

gamodga, vidre nikoloz I-isagan iyo mosalodneli. samecniero literaturaSi es faqti

axsnilia, rogorc imperiis mizanmimarTuli qmedeba, qarTveli aristokratiis

gadasabireblad, rom isini gamoeyenebinaT kavkasiaSi kolonizatoruli politikis

dasayrdenad12. arsebiTia iTqvas isic, rom am periodSi imperia dampyroblur oms awarmoebda

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da xels ar aZlebda saqarTveloSic gaemwvavebina viTareba.

SegviZlia davaskvnaT: dimitri yifiani Tavis memuarebSi aRwers 1832 wels saqarTveloSi

ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg dagegmil SeTqmulebas, es Canawerebi unda dabeWdiliyo

imperiis JurnalSi „ruskaia starina“; amis miuxedavad avtori sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom

memuarebis weris momentSi igi samocdaaTi wlis, savsebiT janmrTeli, sulierad

damSvidebuli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisgan Tavisufali adamiania da ixsenebs ambavs,

romelic mis Tvalwin moxda. Sesabamisad, dimitri yifianis mogonebebi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis

Sesaxeb erT-erTi sando da mniSvnelovani pirvelwyaroa.

7zaal (zaqaria) avTandilaSvili iyo dimitri yifianis siyrmis megobari. isini erTad swavlobdnen keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi; mogvianebiT maswavleblad muSaobdnen Tbilisis gimnaziaSi. swored zaqariam gaacno dimitri yifiani SeTqmulebs. 8qarTuli mwerloba. dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 244. 9qarTuli mwerloba. dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 247. 10qarTuli mwerloba. dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 247. 11qarTuli mwerloba. dimitri yifiani. memuarebi. t. XX. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 248. 12msjelobisaTvis ix.: T. jologua. komentarebi wignSi „dimitri yifiani - saSviliSvilo mokavSire. t. II. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 253.

146

Magda Chikaeridze

Conspiracy of 1832 according to Dimitri Kipiani Memoirs

Summary

In his memoirs Dimitri Kipiani describes Georgian conspiracy of 1832 organized against the Russian Empire;

Despite the fact that these memoirs were supposed to be published in the imperial journal – `Russkaya Starina~, the author

remarks that he objectively describes the story which took place in front of him. Therefore, Dimitri Kipiani’s memoirs of

1832 conspiracy represents one of the most reliable and important primary sources.

147

laSa deisaZe-SarvaSiZe, politikur mecnierebaTa magistri

erovnuli idea uwmidesisa da unetaresis kirionis SemoqmedebaSi

„qriste RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis da Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesaTvis. am patara

saqarTvelos gadavuReReT mkerdi da am mkerdzed, rogorc kldezed, davudgiT qristianobas

saydari, qvad Cveni Zvlebi vixmareT da kirad Cveni sisxli da bWeTa jojoxeTisaTa ver

Semusres igi“1 - brZanebs saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefe da eris ukverTxo sulieri mama,

wmida ilia marTali (WavWavaZe). WeSmaritad! Tu Tvals SevavlebT Cveni samSoblos

mravalaTaswlovan istorias, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT, sruliad erTi SexedviT martivad

SeimCneva auarebeli sisxli, godeba da misiT gamowveuli gmirobebi da mravali gmiri,

rogorc sasuliero dasidan, ise eriskacTagan. swored, maT rigebs, mowinave poziciaze

amSvenebs da abrwyinebs iseTi mravalmxriv Tavdadebuli moRvawe mSobeli erisa da

eklesiisa, rogoric gaxlavT uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqi kirion meore, romelic RvTis yovladsamarTlianma da yovladsaxierma gangebam

106 wlovani TvTiTmwyemsobis wyvetis Semdeg, avtokefaliaaRdgenili iveriis uZvelesi

samociqulo eklesiis pirvel mamamTavrad gamoarCia da daadgina. uwmidesi kirioni, erSi

giorgi ieronimes Ze saZagliSvili, RvTis Seucnobeli gangebiT, swored im urTules Jams

moevlina qveyanas, rodesac Cvens mraval-gzis kveTebul samSoblosa da qarTul devnil

eklesias martvilobis morigi, umZimesi uReli edga - ruseTis kolonialuri imperiisgan

ukanonod xel-yofili saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba da eklesiis antikanonikurad

gauqmebuli avtokefalia. swored, am erTob umZimesma, Tumca erovnuli suliskveTebiT

aRsavse epoqam Sva kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion meore, rogorc gulanTebuli mamuliSvili,

qarTuli erovnuli interesebisa da saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis fundamenturi

principebis Seudarebeli qomagi da Wirisufali. giorgi saZagliSvilma, Tavisi droisaTvis

SesaniSnavi ganaTleba miiRo, rogorc saRvTismetyvelo, ise saero kuTxiT, rac Semdeg, Tavis

moRvaweobaSi mTlianad Seswira da moaxmara mSobeli erisa da eklesiis keTildReobis

saukunovan misias.

misi erovnuli suliskveTeba da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba mefis ruseTis moxeleTa did

ukmayofilebas iwvevda. am mizeziT masze, saero xelisuflebis mier mkacri meTvalyureoba

iyo dawesebuli. arc imJamindeli „sasuliero xelisufleba“ aklebda xels, raTa yovelmxriv

SeeviwrovebinaT episkoposi kirioni, rogorc mefis mTavrobisaTvis arasaimedo pirovneba,

rac sabolood imiT dasrulda, rom is gadaiyvanes goris eparqiidan ruseTSi, kerZod

kamenec-podolskis eparqiaSi da metic, mas saerTod aukrZales samSobloSi moRvaweoba.

Tumca, aRniSnulma veragobam da mSobliur garemos mowyvetam ver gatexa meufe kirioni,

rogorc mSobeli qveynis erTguli moamage da moWirnaxule. is piruku, ucxo mxareSi

gadasaxlebuli, iqedan amxnevebda Tavis megobrebsa da erTgul TanamebrZolebs. 1902 wels,

episkoposi kirioni saukeTeso momavlis sasoebiT, Tavis axlo megobars, mRvdel ioseb

CijavaZes werda: `kacis sicocxleSi sami SesaniSnavi xanaa: dabadeba, cxovreba da sikvdili.

pirvels uneblieT orive mosdevs, vera xorcieli kaci am kanons ver ascdeba. rogorc kacs

neba ar aqvs, dahgmos Tavisi dabadebis dRe, agreTve ar unda daemduros cxovrebis Carxisagan

misTvis miniWebul beds... CemTvis marad saRmrTo iqneba is ltolvileba, romelsac

miveswrafebodi. Cem sicocxleSi Cemi warmatebisTvis ar mizrunia: arc oqro izidavda Cems

guls da arc jildo, piradi Cemi interesebi didi xania uarvyav. bevri usamarTloba

gamomivlia, magram TanagrZnobisaTvis aravisTvis Tavi ar Semiwyevinebia. mtrebisTvis

samagiero ar gadamixdia, Tumca SemeZlo da garemoebac xels miwyobda. dee, droebiT

1ilia WavWavaZe. saaxalwlo milocva. 1887, 31 dekemberi.

148

iparpaSon cbierebam, orpirobam da dambezReblobam... dadgeba dro, usamarTloba

daiTrguneba, moispoba pirisagan qveynisa da WeSmariteba gamefdeba. mxolod moTmineba unda,

moTmineba! Tumca, saqme Tavad mainc ar gakeTdeba, qadebi cidan ar Cacviva. ufalma brZana:

eZiebdiT da hpoulobdiTo. Zieba aris Sroma xangrZlivi da Tavdadebuli“.2

episkopos kirions gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli materialuri da sulieri

kulturis siZveleTa gadarCenisa da popularizaciis saukunovan misiaSi. misi moRvaweobis

erT-erT amosaval wertils mudam warmoadgenda Zveli xelnawerebis, saistorio

dokumentebis, samonastro arqivebisa da numizmatikuri nimuSebis Segroveba da mecnieruli

damuSaveba. meufe kirionis dainteresebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan sakiTxi gaxldaT saojaxo

arqivebSi dacul xelnawerTa moZieba. man gamoikvlia araerTi qarTuli warCinebuli gvaris

STamomavalTa ojaxebSi Semonaxuli masalebi. mRvdelmTavari sakuTari saxsrebiT iZenda

fasdaudebel xelnawerebsa da uangarod gadascemda saqarTvelos saeklesio muzeumebs,

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas, saqarTvelos saistorio

saeTnografio sazogadoebas. „arqivis masalas didi mniSvneloba aqvs mecnierulis mxriv.

amas Cvens droSi aravin ar uaryofs. arqivi aris marTali matiane moRvaweebzed da maT

moqmedebazed. misi piriT, TviT WeSmariteba RaRadebs. is muzaa istoriisa, namdvili ZaliT

wers Tavis ganaCens sazogadoebazed da maT warsul moRvaweebzed. arqivis TvaliT

gvicqerian Cven, Cvenni winaparni da misi SemweobiT SegviZlian Tvali gadavavloT Cven maT

moqmedebas da Rvawls“3 - aRniSnavda episkoposi kirioni.

mRvdelmTavari mecnierulad swavlobda qarTul agiografias, sazRvargareTul qarTul

samonastro centrebsa da maT istorias, agreTve saRvTo werilis qarTul Targmanebs.

episkopos kirionze, rogorc mamuliSviluri SemarTebiT aRsavse mkvlevarze,

umniSvnelovanes da srul warmodgenas gviqmnis misi kapitaluri naSromi „iveriis

kulturuli roli ruseTis istoriaSi“. aRniSnul, sqeltanian naSromze muSaobisas, meufe

kirions sakmaod didi wnexis qveS uwevda cxovreba, vinaidan mas, rogorc samSoblos

Tavdadebul, moamage Wirisufalsa da mgznebare avtokefalists daswames egzarqos nikonis

mkvlelobaSi monawileoba da policiis meTvalyureobis qveS sanaqsaris udabnoSi iqna

gadasaxlebuli, sadac autaneli pirobebi gaxldaT Seqmnili, Tumca man, xsenebul naSromze

SemarTebuli muSaobiT, yvelasTvis cxadi gaxada, rom misi sulierad gatexva SeuZlebeli

iyo. aRniSnul Txzulebas, episkoposi kirioni Tavis „nabolara Svils“ uwodebda. „saocaria,

magram rusebi dRes, naxevradvelur vogulebsa da loasrebs ufro icnoben, vidre

erTmorwmune qarTvelebsa da maT istorias da es maSin, roca qarTvelebi TavianTi

qristianuli RvawliT, maRali erovnuli kulturiT imsaxureben ufro didsa da mTavaria

seriozul yuradRebasa da Seswavlas... rusul enaze ar arsebobs keTilsindisieri da

safuZvliani naSromi saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb“- werda Tavisi naSromis dasawyisSi,

episkoposi kirioni. mRvdelmTavarma vrclad warmoaCina im netarxsenebul qarTvelTa

mniSvnelovani Rvawli, romlebmac V-XII saukuneebSi saxeli gaiTqves qristianul

aRmosavleTSi. episkoposi kirioni erTmniSvnelovnad miiCnevda, rom istoriuli cnobebi da

TanamedroveTa gadmocemebi calsaxad cxad-hyofs, rom konstantinepolis dacemamde da

Semdeg periodSi, qarTvelebi da maTi mefeebi warmoadgendnen qristianuli aRmosavleTisa

da misi siwmindis mTavar damcvelebs.

episkopos kirionis saxelze iricxeba gamorCeuli Rvawli „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisa“ da „saqarTvelos saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis“

winaSe gaweuli. man xsenebul saistorio sazogadoebas usaxsovra „vefxistyaosnis“ ucnobi

xelnaweri da „pavlenis“ erT-erTi Zveli gamocema. agreTve, igi mudam Seeweoda sazogadoebas

finansuri kuTxiT. aRniSnuli amagi, sazogadoebis mier 1911 wels aRniSnuli iqna

oficialuri samadlobeli weriliT, xolo 1913 wels, meufe kirioni erTxmad airCies

saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis sapatio wevrad.

2eldar bubulaSvili. „daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)“._

gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, #9-12. 3sergo vardosaniZe. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II (1855-1918w.w.). Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 55-56.

149

episkoposma kirionma iTava gamorCeuli mamuliSviluri misia da swored, misi didi

mondomebiTa da RvawliT, 1904 wels, peterburgis sasuliero akademiasTan gaixsna

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kaTedra, romelsac 97 bibliografiuli uiSviaTesi wigni

Tavad mRvdelmTavarma gadasca. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kaTedris gaxsnas win

uZRoda urTulesi procesebi rusuli saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis mxridan, Tumca

RvTis nebiTa da wyalobiT, meufe kirionma, am kuTxiT SeuZlebeli SeZlo da faqtobrivad,

xsenebuli mamuliSviluri qmedebiT, im droisaTvis rusul saero da sasuliero sivrces

oficialurad aRiarebina saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc mecnierulad Sesaswavli

mravalsaukunovani istoriis mqone uZvelesi samociqulo saydari.

friad gamorCeuli da aRsaniSnavia, episkopos kirionis zrunva qarTveli niWieri

axalgazrdobisadmi. man piradi mondomebiTa da sakuTari saxsrebiT miaRebina ganaTleba

ramdenime aTeul axalgazrdas ucxoeTis umaRles saswavleblebSi. maT Soris gaxldnen:

nestor leJava (SemdgomSi quTaTeli mitropoliti, 1924 wlebis bolSevikuri represiebis

msxverpli da aw wmidanad kanonizirebuli), aleqsi giorgaZe (SemdgomSi, aseve quTaTeli

mitropoliti, romelic mowamvlis Sedegad mokles 1918 wels), korneli kekeliZe, samoel

comaia da sxvebi. materialur SemweobasTan erTad, amagdari mRvdelmTavari maTi sulieri

megobari da yovelmxriv gverdiT mdgomi gaxldaT. 1907 wlis 20 ivnisiT daTariRebul

samadlobel werilSi, mRvdeli ioseb CijavaZe episkopos kirions werda: „didi saqmea Cveni

samSoblosaTvis, rom 12-15 kacs uzrdi, ganaTlebas aZlev... egre rom emsaxuraT 3-4 kacs

CvenSi, exla saqarTvelo bevrad ganaTlebuli da win wasuli iqneboda4. “SemdgomSi cnobili

akademikosi, korneli kekeliZe Tavis did maswavlebelsa da qomags, episkopos kirions werda:

„Zvel ebraelebs Cveulebad hqondaT - yvelaze saukeTesos uZRvnidnen Semoqmeds. Cems pirvel

naSroms, romelic Tqveni STagonebiTa da SemweobiT Seiqmna, giZRvniT Tqven!“5 meufe kirionis

xsenebulma genialurma da Sorsgamiznulma qmedebam, Tavisi keTili nayofi mTeli sisavsiT

gamoiRo da mis stipendiatTagan mravali, cnobili saeklesio moRvawe, erisa da eklesiisTvis

damaSvrali mamuliSvili da SesaniSnavi mecnieri gaxda, romlebmac fasdaudebeli amagi

dasdes Cvens samSoblosa da qarTul samociqulo eklesias. am kuTxiT, mxolod korneli

kekeliZis xsenebac ki kmara. swored, episkopos kirionis gamorCeuli Rvawli da Semweoba

gaxldaT erT-erTi umTavresi faqtori, rom qarTul mecnierebas korneli kekeliZis saxiT

moepoveba Seudarebeli talanti mecnieri.

episkoposma kirionma - saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis daucxromelma

mebrZolma, rogorc praqtikuli kuTxiT, ise samecniero moRvaweobiT, ganuzomeli amagi

dasdo qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis kanonierebis dasabuTebas. metad

sainteresoa misi polemikuri werilebi ivane vostorgovisa da misi msgavsi antiqarTvelebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli. gamorCeuli aRniSvnis Rirsia, 1906 wlis sinodis sxdomebze, meufe

kirionis mier, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis kanonierebis sakiTxze wakiTxuli oTxi

moxseneba. aRniSnul sxdomebze, episkopos kirionis gamosvlas mowinaaRmdegebzec ki didi

STabeWdileba mouxdenia. xsenebul sakiTxs, man miuZRvna monografia „saqarTvelos

saegzarqosos istoria“, romelic dRemde ar kargavs aqtualobasa da warmoadgens erTaderT

ganmazogadebel mecnierul naSroms qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriuli

samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.

episkoposi kirioni didi da Rrmad gulismieri sixaruliT miesalma 1917 wlis 12 marts,

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas. aRniSnuli saukunovani aqtis aRsaniSnavad,

friad gaxarebulma qarTvelma mRvdelmTavarma, ruseTidan gamogzavnil werilSi, Semdegi

sityvebiT mimarTa qarTvel xalxsa da avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis damaSvral sasuliero

dass: „gilocavT avtokefalias! xundebi aexsna Cvens sruliad iveriis eklesias, radganac

damonebuli iyo Cveni erovnuli siwminde, mdabio erad iyo qceuli qarTveli xalxi, tanjvis

4eldar bubulaSvili. daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)._ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, gv. #9-12. 5eldar bubulaSvili. daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)._ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, gv. #9-12.

150

cremls Rvrida, axla ki sixarulis cremlsa vafrqvevT. gaumarjos Tavisufali qveynis

Tavisufal eklesias!“6

avtokefaliis gamocxadebis Semdeg, qarTveli sasuliero da saero pirTa didi nawili

moiTxovda, rom ruseTidan CamoeyvanaT gulmxurvale avtokefalisti, episkoposi kirioni

da swored, igi yofiliyo arCeuli qarTuli eklesiis mamamTavrad. Tavis mxriv, rusuli

caristuli manqanis erTguli msaxurebi acnobierebdnen ra episkopos kirionis gamorCeul

pirovnebasa da mis fass, amitom misi dawinaureba gadawyvites da SesTavazes ruseTis

eklesiaSi, erTi udidesi da umniSvnelovanesi kaTedris _ peterburgisa da ladogis

mitropoliis mitropolitoba, razec, meufe kirionma myisieri da mtkice uari ganacxada. 1917

wlis zafxulSi, erisa da eklesiisTvis damaSvrali didad natanji mRvdelmTavari dabrunda

sanatrel samSobloSi. imave wlis 17 seqtembers, saeklesio krebam, xmaTa umravlesobiT igi

airCia avtokefaliaaRdgenili saqarTvelos eklesiis pirvel mamamTavrad - sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad da mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposad. metad urTules

viTarebaSi mouxda uwmidessa da unetares kirion meores, saqarTvelos mamamTavris umZimesi

jvris zidva. mis winaaRmdeg mravali intriga ixlarTeboda, Tumca RvTis SewevniTa da

piradi Rrma erudiciisa da kolosaluri gamocdilebis fonze, patriarqi umklavdeboda

mavanTa mxridan ganxorcielebul Semotevebs. man saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRiarebis mizniT, mimarTvebi daugzavna msoflios marTlmadidebeli da

aramarTlmadidebeli eklesiebis meTaurebs. sxva mravali sasikeTo saqmis gakeTebac surda...

im sabediswero dRes, 1918 wlis 26 ivniss, roca uwmidesi patriarqi mRvdel-monazon

tarasisTan (kandelaki) erTad martyofs mieSureboda dasasveneblad, misTvis ganucxadebia:

„aucileblad mogonebebi unda davwero Cveni eklesiis uaxlesi warsulis Sesaxeb.

STamomavlobam unda icodes yovelive is, rasac albaT, Cveni istoria ver Semoinaxavs“7.

samwuxarod, patriarqis aRniSnuli ganzraxva sisruleSi ver iqna moyvanili, radgan, gvian

RamiT, igi veragulad mokles martyofis sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi.

Caesvena kidev erTi kaSkaSa da pirovnulad uSreti mze saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiisa

da qarTveli erisa... misi saxiT wuTisofeli datova da zesTasofels SeuerTda epoqaluri

moRvawe, mRvdelmTavari da mamamTavari, romlis saeklesio da erovnuli moRvaweobis

brwyinvale sinTezi Rrmad sasikeTod efineboda Cveni didad SeWirvebuli qarTuli

eklesiisa da mravalgzis kveTebuli qarTveli xalxis momaval keTildReobas. uwmidesi da

unetaresi kirioni warmoadgens maradiul saxes qarTveli eris ucvleli sulieri mamisa da

mwyemsmTavrisa. kaTolikos-patriarq efrem meores, misdami Rrma pativgebis gamosaxatavad,

sapatriarqos kancelariis oTaxSi, kaTolikos-patriarq kirion meores gadidebuli suraTi

ekida da araerTzgzis aRniSnavda Turme: „daakvirdiT mis saxes! saukuneebis siRrmidan

mosuli gegonebaT.“ WeSmaritad! uwmidesi da unetaresi kirioni gaxldaT im fesvuZvelesi da

gautexeli qarTuli erovnuli suliskveTebis uRalato damtevi da gamtarebeli, romelic

uxsovar droidan dRemde cxovelsmyofelobas da simtkices sZens qarTul erovnul

TviTmyofadobasa da TviTSegnebas.

daucxromelad evedros wmida mRvdelmowame kirionma, viTarca didad naRvawma da natanjma

mamamTavarma yovladZlier da mravamowyale RmerTs Tavisi samwysosaTvis - deda RvTis

wilxvedri uxvsisxlnadeni, Tumca sulgautexeli saqarTvelosaTvis.

6eldar bubulaSvili. daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)._ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, gv. #9-12. 7eldar bubulaSvili. daCagruli erisa da eklesiis qomagi, wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili)._ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, 2005, gv. #9-12.

151

Lasha Deisadze-Sharvashidze

National idea of creation of His Holiness and Beatitude Kirion

Summary

This resume represents of analysis of the accomplishments of His Holiness and Beatitude Catholicos-Patriarch

of all Georgia and Archbishop of Mtskheta Kirion the second and gives us a clear description of his distinctive devotion

to his own country and mother church. Catholicos-Patriarch Kirion the second played a major role in validating the

autocephaly of the Georgian Apostolic Orthodox Church and researching vital ancient documentation. With his help, tens

of young people had been sent abroad for education, who returned with a huge devotion and commitment to serve home

country and the church.

His Holiness and Beatitude Catholicos-Patriarch of all Georgia and Archbishop of Mtskheta Kirion the second

from early youth till the day he was killed, had shown a confound dedication and loyalty to our country and the ancient

Georgian Apostolic Orthodox Church.

152

irakli lorTqifaniZe, Teologiis magistri

aRsaydrebaUuwmindesisa da unetaresis kirion meorisa

`yovlad samRvdelo episkoposi kirioni. ucxoeTSi myofi, istorikosi, kargad mkvlevari saqarTvelos eklesiis da

eris istoriis, cnobili mTel ruseTSi da rusul istoriul mwerlobaSiac“1.

zaqaria WiWinaZe

dRes iveriis uZvelesi eklesia pativs miagebs did mamamTavars uwmindessa da unetares

kirions... qarTuli kulturis didi moRvawe kirion meore im gamorCeul mamamTavarTa ricxvs

amSvenebs, romelTac fasdaudebeli amagi dasdes msoflio eklesiis saganZurSi saqarTvelos

warmoCenas, qarTveli xalxis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas, eris siZveleTa movla-

patronobas, sulierebis gadarCenasa da mravalsaukunovan tradiciebs.

wminda pavle mociquli samaradJamo mcnebas gvaZlevs: „moixseneniT winamZRvarni igi

Tqvenni, romelni getyodes Tqven sityvaTa maT RmrTisaTa; da xedvidiT gamosvlasa mas

cxovrebisa maTisasa, da baZevdiT sarwmunoebasa maTsa“ (ebr. 13,7).2

swored aseTi misabaZi da samagaliTo pirovneba brZandeboda kaTalikosi kirioni.

patriarqis arCevnebi

1917 wlis 17 seqtembers, Tbilisis sionis taZarSi, samRvdelo dasman da mRvdelmTavarTa

krebulman, yovelTa morwmuneTa saqarTvelos eklesiisaTa erTiTa nebiTa, erTiTa guliTa

da erTiTa piriTa aRirCies episkoposi kirion, STagonebiTa RmrTisaTa, mTavarepiskoposad

mcxeTisa da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikoz-patriarqad.

1917 wlis 9 seqtembers TbilisSi gaixsna sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba, rogorc

gazeTi „saqarTvelo“ iuwyeboda krebas Tavjdomareobdnen mitropoliti leonide, giorgi

Juruli, trifon jafariZe, spiridon kedia. krebam ganixila saqarTvelos avtokefaluri

eklesiis eparqiebis, sakaTalikozo sabWos Seqmnis sakiTxebi. msjelobis sagani iyo

saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavarTa sakiTxic. saxeldobr, saWiro iyo Tu ara

mitropolitis pativis arseboba saqarTvelos eklesiaSi. xmaTa umravlesobiT es sakiTxi

dadebiT gadawyda. Seiqmna saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-patriarqis arCevnebis xmis damTvleli

komisia dekanoz nikita TalakvaZis TavjdomareobiT. 17 seqtembers dainiSna kaTalikoz-

patriarqis arCevnebi3.

1917 wlis 17 seqtembers, I saeklesio krebaze, romelsac 441 delegati eswreboda, 231

delegatma xma misca episkopos kirions, man 11 xmiT gauswro mitropolit leonides da

kirioni arCeul iqna saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad4.

kirionis kaTalikosad arCevasTan dakavSirebiT saintesoa krebis Tavjdomaris anCisxatis

dekanozis nikita TalakvaZis mogoneba, sadac is mogviTxrobs Semdegs: „1917 wlis 17

enkenisTves sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis arCevnebi moxda sionis taZarSi.

arCevnebi daiwyo dRis pirvel saaTze da dasrulda samze. arCevnebis dros kirionica da

leonidec sionis ezoSi iyvenen, cal-calke oTaxSi. rom gamoirkva kenWis yra, Semoiyvanes

1zaqaria WiWinaZe. nikoloz besarionis Ze RoRoberiZe da qarTuli stamba 1627-1913 wlebSi. Tbilisi, 1914.

2axali aRTqma. Tbilisi, 2011, გვ. 595. 3sergo vardosaniZe. kirion II. ozurgeTi, 1994, gv. 20.

4sergo vardosaniZe. qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI saukuneebSi). Tbilisi, 2010,

gv. 67-68.

153

jer leonide, romelic unda mihgebeboda karibWeSi kirions! Seimosa da miegeba kirions,

romelic Semoiyvana taZarSi arqimandritebma5.

axlad gamorCeul patriarqs mitropolitma leonidem mokle sityviT mimarTa: „me

miorkecdeba Zal-Rone, rom marto ar var da megulebiT Cveni eklesiis umaRles

xelmZRvanelad. fics vdeb, mTeli Cemi arsebiT dagexmaroT tvirTis zidvaSi, Cveni eklesiis

saqmis gaZRolaSi“6.

krebis Tavjdomaris mogonebidan: „kirionma dinjad, auRelveblad daiWira ambioni da

iqidan krebas mimarTa sityviT, madloba Seswira krebas da orive xeliT jvari gadasaxa.

igrgvina krebam „aqsios“!„aqsios“!„aqsios“! Semdeg vigalobeT „dRes samRrToman madlman“...

sionidan kaTolikosi am galobiT da litaniobiT, mTelma krebam da quCaSi SemoerTebulma

zRva xalxma, leonidTan erTad, waviyvaneT da davabinaveT „sakaTalikoso sasaxleSi“7

rogorc dekanozi nikita aRniSnavs imdeni ram iyo gasakeTebeli „eyofoda eg „saqme“ aT

kirionsa da oc leonidsac!8

aRsaydreba

dadga bednieri dRe, iveriis eklesiaSi, rodesac ganaxlda sveticxovlis kaTedralSi

mamamTavarTa aRsaydreba. am dResTan dakavSirebiT igonebs dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe:„dRes

moxda kaTalikos kirion meores „intronizacia“ anu kaTalikosis kaTedraze

dabrZaneba!...Seasrules dRes mcxeTaSi. did-Zali xalxi iyo. kaTalikoss mefuri „Sexvedra“

gaukeTes mcxeTis rkinigzis sadgurze. leonidec mis gverdiT iyo da yvela ierarqebi!9

wesi episkoposad xeldasxmisa, aseve kaTalikosad kurTxevisa da saydrad aRyvanebisa

uZvelesi droidanvea naTargmni qarTulad; ar igulisxmeba locvebi da formulebi, romelic

meTerTmete saukunidan wminda eqvTime aTonelis redaqciiT ixmareboda CvenSi. rac Seexeba

„ceremonialur“ nawils, Zvel qarTul xelnawerebSi ar arsebobda mxolod anton

kaTalikosma Targmna is pirvelad meTvramete saukuneSi ruseTis eklesiis

„arqieratikonidan“10 Tumca „aRsarebaTa“ da locvaTa redaqciebi Zveleburad datova,

rogorc es gvxvdeba meCvidmete saukunis berZnul „alliaciis“ evqologionSi11.

„wesi kaTalikozad kurTxevisa“ pirvelad meaTe saukunis evqologionSi (saekl.muz.86)

gvxvdeba. mis meore redaqcias gelaTis erT-erTi xelnaweri Seicavs12.

1917 wels, dekanoz korneli kekeliZis gamocemul wignSi „wesi episkoposad xeldasxmisa“

mocemulia kaTalikosad aRsaydrebis wesi („tipikoni“ SeniSvnebiT). aRniSnul gamocemaSi

SeerTebulia es ori redaqcia. „saydrad aRyvaneba“, warmodgenilia Tanaxmad saberZneTis

eklesiis praqtikisa, radgan Cvens liturgikul mwerlobaSi amis Sesaxeb garkveuli cnobebi

ar Semonaxula13.

episkopos kirionis aRsaydreba swored zemoT aRniSnuli tipikonis mixedviT moxda.

kaTalikosad gamorCeuli Seimoseba Sua taZarSi kaTedraze, xolo mRvdelmTavarni

sakurTxevelSi, am dros sruldeba Jamnoba.

mcire gamosvlis dros rodesac ganTavsdeba sasuliero dasi kaTedris marjvena da marcxena mxares, protodiakoni ityvis: „uflisa mimarT vilocoT“,

mgalobelni: „ufalo Segviwyalen“.

upiratesi mRvdelmTavari: kaTolikosad arCeuli locvebis wakiTxvis dros kaTedraze muxls moiyris, moixdis mitras; upiratesi mRvdelmTavari waikiTxavs locvas: „RmerTo

romelman, yovelive Seqmen...“14

1917 wels, Jurnal „sveticxovelSi“ daibeWda aRsaydrebis dRes warmoTqmuli sityva kirion

meorisa, romlidanac amonarids movitan: „saqarTvelos eklesiam, asis wlis monobis Semdeg,

5dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 50-51. 6mitropoliti anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria. Tbilsi, 2009, gv. 1111.

7dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 50-51. 8dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 50-51. 9dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 50-51.

10arqieratikoni-samRvdelmTavro kondaki. 11didi kurTxevani. 12korneli kekeliZe. wesi, romeli iqmnebis xeldasxmasa zeda episkopozisa. Tbilisi, 1917, gv. 3. 13korneli kekeliZe. wesi, romeli iqmnebis xeldasxmasa zeda episkopozisa. Tbilisi, 1917, gv. 2-4. 14korneli kekeliZe. wesi, romeli iqmnebis xeldasxmasa zeda episkopozisa. Tbilisi, 1917, gv. 32.

154

kvlav hpova mowyaleba RvTisa da daibruna Tvisi damoukidebloba. amieridan ,,arRara varT

mona, aramed aznaur“. qarTvelma erma ama wlis 17 seqtembers damadgina me uRirsi axlad

aRdgenil Tvisisa eklesiisa mned da saWeTmpyrobelad. aRval ra mcxeTis Zvel sapatriarqo

saydarzed, mogmarTavT yvelas mociqulis sityvebiT: ,,madli uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi

da siyvaruli RvTisa mamisa da ziareba sulisa wmidisa iyavn yovelTa Tana“. sayvarelo

samSoblo, RvTis dedis wilxdomolo, brZmedsa Sina tanjva-vaebisasa ganwmendilo! SenTvis

tanjuli, Sengan ganSorebuli, SenTvis mtirali, marad Senken moswrafebuli, dRes

ganvisveneb tkbilsa wiaRsa Sensa Sina, ara viTarca Svili uZRebi, aramed viTarca mesaidumle

da sinidisi eklesiisa Senisa...“15 ..movel ara viTarca mne, sasyidliT dadginebuli, aramed

viTarca mne erTguli da marad morCili da siyvaruliT aRvsili..16,,WeSmaritad saRmrTo, did

da aRmatebul ars wmidai ese msaxureba, romlisaTvis, - Tqmulisaebr wmidisa ioane

oqropirisa, - saWiro ars Zali da buneba angelozTa“17. asi wlis monobis gamo Seirya

saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyobri cxovreba, eris gulTan SeTanxmebuli; dairRva kavSiri, gaqra

suli cxoveli.,,RmerTo, Sewevnasa Cemsa moxeden; ufalo, Sewevnad Cemda iswrafe“ (fs. 69,3).

amin. umdablesi da uRirsi kirion, sruliad saqarTveloUs kaTolikoz patriarqi. q. tfilisi,

19 oqtombers 1917 w.18

marTalia saeklesio krebam kaTolikos patriarqad uwmindesi da unetaresi kirioni II

airCia, magram ar gaauqma tfileli mitropolitis Tanamdeboba... kirion II arCevis Semdeg

mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposobac misi unda yofiliyo. kirions sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi wirvis Catarebis uflebac ar hqonda. iq tfileli mitropoliti leonide swiravda.

xolo kirioni anCisxatis mcire eklesiaSi aRavlenda saRmrTo liturgias19.

wirvis Semdeg sadili gaimarTa samTavros dedaTa monasterSi! xalxi zeimobda taZris

ezoSi. kaTalikosis aRsaydrebas20.

saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauris Sesamoseli da regaliebi

Mmsoflios avtokefaluri eklesiis meTaurTagan saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqebis,

Sesamoseli da regaliebi rigi TaviseburebebiT gamorCeuli da gansxvavebulia. misi aRwera

mocemuli aqvs istorikoss mose janaSvils, sadac is wers: kaTolikoz-patriarqTa

Sesamoseli: Savi bartyula, romelzedac Cakerebuli iyo ori serafimi margalitebiTa da

sxva Zvirfasi qvebiTa, imazedve Zvirfasi jvari, wamosasxami mantia xaverdisa vercxlis

winwklebiT, mitra jvriTa da kbilebiani gvirgviniT. mRvdelmoqmedebis dros ori panagia

jvaredinad. 1800 wels imperatorma pavle I-ma anton II-s uboZa TeTri bartyula

serafimebiT21.

daskvna

kirionma aRsaydrebisas sveticxovlis taZarSi sadac ganisvenebs kacTaTvis xelSesaxebi,

yvelaze didi siwminde „sveti-cxoveli“ da zegardamoqsovili „sauflo kvarTi“ aRTqma

dado erTguli msaxurebisa. is brZanebda: „miviReb aRrCevasa qristes morwmunisa erisasa da

mosruli winaSe RvTivaRmarTebulisa amis brwyinvale svetisa da kvarTisa cxovelmyofelisa

aRTqmasa vhyof saRmrToTa wesTa da sarwmunoebisa dacvisaTvis, - erTgulebisaTvis ama

kaTolike eklesiisa da Tavisa da sulisa dadebisaTvis, vidre sisxlis daTxevamde erisa

Cemisa keTildReobisaTvis. aRWurvili var cxoveliTa sarwmunoebiTa, rom meoxebiTa da

vedrebiTa yovelTa wmidaTa iveriis eklesiisaTa warimarTos saqme keTilad da sadidebelad

RvTisa“.22

15Jurnali „sveticxoveli“, 1917, N4, gv. 2. 16Jurnali „sveticxoveli“, 1917, N4, gv. 2. 17Jurnali „sveticxoveli“, 1917, N4, gv. 2. 18Jurnali „sveticxoveli“, 1917, N4, gv. 2-3. 19sergo vardosaniZe. kirion II. ozurgeTi, 1994, gv. 21.

20dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 53. 21mose janaSvili. saqarTvelos saekklesio istoria. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 149.

22Jurnali `sveticxoveli~, 1917, N4, gv. 3.

155

kaTolikos patriarq kirionis gardacvalebiT, kidev erTi manaTobeli lampari daSrta

imdroindel iveriis eklesiaSi. misi mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba Cans mis biografiul cnobebsa

da naSromebSi. mamamTavari, romelic iRvwoda Tavisi erisa da uwmindesi eklesiis

samsaxurSi, eriskacobidan vidre patriarqobamde.

„Cveni eklesiis xomaldis saWeTmpyroblad mogiwodeT, namdvilad ki es saWe xelidan

gamogacaleT.“ kirionis cxedris win brZana dekanozma nikita TalakvaZem.

tragikuli gamodga saqarTvelosTvis 1918 wlis 26 agvisto, moulodneli da saSineli iyo

misi amgvari gardacvaleba. Tumca, misi pativgeba da xsovna, marad iqneba imaT gulebSi, visac

amoukiTxavs da smenia mis Sesaxeb. Cveni valia vicodeT, pativs mivagebdeT da Sendobas

vTxovdeT uwmindess imis gamo, rom Sesabamisad ver davafaseT misi saxeli. patriarqisa

romelsac SeiZleba iTqvas ar apaties qarTveloba da saqarTvelos eklesiis

mravalsaukunovani, ukanonod gauqmebuli avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis brZola.

kaTalokos-patriarqma kirionma, Seamko da ganadida saqarTvelos eklesia viTarca netarTa

arsen, melqisedek, antoni da sxvaTa uwinares misTa kaTalikosTa.

uwmindeso kirion gmadlobs Sen eri qarTvelTa, romelic ganaSvene Sen saxeliTa SeniTa.

Sen iyav siqaduli qarTvelTa, pirveli qarTveli amasaukunoisa, romelmac daanaxe qveyanas

Zali saqarTvelos Svilis gonebisa, romlis sibrZnis moyvareobas devna da gaWirveba ver

aferxebda.

gmadlobs Sen ena mSobliuri, ena, romelic mdidar hyav qadagebiTa SeniTa; ena,

romlisaTvisac ebrZodi Sen medgrad im ganusjel pirTa, romelTac ena petriwisa, giorgi

mTawmindelisa uarhyves, viTarca uvargisi da gamoudegari mecnierebisaTvis.

umetes gmadlobs Sen eklesia iveriisa.

„netar ars gza ege, romelsa warmarTebul xar Sen, rameTu adgili gansasvenebeli migelis

Sen.“

Irakli Lortkipanidze

Enthronements of His Holiness and Beatitude Kirion the second

Summary

The resume concerns elections of Catholicos-Patriarch with was held in 1917. In this election His Holiness Kirion II

was elected as a Patriarch and was enthroned on 1 Octomber in 1917 in Svetitshkoveli Cathedral. The report also reviews

statements of the Heads of the Orthodox Church's Patriarchate garments and ragalias.

Catholicos-Patriarch Kirion II dadicated all of his life to the church's welfare.

156

f i l o l o g i a

157

giorgi alibegaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Q

qristianuli egzegetikis Teoriul-saxismetyvelebiTi

principebis istoriidan

qristianuli egzegetika, rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadad bibliuri Txzulebebis ganmartebas

iTvaliswinebda. k. kekeliZe Tavis gamokvlevaSi - ,,TargmanebaÁ eklesiastisaÁ mitrofane

zmvirnel mitropolitisaÁ~- gamoyofs qristianuli egzegetikis sam maxasiaTebel niSans.

Gganmarteba samgvari iyo: pirveli – teqstisa da misi Sinaarsis ubralod da martivad

gadmocema da Txroba; meore – misi gaazrebis gaadvileba komentarebis saSualebiT, da mesame

– erTi enidan meoreze gadmoReba.

,,Targmaneba~, ,,Targmani~ gamoxatavs, erTi mxriv, gadmoTargmnas, xolo, meore mxriv, teqstis

komentirebas. Ggarda amisa, ,,Targmani~ gamoiyeneba mTargmnel-komentatori piris

aRsaniSnavadac. Aam azriT xmarobs miTiTebul terminebs wm. efrem mcirec.

samecniero literaturaSi dadgenilia, rom qristianuli egzegetika warmoSobilia

elinisturi egzegetikis niadagze. berZeni da romaeli mwerlebi da filosofosebi antikur

miTebs xSirad urTavdnen komentarebs. Aaseve iqceodnen Zvelebraeli Talmudistebic

,,Toras” ganmartebisas. aRsaniSnavia, rom stoikosebi sxvadasxva Txzulebas, gansakuTrebiT

ki homerosis nawarmoebebs, RvTaebis STagonebiT dawerilad Tvlidnen. Aamitom isinic aRqmis

gasaadvileblad Txzulebebs komentarebs uwerdnen. es meTodi Semdgom neoplatonikosebmac

gamoiyenes, romlebic, stoikosTa msgavsad, homerosis poemebSi kosmiur, sulier da RvTaebriv

ZalTa alegoriul gamoxatulebas xedavdnen. Aam azrs s. averincevi ase ayalibebs: miTebisa

da poeturi teqstebis elinisturi ganmartebebis tradiciebze metyvelebs stoikosTa mier

SemuSavebuli homerosis TxzulebaTa moralisturi interpretacia, romlis tradiciebic

gadmoiRes neoplatonikosebmac. Eegeve meTodebi jer kidev qristian aleqsandrielebamde

biblias miusadaga iudevelma aleqsandrielma filonma. MmasTan, iseve rogorc origenesTan,

elinisturi tradicia teqstis ganmartebisa iudaurzea dafuZnebuli1.

Nnawarmoebebisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba, bunebrivia, xels uwyobda egzegetikis

ganviTarebas. swored amitomac iTvleba, rom stoikosTa da neoplatonikosTa Sexedulebebma

Sua saukuneTa da aRorZinebis xanis sulier cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa.

IV s-dan iwyeba qristianuli egzegetikis gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba. gamoirCeva

aleqsandriuli da antioqiuri skolebi, romelTac bibliur teqstTa komentirebisas

gansxvavebuli principebi miiRes. Qqristianuli RvTismetyvelebis aleqsandriulma skolam

bibliuri ,,wmida istoriis~ alegoriuli interpretaciis meTodi SeimuSava. Zveli aRTqmis

TiTqmis yvela epizodi ganixileboda rogorc qristes miwieri cxovrebis alegoriebi.

Mmagram, Tavis mxriv, ukanasknel movlenebs SeeZloT igavurad mieTiTebinaT qristianuli

sulis Sinagan gzaTa peripetiebze. Aaleqsandriuli skolis interpretacia TiTqosda

Cqarobs gaiaros, gasxltes movlenis konkretul saxeSi misi abstraqtuli mniSvnelobisken2.

Aaleqsandriuli da nawilobriv apologeturi komentirebis meTodis sapirispirod

antioqielebma bibliis sityvasityviT – istoriul (,,ganmartebiTi TargmanebaÁ~ – wm. efrem

mciris sityvaTxmarebaSi) Sinaarsze gaakeTes ZiriTadi aqcenti. Aaleqsandriulobisa da

antioqiurobis zomieri formebi sinTezurad Sevida bizantiur RvTismetyvelebaSi.

sazogadod, berZnuli egzegetikis istoriaSi gamoiyofa sami periodi: dasawyisi, pirveli

sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, klasikuri, meoTxe da mexuTe saukuneebisa da bizantiuri,

romelic meeqvse saukunidan iwyeba da TiTqmis konstantinopolis dacemamde grZeldeba.

Zvel mwerlobaSi cnobilni arian egzetikis Semdegi warmomadgenlebi: ipolite hromaeli

(gard. 236w.), origene (gard. 254 w.), dionise aleqsandrieli (gard. 264 w.), meTode olimpieli

1 s. averincevi. adrebizantiuri literaturis poetika. m. 1977, gv. 264. 2 s. averincevi. adrebizantiuri literaturis poetika. m. 1977, gv. 96.

158

(gard. 310 w.), aleqsandriisa da antioqiis skolebis IV-V ss-eebis moRvaweebi: wm. epifane

kvipreli, wm. efrem asuri, wm. aTanase aleqsandrieli, wm. basili didi, wm. dionise tarseli,

wm. grigol noseli, wm. ioane oqropiri, wm. evsuqi ierusalimeli, wm. kirile aleqsandrieli,

wm. Teodorite kvireli da sxvani.

VI s-dan egzegetikur mwerlobaSi SemuSavda bibliur teqstTa interpretaciis erTgvari

stereotipuli principi, romelsac aseTi formulireba mieca: ,,numca sxuebr Targmnian mas

(saRmrTo werils), Tvinier viTar igi mnaTobTa eklesiisaTa da moZRuarTa aRwerilTa TvisTa

mier gardamoscemsa~.Aam pincipiT xelmZRvanelobdnen iseTi egzegetikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen

prokopi Razeli, olimpiodore aleqsandrieli, maqsime aRmsarebeli kesaria-kapadukieli,

foti patriarqi, miqael pselosi, Teofilaqte bulgarel, andria i, eqvTime ziRabeni da

sxvani. Aam moRvaweTa Txzulebani umTavresad kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa; Mmagram aqve unda

gaviTvaliswinoT Sua saukuneTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi garemoeba: ,,medievaluri mwerlis

TvalTaxedviT, winaparTa mTeli Semoqmedeba warmoadgens mis sakuTrebas, romelsac igi

SeiZleba daeuflos, nebismierad moepyros. Aaq ar arsebobs arc plagiatis, arc saavtoro

uflebis cneba. Uudidesi pativi, romelic SeiZleba miegos winamorbeds, aris ara misi

nawarmoebiT tkboba, misi xeluxleblad Senaxva, aramed misi gacocxleba axal nawarmoebSi,

cocxal SemoqmedebaSi. gadamuSaveba es aris gamdidreba. Aamave dros, es aris uzenaes

realiebTan, maradiul ideebTan ziarebis pirdapiri gza, radgan es ideebi moipoveba Zvel

mweralTa nawarmoebebSi~3.

Aamitom zemoCamoTvlili mwerlebic ZiriTadad imeoreben winare periodis egzegetTa

naazrevs. Aase warmoiSva katenebi, romlebSic Tavmoyrilia bibliis teqstebis sxvadasxva

adgilis wm. mamebiseuli is ganmartebani, romlebic mkiTxvels teqstis aRqmas uadvilebda.

Kkatenebis avtorebidan gamoirCevian prokopi Razeli (VI s.), andria xucesi (VII s.), ioane

drunRari (XI s.), nikita seroneli (XI s.), nikoloz muzaloni (XII s.), neofite evkleisti (XII

s.).

Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi egzegetikuri naSromebi VI s-dan dasturdeba, kerZod, ,,evstaTi

mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~. SeniSnulia, rom am TxzulebaSi moyvanili ,,Targmanebis~ saxiT

xelT gvaqvs erTgvari qaldeur-arameuli Targumiseburi nawarmoebi.

naTargmni egzetikuri Txzulebebidan SemorCenilia wm. epifane kviprelis, wm. andria

kretelis, wm. kirile aleqsandrielis, wm. basili didis, wm. dionise tarselis, wm. grigol

noselis, wm. ioane oqropiris, wm. Teofilaqte bulgarelisa da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi. Nnawili

am wm. mamaTa Txzulebebisa Setanilia ,,Satberdis krebulSi~. aRniSnuli Janris

ganviTarebasa da ZeglTa TargmnaSi didia wm. efTvime da wm. giorgi aTonelebis Rvawli,

romelTa Sromac wm. efrem mcirem gaagrZela. Mman gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia

epistoleTa komentarebis Targmnas da gadmoaqarTula wm. ioane oqropiris ganmartebani.

