Science OGT ReviewScience OGT Review

Earth Science Earth Science

Content Standard: Earth and Space Content Standard: Earth and Space ScienceScience

Benchmarks:Benchmarks: Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide

information about the processes that cause changes in the information about the processes that cause changes in the composition and scale of the physical universe. composition and scale of the physical universe.

Explain that many processes occur in patterns within the Earth’s Explain that many processes occur in patterns within the Earth’s systems.systems.

Explain the 4.5 billion year history of Earth and the 4 billion year Explain the 4.5 billion year history of Earth and the 4 billion year history of life on Earth based on observable scientific evidence in history of life on Earth based on observable scientific evidence in the geologic record.the geologic record.

Describe the finite nature of Earth‘s resources and those human Describe the finite nature of Earth‘s resources and those human activities that can conserve or deplete Earth’s resources.activities that can conserve or deplete Earth’s resources.

Explain the processes that move and shape Earth’s surfaceExplain the processes that move and shape Earth’s surface Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and

ideas, and describe emerging issues in the study of Earth and ideas, and describe emerging issues in the study of Earth and space science.space science.

Earth ScienceEarth Science There are four areas of study that contribute to Earth There are four areas of study that contribute to Earth

ScienceScience GeologyGeology AstronomyAstronomy HydrologyHydrology MeteorologyMeteorology

The Big Bang TheoryThe Big Bang Theory

Explosion 13.7 billions Explosion 13.7 billions years agoyears ago

Galaxies are moving Galaxies are moving away from central away from central locationlocation

Red-shift- the light most Red-shift- the light most galaxies gives off is close galaxies gives off is close to the red end of the to the red end of the spectrum because energy spectrum because energy weakens as it is stretched weakens as it is stretched out.out.

How is a star formed?How is a star formed?

NebulaNebula- dust and gas get pulled together - dust and gas get pulled together by gravity in space.by gravity in space.

Extreme heat is produced, causing Extreme heat is produced, causing nuclear fusionnuclear fusion, which causes hydrogen , which causes hydrogen protons to join together producing the protons to join together producing the massive energy just as our sun does.massive energy just as our sun does.

The nebula depending on the size, The nebula depending on the size, becomes a massive star or a becomes a massive star or a low mass low mass starstar..

The Lifecycle of StarsThe Lifecycle of Stars

The Life Cycle of a StarThe Life Cycle of a Star

Main sequence stars convert hydrogen to Main sequence stars convert hydrogen to helium in their cores. When the star runs helium in their cores. When the star runs out of hydrogen, the helium can be out of hydrogen, the helium can be changed into heavier elements. The cores changed into heavier elements. The cores of the stars shrink and their surfaces of the stars shrink and their surfaces expand and become cooler. expand and become cooler.

GalaxiesGalaxies

Large group of stars; billions in the Large group of stars; billions in the universe.universe.

Our solar system- sun, Earth and 8 other Our solar system- sun, Earth and 8 other planets belong to the Milky Way Galaxy.planets belong to the Milky Way Galaxy.

Spiral, Elliptical & Irregular Spiral, Elliptical & Irregular GalaxiesGalaxies

The PlanetsThe Planets

Does the sun revolve around the earth, or does Does the sun revolve around the earth, or does the earth revolve around the sun?the earth revolve around the sun?

What causes all the planets, sun and the moon What causes all the planets, sun and the moon to not come crashing down on us?to not come crashing down on us?

Law of Universal GravitationLaw of Universal Gravitation The planets revolve around the The planets revolve around the

sun due to gravity!sun due to gravity! Newton proposed between Newton proposed between

any two objects there is any two objects there is attraction that is proportional to attraction that is proportional to the masses of the objects and the masses of the objects and the distances between them.the distances between them.

In English: the more mass an In English: the more mass an object has, the stronger gravity object has, the stronger gravity pulls on the object with less pulls on the object with less mass than itself.mass than itself.

