Science Ch_12_Amla Kshar Lawan

7/25/2019 Science Ch_12_Amla Kshar Lawan

1/15

vEy] {kkj vkSj yo.kv/; k; 12

l R; e vi usfo| ky; dsokf"kZdksRl o l ekjksg esat knwfn[kkjgkFkkAml usviusgkFkksaesa,d i hys: eky dksfgyk; kAfQj ml usi kjn'khZnzo l sHkjs,d dkap dsfxykl esa: ekydksMkykAfxykl esaMkyrsgh: eky dkjax yky gksx; kAD; kl R; e t knwt kurkgS\

; fn ugharks,sl kD; ksagqvk\

: eky esadkSu&l ki nkFkZFkk\

fxykl esdkSu&l ko Fkk\

: eky dsjax cnyusdkD; kdkj.kFkk\

l R; e ds t knwdkjkt t kuusdsfy, ge dqN f; kdyki djdsns[krsgSaA

f;kdyki %1

,d pEep gYnhi kmMj yhft ,Abl esaFkksM+ki kuhfeykdj i sLV cukb,AL; kghl ks[krkCykWfVax i si j; kNuuki =fQYVj i si j; kl kkkj.kdkxt i j gYnhdki sLVyxkdj ml sl q[kkyhft ,Avc bl dhi ryh&i ryhi f; kdkV yhft ,Abl sgYnhi =dgrsgSaAvc gYnhi =dhi hi j ,d cwn l kcqu dkfoy; u ?kksyMkfy,AD; kml dkjax cnyrkgS\

f;kdyki 2

vki jkLrsl sjax&fcjaxsaQwyksat Sl sxqM+gy M+gqy,

xqykc] cs'kje v[kj ; kdjeh,cksxufofy; k] dusjvkfn dhi a[kqfM+; kyhft ,A

bUgsaNUuki =] l ks[krki =; kv[kckjhdkxtdh,d i hi j rc rd jxM+st c rd fdi a[kqfM+; ksadkjax NUuki =i j mrj u t k,A

m

fp= %12-1 l R;e}kjkt knwfn[kkuk

fp= 12-2 mM+gqy

148


2/15

bul scusi=i j fofHkUu dkj dsfofy; u MkyrsgaSA

vc bl dsjax esaD; kcnyko vkrkgS\

di M+skksusdkl kcqu

vi ekt Zd

pwusdki kuh

uhacwdkjl

fl jdk

[kkusdkl ksMkuhykFkksFkk

ngh

'kDdj

i jh{k.kfoy;u

izHkko

gYi jnh =Ik mM+gy =

i ji djeh

i= i j

vU; jaxhuQwyksal scus

i= i j

fp= 12-3 djeh l kj.kh

149


3/15

ued

nwfk; keSXuhf'k; e

vkyw

vksy

dan

'kSEi q(ruqfoy; u)

l ksMkt y

xakd d vEy (ruq)(cSVhdkvEy)

[kkusdkl ksM+kl ksfM; e gkbMkst u dkcksZusV

i jh{k.k

foy;u

izHkko

gYnh =i j Ik mM+gy =i j i djeh =i j ivU; jaxhuQwyksal scus

i= i j

pwusdki kuhcukusdhfof/k& ^jkl k; fud i fjorZu**v/; k; esacrkbZxbZgSA

gYnhi =] mM+gy i =,oadjehi =i j pwusdki kuhMkyusi j dqN esajax cnyrkgSvkSj dqNesajax ughacnyrkgSAuhacwdkj l ] mM+gy dsjax dksxgjkxqykchest sUVkdj nsrkgSi jUrqgYnhi j ml dkdksbZHkko ughai M+rkgSAt cfd l kcqu dsfoy; u gYnhdksyky dj nsrkgS

vkSj mM+gy dksgjkdj nsrkgSAvki usdHkhl kspkgSfd ,sl kD; ksagksrkgS\ budhl wphcukosaA

150


4/15

uhacwdsjl t Sl ki jh{k.knsusokysi nkFkZdkSu&dkSu l sgSa\

,sl sinkFkZvEyh; dgykrsgSaA

l kcqu dsfoy; u t Sl ki jh{k.knsusokysi nkFkZdkSu&dkSu l sgSa\ budhl wphcukosaA

,sl sinkFkZ{kkjh; dgykrsgSaA

uhacwdsj l dkLokn dSl kgksrkgS\

bl dkj dsinkFkZk; vEyh; gksrsgSaA

gYnht Sl sinkFkZft udhenn l sge fdl hi nkFkZdsvEyh; ; k{kkjh; gksusdht kp

djrsgSamUgsal wpd dgrsgSaAxqM+gy ,oacs'kje dhi a[kqfM+; ksadkjax Hkhbl hdkj dkl wpd gksrkgSAbl dkj dsvkSj kfrd l wpd HkhgksrsgSaA

budhl wphcukosaA

psrkouh

ft u i nkFkZds[kk| ; kv[kk| gksusdsckjsesavki ughat kursgSaml su p[ksa; ku [kk,Aekrk&fi rk; kf'k{kd l si wNdj ghvut ku i nkFkZdkLokn ysaA

