Settlerism K - DDI 2015 SWS

8/20/2019 Settlerism K - DDI 2015 SWS

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Decoloniality/settlerism


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1NCThe United States is a colonial state, and the current political

system excludes natives. In the current system, civil rights are

not aorded to the indigenous, silencing their voice once

again. an eort that uses the state is doomed to !ail.

Tuc" and #ang 1$ (Eve Tuck, State University of New York at New Paltz, K.Wayne Yang University of alifornia, San !iego, !ecolonization" #n$igeneity,E$ucation % Society &ol. ', No. ', )', !ecolonization is not a *eta+or, ++ -/,accesse$ /010'23 4

Te settler, if known 5y is actions an$ ow e 6usti7es te*, sees i*self asol$ing $o*inion over te eart an$ its 8ora an$ fauna , as te antro+ocentricnor*al, an$ as *ore $evelo+e$, *ore u*an, *ore $eserving tan oter grou+s ors+ecies. Te settler is *aking a new 9o*e9 an$ tat o*e is roote$ in ao*estea$ing worl$view were te wil$ lan$ an$ wil$ +eo+le were *a$e for is5ene7t. 4e can only *ake is i$entity as a settler 5y *aking te lan$ +ro$uce, an$+ro$uce e:cessively, 5ecause 9civilization9 is $e7ne$ as +ro$uction in e:cess of te9natural9 worl$ (i.e. in e:cess of te sustaina5le +ro$uction alrea$y +resent in te#n$igenous worl$3. #n or$er for e:cess +ro$uction, e nee$s e:cess la5or, wic ecannot +rovi$e i*self. Te cattel slave serves as tat e:cess la5or, la5or tat cannever 5e +ai$ 5ecause +ay*ent woul$ ave to 5e in te for* of +ro+erty (lan$3.

Te settler;s wealt is lan$, or a fungi5le version of it, an$ so +ay*ent for la5or isi*+ossi5le.- Te settler +ositions i*self as 5ot su+erior an$ nor*al< te settler isnatural, wereas te #n$igenous ina5itant an$ te cattel slave are unnatural,even su+ernatural. Settlers are not i**igrants. #**igrants are 5eol$en to te#n$igenous laws an$ e+iste*ologies of te lan$s tey *igrate to. Settlers 5eco*e

te law, su++lanting #n$igenous laws an$ e+iste*ologies. Terefore, settler nationsare not i**igrant nations (See also =.>. ?arker, ))@3. Not uniAue, te Unite$States, as a settler colonial nationstate, also o+erates as an e*+ire utilizinge:ternal for*s an$ internal for*s of colonization si*ultaneous to te settler colonial+ro6ect . Tis *eans, an$ tis is +er+le:ing to so*e, tat $is+ossesse$ +eo+le are5rougt onto seize$ #n$igenous lan$ troug oter colonial +ro6ects. Bter colonial+ro6ects inclu$e enslave*ent, as $iscusse$, 5ut also *ilitary recruit*ent, lowwagean$ igwage la5or recruit*ent (suc as agricultural workers an$ overseastraine$engineers3, an$ $is+lace*ent0*igration (suc as te coerce$ i**igration fro*nations torn 5y U.S. wars or $evastate$ 5y U.S. econo*ic +olicy3. #n tis set ofsettler colonial relations, colonial su56ects wo are $is+lace$ 5y e:ternal

colonialis*, as well as racialize$ an$ *inoritize$ 5y internal colonialis*, still occu+yan$ settle stolen #n$igenous lan$. Settlers are $iverse, not 6ust of wite Euro+ean$escent, an$ inclu$e +eo+le of color, even fro* oter colonial conte:ts. Tis tigtlywoun$ set of con$itions an$ racialize$, glo5alize$ relations e:+onentiallyco*+licates wat is *eant 5y $ecolonization, an$ 5y soli$arity, against settlercolonial forces. !ecolonization in e:+loitative colonial situations coul$ involve teseizing of i*+erial wealt 5y te +ostcolonial su56ect. #n settler colonial situations,seizing i*+erial wealt is ine:trica5ly tie$ to settle*ent an$ reinvasion. Cikewise,


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te +ro*ise of integration an$ civil rigts is +re$icate$ on securing a sare of asettlera++ro+riate$ wealt (as well as e:+ro+riate$ Dtir$worl$ wealt3.!ecolonization in a settler conte:t is fraugt 5ecause e*+ire, settle*ent, an$internal colony ave no s+atial se+aration. Eac of tese features of settlercolonialis* in te US conte:t e*+ire, settle*ent, an$ internal colony *ake it a

site of contra$ictory $ecolonial $esires/ . !ecolonization as *eta+or allows +eo+leto eAuivocate tese contra$ictory $ecolonial $esires 5ecause it turns $ecolonizationinto an e*+ty signi7er to 5e 7lle$ 5y any track towar$s li5eration. #n reality, tetracks walk all over lan$0+eo+le in settler conte:ts. Toug te $etails are not 7:e$or agree$ u+on, in our view, $ecolonization in te settler colonial conte:t *ustinvolve te re+atriation of lan$ si*ultaneous to te recognition of ow lan$ an$relations to lan$ ave always alrea$y 5een $iFerently un$erstoo$ an$ enacte$< tatis, all of te lan$, an$ not 6ust sy*5olically. Tis is +recisely wy $ecolonization isnecessarily unsettling, es+ecially across lines of soli$arity. G!ecolonization nevertakes +lace unnotice$H (Ianon, '@-J, +. J-3. Settler colonialis* an$ its$ecolonization i*+licates an$ unsettles everyone.

The central %uestion o! this de&ate is that the exclusion o!indigenous peoples provides the ontological grounding !or

modern sovereignty'any analysis (hich !ails to !oreground

these histories is doomed to reproduce the horrors o!

colonialism

D)*rrico + (!;Errico, Peter. 9=EL#=N #N!#=N SB&ELE#MNTY" NBW YBU SEE #T,NBW YBU !BN;T.9 =*erican #n$ian ivics Pro6ect. =, US=, =rcata. 1 Bct. '@@/.UMASS. We5. ' Ie5. )'2.tt+"00www.u*ass.e$u0legal0$errico0nowyouseeit.t*lO. 00T?3

Contemporary Non-Recognition of Indigenous Peoples Over 300 million people on earth today can be said to be truly |||are||| "indigenous " -- living on lands which they have inhabited since time immemorial. In every instance, indigenous

communities are legally circumscribed by one or more nation-states , within territorial

boundaries drawn by government geography. These 3 million constitute an increasingly self-aware force for globalrethin!ing of the nature of power. Their challenge is increasingly overt and serious to the world"s political structure. The #nited Nations"

designation of The $ecade of Indigenous People is a symptom of this challenge. The nature of the challenge becomes more clear when we

consider the revision of the original designation% which referred to indigenous peoples. The plural orm -- "peoples" --

triggered immense an!iety and successul resistance by member states o the #, on the

grounds that these 300 million people are individual citi$ens o states claiming %urisdiction

over them, and not members o independent peoples. "&eoples" in international law

implies rights o sel-determination , which the nited ' tates too( the lead to challenge|||d|||

as not applicable to indigenous peoples . The #.&. argues that there can collective self-determination e'ists only throughstates% and that indigenous people are groups of individuals with shared cultural% linguistic% and social features% but without any internal coherence

as (peoples.( This argument contradicts the #.&% claim that it deals with indigenous peoples on a (government-to-government( basis. )ere is one

e'ample of (now you see it% now you don"t.( In light o the history o treaty-ma(ing and with an eye toward

restoring the sense o e)uality between nations that %ustiied the treaty process to begin

with, *merican Indians are -- in concert with indigenous peoples worldwide -- assert ing a

sense o their own "sovereignty." The #nited Nations $raft $eclaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is at the center ofthis global struggle for self-determination. The $eclaration is the product of twenty years of negotiating among indigenous peoples and #.N.

bodies. It"s very title draws the line of battle -- rights of indigenous peoples *plural+. ,ederal Indian aw +hen we enter into the


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realm o "ederal Indian law," we need to (eep in mind that we are traveling in a semantic

world created by one group to rule another. The terminology of law is a powerful naming process. In wor!ing with thislaw% we will use the names that it uses% but we will always want to !eep in mind that the reality behind the names is what we are struggling over.

*ccording to the theory o sovereignty in ederal Indian law, "tribal" peoples have a lesser

orm o "sovereignty," which is not really sovereignty at all, but dependence. In the words of Chiefustice ohn /arshall in Chero!ee Nation v. 0eorgia *1231+% merican Indian societies% though they are (nations( in the general sense of the

word% are not fully sovereign% but are (domestic% dependent nations.( The shell game of merican Indian sovereignty -- the (now you see it% now

you don"t( 4uality -- started right at the beginning of federal Indian law. The oundation o ederal Indian law is the

assertion by the nited ' tates o a special (ind o non-sovereign sovereignty.

Tis continue$ e:clusion of te native voice results in racialize$ genoci$e in tena*e of +rotecting te nation.-ol!e Patrick Wolfe, researces stuF on genoci$e an$ settler colonialis. GSettler colonialis* an$ teeli*ination of te nativeH, tt+"00www.kooriwe5.org0foley0resources0+$fs0Q@.+$f00LaulR

Te Auestion of genoci$e is never far fro* $iscussions of settler colonialis*. Can$ islifeor, at least, lan$ is necessary for life. Tus contests for lan$ can 5e in$ee$, often arecontests for life. Yet tis is not to say tat settler colonialis* is si*+ly a for* of genoci$e. #n so*e

settlercolonial sites (one tinks, for instance, of Ii6i3, native society was a5le to acco**o$atetoug ar$lyunscate$te inva$ers an$ te transfor*ative socioecono*ic syste* tat tey intro$uce$. Even in sites ofwolesale e:+ro+riation suc as =ustralia or Nort =*erica, settler colonialis*s genoci$al outco*es ave not*anifeste$ evenly across ti*e or s+ace. Native Title in =ustralia or #n$ian sovereignty in te US *ay ave$eleterious features, 5ut tese are ar$ly eAuivalent to te i*+act of frontier o*ici$e. oreover, tere can 5egenoci$e in te a5sence of settler colonialis*. Te 5est known of all genoci$es was internal to Euro+e, wilegenoci$es tat ave 5een +er+etrate$ in, for e:a*+le, =r*enia, a*5o$ia, Lwan$a or (one fears3 !arfur $o not

see* to 5e assigna5le to settler colonialis*. #n tis article, # sall 5egin to e:+lore, in co*+arative fasion,te relationsi+ 5etween genoci$e an$ te settlercolonial ten$ency tat # ter* te logicof eli*ination.' # conten$ tat, toug te two ave converge$wic is to say, te settlercolonial logicof eli*ination as *anifeste$ as genoci$altey soul$ 5e $istinguise$. Settler colonialis* isinerently eli*inatory 5ut not invaria5ly genoci$al. =s +ractise$ 5y Euro+eans, 5ot genoci$e an$ settlercolonialis* ave ty+ically e*+loye$ te organizing gra**ar of race. Euro+ean :eno+o5ic tra$itions suc as antiSe*itis*, #sla*o+o5ia, or Negro+o5ia are consi$era5ly ol$er tan race, wic, as *any ave sown, 5eca*e

$iscursively consoli$ate$ fairly late in te eigteent century. ?ut te *ere fact tat race is a social construct $oesnot of itself tell us very *uc. =s # ave argue$, $iFerent racial regi*es enco$e an$ re+ro$uce te uneAual

relationsi+s into wic Euro+eans coerce$ te +o+ulations concerne$. Ior instance, #n$ians an$ ?lack+eo+le in te US ave 5een racialize$ in o++osing ways tat re8ect teir antiteticalroles in te for*ation of US society. ?lack +eo+les enslave*ent +ro$uce$ an inclusive ta:ono*y tatauto*atically enslave$ te oFs+ring of a slave an$ any oter +arent. #n te wake of slavery, tis ta:ono*y 5eca*efully racialize$ in te Gone$ro+ rule,H >ournal of Menoci$e Lesearc ())-3, Q(13, !ece*5er, JQ/1)@ #SSN '1-J2Q +rint< #SSN '1-@@1@1 online0)-)1)JQ/J V ))- Lesearc Network in Menoci$e Stu$ies !B#"').')Q)'1-J2)-)')2-1) were5y any a*ount of =frican ancestry, no *atter ow re*ote, an$ regar$less of+enoty+ical a++earance, *akes a +erson ?lack. Ior #n$ians, in stark contrast, non#n$ian ancestry co*+ro*ise$

teir in$igeneity, +ro$ucing Galf5ree$s,H a regi*e tat +ersists in te for* of 5loo$ Auantu* regulations. =so++ose$ to enslave$ +eo+le, wose re+ro$uction aug*ente$ teir owners wealt,#n$igenous +eo+le o5structe$ settlers access to lan$, so teir increase was

counter+ro$uctive . #n tis way, te restrictive racial classi7cation of #n$ians straigtforwar$ly furtere$ telogic of eli*ination. Tus we cannot si*+ly say tat settler colonialis* or genoci$e ave 5een targete$ at +articularraces, since a race cannot 5e taken as given. #t is *a$e in te targeting.J ?lack +eo+le were racialize$ as slaves<slavery constitute$ teir 5lackness. orres+on$ingly, #n$igenous Nort =*ericans were not kille$, $riven away,ro*anticize$, assi*ilate$, fence$ in, 5re$ Wite, an$ oterwise eli*inate$ as te original owners of te lan$ 5ut as#n$ians. Loger S*it as *isse$ tis +oint in seeking to $istinguis 5etween victi*s *ur$ere$ for were tey arean$ victi*s *ur$ere$ for wo tey are.1 So far as #n$igenous +eo+le are concerne$, were tey are is wo teyare, an$ not only 5y teir own reckoning. =s !e5ora ?ir$ Lose as +ointe$ out, to get in te way of settler

colonization, all te native as to $o is stay at o*e.2 Watever settlers *ay say an$ teygenerally ave a lot to sayte +ri*ary *otive for eli*ination is not race (or


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religion, etnicity, gra$e of civilization, etc.3 5ut access to territory. Territoriality issettler colonialis*s s+eci7c, irre$uci5le ele*ent . Te logic of eli*ination not onlyrefers to te su**ary liAui$ation of #n$igenous +eo+le , toug it inclu$es tat. #n co**onwit genoci$e as La+ael Ce*kin caracterize$ it,- settler colonialis* as 5ot negative an$ +ositive $i*ensions.Negatively, it strives for te $issolution of native societies. Positively, it erects a new colonial society on tee:+ro+riate$ lan$ 5aseas # +ut it, settler colonizers co*e to stay" invasion is a structure not an event./ #n its+ositive as+ect, eli*ination is an organizing +rinci+al of settlercolonial society rater tan a oneoF (an$

su+erse$e$3 occurrence. Te +ositive outco*es of te logic of eli*ination can inclu$eoXcially encourage$ *iscegenation, te 5reaking$own of native title into aliena5lein$ivi$ual freeol$s, native citizensi+, cil$ a5$uction, religious conversion,resocialization in total institutions suc as *issions or 5oar$ing scools, an$ awole range of cognate 5iocultural assi*ilations. =ll tese strategies, inclu$ingfrontier o*ici$e, are caracteristic of settler colonialis*. So*e of te* are *orecontroversial in genoci$e stu$ies tan oters.

The lternative is to decoloni0e unconditionally, solving !or

indigenous oppression is impossi&le in the current system,

decoloni0ation must come rst.-a0iyata(in 11

(Waziyatawin, Waziyatawin is a Dakota professor, author, and activist from the Pezihutazizi Otunwe insouthwestern Minnesota , ')'', 9olonialis* on te Mroun$,9 Unsettling =*erica,tt+s"00unsettlinga*erica.wor$+ress.co*0)''0)'0)0colonialis*ontegroun$0V*ore12, accesse$ /0-0'23 4

=, 5ut so*e *igt argue tat #n$igenous Peo+les in te Unite$ States aresovereign nations an$ are alrea$y self$eter*ine$. ?y wat stan$ar$s Everysyste* an$ institution tat we 5u*+ u+ against on a $aily 5asis is not of our*aking, 5ut as 5een i*+ose$ un$er colonial rule. Te econo*ic syste*, lan$

tenure syste*, e$ucational syste*, social welfare syste*, govern*ental structure,religious institutions are all colonial institutions tat continue to o++ress #n$igenousPeo+les an$ $eny #n$igenous li5eration. Even free$o*s tat teoretically a++ly toall =*erican citizens, suc as religious free$o*, are routinely $enie$ to #n$igenousPeo+les. We $o not even ave control over te +rotection of our ancestors re*ains.ertainly, te fun$a*ental free$o*s tat are necessary for #n$igenous ways of5eing, suc as access to o*elan$, clean air an$ water, are not +art of our reality.Wat, in our lives, $o we ave co*+lete control over Wile we, along wit oterantistatist co**unities, occasionally e:+erience wat 4aki* ?ey i$enti7es as

Te*+orary =utono*ous Zones (create$ as an alternative to te e:isting ege*onicor$er3, we ave yet to +ro$uce lasting #n$igenous co**unities in te U.S. tat

o+erate fully outsi$e of a colonial e:istence. #nstea$, we create s+aces were ourways of 5eing are +ractice$ an$ nurture$, were we atte*+t to li5erate ourselvesfro* te o++ression tat surroun$s our $aily e:istence, were it is goo$ to 5e#n$igenous. We *ake te* last as long as we can, 5ut 5ecause tey, as of yet,cannot 5e sustaine$, we are force$ to return to te Greal worl$H tat s*oters witan o++ressive weigt not all of us can 5ear to carry. Self$eter*ination is ani*+ossi5ility un$er colonial rule. eaningful cange will reAuire $ra*atic action onour +art tat can *ove us 5eyon$ colonial interference. #f we as #n$igenous Peo+les

https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/colonialism-on-the-ground/#more-45https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/colonialism-on-the-ground/#more-45https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/colonialism-on-the-ground/#more-45https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/colonialism-on-the-ground/#more-45


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in te Unite$ States ever want a li5erate$ future for our future generations orourselves, we ave to work towar$ $ecolonization. !ecolonization is Gte intelligent,calculate$, an$ active resistance to te forces of colonialis* tat +er+etuate tesu56ugation an$0or e:+loitation of our *in$s, 5o$ies, an$ lan$s, an$ it is engage$for te ulti*ate +ur+ose of overturning te colonial structure an$ realizing

#n$igenous li5eration.H' = growing awareness of colonialis* ine:ora5ly lea$s to asi*ultaneous $issatisfaction wit te situation an$ a growing unrest. Tis, in turn,as te +otential to lea$ to revolutionary +ra:is. Tus, recognition of tis colonialreality is te 7rst ste+ towar$ our li5eration. We cannot resist wat we cannoti$entify an$ na*e. Ten we nee$ to 5egin to i*agine an alternative reality. Burcolonizers ave tol$ us tat we *ust acce+t te way tings are 5ecause we cannotcange te*. Tat is, we *ust acce+t our own su56ugation an$ teir $o*ination asa natural an$ inevita5le state. !ecolonization is a re6ection of tat logic. #t tereforereAuires o+ening u+ te *in$ to new visions of wat is +ossi5le. #f we were notsu56ect to te autority or +resence of te Unite$ States govern*ent an$ itscitizens wat woul$ we want our lives to look like Te struggle for $ecolonizationreAuires us to i$entify clearly our o56ectives as #n$igenous Peo+les an$ to criticallyAuestion weter tose o56ectives are constraine$ 5y te +ara*eters of tougt set5y colonialis*, or weter tey traverse tose +ara*eters an$ re8ect our $esiresas free, #n$igenous Peo+les of te lan$. #f tis critical interrogation of our own vision$oes not occur, even u+on overturning colonialis* we woul$ run te risk ofre+licating colonial institutions an$ syste*s a*ong our own +o+ulations.

2IN3 4*5*


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Solvency Ta"eoutsThere is no (ay to solve !or oppression (ithin the system, only

a prior decoloni0ation allo(s !or the ridding o! oppression.

Sartre 6

(>ean Paul Satre, '@2/, 4e was awar$e$ te '@-1 No5el Prize in Citerature 5utrefuse$ it, saying tat e always $ecline$ oXcial onors an$ tat 9a writer soul$not allow i*self to 5e turne$ into an institution, Te intro$uction of Te olonizeran$ te olonize$, ++. '@', tt+"00atlasarts.org.uk0w+content0u+loa$s0)'20)J0=l5erte**iTeolonizeran$teolonize$.+$f 3 4

[we $ont en$orse gen$ere$ language.

Tis is $ou5tless te reason e**i *igt 5e re+roace$ for is see*ing i$ealis*<in fact, e tells all. ?ut one can aggle wit i* a5out is *eto$. Pera+s it woul$ave 5een 5etter to sow te colonizer an$ is victi* 5ot trottle$ 5y te colonial

a++aratus, tat cu*5erso*e *acine, constructe$ at te $ose of te Secon$E*+ire an$ un$er te Tir$ Le+u5lic, tat now, after giving te colonizers everysatisfaction, turns against te* an$ treatens to crus te*. #n fact, racis* is 5uiltinto te syste*" te colony sells +ro$uce. an$ raw *aterials cea+ly, an$ +urcases*anufacture$ goo$s at very ig +rices fro* te *oter country. Tis singulartra$e is +ro7ta5le to 5ot +arties only if te native works for little or noting. Tecolonial agricultural su5+roletariat cannot even count on an alliance wit te leastfavore$ Euro+eans, for everyone lives oF te*, even te 9s*all colonizers,9 wo*te 5ig +ro+rietors e:+loit, 5ut wo are +rivilege$ co*+are$ to te =lgerians, teaverage inco*e of te =lgerian Irenc*an 5eing ten ti*es tat of te =lgerian\osle*. 4ere te tension is 5orn. To kee+ salaries an$ te cost of living at a

*ini*u*, tere *ust 5e great co*+etition a*ong native workers, so te 5irt rate*ust rise< 5ut since te country;s resources are ear*arke$ for colonialista++ro+riation, te osle* stan$ar$ of living, on constant wages, continues to fall.

Te +o+ulation tus lives in a cronic state of. *alnutrition. onAuest occurre$troug violence, an$ overe:+loitation an$ o++ression necessitate con\ tinue$violence, so te ar*y is +resent. Tere woul$ 5e no contra$iction in tat, if terrorreigne$ everywere in te worl$, 5ut te colonizer en6oys, in te *oter country,$e*ocratic rigts tat te colonialist syste* refuses to te colonize$ native. #n fact,te colonialist syste* favors +o+ulation growt to re$uce te cost of la5or, an$ itfor5i$s assi*ilation of \ te natives, wose nu*erical su+eriority, if tey a$ votingrigts, woul$ satter te syste*. olonialist $enies u*an rigts to u*an 5eings

wo* it as su5$ue$ 5y violence, an$ kee+s te* 5y force in a state of *isery an$ignorance tat ar: woul$ rigtly call a su5u*an con$ition. Lacis* is ingraine$ inactions, institutions, an$ in te nature.of te colonialist *eto$s of +ro$uction an$e:cange. Political an$ social regulations reinforce one anoter. Since te native issu5u*an, te !eclaration of 4u*an Ligts $oes not a++ly to i*< inversely, sincee as no rigts, e is a5an$one$ witout +rotection to inu*an forces5rougt inwit te colonialist +ra:is, engen$ere$ every *o*ent 5y te colonialist a++aratus,an$ sustaine$ 5y relations of +ro$uction tat $e7ne two sorts of in$ivi$ualsone for

http://atlasarts.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Albert-Memmi-The-Colonizer-and-the-Colonized.pdfhttp://atlasarts.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Albert-Memmi-The-Colonizer-and-the-Colonized.pdfhttp://atlasarts.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Albert-Memmi-The-Colonizer-and-the-Colonized.pdfhttp://atlasarts.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Albert-Memmi-The-Colonizer-and-the-Colonized.pdf


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wo* +rivilege an$ u*anity are one, wo 5eco*es a u*an 5eing trouge:ercising is rigts< an$ te oter, for wo* a $enial of rigts sanctions *isery,cronic unger, ignorance, or, in general, 9su5u*anity.9 # ave always tougt tati$eas take for* fro* tings an$ tat te i$eas are alrea$y witin *an wen eawakens te* an$ e:+resses te* to eluci$ate is situation. Te colonizer;s

9conservatis*9 an$ 9racis*,9 is a*5iguous relations wit te *oter countrysuctings are given 7rst, 5efore e revives te* into Nero co*+le:es.


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2in"s


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TohonoThe United States is a colonial state, and the civil rights the

1C advocates !ails &ecause it operates in this colonial space

and is only a !urther progress trap resulting in the continued

colonial oppression o! the Tohono.Tuc" and #ang 1$ (Eve Tuck, State University of New York at New Paltz, K.Wayne Yang University of alifornia, San !iego, !ecolonization" #n$igeneity,E$ucation % Society &ol. ', No. ', )', !ecolonization is not a *eta+or, ++ -/,accesse$ /010'23 4

Te settler, if known 5y is actions an$ ow e 6usti7es te*, sees i*self asol$ing $o*inion over te eart an$ its 8ora an$ fauna, as te antro+ocentricnor*al, an$ as *ore $evelo+e$, *ore u*an, *ore $eserving tan oter grou+s ors+ecies. Te settler is *aking a new 9o*e9 an$ tat o*e is roote$ in ao*estea$ing worl$view were te wil$ lan$ an$ wil$ +eo+le were *a$e for is

5ene7t. 4e can only *ake is i$entity as a settler 5y *aking te lan$ +ro$uce, an$+ro$uce e:cessively, 5ecause 9civilization9 is $e7ne$ as +ro$uction in e:cess of te9natural9 worl$ (i.e. in e:cess of te sustaina5le +ro$uction alrea$y +resent in te#n$igenous worl$3. #n or$er for e:cess +ro$uction, e nee$s e:cess la5or, wic ecannot +rovi$e i*self. Te cattel slave serves as tat e:cess la5or, la5or tat cannever 5e +ai$ 5ecause +ay*ent woul$ ave to 5e in te for* of +ro+erty (lan$3.

Te settler;s wealt is lan$, or a fungi5le version of it, an$ so +ay*ent for la5or isi*+ossi5le.- Te settler +ositions i*self as 5ot su+erior an$ nor*al< te settler isnatural, wereas te #n$igenous ina5itant an$ te cattel slave are unnatural,even su+ernatural. Settlers are not i**igrants. #**igrants are 5eol$en to te#n$igenous laws an$ e+iste*ologies of te lan$s tey *igrate to. Settlers 5eco*e

te law, su++lanting #n$igenous laws an$ e+iste*ologies. Terefore, settler nationsare not i**igrant nations (See also =.>. ?arker, ))@3. Not uniAue, te Unite$States, as a settler colonial nationstate, also o+erates as an e*+ire utilizinge:ternal for*s an$ internal for*s of colonization si*ultaneous to te settler colonial+ro6ect. Tis *eans, an$ tis is +er+le:ing to so*e, tat $is+ossesse$ +eo+le are5rougt onto seize$ #n$igenous lan$ troug oter colonial +ro6ects. Bter colonial+ro6ects inclu$e enslave*ent, as $iscusse$, 5ut also *ilitary recruit*ent, lowwagean$ igwage la5or recruit*ent (suc as agricultural workers an$ overseastraine$engineers3, an$ $is+lace*ent0*igration (suc as te coerce$ i**igration fro*nations torn 5y U.S. wars or $evastate$ 5y U.S. econo*ic +olicy3. #n tis set ofsettler colonial relations, colonial su56ects wo are $is+lace$ 5y e:ternal

colonialis*, as well as racialize$ an$ *inoritize$ 5y internal colonialis*, still occu+yan$ settle stolen #n$igenous lan$. Settlers are $iverse, not 6ust of wite Euro+ean$escent, an$ inclu$e +eo+le of color, even fro* oter colonial conte:ts. Tis tigtlywoun$ set of con$itions an$ racialize$, glo5alize$ relations e:+onentiallyco*+licates wat is *eant 5y $ecolonization, an$ 5y soli$arity, against settlercolonial forces. !ecolonization in e:+loitative colonial situations coul$ involve teseizing of i*+erial wealt 5y te +ostcolonial su56ect. #n settler colonial situations,seizing i*+erial wealt is ine:trica5ly tie$ to settle*ent an$ reinvasion. Cikewise,


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te +ro*ise of integration an$ civil rigts is +re$icate$ on securing a sare of asettlera++ro+riate$ wealt (as well as e:+ro+riate$ Dtir$worl$ wealt3.!ecolonization in a settler conte:t is fraugt 5ecause e*+ire, settle*ent, an$internal colony ave no s+atial se+aration. Eac of tese features of settlercolonialis* in te US conte:t e*+ire, settle*ent, an$ internal colony *ake it a

site of contra$ictory $ecolonial $esires/ . !ecolonization as *eta+or allows +eo+leto eAuivocate tese contra$ictory $ecolonial $esires 5ecause it turns $ecolonizationinto an e*+ty signi7er to 5e 7lle$ 5y any track towar$s li5eration. #n reality, tetracks walk all over lan$0+eo+le in settler conte:ts. Toug te $etails are not 7:e$or agree$ u+on, in our view, $ecolonization in te settler colonial conte:t *ustinvolve te re+atriation of lan$ si*ultaneous to te recognition of ow lan$ an$relations to lan$ ave always alrea$y 5een $iFerently un$erstoo$ an$ enacte$< tatis, all of te lan$, an$ not 6ust sy*5olically. Tis is +recisely wy $ecolonization isnecessarily unsettling, es+ecially across lines of soli$arity. G!ecolonization nevertakes +lace unnotice$H (Ianon, '@-J, +. J-3. Settler colonialis* an$ its$ecolonization i*+licates an$ unsettles everyone.

The 1C)s !raming o! the Tohono as a people in crisis concealsthe erasure o! the Indigenous and !orces them to the margins

o! pu&lic discourse.

Tuc" and #ang 1$ (Eve Tuck, State University of New York at New Paltz, K.Wayne Yang University of alifornia, San !iego, !ecolonization" #n$igeneity,E$ucation % Society &ol. ', No. ', )', !ecolonization is not a *eta+or, ++ J, accesse$ /010'23 4

Tis settler *ove to innocence is concerne$ wit te ways in wic #n$igenous+eo+les are counte$, co$i7e$, re+resente$, an$ inclu$e$0$isinclu$e$ 5y e$ucationalresearcers an$ oter social science researcers. #n$igenous +eo+les are ren$ere$visi5le in *ainstrea* e$ucational researc in two *ain ways" as Gat riskH +eo+lesan$ as asterisk +eo+les. Tis co*+rises a settler *ove to innocence 5ecause iterases an$ ten conceals te erasure of #n$igenous +eo+les witin te settlercolonial nationstate an$ *oves #n$igenous nations as G+o+ulationsH to te *arginsof +u5lic $iscourse. =s Gat riskH +eo+les, #n$igenous stu$ents an$ fa*ilies are$escri5e$ as on te verge of e:tinction, culturally an$ econo*ically 5ereft, engage$or soonto5e engage$ in self$estructive 5eaviors wic can interru+t teir scoolcareers an$ sea*less a5sor+tion into te econo*y. Even toug it is wi$ely knownan$ veri7e$ tat Native yout gain access to +ersonal an$ aca$e*ic success wentey also ave access to0instruction in teir o*e languages, *ost Native =*ericanan$ =laskan Native yout are taugt in Englisonly scools 5y te*+orary teacers

wo know little a5out teir stu$ents co**unities (Co*awai*a an$ carty, ))-<Cee, )''3. Even toug #n$igenous knowle$ge syste*s +re$ate, e:+an$, u+$ate,an$ co*+licate te curricula foun$ in *ost +u5lic scools, scools atten$e$ 5y +oor#n$igenous stu$ents are a*ong tose *ost regi*ente$ in atte*+ts to co*+ly witfe$eral *an$ates. Toug tese *an$ates intru$e on te sovereignty of #n$igenous+eo+les, te GservicesH +ro*ise$ at te ince+tion of tese *an$ates $o little to*ake te scools atten$e$ 5y #n$igenous yout 5etter at +rovi$ing te* aco*+elling, relevant, ins+iring an$ *eaningful e$ucation. =t te sa*e ti*e,


12/45

#n$igenous co**unities 5eco*e te asterisk +eo+les, *eaning tey arere+resente$ 5y an asterisk in large an$ crucial $ata sets, *any of wic arecon$ucte$ to infor* +u5lic +olicy tat i*+act our0teir lives (&illegas, )'3.E$ucation an$ ealt statistics are unavaila5le fro* #n$igenous co**unities for avariety of reasons an$, wen tey are *a$e availa5le, te size of te n, or te

sa*+le size, can a++ear to 5e negligi5le wen co*+are$ to te sa*+le size ofoter0race5ase$ categories. Toug #n$igenous scolars suc as alia &illegasrecognize tat #n$igenous +eo+les are $istinct fro* eac oter 5ut also fro* oterracialize$ grou+s surveye$ in tese stu$ies, tey argue tat $iXculty of collecting5asic e$ucation an$ ealt infor*ation a5out tis s*all an$ eterogeneouscategory *ust 5e overco*e in or$er to counter te $isa++earance of #n$igenous+articularities in +u5lic +olicy. #n U.S. e$ucational researc in +articular, #n$igenous+eo+les are inclu$e$ only as asterisks, as footnotes into $o*inant +ara$ig*s ofe$ucational ineAuality in te U.S. Tis can 5e o5serve$ in te +rogressive literatureon scool $isci+line, on Dun$erre+resente$ *inorities in iger e$ucation, an$ inte literature of re+aration, i.e., re$ressing D+ast wrongs against nonwite Bters.Un$er suc +ara$ig*s, wic $o i*+ortant work on alleviating te sy*+to*s ofcolonialis* (+overty, $is+ossession, cri*inality, +re*ature $eat, culturalgenoci$e3, #n$igeneity is si*+ly an Gan$H or an illustration of o++ression. DUr5ane$ucation, for e:a*+le, is a co$e wor$ for te scooling of 5lack, 5rown, an$gettoize$ yout wo for* te nu*erical *a6ority in $iveste$ +u5lic scools. Ur5an=*erican #n$ians an$ Native =laskans 5eco*e an asterisk grou+, invisi5ilize$, eventoug a5out twotir$s of #n$igenous +eo+les in te U.S. live in ur5an areas,accor$ing to te )') census. Yet, ur5an #n$ians receive fewer fe$eral fun$s fore$ucation, ealt, an$ e*+loy*ent tan teir counter+arts on reservations (?erry,)'3. Si*ilarly, Native Pasi7ka +eo+le 5eco*e an asterisk in te =sian Paci7c#slan$er category an$ teir +olitics0e+iste*ologies0e:+eriences are often su5su*e$un$er a +anetnic =sian=*erican *aster narrative. Iro* a settler view+oint tatconcerns itself wit nu*erical ineAuality, e.g. te acieve*ent ga+,un$erre+resentation, an$ te @@]s sort sare of te wealt of te *etro+ole, teasterisk is an outlier, an outnu*5er. #t is a token gesture, an inclusion an$ anenclosure of Native +eo+le into te +olitics of eAuity. Tese acts of inclusionassi*ilate #n$igenous sovereignty, ways of knowing, an$ ways of 5eing 5y re*akinga collectiveco*+rise$ tri5al i$entity into an in$ivi$ualize$ etnic i$entity. Iro* a$ecolonizing +ers+ective, te asterisk is a 5o$y count tat $oes not account for#n$igenous +olitics, e$ucational concerns, an$ e+iste*ologies. Ur5an lan$ (in$ee$all lan$3 is Native lan$. Te vast *a6ority of Native yout in Nort =*erica live inur5an settings. =ny $ecolonizing ur5an e$ucation en$eavor *ust a$$ress tefoun$ations of ur5an lan$ +e$agogy an$ #n$igenous +olitics visavis te settlercolonial state.

lthough the a7rmative is attac"ing the state, they still

&elieve that it can &e xed, a !atal misconception legitimi0ing

the genocide and coloni0ation o! the indigenous.

Smith $886


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(=n$rea S*it, Native =*erican Ie*inis*, Sovereignty, an$ Social ange , =n$reaS*it is associate +rofessor in te !e+art*ent of e$ia an$ ultural Stu$ies at teUniversity of alifornia, Liversi$e, S+ring ))2, Ie*inist Stu$ies, &ol. J', No. ', ++.'Q'@, tt+"00www.6stor.org0sta5le0)12@)')seA'V+age^scan^ta5^contents 3 4

Native fe*inist teory an$ activis* *ake a critical contri5ution to fe*inist +olitics

as a wole 5y Auestioning te legiti*acy of te Unite$ States s+eci7cally an$ tenationstate as te a++ro+riate for* of governance generally. Progressive activistsan$ scolars, altoug +re+are$ to *ake critiAues of te U.S. govern*ent, are oftennot +re+are$ to Auestion its legiti*acy. = case in +oint is te strategy of *anyracial 6ustice organizations in te Unite$ States to rally against ate cri*es resultingfro* te attacks of @0'' un$er te 5anner, 9We;re =*erican too.9 4owever, watte analysis of Native wo*en activists suggests is tat tis i*+licit allegiance to9=*erica9 legiti*izes te genoci$e an$ colonization of Native +eo+les, as terecoul$ 5e no 9=*erica9 witout tis genoci$e. Tus 5y *aking anticolonial strugglecentral to fe*inist +olitics, Native wo*en *ake central to teir organizing teAuestion of wat is te a++ro+riate for* of governance for te worl$ in general.

!oes self$eter*ination for in$igenous +eo+les eAual as+irations for a nationstate,or are tere oter for*s of governance we can create tat are not 5ase$ on$o*ination an$ control _uestioning te Unite$ States, in +articular, an$Auestioning te nation state as te a++ro+riate for* of governance for te worl$, ingeneral, allow us to free our +olitical i*agination to 5egin tinking of ow we can5egin to 5uil$ a worl$ we woul$ actually want to live in. Suc a +olitical +ro6ect is+articularly i*+ortant for colonize$ +eo+les seeking national li5eration 5ecause itallows us to $iFerentiate 9nation9 fro* 9nation state.9 4el+ful in tis +ro6ect ofi*agination is te work of Native wo*en activists wo ave 5egun articulatingnotions of nation an$ sovereignty tat are se+arate fro* nationstates. Wereasnationstates are governe$ troug $o*ination an$ coercion, in$igenous

sovereignty an$ nation oo$ is +re$icate$ on interrelate$ness an$ res+onsi5ility. =srystal Ecoawk states" Sovereignty is an active, living +rocess witin tis knot ofu*an, *aterial an$ s+iritual relationsi+s 5oun$ togeter 5y *utualres+onsi5ilities an$ o5ligations. Iro* tat knot of relationsi+s is 5orn our istories,our i$entity, te tra$itional ways in wic we govern ourselves, our 5eliefs, ourrelationsi+ to te lan$, an$ ow we fee$, clote, ouse an$ take care of ourfa*ilies, co**unities an$ Nations.9

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nti9:lac"nessThe attempt to solve !or racism &e!ore solving !or coloni0ation

is rooted in a misunderstanding o! the situation. 5acism is a

tool !or the coloni0er, not the other (ay around. -ithout

destroying the !rame(or" o! colonialism, all oppression (illcontinue.

;emmi 6

=l5ert e**i, '@2/, =l5ert e**i is a Irenc writer an$ essayist of Tunisian >ewis origin, Te olonizer an$ Te olonize$, ++. ''/''@,tt+"00atlasarts.org.uk0w+content0u+loa$s0)'20)J0=l5erte**iTeolonizeran$teolonize$.+$f , accesse$ /0/0'23 4

Te fact is tat all o++ression is $irecte$ at a u*an grou+ as a wole an$, a +riori,all in$ivi$ual *e*5ers of tat grou+ are anony*ously victi*ize$ 5y it. Bne often

ears tat workerstat is all workers, since tey are workersare a`icte$ 5y tisan$ tat $efect an$ tis an$ tat fault. Te racist accusation $irecte$ at tecolonize$ cannot 5e anyting 5ut collective, an$ every one of te colonize$ *ust 5eel$ guilty witout e:ce+tion. #t is a$*itte$, owever, tat tere is a +ossi5leesca+e fro* te o++ression of a worker. Teoretically at least, a worker can leaveis class an$ cange is status, 5ut witin te fra*ework of colonization, notingcan ever save te colonize$. 4e can never *ove into te +rivilege$ clan< even if esoul$ earn *ore *oney tan tey, if e soul$ win all te titles, if e soul$enor*ously increase is +ower. We ave co*+are$ o++ression an$ te colonialstruggle to o++ression an$ te class struggle. Te colonizercolonize$, +eo+leto+eo+le relationsi+ witin nations can, in fact, re*in$ one of te 5ourgeoisie+roletariat relationsi+ witin a nation. ?ut te al*ost a5solutely airtigt colonialgrou+ings *ust also 5e *entione$. =ll te eForts of te colonialist are $irecte$towar$ *aintaining tis social i**o5ility, an$ racis* is te surest wea+on for tisai*. #n eFect, cange. 5eco*es i*+ossi5le, an$ any revolt woul$ 5e a5sur$. Lacis*a++ears ten, not as an inci$ental $etail, 5ut as a +art of colonialis*. #t is teigest e:+ression of te colonial. syste* an$ one of te *ost signi7cant featuresof te colonialist. Not only $oes .it esta5lis a fun$a*ental $iscri*ination 5etweencolonizer an$ colonize$, a sine Aua non of colonial life, 5ut it also lays tefoun$ation for te i**uta5ility of tis life. Te racist tone of eac *ove of 5ot tecolonialist an$ te colonizer is te source of te e:traor$inary s+rea$ of racis* inte colonies. =n$ not only te *an on te street" = La5at +syciatrist $are$ \tell*e, after twenty years; +ractice, tat Nort Te colonizer wo acce+ts =fricanneuroses were $ue to te Nort =frican s+irit. Tat s+irit or tat etnic grou+ing ortat +sycis* ste*s fro* te institutions of anoter century, fro* te a5sence oftecnical $evelo+*ent, fro* te necessary +olitical 5on$agein sort, fro* tewole $ra*a. #t $e*onstrates clearly tat te colonial situation is irre*e$ia5le an$will re*ain in a state of inertia.

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The )s vie( o! ethnicity is an extension o! a colonialist

mindset, one (hich is used to control those (ho have &een

coloni0ed.

Sium, Desai and 5its"es 1$

(=*an Siu*, an$ni !esai, Lick Litskes, all tree are +rofessors at te Bntario#nstitute for Stu$ies in E$ucation, University of Toronto, Towar$s te Dtangi5leunknown" !ecolonization an$ te #n$igenous future, !ecolonization" #n$igeneity,E$ucation % Society &ol. ', No. ', )', ++. -/, accesse$ /-'23 4

=s *entione$ earlier, often te $ecolonizing +ro6ect as a$ to, out of necessity, focus onreclai*ing or restating te u*anity of colonize$ +eo+les . olonization as 5een $eter*ine$to stan$ as te 7nal ar5iter of wo is u*an. #ntegral to tis +rocess is te $elegiti*ization of#n$igenous u*anity an$ life. #n te +rocess of reasserting #n$igenous u*anity,too often te ru5ric as re*aine$ a Western style$ u*anis* tat +roclai*s, DWeare all #n$igenous, con8ating #n$igeneity wit u*anity. Tis a++roac is si*ilarly $e+loye$ atti*es 5y te non=frican worl$, wic articulates an D=frica as te cra$le of u*anity stance to conclu$e tat Dwe

are all =frican. We 7r*ly re6ect tis stance. olonialis* an$ its conco*itant +ro6ect of witesu+re*acy ave always seen an$ un$erstoo$ #n$igeneity as $iFerent an$treatening, working overti*e to *arginalize an$ erase #n$igenous e:istence. =clai* to a sare$ u*anity is not $ecolonizing an$ works to reinscri5e a racistfra*ework of Dcolor5lin$ness. Suc a clai* necessarily falls 5ack on religious (an$ su5seAuentlysecular3 language of soli$arity tat 5elieves te Sun$ay scool notions of Dwe are eAual un$er Mo$ (Mazta*5i$eIernn$ez, tis issue3, an$ erases an$ *ini*izes te +ower $iFerentials tat colonialis* create$ an$ continues to*aintain. =s Cin$a Tuiwai S*it ()'3 argues, GTe focus on asserting u*anity as to 5e seen witin te anti

colonial analysis of i*+erialis* an$ wat are seen as i*+erialis*s $eu*anizing i*+erativesH (+. /3. We also+us 5ack against te +ro6ect of $eci$ing wo is #n$igenous troug colonialstrategies of *easure*ent an$ contain*ent, of 7n$ing +articular genetic, istorican$ co**unal *arkers 5y wic to legiti*ize wo can an$ cannot 5e #n$igenous.

Tis is +articularly $one troug a +olicing of 5oun$aries, es+ecially un$er a 5inarysyste* of #n$igenous0non#n$igenous, wic as a long istory of colonial +owertaking u+ tese tools of $iFerentiation to $ivi$e an$ conAuer, $isenfrancise, an$steal lan$ fro* #n$igenous +eo+les. Wat tese $elineations of #n$igeneity look like $iFer $e+en$ingon conte:t an$ +lace 5ut te intent an$ logic 5ein$ te* is si*ilar. #n =frica, were #n$igeneity an$ #n$igenousgovernance e:iste$ 5efore colonial rule, its for*alization took +lace troug legally inscri5e$ i$entities of GnativeH

an$ GnonnativeH. #n$igeneity ca*e to 5e $e7ne$ along te lines of race an$ etnicity. G Te $istinction5etween race an$ etnicities was not te sa*e as te $istinction 5etweencolonizers an$ colonize$H (+. -2-3, te ierarcy of races inclu$e$ 5ot colonizers (fro* te *aster race3an$ te colonize$ (fro* su56ect races3. a*$ani ())'3 suggests tat it is wort gras+ing $iFerence 5etweensu56ect races an$ su56ect etnicities. Wile 5ot were colonize$, te su56ect etnicities were consi$ere$ #n$igenousan$ te su56ect races were consi$ere$ non #n$igenous, i**igrants (e:" te Tutsi of Lwan$a an$ ?urun$i3. #n te

case of Lwan$a, $es+ite te social revolution tat lea$ to in$e+en$ence, te i*+ose$ racial an$ etnic categoriesof colonial rule staye$ intact an$ intensi7e$ te econo*ic an$ +olitical tensions, wic eventually sli$ towar$s te'@@) genoci$e. a*$ani ())'3 argues tat toug Gwe turne$ te colonial worl$ u+si$e $own, we $i$n;t cangeitG (+. @3. Tis un$erstan$ing of etnicity is not witout its +ro5le*s toug. Te use of etnicity continues to sever,interru+t an$ rena*e #n$igenous i$entities. #n Lwan$a an$ ?urun$i, for e:a*+le, te categories of 4utu an$ Tutsi$i$ not e:ist +rior to te eigteent century, wen colonial antro+ologists $ivi$e$ local +eo+les 5y +ysical traitsan$ lines of work. So*e even going as far as *easuring noses an$ craniu* sizes to D$iscover 5iological $iFerences

tat $enote$ a lesser u*anity (a*$ani, )), +. 113. Cittle as cange$ since ten. GEtnicityH is often aresi$ual of colonialis*< it re*ains a *easuring stick tat e:ists as +art of te statesvoca5ulary to *easure, contain an$ control colonize$ +eo+les, an$ it re*ains a


16/45

$eistoricize$ stan$in for #n$igeneity. =lfre$ ())@a3 $raws si*ilarities 5etween te conce+ts of Tir$ Worl$ GetnicityH an$ G=5originalis*H, saying tat 5ot are +art of Gassi*ilations en$ga*e,te ter*inological an$ +sycic $is+lace*ent of autentic #n$igenous i$entities,5eliefs an$ 5eaviors...=5originalis* o5scures everyting tat is istorically truean$ *eaningful a5out BnkweonweH (+. '-'/3. #n interrogating colonial *arkers of i$entity we*ust ask" 4ow $oes #n$igeneity get Dca+ture$ an$ $o*esticate$ 5y colonial states, 5ot ere an$ a5roa$ 4ow $o

state fra*eworks for recognition ren$er so*e constitutionally #n$igenous an$ 5ecause of tis, visi5le wileoters are not #n ana$a, as in oter Western settlercolonial conte:ts, $iscourses of *ulticulturalis* ave trie$ to+lace #n$igenous +eo+les witin a co**unity of etnic grou+s. =s Lu5bn Mazta*5i$eIernn$ez (tis issue3 rigtlycritiAues *ulticulturalis*, its +ro6ect of etnicity an$ culture is one of contain*ent an$ e*+ty signi7ers, stri++ing

culture of any +ower in or$er to 7t it witin a colonial +ara$ig*. Even furter, #n$igenous +eo+les, woave occu+ie$ teir lan$s since ti*e i**e*orial 5eco*e e:+elle$ 5y an$ teninvite$ 5ack into te settler nationstate as G=5originalH. Tis +rocess unties teknots of istory, loosens #n$igenous clai*s to lan$, an$ re$uces te* to *e*5ersof a *ulticultural *inority, always locate$ aroun$ te nation 5ut never witin it.

Troug settler constitutions suc as ana$as #n$ian =ct, #n$igeneity as 5een $enie$ to *anytroug gen$ere$, racist +olicies tat worke$ to *ake e:tinct #n$igenous +eo+les,re*oving co**unities so tat te lan$ $oes in$ee$ look Dunina5ite$ an$

+ristinely e*+ty for settler occu+ation (Tuck % Yang, tis issue< S*it, )')< Lazack, ))3.

5ace theorists do not ta"e into account the plight o! the

indigenous, ignoring that (ithout involving the native voice

there is no progress.

Smith 18

=n$rea S*it, =n$rea S*it is associate +rofessor in te !e+art*ent of e$ia an$ultural Stu$ies at te University of alifornia, Liversi$e, 9#n$igeneity, Settlerolonialis*, Wite Su+re*acy,9 Mlo5al !ialogue &olu*e ' Nu*5er Su**er0=utu*n )')dLace =n$ Lacis*s,

tt+"00www.worl$$ialogue.org0content.++i$1QQ , accesse$ /0-0'23 4 Tis ten$ency for teorists of race to +resu*e te givenness of te settler state isnot uniAue to ?ell or B*i an$ Winant, an$ in fact a++ears to 5e te nor*. Iorinstance, >oe Ieagin as written several works on race tat focus on te +ri*acy ofanti5lack racis* 5ecause e argues tat Gno oter racially o++resse$ grou+ as5een so central to te internal econo*ic, +olitical, an$ cultural structure an$evolution of te Nort =*erican societyH.'- 4e $oes note tat te Unite$ States isfor*e$ fro* stolen lan$ an$ argues tat te Gte 5rutal an$ 5loo$y actions an$conseAuences of Euro+ean conAuests $o often 7t te Unite$ Nations $e7nition ofgenoci$eH.'/ So, if te Unite$ States is fun$a*entally constitute$ troug tegenoci$e of Native +eo+les, wy are Native +eo+les not central to te $evelo+*entof =*erican society =gain, te answer is tat te Native genoci$e is relegate$ tote +ast so tat te givenness of settler colonialis* to$ay can 5e +resu*e$.'Q

>are$ Se:ton, in is oterwise 5rilliant analysis in =*alga*ation Sce*es, also+resu*es te continuance of settler colonialis*.'@ 4e $escri5es Native +eo+les asa Gracial grou+H to 5e colla+se$ into all non5lack +eo+les of colour. Se:ton goes sofar as to argue for a 5lack0non5lack +ara$ig* tat is +arallel to aG5lack0i**igrantH +ara$ig*, retorically colla+sing in$igenous +eo+les into te

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category of i**igrants, in eFect erasing teir relationsi+ to tis lan$ an$ encereifying te settler colonial +ro6ect. Si*ilarly, =ngela 4arris argues for a G5lacke:ce+tionalis*H tat $e7nes race relations in wic Native +eo+les +lay aGsu5si$iaryH role. To *ake tis clai*, se lu*+s Native +eo+les into te category ofracial *inority an$ even Gi**igrantH 5y conten$ing tat Gconte*+t for 5lacks is

+art of te ritual troug wic i**igrant grou+s 5eco*e D=*erican H.) Bfcourse, wat is not raise$ in tis analysis is tat G=*ericaH itself can e:ist onlytroug te $isa++earance of in$igenous +eo+les. Ieagin, Se:ton an$ 4arris fail toconsi$er tat *arkers of Gracial +rogressH for Native +eo+les are also *arkers ofgenoci$e. Ior instance, Se:ton conten$s tat te ig rate of interracial *arriagesfor Native +eo+les in$icates racial +rogress rater tan 5eing +art of te legacy ofUS +olicies of cultural genoci$e, inclu$ing 5oar$ing scools, relocation, re*oval an$ter*ination. #nterestingly, a central intervention *a$e 5y Se:ton is tat te +oliticsof *ulticulturalis* $e+en$s on anti5lack racis*. Tat is, *ulticulturalis* e:ists to$istance itself fro* 5lackness (since $iFerence fro* witeness, $e7ne$ as racial+urity, is alrea$y a given3. 4owever, wit an e:+an$e$ notion of te logics of settlercolonialis*, is analysis coul$ resonate wit in$igenous critiAues of *estiza6e,were5y te +ri*itive in$igenous su56ect always $isa++ears into te *ore co*+le:,evolve$ *estizo su56ect. Tese signs of Gracial +rogressH coul$ ten 5erearticulate$ as *arkers of in$igenous $isa++earance an$ wat !enise Ierreira $aSilva ter*s as racial engulf*ent into te wite self$eter*ining su56ect.' Tus,5esi$es +resu*ing te genoci$e of Native +eo+les an$ te givenness of settlersociety, tese analyses also *isrea$ te logics of antiin$igenous racis* (as well asoter for*s of racis*3.

:e s"eptical o! any movements that do not start (ith ridding

the state o! colonial opression 5a0ac" 1< (Serene Lazack, Professor of Sociology an$ EAuity Stu$ies at teUniversity of Toronto, ')/)'1, 9Serene Lazack on Bur Settler Cegacy,9 Possi5leana$as, tt+"00+ossi5lecana$as.ca0en0serenerazackcana$assettlerlegacy0 34

Te growing, institutionalize$ $eu*anization towar$s s+eci7c grou+s. #ts astoug society is evolving 5ase$ on te +rinci+le tat u*an life $oesnt *atter.Every *orning, # rea$ a5out ') tings tat *ake *e tink were growingincreasingly $istant fro* eac oter. #t 5egins wit race an$ 5eco*es a structuretat inva$es everyting. Wite +eo+le routinely $eu*anize #n$igenous +eo+le. #*

talking of a s+ectru* of violent acts, like +olice oXcers wo $rive a *an out of tecity an$ leave i* to freeze to $eat. Te +rinci+le tat tis +ersons life is notwort as *uc as yours is 5ot an every$ay act an$ a state +ractice. Cook at teGtoug on cri*eH initiatives tat conservatives love. Wat kin$ of cruelty an$$isregar$ for u*an life $o tese kin$s of +olicies co*e out of # always tink a5outow $o*inant su56ects *ake te*selves $o*inant. Youre not 5orn tat way. # tell*y class, GNo one is 5orn Wite.H You ave to learn it an$ you ave to kee++erfor*ing it every $ay. Peo+le $ont easily 5elieve in teir own su+eriority or tat

http://possiblecanadas.ca/en/sherene-razack-canadas-settler-legacy-2/http://possiblecanadas.ca/en/sherene-razack-canadas-settler-legacy-2/


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=em>endered oppression is the tool o! the coloni0er, (ithout rst

decoloni0ing (e cannot solve !or the rape and assault o! native

(omen.

Claire $88+

(Se+te*5er ))@, =narcist Brganizer, irroring olonial Power Structures inLa$ical Brganizing" La+e ulture as olonization an$ o**unity =ccounta5ility,Unsettling Burselves" Le8ections an$ Lesources for !econstructing olonialentality, ++. @1@2,tt+s"00unsettling*innesota.7les.wor$+ress.co*0))@0''0unsettling*innesotasource5ook'+oint).+$f, accesse$ /0/0'23 4

Te way tat +atriarcy is enforce$ an$ *aintaine$ is troug syste*atic gen$er o++ression in te *o$e of se:uala5use 5ot +ysical an$ *ental. La+e culture *eans te nor*alization an$ naturalization of syste*atic se:ual

violence an$ se:ual a5use against wo*en in society. Patriarcal ra+e culture *eans tat wo*ens

5o$ies an$ se:uality socially 5elong as o56ects an$ +ro+erty to *ale $esire . #n ra+eculture, it is socially +erceive$ tat wo*ens 5o$ies an$ se:uality are so*eting *en ave a rigt an$ clai* to, tiso+ens te s+ace for syste*atic se:ual violence +ysically, e*otionally an$ +sycologically. #n +atriarcal USsociety, *en are e*+owere$ to *ake te $ecisions an$ laws tat eFect an$ control wo*ens 5o$ies an$ lives wile

wo*ens voices are $evalue$ an$ silence$. Wen wo*en occu+y +ositions of +ower witin UScolonial society, te +ower structures an$ $yna*ics tey are enacting are stillwitin te constructs of +atriarcal values, tus tey are continuing to engage ingen$er o++ression. La+e culture *eans tat wo*en e:+erience *ental an$ +ysical for*s of se:ualviolence on a consistent, every$ay 5asis an$ internalize tese assaults, resulting in selfatre$ an$ low selfestee*,insecurities, lack of con7$ence, an$ tus furter silencing. La+e culture *eans tat wo*en are freAuently+ressure$, coerce$ an$ force$ into se:ual acts as wo*ens se:uality is seen as +ro+erty an$ conAuest. La+e culture*eans tat victi*s an$ survivors of se:ual violence are often consi$ere$ res+onsi5le an$ at fault for teir ownassaults an$ ra+es. La+e culture is ow it 5eco*es socially acce+te$ tat wo*en are ulti*ately to 5la*e for teirown ra+es an$ assaults 5ecause of teir own 5eavior (tey $resse$ a certain way, teyre +ro*iscuous, tey were

$runk, tey $i$nt 7gt 5ack, tey $i$nt say no3. La+e culture +ressures te silence of fe*ale victi*s an$ survivors5ecause we are taugt tat wo*ens 5o$ies are *eant to 5e violate$ an$ terefore at fault. La+e culture also*eans tat +er+etrators of se:ual violence are rarely el$ res+onsi5le for teir actions as te *ost co**on for*s

of se:ual violence are nor*alize$, suc as $ate ra+e an$ $o*estic violence. Se:ual violence cannot 5eun$erstoo$ only as a tool of +atriarcy 5ut also as a tool of wite su+re*acy an$colonization. #n *ainstrea* US society, te ra+es of so*e wo*en *atter wile tera+es of oters $o not. Wite su+re*acy an$ ra+e culture *eans tat so*e+er+etrators will 5e +rosecute$ an$ oters will not. #t *eans tat wo* is ra+e$ 5y wo**atters in $eci$ing weter or not te act ol$s signi7cance. Se:ual violence is a tool of colonialwite su+re*acy in tat it ren$ers certain wo*en as viola5le an$ certain *en astose ca+a5le of violating. olonial society an$ ra+e culture *ake it so tat wo*en5elieve te*selves to 5e in nee$ of +rotection fro* se:ual violence an$ tat

+rotection is foun$ troug te institutions an$ autorities tat *ake u+ witesu+re*acist, +atriarcal, colonial +ower structures. E:a*+les of tis are te *ass lyncings of5lack *en 5y wite *en for in so*e way interacting wit wite wo*en. Since te en$urance of UScolonial society is $e+en$ent u+on te re+ression, cri*inalization an$ era$ication of in$igenous cultures, se:ual violence is an i*+ortant tool in *aintaining teD+er*anent +resent a5sence of native +eo+les an$ tus te continue$ legiti*acyUS settlers an$ colonial society clai* to in$igenous lan$. =gain referencing S*it, as UScolonial society ren$ers in$igenous 5o$ies an$ lan$ as settler +ro+erty an$ as


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rigtfully viola5le, in$igenous +eo+les 5eco*e constructe$ as naturally viola5lewitin US colonial society (onAuest, '3. !ue to tis, in$igenous wo*en are *uc*ore likely to 5e targete$ for se:ual violence tan wite wo*en. Te ra+es an$ assaults of in$igenous wo*en are *ostly ignore$ or con$one$ 5y law enforce*ent an$ autorities. Te +er+etrators of tesese:ual assaults an$ ra+es *ost likely face no conseAuences. #n$igenous wo*en are su56ect to oter syste*atic

for*s of se:ual violence suc as enforce$, *ass sterilization 5y te state. S*it calls tis syste*atic

se:ual violence against in$igenous +eo+les a +ro6ect of colonial se:ual violencewic results in wat se refers to as an Ginternalize$ genoci$al +ro6ect trougself$estructionH (onAuest, '3. Te colonial tools of se:ual violence an$ ra+eculture are use$ against in$igenous co**unities to in8ict *assive +sycological$a*age an$ selfatre$, re+ressing in$igenous sovereignty an$ i$entity.

Sexual ?iolence is impossi&le to solve (ithin the current

system, through the as re!orms the colonial po(er structures

are only replicated.

Claire $88+(Se+te*5er ))@, =narcist Brganizer, irroring olonial Power Structures inLa$ical Brganizing" La+e ulture as olonization an$ o**unity =ccounta5ility,Unsettling Burselves" Le8ections an$ Lesources for !econstructing olonialentality, ++. @-@/,tt+s"00unsettling*innesota.7les.wor$+ress.co*0))@0''0unsettling*innesotasource5ook'+oint).+$f, accesse$ /0/0'23 4

#n tis essay # ave 5een referring to se:ual violence an$ ra+e culture as +atriarcal tools of gen$er o++ression an$s+eaking as toug se:ual violence is only +er+etrate$ 5y *en against wo*en. Wile statistically, al*ost all+er+etrators of se:ual violence are *en an$ *ost wo*en ave e:+erience$ so*e for* of se:ual violence, wo*encertainly can 5e an$ are +er+etrators of se:ual violence an$ large nu*5ers of *en are survivors of se:ual violence.

Nor $o # seek to i*+ly tat se:ual violence is a eteronor*ative act occurring 5etween only *en an$ wo*en (# $oowever want to stress, tat $ue to +atriarcal gen$er o++ression an$ ra+e culture, te ways tat se:ual violenceaFect *en an$ wo*en are very $iFerent3. #f wo*en are +er+etrators of se:ual violence, or if *en ra+e oter *en,

$oes tat *ean se:ual violence is not a syste*atic tool of +atriarcal gen$er o++ression Se:ual violence isan enact*ent an$ reinforce*ent of colonial +ower, regar$less of wat for* it takes .olonialis* values conAuest, $o*ination, +ower, gree$ an$ taking 5y watever force necessary. olonialistsociety is 5uilt on institutionalize$ ierarcies . La+e culture an$ se:ual violence (as # o+e #vee:+laine$ well 5y now3 are strong tools use$ in te *aintenance of ierarcical o++ression an$ +rivilege. ?yliving witin colonialist society, our *in$s 5eco*e colonize$ in te sense tat weare raise$ to tink an$ un$erstan$ in ter*s of colonial +ower structures an$ierarcy. We are sa+e$ 5y te +rivilege, or lack of +rivilege, we receive in colonialsociety an$ learn to 5eave in accor$ance wit tese +rivileges or o++ressions. We

learn to e:+ect, $e*an$ an$ control, or we learn to 5e controlle$. We learn tat we*atter or tat we $o not *atter. olonization *eans tat tese un$erstan$ings5eco*e so fun$a*ental in te $evelo+*ent of our *in$s tat tey 5eco*e naturalto us. We learn to tink in ter*s of ierarcy, +ower, $o*ination an$ control. We learn to value +ower as control,$o*inance an$ violence. We learn to $esire +ower as so*eting 5elonging to te in$ivi$ual an$ to assert +owerover oters in or$er to o5tain *ore +ower. Trougout te antira+e organizing an$ e$ucating # ave 5een involve$in, # ave ear$ argu*ents tat se:ual violence cannot 5e gen$ere$ an$ is not an issue relating to gen$er. Se:ualviolence, as # o+e #ve e:+laine$ well, is actually eavily gen$ere$ an$ one cannot se+arate se:ual violence fro*

gen$er, 6ust as one cannot se+arate se:ual violence fro* any colonial o++ression . # want to


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focus on our a5ilities to +er+etuate cycles of violence an$ ow we ave 5een colonize$ to un$erstan$ an$ *i*iccolonial structures of violence. Se:ual violence, no *atter wat for* it takes, is a tool of colonial, +atriarcal gen$er

o++ression an$ is a *anifestation of tose structures of +ower seeking to vali$ate te*selves. Tis is wy wecant o+e for cange witin te US syste* 5ecause US society as 5een 5uilt fro*an$ out of violent colonialist +ower structures< its survival is $e+en$ent on tereinforce*ent an$ *aintenance of tese colonial +ower structures. US society an$

govern*ent ave to 5e co*+letely $is*antle$ in or$er to a5olis colonial rule. No*atter wo is te +er+etrator of se:ual violence, it is a violent act tat seeks toclai* $o*inance, to conAuer, to control an$ to assert +ower. Power trougconAuest, clai* an$ $o*inance are wat e*5o$y, $rive, an$ *aintain colonizationan$ colonial rule. Even if te roles of o++ressor an$ o++resse$ are reverse$ we arestill enacting colonial syste*s of +ower an$ tus reinforcing an$ vali$ating te*.

The a7rmative operates in the mindset that (hat)s &est !or

them is &est !or everyone else, &ut it ignores the root cause o!

the oppression o! indigenous (omen, the coloni0ation o! their&odies. @nly decoloni0ation can solve !or gendered opression

Aaco&s 1B (?everley >aco5s,?everley >aco5s is a citizen of te KanienkeakeNation, ?ear lan of te 4au$enosaunee onfe$eracy fro* te Si: Nations Mran$Liver Territory. Se gra$uate$ wit a law $egree at te University of Win$sor in'@@1 an$ a *asters $egree in law in ))). Se is currently a P! an$i$ate at teUniversity of algary. Se also owns er own law 7r*, wic is situate$ at Si:Nations Mran$ Liver Territory an$ +ractices +artti*e wile working on er#nter$isci+linary !egree focusing on u*an rigts, #n$igenous researc*eto$ologies, an$ =5original ealt, IE?LU=LY 'J, )'J9!ecolonizing te&iolence =gainst #n$igenous Wo*en,9 !ecolonization,

tt+s"00$ecolonization.wor$+ress.co*0)'J0)0'J0$ecolonizingteviolenceagainstin$igenouswo*en03 4

olonization is violence. olonization as a$ an i*+act on 5ot #n$igenous wo*enan$ *ens roles in all relationsi+s 5ut #n$igenous wo*en ave taken te 5runt ofte i*+acts of colonization. !irect attacks against #n$igenous wo*en are atte*+tsto erase te* fro* e:istence so tat tere will 5e no future generations. Tese areattacks against te future of our #n$igenous nations. #n$igenous wo*en are now$ealing wit te ig statistics of violence against te* an$ te igest nu*5ers of *issing an$ *ur$ere$ #n$igenous wo*en, not only in ana$a 5ut also glo5ally.&iolence an$ a5use ave occurre$ in all societies an$ in all races of +eo+les, 5ut teviolence against #n$igenous wo*en co*es fro* colonization< our #n$igenouswo*en ave 5eco*e te $irect targets of colonial violence. Tis as saturate$ intoour co**unities an$ #n$igenous wo*en are now $ealing wit te violence againstte* 5y #n$igenous *en an$ 5y non#n$igenous *en. Tey are no longer safe inteir own co**unities. # ave learne$ a5out not 5eing safe in *y own o*e an$co**unity. # ave learne$ wat an a5usive relationsi+ is. #n an a5usiverelationsi+, te a5user feels te nee$ to ave +ower an$ control. Wen an a5userfeels tat is +ower an$ control are taken away, e as to strike out at is *ost

https://decolonization.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/decolonizing-the-violence-against-indigenous-women/https://decolonization.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/decolonizing-the-violence-against-indigenous-women/https://decolonization.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/decolonizing-the-violence-against-indigenous-women/https://decolonization.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/decolonizing-the-violence-against-indigenous-women/


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vulnera5le victi* to regain tat +ower an$ control. Te victi* loses er voice an$feels tat se $oes not ave any control of te situation at te ti*e of te a5use. #re*e*5er 5eing silent an$ knowing tat # coul$ not say a wor$ to anyone a5out tea5use tat was a++ening. # re*e*5er tat silence well. Wen an a5usiverelationsi+ en$s, te victi* *akes a $ecision to take er +ower 5ack. # re*e*5er

saying tat # will no longer 5e 5eaten or a5use$ not *entally, e*otionally,s+iritually, +ysically or se:ually. # re*e*5er saying tat no one will ever urt *eagain. # acknowle$ge$ tat # will no longer 5e a victi*. # a$ foun$ *y voice an$regaine$ res+ect for *yself. =s a survivor of violence, # ave learne$ not to 5la*eanyone else 5ut to take res+onsi5ility for *yself. # can cele5rate *y life an$ learnfro* te lessons tat # ave learne$. Te a5user as an o++ortunity to learn tat e$oes not nee$ to ave tat kin$ of +ower an$ control 5ut can 5e an eAual an$res+ectful +artner. Te relationsi+ as to 5e a +artnersi+. Te a5usiverelationsi+s tat a++en to our wo*en are also 5orn out in te larger conte:t ofana$as colonial relationsi+ to #n$igenous +eo+les. ana$as colonial govern*entas 5een an a5user since its e:istence. Iirst, it violate$ +eace an$ frien$si+treaties, wic were 5ase$ on nationtonation relationsi+s, 5y unilaterallyesta5lising its govern*ent troug legislation in wic it a$ control over #n$iansan$ lan$s reserve$ for #n$ians (ie. ?ritis Nort =*erica =ct, 'Q-/3. Tis legislationten gave te govern*ent autority to esta5lis te *ost racist +iece of legislationcalle$ te #n$ian =ct. Tese unilateral acts were te 5eginning of te a5usiverelationsi+. =s a result of generations of a5use an$ control, #n$igenous +eo+lesave 5eco*e victi*s in a longstan$ing a5usive relationsi+ an$ ave 5eensilence$ troug te lack of control over lan$s an$ resources, te genoci$al +oliciesof te resi$ential scool syste*, an$ te $isres+ect an$ violence against #n$igenouswo*en. Te violence against wo*en an$ te violence occurring against oterEart are also $irectly connecte$. 4au$enosaunee +lanting cere*oniesacknowle$ge tat te wo*en are te see$ te connection 5etween te reatoran$ oter Eart. Te loss of connection of #n$igenous wo*en to teir lan$s an$territories *eans tat te life5loo$ an$ carrier of future generations are also cut oF.Since te e:istence of te +atriarcal #n$ian =ct, tere ave 5een *issing#n$igenous wo*en wo were forcefully $is+lace$ fro* teir tra$itional territories forG*arrying outH. Tis was te 5eginning of *issing #n$igenous wo*en. Tegenoci$al +olicies of te #n$ian =ct also a$ an i*+act on #n$igenous governancesyste*s were te wo*ens $ecision*aking Aualities were silence$ an$ no longer+art of te 5alance of tese syste*s. =n$ we alrea$y know wat te resi$entialscools $i$ to our fa*ilies, inclu$ing te roles of *oters an$ faters an$ te lossesof fa*ily 5on$ing, an$ te loss of te *ost 5asic tenets of a relationsi+" love an$e*otional well5eing. #n or$er to 5eco*e survivors of tis a5usive relationsi+, allvicti*s, inclu$ing #n$igenous *en an$ wo*en, *ust take teir +ower 5ack. anyave alrea$y. Tis is wat $ecolonization *eans at a very +ractical level takingour +ower 5ack. Te language an$ actions a5out violence against #n$igenouswo*en as to sift to actually 5egin te $ecolonization +rocess. Wat $o # *ean 5ysifting our language #t *eans tat we ave to sto+ 5eaving an$ to sto+ talkinglike a victi*. We ave to sto+ 5la*ing te a5user an$ take res+onsi5ility for ourown actions. We ave to teac our ne:t generations a5out ealty relationsi+s,ealty se:ual relationsi+s an$ ow to treat eac oter wit res+ect. We nee$ to


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+ractice our teacings 5y *aking a conscious coice a5out te $ecisions tat we*ake to$ay an$ ow eac of tose $ecisions ave an i*+act seven generationsfro* now. # know *y ancestors $i$ tat for *e seven generations ago. Te$ecisions inclu$e ow we teac our sons to res+ect te*selves an$ to 5e goo$*en, to onour te wo*en in teir lives, to onour teir cil$ren, to 5e goo$ faters

an$ goo$ gran$faters< te $ecisions to teac our $augters to res+ect te*selvesan$ teir 5o$ies, to res+ect all of te relationsi+s in teir lives, to know tat teyare te life givers an$ nurturers to te ne:t generations. !ecolonization *eans5ringing te safety 5ack an$ *eans living in a society were we feel safe an$ werewe res+ect eac oter as +eo+le. #t *eans tat our *en are taking 5ack teirrigtful res+onsi5ilities to 5e te Warriors of our nations< to +rotect te wo*en an$te cil$ren, an$ te lan$s tey are all connecte$ to, to +rotect te lan$s for ourfuture generations. #t *eans tat our wo*en are taking 5ack teir rigtfulres+onsi5ilities to 5e res+ecte$ $ecision*akers, to carry an$ nurture life an$ to5ring tose future generations into tis +ysical worl$. #t is te res+onsi5ility of allgenerations (*oters, faters, gran$*oters an$ gran$faters3 to ensure tat we*aintain tose connections to our lan$s an$ territories, wit our strong languagesan$ cere*onies intact. !ecolonization *eans true +artnersi+s, weter tose+artnersi+s are wit ana$a, wit our non#n$igenous allies, or 5etween#n$igenous *en an$ wo*en. !ecolonization *eans tat we cele5rate our resiliencyin te face of an a5usive relationsi+ an$ coose $iFerent relationsi+s tat onorourselves, our co**unities, our wo*en, an$ our lan$s.


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Islamapho&iaThe colonialist intention to spread Christianity and Democracy

is the hidden &ac"drop !or all modern counter terror

operations.

*dmunds,11 (>ane, >uly J )'', Professor, !evelo+*ent Stu$ies, University ofa*5ri$ge, onte*+orary #sla* ()'3 -"-/Q1, Te Dnew 5ar5arians"govern*entality, securitization an$ #sla* in Western Euro+e, ++. //J, accesse$/0'-0'23 4

Te use, 5y usli* terrorist grou+s, of a *ilitaristic for* of resistance is *et wit anew negation of u*an rigts an$ te $uty to +rotect is transfor*e$ into te loss of rigts on te +art of so*e. Te series of antiterror laws an$ state of e*ergencyi*+ose$ in te US= an$ te UK after te attack on te Twin Towers an$ te Con$on5o*5ings, res+ectively, involve$ te $erogation of 5asic u*an rigts" te rigt notto 5e $etaine$ witout a fair trial troug te in$e7nite i*+rison*ent of sus+ecte$

terrorists in Muantana*o an$ =5u Mrai5 (Mearty ))@3. B5a*as +ro*ise to sut$own Muantana*o as 5een reverse$, leaving $etainees to 5e su56ect to *ilitarytrials 5ein$ close$ $oors. Lecent antiterror laws in te UK ave facilitate$ teconviction of usli*s for Dcele5rating terroris*, yet were convictions avecolla+se$, *e$ia coverage is li*ite$. Te UKs co**it*ent to te a5solute+roi5ition on torture as 5een co*+ro*ise$ 5y its a++arent coo+eration wit U.S.e:traor$inary ren$ition 8igts.J Te curtail*ent of te rigt to free$o* of s+eeca*ong ?ritis usli*s as 5een igligte$ in te case of te Cuton usli*s wo+roteste$ against te o*eco*ing +ara$e of ?ritis sol$iers fro* =fganistan.Wile #sla* is +o+ularly un$erstoo$ as irrational an$ aggressive, religiosity +laye$an i*+ortant retorical role in 6ustifying te invasions of #raA an$ =fganistan.Presi$ent ?uss war s+eeces containe$ *any references to Mo$ as $i$ so*e of

Tony ?lairs, giving te i*+ression tat Dour (ristian3 values are su+erior to Dteir(#sla*ic3 ones. Te *ission to save #raA (an$ u*anitarian interventions in, fore:a*+le, Kosovo3 was eli$e$ wit u*an rigts an$ te argu*ent tat Dweengage$ in tese +ainful 5ut necessary interventions in or$er to sare our su+eriorvalueste rule of law, $e*ocracy an$ u*an rigts, tat is, u*an rigtssu++ose$ly co*ing out of ristianitywas +ro+agate$. Te allegation againstSa$$a* (an$ oter Tir$ Worl$ lea$ers wit nuclear +rogra**es3 is tat teyacAuire a western tecnology (te 5o*53 witout aving te western values an$$e*ocratic structures tat allow te* to use it res+onsi5ly. Wen a witness to @0''was Auote$ as asking DWy $o tey ate us, ?us +ortraye$ tis attack as one 5y+eo+le wo resente$ =*ericas Dtreat of a goo$ e:a*+le. Wile Ces #nvasions?ar5ares an$ Te 4urt Cocker focus on te treat fro* a5roa$ an$ te nee$ forwestern +owers to inva$e usli* countries to contain te treat, attention as nowturne$, wit te +resence of sizea5le secon$ an$ tir$generation usli*s inEuro+e an$ te US, to te Do*egrown treat. Part of te way te governingclasses are seeking to $isci+line tese new re5els is troug a renewe$ focus onteir *ysterious an$ e:otic +ractices wic, again, turns on te i$ea of te 5o$y.Suici$e 5o*5ers ave use$ te o56ect of te Euro+ean gaze as a for*i$a5le


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instru*ent for con$ucting a war on te west. Te tactic $e+loye$ is +ortraye$ as afor* of 5ar5aris*, irrational an$ roote$ in out*o$e$ an$ arcaic religious fetisesvirgins waiting for te *artyrs in Para$ise for e:a*+le (!awkins ))-3.

The -ar on Terror relies on colonial @rientalist stereotypes

that Islam is violent and irrational and in!erior to Christianity

*dmunds,11 (>ane, >uly J )'', Professor, !evelo+*ent Stu$ies, University ofa*5ri$ge, onte*+orary #sla* ()'3 -"-/Q1, Te Dnew 5ar5arians"govern*entality, securitization an$ #sla* in Western Euro+e, ++. /J/1, accesse$/0'-0'23 4

Tis cultural racis* also surfaces in te way +articular i$entitiesusli*, =ra5 orNort =fricanare $eface$ in Irenc +olitical $iscourse 5ase$ on an ostensi5lyco**en$a5le conce+t of egalitarianis* wic $e*an$s te a5an$on*ent of tickattac*ents. #$eas a5out cultural inferiority associate$ wit colonialis* continue tosa+e +olitical $e5ates a5out te veil or te i6a5 (ea$scarf3 were te veile$usli* evokes tis $ou5le i$entity of 5ot cultural inferiority an$ treat (Scott

))/" '/3. usli*s are regar$e$ as a treat 5ecause tey refuse, 5y wearing tei6a5 or growing a 5ear$, to confor* wit te secular an$ civilizing culture ofIrance, an$ o+t instea$ (a++arently3 to *aintain a co**it*ent to Darcaic signs offait (Muar$iolaLivera ))@" 1-3. #n te +ost@0'' era, new surveillancestrategies 5ase$ on a re+ertoire of Dterrorist lookalikes $evelo+e$, resulting incases of Sik tur5ans an$ usli* veils 5eing torn oF, cases wic e:+ose$fun$a*ental ignorance roote$ in Brientalist fantasies a5out DEastern *asculinityan$ fe*ininity (Puar ))/" '/2'Q'3. #sla* alone is 6u$ge$, in te *e$ia, to 5efun$a*entalist, an$ oter religions, wic also contain fun$a*entalist stran$s, area5sent fro* $iscussions of religious ra$icalization. =n$ #sla* alone is +ortraye$ as auniAuely +atriarcal an$ *isogynistic religion, ignoring te *isogynist ele*ents of

oter religions (esari ))Q3. Te i6a5 or te veil, an$ *ore still, te 5urAa are, to+o+ular western secularis*, unintelligi5le o56ects or Darcaic fetises(Muar$iolaLivera ))@" 3. #t see*s self evi$ent tat wo*en wo wear suc clotingin a secular environ*ent are $oing so witout free$o* of coice, re8ecting te+atriarcal o++ression s+eci7c to #sla*. usli* wo*en are +ortraye$ as su5$ue$5y te $o*inant, aggressive *ale D=ra5 an$ $enie$ autono*y, an$ te $ocilesu56ect of ol$ colonial $iscourses is resurrecte$. Suc views are +revalent in western*e$ia an$ a*ong +olitical lea$ers, wit te Irenc govern*ent clai*ing tat te5an on te 5urAa re8ects te countrys res+ect for te +rinci+le of eAuality forwo*en. Wat as long caracterize$ Irenc $e5ates is now, +ost @0'', 7n$ing a+lace in Mer*any, #taly, ?elgiu*, ?ritain an$ te Neterlan$s. Now te social cost of

5eing a Euro+ean usli* as increase$ wit govern*ents seeing te* as usli*s7rst an$ citizens secon$, wit an i*+lie$ $iFerence 5etween trustful usli*s(assi*ilate$ ones3 an$ $istrustful usli*s (tose wo wear ea$scarves or 5ear$s3.

Tus, tey ave 5eco*e te current Doter in +u5lic $iscourses< wat *akes te*tis is tat tey are $e*ogra+ically +ro$uctive, a++arently insensitive to Euro+ean,secular values an$ our knowle$ge of te* is 5ase$ on infor*ation tat is focuse$on *osAues (=*irau: ))-3, now consi$ere$ not to 5e +laces of worsi+ 5ut a+otential source of +olitical ra$icalization an$ e:tre*is*. = growing consensus in


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te *e$ia an$ a*ong +oliticians is $evelo+ing aroun$ te view tat Euro+eanusli*s, wit teir $istinctive signs an$ o56ects linke$ wit te D5ackwar$ +racticesof te for*er colonies, are a new source of treat to national i$entity an$ security.Iear of tis treat +erva$es argu*ents a5out i$$en $angers, +articularly aroun$gar*ents suc as te i6a5, wic are +ortraye$ as literally $efying govern*ental

rigts to surveillance as te face is i$$en (even wen it is not3, tus +reventing, atleast in te i*agination, te western gaze fro* +enetrating. #n ))- a stor*5rewe$ in te UK wen >ack Straw s+arke$ a $e5ate on wearing te niAa5 (wiccovers te face3 wic e saw (later su++orte$ 5y Tony ?lair3 as an i*+e$i*ent tonor*al social interaction an$ as sy*5olizing segregation rater tan integration, resignifying religious sy*5ols into conceal*ent an$ a treat to security. Te Dclas isneatly crystallize$ at 5or$er crossing +oints, wen te western nee$ for securitytroug surveillance colli$es wit te i6a5wearers insistence on staying covere$.

Te western +ress is keen to re+ort stories of *ale usli* cri*inals0terrorists wouse te i6a5 as a $isguise, resonating wit istorical for*s of resistance in +astanticolonial struggles


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Cap-ithout the current colonial structures capitalism cannot exist,

only decoloni0ation can ensure the eradication o! cap.

Claire $88+

(Se+te*5er ))@, =narcist Brganizer, irroring olonial Power Structures inLa$ical Brganizing" La+e ulture as olonization an$ o**unity =ccounta5ility,Unsettling Burselves" Le8ections an$ Lesources for !econstructing olonialentality, ++. @1@2,tt+s"00unsettling*innesota.7les.wor$+ress.co*0))@0''0unsettling*innesotasource5ook'+oint).+$f, accesse$ /0/0'23 4

a+italist an$ colonialist +owers are $e+en$ent u+on o++ressive syste*s ofierarcical value. Tey work to ensure te +ower an$ +rivilege of so*e at tee:+ense of te rest. a+italis* coul$ not e:ist witout colonialist syste*s an$structures tat rank an$ o++ress u*an life in ter*s of value, ren$ering *ost as

crucially e:+loita5le an$ e:+en$a5le in or$er to +rivilege te $esires an$ +ower offew over te nee$s of *any. =s =n$rea S*it $iscusses in onAuest, our societalan$ govern*ental infrastructures were 5uilt on te +rinci+le tat in$igenous+eo+les an$ teir lan$s are viola5le ('3. Wite settlers asserte$ tat in$igenous+eo+les were savage, +ri*itive, less tan u*an, an$ tus clai*e$ for te*selvesa rigteous legiti*acy to te conAuest an$ colonization of in$igenous +eo+les an$lan$s. Tese +rinci+les an$ 5eliefs re*ain 7r*ly roote$ in te *akeu+ of ourcolonialist society an$ govern*ent of to$ay. Te US as an i*+erial an$ colonial+ower" is $e+en$ent on te continue$ un$erstan$ing tat te lan$ we occu+y to$ay(s+eaking as a settler3 re*ains rigtfully an$ 6usti7a5ly ours. Te genoci$e an$ongoing $is+lace*ent an$ o++ression of in$igenous +eo+les are un$erstoo$ as

legiti*ate an$ necessary in or$er to *aintain our settler clai* to tis lan$. S*itwrites tat te continue$ clai* of te Unite$ States to lan$ an$ +ower necessitatestat in$igenous +eo+le *ust always 5e in a state of $isa++earance, or aG+er*anent D+resent a5sence in te US colonial i*aginationH in or$er for UScolonial ownersi+ to feign legiti*acy (onAuest, @3. #n or$er to *aintain tisconstant era$ication of in$igenous +eo+les, in$igenous i$entity was, an$ continuesto 5e, cri*inalize$. Tis as istorically 5een +ractice$ troug *eto$s suc aste genoci$e an$ force$ re*oval of in$igenous +eo+les fro* teir o*elan$s,+lacing 5ounties to encourage an$ con$one *ass *ur$er of in$igenous +eo+les,force$ assi*ilation an$ etnic cleansing troug 5oar$ing scools, an$ te force$sterilization of in$igenous wo*en. urrently, te continue$ $is+lace*ent an$ force$

re*oval of in$igenous +eo+les fro* teir o*elan$s, te continue$ occu+ation oftese o*elan$s, te cri*inalization of in$igenous cultural +ractices, targete$arass*ent an$ violence 5y law enforce*ent, *ass i*+rison*ent of native+eo+les, an$ syste*atic se:ual assault of in$igenous wo*en are 6ust so*e of te*any ways tat native i$entity continues to 5e cri*inalize$ an$ era$icate$ to$ay.Wite su+re*acy, as anoter infrastructural ancor of colonialist an$ ca+italist+ower, allows for ierarcical rankings of u*an value so tat certain lives 5eco*esocially signi7cant an$ *eaningful, wile oters are consi$ere$ e:+en$a5le an$


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e:+loita5le. US society ulti*ately serves to ensure te safety an$ +rotection ofwite settlers. US society coul$ not ave 5een 5uilt witout wite su+re*acy in tatit allowe$ for te 6usti7cation of te genoci$e of in$igenous +eo+les as well as tecontinue$ $enial of genoci$e aving ever occurre$, an$ tat it voraciously relie$ onte ki$na++ing an$ enslave*ent of +eo+le of color for te +ur+ose of 5uil$ing te

US colonial e*+ire. olonial an$ ca+italist +owers re*ain $e+en$ent on witesu+re*acist ierarcies of u*an value in or$er to ensure an e:+loita5le la5orforce. Iurter*ore, wite su+re*acy creates te un$erstan$ing tat nonwite+eo+le an$ lan$ are ulti*ately wite settler +ro+erty, or, tat US society functionsan$ e:ists for te 5ene7t of wite settlers (not ignoring te role of eteronor*ative, +atriarcal an$ class +rivilege as $eter*ining factors of 5ene7cence3.

Tis inclu$es te continue$ e:+loitation of +eo+le of color troug te +risonin$ustrialco*+le:, te *ilitarization of 5or$ers an$ cri*inalization of certain etnicgrou+s. olonialist an$ ca+italist +owers work togeter to create te overre+resentation of +eo+le of color in +risons as colonialist +ower ren$ers +eo+le ofcolor as e:+en$a5le +ro+erty, tus creating a cea+ an$ e:+loita5le la5or force forte 5ene7t of ca+italis* troug te +rison syste*. Te +risonin$ustrialco*+le:also works to twart te strengt of organizing in co**unities of color as tisulti*ately treatens colonialist infrastructure. Se:ual violence an$ ra+e culture arein$is+ensa5le to te strengt an$ function of US colonialist an$ ca+italist +ower intat tey work to ensure all structural syste*s of o++ression. La+e culture *eanstat US society is a culture in wic se:ual violence is encourage$, con$one$ an$+er+etuate$ as a tool of gen$er o++ression. 4eteronor*ativity *eans US societyforces co*+liance witin 5inary conce+ts of gen$er (eiter *ale or fe*ale3 an$seeks to nor*alize +atriarcal gen$er o++ression. US colonialist rationalitynaturalizes 5inary conce+ts of gen$er an$ +atriarcal gen$er o++ression. S*itsows us ow colonizers use$ te o++ression of wo*en an$ +atriarcy as a tool insu56ugating in$igenous nations, GNative +eo+les nee$e$ to learn te value ofierarcy, te role of +ysical a5use in *aintaining tat ierarcy, an$ tei*+ortance of wo*en re*aining su5*issive to *enTus in or$er to colonize a+eo+le wose society was not ierarcical, colonizers *ust 7rst naturalize ierarcytroug instituting +atriarcyH (onAuest, J3. Troug i*+osing te values ofeteronor*ativity an$ ierarcical gen$er o++ression, +atriarcy is +resente$ asnatural an$ was a successful tool in colonizing an$ instituting oter ierarcicalo++ressions.


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ltsThe Time is no(, (e need to properly analy0e coloni0ation in

order to solve oppression.

-a0iyata(in 11

(Waziyatawin, Waziyatawin is a Dakota professor, author, and activist from the Pezihutazizi Otunwe insouthwestern Minnesota , ')'', 9olonialis* on te Mroun$,9 Unsettling =*erica,tt+s"00unsettlinga*erica.wor$+ress.co*0)''0)'0)0colonialis*ontegroun$0V*ore12, accesse$ /0-0'23 4

Cest critics insist tat a recognition of colonialis* *eans con$e*ning #n$igenousPeo+les to a +er+etual state of victi*age, let *e state now tat tis +osition $oesnot $eny #n$igenous ca+acity for action an$ resistance, 5ut only tat our actions areoften violently li*ite$ witin a colonial structure. Bne of te criticis*s freAuentlyurle$ at $ecolonization teorists is tat $ecolonization researc, analysis, an$

activis* an$ its acco*+anying focus on colonization, *eans an acce+tance an$a$vocacy of victi*age, tat wen we attri5ute our social +ro5le*s to e:ternalcolonial forces we are $enying #n$igenous agency. # tink 6ust te o++osite is true.Wile e*+loying colonialis* as an intellectual fra*ework acknowle$ges teorren$ous in6ustices +er+etrate$ against #n$igenous Peo+les an$ te li*ite$coices our +eo+les face$ as a conseAuence, tis is not ina++ro+riate, nor is itoverstate$. Wen te loss of #n$igenous life in te =*ericas weigs in *ini*ally at@2] an$ te ensuing lan$ teft, loss of resources, *eans of su5sistence an$atte*+ts at cultural era$ication are consi$ere$, to focus solely on te agency of teless tan 2] wo survive$ an$ are facing severe social +ro5le*s see*s$isingenuous at 5est. =n analysis of colonialis* allows us to *ake sense of ourcurrent con$ition, strategically $evelo+ *ore eFective *eans of resistance, recoverte +recolonial tra$itions tat strengten us as #n$igenous Peo+les, an$ connectwit te struggles of colonize$ +eo+les trougout te worl$ to transfor* te worl$.Wen colonialis* is re*ove$ fro* te analysis, we ave little alternative oter tanto si*+ly 5la*e ourselves for te current social ills. Tis 5la*ing te victi* strategyonly increases violence against our own +eo+le. Pre$icta5ly, tose wo *ost 7ercely$eny te eFects of colonialis* are often te ones wo a$vocate te *ost stronglyfor working witin te e:isting syste*. Tey re6ect $rea*s of li5eration an$$efeatist retoric caracterizes teir +osition. #t inclu$es suc senti*ents as GTeworl$ is not going to cange,H or GWe ave to acce+t te way tings are an$ $owat we can witin te e:isting syste*.H #ronically, tis +osition $enies te+rofoun$ nature and +ro+ensity of u*an agency an$ relegates te results ofu*an activity to negligi5le +ro+ortions. Tis is wat $ecolonization a$vocatescannot acce+t. #nstea$, we +ut our fa*aking revolutionary cange, looking to teigest +otential of u*an agency. Tere was a ti*e wen *y ancestors $i$ notnee$ to ave strategies to resist forces of colonialis*. Wen tey $i$, te +rocessesof invasion, *ilitary conAuest an$ su56ugation were unlease$ so a5ru+tly,i*+ro*+tu strategies were courageously, 5ut unsuccessfully atte*+te$. None ofte* +revente$ te total onslaugt of colonial violence tat ensue$. Troug ti*ean$ +rocesses of co*+lete an$ u*iliating su56ugation tat aFecte$ every as+ect

https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/colonialism-on-the-ground/#more-45https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/colonialism-on-the-ground/#more-45https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/colonialism-on-the-ground/#more-45https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/colonialism-on-the-ground/#more-45


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of te lives of su5seAuent generations, resistance weakene$ into co*+lacency. Bfcourse, not all #n$igenous +eo+le cose tis +at an$ instea$ staye$ te course ofs+irite$ resistance, 5ut to$ay tey re+resent te e:ce+tions rater tan te rule.

Te vast *a6ority foun$ it easier to atte*+t to negotiate +etty 5ene7ts fro* tecolonial syste* wile *aintaining low visi5ility an$ s*all $rea*s. To$ay, owever,

we ave reace$ an era in wic te e:isting syste* is on te verge of colla+se,wit colonizer an$ colonize$ alike resting near a +reci+itous e$ge. We can eitersuccu*5 to te ongoing $iscourse of co*+lacency +ro+agate$ 5y te colonizinggovern*ent, or we can *o5ilize for revolutionary cange.

The lternative is to decoloni0e unconditionally, decoloni0ation

is a pre9re%uisite to any re!ormism

:ur"e + (Nora ?utler ?urke, ''2))@, 9?uil$ing a Gana$ianH !ecolonizationove*ent" Iigting te Bccu+ation at G4o*eH,9 No Pu5lication,tt+"00teanarcistli5rary.org0li5rary0nora5utler5urke5uil$ingacana$ian

$ecolonization*ove*ent7gtingteoccu+ationato*e3 4

Pera+s te 7rst ste+ tat we can take in allying ourselves wit #n$igenous +eo+lesis to face u+ to our colonial +ast an$ +resent. =n$ ere #$ like to assert tat ana$ais not a +ostcolonial state, nor is it neocolonial, as is te case in oter +arts of teworl$. #n ana$a, colonialis* $o*inates 1R. Wile =5original +eo+les continue to5e force$ or e:clu$e$ fro* teir lan$s , ca+italist interests rus to inva$e teirterritories in atte*+ts to seize resources fro* it. #n$igenous nations re*ainculturally, econo*ically an$ +olitically un$er attack witin tis colonial a++aratus a $istinct e:+erience wic un$ou5te$ly sares +arallels wit te e:+eriences ofoter racialize$ an$ o++resse$ co**unities in ana$a. ?eyon$ facing u+ to te

+ast, as a *eans of owning our istory, we *ust take res+onsi5ility for tat istory.Wile *any of us are e:clu$e$ fro* an$ $enie$ *uc of te wealt of te ana$ianstate ourselves, tose of us wo are ana$ian citizens none te less 5ene7t fro*tat wealt to so*e $egree. Wat we can not take for grante$ is te fact tat *ucof tat wealt was accu*ulate$ at te e:+ense of =5original +eo+les. Terefore,any *ove*ent wic seeks to a$$ress te in6ustices +er+etrate$ against#n$igenous +eo+les *ust also take into account te +ositioning of nonnative +eo+lewitin tis colonial state. !ecolonisation is not a +rocess wic entails solely te#n$igenous nations of tis continent. =ll +eo+le living in ana$a ave 5een $istorte$5y colonialis*. #t eFects us all, not only tose wo* it *ost severely o++resses.

Terefore, a $ecolonisation *ove*ent cannot 5e co*+rise$ solely of soli$arity an$

su++ort for #n$igenous +eo+les sovereignty an$ self$eter*ination. #f we are insu++ort of self$eter*ination, we too nee$ to 5e self$eter*ining . Unless wee:ercise our own self$eter*ination an$ 7gt our own govern*ents, ten we riskreinforcing te isolation of #n$igenous co**unities an$ teir resistance. =*ove*ent for $ecolonisation *ust 5e +re*ise$ on a +arallel +rocess of self$eter*ination. Wile #n$igenous nations continue to assert teir autono*y an$nationoo$, we, as nonnative settlers, *ust also assert our own autono*y witinour res+ective co**unities, an$ resist our govern*ents atte*+ts to furter

http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nora-butler-burke-building-a-canadian-decolonization-movement-fighting-the-occupation-at-homehttp://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nora-butler-burke-building-a-canadian-decolonization-movement-fighting-the-occupation-at-homehttp://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/nora-butler-burke-building-a-canadian-decolonization-movement-fighting-the-occupation-at-hom

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Settlerism K - DDI 2015 SWS