For example, Earth has more For example, Earth has more mass than our moon, this is mass than our moon, this is why the moon revolves around why the moon revolves around our Earth.our Earth.

The Reason We Have Night & DayThe Reason We Have Night & Day

The earth rotates on its axis The earth rotates on its axis which brings different parts of which brings different parts of the earth in contact with the the earth in contact with the sun at certain times.sun at certain times.

The reason the sun appears to The reason the sun appears to “rise in the east” is because “rise in the east” is because that’s the way our earth that’s the way our earth rotates, bringing the eastern rotates, bringing the eastern part of the U.S. in contact with part of the U.S. in contact with the sun first.the sun first.

FYIFYI- 1 day is 1 rotation of the - 1 day is 1 rotation of the Earth. 1 year is 1revolution of Earth. 1 year is 1revolution of the Earth around the sun.the Earth around the sun.

Tools Used By AstronomersTools Used By Astronomers

TelescopesTelescopes SpaceshipSpaceship SatellitesSatellites ProbesProbes Rover Rover

QuizQuiz

Answer the following questionsAnswer the following questions

QuizQuiz 1. Name 4 areas of study that contribute to Earth 1. Name 4 areas of study that contribute to Earth

Science.Science. What does red-shifting mean?What does red-shifting mean? How is a star formed?How is a star formed? What is the core of the sun made of?What is the core of the sun made of? Name 3 types of galaxies?Name 3 types of galaxies? What type of galaxy is Earth from?What type of galaxy is Earth from? How many planets are recognized?How many planets are recognized? Does the sun revolve around the earth or does the moon Does the sun revolve around the earth or does the moon

revolve around the earth?revolve around the earth? What causes night and day on earth?What causes night and day on earth? What are tools used by an astronomer?What are tools used by an astronomer?

SeasonsSeasons

Earth is tilted as it Earth is tilted as it revolves around the revolves around the sun which allows sun which allows various places to various places to have a certain have a certain weather during the weather during the seasons.seasons.

4 Seasons4 Seasons

Seasons Cont.Seasons Cont.

During winter for Cleveland and other places in the During winter for Cleveland and other places in the Northern Hemisphere, we are tilted out of contact with Northern Hemisphere, we are tilted out of contact with these hottest rays from the sun. This is why it is cold. these hottest rays from the sun. This is why it is cold.

Places along the equator are hot year round because they Places along the equator are hot year round because they are in direct contact with the sun’s hottest rays or very are in direct contact with the sun’s hottest rays or very close to themclose to them

When the Northern Hemisphere is having winter, the When the Northern Hemisphere is having winter, the Southern Hemisphere is having summer. This is Southern Hemisphere is having summer. This is because the Earth’s tilt brings the S. Hemishere in because the Earth’s tilt brings the S. Hemishere in contact with the hottest direct rays.contact with the hottest direct rays.

Places along the equator are warm year round because the Places along the equator are warm year round because the hot direct rays never move far from the equator.hot direct rays never move far from the equator.

Places close to the N. & S. Pole never get the sun’s direct Places close to the N. & S. Pole never get the sun’s direct hot rays. This is why its never warm in these areas.hot rays. This is why its never warm in these areas.

The MoonThe Moon

Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse

Occurs when the Occurs when the moon either partially moon either partially or completely blocks or completely blocks the sun from the the sun from the Earth’s view.Earth’s view.

The last total eclipse The last total eclipse was the solar eclipse was the solar eclipse of July 11, 2010. The of July 11, 2010. The next will be the solar next will be the solar eclipse of November eclipse of November 13, 2012. 13, 2012.

Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse

Plate Tectonics TheoryPlate Tectonics Theory Theory that the Earth’s crust is made up of many plates Theory that the Earth’s crust is made up of many plates

that are floating on top of the Earth’s mantle layer that is that are floating on top of the Earth’s mantle layer that is molten liquid rock. These plates interact with each other molten liquid rock. These plates interact with each other in many ways…in many ways…

1) When plates slide past each other creating friction, 1) When plates slide past each other creating friction, earthquakes occur.earthquakes occur.