12-1 fyVel &,d kfrd l wpd

f;kdyki 3

uhacwdsjl esaFkksM+k i kuhfeykb,A MkWi j dhl gk; rkl sbl dh,d cwn dksyky fyVel i =(Litmus Paper)i j Mkfy,A

D; kbl dsjax esadksbZi fjokZu gksrkgS\ bl hi jh{k.kdksuhysfyVel i =dsl kFknksgjkb,Age ns[krsgSafd uhacwdkjl uhysfyVel i =dksyky dj nsrkgSat cfd yky fyVel i =i j dksbZHkko ughagksrkvFkkZr~bl dkjax ughacnyrkgSAbl hf;kdykidksmi jksDr rkfydkesafn, x, foy; u dsl kFk

l wpd

fp= 12-4

151


5/15

nksgjk, vkSj viusi jh{k.kksadksl kj.khc) dhft ,A

D; kvki dhrkfydkesadqN ,sl sfoy; u gSaAt ksuhysfyVel dksyky dj nsrsgSa] mUgsa

vEyh; foy; u dgrsgSaAdqN ,sl sfoy; u gSa] t ksyky fyVel dksuhykdj nsrsgSa] mUgsa{kkjh; foy; u dgrsgSaA

i jh{k.kfoy;u

yky fyVel Ik=i j Hkko

uhysfyVel Ik=i j Hkko fu"d"kZ

uksV& R; sd foy; u dki jh{k.knksuksadkj dsfyVel i =i j djdsghvEyh; ,oa{kkjh; dhfr Li "V dhft ,AR; sd i jh{k.kdsmi jkar fyVeli =cny nhft ,AxhysHkkx dksi w.kZr%QkM+dj gVknhft ,A

osdkSu l sfoy; u gSaft udkuhysvkSj yky fyVel i =i j dksbZHkko ughagksrk\

osfoy; u ft udkuhysvkSj yky fyVel i =i j dksbZHkko ughai M+rk] mUgsamnkl hu

foy; u dgrsgSaA

uksV& R; sd foy; u bu rhu l ewgksaesafdl h&u&fdl hl ewg esavo'; vkt kukpkfg,A; fn ,sl kughagksrk] rks; ksx djusesat : j dksbZxyrhgqbZgksxhA

l kj.kh12-2

152


6/15

f;kdyki 4

fQukFkyhu (Phenolphthalein)dsjaxghu vkSj xqykchl wpdyhft ,Avc mi jksDr rkfydkesafn, x, foy; u dkckjh&ckjhl sbu l wpdksai j i jh{k.kdj mUgsal wphc) dhft ,A

D; kvki dksdksbZ,sl kfoy; u feykt ksbu rhuksal ewgksaesaughaj[kkt kl ds\

i jh{k.kfoy;u jaxghu l wpd xqykchl wpd fu"d"kZfQukFkyhu l wpd

f'k{kd }kjkl wpd cukuk

fQukFkyhu dkjaxghu l wpd foy; u&fo| ky; ;ksx'kkyk; kvU; fo| ky; ds; ksx'kkykl s5 fe-yhfoy; u ysdj ml esabruki kuhfeyk, dhdqy vk; ru100 fe-yh- gkst k,AvFkok1 fe- xzke fQukFkyhu i kmMj dks100 fe-yh- i kuhesa?kksydj 0.1%foy; u rS; kj dhft ,Abl foy; u dksNUusi =l sNku

yhft ,Avki dkfQukFkyhu dkjaxghu l wpd foy; u rS; kj gksx; kA

fQukFkyhu dkxqykchl wpd foy;u&fQukFkyhu ds10 fe-yhfoy; u esabruki kuhMkysafd dqy vk; ru 200 fe-yh- gkst k,Abl esayxHkx 1 fe-yh- pwusdki kuhMkfy,Axqykchl wpd foy; u rS; kj gSA