Eesaa ,,TargmanebaÁ samociqulosaÁ~ da samecniero literaturaSi igi miCneulia efrem mciris

Sromad, romelic dawerilia ioane oqropiris, germanosis, basili didis, ioane damaskelisa

da sxvaTa komentarebis gamoyenebiTi (k. kekeliZe).

wm. efremma Seadgina agreTve, ,,TargmanebaÁ fsalmunTaÁ~, romelic warmoadgens daviTnis

katenebs. igi ZiriTadad Seqmnilia aTanase da kirile aleqsandrielebis, basili didis,

evsuqi ierusalimelis, asteri amasielisa da ioane oqropiris komentarebis safuZvelze.

Ffaqtiurad wm. efrem mcire pirveli qarTveli moRvawea, romelmac Cven mwerlobaSi

Semoitana da daamkvidra katenebi, rogorc egzegetikuri mwerlobis garkveuli Janris

Txzulebebi. katenTa sxvadasxva epoqis avtorebis naSromTa msgavsad, wm. efremis es

Txzulebac kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa, radgan, rogorc vTqviT, masSi mocemulia da

Sejamebuli winamorbed avtorTa mier ganmartebuli bibliuri epizodebi, saxeebi Tu

,,wodebebi~, Tumca, rogorc SeniSnulia, garegani konstruqciiTaa da gegmiT, rac gamoixateba

masalisa da wyaroebis SerCevasa da maT dalagebaSi, is wm. efremis originalur nawarmoebad

unda CaiTvalos. Ees Sroma aris originaluri recenzia daviTnis katenebisa, mniSvnelovani

ara marto qarTuli mwerlobis, aramed, sazogadod, hermenevtikis istoriaSi.

3a. aleqsiZe. berZnuli saraindo romanis samyaro (XIII-XIV ss.). Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 262.

159

Aam naSromTa garda, wm. efrems kidev ori egzegetikuri nawarmoebis Targmani ekuTvnis:

grigol sakvirvelmoqmedis ,,metafrasi eklesiastiasaÁ~ da grigol RvTismetyvelis

,,metafrasi ezekielisaÁ~. rogorc Cans, ,,metafrazi~ ewodeboda egzegetikur ,,gardaTqmasac~.

Aaqve wamoiWreba sakiTxi wm. efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTi principebis Sesaxeb, radgan

aTonel moRvaweTa mier naTargmn TxzulebaTa wm. efremis mier dedanTan maqsimaluri

sizustiT gadmoqarTuleba egzegetikuri muSaobisas Seqmnilma siZneleebmac ganapiroba.

zogierTi gansamartavi termini Tu sityva ufro zust gadmotanas iTxovda. wm. efrem mciris

SeniSvniT, berZnuli ena ,,ufskruli Rrma ars da igive da erTi sityvaÁ mravalsa pirsa

aRiarebs~; amitom mTargmnelma zedmiwevniT unda icodes ,,rabamobaÁ berZenTa da qarTvelTa

enebisaÁ~4.

Aamdenad, egzegetikuri mwerlobis specifikidan gamomdinare, sityva jer maqsimaluri

SesabamisobiT unda gadmoTargmniliyo da Semdeg darTvoda mas komentarebi. Aamis gamo wm.

efremi ,,fsalmunTa Targmanebis SesavalSi~ wm. giorgi mTawmidelis mier naTargmn teqstebze

muSaobisas SeniSnavda: ,,mcired cvalebaÁ hnebebia mis sityuasa...… da meca egreTve

samociquloÁ sityuaÁ viTa amaT eTargmna, egreT damiweria, pirveli raÁTa mowmobaÁ misi

srul vyo. xolo sada Targmani sityuisaÁ maiZulebda iSviT cvalebasa sityuisasa~, igi

,,Targmansa Sina~ specialuri niSnebiT gamomiyviao. sxvaganac analogiur SeniSvnas gamoTqvams

wm. efremi: radgan zogjer ganmartebas ar Seefereboda qarTuli Targmani, amitom pirvelad

samociqulos teqsti Sevaswore ,,berZnulisa Zalisaber, Tana-SewevniTa da wina-ZRomiTa

TargmanTa da leqsikonTaÁTa, rameTu ars mravali sityuaÁ, romel Tvisgan pavlesa Sina ege

ufro Seiwyobvis qarTulad~. Tavisi egzegetikuri muSaobisas wm. efrem mcire ase rom ar

moqceuliyo, winaaRmdegoba iqneboda Targmanebasa da gansamartav teqsts Soris, rac imas

gamoiwvevda, rom ,,kualad Semdgomni mecnierni berZnulisani mabraloebed gueqmnebodes

gamouZieblad dawerisaTvis sityuaTaÁsao~.

specialur literaturaSi wm. efremis mTargmnelobiTi meTodi dawvrilebiTa da

guldasmiT aris Seswavlili. Aam sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi daskvnebi

aseTia:

wm. efrem mcire agrZelebs V-XI ss-eebSi SemuSavebuli Targmanis Teoriul tradiciebs,

magram, amave dros, igi upirispirdeba e. w. ,,Semateba-gamoklebis~ mTargmnelobiT meTods. wm.

efremi maqsimalurad iyenebs qarTul enaSi arsebul potenciur SesaZleblobebs, leqsikur

simdidres, riTac amJRavnebs Tavis miswrafebas enis mxatvrul-stilistur problemaTa

gadaWrisken. Aamitomacaa, rom mis mier naTargmn teqstebSi gvxvdeba xan zogierTi muxlis

axali Targmani, zogjer teqstSi Setanilia saWiro dazustebani da Sesworebani, an gvaqvs

berZnuli frazis pirdapiri Targmani, mimReoburi konstruqciebi, sinonimuri Senacvlebani,

neologizmebi da sxva xasiaTis Casworebani.

wm. efremis moTxovniT, mTargmnelma, pirvel rigSi, zedmiwevniT unda icodes dednis enisa

da saTargmni enis Taviseburebani; mTargmnelis movaleobaa, isargeblos uZvelesi

xelnawerebiT, radgan isini dro-Jamis manZilze ilaxeboda; ar SeiZleba nawarmoebis

,,zedawarwerilis~ anu saTauris Secvla; Sesrulebuli Targmani originalTan maqsimalurad

miaxloebuli unda iyos, magram am sizustem ar unda Selaxos im enis buneba, romelzec

Zegli iTargmna, radgan mkiTxvels am SemTxvevaSi xelT eqneba originalidan moCvenebiTi

sizustiT da, aqedan, aramecnierulad naTargmni Txzulebebi; amasTanave, yovlad dauSvebelia

saTargmni Txzulebis ,,daWra da ganbZarva~ (danawileba da Semokleba); Targmans unda

daerTos specialuri komentarebi, rac mkiTxvels teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomas gauadvilebs.

AaseTia zogadad wm. efrem mciriseuli zusti mecnieruli Targmnis Teoriuli principebi,

romlebic man SeimuSava – misTvis mTargmneloba esaa filologiur kvleva-ZiebasTan

Serwymuli SemoqmedebiTi procesi, xolo naTargmni teqsti saSualeba da stimuli, raTa

mkiTxveli originals miuaxlovos.

rogorc iTqva, wm. efremis mTargmnelobiTi meTodi garkveulwilad swored egzegetikuri

Txzulebebis Sedgenisasaa Camoyalibebuli da daxvewili. qarTveli moRvawis teqstisadmi

aseTi damokidebuleba Cans ,,fsalmunTa Targmanebis SesavalSic~, romelSic mocemulia

4ivane javaxiSvili. Txzulebani 12 tomad. t. VIII. Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 160.

160

ZiriTad qristologiur saxeTa da terminTa, ,,wodebaTa~ sityvasityviTi Tu alegoriuli

ganmartebani, daculi zemoxsenebul ,,keTilad mecnier~ wm. mamaTa TxzulebebSi.

wm. efrem mciris am naSromis mixedviT Cans, rom, erTi mxriv, aleqsandriuli

saxismetyvelebiTi da, meore mxriv, antioqiuri sityvasityviT-istoriuli interpretaciis

meTodebi Serwymulia da erTgvari sinTezuri formiTaa Sesuli RvTismetyvelebaSi (am

sinTezis erT-erTi pirveli dadasturebaa mitrofane zmvirnelis ,,TargmanebaÁ

eklesiastisaÁ~). isic unda iTqvas, rom bibliur saxeTa komentirebisas xelT gvaqvs ara

marto Teologiuri xasiaTis ganmartebani, aramed moniSnulia am saxeTa mxatvrulad,

saxeobrivad gaazrebis SesaZleblobac.

SevniSnavT, rom wm. efrem mcirisTvis cnobilia rogorc antioqiuri, aseve aleqsandriuli

skolis bibliur teqstTa egzegetikuri interpretaciis meTodebi. Aamaze metyvelebs wm. mamis

Semdegi msjeloba:

1. ,,uzeSTaes ars ganmartebiT Targmna saxismetyvelebiT Targmnisasa~, rasac mxars

uWerdnen antioqiuri skolis egzegetebi;

2. ,,mravalni icilobebian wignisaTvis fsalmunTaÁsa, viTarmed ara yovelni daviTisnia,

aramed umravlesni da Cuenni yovelni erT-xma arian, viTarmed yovelnive daviTis mier

Tqmul arian~. xolo egzegetikuri tradicia, romelic daviTs acxadebda yvela fsalmunis

avtorad, damaxasiaTebeli iyo swored siriuli skolebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki –

antioqiurisaTvis. aleqsandriuli skolis warmomadgenlebis, magaliTad, aTanase

aleqsandrielis mixedviT, fsalmunebi ekuTvnis Semdeg avtorebs: daviTs _ 72, daviTisTvis

Tqmulia 9, asafisa _ 12, kores ZeTa _ 12, eTamisa, emanisa, solomonisa, mosesi – TiTo-

TiTo, angeasi da zaqariasi _ 2.

,,fsalmunTa Targmaneba~ wm. efrem mcires umTavresad aleqsandriuli skolis

warmomadgenelTa Sromebis mixedviT aqvs Sedgenili. Aam dros misi umTavresi mizani ase

ganisazRvra: ,,pirvelTa maT JamTa araraÁ aqunda sxuaÁ sagalobelad saeklesiod Tvinier

fsalmunTa wignisa~. Tumca fsalmunebi RvTismsaxurebaSi Semdgomac farTod

gamoiyeneboda. Aamitom am katenTa SedgeniT, rogorc Cans, wm. efrems surda, rom qarTuli

eklesiis liturgiul praqtikaSi dadebuliyo daviTnis SedarebiT srulyofilad

komentirebuli teqsti.

zemoCamoTvlil wm. mamaTa Txzulebebis garda, efremi iyenebs aseve efTvime aTonelis

mier naTargmn basili kesarielis ,,fsalmunTa Targmanebasa~ da zogierT sxva jerjerobiT

ucnob wyarosac. Eesaa ,,raodenTa wignTagan erTad Semokrebuli~ Teologiuri kvleva-Zieba,

romelic ,,vhgoneb, viTarmed erTsa wignsa Sina ver miemTxvevis yovelsave unaklulod~.

wm. efremi teqstTa komentirebis ,,litonad martivTaTvis~ gamijvniT ,,uRrmesad

gamomeZiebelTaTvis da gulisxmis myofelTagan~ iZleva hermenevtikis ZiriTad

ganmsazRvrel or niSans. rogorc SevniSneT, egzegetikuri mwerlobis upirvelesi amocana

iyo mrevlisaTvis bibliuri teqstis Sinaarsis ubralod da martivad gadmocema, da am

teqstTa aRqmis gaadvileba komentarebis saSualebiT.

wm. efremi imasac miuTiTebs, rom arian ,,ukue sxuanica umravlesni pirvel

moxsenebulTasa mTargmnelni daviTisani ara ueWuelni, aramed friadca saeWuelni~. Mmas

,,wignebsa Tan wmidaTasa~ SeuerTebia imaTi Txzulebebic, ,,romelni-igi arianozTa da

origianTa Tana SeiCuenebian”.Aamas Tavisi axsna moeZebneba: cnobilia, wm. ioane damaskeli

,,wyaro codnisaSi”, kerZod, mis dogmatur-aRmsareblobiT nawilSi, ,,gardamocemaSi~

asabuTebs, rom filosofia da ,,gareSe sibrZne~ SeiZleba Teologiis samsaxurSi Cadges –

esaa sqolastikis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSani: sqolastikis mizani iyo, wm. efremis

mixedviT Tu vityviT, ,,amaT mier winaaRudgebodin Svilni eklesiisani gareSeTa maT

filosofosTa da maTiTave isriTa ganhguremdnen~ maT. Eesaa, wers igi, ,,wamlianTaganca

mxecTa...…wamlisa sakurneblis~ Semzadebis meTodi.

qarTvelma RvTismetyvelma am naSromis Sedgenisas isargebla svimeonwmidis

wignTsacaviT da, ,,Tvinier Teodorites~ Txzulebisa, yvela sxva wm. mamis iq arsebuli

Txzuleba gamoiyena. wm. efremi SeniSnavs, rom daviTnis mTargmnel wm. mamaTa komentarebi

,,adgil-adgil mimoganfenil ars wignsa amas Sina da Znel sapovnelad. amisTvisca mciredi

mravlisgan erTad Semokrebul iqmna gamomeZiebelTaTvis da wina-Sesavalsa amis wignisa

161

Cuenisasa daewera ara litonad, arca urTierTas aRreulad, aramed asoTa zeda anbanisaTa

ganwyobilad da gankargulad, raÁTa marjue da advil iyvnen sapovnelad meZiebelTaTvis~.

vidre SevexebodeT wm. efremis mier sistemaSi moyvanil bibliur saxelTa Tu ,,RrmaTa,

wignurTa sityuaTa~ realur-istoriul da saxismetyvelebiT komentarebs, SevCerdebiT

avtoris Sexedulebebze qristianuli saxismetyvelebis Teoriul principebze. Ees sakiTxi

yovelTvis imsaxurebda mkvlevarTa yuradRebas, miT umetes, rom qristianuli

saxismetyveleba uSualod egzegetikis warmoSoba-ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba.

SevniSnavT, rom saintereso suraTs iZleva wm. efrem mciris am SexedulebaTa Seswavla

adreqristianuli da Sua saukuneTa qristianuli kulturis saxismetyvelebiT sistemasTan

mimarTebaSi.

wm. efrem mciris xedvasTan dakavSirebiT apologetTa da adreuli qristianobis sxva

moRvaweTa mosazrebebis moyvana imdenadaa SesaZlebeli, ramdenadac am periodis wm. mamaTa

Teologiuri komentarebi, warmoSobili platonisa da filonis maxlobeli ideebidan,

gadavida rogorc erTgvari stereotipuli formulebi da modusebi plotinesTan, wm.

basili didTan, wm. grigol noselTan, wm. grigol RvTismetyvelTan, wm. dionise

areopagelTan, wm. maqsime aRmsarebelTan, wm. ioane damaskelTan – maT SemoqmedebaSi ukve

mocemulia sinTezi aRmosavlur-dasavluri saxismetyvelebiTi egzegetikis tendenciebisa

da tradiciebisa, xolo aqedanaa ukve Sesuli uSualod qarTul qristianul TargmanebaSi.

cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneTa sasuliero mwerlobisaTvis bibliuri da wmida mamaTa

Txzulebebi kanonikurad iTvleba. Aam periodis literaturas, rogorc araerTgzisaa

SeniSnuli, axasiaTebs: Zvel avtorTa kulti, gansakuTrebuli orientacia Zvel teqstebze,

nimuSebze, saxeobrivi gamoxatvis, mudmiv TemaTa mtkice SerCeva, siuJetTa, stilis, JanrTa,

gmirTa tipebis gameoreba da a.S. umTavresad ki bibliuri teqstebi iyo Sua saukuneTa

moRvaweTaTvis sibrZnis is ZiriTadi masala, romelic iyo wyaro religiuri, filosofiuri,

eTikuri, politikuri, kulturul-istoriuli, esTetikuri Tu poeturi azrovnebisTvis.

xolo rac winaswar ar aris mocemuli winaswarmetyvelTa, mociqulTa, maxarebelTa mier,

misi Zieba amaoa da araa saWiro (am azrs aviTarebda wm. ioane damaskeli). Uufro adre II

s-is adreqristianuli periodis apologeti avtori tertuliane saxarebiseul mowodebas -

,,eZiebdiT da hpovoT~ (maTe 7.7) – ase ganmartavda: qristianebs araferi aqvT saZiebeli,

WeSmariteba maT uwyebuli aqvT mociqulTa miero.

aqedan iRebs saTaves e. w. ,,wmida mamaTa Sedgomilobis~ principi, romelTan

dakavSirebiT jer kidev ioane zosime werda: ,,ara Sehgavs da arca keTil ars SematebaÁ

gina daklebaÁ rasme ufroÁs gansazRvrebulisa mis wmidaTa mamaTa da moZRuarTaÁsa~. xolo

wm. efTvime aTonelis TqmiT, ,,mindobaÁ Tavisa TvisisaÁ da Tvissa ganzraxvasa SedgomaÁ

warwymedel ars sulisa~. Aavtoritetis cnobis aucileblobas gansakuTrebiT xazs usvams

wm. efrem mcire: ,,Cven ara saRramatikosTa, arca safilosofosTa, aramed

pirveldamaSuralTa TargmanTa wignebisagan ganviswavlebiT da, viTarca RmrTisad, egreTve

CuenTa uwinaresTad SevhracxT madlsa mas da maTsa meoxebasa, romel mwed vixumevT,

viTarca yovelTa wmidaTasa. amiT ganviswavlebiT, amiT vTargmniTca~.

Tuki kanonikuri teqstebi Rrma sulier samyaros gamoxataven, am samyaros realurad

gadmotana ,,soflad~ sasuliero mwerlobas evaleba.Aamitomac romelime konkretuli

bibliuri saxe Tu movlena aiReba rogorc paradigma, arqetipi da Semdeg ,,imoseba~

individualuri niSnebiT. Aamitomacaa, rom qristianuli simbolika, rogorc miuTiTeben,

ZiriTadad gamWirvalea, masSi advilad amoicnoba realuri paradigma.Aam dros ,,poeturi

Tavisufleba~ erTgvarad SezRudulia, radgan winaswaraa gamokveTili nebismieri saxis

arqetipi. Ees ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba tradiciuli

saxismetyvelebiTi gaazrebebiTac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianuli saxismetyveleba,

romelSic Serwymulia formalur-logikuri gansjani saxeobriv-plastikur azrovnebasTan,

Sua saukuneebis qristianuli kulturis umTavresi maxasiaTebelia; Zveli mwerlobis

poetikas igi avsebs da, Sesabamisad, aRrmavebs kidec, radgan iTvleba, rom xels uwyobs

adamianis sulier ZalTa mobilizebas, misi gonebis mimarTvas umaRlesi WeSmaritebis

Casawvdomad. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom, garkveuli SexedulebiT, TxzulebaTa

saxismetyvelebiTi mxare teqstSi mocemul filosofiur msjelobaTa meTodologiur

162

safuZvladacaa miCneuli (e. gilsoni, f. boneri), radgan Tavs uyris logikur, esTetikur,

fsiqologiur gagebaTa rigs.

qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi modusebis mimarTeba TviT RvTaebasTanac ukve xedviT-

plastikuria da, amdenad, ,,literaturul-esTetikuri~ niSnebis matarebelic. Mmagram

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, vTqvaT, ,,RvTaebis arseboba patristikul azrovnebaSi ki ar

,,mtkicdeba~, aramed xdeba am arsebobis Cveneba~. rac, garkveuli azriT, exmianeba Zveli da

Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTis cnobil Teoriul princips - ,,me gadmovcem, magram ar vqmni~

(konfuci). aseTi damokidebuleba sasuliero mwerlobis yvela Janrze vrceldeba.

qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi azrovnebis daniSnulebaa ,,soflisa da zesTa

soflis~ erTmaneTTan dakavSireba qristologiuri da, aqedan gamomdinare, saxeobrivi

aspeqtiT. simbolur-alegoriulad, ufro zogadad Tu vityviT, ,,Rrma da gamosaZiebeli~

sityvebiT gadmocemul saxeTa ,,amokiTxva~ ki dafarulis gacxadebas niSnavs: ,,aRxsna uwods

TargmanebiT ganmartebasa, romel ars gamocxadebaÁ Zalsa sityuaTa dafarulebisasa~, –

wers wm. efrem mcire.

laTinuri apologetikis warmomadgenlis - minucius feliqsis TqmiT, visac surs

Seicnos RvTis dideba, igi akninebs mas, xolo visac ar surs misi daknineba, man ar icis

igi. Aam azris gagrZelebad da gaRrmavebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos netari avgustines

mimarTvac RvTisadmi: ,,saerTod risi Tqma ZalgviZs Senze? – magram vai maT, vinc duman

Senze, rameTu mravlismetyvelnic dadumebulan~. Tumca, amave dros, ,,yvelaferi SeiZleba

iTqvas RmerTis Sesaxeb da yvelaferi Tqmuli masze uRirsia misi~.

ioane sabanaZis ganmartebiTac, ,,saSinel da wmida ars da yovlad Zlier da sakvirvel

da ufal da yovlisa mpyrobel ars saxeli misi. ver SemZlebel varT Cven miwdomad

simdidresa mas saxelsa misisa, aramed uZlurebisaebr Cemisa da gulismodginebisa Tqvenisa

viwyo Txrobad Tqvenda~ (ioane sabanisZe). sakiTxis ase dasma, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs

garkveul winaaRmdegobas, romlis sirTulis erTi mxarec komentirebisas ase aqvs

gaazrebuli wm. efrem mcires: ,,ganmartebaÁ ara xolo SesaZlebel ars, aramed

sacTurebaÁca~.

ase rom, Sua saukuneTa nebismieri mwerlis winaSe dgas aseTi dilema: erTi mxriv,

mwerali aRiarebs, rom igi araa Rirsi da SemZle, gadmoces arCeuli Tema sityvebiT, rom

mas RvTisadmi pativis migeba mxolod dumiliT SuZlia da, meore mxriv, igi grZnobs Tavis

vals, mainc mimarTos sityvas; aqedan SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisaa meore pozicia.

zemoT iTqva, rom patristikul da, saerTod, Sua saukuneTa literaturul

azrovnebaSi RvTaebis arsebobaze an mis mimaniSnebel saxeebze saubari sxvadasxva

avtorTan mocemulia CvenebiT, gadmocemiT da ara mtkicebiT, SeqmniT. amis akrZalvas Tu

gamoxatvis formas, rac xelovnebis nebismier sferoze vrceldeboda, TviT kanonikuri

teqstebi iZleoda. erTi mxriv, bibliaSi weria: „nu iswrafi piriTa SeniTa da guli Seni

nu iswrafin gamoRebad sityvisa winaSe RmrTisa, rameTu RmerTi caTa Sina ars da Sen

queyanasa zeda. amisTvis iyuned sityvani Senni mcire, rameTu moiwios Cueneba simravliTa

ganmcdelisaÁTa da xmaÁ ugunurisa simravliTa sityuaTaÁTa~ (eklesiaste, 5. 1-2); „iyavn

yoveli kaci moswrafe smenad, mZime sityuad~ (iakobi, 1.19); „mravlismetyvelebisagan ver

ganere codvasa, xolo eridebodi Tu bagiTa, gonier iyo~ (igavTa, 10,19). xolo, meore mxriv,

naTqvamia: „aRvaRo igaviT piri Cemi da vityodi igaviT dasabamisaTa~ (fs.77.2); „aRvaRo igaviT

piri Cemi da vityodi dafarulTa dasabamiTgan soflisaÁT~ (maTe, 13.35). sityva parabolas

wm. efremi igavad Targmnis: „ese igavio, ityvis, romel ars paravoli~. sxvagan igavi

ganmartebulia (ara wm. efremis mier) rogorc magaliTi.

parabola-igavi simbolur-alegoriuli azrovnebis erT konkretul formad iTvleba

bibliuri teqstebidan gamomdinare. igi gamiznulia aRqmis mravalmniSvnelobisaTvis, masSi

ar ixsenieba Tavad movlena, aramed martivi sagnis gadmocemiT xdeba miniSneba Rrma,

WeSmarit azrze. amasTan dakavSirebiT mocemulia wm. ioane oqropiris vrceli msjeloba

giorgi amartolis „xronoRrafSi~; movitanT sruli saxiT: „mravlisa raÁs momaswavebel

ars saxeli igavisai, rameTu ars igavi zraxvaÁ da saxisSemoRebaÁ da yuradRebaÁ, viTar igi

raJams ityodis daviT, viTarmed „damxsen Cuen igavad warmarTTa Soris, Tavis saxrelad

erTa Soris~ da kualad ars igavi magaliTiani sityvaÁ, romelsa mravalni saZieblad saxel

163

sdeben ara cxadisa sityvasaebr saCinod gulis-xmis-sayofeli, aramed Sinagan mqonebeli

dafarulsa ZalisaÁ, viTar igi raJams samfson ityoda, viTrmed „gamovida pirisagan

Zlierisa tkbili~, xolo iTqumis igavad msgavsebaÁca, „rameTu sxuaÁ igavi daudga maTo,

Tqmul ars, da Tqua: msgavs ars sasufeveli caTaÁ kacsa, romelman dasTesa Tesli keTili

agaraksa Tvissa~ da kualad igavad iTqumis saxis-metyvelebaÁ, viTar igi ars : „Zeo kacisao,

arqu maT igavi ese: arwivi frTadidi maRlad-mfrinvale”, xolo arwivad ityode mefesa.

igavad ukue iTqmis saxeca da xati, viTar igi pavle ityvis: „sarwmunoebiT Sewira abraham

isaki gamocdasa mas da mxolod Sobilsa mas Seswirvida Semwynarebelsa aRTqumaTasa~,

romelisTvisca igaviT miiyvana igi~, ese igi ars, saxesa Sina da xatsa da igavi ars sityva

ganmzavebeli gulis-xmissayofelebiTa grZnobadTa sityvaTa da warmomadginebeli

soflioTa mier da xilulTa zeSTa soflisaTa da uxilavTa. xolo sxvaguari igavi ars

sityua aCrdiloani da magaliTiani Tqmulsa misebr: „mivyo igavsa yuri Cemi~, egeviTarive

igavi ars xedvaÁ Tana-Setyebuli xedvisa da mecnierebisaÁ. magaliTi ars saTiToeuloÁsagan

yovliT-erTisa mimarT aRsvlaÁ, anu gamoCinebaÁ sarwmunoqmnili kerZoobiTisaÁ

kerZoobiTisa mier da msgavsisa, xolo sakuTari igavi ars sityvaÁ dafarul sxvisa mier

moqene gancxadebulisa SeswavebisaÁ“. amave Txzulebis qarTul TargmanSi daculia aseTi

minaweri: „Seiswave ganyofilebaÁ saxeTa igavTai, rameTu oTxguarad iTqumis eniTa

elinTaÁTa: paravoli, provlima, paradiRma, parvimia~.

igavur anu simbolour-alegoriul saxeebs wm. efrem mcire, wm. dionise areopagelis

qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi sistemidan gamomdinare, ,,umsgavso msgavsebebs~, uwodebs,

rac RvTismetyvelebaSi ,,urTierTgamomricxav bunebaTa SenaerTebad~ da gadmocemis

antinomiur formad aRiqmeba. antinomiuroba, rogorc RvTis Secnobis forma, gansakuTrebiT

gaRrmavebulia wm. dionises moZRvrebaSi, igi esTetikuri kategoriis rangSic kia ayvanili.

antinomiasTan dakavSirebiT p. florenski wers: ,,antinomiebi esaa religiis konstruqciuli

elementebi, Tuki vifiqrebT maTze gonivrulad. Tezisi da antiTezisi, rogorc safuZveli

da misaqseli, wnaven religiur gancdaTa TviT qsovils. sadac araa antinomia, iq araa

rwmena: xolo es iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac rwmenac da imedic ganqardeba da iqneba

mxolod siyvaruli”. Aase rom, umaRlesi religiuri cnobierebisaTvis antinomia

warmoadgens Sinaganad erTian da mTlian sulier xedvas. Aamitom saxe erTdroulad aris

,,Tqmuli da gamouTqmeli, sacnauri da ucnauri~ (wm. ioane damaskeli, ,,gardamocema~, wm.

efremis Targmani).

daskvnis saxiT SevniSnavT: qristianul egzegetikaSi warmodgenili saxeebis

ganmartebis zogadTeoriuli principebi bibliis poetikis rkalSia moqceuli, radgan

bibliis saxismetyveleba esaa igavis poetika, romelic ar tovebs adgils arafrisaTvis,

elinur ,,plastikurobas~ rom hgavs: buneba da sagnebi unda moixseniebodes mxolod

moqmedebis msvlelobaSi da moqmedebis azrTan dakavSirebiT, arasodes ar gaxdeba ra

TviTmiznuri aRweris obieqtebi, romlebic gamoxataven uangaro-gandgomil sixaruls

Tvalisa; adamianebi warmodgebian ara rogorc xelovanis dakvirvebis obieqtebi, aramed

rogorc arCevisa da moqmedebis subieqtebi. aseTia qristianuli egzegetikis Teoriul-

saxismetyvelebiT principTa erT-erTi sayuradRebo aspeqti.

164

Giorgi Alibegashvili

From the History of Theoretical-Imagery Principles of Christian Exegetics

Summary

Christian exegetics mainly provides commenting biblical writings. Definitions were threefold: 1. Easy narration

and convey of a text and its contents; 2. Comments for making it easy to comprehend the text; 3. Translation from one

language into another.

Christian exegetics is originated on the base of Hellenistic exegetics. Its development started in IV century. Antioch and

Alexsandria schools are distinguished. Christian theology school in Alexandria elaborated allegorical interpretation of

“pure history” method; Antioch school – word by word historical; the mild forms of Antioch and Alexsandria schools

synthetically entered firstly in Bezant and afterwards in Georgian exegetics where the works of this kind are confirmed

from VI century.

Georgian theologian Ephraim the Small’s merit is very special in this sphere as his comments are particular for

historical inquiry of Eastern Christian culture hermeneutics. Both Alexandria and Antioch school methods of commenting

are distinguished by which Georgian figure explained separate episodes of Biblical text, theological models, images,

forms.

165

tariel futkaraZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis brunvebi1

(manqanuri Targmanis programisaTvis)

brunva da bruneba.

qarTul samwignobro enaSi, zogadad, qarTvelur enobriv sivrceSi kargadaa

Camoyalibebuli brunvis morfologiuri kategoria2. qarTuli enis brunvebi didi xania aris

mecnaierTa kvlevis obieqti, miuxedavad amisa, specielistebi dRemde ver SeTanxmebulan iseT

ZiriTad sakiTxze, rogoricaa: `brunvaTa raodenoba qarTulSi~. azrTa sxvadasxvaobas qmnis

brunvis cnebis gansxvavebuli gaazrebani, diaqroniuli da sinqroniuli faqtebis

gaudiferencirebuli analizi da sxva faqtorebi.

mag., Sdr., brunvaTa ganmartebani:

anton kaTalikosi: `brunva aris cvaleba mimoxriTi sxvisa da sxvisa mimarT mdgmoebisa

erTisa da misive saxelisa~; e. i. brunva aris saxelis erTisa da imave fuZis sxvadasxvanairad

mimoxriTi cvla.

a. SaniZe: brunva aris gramatikuli kategoria, romelic aerTianebs bgeriTi

Sedgenilobisa da funqciis mixedviT gansxvavebul saxelur formebs.

arn. Ciqobava: brunva gabmul metyvelebaSi saxels akavSirebs saxelTan an zmnasTan (saTanado

Sinaarsis gadmosacemad).

v. Tofuria: brunva aris saxelis forma, romelic miiReba misi sxva sityvebTan

sintaqsuri urTierTobis Sedegad3...

ramdeni brunvaa qarTulSi?

akaki SaniZe `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ aT brunvas asaxelebs, saskolo

saxelmZRvaneloebSi ki - Svids. arnold Ciqobavas da azriT qarTulSi eqvsi brunvaa.

samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad sakamaToa wodebiTi da e. w. adgilobiTi brunvebis

sakiTxi4.

wodebiTi brunva qarTulSi Semoitana anton kaTalikosma. mas brunvad Tvlidnen sxva

Zveli gramatikosebic. pirvelad arn. Ciqobavam Seitana eWvi wodebiTi brunvis arsebobaSi.

amis Semdeg qarTul lingvistikaSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ori

Tvalsazrisi:

zogi mkvlevari wodebiTs brunvad miiCnevs, zogi - ara; kerZod: arn. Ciqobavasa da v.

Tofurias msjelobis Sesabamisad zogi dResac ar Tvlis wodebiTs brunvad, radganac, maTi

azriT, es forma ver amyarebs sintaqsur kavSirs zmnasTan da brunvis niSanic axali

1warmodgenili naSromis nawili saTauriT: `bruneba, rogorc saxelis formaTwarmoebis erT-erTi aspeqti (saxelis sinTezisa da analizis formalizebuli modelebisaTvis)~ daibeWda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arn. Ciqobavas saxlobis enaTmecnierebis institutisa da zugdidis damoukidebeli universitetis erTobliv saiubileo krebulSi: giorgi rogava. Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 157-170. 2zogi morfologiur kategoriad brunebas miiCnevs; morfologiuri kategoria არის brunva: fuZe+brunvis niSani, romelic realizdeba ramdenime variantis saxiT; bruneba aris saxelis cvla brunvebis mixedviT; Sdr.: mwkrivi aris morfologiuri kategoria; zmnis cvla mwkrivebis mixedviT ki - uRleba. 3msjelobisaTvis ix.: akaki SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 34; arnold Ciqobava. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 267; И. Наида . морфология . М., 1949. 32; О. Есперсен. Философия грамматики . М. , 1958, 214; E. Курилович . Философия грамматики . М., 1958, 214; А. О. Бондарько . Теория морфологической категории. Л. , 1976. 4g. nebieriZes sakamaTod miaCnia moTxrobiTi brunvis sakiTxic; ix.: g. nebieriZe. arsebobs Tu ara ergatiuli konstruqcia qarTvelur enebSi. macne els 3. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 177-191. aqve SevniSnaT, rom saerToqarTvelurSi marTlac SeiZleba ver aRdges -man/-ma/-m niSniani moTxrobiTi brunva (ergativi), magram ergativi da ertatiuli konstruqcia saerToqarTveluridan rom momdinareobs da arqaul qarTulsac rom axasiaTebs, CvenTvis ueWveli faqtia.

166

warmoSobisaa - Sorisdebulidanaa miRebuli5... mag., wodebiTs damoukidebel brunvad ar

miiCnevs g. nebieriZe; kerZod, misi azriT, wodebiTi brunva unda iyos brunvaTa sistemaSi,

magram saxelobiTTan erTad, radgan wodebiTi saxelobiTis `funqciuri variantia~6. T.

uTurgaiZe wodebiTs brunvad miiCnevda adreul gamokvlevaSi7, Semdeg ki brunvaTa ricxvSi

aRar Seitana im argumentiT, rom saxelis es forma zmnasTan kavSirs ver amyarebs;

msazRvrelis rolSi yofna ki araarsebiTia, ramdenadac msazRvreli sazRvrulis formas

èmorCileba~8... aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msazRvreli sazRvrulis formas ver `daemorCileba~,

analogiuri forma (yalibi, mag., fuZe+o/v/0) rom ar hqondes.

a. SaniZes wodebiTi Seaqvs brunvaTa paradigmaSi, magram mas boloSi aTavsebs. mis azrs

iziareben: l. kvaWaZe, al. oniani, l. nozaZe...

samecniero literaturaSi diskusiis sagania e. w. Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxic. jer

kidev m. brosem Tandebulian formebs rTuli brunvebi uwoda da gamoyo lokaluri anu

adgilobiTi brunvebi (bagasa-Sina, bagasa-zeda). m. brosesa da zogi sxva Zveli gramatikosis

kvalad, ZiriTad brunvaTa gverdiT, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, a. SaniZec gamoyofs

ramdenime lokalur brunvas.

saxelis formawarmoebis logikuri wesebis problema

dRes roca aqtualuria manqanuri Targmanis kompiuteruli programis Seqmna, didi

mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod brunvis formaTa Camoyalibebis gzis kvlevas, aramed qarTuli

enis saxelis formebis logikuri paradigmis agebas sinqroniuli monacemebis mixedviT9;

mxolod aseTi paradigmis mixedviT aigeba iseTi algoriTmi, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis

saxelis formawarmoebis modelirebas da romelic maqsimaluri sizustiT da naklebi

operaciebiT aRwers enobriv formaTa sinTezsa da analizs.

warmodgenil statiaSi Cveni mizania saxelTa brunebis amsaxveli iseTi normalizebuli

wesebis SemuSaveba, romlebic martivad da zustad moaxdenen Tanamedrove qarTuli enis

saxelis formawarmoebiTi variantebis sinTezsa da analizs. meti sicxadisaTvis,

postulatebis saxiT warmovadgenT Cveni Semdgomi msjelobisaTvis amosaval debulebebs:

1. gramatikuli kategoria aris erTi semantikuri kategoriis amsaxveli gramatikuli

formebis sistema; gramatikuli kategoriis niSanebs warmoadgenen erTi rangis afiqsebi an

erTi agebulebis yalibebi.

gramatikuli kategoriis aucilebeli niSania mniSvnelobisa da formis erTianoba

(rogorc bilateraluri enobrivi niSnisa); sxvanairad Tu vityviT: Tuki

urTierTdapirispirebul gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa ganyenebuli erToba simetriuladaa

asaxuli erTi sityvis msgavsi agebulebis formaTa rigiT, saqme gvaqvs gramatikul

kategoriasTan10.

2. brunva aris morfologiuri kategoria, romelic sxvadasxva gramaTa saSualebiT

asaxavs sagnis (movlenis) mimarTebas sxva saganTan (movlenasTan), an raime moqmedebasTan:

mimarTeba SeiZleba iyos sintaqsuri an semantikuri (posesiuri, lokaluri); Sdr.: brunva

5Sdr.: svanur da zog sxva qarTul kiloebSic mimarTvis dros dResac o Sorisdebuli gamoiyeneba: o, RerbeT (o, RmerTo). 6g. nebieriZe. arsebobs Tu ara ergatiuli konstruqcia qarTvelur enebSi. macne els 3. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 177-191. 7T. uTurgaiZe. qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 23. 8T. uTurgaiZe. qarTuli enis doneTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebisaTvis globalur enobriv sistemaSi. Tbilisi, 2009; T. uTurgaiZe. qarTuli enis istoriuli gramatikis morfonolofgiuri da morfosintaqsuri aspeqtebi. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 21. 9fomalizebuli wesebis Camoyalibeba unda efuZnebodes myar logikur Teoriul debulebebsa da enis sinqroniul monacemebs; istoriuli (diaqroniuli) aspeqti informaciis saxiT unda Sevides TiToeuli morfologiuri elementis `pasportSi~. 10morfemaSi formisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: Э. Бенвенист . Общая лингвистика . М., 1974; 136; b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da funqciuri analizis principebi. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 92; a. oniani. qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 40 da sxva.

167

iseTi morfologiuri kategoriaa, romelic gramatikul da semantikur mimarTebebs

gamoxatavs11.

3. konkretuli brunva (gramema) aris morfologiuri yalibi, romelic konteqstis

mixedviT gamoxatavs konkretul sintaqsur Tu semantikur funqcias; sxvanairad: mocemuli

brunva aris saxelis myari formawarmoebiTi yalibi (fuZe + brunv. niSani), romelsac erTi

lqsikuri erTeulis farglebSi aqvs sintaqsur da semantikur funqciaTa sakuTari speqtri.

Sdr.:

v. Smidtis (1960) ganmarteba: `bruneba ewodeba gramatikuli formis cvlilebis sistemas

nominaciur sazRvrebSi~12;

v. vinogradovis ganmarteba: (1972, 139): "Падеж - это форма имени, выражающая его

отношение к другим словам в речи"13;

v. iarcevas ganmarteba: `Конкретный падеж представляет собой специфическое для данного

языка соответствие между набором синтаксич. (или семантич.) функций существительного и

набором морфологич. показателей~14...

4. morfemis zusti ganmarteba SeuZlebelia; kvlevis am etapze Cven safuZvlad viRebT

h. glisonis Sexedulebebis safuZvelze15 SemuSavebul Semdeg ganmartebas: morfema aris

mniSvnelobis mqone iseTi umciresi morfologiuri elementi (erTeuli), romlis Semdgomi

danawevrebiT Zireulad Seicvleba (daiSleba) misi mniSvneloba16.

formis mixedviT morfema aris martivi (-ma, -s, -iT, -o...) da rTuli17 anu Sedgenili; Tu

gramatikul mniSvnelobasac gaviTvaliswinebT, sasurvelia, gairCes Sedgenili morfema da

rTuli morfema:

Sedgenilia morfema, Tuki misi elementebi avtonomiurad inarCuneben sakuTar semebs,

magram maTi erTianoba qmnis Tvisobrivad axal gramatikul mniSvnelobas (-iviT, T-idan, -

isTvis...);

rTulia morfema, romelic Sedgeba ori morfemisagan, magram mis elementTagan erT-

erTs dakarguli aqvs gramatikuli mniSvneloba da erwymis sxva afiqss: -nar-, -evin-, -ebin-...18;

Serwymis Sedegia analogiac: mag., gurulSi -neb- (danebi, Zmanebi) analogiiT gadadis nasesxeb

sityvebSic: badiS-neb-i, angeloz-nebi... -n fuZeSi rom iyos Sesuli, am tipis magaliTebi ar

gveqneboda... asevea kauzativis niSnebic da sxv. fuZeSi moiazreba, ZiriTadad, saderivacio

afiqsebi (gul-ad-i, x-is, gul-iT-ad-i da sxv.).

Semdgomi msjelobis gasaadvileblad zogadi StrixebiT kidev erTxel SevexebiT

zmnisarTTa, TandebulTa da formamawarmoebel afiqsTa gamijvnis sakiTxs19:

vfiqrob, samecniero literaturaSi Tandebulebisa Tu morfemoidebis20 saxeliT

cnobili elementebi aerTianebs Tvisobrivad (rangobrivad) gansxvavebul sam jgufs:

a) morfema, romelic msazRvrelis gareSec gvxvdeba winadadebaSi, Tandebulad ver

CaiTvleba; Sdr.:

11g. nebieriZe. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 186. 12Wilhelm Schmidt. Deutsche Sprachkunele. Berlin, 1960. 13В. В. Виноградов . Русский язык . М. , 1072. 14Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (под ред . В. Н. Ярцевой), М. , 1990. 15Г. Глисон. Введение в дескриптивную лингвистику . М., 1959, 93. 16Sdr., Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (под ред. В. Н. Ярцевой), М. , 1990. 17`rTuli morfemis~ Sesaxeb ix.: E. Курилович , Философия грамматики, М. , 1958, 180; Sdr., О.Есперсен, Философия грамматики . М., 1958, 214. 18T. uTurgaiZis azriT (saxelis fuZisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1983, 1-8), funqciadakarguli sufiqsi fuZeSi gadairicxeba. Cemi azriT, funqciadakarguli sufiqsi erwymis misive msgavs axal sufiqss (dawvrilebiT ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 138; t. futkaraZe. saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtTa mixedviT._ macne, enisa da literaturis sesia, 1986, #3. 19vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986. 20Tandebuli-morfemoidis ganmartebisaTvis ix.: b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe. qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 1988.

168

saxlTan axlos dgas; axlos dgas;

saxlis win midis; win midis...

vfiqrob, am tipis SesityvebaSic àxlos~, `win~ formebi ufro damoukidebeli

mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebia - zmnisarTebia, vidre - leqsikuri mniSvnelobis armqone

damxmare sityvebi - Tandebulebi. zmnisarTi SezRudulad brunvacvalebadi saxelia21,

Sesabamisad, ufro logikuria, saxlis win tipis wyvili sintqatur wyvilad - msazRvrel-

sazRvrulad ganvixiloT da ara - Tandebulian saxelad. Sdr.: Tandebulebs ara aqvs

formawarmoebis unari, dasaxelebul sityva-formebs ki aqvT: win, winidan, winamde (saxli -

saxlidan - saxlamde...)22;

b) morfema, romelmac dakarga damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvneloba, formaTwarmoebis

unari, ar dasturdeba arsebiTi saxelis gareSe, magram SenarCunebuli aqvs sakuTari maxvili,

misaCnevia sakuTriv Tandebulad; mag.: kacis mier gakeTda; ̀ mier~ tipis morfemebi (garda, Sua,

gamo...) Tandebulebia.

g) morfema, romelmac dakarga damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvnelobac, formawarmoebis

unaric, maxvilic da sabolood miuerTda romelime erTi brunvis niSans, unda miviCnioT

formamawarmoebel afiqsad; mag., Sdr.: `vfiqrob mSvenier qalze~; aq -ze elements ukve aRara

aqvs leqsikuri mniSvneloba - dakarguli aqvs zeda/zed sityva-formis semantika da

faqtiurad, micemiTis -s msgavsi funqciiT realizdeba.

-ze morfemadarTul micemiTs qarTulSi mravali funqcia udasturdeba, kerZod:

sintaqsuri: ubralo damateba, adgilis garemoeba, miznis garemoeba, drois garemoeba, zomisa

da odenobis garemoeba, viTarebis garemoeba, gansazRvreba.

semantikurad `-ze darTulma micemiTma~ SeiZleba gamoxatos: interesi, adresati,

Tanaoba, daniSnuleba, instrumentalisi, msgavseba, miwevniToba, gamosavlianoba,

mimarTuleba, lokalizacia, adgilmyofoba sagnis zedapirze, saganTan siaxlove, fardobiTi

dro da sxva. xSir SemTxvevaSi leqsikuri mniSvneloba sruliad nivelirebulia sxva amgvar

`TandebulebTanac~23.

vfiqrob, aSenebul-a (< aSenebul ars) tipis zmnaTa bolokiduri à~-s msgavsad, -ze

tipis morfemebi relatiur afiqsebad ufro CaiTvlebian, vidre damxmare sityvebad24.

brunvis niSani da masTan Serwymuli Tandebuli erTi mTlianobaa mniSvnelobis

aspeqtiTac: arc mxolod brunvis niSans da arc mxolod am e.w. umaxvilo Tandebuls

calcalke ar SeuZlia mag., daniSnulebis gamoxatva, kac-isTvis formaSi. Sesabamisad, -isTvis

segmentian yalibs: fuZe+isTvis ganvixilavT rogorc damoukidebeli brunvis formas. am

brunvis formis ZiriTadi funqciaa daniSnulebis gamoxatva:

-is- warmoSobiT kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli afiqsia, xolo `Tavis~/Tavi saxelis

istoriuli transformaciiTaa miRebuli -Tvis; sinqroniul doneze kac-isTvis yalibSi -

isTvis rTuli agebulebis segmenti erTad gamoxatavs daniSnulebas; Sesabamisad,

daniSnulebis semantikiT -is+Tvis erTiani formaTmawarmoebeli morfemaa.

zogi mecnieri Tvlis, rom am rigis `Tandebulebs~ SenarCunebuli aqvT leqsikuri

mniSvneloba, vinaidan, Tandebuli mTlian Sesityvebas aformebs25; am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis

ufro misaRebia a. onianis kritikuli msjeloba: amgvar msjelobas Tu bolomde mivyvebiT,

`maRali mTebiT~ SesityvebaSi -iT Tandebuli gamova.26. Sdr.: g. cocaniZis azriT, -idan, -ze

21b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli enis morflogia. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 24. 22ver gaviziarebT T. uTurgaiZis mosazrebas, rom win, winidan, winamde... sami sxvadasxva damoukidebeli zmnisarTia. 23t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986. 24-iyo, -arian, -na zmnuri morfemebis Sesaxeb msgavsi msjelobisaTis ix.: b. foCxua. qarTuli enis leqsikologia. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 130; Sdr. b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe. qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 18, 45-46. 25g. cocaniZe. `gan~ Tandebuliani moqmedebiTis sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi._ qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi. 1982 , gv. 25; g. cocaniZe. saleqsikono masalis SerCevis principisaTvis erTenovani leqsikonis Sedgenisas. ike. XXXI,. Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 191. 26a. oniani. qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 76.

169

tipis morfologiuri erTeulebi leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone formebad unda miviCnioT

imitomac, rom SesaZlebelia, mag, `-ken Tandebulis mniSvneloba gadmoices `mxares~

zmnisarTiT~27.

vfiqrobT, brunvis niSanTan Serwymuli `Tandebulis~ (agreTve, Cveni terminologiiT,

`sakuTriv Tandebulis~) `leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone elementad~ CaTvlisaTvis ver

gamodgeba ̀ avtonomiuri sityviT~ misi Canaclebis SesaZleblobis arseboba. brunvis martivi

niSanic SeiZleba Canacvldes; Sdr.: ded-isTvis//ded-isad//ded-iza; qalaq-s//qalaq-Si//qalaqis

mimarTulebiT... Tu morfemaTa rangebis Teorias moviSveliebT, aucileblad sxvadasxva

rangSi moxvdeba, mag., `Tan~ da èrTad~:

kac-Tan erTad mivdivar - aq -Tan elementi brunvis niSanTanaa Serwymuli, xolo ̀ erTad~

zmnisarTi damxmare sityvis rolSia - aSkarad sxva rangis morfemaa.

aqve aRvniSnavT imasac, rom morfemebis kvalifikaciisa Tu klasifikaciis wesebiT,

brunvis niSanTan mierTuli Tandebuli ver ganixileba verc leqsikur morfemad, verc

saderivacio morfemad da verc damxmare sityvad - nawilakad - damazustebel morfemebad28:

brunvis niSani+`Tandebuli~ erTianad amyareben sintaqsur Tu semantikur mimarTebebs,

amitomac warmodgenili Serwymuli morfemis, adgili mimarTebiT afiqsebSia29.

nawilakebis erTi jgufic (-c, -Ra, -ve) saxelis formas awarmoebs: daerTvis brunvis

formas, ara aqvs Tavisi maxvili, sityvaSi Seaqvs Tavisi semantika... magram maT ara aqvT

brunvaTa sistemaSi erTi myari adgili, ver asaxaven mimarTebebs da rangiTac gansxvavdebian

brunvis niSnebTan Serwymuli `Tandebulebisagan~.

amgvarad, brunvis niSanTan Serwymulma Tandebulebma ganviTarebis rTuli gza gaiares:

zmnisarTi calke mdgomi Tandebuli (romelic jer naTesaobiTi brunvis formas

daerTvoda sazRvrulis saxiT) konkretuli semantikis mqone morfema brunvis niSanTan

Serwymuli morfologiuri elementi, romelsac garkveuli semantikuri informacia30 aqvs,

magram konteqstis mixedviT sxva ganyenebuli mniSvnelobebic aRmoaCndeba; mag., `bunebaze

Seyvareba~ SesityvebaSi -ze mxolod gramatikuli mniSvnelobis mqonea31.

e.w. lokaluri brunvebis niSanTa zmnisarTuli warmomavloba ucxo ar aris arc sxva

iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTvis32.

yovelive zemoTqmuli, vfiqrobT, saSualebas iZleva, sinqroniul doneze erTian,

Serwymul morfemebad gaviazroT ara mxolod a.SaniZis mier lokalur brunvebad miCneuli

27g. cocaniZe. saleqsikono masalis SerCevis principisaTvis erTenovani leqsikonis Sedgenisas. ike. XXXI,. Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 191. 28damazustebeli morfemis Sesaxeb ix.: b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli enis morflogia. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 10. 29b. foCxua Soris, Sua, garda, gamo... damxmare sityvebisagan acalkevebs -ken, -Si, -Tvis, -mdis, -ze... elementebs da maT morfemebad ganixilavs; e. w. funqcionaluri leqsikisa da morfemebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb ix.: b. foCxua. qarTuli enis leqsikologia. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 127; logikuria, zmniswinebi da -ken, -Si, -Tvis, -mdis, -ze... elementebi erTgvar monacemebad ganvixiloT; isini ar arian damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone leqsikuri erTeulebi, arc saderivacio morfemebi da arc damazustebeli afiqsebi (nawilakebi); sinqroniul doneze maT aqvT formaTmawarmoebeli elementisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani: forma, myari adgili sityvaSi da gramatikuli Tu lokaluri (araleqsikuri) semantika. 30morfemaTa semantikuri informaciulobis Sesaxeb ix.: b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli enis morflogia. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 18-19. 31Sdr., zmniswinebi: aqvT konkretuli semantikac, magram mag., wera - dawera, wers - dawers mimarTebebSi zmnswini mxolod gramatikuli funciis mqonea; msjelobisaTvis dawvrilebiT ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 84-86, 108; Sdr. Н. В. Чанишвили. Падеж и глагольные категории в грузинском предложении . М., 1981, 39; sagnobrivi mniSvnelobisagan ̀ dacarielebis procesis~ Sesaxeb ix.: b. foCxua. qarTuli enis leqsikologia. Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 128-129. 32il. cercvaZe. andiuri ena. Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 166.

170

formebis niSnebi33, aramed `brunvis niSanTan TandebulmierTebuli (enklitikuri) sxva

formebic34; isini SeiZleba gavaerTianoT `rTuli brunvebis~ saxeliT.

Sdr., martivi brunvebi:

fuZe+Ø/i35: miwa, kaci;

fuZe+m/ma/n: miwa-m, kac-ma, vi-n/aman;

fuZe+s: miwa-s, kac-s;

fuZe+s(i)/is/: wyaro-si, kac-is, Cemi36.

fuZe+Ti/iT: wyaroTi, kac-iT;

fuZe+d/ad: wyaro-d, kac-ad;

fuZe+0/v/o: deda, miwa-v, kac-o.

Sdr.:

rTuli brunvebi:

myofobiTi: fuZe+sas/isas37: margo-sas, mezobl-isas... Cem-sas38 Sdr. mis-sas;

daniSnulebiTi: fuZe+sad/isad/dami: wyaro-sad, kaci-sad; Cem-dami;

fuZe+s(a)Tvis/is(a)Tvis/Tvis39: wyaro-sTvis, kaci-sTvis, Cem-Tvis.

msgavsebiTi: fuZe+saviT/iviT: miwa-saviT, Cem-saviT, kac-iviT; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT

fuZe+ebr/isebr40;

sazedao: fuZe+ze/sze: kac-ze, mas-ze;

saSinao: fuZe+Si/sSi: saxl-Si, ma-sSi;

TanaobiTi: fuZe+sTan/Tan: deda-sTan, kac-Tan mas-Tan41, Cem-Tan;

mimarTulebiTi: fuZe+s(a)ken/is(a)ken: Cem-sken42, kac-isken;

33a. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 73; a. oniani. qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 79... Sdr.: arnold Ciqobava. Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi. t. 2. Tbilisi, 1961; T. uTurgaiZe. Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba qarTulSi._ krebuli àrnold Ciqobavas~. Tbilisi, 1979. 34Sdr. g. cocaniZe -idan segments Tandebulad Tvlis (g. cocaniZe. `gan~ Tandebuliani moqmedebiTis sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi. qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi. 1982).. . Cveni azriT, zmnisarTidan momdinare Tandebuli ar SeiZleba saxelis fuZes uSualod erTvodes; -idan erTiani Serwymuli formaTmawarmoebeli sufiqsia - brunvis niSania. 35warmovadgenT mxolod saliteraturo qarTuli enis alomorfebs (àlomorfebs~ viyenebT i. naidas mixedviT; msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 32). 36T. uTurgaiZis mixedviT (1886, 140), msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli naTesaobiTis yalibSi -is formanti sityvamawarmoebeli sufiqsia da ara brunvis niSani; naTesaobiTi brunvis gamoyofis safuZveli gvaqvs mxolod TandebulTa win (kacis mier, kacisken...) da `ZaRls eSinia kacisa~ tipis SesityvebaSi. Tvisobrivad amave rigisaa fuZe+Tana da fuZe+Tanave (drois `zmnisarTis~ warmomqmneli) yalibebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo or SemTxvevaSic sagnobrivi mimarTeba icvleba, tradiciuli naTesaobiTi formis msgavsad, am etapze maT mainc brunvebis rigSi SemovitanT... Cem-Tvis formaSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis semantika `Cem~ fuZeSia moazrebuli. 37dawvrilebiT ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 63-64; ix.: agreTve, jorbenaZe, kobaiZe, beriZe, 1988, 246. 38Cem-sas formaSi -sas analogiTaa gadmosuli arsebiTi saxelebidan. 39-sad/-isad/-dami/-Tvis/-isTvis/-Tvis/iza/-izda... Sedgenili elementebis alomorfebad miCneva SesaZlebelia morfemaTa identifikaciis wesebidan gamomdinare: òri elementi erTi morfemis alomorfebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive maTgani erTnair mimarTebaSi imyofeba Sinaarsis struqturis erTsa da imave wertilTan~ (Г. Глисон. Введение в дескриптивную лингвистику . М., 1959, 124; oniani. 1989, gv. 46). alomorfebad CaTvlisken isic gvibiZgebs, rom qarTuli enis Tanamedrove qvesistemebSi ukve romelime maTgania gabatonebuli. 40dawvrilebiT ix.: t. futkaraZe. saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 93. 41Sdr.: masze, masSi, masTan da miwaze, miwaSi, miwasTan/miwaTan... nacvalsaxelis `s~ aucileblad SenarCundeba; SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom -s- segmenti garkveulwilad fuZis struqturasac inarCunebs: miwa, qva, oqro... sityvaformebisagan gansxvavebiT oden boloxmovniani mas/man nacvalsaxeluri fuZe ar realizdeba. 42-sken, -mde, -viT... erTian formantebad rom aris enaSi gaazrebuli, Cans iqidanac, rom Cem- fuZesTan analogiTaa gadmosuli: Cem-sken; Sdr. agreTve: mSia - mSia-saviT da sxv.

171

TanabrobiTi: fuZe+isTana/Tana: kac-isTana, Cem-isTana (Sdr., dialeqturi CemTana~);

TanamdeviTi: fuZe+isTanave: Wam-isTanave (sawyisis brunva);

dawyebiTi: fuZe+dan/idan: wyaro-dan, saxli-dan (Sdr. Cem-gan da dialeqturi Cem-idan);

TanxlebiTi: fuZe+(Ti)TurT/iTurT: sandroTiTurT/sandroTurT, kaciTurT;

miwevniTi: fuZe+mde/amde: wyaro-mde, saxl-amde, Cem-amde...

dasaxelebuli brunvebi garkveuli pirobiTobiT SeiZleba daiyos srul da periferiul

(i. iakobsoni), an abstraqtul da konkretul (e. kuriloviCi) brunvebad, magram vinaidan

qarTulSi principulad ver gaimijneba aqtantebisa da garemoebis brunvebi, aseT dayofas

arsebiT mniSvnelobas ar vaniWebT43.

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis saxelis formawarmoebis modelireba gacilebiT martivad

da zustad SeiZleba warmodgenili yalibebis mixedviT, vidre tradiciuli (6 an 7 brunva da

e. w. Tandebulebi) Sexedulebebis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli; kerZod, saxelis formaTa

paradigmis formalizebisas diaqroniul procesebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, anu brunvebad

CavTvliT mxolod 6 an 7 ZiriTad yalibs da brunvis niSanTan mimarTebiT mirTul e. w.

Tandebuls damxmare sityvad - calke morfemad - ganvixilavT, bevrad garTuldeba

programisaTvis aRsaqmeli logikuri wesebis SemuSaveba. manqanuri TargmanisaTvis

formalizebuli wesebis SemuSavebas STambeWdavad gaaadvilebs saxelis formaTwarmoebis

procesisadmi Cveneuli midgoma; kerZod, mag., Caiwereba Semdegi wesi:

qarTulSi daniSnuleba gamoixateba:

a) Tanxmovanze an kvecad xmovanze damTavrebuli sityvis SemTxvevaSi -fuZe+isTvis

yalibiT (brunebis tipebi ix. bolos);

b) ukvecel xmovanze daboloebuli sityvis SemTxvevaSi fuZe+sTvis yalibiT;

g) I da II piris nacvalsaxelTan: fuZe+Tvis yalibiT da a. S.

vfiqrobT, ara mxolod programisti, aramed qarTuli enis Semswavleli ucxoelic da

qarTveli mowafec Cveneuli yalibebiT (fuZe+martivi brunvis nuSani; fuZe+Sedgenili

brunvis niSani) ufro martivad gaiazrebs Tanamedrove samwignobro qarTulis saxelis

formawarmoebas, vidre e. w. Tandebulebisa da brunvis niSnebis rTuli urTierTobis

istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT...

sinqroniul doneze brunvis niSnis kvalifikaciisas gaumarTlebelia diaqroniuli

analizis SedegebiT argumentireba44; mocemul SemTxvevaSic, Tanamedrove qarTulSic,

saxeluri formebis analizisas, ufro logikuria, brunvis niSans mirTuli Tu Serwymuli

`Tandebuli~ Sedgenili morfemis nawilad ganvixiloT, vidre gavaTanabroT cakle mdgom

TandebulTan Tu zmnisarTTan. miT umetes, qarTulSi gvaqvs sxva msgavsi agebulebis

morfemebic: -nar-, -neb- da sxv..

Sdr., aseve:

man nawevarisagan Cvens Tvalwin Camoyalibda -ma/-m niSniani moTxrobiTi brunva; Tu

Tanamedrove qarTulSi warmoSobiT nawevars - man elements - moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnad

vTvliT (g. nebieriZis garda yvela mkvlevari moTxrobiTs damoukidebel brunvad miiCnevs),

warmoSobiT `Tandebuloba~ Tu `zmnisarToba~ ratom uSlis xels -ze, -Si, -mde, -dan...

elementebis brunvis niSnebad miCnevas?

aRvniSnavT imasac, rom brunvis martivi Tu rTuli niSnebis warmomavlobis kvleva

mecnierebis saqmea, istoriuli gramatikisaTvisaa saintereso da ara - saswavlo

saxelmZRvaneloebisa da avtomatur Targmanebze orientirebuli kompiuteruli

programebisaTvis. brunvis morfologiuri kategoriis farglebSi sinqroniul doneze

saxelis imdeni brunva unda gamoiyos, ramdenic gramatikuli mniSvnelobiT gansxvavebuli

realuri saxeluri yalibi gvidasturdeba.

gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev ramdenime garemoeba:

43brunva rTuli sistema damaxasiaTebelia sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTvisac; ix.: mag., Ю. Д. Дешериев . Сравнительно-историческая грамматика нахскиx языков. Грозный, 1963. 44Sdr. T. uTurgaiZe. Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba qarTulSi._ krebuli àrnold Ciqobavas~. Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 118-122.

172

1. lokalur da posesiur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli msgavsi warmomavlobis brunvebi

ara mxolod qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi, aramed sxva iberiul-kavkasiur da

indoevropul enebSic gamoiyofa;

2. rogorc wesi, brunvaTa saxelwodebebi motivirebulia rogorc sintaqsuri, aseve,

semantikuri funqciis Sesabamisad; faqtobrivadac, brunva, rogorc morfologiuri

kategoria, gansaxilvelia rogorc sintaqsis, aseve, semantikis TvalsazrisiTac.

3. brunvis niSani + `Tandebuli~ erTiani Sedgenili morfema rom aris, Cans mocemul

segmentSi ganxorcielebuli fonetikuri procesis xasiaTiTac: Cveulebriv, morfemaTa

zRvarze izRudeba fonetikuri procesebi; Cvens SemTxvevaSi, naTesaobiTi brunvis

enklitikebis gamoklebiT (gasagebi mizezebis gamo) fonetikuri procesebi imgvaradve xdeba,

rogorc erTi morfemis farglebSi: -ad+mde -amde, -iT+gan -id+gan -dan45.

4. e. w. Tandebulian brunvebSi brunvis niSani aramdgradia: fuZeukumSvel saxelebTan

an saerTod aRar Cans brunvisniSniseuli elementi, an kargavs Tavis Tvisebebs: wyaro-mde,

wyaro-dan; kedel-iviT... mag., bolo yalibSi zogi mecnieri saxelobiTi brunvis niSans xedavs,

ramdenadac -i- segmenti ver kumSavs fuZes; aq e. w. iribi brunvis povnierebaze migviTiTebs

mxolod msazRvreli nacvalsaxeli: am kedeliviT.

5. rTuli brunvebi ara mxolod garemoebebad, aramed aqtantebadac gvevlinebian

(`siyvarulze saubrobs~), Sesabamisad, brunvaTa rigidan maTi gamoricxva `mkacri~

stratifikaciuli midgomis SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZlebelia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom

meTodologiuradac SeuZlebelia yvela garemoeba (pavlemde, qalaqSi, saxlidan...)

zmnisarTad - saxelis paradigmidan amovardnilad - CavTvaloT46; Sdr., `dRe~ saxelis

paradigmidan marTlac amovardnilia zmnisarTi `dRes~: dRes Camovida da dRes Rame

uTenebia47; Tumca, amgvari msjeloba SeuZlebelia, mag., `qalaqs midis~, `qalaqSi midis~,

`qalaqamde midis~... Sesityvebebis saxelebis mimarT. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom zmnisarTsac Tavisi

paradgma aqvs: aq, aqidan, aqamde48.

brunebis tipebi

bevri sxva enisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTulSi saxelTa brunebis erTi tipi gvaqvs, magram

specialistebi am erTi tipis farglebSi ganarCeven brunebis ramdenime saxeobas; kerZod:

a. SaniZe gamoyofs brunebis sam saxeobas:

1. TanxmovanfuZiani saxelebi;

2. xmovanfuZiani kvecadi saxelebi;

3. fuZeukveceli saxelebi.

TanxmovanfuZian saxelebSi yvela brunvis niSani srulia (saxl-i, saxl-ma, saxl-s, saxl-

is, saxl-iT, saxl-ad, saxl-o).

kvecad saxelebSi mokvecili an arasrulia (Zma, Zma-m, Zma-s, Zm-is, Zm-iT, Zma-d, Zma-o).

fuZeukveceli saxelebis brunebisas icvleba brunvis niSani naTesaobiTsa da

moqmedebiTSi: ezo-s-i, ezo-T-i.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelTa brunebis tipebis a.SaniZiseuli klasifikacia indoevropuli

enebis gramatikebis gavleniTaa SemuSavebuli, magram am enebisTvis aseTi klasifikaciis

safuZvelia sqesis kategoria, rac qarTulSi ar gvaqvs. amdenad, es dayofa TavisTavad

logikurad sworia, magram ar aris qarTulisaTvis adekvaturi.

arn. CiqobavasTvis amosavalia fuZesa da brunvis niSanSi momxdari cvlilebebi; amis

mixedviT igi ganasxvavebs saxelTa brunebis sam tips:

1. ukumSveli saxelebi;

2. kumSvadi da kvecadi saxelebi;

45Sdr. T. uTurgaiZe. Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba qarTulSi._ krebuli àrnold Ciqobavas". Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 116-124. 46Sdr. T. uTurgaiZe. saxelis fuZisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi. saenaTmecniero Ziebani. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 91-92. 47ver gaviziarebT k. gabunias mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac dRes, kargad tipis gaqvavebul formebSi - zmnisarTebSi - -s, -ad CaTvlilia brunvis moqmed niSnebad (ix.: k. gabunia. zmnisarTis warmoeba da funqciebi qarTvelur enebSi. Tbilisi, 1993). 48b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli enis morflogia. Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 46.

173

3. ukveceli saxelebi.

TanxmovanfuZian ukumSvel saxelebSi arc brunvis niSani iwvevs cvlilebas fuZeSi da arc

fuZis daboloeba moqmedebs brunvis niSanze (saxl-i, saxl-ma..).

meore tipis anu kumSvad da kvecad saxelebSi xmovniT dawyebuli brunvis niSani iwvevs

cvlilebas fuZeSi (megobr-is, megobr-iT, megobr-ad; mT-is, mT-iT; kld-is, kld-iT).

mesame tipis saxelebSi fuZis bolokiduri xmovani moqmedebs brunvis niSanze, ikveceba

brunvis niSniseuli xmovani (wyaro-s-i, wyaro-T-i).

am kvalifikaciaSi winaaRmdegobrivia meore jgufis gamoyofa, vinaidan kvecadi saxelebis

saxelobiT, moTxrobiT brunvaTa niSnebi fuZis gavleniT fonetikur cvlilebas ganicdian

da am mxriv mesame tipis saxelebis jgufs miekuTvnebian; amis gaTvaliswinebiT, v.Tofuria

qarTul enaSi gamoyofs saxelTa brunebis 4 ZiriTad saxeobas: ukumSveli, kumSvadi, ukveceli

da kvecadi.

b. jorbenaZe saxelTa brunebaSi ori morfologiur tips asaxelebs: erTfuZians (1)

da orfuZians (2):

erTfuZianSi igulisxmeba sami qvetipi:

.1. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT yvela brunvis forma (kaci, qali; siyvaruli, bedniereba...);

1.2. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT mxolod ori forma (-n da -T formantebiT nawarmoebi

mravlobiTis formebi: kac-n-i _ kac-T-a);

1.3. saxelebi, romelTac axasiaTebT nakluli bruneba: Sen, Tqven, Cven...

orfuZianSi warmodgenilia ori qvetipi:

2.1. saxelebi, romelTac saerTo forma aqvs saxelobiTis, moTxrobiTisa da

micemiTisaTvis, erTi mxriv, naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTisaTvis, meore mxriv: me, Cem-ze (Cem-

Tan, Cem-Si), Cem- (TandebulebiT), Cem-iT;

2.2. saxelebi, romelTac gansxvavebuli fuZeebi aqvT saxelobiTsa da yvela sxva

brunvaSi (is, es, igi...).

Cemi azriT, brunebis Taviseburebis mixedviT qarTul enaSi saxelTa (arsebiTi saxeli,

zedsarTavi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, zmnisarTi) ramdenime jgufi unda

gamoiyos:

I. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTSi dairTavs -i-s; brunebisas arc

saxelis fuZe icvleba, arc brunvis niSani: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s, kac-is...

II. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiT brunvas aformebs -i; naTesaobiT,

moqmedebiT da viTarebiT brunvebSi fuZis bolo marcvlis Semqmneli a, e, o xmovnebi ikumSeba:

dedali, dedalma, dedals, dedlis...

III. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis forma ar dairTavs i-s (fuZe

boloxmovniania); moTxrobiT, naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT brunvebSi

brunvis niSani reducirebulia (mam, iss; iTT, add, ov): wyaro, wyarom, wyaros...

IV. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis forma ar dairTavs

saxelobiTis i-s; brunebisas brunvis niSani ikveceba moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT

brunvebSi, xolo fuZe ikveceba naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi: kibe, kibem, kibes, kibis...

V. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi ar dairTavs brunvis niSans;

saxelobiT, moTxrobiT da wodebiT brunvebSi ikveceba brunvis niSani., naTesaobiT da

moqmedebiT brunvebSi fuZe kargavs or bolo xmovans: fanjara, fanjaram, fanjris...

VI. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma, magram naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT

brunvebSi uCveulo (/arqauli) formiT warmosdgeba: RmerTi - RvTis, ambavi - ambis, Rvino -

Rvinis...

VII. saxels ara aqvs yvela brunvis forma (SezRuduli brunebis saxelebi): Sen, SeniT,

Senamde; dRes, dReidan, dRemde; aq - aqedan - aqamde...

VIII. brunebisas saxeli avlens or fuZes: es - aman, amas; me - Cem-iT, Cem-Tvis...

brunvis formaTa semantika

samecniero literaturaSi qarTuli enis saxelis morfologiur analizs araerTi

naSromi mieZRvna, magram yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili brunvaTa semantikuri mxare. am

naklis Sevsebas warmoadgens b. jorbenaZis naSromi `brunvaTa semantikuri analizis

174

principisaTvis qarTulSi~. avtoris azriT, aucilebelia, gansxvavdes brunvaTa

morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri aspeqtebi; mag., micemiTi brunva formis mixedviT

gulisxmobs fuZisa da -s niSnis erTianobas (qalaq-s), sintaqsurad igi SeiZleba iyos iribi

obieqti, pirdapiri obieqti, garemoeba; semantikurad ki miuTiTebs adresatze (amxanags

dauwera), samoqmedo sagans (saxls iSenebs), moqmedebis iaraRs (CaquCs urtyams), mimarTulebas

(qalaqs miemgzavreba), miwevniTobas (qalaqs Cavida)...

am TvalsazrisiT siRrmiseuladaa Sesaswavli qarTuli samwignobro enis brunvebi.

daskvnis nacvlad:

specialistTa Soris azrTa mkveTri sxvadasxvaobaa qarTuli enis rogorc brunvaTa

raodenobis, aseve brunebis qvetipebis Sesaxeb. warmodgenil Tu sxva axal TvalsazrisTa

Soris upiratesoba unda mieniWos im koncefcias, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba

algoriTmisaTvis saWiro ugamonakliso wesebis ageba (manqanuri TargmanebisaTvis).

Tariel Putkaradze

Case as one the aspects of noun formation

Summary

So-called local as well as other forms with a prepositional (enclited) case-marker are considered in the paper to be

fused (complex) morphemes. They can be united under the name of `complex cases~.

175

manana tabiZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

bela SavxeliSvili, filologiis doqtori, profesori

koleqtiuri TviTkuTvnilebis enobrivi gamoxatvis qarTul-naxuri magaliTi

humanitarul mecnierebaTa Tanamedrove kvlevebi sul ufro xSirad iTvaliswinebs

anTropologiur monacemebs da adamianis qcevis (maT Soris enobrivi qcevis) axsnas identobis

TaviseburebaTa safuZvelze cdilobs. miiCneva, rom eTnokulturuli normebi uZveles

socialur normebs warmoadgenen, romlebic yalibdeboda eTnosis istoriuli ganviTarebis,

moRvaweobis formebis, tradiciebis, ritualebis saxiT (an maT wiaRSi). socialuri identobis

Teoriis mixedviT, normebi, maT Soris eTnokulturuli normebi, mniSvnelovnadaa

damokidebuli garkveul socialur konteqstze, socialuri identoba aris normatiuli

qcevis sakvanZo motivaciuri faqtori, anu adamianebi normasTan Sesabamisobas eswrafvian

imitom, rom surT jgufis wevrad igrZnon Tavi. amitomacaa, rom ucxo garemoSi moxvedrili

adamiani cdilobs ipovos is jgufi, romlis nawilic surs iyos da misi sayofacxovrebo

normebic aiTvisos, an SeinarCunos, Tuki es ufro advilia, vidre adaptacia1.

kavkasiisaTvis koleqtiuri identobis uzrunvelmyofi normebis SemuSaveba–dacva

principulad mniSvnelovani iyo saukuneTa manZilze, xolo aris Tu ara mniSvnelovani

amJamad, amas specialuri kvleva esaWiroeba. ramdenadac geopolitikuri mdebareoba

kavkasiis mosaxleobas mudmivi Tavdacvis poziciaSi yofnas aiZulebda, xolo Tavad

„Sidakavkasiur“ eTnosTa mravalferovneba da „Sidageopolitikuri“ izolaciurobac

SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis konfliqtis ganmapirobebeli aRmoCeniliyo, amitom erTiani

identobis ama Tu im komponentis moZieba da SenarCuneba usafrTxoebis pirobad Canda. unda

vifiqroT, rom swored amgvari pragmatika edo safuZvlad saerTo kavkasiuri identobis

elementebis, rogorc sociokulturuli Tanalmobis ganmsazRvreli faqtoris Senaxvaze,

SenarCunebaze zrunvas. sxvadasxva dros winamdebare statiis avtorebi saerTo kavkasiuri

enobrivi identobis ramdenime gamovlinebas ikvlevdnen. koleqtiuri identobisa da am

identobis zogadkavkasiuri bunebis Ziebam amjerad e. w. mezoblobis institutTan da misi

enobrivi gamoxatulebis sakiTxTan migviyvana.

qarTvelTa enobrivi identobis kvlevisas sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis

sayofacxovrebo TaviseburebaTa amsaxveli ramdenime leqsema daCndeba, romelTac

respondentebi qarTvelTa yofis mkafio TaviseburebaTa Soris asaxeleben; aseT kategoriaTa

Sorisaa: Zmoba, naTesaoba, megobroba, stumar-maspinZloba, mezobloba da sxv.; imTaviTve unda

iTqvas, rom qarTvelebi mtkivneulad reagireben am faseulobaTa ignorirebis, damcrobis,

eTikur normaTa darRvevis yvela SemTxvevaze, da sazogadoebis ama Tu im wevris mier am

normaTa uaryofaSi erovnuli Rirsebebis degradaciisa da erovnuli mTlianobis darRvevis

safrTxes xedaven. aRmoCnda, rom aseTive damokidebulebas iCenen am sakiTxebisadmi iberiul-

kavkasiuri modgmis sxva xalxebic.

„mezoblis“ (mezoblobis) cneba geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT dRes raime

gansakuTrebuli semantikuri datvirTvis matarebeli ar Cans; globalizaciis amJamindeli

formatisaTvis is, rac sazRvars iqiT, sazRvars gareTaa, ukve mezoblobaa, gaCnda iseTi

cnebebic, rogoricaa „axlo sazRvargareTi“ da „Soreuli sazRvargareTi“ es cnebebi CvenSi

1Phinney J. Identity formation across cultures: The interaction of personal, societal and historical change // Human Development. 2000.

Vol. 43. P. 27–31 1. Tajfel H. Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In H. Tajfel Differentiation between social

groups. London: Academic, 1978, Р. 61-76 2.

176

rusul politikur terminologias Semohyva, Tumca viwro politikur wreebs ver gascda,

radgan enam ver igua „mezobeli saxelmwifoebisa da aramezobeli saxelmwifoebis~ amgvari

diferenciacia.

CvenSi „mezoblis“ cneba sxvadasxva kategoriad iyofa: mezoblebi raionis, soflis,

ubnis, quCis, sacxovrebeli binebis siaxlovis (urbanul dasaxlebebSi) mixedviT; amas garda

mezobeli pirebi Tu erTobebi gairCeva konfesiuri, kulturuli da iqamde, politikuri

niSnebiTac. mniSvnelobaTa aseTi mravalferovneba am sakiTxis srulad aRqmas arTulebs,

Tumca imTaviTve Cndeba sakiTxi – aris ki saerTo sxvadasxva xalxis kulturaSi am sakiTxis

gagebis TvalsazrisiT, da ras gviambobs amis Taobaze ena, rogorc adamianTa urTierTobisa

da azrovnebis wyobis yvelaze mgrZnobiare fiqsatori. amjerad am saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli

niSnebis Zebnas Cven qarTulsa da CeCnur enebSi SevecdebiT.

mezoblad cxovrebis Tema yvela xalxisa da yvela epoqisTvis aqtualuri Cans,

ramdenadac dakavSirebulia mSvidobis, kulturuli gavlenis, savaWro urTierTobebis

mniSvnelovan faqtorebTan; droTa ganmavlobaSi, mas Semdeg rac sazRvrebad

mavTulxlarTebi, xolo Robeebad ekalbardebi gaevlo, adamianTa erTmaneTisgan izolaciis

xarisxma imata, da bolos egzistencialisturi martoobis mdgomareobisken gadaixara.

cxadia, amgvarma cvlilebebma gamoZaxili pova `mezoblobis~ tradiciul gagebaSi da

pirovnebis maindividualizebeli wris SigniT moxvedril adamianTa Soris mezobeli aRar

moxvda. ena, romelic, rogorc wesi, afiqsirebs adamianis Sinagan da garemoseul codnasa

da SegrZnebebs, am SemTxvevaSic utyuari sazomia `mezoblobis~ institutSi ganviTarebuli

procesebisa. ase rom ovidiusis (V s. Cv.w.aR.-mde) mier SemCneuli samezoblo Surianoba

(`mezoblis yanaSi mosavali ukeTesi Cans da mezoblis Zroxa mets iwveliso~ da horaciusis

(VII s. Cv. w. aR.-mde) mier aRniSnuli mezoblebis altruistul-egoisturi

urTierTdamokidebuleba (`roca mezoblis saxli iwvis, Sens sakuTrebas safrTxe emuqrebao~)

is universaliebia, romelTa suliskveTeba mravali xalxis kulturaSi iCens Tavs.

Sesabamisad, samezoblo TemiTa da pozitiur-negatiuri magaliTebiT savsea Semdgomi drois

msoflio. da imis pirdapirproporciulad, Tu erTmaneTisgan ramdenad damoukidebeli

interesebi uCndebaT mezoblebs, Tavs iCens erTmaneTTan siaxlovis an siSorisaken

miswrafeba. bibliuri andaza `Sors myof Zmas axlo myofi mezobeli sjobso~ pozitiuri

gamonaTqvamebis wyaro gaxda sxvadasxva xalxis folklorSi. kavkasiaSi es formula

ugamonaklisod yvela eTnosSi gvxvdeba: `mezobeli naTesavze axloao~, `kargi mezobeli da

kargi naTesavi erTia~, `nu gacvli axlo mezobels Soreul naTesavSi~ da a. S.

rogorc specialistebi miuTiTeben, droTa ganmavlobaSi evropis xalxebSi

`mezoblis//mezoblobis~ Tema sul ufro pragmatikulad ganixileba, da grZnobiTze metad

praqtikul midgomas wamowevs win, magaliTad: `Cven Tavad viZenT megobrebs da vqmniT mters,

mxolod mezobels gvaZlevs ufali~ (Cestertoni, inglisi XIX s.), `piradi warmatebis akvani

Tqveni uaxloesi mezoblis megobrobis, ndobisa da pativiscemis SenarCunebaa~ (XIX s. j.

vaSingtoni).

rac ufro aqeT moiweven saukuneebi, miT metad Rvivdeba mesakuTreobis, Sejibrebis

ganwyoba da enac gvidasturebs, rom sazogadoebrivi institutebis RvawliT miRweuli

liberaluri urTierTobebi TviT xalxis individualur gamocdilebasa da mexsierebas

sakanonmdeblo CarCoebiT akaveben da marTaven; amdenad erTmaneTs ejaxeba ori kompetencia:

kanoni da piradi xsovna an instinqti; kanoni awesebs:

(muxli 174. cneba. urTierTpativiscemis movaleoba mezobeli miwis nakveTis an sxva

uZravi qonebis mesakuTreni, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba-movaleobebisa,

valdebulni arian pativi scen erTmaneTs. mezoblad miiCneva yvela nakveTi an sxva uZravi

qoneba, saidanac SesaZlebelia gamomdinareobdes ormxrivi zemoqmedeba); piradi

gamocdilebiT ki pativiscema da urTierTgafrTxileba SeiZleba sadavo aRmoCndes.

istoriulad kavkasias misi mosaxleobis SedarebiTi simcirisa da reliefis

TaviseburebebiT ganpirobebuli dasaxlebis principis gamo mudmivad (Soreul saukuneebSic

da met-naklebad dResac) uxdeboda mezoblobis institutisTvis angariSgaweva da am

mimarTulebiT adaTobrivi samarTlis mravalgvari meqanizmis SemuSaveba. am meqanizmebma

bevrjer daicva mosaxleoba Sidakavkasiuri omebisagan, da swored amitom iyo, rom nebismieri

177

momxduri swored mezobeli xalxebis erTmaneTTan wakidebasa da amis meSveobiT sakuTari

xeiris naxvas eswrafoda. genetikuri fesvebis garda (igulisxmeba iberiul-kavkasiuri

warmomavlobis eTnosebi) mTeli kavkasieli xalxebis erTmaneTTan mSvidobiani

Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebeli Canda mezobloba, romelic mSvidobiani

mezoblobis garkveul kriteriumebs iTvaliswinebda: sxvadasxva socialuri institutis

ganviTareba, ojaxi, stumarmaspinZloba, samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, moyvasis siyvaruli

rogorc uzenaesi mizani, saerTo moyvare da saerTo mteri, tolerantuloba erTmaneTis

rjulis, tradiciis, sakuTrebis sakiTxebSi.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Cven yvelani globalistur epoqaSi vcxovrobT, sadac

Znelia lokaluri Rirebulebebis SenarCuneba, da mravalTa azriT, es arc aris saWiro, Cven

gviwevs fiqri imaze, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia am tradiciuli zneobrivi sistemis

SenarCunebisTvis daZabuli brZola, TaobaTa dapirispireba, msoflio mdinaris „dinebis

sawinaaRmdegod siaruli“; bolos da bolos, xom agvarebs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs

uamravi samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo instituti? miT ufro, rom saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobas sruliad naTlada aqvs gansazRvruli mezobelTa urTierTobis normebi,

da erTmaneTis interesTa Selaxvis aRmkveTi RonisZiebebi. cxadia, amgvari sakanonmdeblo

midgoma savaldebuloa, da masTan araferi gvaqvs sadavo; magram kanoni negatiuri moqmedebis

Sefasebisa da prevenciis saSualebaa, mas arc evaleba da arc SeuZlia pozitiuri qmedebebis

danergva-organizeba. tradicia am mxriv kanons win uswrebs: tradicia iZleva pozitiuri

moqmedebebis sistemas, aswavlis sazogadoebas ara mxolod imas, rom ar awyeninon mezobels,

aramed imasac, rom mezoblebi erTmaneTs mxarSi amoudgnen. vfiqrobT, am mimarTulebiT

ganxorcielebulma kvlevebma TaobaTa keTilad aRzrdisa da aranaTesavebis mSvidobiani

Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelyofis mxriv kargi Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiRon.

sakvlevi kuTxiT identobis kvlevisas „mezoblobasTan“ dakavSirebiT respondentebi

ramdenime leqsemas asaxeleben2: a) mezobloba taritoriuli gradaciis mixedviT (karis

mezobeli, axlo mezobeli, quCis mezobeli, ubneli mezobeli, erTi soflidan mezobeli

(mag. qalaqSi mcxovrebTaTvis) da a. S.); b) mezobloba adamianTa urTierTobis xarisxis

mixedviT („uaxloesi adamianebi arian es mezoblebi“, „mTlad karis mezobeli ar aris, magram

uaxloesia“, „mezobeli bevr naTesavze axloa, pirveli is igebs Sens gasaWirs“, „mezoblebma

yvelaferi ician erTmaneTze, usityvod esmiT Seni gasaWiri“. „sawyali, aravina hyavs,

mezobelic ki ar yavs, rom wyali miawodos (dacarielebul soflebSi aqa–iq SemorCenil

mcxovreblebze amboben.“ „marto ratom viqnebi, SesaniSnavi mezoblebi myavs“. „afxazeTidan

wamosvlis ubedureba ki gadavitane bolos da bolos, magram Cems iqaur samezobloze

mwydeba guli“. àxalma Taobam aRar icis kargi mezobloba: samsaxuri da saxli, sul esaa

maTi cxovreba“)...

swored es damokidebuleba „mezoblobasTan“, rogorc fenomenTan gaxda winamdebare

kvlevis stimuli. sruliad Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi (Cven, ZiriTadad, es „sasinji“

mokvleva Tbilisel axlobelTa Soris CavatareT) esoden mgrZnobiare damokidebuleba

„mezoblobis“ Temisadmi am sityviT gadmocemuli cnebis SinaarsSi ukeT garkvevis survils

aRZravs.

„mezobeli“ ukve Zvel qarTul teqstebSi dasturdeba. mis amosavlad „ezo“ fuZe

miiCneva, romelsac saerTo qarTvelur fuZeTa Soris ganvixilavT, is dasturdeba TiTqmis

yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi, Tumca misi semantika gacilebiT mravalferovania dialeqtur

sivrceSi, vidre am fuZis dRevandeli mniSvneloba3.

ezoTmpyrobeloba samflobelos qoneba “mamulsa naTesavsa vanacvaleT Cuen deduli

aRmobrwyinvebaჲ, mჴedarTmZRuanelobani da erTmmarTebulobani da sameufoTa

ezoTmpyrobelobani~ (paraklitoni, 25)

2aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cven ar Cagvitarebia sistematiuri da meTodologiurad organizebuli gamokiTxvebi am mimarTulebiT, Cven mxolod SevecadeT sxvadasxva Taobis sxvadasxva ganaTlebis donisa da gansxvavebuli materialuri uzrunvelyofis mqone adamianebis SexedulebaTa gagebas. 3„ezo~ saerToqarTvelur leqsikur erTeulebs ganekuTvneba (imave rigisaa, rogorisac: cxeni, zRva, ca, adre, dro, xani, Sara, kvali, mxare, kari, ezo, didi...).

178

ezoჲsagan ezosi sxuani cxovarni midgan, romelni ar arian amis ezoჲsganni (saxarebis

Targmaneba, me-11 saukune, 101, 8-9)4

ilia abulaZis „Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi“ mocemulia „ezos“ Semdegi

ganmarteba: „stova“5, „baki“6, „kretsabmeli“7, „avlini“8, ialqani, farda, galavani, kari,

sadgomi, saxli, sarTuli...“

da am fuZeze agebuli „ezoჲs–moZRuari“: – aTasis Tavi, sasaxlis mTavari, mne“.

ilia abulaZesTanve dasturdeba sityva „mezobeli“, romelic Semdegnairadaa

ganmartebuli: mezobel-i „moZme“; “mezobelTa maT, romelTa exilva igi pirvel“,.. „moigona

warparvad monagebi mezoblisa Tჳsisaჲ“. am magaliTebs i.abulaZe moixmobs iseTi wyaroebidan,

rogoricaa: parxlis mravalTavi9, jruWis oTxTavi10 da sxv.

miuxedavad imisa, rom „mezobeli„ qarTul teqstebSi xSirad gvxvdeba (gansakuTrebiT

mecxramete–meoce saukuneebis literaturaSi), mainc unda iTqvas, rom informaciuli

TvalsazrisiT masze gacilebiT cota informacia amoikribeba „megobrobasTan“,

„ZmadnaficobasTan“ „stumarmaspibZlobasTan“ SefardebiT.

Cven gadavwyviteT mainc gvecada am sityvis mniSvnelobis segmentizacia:

a) „mezobeli“ aris is, vinc axlos cxovrobs; sityva „axlos“ qarTulSi (iseve,

rogorc sxva enebSi) Zalze bundovani sazomia, radgan erTi soflisaTvis, romelsac

SeiZleba sul erTi quCa hqondes, an mosaxleobas erTi mTis ferdobis sacxovreblad vargisi

nawili eWiros, siaxlove Zalze pirobiTia, didi qalaqis ubnebis mezoblobasTan SedarebiT;

saqarTvelos reliefis gaTvaliswinebiT, iseTi sofelic SeiZleba Segvxvdes, sadac

mosaxleoba ise Sori-Soraa gafantuli da uaxloesi mezoblisagan yanebiTa da venaxebiTaa

dacilebuli, rom erTmaneTisTvis xmis miwvdenac ki ar uxerxdebaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi

mezobeli „axloa“ urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, da ara fizikurad (geografiulad).

mezobeli iwyeba ezos iqiT, Robis iqiT mcxovrebi adamianiT da mTavrdeba... iq, sadac wydeba

saerTo maidentificirebeli niSnebi. rogorc Cans, Znelia bolo sazRvris miTiTeba.

qarTuli enis sinonimTa leqsikonSi sityva „mezoblad“ Semdegi sinonimebiTaa

SemosazRvruli: axlo axlos, maxloblad, Soriaxlo, axlomaxlo,, …Tan (mag., saxlTan,

baRTan da sxv.), gverdiT, gverdze, karwin, cxvirwin, mezoblad, oriode nabijze, erTi

nabijis manZilze, marjved, erTi nabijis gadadgma, erTi fexis gadadgma, mcire manZili.

agreTve: momijnave, mimdebare, mimxrobi, sanapiro, misamxari, gverdmdebare11.

b) mezobeli“ aris is, vinc msgavsad saxlikacebisa12 monawileobs konkretuli

ojaxisaTvis mniSvnelovan movlenebSi. xSirad mezoblebi naTel–mironiT naTesaobasac

eswrafvian; aqve unda iTqvas, rom gansakuTrebulad axlo mezoblebs Soris qorwinebaze

metad naTel–mironia gavrcelebuli; aqedan unda modiodes gamonaTqvami: „mezoblis qals

xels nu axleb, isic Sinauriao“.

an mezoblis qalisadmi uimedo siyvarulis gamomxatveli sityvebi imeruli xalxuri

simReridan: „Cemo mkvlelo, Cemo mwvelo, Cemo axlo mezobelo...“

mezoblobis qeba qarTul aforizmebsa da andazebSi Semonaxula:

„mezobelma rom marili gTxovos, Tu marili ara gqondes, mariliani sityva mainc

uTxario“.

„mezobelo karisao, sinaTle xar Tvalisao“ da mravali sxva.

4orive magaliTi moxmobilia Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonidan, Semdgeneli, z. sarjvelaZe. 5stova saxlis erT–erTi saxea: s t o v a ars qviT kamrebiTa Sekruli da gar(e)Semo farRia; 6sadgomi 7sameufo karis Sida mxares, sakurTxevelSi hkidia farda, romelsac kretsabmeli ewodeba. 8sanagve. 9parxlis mravalTavi, xelnaweri 95, XI saukunisad gadaTariRda (adre mas Xs. Zeglad miiCnevdnen). es krebuli, romelic moculobiT yvelaze didi zomis xelnaweria, Seicavs 7 homilias, gamoucemelia, arada misi cal-calke gamocema saSuri saqmea, sxva rom ar iyos, am xelnawerma Semogvinaxa „SuSanikis wamebis“, marTalia, bolonakluli, erTaderTi uZvelesi nusxa. 10jruWis oTxTavi – XII s. H-1667) xelnaweri Semkulia kamarebiT, TavsamkaulebiT, sazedao asoebiT, maxarobelTa gamosaxulebebiT. 11aleqsandre neimani. qarTul sinonimTa leqsikoni. me-3 gamocema. Tbilisi, 1978. 12ojaxis uaxloesi naTesavebi.

179

g) „mezobeli“ TiTqmis ar dadasturda xevsurul leqsikonSi, romelic erT–erTi

udidesi dialeqturi leqsikonia qarTulSi, sakmaod mwiria magaliTebi, imerul, zemoimerul,

qarTlur da sxv. leqsikonebSi. vfiqrobT, amas Tavisi mizezi unda hqondes. mTaSi, sadac

soflis mosaxleoba didxans cxovrobda Temis wesiT, Temis wevrTa umravlesoba naTesauri

da sayofacxovrebo ierarqiis principiT cxovrobda, xolo reliefisa da klimaturi

pirobebis gamo lokalizebul mTlianobas warmoadgenda, amitom is funqciebi, romelsac

baris mosaxleobaSi mezobeli kisrulobda, mTisTvis kargad organizebul socialur

sistemad muSaobda da funqciis dasaxelebac swored am niSniT xdeboda; magaliTad

„xevsurul leqsikonSi dasturdeba ara mezobeli, aramed „meTeme“: meTeme- Temis mcxovrebi

meTeme magveSvelebis, xom mavlen Tenebazeda? (xevs. poezia) meTemes daubardiT, Tu yana

darCis samkali~. anu meTeme aris is adamiani, romlis gasakeTebels barSi mezoblebi

akeTeben. TemSi ki „samezoblo“ funqciebi sxvadasxva adamianzea gawerili: mekode (did

TavyrilobebSi sasmelze agebs pasuxs13, mexorce, xorciT uzrunvelyofs sufras, mekare14

diacebs awvdis sufraze gatanili sursaTis nawilebs, mesadiles mamiTadisTvis sadili

miaqvs da a. S.

d) „mezobloba“ miuxedavad misi sapatio Sinaarsisa, idealizebuli sulac araa.

„mezoblobisTvis“ damaxasiaTebel siaxloves xSirad Crdils ayenebs calkeuli piris

xasiaTi an esa Tu is nakli, sizarmace, meWoreoba, sizarmace da sxv. magaliTad am niadagzea

gaCenili:

analogiuri mini-internetgamokiTxva CavatareT vainaxebs Sorisac. gamogvexmaura

aTeulobiT adamiani, romelTa pasuxebiTac davadgineT, rom isinic mezoblis cnebas Semdegi

Taviseburebis mqoned xedaven: a) CeCnurSi: `rodesac axalgazrdebi saxls an miwis nakveTs

yiduloben, mSoblebi eubnebian: `lamazi saxlis Zebnas kargi mezoblebi eZebeTo~; uaxloesi

mezoblebi iyvnen da maT Soris გერგარლო: viTardeba (naTesaobiTi urTierTobebi) _ erTad

muSaobdnen mindorSi, erTad uvlidnen saqonels, mere ki erT sufrasTan ikribebodnen, raTa

sayofacxovrebo saqmeebze emsjelaT~ an `rodesac ojaxSi sixarulis – vaJi qorwindeba an

qals aTxoveben, bavSvi ibadeba, pirvelad mezoblebs atyobineben. es CeCnurad JRers rogorc

ჴა’ ბაჴჴარ _ sityvasityviT, sixarulis gaziareba; b) interesTa erTianobis TvalsazrisiT

CeCnebisaTvis mezoblad miiCneva is, vinc 40 saxlis radiusSi cxovrobs. `mezoblebTan

CeCnebsac da inguSebsac yovelTvis kargi urTierToba aqvT – es marto kultura ki ara,

religiisa da Sinagani rwmenis nawilia~15 da amis dasturad erTi Cveni internetrespondenti,

saxelad zulixani gvwerda: `Cven mezoblebTan didi megobroba gvaqvs; xadiseSi weria, rom

mezoblebs siyvaruliT unda moepyra, radgan samsjavroze aucileblad gkiTxaven, rogor

epyrobodi mezoblebs _ pirveli xom mezobeli exmaureba Cveni cxovrebis av-kargs~. Bb)

vainaxebi cdiloben moyvasi daifaron mezoblis mimarT cudi saqcielisagan da Caagoneben,

CeCn. ლოლახოჩონცა ვო(ნ) ხილ მეგარ მა დაც – დაალთუოხარ მა დუ იზა, rac niSnavs: àr SeiZleba

mezobelTan mtroba, RmerTi sasjels mogivlens~. qist.: ნაახაც ვეეხაშ ხილჩ, ლოოლახუოშც ჲისთ

ცა ხილარ დიქ მაც დოღ... აუშ დიქ ბეეცეჰ’, ჰ’ო შეგნებულ ხილ მა ვიეძეი ცაარახ!?.. „Tu xalxSi cxovrob,

mezobelTan ubrad yofna ar SeiZleba, meti შეგნeba mogeTxoveba~. cnobili istorikos-

eTnologi ian Cesnovi vainaxebis Sesaxeb wers: `CeCnebis mentaliteti mkafiodaa

polarizebuli principiT: `Tavisiani~ da àraTavisiani~, amasTan es àraTavisiani~ ucxo

sulac araa: mezoblebisa da sxva eTnosTa mimarT CeCnebs aqvT Rrma pativiscema, rac

anTroponimiaSic vlindeba. farTodaa maTTan gavrcelebuli im adamianTa saxelebi,

romlebic mezobeli, da zogjer moSorebiT mcxovrebic, xalxis eTnonimebidan momdinareobs:

gumki (yumixi), germane (germaneli), iaponi (iaponeli), jarji (qarTveli (giorgi), ruslani

13mekode _ visac qorwilSi da micvalebulis xarjebSi sasmeli abaria. 14mekare – igivea, rac mesamreloe, karsnamyofi, rodesac stumrebs gaistumrebdnen `mekare-mesamreloe diacebs~ miutandnen yvelafris nawils, rac sufraze iyo. 15Д. Музакаев, А. Уциев.- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLP8sryD6hg.

http://www.odnoklassniki.ru/dk?cmd=logExternal&st._aid=Conversations_Openlink&st.name=externalLinkRedirect&st.link=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPLP8sryD6hg

180

(rusi)... 90-ian wlebSi inguSeTis uxucesebma CeCnebis mimarT TanagrZnobis niSnad miiRes

gadawyvetileba, ar gadaexadaT sazeimo qorwilebi, radgan moZme xalxs mwuxareba hqonda~16.

leqsikis semantikurma segmentaciam gvaCvena, rom: 1. mezobeli isaa, vinc gverdiT,

axlo cxovrobs, da es kavkasielTaTvis RvTiT mocemuli wesrigia (maSinac ki, rodesac,

reliefidan gamomdinare, mcxovreblebi erTmaneTisagan didi venaxebiT, xexilis baRebiT,

samwyemsuriT an sulac mTiani landSaftiT arian daSorebulni da zogjer erTmaneTisTvis

xmis miwvdenac SeuZlebelia). qarTulsa da CeCnurSi bevri semantikuri da konotaciuri

saerTo moiZebna: qarT. axlo-axlos, CeCn. ულ–ულლე (sruliad axlos); qarT. maxloblad, CeCn.

Уллехул (ara Sors); qarT. Soriaxlo, CeCn. გერგახულა qarT. axlomaxlo, CeCn. ჲუხხეჰ’ qarT. karis

წინ [mezobeli] კარწინ, qarT. gverdiT, CeCn. ულლოჰ’ qarT. ezosTan [mezoblad] CeCn. ქრთჲისთთეჰ’

qarT. cxvirwin, CeCn. მაირჲუხხეჰ’ qarT oriode nabijze, CeCn. შინ ღულჩანე; qarT.erTi nabijis

manZilze, CeCn. ში ღულჩ ბოჴჴალე da sxv.

2) სamezoblo Tematika kavkasiis eTnonimiaSicaa asaxuli (da aqedan toponimikaSic):

xSirad daxasiaTeba, romelsac ama Tu im mezobels aZleven, eTnonimebad gadaiqceoda; mag.

qarT. ქუშტი (magari muStiT) qistebi arian, qarT. kerketi Cerqezis safuZvlad miiCneva,

vainaxuri ბააცაი < *ბაწაბი (> *წანი//წოვა-dan momdinare Cans, Sdr. toponimi წოვათა); didoelebi

qarTvelebs uwodeben: ვილლესი > arab. vilaieTidan (msxvili administraciuli erTeuli),

lakebi – გაზაგ `tyve~ sityvidan qiziyi (es saxeli, rogorc Cans, lekianobis dros unda

gaCeniliyo) da a. S.

rogorc am mokle mimoxilvidanac Cans, mezoblobis institutis enobrivi markerebi

kavkasielTa istoriulad gaazrebuli mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis anarekls warmoadgens. am

identobis SenarCuneba dResac imuSavebs sayovelTao mSvidobisaTvis, Tuki enaSi am leqsikas,

xolo yofaSi – Sesabamis faseulobebs SevinarCunebT.

Manana Tabidze, Bela Shavkhelishvili

Georgian-Nakh Case of Linguistic Expression of Collective Identity

Summary

Vocabulary related to neighborhood institute represents one of the most interesting examples depicting linguistic

expression of collective identity of the Caucasian population.

Living in the neighborhood seems to be an actual topic for every people and epoch as long as it is related with

peace, cultural influence and important factors of trade relations. According to specialists, the topic of neighborhood is

lately acquiring more pragmatic rather than emotional character among European people.

Due to its relatively small number of population and principle of settlement, historical Caucasus has constantly

been obliged to take neighborhood institute into consideration while working on numerous mechanisms of its custom law.

These very mechanisms have protected the Caucasian population from wars and controversy for numerous times. This

was the reason why enemies strived to create conflicts among neighboring people that later ensured their success. Apart

from genetic origin (i.e. Iberian-Caucasian roots), neighborhood institute seemed to be a vital factor for peaceful

coexistence. Preserving this identity including linguistic and relevant social values will play its role in creating universal

peace even today.

16Ян Чеснов. Быть чеченцем: личность и этнические идентификации народа.- сб. Конференции "Мир, прогресс, правачеловека", Выпуск 3, Москва, 1999; http://old.sakharov-center.ru/museum/conferentions.

http://old.sakharov-center.ru/museum/conferentions

181

lia kariWaSvili, filologiis doqtori

akaki wereTlis `qebaTa-qeba~

(simbolo da interteqsti)

Lakaki wereTlis leqsis saTauri _ `qebaTa-qeba~ imTaviTve miuTiTebs mis siRrmiseul

kavSirze bibliis wignTan `qebaTaqeba solomonisa~. MmimarTeba ganpirobebulia ori

umTavresi niSniT: I. leqsic alegoriulia, da II. saRvTo siyvaruls gadmoscems iseve, rogorc

`qebaTaqeba solomonisa~.

L`qebaTa-qeba~ SefarviT, magram gamWvirvale asociaciebiT mianiSnebs saRvTo

siyvaruls. mZafri sulieri eqstazi – trfiali RvTisa - gadmocemulia cocxali gancdiT,

siyvaruli `ganxorcielebulia~, RmerTi – personificirebuli.

orive teqstis mixedviT sulieri aRmafrena da sixaruli Sedarebulia (aRemateba)

RviniT mogvril netarebas. `qebaTaqeba solomonisa~ 8-jer axsenebs Rvinos (2. Rvinoze

tkbilia Seni alersi~. `4. vaqebdiT Sens alerss Rvinoze metad~; 10. `... raoden tkbilia Seni

alersi, Rvinis umjobesi!~)1. amave ideas exmianeba 103-e fsalmuni, romelSic naTqvamia: `Rvino

axarebs gulsa kacisasa~ (103, 13). akaki wereTlis `qebaTa-qebac~ swored am motiviT iwyeba:

`sxvebma svan Rvino, me uRvinodac

mTvrali var pirad bednierebiT~2.

`Trobas~, romelsac lirikuli gmiri ganicdis, sagangebo gamomwvevi faqtori ar

sWirdeba, mas sxva mizezi aqvs, ufro bunebrivi. Ees aris Sinagani sixarulisa da bednierebis

gancda, romelic efuZneba samyaros mSvenierebisa da harmoniulobis, sulierTa da usuloTa

Soris idumali enis arsebobis mZafr SegrZnebas. igi sakuTar Tavs, rogorc xats RvTisa,

Seimecnebs samyaros meufed, erTi didi mTlianobis umniSvnelovanes nawilad. Bbuneba udides

saidumlos inaxavs, TiTqos yvelaferi gacxadebulia, magram mainc idumalebiTa da

miuwvdomlobiT aRvsili, da am yvelafris Sesamecneblad sakmarisi ar aris Wkua,

racionaluri sawyisi, aramed goneba, guli gonieri, rogorc erTaderTi ̀ mediumi~ uzenaesTan

misaaxleblad.

`rom saidumlo,

sasiqadulo,

kacsac bunebis Seatyobinos da, sadac Wkua

scdeba da styua,

iq marto mxolod guls agrZnobinos!~

siyvaruli RvTaebrivia, sityviT mouxelTebeli:

`Sen da mxolod Sen ciuro niWo,

gamouTqmelo kacTa eniTa...~… …

aramarto Sinaarsi am striqonebisa, cnebebi, romliTac is gadmoscems saTqmels,

gvaxsenebs rusTavelis diskurss mijnurobis raobaze:

`mas erTsa mijnurobasa Wkvianni ver mixvdebian,

ena daSvrebis, msmenlisa yurnica davaldebian~3.

(21)

1`qebaTa-qeba solomonisa~. mcxeTuri xelnaweri. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 61-68. 2akaki wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 20 tomad. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2011. 3SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. a. baramiZis, k. kekeliZis da a. SaniZis redaqtorobiT. Tbilisi, 1951.

182

`Wkua~, `Wkviani~ am SemTxvevaSi unda gulisxmobdes saero codnis mqone, pragmatulad

moazrovne adamians, romlisTvisac miuwvdomelia saRvTo sibrZne. RvTis siyvaruli

Seimecneba guliT da gonebiT, am konteqstSi Wkua gonebis sinonimi ar aris.

`qebaTa-qebis~ lirikuli gmiri bunebis `mayrulis~ Semswrea. xedavs mTvares, `tkbili

sevdiT gulavsebuls,~ mis irgvliv varskvlavTa ferxuls. zecis sixaruls miwac uerTdeba.

maTi idumali saTqmeli esmis, Ees aris qebaTa-qeba Semoqmedisa, misi xotba:

`ZalTa dideba,

SeqmnaTa qeba,

ars saidumlo maTi vedreba.

qveyniT buneba bans eubneba

da es bania `qebaTa-qeba~.

yovelive amqveynad Seqmnilia RvTis sadideblad. Efsalmunuri swavlebaa: `3. aqebdiT

mas mze da mTovare, aqebdiT mas yovelni varskulavni da naTelni. 4. aqebdiT mas cani caTani

da wyalni... 7. aqebdiT ufalsa queyaniT veSapni da yovelni ufskrulni: 8. cecxli, setyva,

Tovli, myinvari, suli niav-qarisa...~ (fs. 148).

saRvTo siyvaruls poeti warmosaxavs, rogorc cisa da miwis makavSirebelsa da

gamaerTianebels, am siyvarulis gancda yvelas ar ZaluZs, is xSirad im msubuq, xorciel

urTierTobaSi erevaT, romelsac siZvas uwodeben.

`Sen, visac ugnurT umetesoba

ver gigrZnobs, verc gcnobs, mxolod cils gwamebs,

da Sen magier, Seni saxeliT

is aRiarebs pirutyvul wamebs~.

am striqonTa miRma kidev erTxel gamokrTeba rusTavelis taepebi:

`mijnuroba aris turfa, sacodnelad Zneli gvari;

mijnuroba sxva ramea, ar siZvisa dasadari;

igi sxvaa, siZva sxvaa, Sua uzis didi zRvari,

nuvin garevT erTmaneTsa! Ggesmis Cemi naubari~.

(24)

siyvaruli Semoqmedebis sulia, STamagonebelia. is aZlevs Zalas lirikul gmirs

sulis siRrmidan amoitanos saTqmeli (swored Zalas sTxovs rusTaveli RmerTs, raTa

ganaxorcielos Canafiqri. `Zali momec da Sewevna SengniT maqvs, mivsce goneba~.), romelic

dros gauZlebs, momaval Taobebs gahyveba:

`rom mec gediviT, sikvdilis wineT

ucnaur hangze Cavixmatkbilo...

gcxo wminda simebs ciur malamod

da vsTqva galoba saSviliSvilo~. A

(akakis am striqonebiT unda iyos STagonebuli galaktioni:

`da mec movkvde simRerebSi tbis sevdian gedad

oRond vTqva, Tu Ramem sulSi rogor Caixeda...

rom mefe var da mgosani da simReriT vkvdebi,

rom wahyveba saukunes TqvenTan Cemi qnari~.

`mTawmindis mTvare~)

siyvarulisa da Semoqmedebis gadakveTas `vefxistyaosnis~ prologSic esmeva xazi:

`xams meleqse naWirvebsa missa cudad ar abrkmobdes,

erTi uCndes samijnuro, erTsa visme aSikobdes,

yovlsa misTvis xelovnobdes, mas aqebdes, mas amkobdes,-

misTvis kide nura unda, - misTvis ena-musikobdes.~

(18)

183

RvTis siyvaruli dros ar emorCileba, arc asaki ucvlis fers. mis `dasatevad~

saWiroa siWabuke gulisa da `moxucebuloba gonebisa~. amitomac xandazmuli poeti iseTive

Seyvarebulia, rogoric iyo siWabukeSi.

`da, saamqveynod gulgril moxuci,

dResac Tayvans vcem, rogorc pirvelad,

TiTqo Wabuki viyo me axla,

da vyofiliyo moxuci Zvelad.~

garda `vefxistyaosnisa~, `qebaTa-qebis~ erT-erTi interteqstia nikoloz

baraTaSvilis `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~.

AakakisTvis yvavilTa surneli zeaRmavali sagalobelia:

`yvavilTa ena – ars surnelT fSvena,

sagalobelad aRma kmeuli.~

es striqonebi iseve axdens taZris asociacias, rogorc nikoloz baraTaSvilic

leqsSi yvavilTa surnelis moazreba gundrukad:

`Zirs gaSlils lamazs velsa yvavilni mohfenen, viTa tablas wmidasa,

Dda viT gundruksa samadlobelsa, Senda aRkmeven sunnelebasa!~

(n. baraTaSvili, `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~)4

`qebaTa-qebaSi~ Cans wminda samebis simbolika. sampirovani erTarseba RmerTi

alegoriulad gadmocemulia vardis, iisa da bulbulis mxatvruli saxeebiT (feri, sinaze,

ena –tkbilxmovaneba,) romlebic aq mSvenierebis kategoriebia:

`me mas vugalob, visac gangebam

mSveniereba usxivciskara!

vinc vards elferi, ias sinaze

da bulbuls ena erTad mohpara!~

TiTqmis igive simbolika, odnav saxecvlili (vardi, bulbuli, varskvlavi),

mogvianebiT kvlav gamoCnda akakis leqsSi `suliko~ (1895).

`sulikos~ ganxilvisasAakaki baqraZe aRniSnavda, rom sayvareli anu RmerTi, akakim

ipova vardSi, bulbulsa da varskvlavSi. ùfali yvelgan aris, marTalia, adamiani mas ver

xedavs, magram igi maradiulad sufevs xilul da uxilav samyaroSi, xilul da uxilav

sagnebSi... yvelaferSi, rac adamians garSemo artyia da axvevia. monoTeisturi religiisaTvis

RmerTis yvelgan ganfenilobis idea udavoa, WeSmaritebaa~5.

vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli sameuli SeiZleba moviazroT mSvenierebis kategoriebad.

`me mas vugalob, visac gangebam mSveniereba usxivciskara,

vinc vards elferi, ias sinaze da bulbuls ena erTad mohpara!~

mSveniereba zeciuria, absoluturi erTis atributia sikeTesTan (saxiereba),

WeSmaritebasa da siyvarulTan erTad, (`tomi gvarTa zenaTa~). mSveniereba uflis

`samoselia~. SeiZleba iTqvas, is Teofaniis erT-erTi formaa.

`qebaTa-qebis~Kkidev erTi sameulia wmida ninos, wminda Tamarisa da wminda qeTevanis

mxatvruli saxeebi. cxadia, sxva wmindanTa dasaxelebac SeiZleboda, magram aqac

mniSvnelovania sami, erTSi `SenaTxz-SeerTebulad~ (wmindanTa igive sameuli gamoCnda

`Tornike erisTavSi~).

amdenad, akaki wereTlis `qebaTa-qeba~ saTauris aluziuri mimarTebiT, igavuri

sazrisiT, interteqstualobiT da simbolikiT cxadyofs, rom is aris uflis qebaTaqeba da

siyvarulis sagalobeli.

4nikoloz baraTaSvili. `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~. axali qarTuli literatura. qrestomaTia. I.

Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 70. 5a. baqraZe. `suliko~. Txzulebani. t. I. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 231-236.

184

Lia Karichashvili

Canticle of Canticles by Akaki Tsereteli

(Symbolism and Inter-text)

Summary

Title `Canticle of Canticles~ emphasizes deep relation with the Biblical Song of Solomon from the outset. In both

cases the spiritual love to Lord is expressed by clear emotion, this is èmbodied~ love.

Here the operation with the psalm concepts could be seen (103, 15; 148). Akaki’s definition of love clearly points

to Rustaveli’s discourse dealing with substance of lovers. In addition, there are transparent allusions of Nikoloz

Baratashvili’s stances.

Canticle of Canticles contains symbols of St. Trinity. Tripersonality of Lord is allegorically presented as the rose,

violet and nightingale, comprising here the categories of beauty. Beauty is a heavenly gift, attribute of absolute unity

together with the kindness (image) and the truth.

One more trio of Canticle of Canticles comprises St. Nino. St. Tamar and St. Ketevan.

185

Tamar lomaZe, doqtoranti

metaforebi politikur diskursSi

(saprezidento arCevnebis diskursis magaliTze)1

rogorc cnobilia, politikuri ritorikuli teqstis yvelaze niSandobliv

maxasiaTebels metafora warmoadgens. metafora ki Tanamedrove sociolingvistur

(lingvopolitologiuri, funqciuri stilistikis...) kvlevebSi sayovelTao yuradRebas

ipyrobs2. ramdenadac ritorikis cneba dRes mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda, da tradiciuli

mWevrmetyvelebiTi Sinaarsis garda, logikuri kanonebiT agebuli nebismieri akademiuri

teqstic moicva, aucileblad migvaCnia imis miTiTeba, rom winamdebare statiis mTavari

dakvirvebis sagani swored mWevrmetyvelebiTi teqstia da ara nebismieri akademiuri teqsti.

metafora sityvis Tu gamoTqmis gadataniT mniSvnelobas warmoadgens. es kargad Cans

am sityvis amosaval SinaarsSic (berZnulad „meta“ -iT, „pherein“ - tareba). gadatanis,

moZraobis cneba gulisxmobs cvlilebas, xazs usvams metaforis unars gadagviyvanos sxva

ganzomilebaSi CvenSi emociuri reaqciis gamoRviZebiT. aristotele metaforas gansazRvravs,

rogorc „sagnisTvis iseTi saxelis miniWebas, romelic sxvas ekuTnis“3. metafora sityvis an

frazis mniSvnelobis cvlilebiT miiReba, rodesac sityva aRmoCndeba konteqstSi, romelSic

misi gamoCena moulodnelia, es iwvevs am sityvisa Tu frazis semantikuri mniSvnelobis

gaZlierebas.

metaforis cneba uaRresad tevadia, radgan metaforebi sxvadasxva principiT SeiZleba

klasificirdes. am mravalferovnebasa da daxarisxebis principTa nairgvarobis erT-erTi

ganmapirobebeli isicaa, rom metafora gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea diskursis mimarT.

perelmanisTvis metafora aris „Sekvecili analogia, romelic forisa (phore) da Temis

Serwymis Sedegad miiReba“. perelmani argumentaciul diskursSi ori tipis metaforas

Seiswavlis. igi miZinebul metaforas uwodebs iseT metaforebs4, romelTac ara aqvT

emociuri zegavlenis funqcia. masSi metaforis mniSvneloba TiTqos waSlilia, radgan

dapirispirebis aRqma pirdapir da gadataniT mniSvnelobebs Soris iSviaTad xdeba.

politikur diskursSi e. w. miZinebuli metaforis gamoyeneba universaluria. cocxali,

avtoriseuli, originaluri metaforisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia msmenelSi gamowveuli

moulodneloba da iSviaToba. rac ufro moulodnelia mocemuli enobrivi erTeuli

mocemul sametyvelo situaciaSi, miT metia damaxsovrebisa damsmenelze emociuri

zemoqmedebis xarisxi5.

amerikelma mecnierebma j. lakofma da m. jonsonma 1980 wels SeimuSaves da

lingvistur literaturaSi daamkvidres kognituri metaforis cneba. am mkvlevarTa azriT,

konceptualuri sistema, romelze dayrdnobiTac vazrovnebT da vmoqmedebT, Tavidan

bolomde metaforulia Tavisi arsiT. cnobil naSromSi `Metaphors we Live by~6 lakofi da

jonsoni aRniSnaven, rom adamianebs axasiaTebT garemomcveli samyaros da mimdinare

movlenebis metaforuli aRqma (metaphorical mapping), raSic gamoxatulebas povebs ama Tu im

1ganxilulia saqarTveloSi 2013 wels Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebi. 2manana tabiZe. sociolingvistika (masalebi saleqcio kursisaTvis). gamomcemloba „qarTuli

universiteti“, Tbilisi, 2015. 3Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis/ Houndmills, Basinstoke, Hampshire: New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2004. 4Perelman, C., Titeca, O.Traité de l’argumentation. La nouvelle rhétorique. Bruxelles :

Edition de l’universite de Bruxelles, 2008. ix. adeiSvili, q. 2013. 5q. adeiSvili. argumentacia politikur diskursSi (SepirispirebiTi analizi franguli da qarTuli enebis masalaze). xelmZRvaneli prof. m. doxturiSvili. Tbilisi, 2013. 6Lakoff, George, & Johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980.

186

enis matarebelTa kultura, erovnuli fsiqologia da msoflmxedvelobis specifikuroba.

Cveni yoveldRiuri sasaubro ena gajerebulia metaforuli gamoTqmebiT. es garkveulwilad

amartivebs komunikaciis process, radganac metaforis arsebiTi specifikuroba imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom ufro nacnobi, martivi saSualebiT moaxdinos ufro rTulisa da ucnobis

aRqma-gaazreba. j. lakofisa da m. jonsonis dakvirvebiT, enaSi arsebuli calkeuli

metaforuli gamoTqmebi xSirad erTi didi, kognituri metaforis gamovlinebas warmoadgens,

romelic Tavad SeiZleba arc iyos naxsenebi enaSi, magram igi arsebobs eris cnobierebaSi

da gamovlinebas povebs enaSi calkeuli gamoTqmebis, sityvebis, frazeologizmebis saxiT7.

j. lakofi Tavis naSromSi „metaforis Tanamedrove Teoria“8 aRniSnavs, rom sityva metafora

ganisazRvreboda rogorc axali (novel), an poeturi/mxatvruli lingvisturi gamonaTqvami,

romelSic raime cnebis gamomxatveli erTi an meti sityva gamoiyeneba misi tradiciuli

mniSvnelobis „gareT“ msgavsi cnebis gamosaxatavad. mTavar gansxvavebad Tanamedrove da

klasikur Teoriebs Soris mas miaCnia gansxvaveba pirdapir/ sityvasityviT da figuralur

mniSvnelobebs Soris. me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi metaforaSi igulisxmeboda axali, adre

ararsebuli metafora (novel metaphor), anu SemoqmedebiTi (creative) metafora, xolo

tradiciuli (conventional) metaforis sistema TiTqmis SeumCneveli rCeboda. misi azriT,

„arsebobs lingvisturi gamoTqmebis axal metaforad interpretirebis sami ZiriTadi

meqanizmi: tradiciuli metaforis ganvrcoba; zogadi metaforebi; da imij-metaforebi, anu

xatovani metaforebi. yvelaze saintereso poeturi metafora samive am meqanizms iyenebs“9

(citirebulia - petriaSvili, 2010)10.

Carteris-bleki gamoyofs Semdegi tipis metaforebs:

- sayovelTaod miRebuli/ konvenciuri metafora. metaforis es tipi imdenad xSirad

gamoyenebadia, rom misi semantikuri siZliere Sesustebulia.

- axali/amoucnobi metafora warmoadgens metaforis tips, romelic ar gamouyenebiaT

arcerT enobriv sazogadoebaSi, rac zrdis mis semantikur simZafres.

- konceptualuri metafora aris gamonaTqvami, romelic xsnis semantikur daZabulobas

metaforebis urTierTkavSiris CvenebiT11.

radgan metaforas aqvs unari gaaRviZos emociebi, is xSirad gamoiyeneba darwmunebis

enaSi. magram konkretuli metaforis efeqti damokidebulia enis gamomyeneblis lingvistur

da pragmatul cnobierebaze. metafora damokidebulia interpretaciaze da amitomac,

warmoadgens enis subieqtur aspeqts. metafora aseve mniSvnelovania Cvens farul politikuri

da socialur Sexedulebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. es metaforas aniWebs centralur (da ara

periferuls) rols humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi.

rogorc Carteris-bleki aRniSnavs, metaforis gamoyenebiT mosaubre cdilobs

msmeneli gaxados interpretaciuli aqtis monawile. kreatiuloba/SemoqmedebiToba

aucilebelia rogorc imaTTvis, vinc metaforas yoveldRiur enaSi iyenebs, ise maTTvis, vinc

am metaforebis interpretaciiTaa dakavebuli. interpretacia gulisxmobs metaforebsa da im

kognitur-pragmatul faqtorebs Soris arsebuli kavSiris gansazRvras, romlebic am

metaforebs ayalibebs. es moicavs konceptualuri metaforebis identificirebas.

politikur diskursSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani metaforaa e. w. „spin doqtori“ (Spin

doctor), rac ronald reiganma mediamanipulaciis specialistebs uwoda. qarTulad es termini

SeiZleba vTargmnoT, rogorc „politteqnologi“, pirdapir TargmanSi, es iqneba „qselis

gabmis/rTvis eqimi“. es termini politikur diskursSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani metaforaa.

7n. kirvaliZe. politikuri diskursi da kognituri metaforebi. saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali ìnteleqti~, 2009, 3 (35), gv. 121-125. 8Lakoff, The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, in Ortony, Andrew (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (2nd edition), Cambridge

University Press. 1992. ix.: i. petriaSvili. 2010. 9G. Lakoff, M. Turner, More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor, University of Chicago Press.1989. 10izabela petriaSvili. metafora da politikuri diskursis pragmatika internetJurnali „semiotika“, 2010. HTTPS://SEMIOTICSJOURNAL.WORDPRESS.COM/ mopovebulia 08.12.2015 11Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis/ Houndmills, Basinstoke, Hampshire: New York:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

187

Carteris-blekis12 ganmartebiT, is moicavs manipulaciis sam aspeqts: oboba, romelic abams

qsels msxverplis mosazidad; qselis gambmeli, romelic „msxverpls“ miizidavs motyuebiT

da ara Zalis gamoyenebiT; da mkurnalobisa da wrTobis idea. am metaforis gamoyenebis

mTavari motivacia iyo axali leiboristebis mier gamoyenebuli manipulaciuri mediis

negatiuri Sefasebis pragmatuli mizani.

iqedan gamomdinare, rom kda13 ikvlevs diskursis rols socialuri Tanasworobis

SeqmnaSi, Cndeba kiTxva, monawileoben Tu ara metaforebi sazogadoebrivi azris

konstruqciaSi da ra kvaSiri SeiZleba maT hqondeT kda-sTan. kda ar cnobda diskursis

mniSvnelobis kognitur Teoriebs. bolo periodSi es mosazreba Seicvala. kda-Si

sociokognituri midgomis gamoyenebas emxroba van deiki, r. vodaki da bevri sxva mecnieri.

p. Ciltonis14 Tanaxmad, metaforis mimarT interesi aristoteles droidan

aqtualuria. rogorc wesi, zogi metaforas miiCnevda kognituri sferos sakvlev obieqtad,

sxvebi ki mis kvlevas ritorikas miandobdnen. zogjer, es ori perspeqtiva erTiandeboda.

Carteris-blekic aRniSnavs, rom metaforis daniSnulebaa darwmunebis saSualebiT

Sexedulebebsa da gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis moxdena; es mizani xSirad farulia da asaxavs

mosaubris ganzraxvebs konkretul konteqstSi. mecnieri miiCnevs, rom kritikuli

metaforebis analizi aris erT-erTi midgoma, romlis mizania enis momxmareblebis

(mosaubreebis) ganzraxvebis gamomJRavneba.

rogorc q. harTi Tavis statiaSi - „kda da metafora: Teoriuli CarCos mimarTulebiT“

- aRniSnavs, metaforis kvleva kda-is ganuyofeli nawilia da savsebiT SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas

metaforis kvlevis CarCo kda-is farglebSi.

q. harTi eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom metafora SesaZloa miCneul iqnes enad an

diskursad, magram imisTvis, rom is kda-is nawilad ganvixiloT, saWiroa iseTi Teoriis

SemuSaveba, romliTac metafora diskursad ganixileba.

kognituri lingvistikis farglebSi arsebobs metaforis ganxilvis ori varianti:

konceptualuri metaforis Teoria (conceptual metaphor theory), romelic lakofsa da konsons

(Lakoff, 1993; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999) ekuTvnis da mecnierebis j. fokoniesa da m. terneris e.

w. konceptualuri Serwymis Teoria (conceptual blending theory)15. am or Teorias Soris arsebobs

rogorc msgavsebebi, ise gansxvavebebi. „orive midgoma metaforas ganixilavs ufro rogorc

konceptualur da ara rogorc ubralod lingvistur fenomens“ (Grady, J., Oakley, T., & Coulson,

S: 1999)16. Tumca arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebic. Cveni mxriv davamatebdiT, rom

konceptualuroba lingvisturobas xels ar uSlis, radgan ena (gansakuTrebiT iseTi,

rogoric qarTulia (vgulisxmobT, enis aglutinaciur bunebas, rac formawarmoebiTi

potencialis sididesa, da Sesabamisad, semantikur–konotaciuri SesaZleblobebis siuxves

ganapirobebs), metaforizebis dros yovelTvis akeTebs arCevans semantikur, stilistikur da

formobriv (gramatikul) variantebs Soris.

metaforis analizis erT-erTi mTavari SezRudva aris is, rom kognituri midgoma

izolirebulia pragmatuli midgomisgan, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom metaforis gamoyeneba

aracnobierad xdeba, xolo pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT, mosaubre metaforas iyenebs

darwmunebis mizniT mis xelT arsebuli kognituri da lingvisturi saSualebebis

kombinirebiT17. konceptualuri metaforis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, Serwymis Teoria

ganixilavs konceptualur operaciebs, romlebic diskursisas sruldeba. q. harTis Tanaxmad,

metafora lingvisturi gamoxatvis im konkretul jgufs miekuTvneba, romlebic gulisxmobs

12Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis/ Houndmills, Basinstoke, Hampshire: New York:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 13kritikuli diskursis analizi. 14Chilton, P. Security metaphors: Cold war discourse from containment to common house. New York: Peter Lang. 1996. 15Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. The way we think: Conceptual blending and the mind’s hidden complexities.New York: Basic Books,

2002. 16Hart, Ch. Critical discourse analysis and metaphor: toward a theoretical framework, Critical Discourse Studies, 5:2, 91-106, DOI:

10.1080/17405900801990058. 2008. 17Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis/ Houndmills, Basinstoke, Hampshire: New York:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

188

mentaluri sivrceebis Seqmnas. metaforis Seqmnisas, mentaluri sivrceebi gadian specifikur

konceptualuri Serwymis operaciebs. metafora Sedgeba Temisgan an „samiznesgan“ da ideis

gavrcelebis saSualebis anu „wyarosgan“18.

forsevilma gamoyo metaforulobis dadgenis Semdegi kriteriumebi:

1) identurobis urTierTmimarTeba iqmneba iseT or fenomens Soris, romlebic

mocemul konteqstSi sxva kategoriebs miekuTvneba.

2) movlenebi unda gavigoT rogorc samizne, da Sesabamisad, wyaro: isini, am

konteqstSi, Seuqcevadia.

3) sul cota erTi maxasiaTebeli/konotacia, romelic asocirdeba wyarosTan, unda

moergos samiznes.

rodesac saubaria winasaarCevno diskursis rolze sazogadoebrivi azris konstruqciaSi,

SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT metaforas. metaforebis gamoyenebiT politikosebi axerxeben

TavianTi gamosvlebis ufro emociurad datvirTvas, rac zrdis potenciuri amomrCevlis

ndobas ama Tu im politikosis mimarT.

rogorc s. baqsi aRniSnavs, „metafora politikur process warmoaCens zeciT STagonebul

rTul mogzaurobad, romelsac mivyavarT pozitiuri da imedismomcemi adgilisken. metafora

aseve gvixatavs msmenels, rogorc am mogzaurobaSi monawile mxares“19. msmeneli mudmivad

Tanaarsebobs saarCevno sityvasTan, radgan swored misi interesis, kompetenciis, da Tu

gnebavT, sametyvelo prioritetebis gamocnobas eswrafvis oratori. unda vTqvaT, rom gza

da brZola Cveni amomrCevlisaTvis gansakuTrebiT gamWvirvale semantikisaa. saerTod,

msmenelze gaTvlili teqsti funqciuri stilebis socialuri Taviseburebebidan

gamomdinareobs20.

ramdenadac metafora mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs darwmunebis procesSi, sainteresoa

misi gamoyenebis analizi winasaarCevno diskursSi. amjerad, SevecdebiT yuradReba

gavamaxviloT 2013 wlis 27 oqtombris saprezidento arCevnebis kandidatebis mier yvelaze

xSirad gamoyenebuli metaforebze. kognituri metaforebidan yuradRebas iqcevs

mgzavrobis, gzis mogzaurobis aRmniSvneli leqsemebi metaforebad; rogorc Cans, ms

sityvebis metaforad metaforad gamoyeneba universaliaa, da Tanamedrove politikuri

diskursisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mraval enaSi.

lakofi da jonsoni21 gamoyofen iseT metaforebs, rogoricaa _ siyvaruli mogzaurobaa,

kamaTi mogzaurobaa. Tavis mxriv, mogzauroba gulisxmobs gasavlel gzas, mimarTulebas,

daniSnulebis adgils. „mogzaurobis metafora xazs usvams rogorc mimarTulebas, ise

progress miznisken“. arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi, gasavleli gza winasaarCevno periodia,

romelmac unda migviyvanos daniSnulebis wertilamde - gamarjvebamde.

mogzaurobis metaforis TvalsaCino magaliTia: „...mogveciT SesaZlebloba am qveyanas

mivceT axali Zala, axali Sansi da gavagrZeloT winsvla“.

„ra logikiT unda daviwyo me ukan yureba da momindes isev dabruneba wamebis,

policiuri reJimis da im problemebisken, rac am sazogadoebas hqonda maSin, rodesac marto

win wavediT imis mere22.

giorgi margvelaSvilis mxardasaWerad warmoTqmul sityvaSi, saxelmwifo ministri

kaxa kalaZe iyenebs metaforebs: „me darwmunebuli var, Cven erTad, yvela, TqvenTan erTad,

Zalian did gamarjvebas mivaRwevT. batoni giorgis gamarjvebiT da es iqneba TiToeuli

CvenTaganis ocnebebis asruleba da is didi gamarjveba, romelic gasuli wlis oqtomberSi

daviwyeT“.arCevnebi aris mgzavroba („daviwyeT“), Tavisi dasawyisiT da dasasruliT. am

18Bounegru L. and Forceville Ch. Metaphors in editorial cartoons SAGE Publications (Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore

and Washington DC: http://vcj.sagepub.com) Copyright © The Author(s), 2011. 19Bax, S. Discourse and Genre: Analyzing Language in Context. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York : Palgrave

Macmillan, 2011. 20manana tabiZe. funqciuri stilebi _ sazogadoebis socialuri diferenciaciis Sedegi Tu mizezi._ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvewodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti. humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi. IV. Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 108-113. 21Lakoff, George, & Johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980. 22arCevani - giorgi margvelaSvili - 22.10.2013 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-3Yif2teBQ - mopovebulia 18.12.2015.

189

nawyvetSi arCevnebi asocirdeba aseve SejibrTan, brZolasTan („gamarjvebas mivaRwevT“, „is

didi gamarjveba“). am tipis metaforis naTeli magaliTia aseve g. margvelaSvilis fraza:

„garantias gaZlevT, 27-Si Cven rom movigebT“, aseve: „rodesac Cven movigebT arCevnebs

(arCevnebi aris brZola, TamaSi), Zalaufleba me ki ar momecema, dagibrundebaT Tqven, visac

ekuTvnis. Zalaufleba daubrundeba xalxs“, „gamarjveba unda iyos Zalian damajerebeli“,

„...Cvenma amomrCevelma unda icodes, es unda iyos Cveni erToblivi gamarjveba da Cveni

amomrCeveli unda CaerTos amaSi“23.

yuradsaRebia aseve giorgi margvelaSvilis winasaarCevno kampaniis mTavari lozungi:

mTavari lozungi - „erTad ganvagrZoT winsvla“. inglisurSi gamoyenebuli „mogzauroba“

qarTul realobaSi ar gamodgeba saarCevno kampaniis dinamikis gadmosacemad, radgan

qarTulSi mogzauroba seirnobaa, moxilvaa sxvadasxva adgilisa, CvenSi mgzavrobis, svlis,

moZraobis semantika ufro faseulia miznis dasauflebel RonisZiebaTa aRwerisas.

igulisxmeba, rom „qarulma ocnebam“ daiwyo winsvla da axla, margvelaSvilis arCeviT,

moxdeba aRebuli kursis gagrZeleba. „davasruloT kohabitacia“, margvelaSvilis

ganmartebiT, „winsvlas emsaxureba“. „kohabitacias Tu ver davasrulebT da mudmivad gveqneba

xelSeSla winsvlaSi, bunebrivia, es procesi swrafad ver ganxorcieldeba“24.

mgzavrobis (//mogzaurobis) metafora aRmovaCineT aseve prezidentobis meore

kandidatis _ daviT baqraZis winasaarCevno diskursSi: „me yovelTvis vcdilob, ro yvela

gamosvlaSi viyo maqsimalurad gulwrfeli, visaubro kargzec da cudzec, ar davmalo arc

kargi da arc cudi da am gulwrfelobiT vipovo gza Cveni mosaxleobis gulamde“. arCevnebi

aqac gaigivebulia moZraobasTan, svlasTan..., romlis saboloo daniSnulebaa mosaxleobis

„gulis mogeba“.

„erTi rame mjera namdvilad, rom yvela nabiji, romelsac Cven gadavdgamT sazogadoebis

gamTlianebisken aris kargi nabiji qveynisTvis, yvela nabiji, romelsac Cven gadavdgamT

sazogadoebis dapirispirebis, gaTiSvis da konfliqtisken, aris cudi nabiji qveynisTvis25.

gadacemaSi – „arCevani“ moWadrake nona gafrindaSvili nino burjanaZis wardgenisas

iyenebs Semdeg metaforas: „marTali giTxraT, mas Semdeg, rac is opoziciaSi aRmoCnda, Cven

erTad vibrZodiT am wlebis ganmavlobaSi (politika brZolaa - metafora) im reJimis

winaaRmdeg, romelma reJimmac aseTi ubedureba moutana Cvens qveyanas26.

brZolis metaforas iyenebs giorgi TargamaZec: g. TargamaZe: „da vici, rom iseT

qveyanaSi, rogoric aris saqarTvelo, Tanamedrove axalgazrda demokratiis viTarebaSi, Sen

geqneba rogorc warmateba, aseve damarcxeba“. - metafora - cxovreba/politika

brZolaa/TamaSia, sadac imarjveb an marcxdebi.

„Cven viciT ra pasuxismgebloba aviReT sakuar Tavze da ra brZolaSi CavebiT“.

wamyvani ekiTxeba nino burjanaZes: „ramdenad xarT mzad am brZolis mosagebad?“,

razec prezidentobis kandidati pasuxobs: „Cven yovelTvis varT mzad brZolis mosagebad da

viciT, rom es aris Zalian grZelvadiani brZola, es ar aris moklevadiani garbena, es aris

maraToni, politikuri, romlisTvisac mzad unda iyo27. rogorc vxedavT, am magaliTSi

metafora axsnilicaa da brZola da svla erTmaneTTanaa miyvanili.

am da sxva magaliTebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom politika, kerZod ki

wanasaarCevno periodi asocirdeba brZolasTan, SejibrTan. Sesabamisad, winasaarCevno

diskursTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi metaforebi: arCevnebi aris brZola, arCevnebi

- TamaSia da arCevnebi - gzaa, mgzavrobaa.

23arCevani - giorgi margvelaSvili - 22.10.2013 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-3Yif2teBQ - mopovebulia 18.12.2015. 24arCevani- giorgi margvelaSvili - 22.10.2013 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-3Yif2teBQ - mopovebulia 18.12.2015. 25arCevani - daviT baqraZe arCevani – daviT baqraZe - 15.10.2013.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIsZzTSXnUo mopovebulia 18.12.2015. 26arCevani – nino burjanaZe - 08.10.2013

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNDMk2UVWZU - mopovebulia 19.12.2015. 27arCevani – giorgi TargamaZe - 01.10.2013

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbQ_vTWB1_Y mopovebulia 19.12.2015.

190

Tamar Lomadze

Metaphors in Political Discourse

(based on thepre-election discourse of 2013 presidential elections in Georgia)

Summary

The paper focuses on the importance and role of metaphors in persuading potential voters. Metaphors tend to be

used unconsciously but, from the pragmatic point of view, with the combination of cognitive and linguistic means, they

can be most influential tool of persuasion and manipulation of the potential voters. This leads to the relation of metaphors

with Critical Discourse Analysis. Reference will be made to the results of a qualitative analysis of a corpus of pre-election

political talk-show discourse depicting the 2013 presidential election campaign in Georgia. Three major metaphors

characteristic for the pre-election political discourse are revealed: election is a battle, election is a game, election is a

journey.

191

Targmanmcodneoba

192

eka duRaSvili, filologiis doqtori, profesori

himnografiuli kanonis II odis (moixilesas) erTi aspeqtisaTvis

Zveli qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT

bizantiuri himnografiis problemaTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze rTulia himnografiuli

kanonis kompoziciaSi II odis (moixilesas) arsebobisa da misi reduqciis sakiTxi.

cnobilia, rom himnografiuli kanoni ToTxmetodiani bibliuri galobidan miRebuli

cxra bibliuri odis modelis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. poeturma troparebma, romlebic

bibliuri odebis muxlebs daerTvoda, damoukidebeli kanonis saxe miiRo. ToTxmetodiani

galobis cxra odaze dayvana VI s-Si ivaraudeba1.

mecnierTa erTi nawili (u. xristi, e. veleSi, i. voznesenski)2 Tvlis, rom II oda Tavisi

mZime da samgloviaro xasiaTis gamo martooden didmarxvis periodSi gamoiyeneboda.

saeklesio weliwadis sxva periodisaTvis ki iwereboda kanonebi mis gareSe. am mosazrebis

sapirispirod l. berhards mohyavs nimuSad 150-e fsalmuni, romelic ganwyobilebiT ufro

mZimes, vidre II oda, da es fsalmuni bizantiur RvTismsaxurebaSi dResac yoveli dRis

cixkarze ikiTxeba3.

l. bernhardis azriT, meore odis reduqcia moxda jer kidev bibliur gamobaTa doneze.

igi ioane damaskelisa da kozma ierusalimelis kanonebsi II odis klebas xsnis TviT

liturgikuli praqtikidan II bibliuri odis (moses didi galobis) amoRebiT da asaxelebs

kozmas didi samsabaTis arasrul kanons. es ukanaskneli samfsalmuni unda iyos, magram mas

ara aqvs `moixilesa~, l. bernhardi Tvlis, rom kozmas droisaTvis `moixilesas~ modeli _

bibliuri II oda ukve amovardnili iyo odaTa rigidan Tavis sididis gamo `manamde, vidre

poeturi kanoni ioanesa da kozmas xeliT Camoyalibdeboda, rogorc ucvleli norma~4. u.

ueis miTiTebiT, romlis Tvalsazrissac vicnobT l. kvirikaSvilis naSromidan, Teofane

graptosis epoqidan (IX s-dan) iwyeba meryeoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tanaarsebobs rvaodiani

srulakrostiqiani da rvaodiani arasrulakrostiqiani kanonebi. gamovlenilia iosebis (IX

s.) cxra rvaodiani arasrulakrostiqiani kanoni, sadac aSkarad Cans, rom II oda dakargulia5.

amrigad, Tanamedrove gamokvlevaTa fonze, himnografiul kanonSi II odis ararsebobis

safuZveli myari da damajerebeli argumentebiT ar aris axsnili. SesaZlebelia vifiqroT,

rom cxra da rva ricxobrivi simbolika himnografiuli kanonSi sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa,

iseve, rogorc bibliur galobaTa Sesaxeb aRniSnavda u.xristi. igi werda: `bibliuri

galobisaTvis `cxra~ dadginda `mysticus rationibus~6 (mistikur simbolikaTa mixedviT). aqedan

gamomdinare, sabawmidel himnografTa reformac, cxra odidan rva odaze gadasvla da

rvaxmiani sistemis Seqmna SesaZlebelia urTierTkavSirSi iyos. magram es varaudic

uaryofilia u. ueis mier7.

auxsnelia VIII saukunis Semdgomi periodis himnografTa mcdeloba, aRadginon

cxraodiani liturgikuli kanonebis praqtika.

vnaxoT, ra suraTs gviCvenebs kozma ierusalimelis rvaodian kanonTa qarTuli

Targmanebi.

1Bernhard L. Der Ausfall der 2. ode im byzantischen Neunodenkanon, Salzburg, 1969, 93. 2Christ W. Prolegomena. A.G.C.Ch. Lipsiae. 1871. p. LXIV, Wellesz E., The History of Byzantine Hymnography and Liturgy, Oxford,

1971.198. Вознесенский И. О церковном пении православной греческо-русской церкви. 1890, gv. 84 3Bernhard L.. 96. 4Bernhard L.. 100. 5l. kvirikaSvili. himnografiuli kanonis kompozicia. gv. 228. 6l. kvirikaSvili. himnografiuli kanonis kompozicia. gv. 36. 7l. kvirikaSvili. himnografiuli kanonis kompozicia. gv. 38.

193

unda SevniSnoT, rom uZveles iadgarSi, romelic adreuli ierusalimuri praqtikis

amsaxveli Zeglia da misi Tavdapirveli plasti Targmnilia ara ugvianes VII saukunisa,

himnografiuli kanonebi Seicaven II odas. radgan uZvelesi iadgaris berznuli modeli

dakargulia, masze msjeloba mxolod qarTuli TargmanebiTaa SesaZlebeli. aqedan

gamomdinare, qarTul krebulSi `moixilesas~ arseboba adreuli etapis (VII s-is) bizantiuri

kanonis kompoziciaSi mis arsebobas unda niSnavdes. kozmas kanonTagan uZveles iadgarSi

Sesulia RvTismSoblis miZinebisadmi miZRvnili kanoni, romelic krebulSi gviandeli

CanarTia8. mis SemadgenlobaSic II oda ar aris. asec iyo mosalodneli, radgan cnobilia,

rom kozmas kanonebSi `moixileebi~ arsad dasturdeba. gansxvavebuli viTarebaa axal

iadgarebSi. mis zogierT nusxaSi is kanonebi, romlebic berZnuli dednis mixedviT

rvaodiania, Sevsebulia II odiT. magaliTad, imave kozma ierusalimelis ramdenime kanoni.

qarTul himnografiul tradiciaSi rvaodiani kanonebis `moixileebiT~ Sevseba ioane

minCxis saxels ukavSirdeba. swored am avtors miewereba kozmas samarxvo kanonebis II odiT

Sevseba9. sistemurad es procesi miqael modrekilis krebulSi (978-988) SeimCneva. II odiT

Sevseba krebulis Semdgenelis gamiznuli qmedebaa, razec metyvelebs krebulze darTuli

anderZi: `Sevkriben sagalobelni ese wmidisa aRdgomisani, romelni vpoen eniTa

qarTvelTaჲTa mexurni, berZulni da qarTulni, srulni yovliTa gangebiTa, wesisaebr

saeklesioჲsa: ufalo RaRatyaviTa, moixiliTa da aqebdiTiTa Zlierad~.

amrigad, rvaodiani kanonis cxraodianad Sevseba qarTul himnografiul krebulebSi

faqtia. asaxavs Tu ara es procesi Tavad bizantiur himnografiaSi mimdinare movlena

dReisaTvis miRebulia is Tvalsazrisi, rom ̀ moixilesas~ Camateba berZnulis analogiiT unda

momxdariyo10. qarTul krebulebSi II odiT Sevsebis mcdeloba miqaelze adreul sinur

iadgarebSi (Sin-34, Sin-1, Sin-14) SeimCneva. jer kidev sinur nusxebSi kozmas Sobisa da

gancxadebis kanonebs aqvs `moixilesa~. raime faqti rvaodian kanonSi II odis Camatebisa

berZnul xelnawerebSi gamovlenili ar aris, magram yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT

T.detorakisis erT dakvirvebaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom evstratiadesis gamocemul

irmologionSi kozmas Sobisa da gancxadebis ``~ da gancxadebis -

`~, da `~. T. detorakisi Tvlis, rom es

Zlispirebi kozmas ar ekuTvnis. Sobis kanonis II odis irmoss andria kritelis kuTvnilebad

miiCnevs da kozmas akoluTiaSi mis mixvedras gadamweris naxelavad Tvlis11. gancxadebis

kanonis II odis Zlispirebis arsebobas ki amave akoluTiaSi ver xsnis, mxolod

fsevdokozmaseuls uwodebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sinur nusxebSi Sesuli kozmas Sobisa da gancxadebis kanonebis

TargmanebSi II odis Zlispirebi T. detorakisis mier warmodgenili irmosebis Targmanebia;

`~ `moixile, cao da vityodiT~. aqve qarTul Zlispirs uZRvis berZnuli

Zlispiris dasawyisis qarTuli transliteracia `propeSeurane~, rac aSkarad `~-s

damaxinjebuli wakiTxvaa. aseve gancxadebis kanonSic Sin-34, Sin-1, Sin-14, Sin-65 `caჲ da queyanaჲ

gulisxmisyofiT qristesa adidebdiT~ Targmania `~. Zlispiris

teqstebi srulad aris motanili iadgaris zemoT CamoTvlil nusxebSi. am Zlispirebs ar

icnobs qarTuli irmologionis I da II redaqciebi. III redaqciaSi ki Cans `moixile cao~,

xolo meore ̀ caჲ da queyanaჲ,~ ar aris arc III redaqciaSi12. amitom vfiqrobT, rom `moixileebis~

Zlispirebi TviT odebTan erTad iTargmna da Sevida iadgarebSi.

rac Seexeba kozma ierusalimelis sxva kanonTa Targmanebs, amgvari suraTi gvaqvs:

daviT da iakobisadmi da grigol RvTismetyvelisadmi miZRvnili kanonebi `moixileebiT~

Sevsebulia mxolod miqaelis iadgarSi. RvTismSoblis miZinebisa da feriscvalebis kanonebi

miqaelis krebulSi SemorCenili ar aris da arc Sin-65-is doneze ar Seicaven `moixilesas~.

8uZvelesi iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades el. metrevelma, l. xevsurianma, c. Wankievma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 688, 829. 9l. xaCiZe. ioane minCxis poezia. 1987, gv. 145. 10l. jRamaia. himnografiuli kanonis `moixilesa~. `mravalTavi~. X. 1980, gv. 115. 11, 127. 12g. kiknaZe. nevmirebuli Zlispirni. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 137.

194

migebebis kanoni Sevsebulia yvela sinur nusxaSi da A 190-Si. mina, biqtor da bikentisadmi

miZRvnil kanons ki arc miqaelis krebulSi ara aqvs II oda. amrigad, Cans, rom kozmas kanonTa

Targmanebi `moixiles~ arsebobis mixedviT araerTgvarovan suraTs gviCvenebs.

daviT da iakobis kanonis II odis Zlispiri (ìsmendin queyanaჲ), migebebis (ùxilavTa

mxilvelman~), grigol RvTismetyvelis (`zeSTa bunebaჲ) qarTul ZlispirTa krebulebis I da

II redaqciaSi ar Cans, maT mxolod gviandel III redaqciis (603 X-XI) irmologionSi vxvdebiT.

magram am samive Zlispirs icnobs jer kidev ioane minCxi da iyenebs originalur kanonebSi13.

aqedan ioanes originaluri, eqvTime didisadmi miZRvnili kanoni miqaelis krebulSi gvxvdeba.

swored am kanonis II odis Zlispiri emTxveva daviT da iakobis kanonis II odis Zlispirs

(ismendin queyanaჲ). Zlispirebi miqaelis iadgarSi mxolod dasawyisebiTaa moyvanili. es ki

imas niSnavs, rom maTi teqstebi da kiloc ukve cnobilia. maSin ratom ar Cans am ZlispirTa

sruli teqstebi ZlispirTa adreul krebulebSi? xom ar SeiZleboda es Zlispirebi

moTavsebuli yofiliyo miqaelis krebulSi ZlispirTa da rvTismSoblisaTa swored im

nawilSi, romelic dakargulia, radgan miqaelis krebuli naklulobis gamo sruliad ar

aris SemorCenili, amitom aRniSnuli ZlispirTa sruli teqstebi masSi ar Cans, magram

apriori unda vifiqroT, rom meore odis ZlispirTa Targmanebi miqaelis iadgarSi iyo.

miqaelis krebulSi grigol RvTismetyvelisadmi miZRvnili kanonis `moixilesas~

miwerili aqvs `q~.

amgvari aRniSvna xSirad gvxvdeba miqaelis krebulSi, `q~-s garda aRiniSneba `b~-c.

p.ingoroyva am niSnebs ase xsnis `q~ _ qarTuli, `b~ _ berZnuli14.

teqstebze dakvirveba warmoCens, rom Dmiqael modrekilis iadgarSi `q~ miwerili aqvs

ara qarTul sagaloblebs maTi warmomavlobis mauwyeblad, aramed im masalas, romliTac

Sevsebulia miqaelis iadgari, maT Soris Targmnili sagaloblebica da originalurebic.

II odis arseboba qarTuli iadgarebis nusxebSi kozma ierusalimelis kanonTa

magaliTebis mixedviT raime siaxles ar gviCvenebs. gamovlenili ori SemTxvevis garda,

vgulisxmobT Sobisa da gancxadebis kanonebis Targmanebs, sadac `moixileebis~ Zlispirebi

udavod berZnuli dednidan aris Targmanili. sxva SemTxvevebSi Znelia Tqma `moixile~

qarTveli avtoris originaluri Semoqmedebis nayofia Tu Targmania.

Eka Dugashvili

On one aspect of the second ode (moikhile) of the Hymnographic Canon

According to the ancient Georgian translations

Summary

In the composition of hymnographic Canon worth of particular interest is the question of reduction and the

existence of the second ode. In Georgian translations, on the early stage, hymnographic translations of the Canons contain

the second ode according to Ancient Iadgari. In Big Iadgari of the X century the facts filled with the Canons of the second

ode (Sin. 34, Sin. I, Sin. 14 systematically Michael Modrekili’s collection) are found. Does this fact reflect proper

phenomenon occurring in Byzantine hymnography? Examples of incomplete acrostic Canons consisting eight odes are

confirmed, where incomplete acrostic points the second ode was in the part of Canon. According to this fact, an

observation of Detorakis is worth of note. Three versions of Heirmos of the second ode are seen in the Hermologion

published by S. Eustratiades and in Akolouthia of Cosma’sHeirmos of Canons of Nativity and Theophania. Neither of

Heirmoses belongs to Cosma. It is important, that in the translations of the Canons of Nativity and Theophania (in the

lists of SinainIadgari) are met mainly these Heirmoses “” “”

“”. `moixile cao da vityodiT~ და „ca da queyana gulis misyofiT~...

13l. xaCiZe. ioane minCxis poezia. 1987, gv. 256, 263, 329, 312.

195

These Heirmoses are not seen in Georgian collection of Heirmoses. Only „moixile cao da vityodiT~ is met in

the third edition. It is reasonable to suppose, that the marked Heirmoses were translated with odes and formed the part of

Iadgari. As to other Canons of St. David and Jacob and Gregory the Theologian, they are filled with the second ode only

in the collection of Michael, the Canon of Assumption is filled in all the lists of Iadgari. Heirmos of the second ode of St.

David and Jacob’s canon „ismendin queyana“, „uxilavTa mxilveli~ of Assumption, „zeSTa buneba~ the

Gregory of Theologian, they are met only in the third edition. Observation of the translations of the second odes of

Cosma’s Canons has shown that filling with “Moikhile” originates from Byzantine tradition, but in most cases of the

translations it is difficult to understand whether it is the second ode translated from Greek or the reap of Georgian author’s

scientific work.

196

manana maTiaSvili, filologiis doqtori

elizabet biSopi: poeti-asketi

winamdebare werili mokrZalebuli cdaa, qarTuli samecniero literaturis sivrceSi

pirvelad moxdes didi amerikeli poetis elizabet biSopis wardgineba. Sesabamisad, aq

ganxiluli iqneba poetis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani etapebi, misi poeturi

xelwerisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebi da misi memkvidreobis Sesaxeb literaturis

kritikosTa mier gamoTqmuli Sefasebebi.

sicocxleSi elizabet biSopi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da pativsacemi poeti iyo,

Tumca amerikul literaturul samyaroSi, garkveulwilad, bundovanebiT iyo moculi misi

pirovneba. gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, 1979 wlidan, misi reputacia sagrZnoblad gaizarda,

rasac mowmobs kritikosTa mier sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva formiT gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba

imis Sesaxeb, rom elizabet biSopi, udaod, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani avtoria me-20

saukunis amerikul literaturaSi.

aqve SevniSnavT, rom 2001 wlamde qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSi am didi poetis

saxeli arsad yofila naxsenebi. 2001 wels pirvelad iTargmna da Sesaval werilTan erTad

daibeWda ramdenime leqsi literaturul JurnalSi „arili“, #10, rasac mohyva memuarebis

erTi nawilisa da sxva ramdenime leqsis Targmanis publikaciebi.

elizabet biSopis poeturi xelweris yvelaze gamokveTili maxasiaTebelia

perfeqcionizmi, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom bevrs ar werda, magram bevrs muSaobda da did

dros uTmobda TiToeuli leqsis srulyofas; ganuwyvetliv cvlida, asworebda da

amuSavebda Tavis nawarmoebebs. amis Sedegia is, rom sicocxleSi sul 5 wigni gamosca, xolo

gamoqveynebuli da gamouqveynebeli leqsebis raodenoba mxolod 105 erTeuliT

Semoifargleba. cnobilia, rom biSopi xSirad erTi leqsis weras ramdenime wels andomebda.

erTxel robert louelisTvis uTqvams: „ar mitacebs didi moculobis samuSao, rogorc

aseTi. namuSevari kargi rom gamovides, amisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli is didi moculobisa

iyos“.

elizabet biSopis leqsebi gamoirCeva fizikuri samyaros detaluri aRweriT,

mWvretelobiTi poetikiTa da moulodneli mignebebiT, xolo qveteqstiT Semotanili Temebi

warmoadgens lirikuli gmiris ganuwyvetel brZolas samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis

sapovnelad da, aseve, sevdisa da ltolvis adamianuri gamocdilebebis gaziarebas.

elizabet biSopi ferweriTac iyo dakavebuli, amitom misi striqonebi vizualuri

xelovnebis nimuSebs hgavs. mis leqsebsa da naxatebs aerTianebs mniSvnelovani momentebisa

da scenebis ostaturi gamoxatva. miuxedavad imisa, rom is materialur siduxWires ar

Seuwuxebia da yovelTvis garkveuli privilegiebiT sargeblobda, poeziaSi farTo adgils

uTmobs ubralo adamianebis cxovrebiseuli garemos aRweras. esenia: xmauriani qarxnebi,

fermebi, meTevzeTa soflebi. kritikosi erni hilberti werda: „biSopis poetika gamoirCeva

mSvidi dakvirvebebiT, sagangebo dazustebebiT, samyaros umciresi nawilakebisadmi

gamoCenili yuradRebiT, miniaturistis alRoTi. miuxedavad agresiuli da dauvarcxneli

poeziisa, romelic poetis sicocxlis meore naxevarSi dominirebda amerikul literaturaSi,

misi leqsebi gamoirCeva iseTi gawonasworebulobiT, rac aleqsander kalderis moZrav

skulpturebs axasiaTebT, romlebic ise faqizad trialebdnen, rom erTi SexedviT mnaxvels

umoZraoc moeCveneba. yoveli detali, yoveli sityvis mniSvneloba da JReradoba unaklod

aris Sewonili momdevno frazasTan“1.

1http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/elizabeth-bishop.

197

rasakvirvelia, yvela poetis pirovnuli da profesiuli Tavisebureba misi

biografiidan iRebs saTaves. miT ufro gverds ver avuvliT biografiul monacemebs iseTi

tipis avtoris SemTxvevaSi, rogoric elizabet biSopi iyo - poeti, romelsac geografia

yvelaze mniSvnelovan da sabediswero momentad miaCnda sakuTar cxovrebaSi. amitom, Tu

ganvazogadebT „geografiis“ mniSvnelobas da masSi moviazrebT realur monacemebs, ara

marto saintereso, aramed aucilebelic gaxdeba poetis biografiis yvelaze saintereso

momentebis gacnoba.

amgvarad, elizabet biSopi 1911 wlis 8 Tebervals amerikaSi, masaCusetsis Statis

qalaq uorCesterSi daibada. misi bavSvoba aRbeWdilia danakargis mZafri SegrZnebebiT, rac

mis poeziasac msWvalavs. mis yvelaze cnobil leqsSi „dakargvis xelovneba“ swored amgvar

cxovrebiseul danakargebs exeba misi poeturi refleqsia:

„Zneli ar aris dakargvaSi daxelovneba.

dakargvis bedi Tan dahyveba uamrav sagans,

romelTa kleba jer ar niSnavs ubedurebas.

TiTqmis yoveldRe vkargavT rames da dagvaqvs sevda

dakarguli gasaRebis Tu uqmad Cavlili wuTebis gamo.

Zneli ar aris dakargvaSi daxelovneba...

dakargva sulac ar yofila Zneli xeloba,

Tumc SeiZleba (aRiare, rom SeiZleba!) daemsgavsos ubedurebas“.2

mama 8 Tvis asakSi daeRupa, deda nervuli Setevebisgan itanjeboda, xolo roca

elizabeti 5 wlis iyo, dedamisi fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses. am gziT deda

erTaderTi Svilis cxovrebidan samudamod gaqra. saavadmyofoSi is saR gonebaze ar iyo,

amitom Svils amis Semdeg aRar Sexvedria (dedas elizabeti mogvianebiT aRwers prozaul

SedevrSi „soflad“).

3-dan 6 wlamde elizabeti dedis mSoblebTan erTad kanadaSi, nova skotiis qalaq

greiT vilijiSi cxovrobda, siyvaruliTa da siTboTi savse atmosferoSi. Tumca myudroeba

daurRvia mamis mSoblebis gadawyvetilebam SviliSvili TavisTan, uorCesterSi, gadaeyvanaT.

mogonebebSi poeti wers: „wamiyvanes saxlSi, sadac mamaCemi daibada, Cemi neba-survilis

sawinaaRmdegod, CemTan SeuTanxmeblad, rom gavridebodi siRaribesa da provincializms“. iq,

mdidrul, Tumca izolirebul garemoSi biSopma mkveTrad igrZno urTierTobebis nakleboba:

„megona, davberdi, megona vkvdebodi. mowyenili viyavi, marto bebiasTan, sityvaZunw babuasTan

da sadilebTan erTad. RamiT viweqi, fanris anTeba-CaqrobiT verTobodi da vtirodi“.

rodesac deidam, maud balmer Seferdsonma disSvilis wayvana gadawyvita 1918 wlis maisSi,

misma bebia-babuamac aRiara maTi wamowyebuli eqsperimentis warumatebloba.

deidam is samxreT bostonSi waiyvana. axali sacxovrebeli Zalian moewona elizabets

da es siyvaruli naTlad gamoCnda misi gamouqveynebeli moTxrobis („qalbatoni salivani

kibeze“) xelnawerSi. rogorc mogvianebiT ixsenebs, swored iq, bostonSi, daiwyo man leqsebis

wera, razec gavlena iqonia deidam, romelsac Zlier uyvarda literatura.

elizabetma skolis bolo wlebi uolnaT hil squlSi gaatara, bostonTan axlos,

rasac mohyva 4 weli niu iorkSi, vasaris kolejSi. kolejis biblioTekarma is im droisaTvis

cnobil poets, masze 24 wlis ufros mariana murs warudgina. male maTi nacnoboba xangrZliv

megobrobaSi gadaizarda. amave wels gardaecvala elizabets deda da daamTavra koleji.

biSopis pirveli namuSevrebi vasaris kolejis JurnalSi daibeWda. maTSi igrZnoboda jorj

herbertis, Jerar menli hopkinsisa da muris gavlenebi. biSopi mcire xniT samedicino

karieraze fiqrobda, magram mariana muris gavleniT, gadawyvita Tavi mieZRvna poeziisaTvis,

rogorc qalisaTvis savsebiT Sesaferisi profesiisaTvis.

elizabeti sami wlis ganmavlobaSi evropis sxvadasxva qalaqSi cxovrobda, sanam 1938

wels floridis Statis qalaq qivestSi saxls iyidda. ramdenime niu-iorkuli

2literaturuli Jurnali àrili”, 2001, #10 (statiaSi moyvanili leqsebis Targmani Sesrulebulia

inglisuri enidan manana maTiaSvilis mier).

198

gamomcemlobidan miRebuli uaris Semdeg mariana murma rekomendacia gauwia hauton miflinis

premiaze, sadac misi wignis „CrdiloeTi da samxreTis“ xelnaweri SerCeul iqna dasabeWdad

1946 wlis agvistoSi sxva 800 xelnawers Soris. es iyo biSopis leqsebis pirveli krebuli.

am wignSi Tavmoyrili leqsebi moicavs Temebs, romlebic ganuyrelia misi poeziisTvis:

landSafti da geografia, samyarosTan adamianis kavSiri, codnisa da wvdomis sakiTxebi,

qaosis momwesrigebeli formebis Zieba.

1947 wels megobarma poetma rendel jarelma elizabets wveulebaze gaacno im

droisaTvis aRiarebuli poeti, aRsarebiTi poeziis warmomadgeneli, robert loueli. es

moxda manam, sanam loueli „CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs“ gaecnoboda. ase daiwyo amerikuli

poeziis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da winaaRmdegobrivi megobroba, rac maTi

sicocxlis bolomde gagrZelda. muris msgavsad, loueli sTavazobda mas uamrav

SesaZleblobas grantebis, programebis, jildoebis saxiT. 1950 wels swored loueli

daexmara mas poeziis konsultantis Statis dakavebaSi kongresis biblioTekaSi. am dros

biSopi ukve meore krebulze muSaobda.

1951 wels poets kvlav mouxda sacxovreblis Secvla, rodesac samxreT amerikaSi,

braziliaSi amazonis mosanaxuleblad gaemgzavra. mogzaurobis dros avad gaxda, Tumca

gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg braziliaSi darCena arCia Tavis momvlelTan da megobar qalTan

erTad, visTanac 18 weli gaatara. es wlebi yvelaze stabilurad da bednierebiT savsed

iTvleba poetis cxovrebaSi. swored aq, 1955 wels, Seiqmna misi meore poeturi krebuli „civi

gazafxuli“, romelsac aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda kritika. am wignma 1956 wels pulitceris

premia miiRo.

biSopma momdevno sami weli popularuli braziliuri nawarmoebis „helena morleis

dRiuris“ Targmnas miuZRvna, romelic 1957 wels daibeWda kidec. helenas cxovrebiseuli

istoria, dakavSirebuli patara qalaq diamantinasTan, elizabets greiT vilijiSi gatarebul

sakuTar bavSvobas agonebda. am Targmanze muSaoba daexmara poets Soridan Seexeda sakuTari

warsulisTvis da gamoeyenebina is mxatvrul masalad.

brazilia, rogorc moqmedebis adgili, mogvianebiT mis mraval leqsSi gamoCndeba,

romlebic Seva aTi wlis Semdeg 1965 wels gamocemul mesame krebulSi „mogzaurobis

Sesaxeb“. esenia rogorc bavSvobisdroindeli gamocdilebis gaazrebaze Seqnili, ise

braziliaSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebis Sedegad dawerili leqsebi. wigni iyofa or nawilad:

erTis mxriv, warmodgenilia brazilia, meores mxriv, ki yvelaferi danarCeni. am krebulSi,

rogorc mkvlevrebi SeniSnaven, „is ubrundeba geografiis, formis Ziebis, landSaftis Temebs,

romlebsac meti intimurobiT warmoaCens. es intimuroba Cans landSaftsa da mis

damkvirvebels Soris warmoqmnil sivrceSi, iseve rogorc im sivrceSi, rac mkiTxvelsa da

poets Soris warmoiqmneba.

„mogzaurobis Sesaxeb“ savsea im ostaturi aRwerebiT, risTvisac biSops yvelaze

metad aqebdnen. aRwerebTan erTad aris iseTi pasaJebic, roca poets realobis gadmosacemad

saWiro Zalebi umtyunebs da mkiTxveli gadahyavs idumalebiT mocul, saxifaTo da eqstaziT

savse samyaroSi“3.

1966 wels biSopma 2 semestri gaatara uoSingtonis universitetSi poeti-rezidentis

statusiT, ris Semdegac rio de JaneiroSi dabrunda im imediT, rom kvlav braziliaSi

damkvidrdeboda, Tumca fsiqologiuri daZabulobisa da fizikuri sisustis gamo

saavadmyofoSi moxvda. momjobinebis Semdeg ki sabolood gadavida amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi, niu iorkSi. 1970 wlidan harvardis universitetSi 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi mihyavda

SemoqmedebiTi weris kursi. manamde ki mcire xniT uoSingtonisa da niu iorkis

universitetebsa da masaCusetsis teqnologiur institutSic aswavlida. cnobilia, rom

maswavlebloba did siamovnebas ar aniWebda, magram studentebi aRniSnavdnen, rom bevri ram

iswavles misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sizustis siyvarulisgan da mSvidi saubrebidan.

amerikaSi cxovrebisas gamosca kidev erTi krebuli - „yvela leqsi“, sadac manamde

gamoqveynebul leqsebTan erTad Sevida ramdenime axali namuSevaric. am wignma 1970 wels

„erovnuli wignis jildo“ moipova.

3Anne Agnes Colwell, http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-01885.html.

199

1976 wels elizabet biSopi aRmoCnda pirveli amerikeli da pirveli poeti qali,

romelsac literaturaSi nuStadtis (ucxouri wignebis) saerTaSoriso premia mieniWa. amave

wels 9 leqsisgan Semdgari misi bolo poeturi krebuli „geografia III“ gamoqveynda. masSi

Sesulia filosofiuri siRrmis matarebeli namuSevrebi, aRbeWdili poeti-damkvirveblis

gadmocemis srulyofili gamWvirvalobiT, iumoriTa da sevdiT savse striqonebis

monacvleobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am krebulis saTauri mesame klasis geografiis

saxelmZRvanelos gulisxmobs - geografia mesame klasisTvis. misi, rogorc maradiuli

mogzauris saxe yvelaze kargad Cans SesaniSnav leqsSi „mogzaurobis Sesaxeb“:

`nuTu mxolod warmosaxvis naklebobaa,

rac gvaiZulebs vimogzauroT warmosaxul grZed-ganedebze

imis magivrad, rom ubralod, saxlebSi davrCeT?

Tu davijeroT, rom paskali odnav scdeboda,

roca ambobda, rom yvelafers Sin yofna sjobda...

kontinentia, qalaqia qveyana Tu nacnobebis wre,

arsad ar aris arCevani Tavisufali.

aq Tu iq? ara, arsad. netav, marTla xom ar sjobda saxlSi darCena,

es saxli sadac ar unda iyos?”4

realur cxovrebaSi marTlac mogzaurad qceulma poetma Tavis leqsebSi Seqmna

sakuTari kanada, amerika, evropa da brazilia. is gamudmebiT utrialebda geografiisa da

mogzaurobis Temebs da Seqmna iseTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa „kruzo

inglisSi“, „yure“, „TevzsaSenis fardulebTan“, „Tevzi“, „benzingasamarTi sadguri“,

„mosacdel oTaxSi“ da sxva.

1977 wlis 1 oqtombers 66 wlis poetma gugenhaimis stpendiaze ganacxadi Seitana da

miuTiTa, rom muSaobda axal krebulze samuSao saTauriT „didedas SuSis Tvali“ da didi

moculobis leqsze „elegia“. ori wlis Semdeg am krebulSi Sesatani 4 cnobili leqsi

(„santaremi~, `norz haveni~, `vardisferi ZaRli~ da `soneti“) ukve dawerili hqonda, rodesac

cerebraluri anevrizmiT gardaicvala.

1983 wels gamomcemlobam Farrar, Straus and Giroux gamosca misi nawarmoebebis krebuli

saTauriT „sruli krebuli 1927-1979“. am gamocemis Sesaxeb kritikosi deivid lemani werda:

„elizabet biSopi ara marto kargi, aramed didi poetia. Tavis leqsebSi man miaRwia

Cveulebrivobis jadosnur gasxivosnebas, riTac mkiTxvelebs gvaiZulebs, garSemo arsebul

realobas SevxedoT keTilganwyobili ucnobis siaxlismaZiebeli TvaliT“.5

rogorc Tanamedrove kritikosebi SeniSnaven, elizabet biSopi „Tavisi drois yvelaze

mistiur da, amavdroulad, kanondamrRvev mwerlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. kanondamrRvevad

imitom, rom aravin moeloda aseTi civi gonebis poetisgan, rom me-20 saukunis poezias

Searyevda. mistiuri ki imitom, rom aravin icis, es rogor moaxerxa - rogor moaxerxa

Cveulebrivi qalma modernistuli poeziis kanonis Seryeva... mis araCveulebriv gviandel

leqsebSi („dakargvis xelovneba“ da „losi“) ucxadesi ormagi efeqtia miRweuli: maT

mkiTxveli didi sicxadeSi SehyavT mkveTri, dialoguri toniT. mZime musikis es zebunebrivi

Semodineba teqstSi Semparavi yoveldRiuri eniT - esaa biSopis poeturi maneris mTavari

niSani da mTavari miRwevac. amiT man modernisti poetis mediduri poza Searyia, poza,

romelic mas aSkarad aRizianebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom amis gamo misi poeturi me sasworze

dado“.6

sxvanairad, albaT, arc SeuZliaT did poetebs. „kanondamrRvevi“ poetebi radikalurad

eqcevian sakuTar Tavsac, sakuTar Semoqmedebasac da biografiasac. sxvanairad ver aixsneba

is TavSekaveba da poeturi asketizmi, riTac elizabet biSopi gamoirCeoda. sainteresoa, rom

sakuTar Tavs is xSirad adarebda Tavisive leqsis „meqviSia“-s gmirs - patara Cits, romelic

4eleqtronuli biblioTeka `lib.ge~ 5Elizabeth Bishop. Collected poems 1927-1979. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983. 6George S. Lensing, The Oxford Companion to Women’s Writing in the United States. 1995, by Oxford University Press.

200

zRvis sanapiroze TavgametebiT darbis da „raRacas“ eZebs. mas miaCnda, rom meqviSiasaviT

TviTonac mudmiv moZraobasa da ZiebaSi iyo:

„samyaro mxolod nislia jerac. mere samyaro nawilaks hgavs,

farTovdeba da xdeba sufTa. axla wyali miiqceva

Tu moiqceva, meqviSia veRarc ki amCnevs, radgan

gezi aqvs aRebuli erTaderTi mimarTulebiT: raRac awuxebs,

raRacas eZebs, raRacas misdevs gaSmagebuli.

sawyali Citi, Sepyrobili devnis maniiT!..7

da marTlac, profesiul ostatobasTan Serwymuli gamudmebuli Zieba, asketuri

damokidebuleba sityvasTan da sakuTar namuSevrebTan, bundovanebaSi sicxadis Setanis

unari, dakvirvebisa da Wvretis niWi is gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebia, ramac poeti elizabet

biSopi individualuri xelweris poetad aqcia da Seucvleli adgili daumkvidra me-20

saukunis amerikul literaturaSi.

Manana Matiashvili

Elizabeth Bishop – the Ascetic Poet Summary

The article deals with the life and writings of great American poet Elizabeth Bishop. With this article she is

introduced for the first time into the scientific literary works in Georgian language. Accordingly, the author has mentioned

here about the most important and crucial moments in poet’s biography. There is also analyzed Bishop’s literary method,

artistic peculiarities and the literary value of her writings.

Elizabeth Bishop is known to be reserved and ascetic person working hard and long on her poems. She was a

perfectionist who did not write prolifically. So, it is not surprising that all her works include only 5 little volumes and 105

poems at all.

During her lifetime, poet Elizabeth Bishop was a respected yet somewhat obscure figure in the world of

American literature. Since her death in 1979, however, her reputation has grown to the point that many critics have

referred to her as one of the most important American poets of the twentieth century.

Elizabeth Bishop’s poems were translated into Georgian by Manana Matiashvili. They were published in 2001

in literary journal Àrili~.

7literaturuli Jurnali àrili”, 2015, 21 maisi.

201

samarTali

202

mindia ugrexeliZe, samarTlis doqtori, profesori

„liderSipis“ krisizi: zogierTi veqtorisa da

ganzomilebis Sesaxeb*1

„liderSipis“ problema sxvadasxva modifikaciiT uxsovari droidan warmoadgens

dauRalavi Ziebis sagans. es gaxlavT amouwuravi Tema uamravi aspeqtiT. sakuTriv termini

sul cota ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: 1. statikuri mniSvnelobiT, rac gulisxmobs lideris

mdgomareobas, funqciasa da statuss; 2. dinamikuri gagebiT, romelic moiazreba, rogorc

saqmeTa gaZRola lideris rolSi (individuria is Tu koleqtiuri). es ori mniSvnelobac ki

terminisa „liderSipi“ SeiZleba sakmarisi yofiliyo dausrulebeli kamaTisa da

debatebisaTvis. magram gaiazro da gadaiazro isini krizisul situaciebTan mimarTebaSi,

kidev ufro rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo amocanaa. amitom Tu gvinda, rom gulubryviloba ar

dagvwamon, vikmaroT mcire, magram aucilebeli. saxeldobr, jer vcadoT gavixsenoT, ra

niSnebiT xasiaTdeba „liderSipi“ Cveulebriv situaciebSi (orTave mniSvnelobiT), Semdgom

ki vikvlioT, ra specifika axlavs kriziss uCveulo situaciebSi (politikuri iqneba is,

ekonomikuri, globaluri Tu sxva).

„liderSipi“ Cveulebriv viTarebaSi. Tu situacia eqstremaluri ar aris, Tu sakuTriv

viTarebaSi, romelSic xorcieldeba saqmianoba da funqcionireba, ar arsebobs specifikuri

problema, romelic eqstraordinarul SesaZleblobebsa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, maSin aseT

„Cveul“ situaciaSi „liderSipis“ amocana SedarebiT iolia. upiratersad igi imaze

daiyvaneba, rom STaagonos, darazmos, aiyolios da gaiyolios adamianTa jgufi, romlis

nawilsac Tavad warmoadgens. „liderSipis“ vargisianobis verifikacia SedarebiT martivia,

Tu movimarjvebT kvlevis sociometriul da legimetriul meTodebs. sociometriulisa, raTa

gaizomos pirovnebaTaSorisi (interpersonaluri) kavSirebis simtkice; legimetriulisa

instituciaTSorisi (interinstituciuri) kavSirebis gamarTulobisa da saimedobis

gasazomad. es ori meTodi ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed piriqiT, avsebs erTmaneTs da

SesaZlebels xdis Seiqmnas met-naklebad sruli suraTi imisa, Tu ramdenad xels uwyobs da

ganamtkicebs „liderSipis“ interpersonalur kavSirebs sociumis danarCen nawilTan

interinstituciuri struqturuli kavSirebi; institucionalizabulia Tu ara

pirovnebaTSorisi kavSirurTierTobani, da Tu ho, maSin, ramdenad sakmarisia es, da xdeba

Tu ara igi saTanado, Sesatyvisi formiT. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom ho, maSin unda velodoT

warmatebas, harmoniasa da simSvides. magram Tu ara, maSin saswrafo RonisZiebani unda

gatardes. saboloo jamSi, warmatebis formula proporciebSi mdgomareobs. saWiroa, yvela

Rone vixmaroT, raTa umkacresi kontrolis qveS SenarCundes sistema an situacia, romelic

maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba yvelaze optimalur da delikatur balanss e. w. „oqros kveTis“

an „RvTaebrivi proporciisa“, rac uaRresad Zneli misaRwevia da piriqiT, romelic

uaryofiT balanss qmnis, an uaxlovdeba, anu rodesac interpersonaluri (pirovnebaTSorisi)

kavSirebi imdenad sustia, rom male gawydeba kidevac, saswrafod unda daeqvemdebaros

`teqnikur Semowmebasa~ da remonts. gavixsenoT: jaWvi, xom sust rgolSi wydeba.

„liderSipi“ krizisul viTarebaSi. krizisuli situaciis dros sakuTriv saqmianobisa

da funqcionirebis sferoSi Tavs iCens damatebiT specifikuri sirTule, romelic

eqstraordinarul SesaZleblobebsa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. aq „liderSipis“ amocana,

*statia warmoadgens Semoklebul qarTul versias inglisurenovani moxsenebisa, romliTac avtori warsdga evropis sabWos zafxulis universitetis saerTaSoriso forumis winaSe msoflios oTxi kontinentis eqvsasze meti warmomadgenlis monawileobiT. migvaCnia, rom Temas ara Tu ar daukargavs aqtualoba, aramed piriqiT, praqtikuli da Teoriuli interesi misadmi matulobs, metadre saqarTveloSi. publikacias erTvis avtoris wvlilis evropis sabWosmieri Sefaseba, romelic oficialuri madlobis TanxlebiT gamoigzavna saqarTveloSi.

203

cxadia, garTulebulia. saqme isaa, rom STaagonos, darazmos, aiyolios da gaiyolios

jgufis wevrebi, an saerTod SeuZlebelia, an Znelad Sesasrulebeli. amasTan, uecrad Tavs

iCens xolme axali, uCveulo funqciebi, romelime ucxo (egzotikuri) socialuri senis

„diagnostikisa“ da mkurnalobis saWiroeba. sistemaSi „liderSipi krizisuli situacia“

(„krizisogenuri situacia“) SeiZleba imZlavros „pirovnulma“ an „situaciurma faqtorebma“.

Tanac, sasurveli an arasasurveli mimarTulebiT. orive SemTxvevaSi, proporciebi ZalTa

ganlagebaSi, rogorc wesi, cvalebadia. amitom gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens im ZalTa

veqtorebis urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTqmedebis Tanafardobis dadgena an damkvidreba,

romlebic Cveulia, tradiciulia an organulia krizisul viTarebaSi myofi sistemisaTvis.

„liderSipis“ roli uTuod izrdeba. „liderSips“ ekisreba axali, gansakuTrebuli roli

erTgvari „kompensantisa“ swored rom Tavisi lideruli unarebis wyalobiT, man unda Seavsos

xarvezebi da gamoasworos naklovanebani; daZlios krizisuli situaciis problemebi da

sirTuleebi. Tu is SeZlebs, rom marjved Cajdes lideris „unagirSi,“ Sesabamisad movlenaTa

msvlelobaze misi zegavlena, agreTve misi roli da mniSvneloba gaizrdeba. magram Tu ver

SeZlebs, maSin gaiTqvifeba `krizisul situaciaSi,“ dahkargavs yofil damoukideblobas da

gaxdeba oden nawili „krizisuli mTelisa“. „lideri kompensantisagan“ gansxvavebiT, aseTi

warumatebeli lideri, pirobiTad „lideri krizisanti“ _ araTu ver Svelis da ver

ganmuxtavs krizisul situacias, aramed, piriqiT, kidev ufro amZimebs mas, vinaidan misi

uunaroba aCqarebs da amravlebs saerTo marcxs.

optimalur gadawyvetilebaTa ZiebaSi. arsebobs krizisis daZlevis mravali gza da

varianti imaze damokidebulebiT, Tu rogoria misi genezisi, mdgomareoba, specifika da

stadia. SeuZlebelia sruli moculobiT aramarto maTi mimoxilva, aramed CamoTvlac ki.

amitom SemovifarglebiT uzogadesi universaluri sqemiT, romelic erTgvari modelia

uklebliv yvela SemTxvevisaTvis. mecnierebaSi igi cnobilia „liderSipis stilis“ (Leadership

style) saxelwodebiT, romelic misi saxelganTqmuli Semoqmedis kurt levinis damsaxurebis

wyalobiT, didi xania sayovelTaod aRiarebul formulad iqca iseTi sistemis

analizisaTvis, rogoric gaxlavT „lideri - situacia“.

zemoT aRniSnuli formulis mixedviT, arsebobs „liderSipis” sami stili.

1. avtokratiuli; 2. demokratiuli; 3. Laisser – faire (frangulidan _ „gauSvi, mieci

Tavisufleba“);

pirveli stili gulisxmobs xelisuflebis (Zalauflebis) koncentracias lideris

xelSi, romelic naklebad eTaTbireba (an sul ar eTaTbireba) qveSevrdomebsa da garemocvas;

mTeli jgufis magivrad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da iSviaTad abarebs maT angariSs, Tanac _

gamonaklisis wesiT.

meore stili e. w. „demokratiuli xelmZRvanelobisa“ gulisxmobs gadawyvetilebis

miRebas Sesabamis jgufTan SeTanxmebiT an daTaTbirebiT mainc. amitom isini arasdros

erTpirovnulni ar arian da yovelTvis iTvaliswineben jgufis wevrebis mosazrebebs,

survilebs da nebas.

mesame stili „et do“ uaRresad pirobiTad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli „liderSipis

stilad“, vinaidan Laisser – faire-is dros jgufis saqmianoba Tavis dinebazea miSvebuli,

rac zogjer anarqias warmoSobs. praqtikulad, mas arsad aravin iyenebs. amitom misi

molodini realobaSi arc ki gviwevs.

samagierod, pirveli ori stili Tavisuflad da momgebianad SeiZleba gamodges

krizisul viTarebaSi. yovelive krizisis genezissa da nomologiaze iqneba damokidebuli.

Tu magaliTad, krizisis fesvebi sakuTriv „liderSipis“ mmarTvelobis avtokratiuli

stilidan warmodgeba, maSin „liderSipis“ gonivruli demokratizacia, cxadia, ver iqneba

mniSvnelovani, miT ufro gadamwyveti fatori krizisis dasaZlevad. magram, Tu piriqiT,

umravlesobis Warbma liberalizmma da demokratiulobam Seqmna mmarTvelobis sadaveebis

dakargvis saSiSroeba, da anarqiisa da TviTnebobisaken wagviZRva, an gvibiZga, maSin

avtoritaruli sawyisebis gaZliereba (ganmtkiceba) „liderSipis“ saqmianobasa da

xelmZRvnelobis stilSi da meTodebSi SesaZloa dasaSvebi (gamarTlebulic ki) iyos. mkacri

aucileblobisa da legitimurobis farglebSi. miuxedavad moZraobis principuli

dasaSvebobisa orive zemoT aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT, rogorc „liderSipis stilis“

204

demokratizaciis, ise avtokratizaciisa, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes arsebiTi

gansxvaveba or arCevans Soris, realuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxeldobr, araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba xelmZRvanelobis avtokratizaciis dagegmva xangrZlivi drois

perspeqtiviT. aq e. w. „Sori maSuqebi“ marTlac rom ar aris saimedo. „Sori maSuqebiT“

gauTaveblad ver imoZraveb. es ubraod saSiSia. rogorc Cans, swored amitom, politikuri

liderebis aRWurva Warbi uflebamosilebebiT, saerTaSoriso standartebiT da Cveulebis

Sesabamisad, miRebulia SeizRudos droisa da sivrcis mkacr CarCoebSi, romlebic

gankuTvnilia e. w. „sagangebo mdgomareobisaTvis“.

aRniSnulisagan gansxvavebiT, Cveulebriv, demokratizacias ar gegmaven mokle xniT;

igi moiTxovs xangrZliv, lamis uvado gamoyenebas. “axlo maSuqebs” aq ar ZaluZT sasurveli

Sedegis, qmediTi efeqtis motana. es iqneboda did krizisul sivrceSi manevrirebis

SesaZleblobis borotad gamoyeneba. garda imisa, rom es principulad miuRebelia moraluri,

politikuri da samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, igi Seicavs safrTxes anomiis Casaxvis,

damkvidrebisa da gaRrmavebisa. es ki ukiduresad damRupveli mdgomareoba, procesi an

movlenaa, rodesac romelime didi gaerTianebis an adamianTa didi jgufis legitimuri

miswrafebani ver kmayofildeba Cveuli alternatiuli meTodebiT, xolo oficialuri

institutebi paralizebulia da veRar funqcionireben. TavianT arsebobas isini oden

nominalurad ganagrZoben. migvaCnia, rom amgvari situaciebis SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi

perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sesaferis da qmediT RonisZiebad konstituciuri reforma

gamodgeboda.

lideris qarizmatulobis Taobaze. misasalmebelia Tu ara lideris qarizmatuloba?

jer SevTanxmdeT, rom qarizmatuloba es aris pirovnebis specifikuri Tviseba, romliTac

is momxiblavia mravalTaTvis da badebs mis mimarT TanagrZnobisa da mxardaWeris

enTuziazms.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, lamis calsaxad aRiarebdnen, rom es kargia, qarizmatuloba

Zalaa. magram istoriam daamtkica, rom mcire gamonaklisis garda, es „Zala“ iolad

gadaizrdeba xolme seriozul saSiSroebaSi lideris mimdevarTaTvis (eri, xalxi, partia,

koleqtivi, kompania da a. S.). amis mravali magaliTi arsebobs. Sesabamisad warmoiSva

erTgvari TavSekavebuloba qarizmatulobisadmi.

miuxedavad amisa, Secdoma iqneboda mxolod erTi mxriv Segvefasebina lideris iseTi

iSviaTi Tviseba, rogoricaa qarizmatuloba. umarTebuloa misi dayvana SefasebiT polarul

cnebebamde: „kargi“ da „cudi.“ gacilebiT umjobesi iqneboda, Tu miviCnevdiT, rom

qarizmatulobas unari Seswevs SeiZinos es Tvisebebi, iyos kargi an cudi imaze

damokidebulebiT, Tu ra Rirebulebebis aRmsarebelia, ra miznebs emsaxureba da SeuZlia Tu

ara saerTod qarizmatul liders, gonivrulad gamoiyenos Tavisi es Tviseba. istoriaSi amis

magaliTi, rogorc erTi, ise meore mimarTlebiT, sakmarisze metia. amitom maT CamoTvlas

azri ara aqvs. mTavaria, arsebobdes saimedo „mexamridebi“ realuri meqanizmebis saxiT, raTa

avamoqmedoT isini, Tu qarizma Zlierad gadaaxvevinebs liders swori gzidan.

samwuxarod, qarizmatulobis Tvisebas zogjer uwindeburad gadaWarbebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba. xdeba misi gadametfaseba. niSandoblivia, rom zogierTi uaxlesi kvleva-

Ziebis mixedviT, rodesac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done, metadre politikuri kultura

mTlianad, dabalia, rodesac adamianebis ZiriTadi masa ufro pirovnebazea orientirebuli,

vidre samarTlebriv da mmarTvelobiT meqanizmebze, xelmZRvanelobis marcxis mizezebi

TiTqmis mTlianad liders Seeracxeba; zogjer _ lideris qarizmatulobis ukmarisobas.

Sesabamisad, saqmis mogvarebis gzaTa Zieba xorcieldeba kidev ufro meti qarizmatulobis

misaRwevad. politikurad es ara marto gulubryviloba da uvicobaa, aramed saxifaToc.

dabolos, SesaZlebeli da saWiroa Tu ara qarizmatulobis Tvisebis aRzrda da ganviTareba

momaval liderebSi?

vinaidan qarizmatulobas marto RmerTi da buneba ki ar iZleva, aramed kadrebis

momzadebis kargad gaazrebuli meToduri sistema, dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi ufro dadebiTi

SeiZeboda yofiliyo. amis dasturad SeiZleba gavixsenoT tibetis sulieri lideris dalai-

lamasTvis gankuTvnili, mravalgzis aprobirebuli wesi lideris SerCevisa da momzadebisa.

205

samwuxarod, istoriam araerTi cudi magaliTic icis, magram aq da amjerad, maTi ganxilva

ver moxerxdeba.

***

dasasrul, cxovreba brZolaa, mudmivi, uwyveti brZola adamianis bednierebisaTvis.

magram brZola warmoudgenelia individuri an koleqtiuri liderSipis gareSe, romelic

mowodebulia STaagonos, darazmos, aiyolios da gaiyolios am brZolis monawileni. amitom

brZolis avangardSi dauSvebelia uvargisi liderebi; arc susti da uniaTo da, piriqiT, arc

gavleniani, magram egocentristuli, Tavdajerebuli da imaTi ndobis borotad

gamomyenebeli, vinc maTi mimdevaria. es iqneboda Cvenive Tavis ganwirva

TviTviqtimizaciisaTvis. amitom, Tu mainc moxda msgavsi ram, saWiroa ganxorcieldes

gadaudebeli zomebi miuRebeli liderSipis neitralizaciisaTvis, uares SemTxveveaSi _ maT

Sesacvlelad. magram advili misaRwevia yovelive es? pasuxi cxadia, Tumca

araerTmniSvnelovani. yvelaferi Cvenzea damokidebuli, Cvens unarsa da mzaobaze, viyoT

mebrZoli demokratebi. sxva sityvebiT, vaxdendeT WeSmaritad demokratiul arCevans,

viRebdeT gabedul, magram awonil-dawonil, keTlgonivrul gadawyvetilebebs; vdgamdeT

mtkice, gadamwyvet nabijebs.

saboloo jamSi, safuZvelTa safuZvelia demokratiuli kultura, romelsac miwyiv

unda vnergavdeT, vamkvidrebdeT da vaviTarebdeT.

evropis sabWos

generaluri samdivno

demokratiisa da politikur saqmeTa

generaluri direqtorati

generaluri direqtoris

Jan-lui loranisagan

b-n mindia ugrexeliZes

samarTlis doqtors,

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

sasamarTlos yofil mosamarTles

z. bolqvaZis q. 3 №3/16

Tbilisi,

0171

saqarTvelo

Zvirfaso batono ugrexeliZe,

demokratiis me-5 „zafxulis universiteti“, romelic wels strasburgSi Sedga 28

ivnisidan 2 ivlisamde, moaswavebs did warmatebas 650 monawilisa da momxseneblisa. es

gaxldaT unikaluri SesaZlebloba saimisod, raTa evropis, afrikis, aziisa da Crdilo

amerikis monawileebi da eqspertebi Sekrebiliyvnen da gaeziarebinaT erTmaneTisaTvis

TavianTi Sexedulebani „liderSipis krizisis~ Taobaze.

neba miboZeT, gamovxato Cemi madliereba piradad Tqveni wvlilis gamo, romelmac

maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. minda virwmuno, rom Cven kvlavac ganvagrZobT TanamSromlobas

„politikuri swavlebis skolebis“ farglebSi.

siamovnebiT gigzavniT asls finaluri dokumentisa, romelic miRebulia

„zafxulis universitetis“ dasasruls.

gulwrfelad, Tqveni,

Jan-lui lorani

206

Mindia Ugrekhelidze

Crisis of Leadership: on Some Vectors and Dimensions Summary

Verification of the leadership validity is based on the use of sociometric and legimetric methods of research.

Sociometric methods are used for measuring the strength of interpersonal connections, Legimetric – for measuring the

state and reliability of interinstitutional connections. These two methods supplement each other and help to create a more

or less complete picture of how much the correlation of interpersonal connections of leadership with the rest part of

society is supported by interinstitutional, structural connections; how much the interpersonal connections are

institutionalized and if they are, then to what extend and adequacy.

207

karlo bziSvili, samarTlis doqtori, profesori

erToblivi saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebis ganmarteba

xelSekrulebis ganmartebis sakiTxiT dainteresebulni iyvnen jer kidev antikur

samyaroSi. kanonis ganmartebis mimarT gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa msgavsad xdeboda anderZis,

xolo mogvianebiT xelSekrulebis ganmartebac1.

winamdebare statia ar isaxavs miznad saerTo saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebis

yovelmxriv gaSuqebas, misi yvela formis analizsa da Sefasebas, aramed Cveni mizania

xsenebuli xelSekrulebis ganmarteba, rac ხels Seuwyobs sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSirad

daSvebuli Secdomebis gamosworebas da momavalSi aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis monawileTa

mimarT gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebas.

xelSekruleba aris mxareTa mier miRweuli konsensunsis Sedegi, romelic

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT iwvevs mxareTa mimarT Sesabamisi uflebebisa da

valdebulebis warmoSobas maTive nebis safuZvelze. misi arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia ori

an meti nebis Tanxvedra, რაც iwvevs mxareTa saerTo nebis dadgenis aucileblobas2.

imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria mxareTa Soris ganawilebuli uflebebi da movaleobebi,

xelSekrulebebi iyofian calmxriv, ormxriv da mravalmxriv xelSekrulebebad. Tu mxareebs

mxolod uflebebi aqvT, an mxolod movaleobebi, calmxrivi xelSekrulebebia. ase

magaliTad, sesxis, Cuqebis, anerZis xelSekrulebebi. ormxrivi xelSekrulebis dros

TiToeul mxares erToblivad aqvT uflebebic da movaleobebic. magaliTad, nasyidobis,

qiravnobis, nardobis da sxva xelSekrulebebi. ormxriv xelSekrulebebs – sanalagmაturi

(sunallagma– berZnulad rac „ormxriv მავალდებულებელს niSnavs) – ewodeba3.

Sinaarsis mixedviT, მრავალმხრივ xelSekrulebad ganixileba xelSekruleba, sadac

monawileobs orze meti subieqti erTmaneTis mimarT damoukidebeli uflebebiTa da

movaleobebiT. amasTan ar aris aucilebeli, rom urTierTobis monawile yvela mxares

erTmaneTis mimarT gaaCndes uflebebica da valdebulebebic. SesaZlebelia romelime

subieqti aRWurvili iyos mxolod uflebebiთ, an ekisrebodes mxolod valdebulebebi.

Sinaarsis mixedviT xelSekrulebis mravalmxrivad kvalifikaciisaTvis

ganmsazRvrelia ara xelSekrulebis monawile subieqtebis raodenoba, aramed is, Tu rogoraa

ganawilebbuli misi monawile mxareebze ufleba – movaleobebi da arsebobs Tu ara orze

meti damoukidebeli ufleba da Sesabamisi valdebuleba4.

mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebis erT – erTi magaliTia erToblivi saqmianobis

(mxanagobis) xelSekruleba, romelTac ori an ramdenime piri kisrulobs erToblivad

imoqmedon saerTo sameurneo an sxva miznis misaRwevad xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli

saSualebebiT, iuridiuli piris Seuqmnelad.

samoqalaqo kodeqsi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebs calmxriv, ormxriv da mravalmxriv

garigebebs, ris gamoc gansxvavebulia am tipis garigebebis ganmartebis meTodebic.

1nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 9. 2 saxelSekrulebo samarTali. saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis. avtorTa koleqtivi. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 161. 3z. ZlieriSvili. qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebaTa samarTlebrivi buneba. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 12. 4saxelSekrulebo samarTali. saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis. avtorTa koleqtivi. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 99.

208

xelSekruleba warmoadgens garigebis nairsaxeobas, Sesabamisad xelSekrulebis

ganmartebaze vrceldeba garigebis ganmartebis wesebi5.

xelSekrulebis ganmarteba garigebis ganmartebaTa konkretul nairsaxeobas

warmoadgens, ris gamoc masze srulad vrceldeba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 52 – e muxlSi

ganmtkicebuli debuleba. sk 52 – e muxlSi naTqvamia: „nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas neba

unda dadgindes gonivruli gansjis Sedegad, da ara martooden gamoTqmis sityva – sityviTi

azridan“. aRniSnuli norma gulisxmobs xelSekrulebis monawileTa namdvili nebis dadgenas,

anu imis garkvevas, SeeZlo Tu ara nebis mimRebs gamovlenili neba ise gaego, rogorc es

nebis gamomvlenma igulisxma.

Tu nebis gamomvlenis warmoTqmuli Tu dawerili azri (sityva) sxvanairad gaigo misma

mimRebma, nebaTa gamomvlinebაs Soris warmoiSoba gamovlenil nebaTa gaugebroba, konfliqti,

romelic nebis gamovlenis ganmartebiT unda gadawydes. nebis gamovlenis ganmartebebisas

unda aixsnas ara marto gaugebari an orazrovani sityva – sityviTi teqsti, aramed unda

Seivsos arasruli, zogjer ki Seswordes gaumarTavi teqsti“6. xelSekrulebis ganmartebas

adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxezea xelSekruleba, romlis gamonaTqvamebic bundovani,

orazrovani an urTierTgamomricxavia, agreTve, roca xelSekrulebiT gamonaTqvami

Sesworebasa da Sevsebebs moiTxovენ7.

maSasadame, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis aucilebloba warmoiSoba maSin, roca

mxareebi daoben xelSekrulebis calkeul gamonaTqvamebze, kerZod imaze, Tu ra azri

Caaqsoves mxareebma am gamonaTqvamebSi.

xelSekrulebis ganmartebisTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ori Teoria: 1) nebis Teoria

(anu subieqturi), rodesac upiratesoba eniWeba mxareTa nebis gamovlenis Sinagan

(nagulisxmev) Sinaarss. 2) nebis gamovlenis Teoria (anu obieqturi), rodesac nebis

gamovlenis garegnul formebze (e. i. გამოხატულ ნებაზე) keTdeba aqcenti8.

xelSekrulebebis gamonaTqvamebis ganmarteba, rogorc wesi, ganmartebis wesebis

Sasabamisad xdeba. yvela qveynis samarTalma SeimuSava gansazRvruli principi, Tu rogor

unda ganimartos xelSekrulebebi9. ase magaliTad, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi

erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs nebis gamovlenis ganmartebasa da xelSekrulebis ganmartebas.

133- ე – paragrafis Tanaxmad „nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas unda dadgindes namdvili neba

gamoTqmuli sityvasityviT mniSvnelobaze SeCerebis gareSe“, e. i. aRniSnuli norma

subieqturi nebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaze imiuTiTebs, magram imis gamo, rom

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gaZnebelulia (garTulebulia) mxareTa namdvili eმpiriuli nebis

dadgena, ganmarteba unda Seesatyvisebodes keTilsindisierebis კრიტერიუმს gonivrulobisa

da samarTlianobis gaTvaliwinebiT.

germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldebaSi xelSekrulebis ganmartebas daTmobili aqvs 157

paragrafi, sadac naTqvamia: „xelSekrulebebi ganmartebuli unda iqnes keTilsindisierebis

principebis safuZvelze samoqalaqo brunvis Cveulebebis gaTvaliwinebiT“.

maSasadame, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros gadamwyvetia ara is, Tu, savaraudod,

ras isurvebda am SemTxvevisaTvis TiToeuli mxare mxolod sakuTari interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed, rasac keTilsindisieri gansjis SemTxvevaSi orive mxare miiRebda

rogorc samarTlian kompromiseul gadawyvetilebas10.

xelSekrulebaSi xarvezebis Sesavsebad germaniis uzenaesma federalurma

sasamarTlom miiRo xelSekrulebis damatebiTi ganmarteba, sadac naTqvamia: „mosamarTle

valdebulia gamoavlinos da mxedvelobaSi miiRos yvelaferi is, rac mxareebma ar gaamxiles,

magram xelSekrulebis saboloo miznis gaTvaliswinebiT masSi dafiqsirebuli unda

5saxelSekrulebo samarTali. gv. 165. 6nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 97. 7nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 17. 8saxelSekrulebo samarTali. saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 161. 9saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni mesame. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 159. 10ian kropholeri. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis saswavlo komentari. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 77.

209

yofiliyo Tu xarveziani adgilebi mowesrigdeboda samarTlianobis principis da saqmiani

brunvis CveulebaTa Sesatyvisad11.

ავსტრიის samoqalaqo sjuldebis 914 – e paragrafis Tanaxmad xelSekrulebis

ganmartebis dros upiatesoba eniWeba ara gamoxatuli nebis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobas,

aramed mxereTa ganzraxvas da samarTliani vaWrobis praqtikas.

italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1366- ე muxlis Tanaxmad, xelSekruleba unda ganimartos

keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis keTilsindisierebis

principze miuTiTebs moldaveTis samoqalaqo kodeqqsis 725 – e muxliც.

safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1156- ე muxlis mixedviT ganmartebebisას, aqcenti

unda gakeTdes mxareTa ganzraxvis gamovlenaze da ara sityvaTa Sinaarsze. aSkaraa, rom

ganmartebis obieqtur da subieqtur meTodebs Soris safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi

subieqturs iziarebs. moyvanili muxlis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas

unda dadgindes mxareTa saerTo neba. amasTan aRiarebulia isic, rom amis dadgenis

SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi unda dadgindes „mxareTa hipoTeturi neba“ an sasamarTlom

mxareTa nebis dasadgenad, yvela subieqturi da obieqturi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

unda misdios mxareTa gonivruli nebis gamovlinebas CaTvlil miswrafebebs. kodeqsi

mosamarTles aseve „obieqturi garemoebebis“ gaTvaliswinebas sTavazobs, e. i. xelSekrulebis

bundovani an arasruli debulebebis xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis an arsebuli praqtikis

Sesabamisad ganmartebas12.

xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros franguli samarTlიT sasamarTloebi valdebulni

arian gamoarkvion mxareTa namdvili neba da ar SeizRudon mxolod xelSekrulebis teqstis

formaluri analiziT. amrigad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisას moqmedebs e. w. „nebis Teoria“.

xelSekrulebis ganmartebis sakiTxis mimarT moqmedebs safrangeTis sakasacio

sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebuli „xelSekrulebis cxadi da zusti pirobebis doqtrina,

romelic obiteqturi ganmartebis meTods emxroba. orazrovani an Seusabamo gamonaTqvamebis

ganmarteba mxareTa WeSmariti an savaraudo ganzraxviT xorcieldeba, xolo cxadi da zusti

gamonaTqvamebis SemTxvevaSi, isini obieqturi mniSvnelobiT ganimarteba13.

sagulisxmoa dsT – s qveynebis kanonmdebloba xelSekrulebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb.

ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 431 – e muxlSi naTqvamia, „xelSekrulebis

ganmartebis dros sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos nebis

gamoxatvis sityvavityviTi Sinaarsis mniSvnelobaze. Tuki aRniSnuliT ar gairkva

xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi, maSin sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos mxareTa saerTo nebiT,

xelSekrulebis azriTa da miznebiT mTlianobaSi, risTvisac mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes

miRebuli yvela Sesabamisi garemoebebi, rogorc winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi, aseve

mxareTa mimowera, ormxriv urTierTobaSi dadgenili pratika, saqmiani brunvis Cveulebani

da mxareTa Semdgomi qceva“.

ukrainis samoqalaqo kodeqsi xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros sityvasityviT

ganmartebas aniWebs upiratesobas. analogiuri midgoma aqvT: belorusiis, yazaxeTis,

uzbekeTis, yirgizeTis, tajikeTis da somxeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsebs.

azerbaijanis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 404 – e muxli xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros

yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara marto teqstis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobaze, aramed mxareTa nebis

gamoxatvas xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis mniSvneloბიsa da sxva garemoebebze.

maSasadame, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis principebze sxvadasxva qveynis

kanonmdeblobis Sexedulebebi erTmaneTisgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba. Bunebriviა

kodificirebuli samarTali ar aris praqtikuli amocanebis krebuli, romelmac unda

aiZulos mosamarTle materialur – samarTlebriv, praqtikul Sinaarss moklebuli

samarTlis gamoyenebis teqnikuri wesebis Seswavla. xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas

11koნრaდ cvaigerti, hain kotci. SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kერძო samarTlis sferoSi. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 91. 12nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 47. 13nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 48.

210

mosamarTle imdenad Rrmad unda Cawvdes gansaxilveli saqmis garemoebebs, rom nebismieri

მშრალი ganzogadoeba, sakanonmdeblo danawesis formis saxiT, mxolod Secdomis momtania.

amitom ganmartebis wesebi erToblivad unda SeimuSaos sasamarTlos praqtikam da

doqtrinam14.

xelSekrulebis SevsebiTi ganmarteba

zogjer xelSekruleba ara mxolod ubralod ganmartebas moiTxovs, aramed Seicavs

xarvezs, e. i. mxareebs xelSekrulebis Sedgenisas raRac gamorCaT, an ver gaiTvaliswinეს,

ris gamoc dgeba xarvezis Sevsebis sakiTxi.

xelSekrulebis Sevsebis ganmarteba swored Riad darCenili adgilebis Sevsebis da

arsebuli xarvezebis gamosworebas emsaxureba15.

kontinenturi evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic mosamarTle SevsebiTi

ganmartebebs mimarTavs kanonis normebs, romlebic samoqalaqo savaWro kodeqsSi an

specialur kanonebSia mocemuli. kontinenturi evropis samarTalSi mas dispoziciuri

samarTlis normebi ewodeba. am ukanasknels ganekuTvneba ara mxolod kanonSi mocemuli

normebi, aramed sasamarTlo praqtikis mier ganviTarebuli da Camoyalibebuli normebic16.

tipiur xelSekrulebaSi xarvezis Sevseba xdeba dispoziciuri samarTlis normebiT.

atipiur (araordinalur) xelSekrulebaSi ki xarvezis SevsebisTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi

formula:

„mosamarTlem unda daadginos da gaiTvaliswinos is, rac mxareebs marTalia, ar

gamouxatavT, magram xelSekrulebis saerTo miznidan gamomdinare gamoxatavdnen, Tuki Riad

datovebuli punqtebi maT SeTanxmebaSi maT mierve mowesrigebuli iqneboda da amasTan

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda ndobisa da rwmenis principebi da urTierTobebSi gamoyenebuli

Cvevebi“17. esaa sasamarTlo praqtikis mier Camoyalibebuli formula.

sayuradRebo da gasaziarebelia prof. nino ioselianis mosazreba, xelSekrulebis

SevsebiTი ganmartebebTan dakavSirebiT:

„xelSekrulebis SevsebiTi ganmartebis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba sxvadasxva

faqtorebi, maTTan erTad mxareTa ganzraxva, xelSekrulebis xasiaTi da mizani,

keTilsindisiereba da samarTliani saqmianobis principi, gonivruloba. xelSekrulebis

SevsebiTi ganmartebebis gansakuTrebul saxed unda miviCnioT is SemTxveva, roca mxareebs

xelSekrulebaSi gamorCenili aqvT damatebiTi valdebulebebi da mosamarTlis amocanas

aseTi valdebulebebis SevsebiTi ganmarteba Seadgens. damatebiTi ganmartebis dros

mosamarTles xelSekrulebaSi ar Seaqvs is debulebebi, romlebic mas miaCnia gonivrulad.

mosamarTlis mizans mxareTa mier gamorCenili damatebiTi valdebulebebis zogadad

miRebuli SinaarsiT dadgena warmoadgens18.

sainteresoa saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos pozicia erToblivi saqmianobis

(mxanagobis) xelSekrulebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb.

2006 wlis 9 agvistos erToblivi saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebis safuZvelze

Seiqmna amxanagoba „g“ romlis damfuZnebel wevrebs warmoadgendnen g. S. da Sps

„s“.xelSekrulebis monawileebma (SemdgomSi mosarCeleebma) xsenebul amxanagobaSi Sesatanis

saxiT Seitanes maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli gansazRvruli farTis miwis nakveTebi, sadac

ganTavsebuli iyo maTi individualuri sacxovrebeli saxlebi. xelSekrulebis monawileebis

mier amxanagobaSi Setanili miwis nakveTebze amxanagoba „g“ unda aeSenebina mravalbiniani

sacxovrebeli saxli da miwis nakveTebis sakompensacioდ amxanagobis monawileebisaTvis unda

gadaecaT xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli sacxovrebeli binebi, razedac mxareTa Soris

gaformda amxanagobis xelSekrulebebi. sayuradReboa, rom amxanagobis xelSekrulebis

nawil monawileebs xelSekrulebaSi Cauweres, rom miwis nakveTebis sakompensaciod isini

14konrad cvaigerti, hain kotci. SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 87. 15nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 20. 16saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni mesame. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 161. 17samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni III. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 162. 18nino ioseliani. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 23.

211

miiRebdnen garkveuli farTis garemontebul binebs, nawili monawileebis, kerZod n. n-isa

da e. t – s SemTxvevaSi, amxanagobis xelSekrulebebSi araferi iyo naTqvami misaRebi binebis

remontis Sesaxeb Tumca xelSekrulebaSi arc is iyo miTiTebuli, rom maT binebi

gadaecemodaT e. w. „Savi karkasis“ (სaremonto) mdgomareobaSi.

sayuradReboa, rom sxva monawileebis msgavsad mosarCeleebma e.t. - m da n. n. - m

amxanagoba „g“- s binebis miRebis sakompensaciod gadasces maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis

nakveTebi da masze ganTavsebuli Senoba - nagebobebi.

imis gamo, rom amxanagoba „g“ - m arajerovnad Seasrula amxanagobis xelSekrulebiT

nakisri valdebulebebi, xelSekrulebis monawileebma sarCeliT mimarTes sasamarTlos maT

individualur sakuTrebaSi registrirebuli binebis remontisaTvis saWiro „X“ Tanxis

mopasuxeebze, amxanagoba „g“ - s Tavmjdomares g.S. - sa da Sps „s“ - ze, dakisrebis Sesaxeb.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiam 2011 wlis 19 dekembris

gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli daakmayofila da mosarCeleebis individualur sakuTrebaSi

registrirebuli binebis remontisaTvis saWiro „X“ Tanxa amxanagoba „g“ - s damfuZneblebs,

Tavmjdomare g. S - s da Sps „s“ solidarulad daakisra.

aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba mosarCeleebis e. t. - is da n. n. - s nawilSi saapelacio

wesiT gaasaCivres amxanagoba „g“ damfuZneblebma - g. S. - m da Sps „s“ - m.

Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatam 2012 wlis 26 aprilis

gadawyvetilebiT amxanagoba „g“ - s saapelacio saCivari ar daakmayofila im motiviT, rom

xelSekrulebis monawileebma e. t. - m da n. n. - m sxva mosarCeleebis msgavsad, axali binebis

miRebis sanacvlod (sakompensaciod) gadasces maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTebi

Senoba - nagebobebTan erTad, ris gamoc, saapelacio palatam amxanagoba „g“ - s daakisra imis

mtkicebis valdebuleba, Tu ratom daawesa gansxvavebuli standarti e. t. - s da n. n. - s

mimarTebaSi gasaremontebeli binebis gadacemis Sesaxeb.

saapelacio sasamaTrlos aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba sakasacio wesiT gaasaCivres

amxanagoba „g“ damfuZneblebma: g. S. – m da Sps „s“ – m.

sakasacio palatis 2014 wlis 28 ianvris ganCinebiT gauqmebuli iqna pirveli da

saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi da saqme xelexla gansaxilvelad

daubrunda imave sasamarTlos Semdeg miTiTebiT: „...rom mosarCeleebs e. t. – sa da n. n. – s

ar warmoudgeniaT mtkicebulaba, sadac miTiTebuli iqneboda amxanagoba „g“ –s mier amgvari

valdebulebis aReba (mosarCeleebisaTvis garemontebuli binebis gadacema). samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsis 102 – e muxlis safuZvelze garemontebuli binebis gadacemis Taobaze

amxanagoba „g“ – sa da e. t – sa da n. n – s Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevis damtkiceba“swored

am ukanaskneli mosarCeleebis valdebuleba iyo, rac maT ver daadastures, Sesabamisad

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebis daსkvna am nawilSi usafuZvloa da ver iqneba gaziarebuli

sakasacio palatis mier19.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sakasacio palatis mier sakasacio saCivarze saboloo

gadawyvetileba ar yofila gamotanili, radgan saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad daubrunda

imave sasamarTlos, mimaCnia, rom sakasacio palatis zemoaRniSnul miTiTebაze msjeloba

sainteresoa im mxriv, rom მასში kanonis normis araswor ganmartebebzea saubari.

sakasacio saCivris ganxilvisas sasamarTlom yuradReba ar miaqcia samoqalaqo

brunvიs ZiriTad keTilsindisierebis da samarTlianobis principebs, riTac dairRva

momxmarebelTa interesebi.

cnobilia, rom xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTlis erTerTi

umTavresi principia, magram igi arasdros yofila SeuzRudavi. es SezRudvebi Seexeba

rogorc xelSekrulebis dadebas, ise misi Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisuflebas.

xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisufleba, rogorc wesi, imperatiuli normebis

safuZvelze izRudeba20. imperoatiuli normebi awesebs garkveul SezRudvebs da

19saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2014 wlis 28 ianvris as – 885 – 831 – 2012 ganCineba. 20saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni mesame. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 61-66.

212

uzrunvelyofs, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis procesi kanonis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad

warimarTos. kanonis normebis imperatiuli xasiaTi xSir SemTxvevaSi erT – erTi mxaris

interesebis dacvas ganapirobebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, akrZalulia mxareTa SeTanxmebiT kanoniT

dadgenili wesebisagan gadaxveva xelSekrulebis konkretuli mxaris sazianod21.

swored aseT SemTxvevasTn gvaqvs saqme, rodesac damfuZneblebma g. S. da Sps – m

amxanagoba „g“ – s Seqmnis dros isargebles mosarCeleebis e. t. da n. n – is gamoucdelobiTa

da maTdami ndobiT, am ukanasknelებma xelSekrulebis dadebamde ar gamoiyenes saqmis

garemoebebis mcodne specialistis an iuristis rCeva da nacvlad imisa, rom damfuZneblebs

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi daemyarebinaT mxereTa urTierTTanamSromlobisa da

keTilsindisierebaze amxanagobis xelSekrulebebi gauformes mosarCeleebisaTvis e. t. da

n. n. - თვის Zalze araxelsayreli pirobebiT, rac gamoixata masSi, rom damfuZneblebma

mosarCeleebs e. t. da n. n – s, sxva mosarCeleebis msgavsad, xelSekrulebaSi ar Cauweres

daTqma imis Sesaxeბ, rom miwis nakveTis sakompensaciod isini miiRebdnen garkveuli farTis

garemontebul binebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTlianobis umTavresi principidan gamomdinare,

mosamarTlis ZiriTadi amocanaa, yoveli konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas gaarkvios

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis damyarebisas mxareebi moqmedebdnen Tu ara kanoniT daSvebul

farglebSi da xom ar iyo darRveuli momxmarebelTa interesebi.

reziume

amxanagobis xelSekrulebis mizania monawileTa interesebis dacva. xelSekrulebis

ganmartebis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba misi arsi, winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi,

samoqalaqo brunvis Cveulebani, mosarCeleTa Semdgomi moqmedebani da xelSekrulebis

mniSvnelobis mqone sxva garemoebani. mosamarTleebi valdebulni arian gamoavlinon

monawileTa namdvili neba da ar SeizRudon mxolod xelSekrulebis teqstis formaluri

analiziT. samoqalaqo brunvis Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT keTilsindisierad gansajიs

SemTxvevaSi monawileebma unda miiRon samarTliani kompromისuli gadawyvetileba.

Karlo Bzishvili

The contract definition of joint activity (partnership) Summary

The partnership agreement goal is to protect the interests. The interpretation of the contract taking into account

his essence, previous contract negotiations, civil turnover rites, the plaintiffs further actions and the importance of other

circumstances. The judges are required to demonstrate the real will and will not be restricted only to the formal analysis

of the text. The civil turnover usages of good faith to discuss the case of the participants in the fair compromising decision.

21saxelSekrulebo samarTali. gv. 105.

213

aleqsandre baramiZe, doqtoranti

precedenti saerTo samarTlis qveynebisa da adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli konvenciis samarTlebriv sistemebSi

Sesavali

am statiis mizania gamoavlinos sasamarTlo precedentis saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli

niSnebi saerTo samarTlis qveynebisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis

samarTlebriv sistemebSi. amaSi mdgomareobs misi siaxlec. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT,

evropuli sasamarTlo, Cveulebriv, misdevs xolme Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs, Tumca,

amas igi akeTebs ara imitom, rom sakuTar precedents misTvis savaldebulo Zala aqvs, aramed

imitom, rom erTguli darCes iseTi principebisa, rogorebicaa, samarTlebrivi garkveuloba,

samosamarTlo samarTlis mowesrigebuli ganviTarebis interesi, gadawyvetilebaTa

ganWvretadoba, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa da sxv. statiaSi aseve

Sejamebulia garkveuli kanonzomierebani, romelTa gamoc SeiZleba sasamarTlo gaemijnos

Tavis uwindel precedents.

1. precedentis raobis Sesaxeb

zogadad, precedenti aris is, rac erTxel warsulSi moxda. xolo, samarTalSi is

aRniSnavs uwin miRebul gadawyvetilebas _ Cveulebriv, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas,

romelic awmyoSi misaReb gadawyvetilebas unda daedos safuZvlad1. arcTu yvela warsulSi

miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT xelmZRvanelobs mosamarTle, rodesac gadawyvetilebas

Rebulobs. arsebobs uwindeli gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic ar aris imdenad mniSvnelovani,

rom mosamarTlem maTiT ixelmZRvanelos. meore mxriv, arsebobs gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic

gansxvavebul faqtebs eyrdnoba, ris gamoc isini ararelevanturia mocemuli gadawyvetilebis

mimarT. misdio precedents, niSnavs gaavlo analogia or sxvadasxva faqtobriv mocemulobas

Soris. amitomacaa, rom saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi, sadac iSva da moqmedebs savaldebulo

precedentis doqtrina, iuristebi samarTlebriv msjelobas analogiiT msjelobas uwodeben2.

ixelmZRvanelo precedentiT, niSnavs mocemul saqmezec gamoitano precedentuli

gadawyvetilebis msgavsi gadawyvetileba. Cveulebriv, sxvis msgavsad adamianebi imitom

iqcevian, rom amiT xarks uxdian tradicias an piris avtoritets. xSirad amas ubralod

gemovnebis gamoc akeTeben. magram saerTo samarTlis qveynebis samarTlebriv sivrceSi

precedents imitom ki ar misdeven, rom moswonT es precedentuli gadawyvetileba

(sinamdvileSi, mosamarTles, romelic misdevs precedents, SesaZloa, sulac ar moswondes

es gadawyvetileba), aramed imitom, rom amas maT kanoni karnaxobs. zemdgomi sasamarTloebis

precedentebs saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi savaldebulo, SemboWveli Zala aqvs, rasac stare

decisis-is doqtrinas uwodeben (sruli laTinuri frazaa `stare decisis et non quieta movere~

(„daemorCile [uwindel] gadawyvetilebebs da nu axleb xels imas, rac mSvidad devs“)3.

Tumca, sasamarTloebis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs mosamarTleebi kontinenturi

evropis samarTlis qveynebSic imowmeben. isinic misdeven xolme gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic

analogiur faqtebze sxva sasamarTloebma gamoitanes. magram rac, magaliTad, germanel

mosamarTles Tavisi ingliseli kolegisgan ganasxvavebs, aris is, rom germaneli ar aris

valdebuli daemorCilos uwindel gadawyvetilebas, magram ingliseli aris. sxva sityvebiT,

germanelisgan gansxvavebiT es ukanaskneli SeboWilia uwindeli gadawyvetilebiT.

1Neil Duxbury, The Nature and Authority of Precedent, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 1. 2Ibid. p. 2. 3Ibid., p. 12.

214

Tumca, xdeba xolme, rom saerTo samarTlis qveynebSic mosamarTleebs ar surT

misdion precedents. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini an ganasxvaveben (distinguish) erTmaneTisgan

precedents da maT mier gansaxilvel saqmes, anda auqmeben an cvlian (overrule) precedents.

amas isini im SemTxvevaSi akeTeben, rodesac saamisod „mniSvnelovani mizezi“ aqvT4. marTalia,

aseTi SesaZlebloba arcTu yvela SemTxvevaSi arsebobs _ magaliTad, qveda instanciis

sasamarTlos mosamarTle ver Secvlis zemdgomi sasamarTlos precedents, magram aseTi

wesis arseboba noyier niadags qmnis samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis. amdenad, precedenti ki

boWavs mosamarTles, magram am tipis SeboWva gansxvavdeba kanonismieri SeboWvisagan. kanonis

darRveva garkveul sanqciebTan aris dakavSirebuli, precedentis darRveva ki mosamarTlis

pasuxismgeblobas ar iwvevs5.

Stare decisis-is doqtrinis ganviTarebaSi pirveli da Zalze mniSvnelovani etapi is iyo,

rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi dasabuTebuli unda yofiliyo. sxva sityvebiT, masSi

unda dasaxelebuliyo garemoebebi, romelTa gamoc mivida mosamarTle mocemul

gadawyvetilebamde. Tumca, garemoebebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, romelTagan zogi SeiZleba

ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, zogic nakleb mniSvnelovani; zogi - arsebiTi, xolo zogi -

ararasebiTi xasiaTis. saerTo samarTlis qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi cnobilia

terminebi ratio decidendi da obiter dictum. pirveli SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc „gadawyvetilebis

sazrisi“, xolo, meore - rogorc „sxvaTaSoris naTqvami“6. amasTan, savaldebulo Zala eniWeba

mxolod pirvels, maSin, rodesac meores mimarT qvemore sasamarTloebs araviTari

valdebulebebi ar ekisrebaT.

am or fenomens Soris gansxvavebis povna arcTu ioli saqmea, radgan xSirad isini

erTmaneTSi iTqvifeba xolme7 an rodesac ratio-s povna SeuZlebelia8. arsebobs

gadawyvetilebebi, romlebSic SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT erTze meti ratio9. ufro metic, zogjer

ratio-s lokalizeba imiTac aris rTuli, rom garkveul sazriss ama Tu im precedents Semdgomi

gadawyvetilebebis avtorebi miaweren xolme, riTac faqtiurad axali precedenti iqmneba

nacvlad imisa, rom gviandeli gadawyvetileba uwindels misdevdes10.

precedentis cnobili mkvlevris, artur gudhartis azriT, gadawyvetilebis sazrisi

ar SeiZleba iqnes gaigivebuli dasabuTebasTan, romlis safuZvelzec mosamarTlem es

gadawyvetileba gamoitana. SeiZleba gadawyvetileba ar Seicavdes dasabuTebas, magram es

aucileblad ar niSnavs, rom mas ar gaaCnia sazrisi11. amis sanacvlod, gudhartis azriT,

gadawyvetilebis sazrisi sxva araferia, Tu ara mosamarTlis mier aRwerili faqtebi, plus

daskvna, romelic mosamarTlem am faqtebis safuZvelze gamoitana.

Tavis saintereso msjelobas gudharti iwyebs ratio decidendi-s da obiter dictum-is Sesaxeb

literaturaSi arsebuli ganmartebebidan:

„maSasadame, precedenti aris sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelic Tavis TavSi

garkveul princips Seicavs. princips, romelic safuZvlad udevs gadawyvetilebas da qmnis

mis avtoritetul elements, xSirad ratio decidendi-is uwodeben. konkretuli gadawyvetileba

mxareebisaTvis savaldebuloa, magram is, rasac calke aRebuls gare samyarosaTvis kanonis

Zala gaaCnia, aris swored es abstraqtuli ratio decidendi~12.

„unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTo samarTalSi mosamarTlis arcTu yvela azri qmnis

sasamarTlo precedents. imisaTvis, rom azrs precedentis Zala mieniWos, erTdroulad ori

garemoeba unda arsebobdes: pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos sakuTriv mosamarTlis azri da,

meorec, is unda iyos azri, romlis arseboba aucilebelia konkretuli saqmis

gadawyvetisaTvis. sxva sityvebiT, is ar unda iyos obiter dictum~13.

4Ibid., p. 16. 5Ibid., p. 23. 6Ibid., pp. 67-68. 7Ibid., p. 69. 8Ibid., p. 71. 9Ibid., p. 72. 10Ibid., p. 74. 11Arthur L. Goodhart, Determining the Ratio Decidendi of a Case, Yale Law Journal, Vol. XL, December 1930, No. 2, p. 164. 12ser jon selmondis es citata aRebulia gudhartis dasaxelebuli naSromidan, gv. 161. 13Ibid., profesor jon Cipmen greis citata, gv. 161.

215

gudharts mohyavs magaliTebi inglisuri saerTo samarTlis istoriidan, romelTa

Tanaxmad yvelaze mniSvnelovani samarTlis normebic ki mosamarTleebs mcdari

wanamZRvrebidan gamomdinare da mcdari logikis safuZvelze SeuqmniaT. cud logikas xSirad

karg kanonebamde mivyavarTo - ambobs gudharti14. amdenad msjeloba TavisTavad sakmarisi ar

aris.

Semdeg gudharti yuradRebas amaxvilebs faqtebze, radgan mosamarTles, cxadia,

daskvnebi faqtebidan gamomdinare gamoaqvs. magram romeli faqtebidano, kiTxulobs

gudharti. erTi da igive faqtebi SeiZleba ori sxvadasxva adamianisaTvis sxvadasxvagvarad

gamoiyurebodes. mosamarTles daskvnebi gamoaqvs faqtebis romeliRac erTobliobidan,

romelic man faqtebis sxva, ufro did masas Soris yvelaze arsebiTad miiCnia. maSasadame,

mosamarTles gamoaqvs daskvnebi im faqtebidan, romlebic man Tavad amoarCia. swored am, mis

mierve amorCeul faqtebze agebs mosamarTle daskvnebs da ara romelime sxva faqtebzeo.

amdenado, ambobs gudharti, ama Tu im saqmis analizisas Cveni amocana is ki ar aris, rom

ubralod aRvweroT faqtebi da am faqtebze dafuZnebuli daskvnebi, aramed aRvweroT

arsebiTi faqtebi, rogoradac isini mosamarTlem dainaxa da romlebze dayrdnobiTac man

garkveuli daskvnebi gamoitana. swored arsebiTi faqtebis amorCevis gziT qmniso mosamarTle

samarTals, ambobs gudharti. mosamarTles awvdian raRac faqtebis masas, romelTagan igi

amoarCevs garkveul faqtebs, rogorc, misi azriT, arsebiTs, da uars ambobs sxva faqtebze,

rogorc, misi azriT, araarsebiTze. am narCev faqtebze agebso igi Tavis daskvnas15.

gudharts mohyavs metyveli magaliTebi, Tu ra Sedegebamde SeiZleba mivideT

mosamarTlis mier ama Tu im faqtis „arsebiTad“ an „araarsebiTad“ miCnevis gamo.

pirveli magaliTi:

saqmis faqtebi:

faqti 1: „D“-s, kanonis darRveviT, gaxsnili hqonda bari.

faqti 2: bari xmauriani iyo da xSirad Cxubs da ayalmayals hqonda adgili.

daskvna: „D“ pasuxs agebs sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis.

sasamarTlos mier arsebiT faqtebad miCneuli faqtebi:

faqti 1: „D“-s, kanonis darRveviT, gaxsnili hqonda bari.

daskvna: „D“ pasuxs agebs sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis.

amdenad, radgan mosamarTlem me-2 faqti arsebiT faqtad ar miiCnia, Seqmna samarTlis

ufro farTo principi, vidre iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, mas rom me-2 faqtic arsebiT faqtad

mieCnia.

meore magaliTi:

saqmis faqtebi:

faqti 1: „D“-s Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwis nakveTze aqvs wylis rezervuari.

faqti 2: menardem, romelsac SeukveTa „D“-m samuSaoebis warmoeba, gaufrTxileblobiT

rezervuari arasworad daamontaJa.

faqti 3: rezervuaridan wyalma gaJona, ris gamoc „P“-s ziani miadga.

daskvna: „D“ valdebulia „P“-s ziani aunazRauros.

sasamarTlos mier arsebiT faqtebad miCneuli faqtebi:

faqti 1: „D“-s Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwis nakveTze aqvs wylis rezervuari.

faqti 3: rezervuaridan wyalma gaJona, ris gamoc „P“-s ziani miadga.

daskvna: „D“ valdebulia „P“-s ziani aunazRauros.

me-2 faqtis mxedvelobaSi armiRebiT sasamarTlom bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis

principi Seqmna16.

gadawyvetilebis ratio-s amgvari gageba Zalze efeqtian meTodologiur safuZvels qmnis.

vfiqrobT, amgvari midgoma SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc saerTo samarTlis qveynebis

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis, ise saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis, maT Soris, adamianis

uflebaTa saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis analizisas.

14Ibid., p. 163. 15Ibid., p. 169. 16Ibid., pp. 174-175.

216

2. precedentis doqtrina adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis sistemaSi

upirveles yovlisa, unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra moculobiT da mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba

termini „precedenti“ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis sistemaSi. unda iTqvas, rom

es sakiTxi jerovani siRrmiT Seswavlili ar aris araTu qarTul, aramed saerTaSoriso

iuridiul literaturaSic ki17.

saerTaSoriso iuridiul literaturaSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom saerTaSoriso

samarTalSi precedentis, anu stare decisis-is doqtrina im saxiT, rogoriTac igi Camoyalibda

jer inglisSi, xolo Semdeg saerTo samarTlis sxva qveynebSi, ar arsebobs18.

meore mxriv, aRirebulia isic, rom saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebi, magaliTad, haagis

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, TavianT gadawyvetilebebSi guldasmiT

aanalizeben TavianT uwindel gadawyvetilebebs da cdiloben gaarkvion, Tu riT gansxvavdeba

gansaxilveli saqme am uwindeli gadawyvetilebebis qvemdebare saqmeebisagan.

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mosamarTle mohamed Sahabudini Tavis

monografiaSi, romelic am sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis kvlevas isaxavs miznad,

aRniSnavs, rom marTalia haagis sasamarTlosTan stare decisis-is, anu savaldebulo precedentis

ideas Sexeba ara aqvs, haagis sasamarTlos uwindeli gadawyvetilebebi Semdgomi

gadawyvetilebebis miznebisaTvis sasamarTlosTvis „damarwmunebeli precedentis“ funqcias

mainc asrulebs19. analogiuri midgoma arsebobs evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTloSic20.

amasTan, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi, maTi ingliseli kolegebis

msgavsad, ar Semoifarglebian mxolod saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis „gamoyenebiT“,

aramed cdiloben gaakeTon „odnav metic“, magaliTad daadginon garkveuli standartebi,

romlebic SemdgomSi SeiZleba saerTaSoriso konvenciebis teqstebSic ki iqnes Setanili21.

udavoa, rom aseT praqtikas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTloc misdevs.

arsebobs garkveuli doqtrinebi, principebi da standartebi, romlebsac versad vipoviT

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis teqstSi, magram isini SemuSavebuli da dadgenilia

strasburgis sasamarTlos mier Tavis ganCinebebSi da imdenadvea miCneuli adamianis

uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis sistemis nawilad, ramdenadac TviT evropuli konvenciis

avTenturi teqsti. aseTebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT „pozitiuri valdebulebebis

doqtrina“22, „Sefasebis Tavisuflebis aris doqtrina“23, „kanonierebis, samarTlis

uzenaesobisa da saproceso samarTlianobis principebi“24, „proporciulobis principi“25,

17Luzius Wildhaber, `Precedent in the European Court of Human Rights~, in The European Perspective, Studies in Memory of Rolv

Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold & L. Wildhaber (Eds), 2000, p. 1529. 18Malcolm N. Shaw, Ìnternational Law~, Sixth Edition, Cambridge University Press, p. 110. 19M. Shahabuddeen, Precedent in the International Court, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 100. 20Tamás Szabados, `Precedents~ in EU Law — The Problem of Overruling, ELTE Law Journal, 2015/1, p. 128. 21Ibid., p. 110. 22ix.: magaliTad, A.R. Mowbray, `The Development of Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights by

the European Court of Human Rights~, Oxford/Portland, Hart Publishing, 2004; Steven Greer, `The European Convention on Human

Rights: Achievements, Problems and Prospects~, Cambridge University Press, p. 215; Clare Ovey & Robin C.A. White, `Jacobs and

White, The European Convention on Human Rights~, Third Edition, Oxford University Press,pp. 38-39; fransuaz tulkensi, àdamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo ormocdaaTi wlisaa: bolodroindeli mimarTulebebi sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi~, wignSi `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ilias saxelmwifo universitetTan TanamSromlobiT, Tbilisi, 2010; eva gociriZe. mizezobrioba. Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 23-27; konstantine korkelia. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, gv. 27-30. 23ix.: magaliTad, E. Brems. The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights.

Zeitschrift für Auslandisches Offentliches Recht und Volkrecht 56 (1996), 240-314 at 289-290; Clare Ovey & Robin C. A. White,

dasax. naSr. pp. 40-41, 210-215; Ivana, Radačić. The margin of appreciation, consensus, morality and the rights of the Vulnerable

Groups. Zb. Prav. fak. Rij. (1991) v. 31, br. 1, 599-616 (2010), hrcak.srce.hr/file/81730; eva gociriZe. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba RirebulebaTa konfliqtSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da strasburgis sasamarTlos iurisprudenciis mixedviT. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 100-129. 24ix.: magaliTad, Steven Greer, pp. 201-202. 25ix.: magaliTad, J. McBride, Proportionality and the European Convention on Human Rights in E. Ellis (ed.), The Principle of

Proportionality in the Laws of Europe (Oxford/Portland: Hart Publishing, 1999), pp. 23-35; M.-A.Eissen, The Principle of

Proportionality in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights’ in R. St. J. Macdonald et al. (eds.), European System, pp.

125-146; Steven Greer, pp. 216-220.

217

„aucileblobisa“ da „absoluturi aucileblobis“ principebi26 da bevri sxva. yvela

CamoTvlili principi an doqtrina strasburgis sasamarTlom, evropuli konvenciis

debulebebis ganmartebisas SeimuSava, Tumca, sakuTriv konvenciis teqtsSi isini ar gvxvdeba.

maT evropuli sasamarTlo konvenciis nawilad miiCnevs. am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom sasamarTlo ara mxolod iyenebs kanons - evropul konvencias, aramed Tavadac aris

samarTalSemoqmedi.

Tumca, naTqvami ar gulisxmobs imas, rom strasburgis sasamarTlo SeboWilia Tavisi

uwindeli gadawyvetilebebiT. sazogadod, samosamarTlo samarTlis arseboba maincdamainc

ar aris damokidebuli savaldebulo precedentis doqtrinaze. es ukanaskneli ar

warmoadgens aucilebel winapirobas imisa, rom mosamarTlem samarTlis normebi da

standartebi Seqmnas. inglisSic ki saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi stare decisis-is wess ar hqonda

imdenad mkacri xasiaTi, rogoric man me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi

SeiZina. manamde uwindeli gadawyvetilebebisadmi erTgulebas ufro samosamarTlo praqtikis

xasiaTi hqonda da ara samarTlis imperatiuli normisa.27 savaldebulo precedentis wesi

bevrad ufro axali movlenaa, vidre samosamarTlo samarTalSemoqmedebis praqtika. amdenad,

is faqti, rom strasburgis sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi samarTlis normebs qmnis,

ar ganapirobebs mis valdebulebas misdios Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs.

aravisTvis siaxle ar aris, rom Tavis ganCinebebsa da gadawyvetilebebSi evropuli

sasamarTlo mudam miuTiTebda xolme Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebze, rogorc garkveuli

faqtobrivi an/da samarTlebrivi daskvnebis Semcvel avtoritetze, rac imas niSnavs, rom

evropuli sasamarTlo Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs precedentebad miiCnevs. Tumca,

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic Cven SegviZlia

vilaparakoT ara savaldebulo, aramed mxolod damarwmunebel precedentze28.

ramdenadac ucnauri ar unda iyos, evropulma sasamarTlom sakmaod didi xnis

arsebobis Semdeg gaacnobiera, rom mis praqtikas, misdios xolme uwindel gadawyvetilebebs,

sakuTari „precedentebis“ mimarT erTgulebis saxe aqvs. albaT pirvelad 1990 wlis 27

seqtembers, kosis saqmeSi, maSindeli plenaruli sasamarTlos mier miRebul ganCinebaSi

aRniSna evropulma sasamarTlom:

„simarTlea is, rom... [evropuli] sasamarTlo ar aris valdebuli daemorCilos Tavis

uwindel ganCinebebs; es namdvilad gamomdinareobs sasamarTlos reglamentis 51-e muxlis

pirveli punqtidan. Tumca, igi [sasamarTlo] Cveulebriv misdevs da iyenebs Tavis sakuTar

precedentebs, rac samarTlebrivi garkveulobisa da konvenciis samosamarTlo samarTlis

mowesrigebuli ganviTarebis interesebs emsaxureba. amis miuxedavad, es wesi xels ar

SeuSlis sasamarTlos, gaemijnos Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebas, Tu igi darwmundeba, rom

saamisod damajerebeli mizezebi arsebobs. magaliTad, aseTi gamijvna SeiZleba saWiro

gaxdes im mizniT, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes konvenciis ganmartebis Sesabamisoba

sazogadoebaSi momxdar cvlilebebTan da dRevandeli dRis moTxovnebTan~29.

aseTi midgoma evropulma sasamarTlom konvenciis, rogorc cocxali dokumentis

doqtrinidan gamoiyvana, romelic jer kidev 1970-iani wlebis bolos SeimuSava: „sasamarTlom

isic unda gaixsenos, rom konvencia cocxali dokumentia, romelic, rogorc komisiam sworad

aRniSna, ganmartebul unda iqnes dRevandeli pirobebis Suqze~30.

kosis saqmidan citirebul sityvebSi ramdenime wesi ikiTxeba: 1) evropuli sasamarTlo

ar aris valdebuli misdios Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebebs; 2) amis miuxedavad, igi

Cveulebriv misdevs xolme maT; 3) amgvar Tanamimdevrulobas ganapirobebs samarTlebrivi

26ix.: magaliTad, eva gociriZe. mizezobrioba. gv. 38-84. mindia ugrexeliZe. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi. gv. 98-127. 27M. Shahabuddeen, Precedent in the International Court, p. 106. 28A. Mowbray, An examination of the European Court of Human Rights approach to overruling its previous case-law, Human Rights

Law Review, 9 (2). pp. 179-201. ISSN 1461-7781, 2009, ix.: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/1724/1/ECtHR_Overruling_final.pdf.

Yonatan Lupu, Erik Voeten, The Role of Precedent at the European Court of Human Rights: A Network Analysis of Case Citations,

Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Conference Proceedings, 2010. P. 3,

http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=pnconfs_2010. 29Cossey v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 10843/84, Judgment of 27 September 1990, §35. 30Tyrer v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 5856/72, Judgment of 25 April 1978, §31.

218

garkveulobisa da konvenciis samosamarTlo samarTlis mowesrigebuli ganviTarebis

interesebi; 4) sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaemijnos Tavis uwindel gadawyvetilebas, Tu saamisod

arsebobs damajerebeli mizezebi; 5) amgvar damajerebel mizezebs Sorisaa aucilebloba

imisa, rom konvenciis interpretacia Seesabamebodes sazogadoebaSi momxdar cvlilebebsa da

dRevandeli dRis moTxovnebs.

zemoT moyvanili garemoebebi adasturebs, rom precedentis doqtrina adamianis

uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi diaxac moqmedebs. Tumca, igi gansxvavdeba klasikuri

inglisur-amerikuli stare decisis doqtrinisagan, radgan mas damarwmunebeli precedentis

xasiaTi aqvs da ara savaldebulo procedentisa.

Tu ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos evropuli sasamarTlos precedentebSi gadawyvetilebis

sazrisad da ra - sxvaTa Soris naTqvamad, TviT evropuli sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi

an iuridiul mecnierebaSi bolomde damuSavebuli ar aris, Tumca amis mcdeloba arsebobs31.

Sesabamisad, am sakiTxis siRrmiseuli Seswavlac momavali kvlevebis sagani unda gaxdes32.

3. precedentis Secvlis kanonzomiereba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos

precedentul samarTalSi

ra kanonzomiereba udevs safuZvlad precedentis Secvlas adamianis uflebaTa

evropul sasamarTloSi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mcdeloba iSviaTad, magram mainc

arsebobs samecniero literaturaSi.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos yofili prezidenti lucius vildhaberi

albaT pirveli iyo, vinc gamoavlina precedentis Secvlis SemTxvevebi da maTi ganzogadebis

nimuSebic mogvca. ufro Sors wavida alester maubrei, romelmac evropuli sasamarTlos

mier precendetis Secvlis da axali precendetis Seqmnis ramdenime kanonzomiereba

gamoavlina.

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom orive mkvlevris - vildhaberis da maubreis

dakvirvebiT, evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikulad arasdros miuTiTebs pirdapir, rom igi

auqmebs an cvlis uwin dadgenil sakuTar precedents. amis sanacvlodo, amboben isini,

evropuli sasamarTlo „nagulisxmevad“ an „iribad“ gadis xolme sakuTari precedentiT

dadgenili principebidan33.

rac Seexeba precedentis Secvlis SemTxvevebs, maubrei ramdenime mizezs gamoyofs,

romelTa gamoc strasburgis sasamarTlos sakuTari precedentisgan gadauxvevia da axali

precedenti daudgenia.

P pirveli aseTi mizezi aris sasamarTlos winamorbedi gadawyvetilebebis

„bundovaneba~34. amis magaliTad maubreis mohyavs evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

saqmeze „pelegrini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg“35. aRniSnul saqmeSi strasburgis sasamarTlos

didi palata ganixilavda sakiTxs, vrceldeba Tu ara „samoqalaqo uflebebisa da

valdebulebebis“ nawilSi konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti sajaro mosamsaxureebis

davaze TavianT damsaqmebelTan. pelegrinis saqmemde gamotanil gadawyvetilebebSi

sasamarTlo ZiriTadad misdevda xazs, rom amgvari davebi ar eqceva me-6 muxlis pirveli

punqtis dacvis qveS, Tumca, calkeul gadawyvetilebebSi am wesidan gansxvavebuli

midgomebic ikveTeboda. pelegrinis saqmeSi sasamarTlom gadawyvita, „bolo moeRo

gaurkvevlobisaTvis“, romelic arsebobda saxelmwifosa da mis mosamsaxureebs Soris

arsebul davebTan dakavSirebiT36 da terminis „sajaro samsaxuri“ avtonomiuri ganmartebis

damkvidrebis mizniT, e. w. „funqciuri kriteriumi“ SemoiRo:

„sasamarTlo adgens, rom erTaderTi kategoriis davebi, romlebic gamoiricxeba

konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis moqmedebis sivrcidan, aris im sajaro

mosamsaxureebis mier aRZruli sarCelebi, romelTa movaleobebi sajaro samsaxurSi

31Luzius Wildhaber, p. 1540. 32Ibid., p. 1531. 33Luzius Wildhaber, p. 1533; A. Mowbray, foornote 27 supra, p. 8. 34A. Mowbray, p. 10. 35Pellegrin v. France, Application no. 28541/95, Judgment of 8 December 1999. 36Ibid., §61.

219

konkretuli saxis saqmianobis tipur magaliTebs warmoadgens, radgan sajaro samsaxuri aris

sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, romlis movaleoba saxelmwifosa da sxva

saxelmwifo organoebis sajaro interesebis dacvaa...“37

rva wlis Semdeg, saqmeSi „vilho eskelineni da sxvebi fineTis winaaRmdeg“38,

sasamarTlos didi palata kvlav miubrunda am sakiTxis ganxilvas da, miiCnia ra, rom mis

mier pelegrinis saqmeSi dadgenilma funqciurma kriteriumma, am sakiTxSi sicxadis Setanis

mxriv, sasamarTlos imedebi ver gaamarTla, gadawyvita gaeuqmebina es standarti:

„sasamarTlos mxolod SeuZlia daaskvnas, rom funqciurma kriteriumma, rogorc is

praqtikaSi gamoiyeneboda, ver uzrunvelyo sajaro mosamsaxureebis monawileobiT davebis

mimarT me-6 muxlis gamoyenebis sakiTxSi analizis gamartiveba an am sferoSi ufro meti

sicxadis Setana, rogorc es ganzraxuli iyo.

am fonze da am mizezis gamo sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom pelegrinis saqmeSi dadgenili

funqciuri kriteriumi Semdgom ganviTarebas moiTxovs. marTalia, samarTlebrivi

garkveulobis, ganWvretadobisa da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis interesebidan gamomdinare,

sasamarTlo, safuZvliani mizezis gareSe, ar unda emijnebodes Tavis uwindel saqmeebSi

dadgenil precedentebs, Tu sasamarTlom ver SesZlo dinamiuri da evoluciuri midgomebis

SenarCuneba, igi safrTxes Seuqmnis reformebsa an Semdgom gaumjobesebebs“39.

funqciuri kriteriumis sanacvlod, sasamarTlom axali, orwvera testi SemoiRo.

kerZod, man dadgina, rom konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti ar gavrceldeba sajaro

mosamsaxuris mier aRZrul davebze, Tu: 1) erovnuli kanonmdebloba pirdapir zRudavs

konkretuli Tanamdebobis pirebis an mosamsaxureebis uflebas mimarTon sasamarTlos; 2)

amgvari SezRudva unda efuZnebodes obieqtur mizezebs da saxelmwifos interesebSi unda

iyos. mxolod is garemoeba, rom momCivani sajaro seqtorSia dasaqmebuli an muSaobs iseT

organoSi, romelic sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebebs axorcielebs, TavisTavad ar

aris gadamwyvetio, ganacxada sasamarTlom40.

meore faqtori, romelic, maubreis dakvirvebiT, evropuli sasamarTlos mier sakuTari

precedentis gauqmebis safuZveli gamxdara, „saCivrebis raodenobis zrdis Sekavebis

aucileblobaa“41. amis magaliTia didi palatis gadawyvetileba saqmeze „kudla poloneTis

winaaRmdeg“42.

am SemTxvevaSi strasburgis sasamarTlos didi palatis winaSe iyo mravals Soris

erT-erTi saqme, romelic sisxlis samarTlis (da samoqalaqo) saqmeebze sasamarTlo

ganxilvebis gaumarTlebel gaWianurebas exeboda. momCivani asaCivrebda sakuTari uflebebis

darRvevas rogorc konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtidan, ise konvenciis me-13 muxlidan

gamomdinare. am gadawyvetilebamde evropuli sasamarTlo uars ambobda me-13 muxlis nawilSi

saCivris ganxilvaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi cnobda me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis darRvevas,

radgan me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti, me-13 muxlTan mimarTebiT kerZo normad (lex specialis)

miiCneoda43. Tumca, kudlas SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom „marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebaSi Warbi Seferxebebis“ gamo, riTac „safrTxe eqmneba samarTlis uzenaesobas“,

dadga sakuTari praqtikis gadasinjvis dro. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom

amieridan, saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo saCivrebs me-13 muxlTan

mimarTebiTac ganixilavda, ganurCevlad imisa, miiCnevda Tu ara igi darRveulad konvenciis

me-6 muxlis pirvel punqtsac44.

mesame faqtori, romelic, maubreis mosazrebiT, sasamarTlos sakuTari

precedentisgan gasvlisken ubiZgebs, konvenciis rogorc „cocxali dokumentis doqtrinaa“45.

37Ibid., §66. 38Vilho Eskelinen and Other v. Finland, Application no. 63235/00, Judgment of 19 April 2007. 39 Ibid., §§ 55-56. 40Ibid., § 62. 41A. Mowbray, p. 15. 42Kudla v. Poland, Application no. 30210/96, Judgment of 26 October 2000. am gadawyvetilebis qarTuli Targmani ix.: Semdeg vebgverdze: http://catalog.supremecourt.ge/blog/foto/138.pdf. 43Ibid., §146. 44Ibid., §§148-149. 45A. Mowbray, p. 17.

220

amis dasturad mkvlevars borgersis46 da selmunis47 saqmeebi mohyavs. Tumca, am doqtrinis

Taobaze zemoTac aRiniSna48.

kidev erTi faqtori, romelmac SeiZleba ubiZgos sasamarTlos, gaemijnos sakuTar

praqtikas da axali midgoma SeimuSavos, esaa evropis sabWos gareT qveynebSi mimdinare

samarTlebrivi tendenciebi, romlebic sasamarTlos konvenciis evoluciuri interpretaciis

SesaZleblobas sTavazobs49. maubreis azriT, amis klasikuri magaliTia, didi palatis

gadawyvetileba qristin gudvinis50 saqmeze, romliTac didi palata gaemijna sakuTar

gadawyvetilebebs didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg saqmeebSi, romlebic transseqsualebs exeboda.

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi sasamarTlos daexmara saqmeSi mesame mxared Cabmuli organizacia

Liberty-s mier momzadebuli dokumenti, romelSic aRwerili iyo movlenaTa ganviTareba da

samarTlebrivi tendenciebi avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, aSS-is calkeul StatebSi,

israelSi, kanadaSi, samxreT afrikasa da singapurSi51.

amgvari dinamikis nairsaxeobaa strasburgis sasamarTlos miTiTeba sxva

saerTaSoriso forumebis gadawyvetilebebze52. saqmeSi „mamatkulovi da askarovi TurqeTis

winaaRmdeg“53, ganixilavda ra momCivnebis eqstradiciis sakiTxs iseT qveyanaSi, sadac,

momCivnebis mtkicebiT, isini SeiZleboda wamebis msxverplni gamxdariyvnen, evropulma

sasamarTlom aRniSna:

„sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom, adamianis

uflebaTa interamerikulma sasamarTlom, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma da gaeros

wamebis sawinaaRmdego komitetma, marTalia isini sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis

safuZvelze moqmedeben, vidre es sasamarTlo, daadastures da daasabuTes ukanasknel

gadawyvetilebebSi, rom gamousworebeli zianis riskis winaSe mxareTa mier gasaCivrebuli

uflebebis dacva, saerTaSoriso samarTlidan gamomdinare, Sualeduri zomebis

umniSvnelovanes mizans warmoadgens. marTlac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ra samarTlebriv

sistemasTanac ar unda gvqondes saqme, marTlmsajulebis jerovnad ganxorcielebis mizani

moiTxovs, rom procesis dasrulebamde gamousworebeli zomebi ar unda iqnes miRebuli“54.

evropuli sasamarTlos uwindeli precedentisgan gasvlis kidev erTi faqtori

SeiZleba iyos mopasuxe saxelmwifos Sida samarTlebriv sistemaSi mimdinare procesebi55. am

konteqstSi maubrei moixmobs evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas saqmeze „uini

gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg“56, romelSic sasamarTlom uvado Tvisuflebis aRkveTis

britanuli reJimi ar cno konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtTan Seusabamod57.

Tumca, rva wlis Semdeg, saqmeSi „stafordi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg“58,

didma palatam Secvala precedenti da axali midgoma daadgina. daeyrdno ra „dinamiuri da

evoluciuri midgomebis SenarCunebis“ aucileblobas59, sasamarTlom aRniSna:

„msgavsi mosazrebebi unda gamoiTqvas mopasuxe saxelmwifos SidasamarTlebriv

sivrceSi mimdinare cvlilebebisa da Camoyalibebuli konsensusis SemTxvevaSi. marTalia, ar

arsebobs raime arsebiTi gansxvaveba am saqmisa da uinis saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebs Soris,

mxedvelobaSi iRebs ra qveynis SigniT mimdinare mniSvnelovan movlenebs, sasamarTlo

saWirod miiCnevs, „dRevandeli viTarebis Suqze“ sxvagvari Sefaseba misces am garemoebebs,

rac amJamad konvenciis saTanado interpretaciis da gamoyenebis saSualebas gvaZlevs“60. amis

46Borgers v. Belgium, Application no. 12005/86, Judgment of 30 October 1991. 47Selmouni v. France, Application no. 25803/94, Judgment of 28 July 1999. 48ix.: zemoT, sqolio #29. 49A. Mowbray, p. 18. 50Christine Goodwin v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 28957/95, Judgment of 11 July 2002. 51Ibid., §56. 52A. Mowbray, p. 19. 53Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey, Applications nos. 46827/99 and 46951/99, Judgment of 4 February 2005. 54Ibid., §124. 55A. Mowbray, p. 20. 56Wynne v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 15484/89, 18 July 1994. 57Ibid., §39. 58Stafford v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 46295/99, Judgment of 28 May 2002. 59Ibid., §68. 60Ibid., §69.

221

Sedegad, uinisgan gansxvavebiT, stafordis mimarT sasamarTlom konvenciis me-5 muxlis

pirveli da me-4 punqtebi darRveulad cno61.

dabolos, sasamarTlo aseve SeiZleba daeyrdnos saerTaSoriso da erovnul

samarTalSi mimdinare movlenebis kombinacias62. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi sasamarTlo ar aRiarebda profkavSirebis uflebas, ewarmoebinaT

damsaqmebelTan koleqtiuri molaparakebebi63, sasamarTlos midgoma sakiTxis mimarT

Seicvala saqmeSi „demiri da baikara TurqeTis winaaRmdeg“64, romelSic, miuTiTa ra Sromis

saerTaSoriso organizaciis #98 da #151 konvenciebze, evropis socialur qartiaze, evropis

kavSiris fundamenturi uflebebis qartiaze da TurqeTis konstituciasa da kanonmdeblobaSi

ganxorcielebul cvlilebebze65, evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada:

„am movlenebis Suqze, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom misi praqtika, romlis Tanaxmadac,

koleqtiuri molaparakebebis warmoeba da koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadeba ar

warmoadgenda me-11 muxlis Tandayolil elements, unda Seicvalos, raTa mxedvelobaSi iqnes

miRebuli saerTaSoriso samarTalSi da Sida samarTlebriv sistemebSi am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT ganviTarebuli movlenebi“66.

daskvna

amrigad, rogorc zemoTqmuli magaliTebi adasturebs, terminis „precedenti“

gamoyeneba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos samosamarTlo samarTlis sistemaSi

savsebiT gamarTlebulia. amasTanave, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom, iseve, rogorc sxva

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis SemTxvevaSi, strasburgis sasamarTlosTan mimarTebaSi ar

SeiZleba vilaparakoT e. w. stare decisis doqtrinaze, radgan uwindel gadawyvetilebebs

evropuli sasamarTlosTvis SemboWveli Zala ar gaaCnia. amis sanacvlod, saqme gvaqvs e. w.

„damarwmunebel“ precedentTan.

precedentisgan gadaxvevis SemTxvevebis analizi adasturebs, rom evropuli

sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi arsebobs garkveuli kanonzomiereba, romlis mixedviT

SeiZleba sasamarTlo gaemijnos Tavis uwindel precedents da daadginos axali precedenti.

Tumca, evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikulad arasdros aRiarebs, rom adgili aqvs uwindeli

precedentis gauqmebas an Secvlas.

Alexander Baramidze

Precedent in Legal Systems of Common Law and European

Convention on Human Rights Summary

The purpose of this paper is to identify some common and distinguishing features of judicial precedent in

common law jurisdictions and the European Court of Human Rights. It is demonstrated that like in other international

courts (e.g. ICJ and ECJ) there is no `stare decisis~ doctrine in the ECtHR. Instead, the ECtHR adheres to the doctrine of

`persuasive precedence~, which is justified by a number of reasons, such as legal certainty, the orderly development of

the Convention case-law, foreseeability and equality before the law, etc. It is further demonstrated, that whenever the

ECtHR departs from its own case law, it does so for some `good reason~ which may differ from case to case.

61Ibid., §83 and §90. 62A. Mowbray, p. 22. 63Schmidt and Dahlström Sweden, Application no. 5589/72, Judgment of 6 February 1976. 64Demir and Baykara v. Turkey, Application no. 34503/97, Judgment of 12 November 2008. 65Ibid., §§147-152. 66Ibid., §153.

222

nino xunaSvili, samarTlis doqtori, profesori

keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare damatebiTi

valdebulebani saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi

samoqalaqo samarTalSi erT-erT ZiriTad problemad iTvleba saxelSekrulebo

valdebulebebSi susti mxaris dacva. keTilsindsiierebis principi mxareTaTvis adgens qcevis

imperatiul wesebs. aseTi wesebis dadgena ar aris damokidebuli mxareTa nebaze. amgvari

wesebis dadgenas safuZvlad udevs xelSekrulebis socialuri koncefcia. am koncefciidan

gamomdinare, mxares ekisreba gansazRvruli wesiT qcevis valdebuleba susti mxaris

sasargeblod. amiT izrdeba mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis moculoba saxelSekrulebo

urTierTobebSi, Tundac es ufleba-movalebebi maT SeTanxmebuli ar hqondeT. susti mxaris

dacva moiTxovs samoqalaqo samarTlis iseTi ZiriTadi principidan formalurad gadaxvevas,

rogoric aris mxareTa Tanasworoba (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1-li muxli).

faqtobrivad ki, susti mxarisaTvis damatebiTi uflebebis miniWebiT da Sesabamisad, misi

saxelSekrulebo kontrahentisaTvis damatebiTi valdebulebebis dakisrebiT, samoqalaqo

kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis monawileTa Tanasworobas

erTmaneTis mimarT.67 susti mxaris dacva aucilebelia, rameTu xelSekrulebis mxareebs

gaaCniaT valdebulebis Camoyalibebaze, misi Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofaze gavlenis moxdenis

sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba, materialuri mdgomareobis, profesiuli statusis, Tu sxva

garemoebis gamo. zogjer romelime mxares ar gaaCnia xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare

valdebulebis Sesrulebis mizniT kontrahentze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba. da

piriqiT, meore mxares, romelsac gaaCnia realuri SesaZlebloba, SeuZlia Tavisi nebis

Tavsmoxveva da karnaxi kontrahentisaTvis. magaliTad, komerciuli bankis da meanabre

fizikuri piris mdgomareobis Sedarebac ki ar SeiZleba sabanko anabris xelSekrulebis

safuZvelze maT Soris Camoyalibebul urTierTobebSi. amgvar SemTxvevebSi, Tu

samarTlebrivad ar mowesrigdeba Sesabamisi urTierToba, valdebulebis Zlieri mxare

srulad dauqvemdebarebs Tavis nebas sust mxares (Tavis nebas moaxvevs sust mxares). aseT

SemTxvevaSi saubaric ki ar SeiZleba iyos arc mxareTa Tanasworobaze, arc dispoziciurobis

principze samoqalaqo samarTalSi, arc xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad,

samoqalaqo samarTlis amocana mdgomareobs samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa ̀ gaTanabrebaSi”

susti mxarisaTvis damatebiTi uflebebis miniWebis da misi kontrahentisaTvis damatebiTi

movaleobebis dakisrebis, Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis, Zlieri

mxaris pasuxismgeblobis gamkacrebis gziT valdebulebaSi, valdebulebis Seusruleblobis

an arajerovnad SesrulebisaTvis da piriqiT, susti mxaris pasuxismgeblobis SezRudviT da

a. S.

1. TanamSromlobis valdebuleba

keTilsindisiereba gulisxmobs `samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa

valdebulebas, TavianTi uflebebis gamoyenebisas da TavianTi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas,

izrunon qonebrivi brunvis sxva monawileTa uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvaze”.2

`Tanamedrove socialur saxelmwifoSi xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba unda Seicvalos

`saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobiT” (Vertragsgerechtigkeit, Justice contractuelle); susti mxare

Zlierad unda iqnes daculi, orive mxares unda daekisros erTmaneTis interesebis

gaTvaliswinebis valdebuleba. xelSekruleba Tanamedrove gagebiT, iuridiuli

67 М. И. Брагинский, В. В. Витрянский. Договорное право. Книга первая, общие положения, Москва, 2009, стр. 797. 2 А. А Чукреев. Добросовестность в системе принципов гражданского права. Журнал Российского права, 2002, #11, 12.

223

urTierTobaa, romelic mxareebs akisrebs kooperaciis, solidarobis da patiosnebis

valdebulebebs”.1

YTanamSromlobis valdebuleba gulisxmobs mxareTa valdebulebas, gaiTvaliswinon

ara marto Tavisi kerZo interesebi, aramed meore mxaris interesebic. mxareebi valdebuli

arian iseve izrunon meore mxaris interesebze, rogorc zrunaven sakuTar interesebze. magram

mxareebs keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare TanamSromlobis valdebuleba

ekisrebaT ara abstraqtulad, ganyenebulad, aramed mxareTa saerTo miznis misaRwevad,

romlis miRwevac maT surT xelSekrulebis dadebiT. `keTilsindisierebis principi

moiTxovs, rom erTmaneTTan harmoniaSi iyos ara marto calkeuli kerZo interesebi, aramed

agreTve kerZo interesi da mxareTa erTiani interesi.68

keTilsindisiereba icavs mxareTa samarTlian molodins da mxareTa Soris ayalibebs

urTierTndobaze damyarebul TanamSromlobas.69 TanamSromlobis anu urTierTdaxmarebis,

xelSewyobis valdebuleba4 imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TiToeulma mxarem xelSekrulebis

srulad Sesrulebis mizniT meore mxares aRmouCinos iseTi daxmareba, rogori daxmarebis

gonivruli molodinic SeiZleba hqondes kontrahents meore mxaris mier Tavisi

valdebulebis Sesrulebis dros. is garemoeba, rom saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaSi

monawile mxareebs erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego interesebi gaaCniaT, ar iZleva TanamSromlobis

valdebulebis uaryofis safuZvels. `xelSekruleba martooden urTierTsawinaaRmdego

interesebis gadakveTas ki ar warmoadgens, igi. saerTo proeqtic aris, romelSic

TiToeulma mxarem unda iTanamSromlos“. orive mxarem yvelaferi unda iRonos, rom safrTxe

ar daemuqros xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis dadgomas da saerTo miznis

miRwevas. SeiZleba gamoikveTos sami ZiriTadi SemTxveva, roca samoqalaqo brunvis

monawileTa nebis avtonomia izRudeba TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofisa da saerTo miznis

misaRwevad. pirveli maTgani aris ieringis mier SemuSavebuli `culpa in contrahendo”- s idea,

romelic jer kidev xelSekrulebis formirebis da xelSekrulebis pirobebis mxareTa Soris

SeTanxmebis (Sejerebis) stadiaze iZleva mxareTa urTierTobebSi Carevis SesaZleblobas.

keTilsindisierebis principi, rogorc uflebis dacvis iuridiuli instrumenti,

winasaxelSekrulebo stadiaze mxareTagan moiTxovs molaparakebaTa warmoebisas didwilad

da ufro metad orientirebulni iyvnen molaparakebaTa saboloo saerTo Sedegze (es aris

xelSekrulebis dadeba), vidre sakuTar interesebze. am TvalsazrisiT, molaparakebis damwyeb

mxareTa saerTo mizani ufro mniSvnelovan miznad miiCneva, vidre TiToeuli mxaris

individualuri interesi.

nebis avtonomiiis SezRudvis meore SemTxvevas, romelic uzrunvelyofs

TanamSromlobas, warmoadgens inglisuri samarTlianobis samarTlis mier SemuSavebuli

`vaWrobaSi patiosnebis” (fairness of exchange) koncefcia. miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTo

samarTalSi moqmedebs mkacri principi, romlis Tanaxmadac xelSekruleba namdvilia maSinac

ki, rodesac mxareTa ufleba- movaleobebi erTmaneTis mimarT ar aris erTmaneTis

ekvivalenturi (inadequacy of consideration), inglisur sasamarTlo praqtikasa da doqtrinaSi

sakmaod xSirad iyeneben iseT kategoriebs, rogoric aris `samarTliani fasi” (fair price) an

`samarTliani anazRaureba” (fair salary)1, romelTa Sinaarsic, saboloo jamSi, gulisxmobs imas,

rom mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebi ekvivalenturi unda iyos. kontinenturi samarTlis

qveynebis umravlesoba aseve iyenebs am ideas. amis magaliTia Sveicariis valdebulebiTi

kanonis 21-e muxli.

1 Kötz H. Flessner A. European Contract Law, V.1: Formation, Validity and Content of Contracts Contract and Third Parties di Hein

Kötz, Tony Weir, - Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997, 12. 68 Новицкий И. Б. Принцип доброй совести в проекте обязательственного права. Вестник зражданского права, 1916, # 6, 65. 69 g. vaSakiZe. keTilsindisiereba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT-abstraqcia Tu moqmedi samarTali,_ Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 10 #1, 2007, gv. 18. 4 zogjer literaturaSi TanamSromlobis valdebulebis nacvlad iyeneben sityvas `Tanaqmedeba”, rac zustad ver gamoxatavs im valdebulebis arss, romelic gamomdinareobs keTilsindisierebis principidan da ufro metic, bundovania, magaliTad, ix.: n. CitaSvili. bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2009, gv. 143-216. 1 Atiyah P.S. The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract – Oxford, 1979.

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dabolos, nebis avtonomiisa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis mesame SemTxveva, romelic

uzrunvelyofs TanamSromlobas, aris `susti mxaris dacva”. susti mxaris dacvis saWiroeba

dgeba magaliTad, xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebSi. standartul pirobebSi, susti

mxaris damcavi normebis arss warmoadgens xelSekrulebis im pirobebis iZulebiT

gamoyenebisagan mxaris dacva, romelzec es mxare ar daTanxmdeboda, am pirobaTa

gansazRvraSi monawileobis miRebis SesaZlebloba rom hqonoda (saubaria arakeTilsindisier

pirobebze). magram susti mxaris dacva martooden standartuli pirobebis Semcveli

xelSekrulebisaTvis rodi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, jer kidev romis samarTalSi SemuSavda

da dRemde gamoiyeneba xelSekrulebis pirobaTa ganmartebis sakmaod efeqtiani meTodi

xelSekrulebis pirobebis SemTavazebeli mxaris sawinaaRmdegod (interpretatio contra stipulatorem).

urTierTdaxmarebis movaleoba ar niSnavs imas, rom mxare valdebulia, meore mxaris

interesebi Tavis interesebze maRla daayenos. saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi yvelaze xSirad

daxmarebis valdebulebasa da interesebis gaTvaliswinebaze saubari SeiZleba iyos

momsaxurebis gawevasTan dakavSirebul valdebulebiT urTierTobebSi. magaliTad,

rwmunebuli valdebulia, ganaxorcielos yvela RonisZieba, romelic aucilebelia

marwmuneblis uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. viTarebisda mixedviT, mzRvevelma unda

daicvas damzRvevis interesebi. gadazidvis xelSekrulebebSi, rodesac dazianda gadasazidi

nivTi, mxarem unda izrunos imaze, rom kontrahentma ar dakargos pretenziis ufleba. Tu

adgili aqvs moTxovnis daTmobas, Zveli kreditori valdebulia safrTxe ar Seuqmnas axali

kreditoris mier Tavisi moTxovnis ganxorcielebas. kerZod, mas ar aqvs ufleba miiRos

Sesruleba im movalisagan, romelmac araferi icoda moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb.

gamyidvels ar aqvs ufleba, safrTxe Seuqmnas xelSekrulebis mizans imiT, rom xelmeored

gayidos myidvelis mier safasur gadaxdili nasyidobis sagani, roca xelSekruleba

saTanado formis dacviT aris Sedgenili, Tundac myidvels jer ar hqondes

daregistrirebuli sakuTrebis ufleba. magram magaliTad, Tu aviRebT Tavdebobis

xelSekrulebas, kreditors ar SeiZleba moeTxovos Tavdebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis

valdebuleba. mxareTa interesebi da maSasadame, keTilsindisierebis principi, daculi unda

iqnes xelSekrulebis damTavrebis Semdegac. magaliTad, es aucilebelia frenSaizingul

urTierTobebSi da sxva. xelSekrulebis Semdgomi valdebulebebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba

warmoSobdnen Tmenis valdebulebebs. magaliTad, Tu myidvels surs nivTis marTlzomierad

ukan dabruneba, man unda izrunos nivTis SenaxvisaTvis (ssk-is 501-e muxli). SeiZleba

dasaxeldes xelSekrulebis damTavrebis Semdgomi sxva valdebulebebic. magaliTad,

sasaqonlo sawyobi valdebulia xelSekrulebis damTavrebis Semdegac miuTiTos safrTxeze,

rom dasawyobebuli saqoneli SesaZloa amortizebul iqnes, an daikargos. gamqiravebeli

valdebulia qiravnobis urTierTobis dasrulebis Semdeg izrunos damqiraveblis mier mis

farTSi Setanil qonebaze.

TanamSromlobis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa franguli midgoma.

Tavdapirvelad frangul doqtrinaSi aRiniSna, rom keTilsindisiereba mxareTa SeTanxmebis

ganmartebis saSualebaa, amasTan, mosamarTlem unda gaiTvaliswinos mxolod da mxolod

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi monawile mxareTa survili da neba. keTilsindisiereba

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis „sulia“. keTilsindisiereba yovelTvis unda mefobdes

SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis dros da mosamarTlis valdebulebaa SeTanxmebis ganmarteba da

sisruleSi moyvana mxareTa nebis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis miznis gaTvaliswinebiT.

keTilsindisierebis abstraqtuli idea asaxulia safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1156-e

muxlSi, sadac saubaria xelSekrulebis ganmartebaze. am muxlSi asaxuli debulebebi

uSualo kavSirSia 1134-e muxlis me-3 nawilTan.1

franguli doqtrinis Tavdapirveli midgoma, rom mosamarTle valdebulia

gadawyvetileba miiRos mxareTa nebis Sesabamisad, gaziarebuli iyo realur sasamarTlo

praqtikaSi. mosamarTleebi gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebisas Tavdapirvelad upiratesobas

sxva cnebebsa da principebs ufro aZlevdnen, vidre keTilsindisierebas. swored amis gamo

iyo, rom keTilsindisierebam „mkvdari koncefciis“ xasiaTi SeiZina. sasamarTlo

1 Beudant C, Cours de droit civil français. 1936. Tome VIII, Paris, 222.

225

gadawyvetilebebSi iSviaTad SeiZleba SevxvedrodiT miTiTebas 1134-e muxlis me-3 nawilze,2

Kmagram SemdgomSi keTilsindisierebis kategoriis negatiurad Sefaseba TandaTan Seicvala,

razec gavlena moaxdina XX saukuneSi safrangeTSi solidarizmis moZRvrebis ganviTarebam,

romlis Sesabamisadac saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi nebis avtonomia ar warmoadgens

gabatonebul ideas.

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa mimarT solidarizmis koncefcia ZiriTadad demogma

ganaviTara. misi TqmiT, nebis avtonomia, anu mxareTa nebis gaTvaliswineba, aRar warmoadgens

gabatonebul ideas da xelSekrulebis arsebiT safuZvels.3 neba unda daemorCilos

(daeqvemdebaros) umaRles socialur moTxovnebs, socialuri solidarobis moTxovnebs.

demogma yuradReba miaqcia safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1134-e muxlis me-3

nawilis mniSvnelobas saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa mimarT. keTilsindisierebas igi

aniWebda iuridiul Zalas. misi TqmiT, xelSekrulebis mxareebi qmnian „mikrokosmosis

msgavss“. masSi demogi gulisxmobda patara, momcro sazogadoebas, romelSic TiToeuli

unda moqmedebdes saerTo miznebidan gamomdinare (saerTo miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT). saerTo

mizani TiToeulis mier ganxorcielebuli individualuri miznebis erTobliobaa.4 demogis

azriT, kreditors ramdenime valdebuleba akisria, kerZod: „man Tavisi qceviT ar unda

daamZimos movalis mdgomareoba, aramed man xeli unda Seuwyos valdebulebis Sesrulebas“.5

garda amisa, kontrahentebs (anu orive mxares erTdroulad) ekisreba erTmaneTis

gafrTxilebis valdebuleba saxelSekrulebo procesis mimdinareobisas garemoebaTa

Secvlis SemTxvevaSi da am sakiTxiT orive mxare unda iyos dainteresebuli. demogis azriT,

yovelive es dakavSirebulia kreditorsa da movales Soris solidarobis ideasTan da

gamomdinareobs 1134-e muxlis me-3 nawilidan.6

am ideebis miuxedavad, XX saukunis mxolod samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisidan iCens

interess franguli doqtrina da sasamarTlo praqtika keTilsindisierebis principisadmi.

gamoiTqva azri, rom keTilsindisiereba ukve aRar aris „mkvdari koncefcia“.1

Tanamedrove periodSi keTilsindisiereba ukavSirdeba swored saxelSekrulebo

solidarizms. „Tanamedrove periodSi SeiniSneba solidarobis ... tendencia, romelic

moiTxovs sxvaze (e.i. xelSekrulebis monawilis) da sxvis interesebze

zrunvas“.2keTilsindisiereba aris keTili neba, erTguleba, kontrahentze zrunva, yovelive

es niSnavs kontrahentTan TanamSromlobas da misi interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. e.i.

keTilsindisiereba moiTxovs saxelSekrulebo TanamSromlobas da kontrahentebis

interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. frangul doqtrinaSi Camoyalibda midgoma, rom

keTilsindisiereba mxareebisgan moiTxovs erTdroulad erTgul qcevasa da

TanamSromlobas.

xelSekrulebis TiToeul mxares ekisreba gansazRvruli valdebuleba meore mxaris

mimarT. kerZod, mxare valdebulia ise moiqces, rom ziani ar miayenos meore mxares.

magaliTad, erTguleba ukrZalavs mxares isargeblos kontrahentis sisustiT. marTlac,

araTanasworuflebian urTierTobaSi arsebobs kontrahentisaTvis im saxelSekrulebo

pirobebis Tavsmoxvevis SesaZlebloba, romlebic mxares aZlevs saSualebas gamdidrdes

Tavisi partnioris xarjze. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxare sargeblobs kontrahentis

sisustiT da cdilobs kontrahentis sisustis wyalobiT miiRos sargebeli (upiratesoba),

is miiCneva erTgulebis movaleobis damrRvev mxared.

frangul samarTalSi keTilsindisiereba gamoixateba ara marto erTgulebaSi, aramed

TanamSromlobaSic. TanamSromloba niSnavs, rom TiToul mxares ekisreba kontrahentis

interesebis gaTvaliswineba mTeli saxelSekrulebo procesis ganmavlobaSi.

2 Cousy H. Droit des contrats: France, Suisse, Belgique, Brussels. 3 Demogue R., Traité des obligations en general. T.1. Paris 1923,1. 4 Demogue R. Traité des obligations en general. T.6, Paris 1923, 9. 5 Demogue R. Traité des obligations en general. T.6, Paris 1923, 17. 6 Demogue R. Traité des obligations en general. T.6, Paris 1923, 17-18. 1 Sonnenberger H.J. Treu und Glauben – ein supranationaler Grundsatz? in : Festschrift Odersky. Berlin, 1996, 706. 2 Sériaux A., Droit des obligations, Paris, 1998, 229.

226

amrigad, frangul samarTalSi keTilsindisierebis principi safuZvelad udevs

mxareTa iseT valdebulebebs, rogoric aris TanamSromloba da erTguleba, erTmaneTis

interesebis dacva.

safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi asaxul sakanonmdeblo debulebasTan SedarebiT

keTilsindisierebis gamoyenebis sfero praqtikaSi gafarTovda. keTilsindisierebis

principis safuZvelze xdeba mxareTaTvis gansazRvruli valdebulebebis dadgena

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi. TanamSromlobis valdebuleba vrceldeba orive mxareze -

kreditorzec da movalezec. garda amisa, movale unda gascdes erTgulad da zustad

Sesrulebis farglebs. movalem imgvarad unda imoqmedos, rom kreditors maqsimaluri

sargebeli moutanos, xolo kreditorma, Tavis mxriv, xeli unda Seuwyos movales

valdebulebis SesrulebaSi, amasTan, unda aRmouCinos SeZlebisdagvari daxmareba. mocemul

SemTxvevaSi orive mxare dainteresebulia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis arsebobiT da

monawileoben am urTierTobebSi.

germanul samarTalSi ki keTilsindisierebaze msjelobisas xazi esmeba ndobasa da

mxareTa mzadyofnas loialuri TanamSromlobisaTvis“.3 larencis azriT, `mosamarTlem

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi unda daakonkretos, romeli qmedeba Seesabameba keTilsindisierebis

princips“.70 amdenad, larenci ar iziarebs Teziss, rom keTilsindisiereba aris zedmeti,

`carieli formula“. mosamarTlem keTilsindisierebis principi sakuTari iniciativiT unda

gamoiyenos, Tu mxareTa mier warmodgenili faqtobrivi masala adasturebs

keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevas71 (Tu faqtobrivi masalidan ikveTeba

keTilsindisierebis principis darRveva). keTilsindisierebis principi samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis yvela monawiles avaldebulebs, ise moiqces, rogorc es Seesabameba am

konkretuli urTierTobis Sinaarssa da mizans da aseve zogadad, sxva pirTa mimarT patiosan

damokidebulebas. keTilsindisierad qcevis (moqmedebis) moTxovna, garemoebebisda mixedviT,

ama Tu im konkretul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos movalisadmi an kreditorisadmi.1

rogorc frangul, ise germanul samarTalSi keTilsindisierebis moTxovna

gamoiyeneba ar marto movalis, aramed kreditoris mimarTac. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas,

rogorc movalem, ise kreditormac TavianTi uflebebis ganxorcielebisas unda daicvan

keTilsindisierebis principi. es niSnavs, rom mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli ara

mxolod sakuTari interesebi, aramed mxarem yuradReba unda gamoiCinos meore mxaris

mimarTac. keTilsindisierebis principi daculi unda iqnes saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis yvela stadiaze. germaniasa da safrangeTSi gansazRvruli Sinaarsia Cadebuli

keTilsindisierebis principSi da am principis safuZvelze gamokveTilia da dadgenilia

gansazRvruli valdebulebebi mxareTaTvis. amasTan, msgavsebis miuxedavad, arsebobs

gansxvavebuli midgomebic keTilsindisierebis principis mniSvnelobis sakiTxSi. frangul

samarTalSi Camoyalibda „minimalisturi” midgoma keTilsindisierebis principis Sinaarsisa

da gamoyenebis sakiTxisadmi.

amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom keTilsindisierebis principis arseboba da misi

gamoyenebis sakiTxisadmi saerTo midgomis Camoyalibeba, arasdros ar iyo ise aucilebeli

safrangeTSi, rogorc germaniaSi. germanul marTlwesrigSi arsebulma ekonomikurma ryevebma

moiTxova samarTalSi arsebuli xarvezebis Tavidan acileba, aRmofxvra, sazogadoebaSi

socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena.

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi TanamSromlobis, solidarobis sakiTxisadmi

frangul samarTalSi arsebuli midgoma germanul samarTalSic aisaxa. aueris mixedviT2

germanul TeoriaSi gamoiTqmeba azri, rom xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis liberalur

ideals arasdros ar iTvaliswinebdnen. misi Canacvleba xdeba socialuri principebiT (erT-

erTi aseTi principia keTilsindisiereba). amJamad arsebobs „saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi

3 Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, Band 1, Allgemeiner Teil, 14. Auflage, München, 1987, 128. 70 Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, Band 1, Allgemeiner Teil, 14. Auflage, München, 1987, 127. 71 Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, Band 1, Allgemeiner Teil, 14. Auflage, München, 1987, 143. 1 Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, Band 1, Allgemeiner Teil, 14. Auflage, München, 1987,130 2 Auer M., Materialisierung, Flexibilisierung, Richterfreiheit: Generalklauseln im Spiegel der Antinomien des Privatrechtsdenkens.

Tübingen 2005, Auer M., Good Faith: A Semiotic Approach. European Review of Private Law. 2., 2002,279-301.

227

urTierTobebis mimarT „liberalur” da „socialur” midgomebTan dakavSirebuli ori

sapirisipiro ideali – individualizmi da altruizmi. altruizmis (solidarobis)

Sesabamisad, saxelSekrulebo samarTalma unda aRiaros keTilsindisiereba fundamentur

principebs Soris, rameTu keTilsindisiereba garantirebuls xdis xelSekrulebidan

gamomdinare uflebebisa da movaleobebis dacvas.

individualizmis Sesabamisad ki keTilsindisierebis principisTvis farTo

mniSvnelobis miniWeba saxelSekrulebo samarTlis fundamenturi principebis sawinaaRmdego

iqneboda, radgan mxareebs SeuZliaT Tavisuflad imoqmedon TavianTi uflebebisa da

movaleobebis farglebSi, romlebic maT TviTon daadgines.

keTilsindisierebis princips didi mniSvneloba eniWeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca

samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawile erTi mxare ufro xelsayrel pozicias ikavebs meore

mxaresTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, es SeiZleba iyos SromiTi urTierTobebi, momxmareblebTan

arsebuli urTierTobebi, iseTi xelSekrulebebis dadeba, romelTaTvisac

gaTvaliswinebulia standartuli forma da sxva. keTilsindisierebis principidan

gamomdinare TanamSromlobis valdebuleba swored mocemul SemTxvevaSia yvelaze ufro

aucilebeli. am SemTxvevaSi keTilsindisiereba saxelSekrulebo samarTals kidev ufro

efeqtiansa da moqnils xdis, radgan moiTxovs mxareTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebas, iZleva

Secvlili garemoebebisadmi saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis adaptirebis

SesaZleblobas.

keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawile piri

(subieqti) valdebulia Tavisi uflebebis gamoyenebis, kanonieri interesebis

ganxorcielebis, Tavisi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis dros gamoiCinos saTanado

mzrunveloba, raTa daicvas samoqalaqo brunvis meore monawilis uflebebi da kanonieri

interesebi. `mzrunveloba” gamoixateba piris qmedebaSi. Tavisi qmedebebiT piri (subieqti)

unda cdilobdes ganWvritos da Tavidan aicilos sxva pirTa uflebebisa da kanonieri

interesebis SesaZlo darRveva, rac SeiZleba mohyves Tavis saqmianobas. amdenad,

keTilsindisierebis principis Sinaarsi gulisxmobs piris valdebulebas gamoiCinos

mzrunveloba da gaiTvaliswinos sxva pirTa uflebebi da interesebi. prioritetuli unda

iyos ara valdebulebis erTi romelime mxaris interesebi, aramed gaTvaliswinebuli unda

iqnes orive mxaris interesebi.

sxva pirTa uflebebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswineba ar niSnavs imas, rom pirma Tavisi

interesebi dauqvemdebaros kontrahentis interesebs. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis subieqtma ar unda imoqmedos martooden Tavisi saxelSekrulebo kontrahentis

interesebis Sesabamisad, magram Tavisi interesebi unda Seusabamos meore subieqtis

interesebs (xelSekrulebis kontrahentebis interesebi Tanazomieri unda iyos), unda

cdilobdes ar Selaxos kontrahentis uflebebi, ar unda SeuSalos xeli kontrahents

valdebulebis SesrulebaSi. rodesac subieqti keTilsindisierad axorcielebs Tavis

uflebebs da amgvaradve asrulebs Tavis valdebulebebs, keTilsindisierad moqmed nebismier

subieqts ufleba aqvs Tavisi kontrahentisgan aseTive keTilsindisieri moqmedebis molodini

hqondes.

amrigad, keTilsindisierebis principis Sinaarsi gulisxmobs subieqtis

valdebulebas, uflebebisa da movaleobebis SeZenisa da ganxorcileebis dros, gamoiCinos

saTanado mzrunveloba samoqalaqo brunvis meore monawilis uflebebisa da interesebis

dasacavad. aseT SemTxvevaSi keTilsindisierebis principi, pirvel yovlisa, gamoiyeneba

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis mosawesrigeblad. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi mxareebma

unda gaiTvaliswinon erTmaneTis interesebi. keTilsindisierad moqmedeba niSnavs, rom piri

pativs unda scemdes ara mxolod Tavis interesebs, aramed Tavisi kontrahentis interesebsac.

Tavis mxriv, interesebis urTierTpativiscema gulisxmobs, rom ar unda iqnes Selaxuli

arcerTi mxaris interesebi, e.i. mxareTa interesebs Soris unda damyardes balansi

(wonasworoba).

keTilsindisierebis principi mxareTagan TanamSromlobas moiTxovs imisaTvis, rom

Seiqmnas xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebis winapirobebi, moxdes valdebulebis Sesrulebis

damabrkolebeli garemoebebis prevencia da meore mxares mieces Tavisi valdebulebis

228

Zaldautaneblad Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba. TanamSromlobis valdebuleba maSin arsebobs,

roca xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis safrTxe orive mxaris riskis sferoSi eqceva, an Tu

erT-erTi mxare Tavisi valdebulebis Sesrulebisas damokidebulia meore mxareze,

kontrahentze da swored kontrahents evaleba da ZaluZs kidec daxmarebis gaweva ara

sakuTari interesebis xarjze. aseT dros TanamSromlobis valdebulebas ganapirobebs

valdebulebis Semsrulebeli mxaris interesebis gaTvaliswineba, magram TanamSromlobis

valdebuleba mTavrdeba iq, sadac saubari iwyeba meore mxaris eqskluziur interesebsa Tu

riskebze. qarTul sinamdvileSi TanamSromlobis valdebulebas sxva yvelaferTan erTad

praqtikuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes iseTi xelSekrulebebis dadebis SemTxvevaSic,

romlebsac namdvilobisaTvis saxelmwifo organos Tanxmoba (nebarTva) esaWiroeba. Tu

valdebulebiTi garigeba saWiroebs nebarTvas, rogorc namdvilobis winapirobas da

nebarTva ar yofila gacemuli, aseTi xelSekruleba kanoniT baTilia (ssk-is 59-e muxlis

pirveli nawili). aseT dros mxareebs gaaCniaT erTmaneTis mimarT erTgulebis valdebuleba,

romlis safuZvelzec TiToeuli mxare valdebulia mis xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT

yvelaferi iRonos, rom miiRos nebarTva da amiT namdviloba mianiWos xelSekrulebas.

TiToeuli mxare aseve valdebulia Tavi Seikavos yovelive imis ganxorcielebisagan, ramac

SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos an SeuZlebeli gaxados nebarTvis miReba. ase magaliTad, maT

oficialuri organos winaSe unda daadasturon xelSekrulebis dadeba an gascen nebarTvis

procedurisaTvis aucilebeli axsna-ganmartebebi, raTa uwyebas sakmarisi faqtobrivi

safuZveli gauCndes nebarTvis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. garda amisa, mxareebs ar aqvT

ufleba, xeli SeuSalon nebarTvis gacemis proceduris ganxorcielebas. xelSekrulebis

baTilobis miuxedavad, baTilobis periodSi, nebarTvis miRebamde, mxareebma unda

daadasturon, rom nebarTvis miRebis SemTxvevaSi ZaluZT Sesrulebis ganxorcieleba.

TanamSromlobasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi ispoba, Tu saxelmwifo organos pasuxi

sabolooa da administraciul-samarTlebrivad veRar gasaCivrdeba. TanamSromlobis

valdebulebis kreditorisaTvis dakisreba ar unda iyos miuRebeli, rameTu xelSekrulebis

Seusruleblobis riski da uaryofiTi Sedegebi swored masze modis. Sesabamisad, igi

yovelTvis mzad unda iyos daexmaros movales valdebulebis SesrulebaSi.

sasamarTlo ereva saxelSekrulebo urTierToebebSi mxareTa Soris TanamSromlobis

uzrunvelsayofad. ucxouri praqtikis analizi mizanSewonilia imdenad, ramdenadac igi

qarTul sinamdvileSic SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeze moijarem

gaaremonta ijariT aRebuli farTi. moijaris mier remontisaTvis daxarjuli Tanxa

arsebiTad aRemateboda im miznisaTvis aucilebel Tanxas, risTvisac gankuTvnili iyo farTi.

Tumca, moijarem, imiT isargebla, rom xelSekrulebiT ar iyo dadgenili konkretuli Tanxa,

romlis farglebSic eqneboda mas remontis Catarebis ufleba. amis gamo, moijarem

meijarisagan moiTxova danaxarjis srulad anazRaureba. sasamarTlom ar gaiziara moijaris

pozicia da miuTiTa: marTalia mxareebma urTierTSoris ar SeaTanxmes, ra moculobiT da

ra Rirebulebis farglebSi hqonda moijares qonebis gaumjobesebis ufleba, magram amasTan,

ijaris xelSekrulebaSi gaiTvaliswines ... qonebis gaumjobesebis mizani – es aris farTis

remonti, gadagegmareba da mowyoba, Tavisufali drois centris mosawyobad. amitom,

gaumjobesebisaTvis asanazRaurebeli Tanxis moculobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad,

sasamarTlos azriT, saWiroa dadgindes, daculi iyo Tu ara keTilsindisierebis moTxovna

farTis mowyobis dros: ramdenad aucilebeli iyo Sesrulebuli saremonto samuSaoebi

(gaumjobeseba) centris mosawyobad. amgvari gaumjobesebisaTvis ra minimaluri xarji iyo

sakmarisi1. mocemul magaliTSi kanoni (rf-s ssk-is 623-e muxlis me-2 punqti; saqarTvelos

ssk-is 598-e da 599-e muxlebi) moijaris mxarezea, magram sasamarTlom ar gaiziara misi

pozicia.

sxva magaliTi: igi exeba defoltTan dakavSirebul saqmes. kompanias gaaCnda vali bankis

mimarT savaluto kreditis saxiT. Tavdapirvelad, kompania daTanxmda kreditis maneTebSi

konvertirebas, Semdeg ki xeli moawera bankTan SeTanxmebas konvertaciiT gamowveuli zianis

1 Постановление федерального арбитражного суда Московского округа от 30.07.2003 по делу #КГ-А40/5041-03 -

Справочно-информационная система `Консультант Плюс”.

229

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. xelmoweris Semdeg kompaniam moiTxova am SeTanxmebis baTilad cnoba.

sasamarTloebma daakmayofiles mosarCelis moTxovna. zemdgomma instanciam ki gaauqma am

saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba da miuTiTa: `davis gadawyvetis dros arcerT sasamarTlo

instancias ar daudgenia, Tu ra garemoebebma aiZules mxareebi jer moexdinaT sakredito

xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valis restruqturizacia, xolo Semdgom daedoT

restruqturizaciiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba. sasamarTloebma

arc gamoikvlies, risken iyo mimarTuli mxareTa neba aRniSnuli garigebis dadebisas da

keTilsindiserad moqmedebdnen Tu ara isini. saqmis xelaxla ganxilvisas sasamarTlom unda

gamoikvlios mxareTa neba SeTanxmebis sagnis mimarT, aseve is, keTilsindisierad

moqmedebdnen Tu ara isini da am sakiTxebis gamokvlevis Sedegebis Sesabamisad Seafasos

xelSekrulebaTa iuridiuli Zala. imis dasadgenad, keTilsindisierad moqmedebda Tu ara

banki kompaniis mimarT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor aformebda banki savaluto

kreditis Taobaze samarTlebriv urTierTobebs sxva msesxeblebTan: uwevda Tu ara

msesxeblebs SeRavaTs, moiTxovda Tu ara SeRavaTebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebas.1

cxadia, konkretul msesxebelsa da banks Soris arsebuli urTierTobis gamokvlevisaTvis

araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs bankis urTierTobas da damokidebulebas sxva msesxeblebTan,

radgan es sakiTxi mxareTa nebis avtonomiis sferos ganekuTvneba. magram sasamarTlom es ase

ar miiCnia.

2. informirebisa da usafrTxoebis valdebuleba

2.1 informirebis valdebuleba

keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb daTqmis meSveobiT kontrahentebs Soris martooden

TanamSromlobis problemis gadawyveta rodi xdeba. keTilsindisierebis principi gamoiyeneba

agreTve imisaTvis, rom gamoiricxos disproporcia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi

informirebis sakiTxSi. Tanamedrove samoqalaqo brunvaSi xelSekrulebis mxareTa

informirebulobis sakiTxSi disproporcia masiuri movlena gaxda, rasac ganapirobebs

standartuli pirobebis amsaxveli xelSekrulebebis farTod gavrceleba. standarul

pirobebs marto imitom rodi Tanxmdeba kontrahenti, rom ar gaaCnia amgvar pirobaTa Secvlis

SesaZlebloba. xelSekrulebis pirobebSi gasarkvevad kontrahents sWirdeba advokatis

daxmareba, amisaTvis Sesabamisi xarjis gaweva, molaparakebaTa warmoeba pirobaTa Secvlis

Sesaxeb. amis SesaZlebloba ki arc drois da arc materialuri TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ar

aris, ris gamoc mxare moklebulia informacias. amdenad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi mxaris

sisuste vlindeba ara imaSi, rom mas ar aqvs xelSekrulebis pirobebis Camoyalibebaze

gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba, aramed imaSi, rom mas ar aqvs sakmarisi informacia.

garda amisa, farTod ganviTarda safinanso momsaxurebis bazari. safinanso

momsaxurebis gaweva martooden profesionals SeuZlia. aseTia bankebi, sadazRvevo

kompaniebi, sainvesticio kompaniebi da sxva. am kompaniaTa klientebi drois mcire monakveTSi

iseTive kargad informirebuli ver iqnebian SesaZlo riskebis Sesaxeb, romlebic SeiZleba

ganicadon da romlebsac SeiZleba moelodebodnen xelSekrulebis dadebiT, rogorc Tavad

kompaniebi. samarTlis winaSe dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ra wesiT, ra iuridiuli saSualebebiT

moxdes mxareTa informirebulobis sakiTxSi warmoqmnili asimetriis kompensireba.

informirebis (anu Setyobinebis) valdebuleba damokidebulia xelSekrulebis

saganze, mxareTa Soris arsebuli urTierTobis xasiaTze2. `Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiT

informaciis gacemis valdebuleba SeiZleba damatebiTi valdebulebebis kategorias

mivakuTvnoT. radgan informaciis xasiaTi damokidebulia valdebulebis Sinaarsze,

valdebulebis saganze, winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra informacia SeiZleba moiTxovos

kontrahentma, kanoniT SeuZlebelia“.3

1 Постановление Президиума ВАс РФ #848/02 от 09.07.2002 Вестник ВАС РФ 2002, #11. 2 Brox H. Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 21. Auflage, C.H. Beck, München,1993, 72 ff. 3 Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, gamomc, `samarTali’’, Tb., 2001, 52-53.

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SedarebiTi analizis kuTxiT sainteresoa inglisuri samarTlis midgoma

informirebis valdebulebisadmi. inglisSi dazRvevis xelSekrulebaTa mimarT gamoiyeneba

e.w. umaRlesi keTilsindisierebis principi, rac igive keTilsindisierebis principia.

mocemuli principi gamoyenebuli iqna saqmeSi Carter v Boehm (1766). mocemuli saqmis safuZvelze

TandaTan Camoyalibda wesi, rom mxareebs ekisrebaT informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba

xelSekrulebis dadebis dros. zemoTaRniSnul saqmeSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqna damzRvevis

valdebuleba gaamJRavnos misTvis cnobili yvela arsebiTi faqti. saqmeSi Mayne v. Walter (1787)

miTiTebuli iqna, rom faqtebis martooden ganzrax dafarvis (damalvis) SemTxvevaSi miiCneva

baTilad sadazRvevo polisi. saqmeSi Friere v. Woodhouse (1817) aRiniSna, rom im SemTxvevaSi,

roca sadazRvevo kompanias SeuZlia axali informaciis miReba xelSekrulebis moqmedebis

dros, man unda acnobos amis Sesaxeb dazRveuls, radgan unda gamoiCinos saTanado

mzrunveloba. saqmeze Lindenau v. Desborough (1828) dadginda, rom yvela saxis dazRvevis mimarT,

damzRvevma mzRvevels unda miawodos yvela informacia (misTvis cnobili an savarudo

informacia)1.

Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Sedegad umaRlesi keTilsindsierebis

principi aisaxa sazRvao dazRvevis Sesaxeb 1906 wlis kanonSi.2 umaRlesi keTilsindisierebis

principis safuZvelze dadginda mxareTa valdebuleba, daicvan es principi sazRvao

dazRvevis xelSekrulebis dadebisa da Sesrulebis dros. mocemuli kanonis debulebebidan

gamomdinareobs, rom es principi unda daicvas rogorc damzRvevma, ise mzRvevelma (me-17-20-

e muxlebi).

rac Seexeba qarTul doqtrinas, ssk-is 808-e muxlis ganmartebisas miTiTebulia, rom

qarTveli kanonmdeblis mier gaziarebul iqna ucxoeTis qveynebis praqtika da damzRvevs

daakisra informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom mzRvevels ar

akisria damzRvevisagan miRebuli informaciis Semowmebis valdebuleba. am SemTxvevaSi

moqmedebs e.w. mxareTa udidesi ndobis pirobis principi - uberimmae fidei. mocemuli principis

darRvevis, e.i. damzRvevis mier mzRvevelisaTvis araswori informaciis miwodebis

SemTxvevaSi mzRveveli uflebamosili xdeba uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze.3 literaturaSi

xazgasmulia aseve, rom dazRveva efuZneba mxareTa urTierTndobasa da keTilsindisierebas

da rom damzRvevis mier miwodebuli informacia gansazRvravs dazRvevis xelSekrulebis

ZiriTad pirobebs da aseTi xelSekrulebis dadebis bedsac.4 `yvela saxis saqmiani

urTierToba unda eyrdnobodes umaRlesi keTilsindiserebis princips, anu mxareTa Soris

ar unda arsebobdes tyuili an tyuilis ganzraxva. sadazRvevo urTierTobebi efuZneba

mxareTa urTierTndobas da konfidencialobis moTxovnebs. umaRlesi keTilsindisierebis

principi niSnavs mxareTa valdebulebas, Seatyobinos meore mxares yvela mniSvnelovani

monacemi, romelic moaxdenda gavlenas meore mxaris gadawyvetilebaze, daedo Tu ara

xelSekruleba.5

dazRvevaSi keTilsindisierebis principi niSnavs: 1) damzRvevis valdebulebas,

Seatyobinos sadazRvevo organizacias yvela mniSvnelovani faqti, anu yvela saxis

informacia, romelic imoqmedebda frTxili mzRvevelis gadawyvetilebaze, mieRo Tu ara

dasazRvevad mocemuli riski da Tu miiRebda – ra pirobebiT, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara

es informacia moTxovnili; 2) sadazRvevo organizaciis valdebulebas, gaamJRavnos mis

xelT arsebuli nebismieri mniSvnelovani informacia, romelic ucnobia damzRvevisaTvis da

romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos sadazRvevo urTierTobebze. keTilsindisierebis

principis dacva umniSvnelovanesia srulfasovani sadazRvevo urTierTobebisaTvis.

damzRvevi sadazRvevo organizacias warudgens monacemebs, romlis detalurad gadamowmebis

1 Achampong F., Uberrima Fides in English and American Insurance Law. A Comparative Analysis. The International and

Comparative Law Quarterly. Vol. 36., №2, 1987,329-347. 2 http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/england.marine.insurance.act.1906/doc.html. 3 l. gvaramia. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis xelSekruleba, iuridiuli mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertaciis avtoreferati. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 28. 4 m. ciskaZe. nebayoflobiTi dazRvevis samarTlebrivi regulireba. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 28. 5 g. gigolaSvili. sadazRvevo saqme. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 51.

http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/england.marine.insurance.act.1906/doc.html

231

saSualeba sadazRvevo organizacias ar aqvs da igi sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis dadebaze

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas endoba damzRvevs, romelic pasuxismgebelia riskis Sesaxeb

sruli da namdvili informaciis wardgenaze. keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevis

SemTxvevaSi, sadazRvevo organizacias SesaZloa mouwios usafuZvlo zianis ganacxadis

dakmayofileba. Tumca, zianis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, sadazRvevo organizacia awarmoebs

SemTxvevis yvela garemoebis gamokvlevas, amowmebs damzRvevis mier wardgenili monacemebis

sisrules da sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobas da damzRvevis mier mniSvnelovani faqtebis

dafarva (Tu aman gavlena moaxdina zianis dadgomaze, zianis sidideze), SesaZlebelia gaxdes

sadazRvevo anazRaurebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli. keTilsindisierebis principi vrceldeba

zianis dadgomis SemTxvevazec – damzRvevma aucileblad unda Seatyobinos amis Sesaxeb

sadazRvevo organizacias da miawodos zianis dadgomasTan da zianis sididesTan

dakavSirebuli yvela arsebiTi faqti. aseve sadazRvevo organizaciam ar unda daumalos

damzRvevs am ukanasknelisaTvis ucnobi monacemebi, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos

sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gacemaze, vadebze, sidideze.1 amrigad, rogorc qarTul ise

inglisis samarTalSi keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinareobs mxareTa

valdebuleba, gaamJRavnon informacia (informirebis valdebuleba), magram amgvari

valdebuleba inglisSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna mxolod dazRvevis xelSekrulebis mimarT.

sxva saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mimarT arsebobs midgoma, romlis

Tanaxmadac, xelSekrulebis TiToeuli mxare xelSekrulebis dadebis Taobaze

molaparakebebs awarmoebs sakuTari riskiT, radgan valdebulebiTi urTierToba arsebulad

miiCneva, rogorc ki igi miiRebs gansazRvrul formas. mxareebs ar ekisrebaT erTmaneTis

mimarT yuradRebis gamoCenis valdebuleba. mecnierTa azriT, amgvari midgoma asaxavs Ria

vaWrobis moTxovnilebebsa da realobas2.

magaliTad, saqmeSi Walford v. Miles (1992) uaryofili iqna idea, rom xelSekrulebis

dadebis Taobaze molaparakebis warmoebis dros mxareebi unda moiqcnen keTilsindisierebis

moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad. lordma ankerma aRniSna, rom keTilsindisierebis dacvis

valdebuleba Tavisi bunebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba molaparakebebSi monawile mxareTa erTmaneTTan

metoqeobas da praqtikaSi igi ganuxorcielebelia3.

amrigad, inglisur samarTalSi moqmedebs zogadi wesi, romlis Sesabamisad mxares

ar ekisreba meore mxarisaTvis informaciis gamJRavnebis zogadi valdebuleba, rac principis

caveat emptor (dae, myidveli iyos windaxeduli) gavlenis Sedegia, e.i. TiToeuli mxaris

valdebulebaa sakuTar interesebze zrunva da gadawyvetilebis miReba, dados Tu ara

gansazRvruli SeTanxmeba4. magram amgvari midgoma, romelic xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis

principis gamoxatulebaa da romelic, rogorc aRiniSneba, mniSvnelovania saqmian

urTierTobebSi, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes magaliTad momxmareblebTan dadebuli

xelSekrulebis mimarT.

iSviaT SemTxvevaSia mxare valdebuli, gaumJRavnos meore mxares arsebiTi informacia.

kontrahents SeuZlia dafaros gansazRvruli faqtebi imis miuxedavad, rom es faqtebi

SesaZloa mniSvnelovani iyos meore mxarisaTvis.5

informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba arsebobs im SemTxvevaSi, roca

xelSekrulebis mxarem meore mxares acnoba gansazRvruli monacemebi, xolo Semdgom „dums”,

amiT ki saSualebas aZlevs meore mxares Seiqmnas araswori, mcdari warmodgena

(STabeWdileba). garda amisa, dadginda, rom „calkeulma frazam an Tavis daqnevam an TvaliT

niSnebam, Tvalis Cakvram an Rimilma” SeiZleba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos meore mxare (saubaria

mcdar informaciaze, informaciis damaxinjebaze) da SecdomaSi piris Seyvana daedos

safuZvlad sasamarTloSi aRZrul mis moTxovnas meore mxaris mimarT. magaliTad, saqmeSi

Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co Ltd (1951) qimwmendis mosamsaxurem mosarCeles gadasca

1 g. gigolaSvili. sadazRvevo saqme. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 52. 2 Ben-Dror Y., The Perennial Ambiguity of Culpa in Contrahendo. The American Journal of Legal History. Vol. 27. №2. 1983, 193. 3 Waddams S. M., Cases and Materials on Contracts. Toronto. 2005, 233-234. 4 Micklitz Hans-W., The Politics of Judicial Co-operation in the EU: Sunday Trading, Equal Treatment and Good Faith. Cambridge.,

2005,299-300. 5 Oughton D., Davis M. Sourcebook on Contract Law. London., 2000, 163.

232

beWdiani qviTari. mosarCelem hkiTxa, ras niSnavda es. mosamsaxurem informacia mxolod

nawilobriv gaumJRavna da acnoba, rom saubaria im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gulisxmoben

qimwmendis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas tansacmlis mZivis marcvlebis da kilitebis,

bzianebis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca swor informacias warmoadgenda is, rom qimwmendas

ar ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba tansacmlis nebismieri saxiT dazianebisaTvis. sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaSi mieTiTa is, rom radgan swori informaciis mxolod nawilis gamJRavneba

moxda, mosarCeles hqonda miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxvnis ufleba.1

TandaTan sasamarTlo praqtikam SeimuSava xelSekrulebis susti mxaris dacvis

wesebi:

pirveli wesi dakavSirebulia xelSekrulebis dadebasTan. xelSekrulebis pirobebi

unda ikisros orive mxarem, amitom es pirobebi cnobili unda iyos orive mxarisaTvis, e.i.

Tu mxares xelSekrulebaSi Seaqvs uCveulo piroba, amis Sesaxeb cnobili unda iyos

kontrahentisaTvis. magaliTad, saqmeSi Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking (1971) dadginda, rom parkingis

momsaxurebiT sargeblobis msurvel adamians, SeuZlia ivaraudos parkingis momsaxurebis

xelSekrulebaSi im pirobebis arseboba, romlebic gamoricxaven am momsaxurebis gamwevi

organzaciis pasuxismgeblobas satransporto saSualebis dakargvis an dazianebisaTvis.

xolo xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebze, maT Soris im pirobebze, romlebic gamoricxaven

aseTi organizaciis pasuxismgeblobas klientis janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyenebisaTvis,

specialurad unda gamaxvildes yuradReba2.

momsaxurebis gamwevi mxare valdebulia momxmareblis yuradReba gaamaxvilos

(miaqcios) kontraqtis im pirobebze, romlebic amZimeben momxmareblis mdgomareobas. amgvari

pirobebi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnen pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb daTqmad da

moiTxoven (saWiroeben) calke yuradRebis miqcevas. sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, rac

ufro metad uCveulo da specifikur pirobas warmoadgens kontraqtis esa Tu is debuleba,

miT ufro metad aris aucilebeli masze momxmareblis yuradRebis gamaxvileba3.

frangul samarTalSi ganviTarda keTilsindisierebasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli

valdebuleba. kerZod, es aris obligations d’information (informirebis anu informaciis

gamJRavnebis valdebuleba). informirebis valdebulebis dacva metwilad aucilebelia

saxelSekrulebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis winasaxelSekrulebo stadiaze. jer kidev

1962 wels literaturaSi aRiniSneboda, rom informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba ar

SeiZleba arsebobdes frangul samarTalSi, radgan cxadia, es valdebuleba ar Seesabameba

Tanamedrove zne-Cveulebebs.4 garda amisa, erT-erT naSromSi, romelSic informaciis

gamJRavnebis valdebuleba SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiT iqna gamokvleuli, aRiniSna, rom

frangul samarTalSi informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba, romelic gamomdinareobs

keTilsindisierebis principidan, ar gamoiyeneba farTo gagebiT.5 magram informirebis

valdebuleba TandaTan viTardeba da misi gaTvaliswineba xdeba ara marto nasyidobisa da

dazRvevis xelSekrulebebSi, aramed sxva saxis samarTlebriv urTierTobebSic. aRiniSneba,

rom informirebis valdebulebis mxarisaTvis dakisrebas ganapirobebs saxelSekrulebo

urTierTobebSi mxareTa uTanasworoba.72 frangul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi informirebis

valdebuleba ganviTarda safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis im normaTa safuZvelze,

romlebic nebis nakls Seexeba (vices du con sentement). amrigad, rodesac informirebis

valdebuleba ar aris dadgenili kanoniT, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, imis gansazRvra, dairRva

1 Beale H., Tallon D., Contract Law: IUS Commune Casebooks for the Common Law of Europe. Oxford, 2002, 502. 2 Waddams S. M., Trebilcock M. J., Waldron M.A., Cases and Materials on Contracts. Toronto. 2005,482-485. 3 Beale H. G., Bishop W. D, Furmston M. P. Contract: Cases and Materials. Oxford, New York, 2007, 338. 4 Ghestin J. La notion d’erreur dans le droit positif actuel. Paris. 1962. Cit : Legrand P., Pre-Contractual Disclosure and Information.

Englisch and French law compared. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Vol. 6, №3. 1986, 324. 5 Kessler F. Fine E, Culpa in contrahendo, Bargaining in Good Faith and Freedom of contract: A Comparative Study. Harvard Law

Review. Vol. 77(3). 1964, 418. 72 Ghestin J. The Pre-contractual Obligation to Disclose Information. French Report. In: Harris D. and Tallon D. (eds), Contract

Law Today: Anglo-French Comparisons. 1989, 151, 157.

233

Tu ara informirebis valdebuleba, xdeba Secdomis (err eur) an motyuebis (dol) Sesaxeb

normaTa safuZvleze.1

sakasacio sasamarTlos 1954 wlis 1-li aprilis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad,

motyueba warmoadgens erT-erTi mxaris mier im faqtis damalvas, romelic misTvis aris

cnobili da mocemuli faqti meore mxarisaTvis rom yofiliyo cnobili, igi ar dadebda

xelSekrulebas.2

motyueba xelSekrulebis baTilobis safuZvelia. xolo zianis anazRaureba SeiZleba

efuZnebodes deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb arsebul 1382-e muxls franguli

samoqalaqo kodeqsisa. meore mxarisaTvis Sesabamisi informaciis gaumJRavneblobis

(informirebis valdebulebis darRvevis) SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi samarTlebrivi saSualebaa

zianis anazRaureba.

amdenad, keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevas warmoadgens erTi mxaris mier meore mxaris

motyueba (Secdomis ganzrax gamowveva). qarTul samarTalSic, motyueba unda CaiTvalos

informirebis valdebulebis da maSasadame, keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevis erT-

erT SemTxvevad. aseT dros xelSekruleba iTvleba nebis naklis safuZvelze dadebulad.

motyueba Secdomis ganzrax gamowvevaa, rac ganapirobebs imas, rom meore mxare xdeba

xelSekrulebis monawile ise, rom motyuebis faqtoris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi igi ar

gaxdeboda am samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile. motyueba aris moqmedeba, romelic

ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis princips da garda amisa, gavlenas axdens kontrahentis

nebaze. keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinareobs, rom mxareebi valdebuli arian

erTmaneTs miawodon yovelgvari informacia, romelic SesaZloa mniSvnelovani iyos nebis

Sinaarsis CamoyalibebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, keTilsindisierebis principis meSveobiT

mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eZleva daadginos, Tu romeli moqmedeba SeiZleba iyos

sasamarTlos wesiT Secilebis safuZveli. magaliTad, ssk-is 874-e muxlis Tanaxmad, anabris

mimRebi da sakredito dawesebulebis direqtorebi (menejerebi) valdebulni arian meanabres

miawodon informacia bankis likvidurobisa da bonitetis Sesaxeb. informirebis

valdebulebis braleulad (ufro swori iqneba normaSi mieTiTos informirebis

valdebulebis arakeTilsindisier darRvevaze) darRvevis SemTxvevaSi dadgeba amave muxlis

me-5 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegi (zianis anazRaureba). erT-erT saqmeze

saqarTvelos sakasacio sasamarTlom ganmarta: rogorc SecdomiT, ise motyuebiT dadebuli

garigebisas nebis nakls mxaris araswori warmodgena ganapirobebs dasadebi garigebis arsTan

Tu SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, im garemoebebis araswori aRqma, rac garigebis dadebas

safuZvlad daedo, magram maT Soris arsebobs arsebiTi gansxvaveba, kerZod, marTalia,

motyuebiT dadebuli garigebebisas, mxare Secdomis safuZvelze Sedis

samarTalurTierTobaSi, magram es Secdoma gamowveulia meore mxaris qmedebiT, anu,

SecdomiT dadebuli garigebisas, xelSekrulebis kontrahenti keTilsindisieria nebis

naklTan mimarTebiT da modave mxaris mcdari warmodgena mis mier garkveuli monacemebis

damalviT an araswori informaciis miwodebiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. swored am mizeziT,

SecdomiT dadebuli garigeba, sacilo garigebaTa Soris, xandazmulobis yvelaze mokle

vadas iTvaliswinebs. samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis saziano iqneboda keTilsindisieri mxaris

kanonieri interesebis xangrZlivad eWvqveS dayeneba garigebis Secilebis uflebis

realizaciis SesaZleblobiT. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, imisaTvis, rom gaimijnos

SecdomiT da motyuebiT dadebuli garigebebi, srulyofilad unda iqnes gamokvleuli

garigebis dadebis winapirobebi da unda dadgindes, ra garemoebebi daedo safuZvlad mxareTa

mier nebis gamovlenas.3

sxva saqmeze ki saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta: motyueba cdomilebaSi

ganzrax Seyvanaa. motyuebis dros saxezea nebis gamovlenis nakli. motyuebisas yovelTvis

saxezea piris samarTlebrivad gasakicxi moqmedeba. Aar SeiZleba motyuebad CaiTvalos

zogierTi faqtis Selamazeba-gazviadeba, rac samoqalqo brunvis TvalsazrisiT daSvebulia.

1 Fabre-Magnan M. Duties of Disclosure and French Contract Law. In: Beatson J. Friedmann D., Good faith and fault in contract

law. Oxford, 1997, 101. 2 Nicholas B. The French Law of Contract. Oxford. 1992, 98. 3 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 25 martis gadawyvetileba saqmeze №ას-1350-1275-2012.

234

Aasea xSirad savaWro garigebebSi, roca vaWari aqebs Tavis saqonels da cdilobs amiT fasi

gazardos. zomieri reklama, romelsac safuZvlad ar udevs boroti ganzraxva, ver

CaiTvleba arakeTilsindisier moqmedebad. saaqcio sazogadoebis SeTavazeba sxva pirisaTvis,

rom misi aqciebi iqneba momgebiani da SemdgomSi momgebis momtani, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos

motyuebad. aqcioneri aris samewarmeo riskis matarebeli, vinaidan aqciebis mixedviT

miRebuli dividendis odenoba SeiZleba iyos mcire, vidre kapitalis ganTavsebis

alternatiuli formebidan miRebuli mogeba an SeiZleba mogeba saerTod ver iqnes miRebuli.

SeuZlebelia garigebis dadebis mizniT motyuebad CaiTvalos is garemoeba, romelic

xelSekrulebis dadebis dros arc erTi mxarisaTvis ar iyo cnobili da misi dadgoma xdeba

SemdegSi. SeuZlebelia aqciis gamyidvels hqondes garantia imisa, rom mis mier gayiduli

aqcia iqneba momgebiani.1

mxare valdebulia gaamJRavnos mniSvnelovani informacia, magaliTad, gamyidveli

valdebulia myidvels acnobos manqaniT sargeblobis, manqanis gamoyenebis pirobebi. magram

amgvari valdebuleba ar ekisreba imas, vinc manqanas aremontebs.

informirebis valdebuleba arsebobs nardobis urTierTobaSic. erT-erT saqmeze

saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta: menarde valdebuli iyo, miaxloebiTi

xarjTaRricxvis mniSvnelovnad gazrdis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv ecnobebina SemkveTisaTvis.

mosarCeles arc sarCelSi miuTiTebia da arc SemdegSi warmoudgenia raime mtkicebuleba,

romelic zemoaRniSnul garemoebas daadasturebda. SemkveTs unda codnoda xarjTaRricxvis

gazrdis Sesaxeb. menardes, upirvelesad, is unda daedasturebina, rom swored proeqtis

koreqtirebam gaaZvira aSenebis Rirebuleba da SemkveTi Tanaxma iyo samuSaoebis

gagrZelebaze gaZvirebuli xarjTaRricxvis mixedviT. aseTi mtkicebuleba menardes ar

warmoudgenia. marTalia, igi uTiTebs faruli samuSaoebis aqtebze, magram am aqtebiT

mxolod is dasturdeba, rom SemkveTi periodulad iRebda Sesrulebul samuSaoebs

saproeqto dokumentaciis (maT Soris, koreqtirebuli proeqtis) mixedviT, xolo,

koreqtirebuli proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaoebi 1m2-is aSenebis Rirebulebis

gazrdaze axdenda Tu ara gavlenas, xsenebuli aqtebiT ar dasturdeba. amiT arc is

dasturdeba, rom SemkveTma icoda xarjTaRricxvis gazrdis Sesaxeb. amasTan, SemkveTs romc

evarauda xarjTaRricxvis gazrdis Taobaze, mniSvnelovania aseve isic, Tanaxma iyo Tu ara

igi samuSaoebis gagrZelebaze gaZvirebuli xarjTaRricxvis mixedviT. gadaxarjvis

anazRaureba Sedis menardis da ara SemkveTis interesebSi, amitom kanoni swored menardes

avaldebulebs, dauyovnebliv acnobos SemkveTs miaxloebiTi xarjTaRricxvis gazrdis

Sesaxeb. am moqmedebiT menarde SemkveTs atyobinebs, rom mas surs, miiRos gadaxarjvis

anazRaureba, Tu gadaxarjvis miuxedavad, SemkveTi mainc moisurvebs samuSaoebis

dasrulebas. menarde mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs gadaxarjvis anazRaurebas, Tu

aRniSnulis Taobaze Setyobinebis miRebis Semdeg SemkveTi moiTxovs nardobis

xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaos Sesrulebas gazrdili xarjTaRricxviT, anu

igi Tanaxma iqneba gadaxarjvis anazRaurebaze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SemkveTs SeuZlia,

Sewyvitos xelSekruleba, ra drosac igi valdebuli iqneba, aanazRauros Sesrulebuli

samuSao mxolod miaxloebiTi xarjTaRricxvis mixedviT.2

detaluri informaciis miwodebis aucileblobas da, Sesabamisad, arasaTanado

informaciis miwodebis akrZalvas da am valdebulebis darRvevis samarTlebriv Sedegebs

adgens saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi turistuli momsaxurebis xelSekrulebis

momwesrigebeli normebi (657-e - 667-e muxlebi).

informacia, romelsac ara aqvs mniSvneloba meore mxarisaTvis xelSekrulebis

dadebis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, an romelmac SeiZleba zianic ki miayenos mxares, ar

unda iqnes gamJRavnebuli. magaliTad, rodesac pacienti avad aris, eqimi ar aris

darwmunebuli, rom igi gamojanmrTeldeba, eqims SeuZlia airCios, unda gaumJRavnos Tu ara

man amgvari informacia pacients. magram eqims ekisreba informaciis gamJRavnebis

valdebuleba, raTa gaafrTxilos pacienti daavadebidan gamomdinare mosalodneli

1 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 8 noembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze № 3კ-938-02. 2 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 30 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-888-834-2012.

235

garTulebebis (magaliTad, pacientisaTvis daniSnuli medikamentebis Tanmdevi Sedegebis

movlenebis) Sesaxeb imisaTvis, rom pacientma SeZlos garTulebebis Tavidan acileba. mxares

ar ekisreba informirebis (gamJRavnebis) valdebuleba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxarem,

romelsac informacia sWirdeba, ukve icis mis Sesaxeb.

ara marto nasyidobaSi monawile gamyidvels, aramed eqimsac, arqiteqtorsac,

distributorsac, bankirsac da iuristsac ekisrebaT informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba

manam, sanam xelSekrulebas dadeben meore mxaresTan. magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeSi deda

Tavdebad daudga Svils, radgan Svili sxvagvarad ver aiRebda bankis kredits. holandiis

umaRlesma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom keTilsindiserebis principidan gamomdinare, banki

rogorc profesionali gamsesxebeli, valdebuli iyo, araprofesionali kontrahenti

gaefrTxilebina im riskisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, rac movalis Tavdebad dadgomas

SeiZleboda mohyoloda.1 informirebis valdebuleba efuZneba an kanons (kanoniT SeiZleba

dadgenili iyos informirebis valdebuleba), an konkretuli sadavo sakiTxis gadawyvetisas

sasamarTlo praqtika gansazRvravs (sasamarTlo ganmartavs), ekisreboda Tu ara mxares

informirebis valdebuleba.

2.2 usafrTxoebis valdebuleba

arsebobs kidev erTi damatebiTi valdebuleba, romelic SeimuSava doqtrinam,

xorcieldeba sasamarTlo praqtikaSi da damaxasiaTebelia safrangeTis samarTlis

sistemisaTvis. es aris usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba (obligation de securite).

amgvari valdebulebis mxarisaTvis dakisrebas ganapirobebs teqnikuri progresi da

industrializacia. me-19 saukunis bolos frangul literaturaSi aRiniSneboda, rom

uwinares yovlisa, arsebobs muSakebisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba im

SemTxvevaSi, roca ziani miyenebuli iqna sawarmoSi SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis

dros; meore, arsebobs gadayvanis xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis dros ubeduri SemTxvevis

Sedegad dazaralebuli mgzavrebisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba. TandaTan

sasamarTlo praqtikam SeimuSava usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebulebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. kerZod, uwinares yovlisa, mocemuli valdebuleba warmoadgens

damatebiT valdebulebas xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi valdebulebis

mimarT. romelime xelSekrulebisagan damoukideblad, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis

valdebuleba ar arsebobs. garda amisa, sakmarisi ar aris mxolod is faqti, rom ziani

miadga xelSekrulebis kontrahents. aucilebelia, rom usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis

valdebuleba dakavSirebuli iyos saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis SesrulebasTan; meore,

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebulebis Sinaarss Seadgens is, rom ar Seiqmnas sxva

piris janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyenebis safrTxe. Sesabamisad, imdenad, ramdenadac

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba ukavSirdeba janmrTelobisaTvis zianis

miuyeneblobas, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod

fizikuri pirebis mimarT. mesame, aseTi valdebuleba ekisreba movales, romelic eweva

(axorcielebs) profesiul saqmianobas. is faqtori, rom amgvari valdebuleba samoqalaqo

brunvis profesional monawiles ekisreba, ganapirobebs ufro mkacri wesebis dadgenas am

kategoriis pirTa mimarT. saubaria ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Zlier mxareze da aseve iseT

mxareze riskis gadatanis Taobaze, romelsac meti SesaZleblobebi aqvs zianis Tavidan

asacileblad.1 aRsaniSnavia, rom usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba

keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb normis (1134-e muxlis me-3 nawili) safuZvelze rodi ganviTarda,

aramed ganviTarda 1135-e muxlis safuZvelze, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom xelSekrulebidan

gamomdinareobs ara mxolod is, rac pirdapir aris gamoxatuli mxareTa mier, aramed

samarTlianobis (equite) moTxovnidan gamomdinare valdebulebebic. amasTan, rogorc

frangul doqtrinaSia aRniSnuli, safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Semqmnelebma am normaSi

1 magaliTi moyvanilia naSromidan: a. ioseliani. keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi gamokvleva)._ Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva“, specialuri gamocema, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 60. 1 Синявская М. С. Обязанность обеспечить безопасность как специфическая категория французского обязательственного

права, `Российский судья” №6, 2006, 42.

236

sxvagvari Sinaarsi (azri) Cades, kerZod ki keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad

xelSekrulebaTa Sesrulebis aucilebloba.2

magram imis miuxedavad, rom Tanamedrove periodSi frangul samarTalSi

keTilsindisierebis princips eniWeba msgavsi mniSvneloba, frang mecnierebs Soris erTiani

midgoma ar aris SemuSavebuli Tavad keTilsindisierebis principis da keTilsindisierebis

principis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis ganmartebis sakiTxisadmi. ufro metic, zogierT

SemTxvevaSi, romlebic aSkarad moiTxovda bonne foi-s principis gamoyenebas, is ar yofila

gamoyenebuli.3

usafrTxoebis valdebulebas qarTuli samarTalic aqcevs yuradRebas. kerZod, ssk-

is 318-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli informaciis gacemis valdebuleba, sxva yvelaferTan

erTad, gulisxmobs aseve eqsploataciisas an moxmarebisas usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi

informaciis gadacemasac kreditorisaTvis.4 usafrTxoebis valdebuleba qarTul

samarTalSi arsebobs mibarebis urTierTobebSic (ssk-is 769-e muxli), dazRvevis

urTierTobebSic (ssk-is 808-e muxli, 813-e muxli), gadazidva-gadayvanis urTierTobaSi da

sxva. mibarebis xelSekrulebaSi keTilsindisierebis moTxovna imperatiulad aris

gamoxatuli ssk-is 765-e muxlSi. maT Soris sasaqonlo sawyobSi mibarebis drosac

moiTxoveba am principis dacva (ix. ssk-is 781-e da 785-e muxlebi).

nino khunashvili

Additional obligations in contractual relationship based on good faith principle

Summary

The work analyzes obligations arising from the principle of good faith: obligation of cooperation and the

obligation to inform.

Imposition of fullfillment of mentioned obligations to the contracting parties depends on the subject of

contract,the legal nature of contract.

This issue is investigated through the use of comparative legal analysis.

The study suggests that not only the protection of the principle of good faith has great importance in Georgian

law but also defence of additional(obligations)responsibilities arised from good faith principle have great importance in

georgian law.Breakingof additional obligations and rejection of additional obligations cause breaking of main obligation.

2 Синявская М. С. Обязанность обеспечить безопасность как специфическая категория французского обязательственного

права, `Российский судья” №6, 2006, 44. 3 Nicholas B. The French Law of Contract. Oxford 1992, 156. 4 l. Wanturia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni III. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 54.

237

sarCevi

istoria vaxtang guruli, profesor sergo vardosaniZis Rvawli..................................................................6-25 rozeta gujejiani, xarebis Wedoba tradiciul qarTul yofaSi...........................................26-36

jemal karaliZe, baTumis olqis administraciuli mowyoba 1878-1903 wlebSi............37-41

levan jiqia, dokumentebi da masalebi 1924 wlis antisabWoTa erovnuli

ajanyebis istoriisaTvis....................................................................................................................................................42-57

gvanca burduli, brZola saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRdgenisaTvis (ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris 1906 wlis 13

dekembris sxdoma).......................................................................................................................................................................58-66

miqael (maxare) bukia, episkopos kirion II-is mecnieruli memkvidreobidan..................67-74

vaxtang guruli, ruseTis jari qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi (1783-1787)...................................75-114

mamuka cuxiSvili, Cixis jvari............................................................................................................................. ....115-124

cira janaSia, ramdenime SeniSvna araqel Tavrizelis cnobebTan

dakavSirebiT............................................................................................................................. ..................................................125-130

mariam gabunia, iberiis mefis winadadebebis ganxilva madridis samefo

karze (saxelmwifo sabWos dokumentebis mixedviT)..............................................................................131-137

Teimuraz petriaSvili, mefe erekles gardacvaleba da dakrZalva...................................138-142

magda WiqaberiZe, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba dimitri yifianis memuarebis

mixedviT...........................................................................................................................................................................................143-146

laSa deisaZe-SarvaSiZe, erovnuli idea uwmidesisa da unetaresis kirionis

SemoqmedebaSi............................................................................................................................. .................................................147-151

irakli lorTqifaniZe, aRsaydrebaUuwmindesisa da unetaresis

kirion meorisa..........................................................................................................................................................................152-155

filologia giorgi alibegaSvili, qristianuli egzegetikis Teoriul-saxismetyvelebiTi

principebis istoriidan..................................................................................................................................................157-164

tariel futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis brunvebi

(manqanuri Targmanis programisaTvis)..............................................................................................................165-174

manana tabiZe, bela SavxeliSvili, koleqtiuri TviTkuTvnilebis

enobrivi gamoxatvis qarTul-naxuri magaliTi........................................................................................175-180

lia kariWaSvili, akaki wereTlis `qebaTa-qeba~ (simbolo da interteqsti)............181-184

Tamar lomaZe, metaforebi politikur diskursSi (saprezidento arCevnebis

diskursis magaliTze).......................................................................................................................................................185-190

Targmanmcodneoba eka duRaSvili, himnografiuli kanonis II odis (moixilesas) erTi

aspeqtisaTvis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT.......................................................................192-195

manana maTiaSvili, elizabet biSopi: poeti-asketi...............................................................................196-200

samarTali mindia ugrexeliZe, „liderSipis“ krisizi: zogierTi veqtorisa da

ganzomilebis Sesaxeb......................................................................................................................... ...............................202-206

karlo bziSvili, erToblivi saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebis

ganmarteba.....................................................................................................................................................................................207-212

aleqsandre baramiZe, precedenti saerTo samarTlis qveynebisa da adamianis

uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis samarTlebriv sistemebSi.......................................................213-221

nino xunaSvili, keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare damatebiTi valdebulebani saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi.............................................................................222-236

238

Table of Content

History

Vakhtang Guruli, Merit of professor Sergo Vardosanidze.................................................................................6-25

Rozeta Gujejiani, Bull fight ritual in traditional Georgian life.......................................................................................26-36

Jemal Karalidze, Batumi Region Administration Arrangement during 1878-1903 Abstract..........................37-41

Levan Jikia, Documents and materials for the history of 1924 Anti-Soviet National Revolt..........................42-57

Gvantsa Burduli, Fight for restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic church The

conference preceding of Russian Church Council (December 13th, 1906).................................................................58-66

Michael (Makhare) Bukia, From the Scientific Heredity of Bishop Kirion II......................................................67-74

Wakhtang Guruli, Russische Armee im Konigreich Kartlien-Kachetien (17831787).....................................75-114

Mamuka Tsuchishvili, Cross of Chikha.............................................................................................................................115-124

Tsira Janashia, Several observations in connection with data of Arakel of Tabriz.........................................125-130

Mariam Gabunia, King of Iberia’s proposals discussion at Madrid royal court

(According to the documents of the State Council)...........................................................................................................131-137

Teimuraz Petriashvili, Death and burring of King Erekle..........................................................................................138-142

Magda Chikaeridze, Conspiracy of 1832 according to Dimitri Kipiani Memoirs...........................................143-146

Lasha Deisadze-Sharvashidze, National idea of creation of His Holiness and Beatitude Kirion...............147-151

Irakli Lortkipanidze, Enthronements of His Holiness and Beatitude Kirion the second...............................152-155 Philology

Giorgi Alibegashvili, From the History of Theoretical-Imagery Principles of Christian Exegetics.........157-164

Tariel Putkaradze, Case as one the aspects of noun formation................................................................................165-174

Manana Tabidze, Bela Shavkhelishvili, Georgian-Nakh Case of Linguistic Expression of

Collective Identity............................................................................................................................. ..............................................175-180

Lia Karichashvili, Canticle of Canticles by Akaki Tsereteli (Symbolism and Inter-text).............................181-184

Tamar Lomadze, Metaphors in Political Discourse

(based on thepre-election discourse of 2013 presidential elections in Georgia)..................................................185-190

Translation Studies

Eka Dugashvili, On one aspect of the second ode (moikhile) of the Hymnographic Canon

According to the ancient Georgian translations...................................................................................................................192-195

Manana Matiashvili, Elizabeth Bishop – the Ascetic Poet..........................................................................................196-200

Jurisprudence

Mindia Ugrekhelidze, Crisis of Leadership: on Some Vectors and Dimensions.................................202-206

Karlo Bzishvili, The contract definition of joint activity (partnership).................................................................207-212

Alexander Baramidze, Precedent in Legal Systems of Common Law and European

Convention on Human Rights............................................................................................................................. .......................213-221

nino khunashvili, Additional obligations in contractual relationship based on good

faith principle....................................................................................................................................... .............................................222-236