2) When Earth’s plates collide and push up they can 2) When Earth’s plates collide and push up they can create mountain rangescreate mountain ranges

3) Magma from mantle can erupt passed space between 3) Magma from mantle can erupt passed space between 2 plates or melt through a soft crustal plate.2 plates or melt through a soft crustal plate.

4) The crustal plates sit on the mantle layer of the Earth. 4) The crustal plates sit on the mantle layer of the Earth. The mantle is liquid hot rock that convection currents. The mantle is liquid hot rock that convection currents. These convection currents push the plates around These convection currents push the plates around causing continents to drift and seafloors to spread.causing continents to drift and seafloors to spread.

Plates & BoundariesPlates & Boundaries

http://www.learner.org/interactives/http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/plate.htmldynamicearth/plate.html

The Continental Drift TheoryThe Continental Drift Theory Alfred Wagener proposed that Alfred Wagener proposed that

at one time all continents at one time all continents joined together in a single joined together in a single land mass.land mass.

Evidence to support theory is Evidence to support theory is that that

1) 1) identical fossils of an of an animal were found on animal were found on different continents different continents

2) 2) identical rock layers were were found on many continents found on many continents

3) 3) continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle..

Cross SectionCross Section

Rock sediments get laid down where the oldest Rock sediments get laid down where the oldest rock is at the bottom.rock is at the bottom.

Which layer is the youngest?Which layer is the youngest? Due to plates moving, sometimes layers of the Due to plates moving, sometimes layers of the

earth get folded or faulted.earth get folded or faulted.

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels Fossil layers are a source of fossil fuelsFossil layers are a source of fossil fuels Organisms turned into carbon which we use as Organisms turned into carbon which we use as

fuel, including gasoline, oil and coal.fuel, including gasoline, oil and coal. Nonrenewable Resources-Nonrenewable Resources- cannot be ever cannot be ever

replaced or renewed; took millions of years to replaced or renewed; took millions of years to form.form.

Renewable Resources-Renewable Resources- can be renewed and can be renewed and replaced. Sunlight, water power, wind, wood, replaced. Sunlight, water power, wind, wood, crops are all renewablecrops are all renewable

Sunlight never runs out!Sunlight never runs out! Crops and wood can be grown constantlyCrops and wood can be grown constantly

What is a downside to fossil fuels?What is a downside to fossil fuels?

They will run out one day soonThey will run out one day soon They cause Global WarmingThey cause Global Warming

Global WarmingGlobal Warming Global warming is the planet becoming warmer Global warming is the planet becoming warmer

throughout the years.throughout the years. Greenhouse Effect-Greenhouse Effect- The Earth has an insulation The Earth has an insulation

layer of CO2 in its atmosphere that helps keep layer of CO2 in its atmosphere that helps keep warmth from the sun. The layer is thin enough to warmth from the sun. The layer is thin enough to let some heat escape so our planet does not get let some heat escape so our planet does not get too hot.too hot.

When fossil fuels & wood are burned they give When fossil fuels & wood are burned they give off carbon dioxide (CO2) which causes the off carbon dioxide (CO2) which causes the insulation layer to be too thick so not too much insulation layer to be too thick so not too much heat is trapped not being allowed to escape. heat is trapped not being allowed to escape. This causes This causes Global WarmingGlobal Warming!!

What Can We Do?What Can We Do?

We can use clean alternative energy sources We can use clean alternative energy sources (non carbon dioxide producing sources)(non carbon dioxide producing sources)

We can conserve resourcesWe can conserve resources RecycleRecycle Car poolCar pool Riding a bicycle instead of drivingRiding a bicycle instead of driving Use public transportationUse public transportation Turn off water and electricity when not in useTurn off water and electricity when not in use

ConservationConservation

Idea of protecting our resources and Idea of protecting our resources and naturenature

Natural places that must be protected can Natural places that must be protected can be grouped into different be grouped into different biomesbiomes..