153


7/15

vEy dkuke fdl esaik;kt krkgS

,sl hfVd vEy

QkWfeZd vEy

l kbfVd vEy

ySfDVd vEy

vkWDl sfyd vEy

,sLdkWfcZd vEy foVkfeu

VkVZfjd vEy

C

fl jdk

phaVhdkMad

uhacwdqy dsfl Vl Qy t Sl sl arjk] uhacwvkfn

ngh

i kyd

vkoyk] fl Vl Qy]

beyh] vaxwj] dPpsvke vkfn

D;kvki t kursgSa

i j crk, x, l HkhvEy fr esai k, t krsgSaA

; fn fQukFkyhu dsfoy; u esai kuhMkyusl sfoy; u nwfk; kgkst k, rc ghfoy; u mi ; ksxesayk; kt kl drkgSA

psrkouh& fQukFkyhu dsl wpd foy; u l si jh{k.kdjrsl e; ; g t : jhgSfdi nkFkZdsfoy; u dhR; sd cwn Mkyusdsckn i j[kuyh; kckZu dksvPNhrjgfgyk; kt k,A

D; kvki crkl drsgSafd vEyh; foy; u dkfQukFkyhu dsjaxghu vkSj xqykchl wpdfoy; u i j D; kHkko i M+rkgS\ bl hdkj {kkjh; vkSj mnkl hu foy; uksadkjaxghu vkSjxqykchl wpd foy; u i j D; kHkko i M+rkgS\

154


8/15

{kkj dkuke fdl esaik;kt krkgS

dSfYl ; e gkbMkWDl kbM

veksfu; e gkbMkWDl kbM

l ksfM; e gkbMkWDl kbM@i ksVSf'k; e gkbMkWDl kbM

eSXuhf'k; e gkbMkWDl kbM

pwusdki kuhf[kM+dhdsdkp vkfn l kQ djusdsfy, mi ; qDrekt Zd

l kcqu

nwfk; keSXuhf'k; e feYd vkWQ eSXuhf'k; e

f;kdyki 5 f'k{kd dhmi fLFkfr esa

vi usfo| ky; ; kvU; fo| ky; dh;ksx'kkykl sfuEufyf[kr j l k; uksadhi jh{k.kl kj.khdsvuql kj l wpdksadsHkko dksnf'kZr dhft ,Avi uss{k.kksadksrkfydkesafyf[k,A

[ruqgkbMksDyksfjd vEy ued dkvEy] ruql YQwfjd vEy xa/kd dk vEyruqukbfVdvEy ,sl hfVd vEy] l ksfM; e gkbMkWDl kbM] veksfu; e gkbMkWDl kbM rFkk dSfYl ; egkbMkWDl kbM(pwusdki kuh)]

fyVel =Ik

uhyk yky jaxghu xqykch

jl k;uksadkuke

gYnhi= dsl wpd

mM+gydsiq"i

fQukFkyhu foy;u fu"d"kZ

l kj.kh12-3

155


9/15

vki usns[kkfd mnkl hu foy; uksadkl wpdksai j dksbZHkko ughagksrkAvki us;g Hkhns[kkfd l wpdksai j vEy vkSj {kkj dkHkko ,d&nwl jsdkmYVkgksrkgSArc D; k; g

l aHko gSfd vEy vkSj {kkj dksvki l esafeykusl s, sl kfoy; u cust ksmnkl hu gks\

psrkouh

; ksx'kkykesavEyksavkSj {kkjksadsj[kj[kko rFkkmi ; ksx esavR; fkd l kokkuhcjruhpkfg,AD; ksafd ; sl a{kkjd fr dsgksrsgSa] t ksRopkesat yu mRi Uu djrsgSavkSj ml sgkfu i gqpkrsgSaA

12-2 vEy vkSj {kkj dkvki l hl acak&mnkl huhdj.k

fdl hi j[kuyhds,d&pkSFkkbZHkkx dksruqgkbMksDyksfjd vEy ued dkvEyl sHkjyhft ,Abl dkjax uksV dhft ,AfQukWFkfyufoy; u dsjax dksHkhuksV dhft ,Ajaxghu

l wpd ds2-3 cwn vEy esafeykb,Ai j[kuyhdkskhjs&khjsfgykb,AD; kvki dksvEy ds

jax esadksbZcnyko fn[kkbZnsrkgS\

vEyh; foy; u esaMkWi j l sl ksfM; egkbMkWDl kbM(dkWfLVd l ksMk) dh,d cwn

f;kdyki 6 (f'k{kd dhmi fLFkfr esa)

Mkfy,Ai j[kuyhdkskhjs&khjsfgykb,AD; kfoy; u dsjax esadksbZcnyko gksrkgS\

foy; u dksfujarj fgykrsgq, cwn&cwn djdsl ksfM; e gkbMkWDl kbMfoy; u Mkyukrcrd t kjhj f[k, ] t c rd fd gYdkxqykchjax u vkt k,A

vc bl esaruqgkbMksDyksfjd vEy ued dkvEydh,d cwn vkSj feykb,Avki D; kns[krsgSa\

D; kfoy; u i qu%jaxghu gkst krkgS\

fp= 12-5

vEyh; vkSj {kkjh;foy;u esajax dkcnyuk

156


10/15

mnkgj.kdsfy, ued dkvEy (gkbMksDyksfjd vEy) dksdkfLVd l ksMk(l ksfM; e gkbMkWDl kbM) dsfoy; u l smnkl hu djusi j ued (l ksfM; eDyksjkbM) curkgS] t ksyo.kgksrkgSA

gkbMksDyksfjd vEy + l ksfM; e gkbMkWDl kbMl ksfM; e DyksjkbM+ t y + "ek (HCl) (NaOH) (NaCl) (H2O)

; ku j [ksa& l Hkhmnkl hu foy; u yo.kdsfoy; u ughagksrsAt Sl s&'kDdj dkfoy; u ;kLVkpZdkfoy; u mnkl hu rksgksrkgSi j'kDdj vkSj LVkpZyo.kughagSaA

fQj l sl ksfM; e gkbMkWDl kbMdh,d cwn feykb,AD; kjax esadksbZi fjokZu gksrkgS\

D; kfoy; u iqu%xqykchgkst krkgS\

; g Li "V gSfd t c foy; u {kkjh; gksrkgS] rksfQukWFkyhu xqykchjax nsrkgSAbl dsfoi jhr]t c foy; u vEyh; gksrkgS] rks; g jaxghu jgrkgSA

t c fdl hvEyh; foy; u esa{kkjh; foy; u feyk; kt krkgSrksnksuksafoy; u ,d&nwl jsdsHkko dksmnkl hu dj nsrsgSaA

vEy vkSj {kkj dks,d fuf'pr ek=kesavki l esafeykusi j foy; u dhfr u rksvEyh;jgrhgSvkSj u gh{kkjh; Anwl js'kCnksaesa] vEy rFkk{kkj nksuksadhghfr yqIr gkst krhgSaA

bl dkj cukfoy; u u rksvEyh; gksrkgSvkSj u gh{kkjh; Abl f; kdksmnkl huhdj.kdgrsgSaA; s,d jkl k; fud i fjorZu gSD; ksafd bl esa,d u;ki nkFkZcurkgSA

mnkl huhdj.kdsrRdky ckn i j[kuyhdksLi 'kZdhft ,Avki usD; kvuqHko fd; k\

mnkl huhdj.kvfHkf; kesal nSo "ekfudyrhgS] foeqDr "ekl svfHkf;kfeJ .kdkrkic


11/15

vikpu

gekjsvkek'k; esagkbMksDyksfjd vEy i k; kt krkgSAvki t Urqvksaesai ks"k.k**v; k; esai


12/15

enkmipkjvki usdHkhns[kkgSfd [ksrksaesaQl yksadhi Snkokj ; ki kSkksadhof) vPNhughagksrhA

,sl kbl hfy, gksrkgSD; ksafd jkl k; fud moZjdksadkvR; fkd mi ; ksx gksusl sfehvEyh; gkst krhgSaA; fn fehvR; fkd vEyh; ; kvR; fkd {kkjh; gkst krhgSrksi kSkksadhof) vPNhughagksrhA; fn fehvR; fkd vEyh; gksrhgS] rksml esadyhpwuk(dSfYl ; e vkWDl kbM) vFkokcw>kgqvkpwuk(dSfYl ; e gkbMkWDl kbM) t Sl s{kkjksadhmfprek=kMkydj vEyksadsmnkl huhdj.k}kjki kSkksadhof) c


13/15

vEyAcid

l wpdIndicator

{kkj Base vEyh; Acidicyo.k Salt {kkjh; Basickfrd Natural mnkl huhdj.k Neutralisationvi kpu Indigestion xqM+gy mM+gqyChina Roseruq Dilute dyhpquk Quicked Limecq>kgqvkpwuk Slaked Lime l ks[rkdkxt Blotting PaperNUuki = Filter Paper

u, 'kCn

vEy uhysfyVel dksyky dj nsrsgSaA{kkj yky fyVel dksuhykdj nsrsgSaA

osi nkFkZ] t ksu rksvEyh; gksrsgSavkSj u gh{kkjh; mnkl hu dgykrsgSA

,sl ki nkFkZft l ds}kjkfdl hinkFkZdsvEyh; ,oa{kkjh; gksusdht kp djrsgSa] ml sl wpd dgrsgSaA

vEy vkSj {kkj ,d&nwl jsdksmnkl hu djdsyo.kcukrsgSaAyo.kvEyh; ] {kkjh;vFkokmnkl hu fr dsgksrsgSaA

vEy k; %Lokn esa[ksgksrsgSaA{kkj k; %Lokn esadM+okgksrkgSrFkkmudkLi 'kZl kcqu t Sl kgksrkgSA

geusl h[kk

1.fjDr LFkkuksadhi wfrZdhft ,

(i) vEy uhysfyVel i =dks---------------------- dj nsrkgSA(ii) vEy dkLokn --------------- vkSj {kkj dkLokn -------------------- gksrkgSA

(iii) mnkl huhdj.kvfHkf; kesa---------------------- vkSj -------------------- cursgSaA

(iv) gYnhi =i j [kfM+; ki kmMj ?kksy Mkyusl sbl dkjax ------------------ gkst krkgSA

(v) uhykFkksFkkdkWi j LkYQsV,d -------------------------- gSA

vH;kl

160


14/15

2.feyku dhft ,

dkWye d* dkWye [k*

(i) fQukFkyhu (a) QkWfeZd vEy

(ii) vaxwj (b) mnkl hu

(iii) dyhpwuk (c) l wpd

(iv) yky phaVh (d) VkVZfjd vEy

(v) okWVj dyj (e) {kkj

3.vEyksa,oa{kkjksadschp varj crkb,A

4.,d ;ksx'kkykesaf'k{kd usvEy vkSj {kkj ds1-1 yhVj foy; u ?kksycukdj j [ksAvEydsfoy; u dhnl cwanksal s{kkj dhnl cwanksadkmnkl huhdj.kgksrkFkkAxyrhl snksuksaesal s,d foy; u esai kuhfxj x; kAt c fQj l smnkl huhdj.kfd; kx; krksvEy dh10 cwanksadsfy, {kkj dh15 cwansayxhaAcrkosafd i kuhfdl ?kksy esafxj x; kFkkvkSj fdruki kuhfxjkgksxk\

5.,sl kD; ksagksrkgS%

(i) t c vki vfr vEyrkl si hfM+r gksrsgSa] rksfr vEy dhxksyhysrsgSaA(ii) t c phaVhdkVrhgS] rksRopki j dSysekbu dkfoy; u yxk; kt krkgSA

(iii) dkj[kkusdsvi f'k"V dksufn; ksaesacgkusl si gysml smnkl hu fd; kt krkgSA

(iv) rkt egy dhl qUnjrku"V gksrht kjghgSA

6.mnkl huhdj.kdhf; kdksnksmnkgj.knsrsgq, l e>kb,A

7. rhu cksryksaesavEy] {kkj vkSj mnkl hu foy; u fn; sx; sgSAi jUrqbu cksryksai j foy; u

dkuke ughafy[kkx; kgSAgYnhi =}kjkfoy; u dhi gpku dSl sdjsaxs\8.D; kvkl qr t y vEyh; @{kkjh; @mnkl hu gksrkgS\ vki bl dhi qf"V dSl sdjsaxsA

9.uhysfyVel i =dks,d foy; u esaMqcks; kx; kA; g uhykghjgrkgSAfoy; u dhfrD; kgS\ l e>kb,A

161


15/15

i fj;kst ukdk;Z

1. Qwyksa,oal fCt ; ksal smudsfoy; u rS; kj dhft ,Abudkmi ; ksx l wpd ds: i esa

djdsvEyh; vkSj {kkjh; foy; uksadki jh{k.kdhft ,Avi uss{k.kdks,d l kj.khesaLrqr dhft ,A

2. vEyksavkSj {kkjksadsKku dkmi ; ksx dj rsgq, l qanj ckkbZi =cukb, rFkkxqIr l ans'kfyf[k,Al e>kb, ; g dSl sdk; ZdjrkgSA

3. vi usxko ; k[ksr dh fehdkuewukyhft ,A; g ekywe dhft , fd ; g vEyh; gS]{kkjh; gSvFkokmnkl huAfdl ku dsl kFkckrphr dhft , fd osfehdkmi pkjfdl dkj dj rsgSaA

4. vki ?kj vFkokvkl &i kl dsi fjokjksal s; g t kuusdk;kl dhft , fd vfrvEyrkdkmi pkj djusdsfy, osdkSu&l hnokbZ; kysrsgSaAvfr vEyrkesa; g dSl sdkedjrkgSA

162

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Science Ch_12_Amla Kshar Lawan