Biomes are places that have distinct Biomes are places that have distinct climate (how much rainfall they receive climate (how much rainfall they receive and their temperatures) and types of and their temperatures) and types of plants and animals that thrive in these plants and animals that thrive in these specific climates.specific climates.

BiomesBiomesType of BiomeType of Biome ClimateClimateDesertDesert Little rain & large daily change in temperature (hot Little rain & large daily change in temperature (hot

in day & cold at night)in day & cold at night)

RainforestRainforest Lots of rain with hot temperaturesLots of rain with hot temperatures

TundraTundra Has dry & wet seasons, but very coldHas dry & wet seasons, but very cold

GrasslandsGrasslands Has dry & wet season. Temperature is hot.Has dry & wet season. Temperature is hot.

Deciduous ForestDeciduous Forest Moisture evenly distributed throughout the year. Moisture evenly distributed throughout the year. Has warm summers and cold winters.Has warm summers and cold winters.

Coniferous ForestConiferous Forest Moisture varies throughout the year. Has cool Moisture varies throughout the year. Has cool summers and cold winters.summers and cold winters.

Biomes of the WorldBiomes of the World

Rainforest BiomeRainforest Biome

Major RainforestMajor Rainforest

DesertDesert

Major DesertsMajor Deserts

Grassland Grassland BiomeBiome

Major GrasslandsMajor Grasslands

TundraTundra

Deciduous ForestDeciduous Forest

Coniferous ForestConiferous Forest

Temperate BiomesTemperate Biomes

WeatherWeather

Conditions in our atmosphere such as Conditions in our atmosphere such as temperature, sunshine, rain, snow and clouds.temperature, sunshine, rain, snow and clouds.

Sun is main cause for weatherSun is main cause for weather Certain materials heat up differently. Darker Certain materials heat up differently. Darker

objects absorb heat from the sun better than objects absorb heat from the sun better than light ones, which reflect heat better. This is why light ones, which reflect heat better. This is why asphalt parking lots can be so hot in summer.asphalt parking lots can be so hot in summer.

Different surfaces heat differently, causing hot Different surfaces heat differently, causing hot air to rise and cooler air to sink. When this air to rise and cooler air to sink. When this happens wind occurs.happens wind occurs.

ClimateClimate

Amount of precipitation and the temperature an Amount of precipitation and the temperature an area gets throughout the year.area gets throughout the year.

Cleveland’s weather for today may be warm and Cleveland’s weather for today may be warm and sunny and tomorrow it could be cold & rainy. sunny and tomorrow it could be cold & rainy.

Cleveland’s climate however is warm summers, Cleveland’s climate however is warm summers, cold winters and moisture throughout the year.cold winters and moisture throughout the year.

Why is this so??Why is this so??

EarthEarth The distance around Earth's orbit The distance around Earth's orbit

is 584 million miles Earth travels in is 584 million miles Earth travels in its orbit at 66,700 miles an hour, its orbit at 66,700 miles an hour, or 18.5 miles a second. or 18.5 miles a second.

Layers of the EarthLayers of the Earth Atmosphere: 78% Nitrogen, 21% Atmosphere: 78% Nitrogen, 21%

OxygenOxygen Sediment Rocks erode, wear Sediment Rocks erode, wear

away, reformaway, reform Metamorphic Rock- inside earthMetamorphic Rock- inside earth There are many cycles on and There are many cycles on and

within Earth. A few of the most within Earth. A few of the most important are (1) atmospheric important are (1) atmospheric circulation, (2) ocean currents, (3) circulation, (2) ocean currents, (3) the global heat conveyor, (4) the the global heat conveyor, (4) the hydrologic cycle, and (5) the rock hydrologic cycle, and (5) the rock cycle. cycle.

The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle