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Shaban Notebook for Civil Engineers
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SHABAN BOOLKET
1
SHABAN BOOLKET
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SHABAN
CIVIL
ENGINEERS BOOKLET
Prepared by Consultant Civil
Engineer:
Majed A. Shaban Akree Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:
+964 770 446 1234
IRAQ - Erbil – 2016
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INDEX
Subject Page
1- GENERAL 5
2- STEEL 20
3- BUILDINGS 38
4- ROADS 63
5- SANITARY 98
6- CONCRETE 112
7- ESTIMATION 128
8- Electrical & Mechanical
139
9- Miscellaneous 149
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1
GENERAL
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Conversions
1 mile 1.609 km
1 barrel 210 Liter
1 Inch 2.5 cm
1 kg. 2.204 lb.
1 horse Power
745.7 watt.
1 hector 10000 m2
1 acre 4046.86 m2
1 donam 2500 m2
1 Olk 100 m2
1 bar 1.019 kg/cm2
1 kg. 9.81 Newton
1 bar 105 Pascal
1 gallon 3.785 Liter
1 Psi 6.89 N/m2
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Densities
MATERIAL kg/m3 Concrete 2300
Asphalt Conc. 2400
Bricks 1900
Cement 1400
Clay(wet) 2080
Cement mortar 1440
Concrete (Reinforced )
2400
Gypsum 1200
Sand 1650
Concrete Blocks 1400
Gravel 1800
Steel 7850
Wood (average) 400-700 Water 1000
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ASTM Soil Classification Class % sand % silt % clay
sand 80-100 0-20 0-20
Sandy Loam 50-80 0-50 0-20
loam 30-50 30-50 0-20
Silty Loam 0-50 50-100 0-20
Sandy C.L. 50-80 0-30 20-30
clay L. 20-50 20-50 20-30
Silty C.L. 0-30 50-80 20-32
Sandy Clay 50-70 0-20 30-50
Clay 0-50 0-50 30-100
Silty Clay 0-20 50-70 30-50
S= sand passing (2- 0.05mm) L= loam passing ( 0.05-0.005 mm) C= clay passing(less than 0.005mm)
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Soils Bearing Capacity TYPE kg/cm2
Hard rock 30 - 40
Rock 10 - 20
Loose rock 8 -12
Gravel & sand
6 –10
Coarse sand
3 - 5
Hard dry clay
2 - 3
Clay & sand
1.5 - 2
Fine sand 1 - 2
Loose clay 0.5-0.75
Filling soils 0.25- 0.50
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Materials Tests -1
Item Important tests
Bitumen Penetration test every supplied Tanker .
Filler Gradation every day , or when source changed
Bricks Compressive strength & water absorption , specimen of 50 bricks every 20 000 unit .
Cement Compressive strength, fineness and chemical test for each 100 ton .
Gravel and Sand
Gradation test one sample for every 50 m3 of supplied material .
Sanitary pipes
Thickness, weight per unit length, and thickness of Galvanized layer for each supplied quantity.
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Materials Tests – 2
Item
Important tests
Mosaic Tiles
Modules of Rapture, absorption Mosaic thick for every (3000) unit .
Gypsum Compressive strength, color , and chemical tests for every (150) tom.
Building stones
Compressive strength and absorption test , for every (100) m3
Concrete blocks
Compressive strength and absorption , 20 sample for every 10 000 unit.
Steel bars
Tensile strength, Elongation for every (25) Ton.
Concrete Compressive strength for every (50)m3 , or per day work and slump test.
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Materials Tests – 3
Item Important tests
Paints Mineral content , coloring material , oil and Resin , one gallon as sample every 100 gallon .
Stinger Tiles
Modulus of Rupture , % of absorption , 6 samples for each 5000 unit .
Concrete Pipes
Nominal Internal Diameter with tolerance of + , - 10 % , Crushing test , absorption one sample for each 50 units
Damp proofing bitumen
Flexibility , Heat resistant , and Tensile resistant , one sample for each source .
Water for concrete
% of So4 , % of salt , Alkalinity or acidity , one sample for each source .
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Timber size for FORM WORKS
Part of form work
Timber thickness or size in mm
Sheeting’s 25 to 50 Beam& column side
25 to 50
Beam bottom
50
Ledgers 50 x 100 to 75 x 200 Posts 50 x 100 to 75 x 200
Joists 75 x 100 to 150 x
150 Column Yoke
50 x 100 to 100 x 100
Studs and walling
50 x 150 to 150 x 150
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Expansion joints
T = C x L x Co T = Total expansion joint width in (mm) C = coefficient of linear expansion L = length of structure in mm Co= change of temperature in centigrade.
Material C mm/mm/co
Structural steel
0.0000017
Concrete Masonry
0.0000094
Reinforced concrete
0.000013
NOTE: For concrete structure an expansion joint to be provided every (15-20)m interval, for fences (5-6)m, and for Retaining walls (8-10)m,this when it is not computed as above.
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LEVEL CHECKING
a1 b1 Level Instr. A p B Fig : 1 d1 d2
a2 b2 Fig : 2 A B Q
d1+d2 d3 Error(e) = ( a2 - b2 ) - ( a1 - b1 ) / ( d1 + d2) 1-At Fig 1 , Put level at point P and Take levels at A & B , read a1,b1 2-At Fig 2 , Take levels at A & B , while the level is at Q point, read a2 , b2 3-Calculate e, allowable error is equal +,- 0.5 mm per each 10 m length. 4- d1,d2,& d3 are about 25 m.l each . 5- C= 0.0675 k2
C= Leveling curvature correction in meters K= Leveled Distance in Kilometers
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Piles foundations Types of piles: 1- Timber piles , 2- Steel H-piles , 3- Steel pipe piles , 4- Precast concrete piles , 5- Concrete piles , 6- Composite piles of different materials . Main Purpose of using Piles: 1- High Structural Load compression or uplift pressure. 2- Weak Bearing of upper layer of soil . 3- High Lateral Pressure . For piles Load Carrying Capacity (Q)
Q = Q1 + 2 * π * r * f * D
where : Q1 = Base Resistance in Ton r = Circular Pile Radius in Meters f = skin Friction between Pile and soil which vary from 500-2000 ton/m2 D = Depth of the Foundation in meters .
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TOR = Terms of reference 1- All Project work items should be Implemented according to Contract required Technical Specifications . 2- All materials used in the project should be new , from required sources and approved by Site Engineer . 3- All construction materials should be tested according to Construction Works Specification in the Laboratory . 4- The contractor should check all Project designs before starting project including B.M.s, reference points, then re-fix and add any other necessary points for construction operation if needed . 5- The contractor should provide and install Suitable Sing Board For Buildings projects and station plates For Roads. 6- Any Discrepancies between Project Drawings and B.O.Q should be studied reviewed , and decided by Site engineer .
SITE ENGINEER TOR -1
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SITE ENGINEER TOR -2
7-Site Engineer should Supervise the contractors’ maintenance and running operation procedures. 8-Supervise all work being implemented during the defects liability period. 9-Monitor, assist and supervise performance tests and start-up of the project according to contract. 10-Carry out final works inspection and issue contractor’s release work final acceptance certificates. 11-Liaise, organize and chair regular progress site meetings. 12-Issuing the Project Progress reporting periodically with Project duration. 13-Organize and participate in all final acceptance tests, inspections, proceedings, and final Project handover proceedings to owners . 14-Issue the Certificate of Final Completion report and Final Handover Certificate to the Authorities or owners .
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2
STEEL
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STEEL BARS WEIGHTS
Bar Dia. Inch
Bar Dia. mm
Kg/ml Area mm2
1 /4 6 0.222 28
1 /3 8 0.395 50
3 /8 10 0.617 79
1 /2 12 0.888 113
5 /8 16 1.580 201
3 /4 20 2.470 314
1.0 25 3.860 491
1 1/4 32 6.315 805
1 1/2 38 8.900 1134
1 5/8 40 9.865 1257 Steel Bars Density = 7850 kg/m3
General Equation :Steel Bar weight in kg/ml =
(BAR Diameter )2 / 1.62
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Steel sections weights
Section Kg
Angle 20mm x 3mm Thick 6.0
Angle 25mm x 3mm Thick 7.0
Angle 40mm x 4mm Thick 14.0
Angle 50mm x 5mm Thick 25.0
Channel 75 x 36 x 6 mm 47.0
Channel 100 x 50 x 6 mm 62.0
Channel 120 x 55 x 7 mm 75.0
I-section 100 mm Height 50.0
I-section 140 mm Height 82.0
I- section 160 mm Height 96.0
Flat steel 25mm x 3mm Thick
4.0
Flat steel 35mm x 6mm Thick
9.0
Note : All above weights are for 6.0 meter section length .
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BRC Reinforcing
Gage Bar Dia. Section Net weight
61 7.62 2.99 4.69
62 7.01 2.53 3.97
63 6.4 2.11 3.31
64 5.89 1.79 2.8
65 5.38 1.49 2.34
66 4.88 1.23 1.92
67 3.25 0.54 0.86
1- All bars spacing are 15.2X15.2 cm 2-Normally BRC nets are of 2X6 m diameter. 3- Bar Dia. In mm, section is steel bars cross section is in cm2 per meter length. 4 - weight of the Net is in kg / m2.
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Mineral Plate weights
mm Inch Iron Steel copper
1.1 1/24 8.13 8.3 9.3
1.2 1/22 8.9 9.1 10.2
1.3 1/20 9.8 10 11.2
1.4 1/18 10.8 11.1 12.4
1.6 1/16 12.2 12.5 14.0
3.2 1/8 24.4 24.9 27.6
6.4 1/4 48.8 49.8 55.8
10 3/8 71.1 74.7 83.8
NOTES: 1- All weights in kg / m2
1- 2 - 1 / 24 inch means gage. 2- 3- mm & Inch are Thicknesses
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I - Sections for Roofs
Span in meters
Cross section
(mm) width x height
Weight kg /ml
1.5 -2.0 55 x 100 8.1
2.0 -3.0 64 x 120 10.4
3.0 -3.5 73 x 140 12.9
3.5 -4.0 82 x 160 15.8
4.5 -5.0 100 x 200 22.4
5.0 -5.5 110 x 120 26.2
5.5 -6.0 120 x 240 30.7
6.0 -7.0 135 x 270 36.1 :Note
)2( Maximum Distance between I -sections is( 80) cm, and Min. wall bearings in (cm) is =
Span in (cm) / 20
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Standard cutoff Reinforced steel bend point
Min. length= 12 bar x Diameter Wall
L / 7 L/5 Span = L L/4 L/5 Wall
l/4 l/3
Span = l L= Span of edge panel l = Span of intermediate panel
No
te : T
his
valu
es u
sed
fo
r s
lab
or
b
eam
on
ord
inary
Beari
ng
wall
s .
Th
is v
alu
se
use
d for
sla
b o
r b
ea
m o
n w
alls
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TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT needed For ordinary works
Kg /m3 TYPE
70 1 -Slabs and stair cases (Tension loads)
120 2 -Beams (stirrups, Transverse, & Shear Reinforcement.)
150 3- Columns and concrete walls.
130 4 -Concrete Foundations
50 5- Doors and windows lintels
NOTE: For (12- 18) cm thick slabs assume approx. (10) kg/m2
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TYPICAL ( 2 ) Story House
Reinforcing Part- 1
Dimension Reinforcement
Steel Bars Type
Width x Depth
80*30cm 60*25cm
3 - 16 mm Top, 4 - 16 mm
Bottom, stirrups 10 mm @ 20cm
Continuous
Foundation For walls
Beam Height x Beam width
40*30cm 45 *35cm
3 – 16 mm top, 5-16 mm
bottom , with stirrups 10 mm ,
@ 20cm.
Rectangular T
Beams , (4 – 5 ) m
span
30*30 cm 40*40cm
4 – 20 mm or 6 - 16 mm , with stirrups 10 mm
@ 20cm spacing.
Square Columns up to (4 )m
height
Thickness = 12 to 18
cm
12 mm @ 20* 20 cm or 10 mm
@ 15/15cm spacing.
Slabs , stairs up to (4) m span
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TYPICAL ( 2 )Story House
Reinforcing Part- 2
Dimension Reinforcement
Steel Bars Type
Slab 20 cm thick on wall
,10 cm at end ,
bearing 40 cm on wall
Top tensile bars 12 mm @ 10 cm
c/c Distribution steel 8 mm @12 cm
Cantilever, slab up to
2:0 m width , live load
400 kg / m2
10 – 12 cm thickness
Use 12 mm steel bars @ 15
cm c-c , both direction
Parapet 80 cm height
25 * 30 cm 30 * 40 cm 40 * 50 cm
At top 4 - 16 mm , bottom 2 - 16
mm , stirrups 10 mm @ 15 cm
Cantilever, T - beams up to 2.0
length
12 to 15 cm thickness
12 mm @ 15 cm both direction
Stair case 3.0 m height
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Steel Bars & Tests
1- Steel bars used for reinforced concrete should have maximum carbon content not more that 2%
2- Min. lap distances for splices in tension steel bars is ( 40 * bar diameter) but not less than 12 inch (30) cm
3- For compression bars minimum splices = (26*bar diameter ).
4- Minim positive steel reinforced required for Flexural members in concrete is 200/fy. ( psi)
5- Minim laboratory Test specimen required is 3 for each 25 tons , for steel bars Dia . 3/8” , each 35 Ton for bars 3/8” to 5/8” , and each 45 Ton for bars > 5/8” .
6- Minim Concrete cover for steel bars is equal to (1. 5) cm .
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Recommended Steel Bars
Spacing 1-For slabs Min. clear distance between parallel bars = 25 mm up to 25 mm bar Dia. , and equal to nominal bar Dia. For bigger sizes. 2-For Columns Min. spacing between longitudinal bars is = 40 mm, up to 25 mm bars diameters , and equal to 1,5 x bar dia. For bigger sizes . 3-For beams and girders , the clear distance between multiple reinforced layers should be at least 25 mm . 4-For bridges = 1.5 x bar diameter , or 1.5 x Max. size of aggregate . 5-For walls , slabs Max. spacing of principle reinforcement should be 450 mm , or 3 x wall or slab thickness, whichever is smaller.
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Dia
.
mm
1
No
.
2
No
.
3
No
.
4
No
.
5
No
.
6
No
1-
) Part
2
ps o
f ste
el b
ars
are
a (m
mG
rou
10
79
15
7
23
6
31
4
39
3
47
1
12
11
3
22
6
34
0
45
3
56
6
67
9
16
20
1
40
2
60
4
80
5 1
006
12
07
18
25
5
50
9
76
4 1
018
12
73
15
27
22
38
0
76
0 1
140
15
20
19
01
22
81
25
49
1
98
2 1
473
19
64
24
55
29
46
28
61
6 1
232
18
48
24
64
30
80
36
96
32
80
5 1
609
24
13
32
17
40
21
48
26
36
10
18
20
36
30
54
40
72
50
90
61
08
38
11
34
22
68
34
02
45
36
56
71
68
05
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Dia
.
mm
7 N
o.
8 N
o.
9
No
.
10
No
.
11
No
.
12
No
.
2 -
Part
) 2
G
rou
ps o
f ste
el b
ars
are
a (m
m
10
55
0
62
8
70
7
78
5
86
4
94
2
12
79
2
90
5 1
018
11
31
12
44
13
57
16
14
08
16
09
18
10
20
11
22
12
24
13
18
17
82
20
36
22
91
25
45
28
00
30
54
22
2
2 2
661
30
41
34
21
38
01
41
81
45
61
25
34
37
39
28
44
19
49
10
54
01
58
92
28
43
12
49
28
55
44
61
60
67
76
73
92
32
56
30
64
34
72
38
80
43
88
47
96
51
36
71
26
81
44
91
62
10
18
0
11
19
8
12
21
6
38
79
39
90
73
10
20
7
11
34
1
12
47
5
13
60
9
SHABAN BOOLKET
34
.D
ia
7.5
cm
10
cm
12
.5
cm
15
c
m 1
7.5
cm
20
cm
1 -
part
le
ng
th s
pa
cin
g)
/m.
2G
rou
ps o
f ste
el b
ars
are
a (c
m
10
10
.47
7.8
5
6.2
8
5.2
4
4.4
9
3.9
3
12
15
.08
11
.31
9.0
5
7.5
4
6.4
6
5.6
5
16
26
.81
20
.17
16
.08
13
.40
11
.49
10
.05
18
33
.87
25
.40
20
.32
16
.93
14
.51
12
.70
22
50
.67
38
.00
30
.40
25
.33
21
.71
19
.00
25
65.4
5
49.0
9
38.2
7
32.7
2
28.0
5
24.5
4
28
82.1
3
61.6
0
44.2
6
41.0
7
35.2
0
30.8
0
32
107
.2
80.4
3
64.3
4
53.6
2
45.9
6
40.2
1
36
135
.7
101
.8
81.4
4
67.8
7
58.1
7
50.9
0
38
151
.2
113
.4
90.7
3
75.6
1
64.8
1
56.7
1
SHABAN BOOLKET
35
dia
22
.5
cm
25
cm
27
.5
cm
30
cm
35
cm
40
cm
2
–S
pacin
g p
art
/m
. len
gth
2
G
rou
ps o
f ste
el b
ars
are
a (c
m
10
3.4
9
3.1
4
2.8
6
2.6
2
2.2
3
1.9
5
12
5.0
3
4.5
2
4.1
1
3.7
7
3.2
3
2.8
3
16
8.9
4
8.0
4
7.3
1
6.7
0
5.7
4
5.0
3
18
11
.29
10
.16
9.2
4
8.4
7
7.2
6
6.3
5
22
16
.89
15
.20
13
.82
12
.67
10
.86
9.5
0
25
21
.82
19
.63
17
.85
16
.36
14
.03
12
.28
28
27
.38
24
.64
22
.40
20
.54
17
.60
15
.40
32
35
.75
32
.17
29
.25
26
.81
22
.98
20
.11
36
45
.25
40
.72
37
.02
33
.44
29
.09
25
.45
38
50
.41
45
.73
41
.24
37
.81
32
.41
28
.36
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Typical Steel Frames Sections D
H
S
30 –
40
20 –
30
15 - 2
0
10 - 1
5
S
sp
an
In (m
)
10 –
12
8 –
10
6 –
8
5 - 6
H
heig
ht
(m)
2.5
– 3
.5
2.5
– 3
2 –
2.5
1.5
- 2
D
In (m
)
IPE
- 360
IPE
- 400
IPE
- 300
IPE
- 360
IPE
- 240
IPE
- 300
IPE
- 200
IPE
- 240
Co
lum
n
S
ec
tion
DIN
IPE
- 400
IPE
- 360
IPE
- 300
IPE
- 240
Gird
er
S
ec
tion
DIN
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3
___________
BUILDINGS
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Buildings Requirements-1 Designing Buildings Requirements used normally in IRAQ :
Application of Loading: IBC Code 2006 or newest.
Concrete Structure: ACI Code 318-08 Metric version or newest.
Seismicity: IRAQI seismic Code for buildings Code2/1997(English version) It can be designed in accordance to the ACI code by applying this requirement
Wind Load: Applying 160 km/hr , Consider IBC code for the rest of the regulation.
Designing Methods: Allowable Stress Design Method for steel structure and Ultimate Strength Design for Concrete structures.
Reinforcement details: Should be according to ACI Detailing Manual, New Version.
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Buildings Requirements-2 Steel Structure: AISC Code.
Reinforced Bars: Required strength is 420 Mpa.(Grade 60) Dia. Ø16 mm dia. Or more, and 350 Mpa (Grade 50) for others.
Steel Material: Strength of steel materials used in IRAQ: apply the criteria according to AISC Code ( A36 , A50).
Soil Investigation: soil investigation is required for Soil capacity, Soil layer and Underground Water Level test data on soil conditions of the site
Footings: Between pile-footing and soil strengthening, pile-footing is mostly used in IRAQ.
Structural Analysis Software: ETABS and STAAD programs are
usually used in IRAQ.
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BUILDINGS BYELAWS
Min
.
wid
th
m
2.4
0
2.5
0
2.0
0
2.5
0
1.5
0
0.8
0
1.2
0
Min
.
are
a m
2
9.5
0
3.5
0m
2
per
bed
6.0
0
10.0
0
1.8
0
1.1
0
2.8
0
Ty
pe
Liv
ing
ro
om
.
Bed
Ro
om
.
Kit
ch
en
.
Kit
ch
en
+
din
ing
.
Bath
ro
om
.
W.C
.
Bath
. +
W.C
.
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Buildings Minm Required
1- Minimum Height of Living, bed rooms and Kitchen =2.75 m.
2- Minimum Height of Bath Room and W.C = 2.4 m.
3- Minim stair case width = 0.8 m.
4- Min. Ventilators Area = 2100 cm2 for every 140 m3 of rooms volume .
5- Minim glass thickness for 0.2 m2 area is 3 mm, for 0.3 m2 is 4 mm , for 0.4 m2 is 5mm , and for 0.7 m2 is 6 mm.
6- The horizontal distance between
any two openings in building walls should be more than ( 4 x wall thickness) as minimum. 7-The Min. internal dimensions of WC is 120 x 85 cm , and for Baths is 120 x 180 cm.
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Buildings Allowed Tolerances
1- Max. decreasing in footing Thick for concrete casting
5%
2- Footing displacement or eccentricity of footing width
2%
3- Variations for stairs RISE + or - 3 mm 4 - For stair TREAD + or - 6.5 mm 5 - For Lintels, parapets, Horizontal grooves, etc..
6.5 mm
6 - Variations in column and Walls shuttering of total length
12.5 mm
7 -Variations for Slabs, beams Shuttering for 3 Meters length
6.5 mm
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Buildings Doors and Windows
ROOM DOORS Height X
width WINDOWS
1- Dining rooms
(2.10 – 2.30)m x
( 4.20 x1.10)m
(10 – 20 ) % of floor area
2- Bed room
(2.0 – 2.10) x (1.0 – 1.10) m
(1/15) of walls area.
3- W.C.& Baths
(1.90 – 2.0) x (0.75-1.5)
m
Minim =(0.3)m2
4-Kitchens
(2.0-2.10) x (1.0-1.20) m
(15-30) %of floor area.
NOTE: These Standards are useful for Residential Normal houses.
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LINTLELS d Surrounded wall
b L b
Lintel Span (L) m
Concrete Beam
Depth(d)cm
Bottom Reinforce
ment
Lintel Bearing walls = (b) cm
Up - 1.2 15 3 - 8 mm 20
1. 2 -2.0 25 3 - 10 mm 25
2.0 -3.0 30 3 – 12 mm
30
NOTES : 1- Use 8 mm stirrups @ 20 cm. 2- For top bars reinforcing use 2 of 8 mm. diameter . 3-Minimum overlap = 40 bar diameter 4-Beam width is same wall width .
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Min. Slabs & beams Thickness
Members
Type Beams One way
slab
L / 16 L / 20 1-Simply supported
L / 17 L / 24 2- One end continuous
L / 21 L / 28 3- Both end continuous
L / 8 L / 10 4-Cantiliver
Notes: 1- These limits should be changed when deflection is computed.
2- L=clear distance between the two supports.
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Minim Walls Bearings
Type Distant (b)
Slabs on walls 15 cm
Lintels 20 cm
Beams
Spans up to 3.5 m Spans up to 5.5 m Spans up to 7.5 m
20 cm 30 cm 40 cm
Note: Beams bottom width is between 2 / 3 to ½ of its depth (D) but not less than 1/3 of its D , and normally 3 / 5. b= Bearing sitting distance of slab or beam on walls .
Slab or beam
D span b
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PLASTERING Plastering material required on masonry , blocks walls , (2)cm thickness , and per (100)m2 area .
TYPE M3 Mix
1-Cement Mortar= (Cement +Sand)
3.00 1:3
2-White Lime (Gypsum)= (Loose powder)
6.00 With water
3-Pointing = (Cement+ Sand).
0.35 1:3
4- Rendering = (white cement +filler)
0.25 1:2
NOTE: (220kg)of cement to be added for 100m2 plastering if smooth surfaces are required.
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WALLS SMALL FOUNDATION
wall 2 T ////////////// ////////////////Ground level T D d = Depth of Plain Conc.
45 o Inclined I I p= Clear leave
D= Depth of back distance Foundation
Plain concrete Foundations. 1:2:4 with Masonry walls For Normal houses and buildings. NOTES: 1- Minim d = 20 cm , OR 3P/2 minim p = 15 cm . minim D = 60 cm 2 -Load angle projection is 45 Degree in both sides.
3- T = Building wall Thickness .
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45 º Crack Pattern in wall Due to
foundation Failure
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STAIRS
T R H= Stair Height w = Stair Width q = Stair slope angle
W = width H = height
T = Tread R= Rise RULES :
1- 2R + T = 584 to 610 mm
2- H / R = No. of stairs.
3- W = (T x No. of stairs )
4- Min m T = 216 mm Max m R = 203 mm Max m q = 42 o
Min m q = 20 o
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Step Foundations
Top Reinforcing Mesh X Bottom Mesh A level
T= Thickness Y B level
Z – shape reinforcing
Recommendations : 1- Continuous Foundation thickness = T 2- Minim Y = T , No. of steps not limited . 3- Minim X= 2Y but not less than 30 cm 4- Use inclined Z – shape steel connection between the foundation levels A & B and use the same reinforcement type used in the foundation Bottom Mesh . 5- Min overlap of z-shape with original foundation reinforcement is 40 reinforcing bar diameter .
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Typical Basement Drainage
This for Typical Basement excavated in soil
30 cm Min . Filter 12 cm Min.
Reinforced concrete
Wall , 2500 psi min. water proofing
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; layer.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;; Natural ;;;; Proofed Flooring
Non excavated;
;;;;;; soil ;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, NGL
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Footing Tamped Earth Back filling 15 – 20 cm Diameter Filter layer from Slotted pipe on hard Coarse graded agg. Base , with slope Or stone backfilling For draining seepage For water draining water outside plot .
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FORMS OPENING
TYPE DAYS
( Beams + Lintels
+Footing ) Sides.
2
Column without loads.
3
(Slabs + Lintels + Under. Beams base ).
2 X small dimension (m) +2 days
m = meter
NOTE: This recommendation are for ordinary concrete works, with air temperature above 5o C.
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Typical Roofing Detail
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Form Work Sizes
Type Millimeter
1-Decking timber for slabs bottom ,columns and beams , thickness:
25 to 50
2- Vertical posts section:
75x100 to 150x150
3-Joists and ledgers Supporting
sheeting’s of slabs .
50x100 to 75x200
4-Studs and wailings supporting vertical walls sheeting’s .
50x100 to 150x150
5-Column yokes, horizontal cross pieces supporting vertical sheeting .
50x100 to 100x100
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Paints Paint type Quantity Area
Oil on plastered surfaces and iron.
1 gallon 30-35
m2
Emulation on walls and roofs.
1 gallon 20-25
m2
Varnish on Wood surface .
1 gallon 30 m2
Bitumen for Roofs isolation .
10 kg 5
m2
Snowcem on walls. (powder )
50 kg 100 m2
Distemper for external surface.
12 kg 100 m2
Notes : 1- The covered area is changed according to surface smoothness. 2- Painter can cover (45-65) m2/day.
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Column Requirements - 1 1- Columns are considered short or small when the ratio of column effective Length (L) to its least lateral dimension(d) exceed (15)
Slenderness ratio SR = L / d 2- Max SR for column so that it not subject to buckling should not exceed (45) for Axially loaded columns, & (20) for columns which subjected to Bending moments.
3- Reduction load factor for long column with (21) SR is 0.8, (30) SR is 0.5, And (42) when SR is 0.1 .
4- Recommended min. least lateral dimension or diameter for 4.5 m long column is 45 cm, for 3.5 m is 35 cm and for 3.0 m is 23 cm.
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Column Requirements- 2 1- Un supported column length should not be greater than (10) times of the least lateral dimension or Diameter of the cross section, other wise it should be considered as long column and braced for lateral support. 2- Minim column dimension, diameter or thickness, should not be less than (15) cm , and maxim length to width percentage should not exceed 3:1 for the rectangular cross sections. 3- Maxim steel reinforcement for a column cross section is 8% and minim is 1% as percentage of the total column cross section area. 4- Minim steel bars used ½ inch, and maxim 2 inch, for stirrups minim is ¼ inch and maxim spacing is(25) cm.
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Tests For RequiredMin. BuildingsNormal
1-Min. Concrete Cube compressive
strength fc’ should be at least 25 MPa , which is equivalent to 21 MPa for standard Cylinder strength 2-Min. Yield strength fy for steel bars should not be less than 420 MPa , equivalent to Grade (60). 3-Allowable Soil Bearing capacity for Normal foundations = 8.0 – 10 Ton/m2., Unless Tested. 4-In case of fail of (7) days cubes , we should wait for (28) days test , if it fail again , below tests should be hold so that we can decide finally: A-Core test for failed members . B-Onsite Design loading test . C-Ultrasonic OR Hammer test . Then Consultant Engineer Decide.
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Concrete Slab Humidity
Whenever there is humidity appears in the bottom of concrete slab it can be treated according to the sketch shown below, but no more extra live or dead loads are allowed to be hold on it , the max. live loads allowed are not more than 2 KN/m2 .
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4
ROADS
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GENERAL ROADS -1
1- For small blasting in rocks , (1.0) kg of explosive materials is needed for every (4.0) m 3 , and in huge blasting, half of this quantity is required. 2-Soils expand after excavation about 25% of its original volume , subbase 10%,sand 20%, and chalk soils 30% . 3- Max. Allowable Soluble salts in road embankments is 10 % , and Max allowable organic materials is 5 - 10 % .
One test sample required for every 3000 m 3 of soil.
4- Maximum allowable longitudinal grade is (6-9%) for a (50km/hr) design speed road , and (3-5%) for a (110 km/hr) design speed .
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GENERAL ROADS - 2
1-Standard roads lane width is (3.7m) but not less than 5.5 m for 2 lanes , with median width from ( 1 to 4) m between lanes . 2- Roads Shoulder Minimum width is 1.25 m and Max. 3.6 m , with transverse slope between 2% and 5 % for water draining.
3-Absolute Maxm grades for highways is 12% , and for urban streets is 30 %
4-Required Widening width ( w ) for horizontal curves up to Radius ( R ) = 60 m is 1.2 m , for R= 150 m , w = 0.9 m and for R = 300 m , w = 0.3 m , No (w) widening is required for more than R = 900 m .
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5- Suitable side slope for 1.0 m
Embankments height is 1:6 and for 3.0 is 1:4 & for 6:0 m is 1:3 .
Roads Suitable Cases 1- Unsuitable materials for roads Embankment are Soils containing 12% or more organic materials , Salty soils containing 10% of total salts or more, Clay of liquid limit more than (55),
and /or Plasticity index >30. 2- Min. suitable road grade for soil side ditch = 0.5 %, max.= 3%.
3- Min. suitable (R) of circular curve for (50) km/hr. design speed is (150) m with 5%super elevation, and R = ( 600 ) m for 100 km/hr . 4 4- Max. suitable longitudinal grade
for rural roads = 5% for 7km/hr, and 8%, for 50 km/hr. speed.
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Airports 1- Airports are classified according to its usage , aircraft type and Runway code letter from ( A to F ) according to ICAO international standards. 2- Airports are Mainly composed of Main Runway, taxiways, aprons , terminal building for passengers, VIP , tower , cargo , and other service buildings , communications and roads. 3-Main Runway rigid pavements typical layers are Concrete 40 cm thickness + 15 cm Dry lean concrete + 35cm stone base + 30 cm sub base ). 4-Flexibale pavement is consist of 4 cm wearing + 6 cm Binder + 15cm MBC Macadam base course + 50 cm stone base + 30cm subcase). 5-Minm clear distance between runway and any parallel taxiway is 200 m , for safety issues .
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Airports Classification
Airports are classified according to its runway characteristics as below : Type Runway Runway Max. Length width Grade
Secondary 500-900 25 2.0% Domestic 1250 30 1.5% Sub-maim 1800 45 1.5% Main 2250 45 1.5% International 3150 & 45 & 1.25% More 60 Airports also are classified with its annual passenger capacity ( Mppa) , for example 2.5 Million passenger (Arrivals + Departures) per year. Notes :
1- All dimensions are in meters 2- Maximum grade is for runway
centerline profile . 3- These physical characteristics are
according to FAA standards .
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High Way Grades
Type of Terrain
Express way
Rural way
Urban High way
Level 3% 4% 6%
Rolling 4% 5% 7%
Mountain 6% 7% 9%
NOTES: 1- Min longitudinal grade 0.5% in snowy countries, and 0.3% at other locations. 2- Max. Ramp grades 8 %. 3- Level longitudinal grade is accepted in flat only where side fill slope 1:4 or flatter .
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Asphalt Pavements Layer Description
1-Wearing layer
Bitumen 6% , thickness (4 - 5) cm , Min. compaction 98%.
2- Binder layer
Bitumen 5% , thickness (6-7) cm, compaction 98%.
3-Stablizer Layer
Bitumen (3 - 4)%,thickness (8-10)cm , compaction 98%.
4 - Base course
Crushed lime stone layer , Min. Compaction 98% , Min. CBR 10%,thick (20-30) cm
5 - Sub- Base
Sand and Gravel Mixture compacted up to 95% Min. CBR 10% ,Thick (20-40)cm.
6 – Filling and Sub - grade
Compacted filling soil layers (30)cm thickness up to 92%, Last 2 m 95%,Sub grade 95%
7- Prime + Tack coat
Applied between sub-base and asphalt layers.
8- Shoulders
Sand & Gravel Mixtures Type (B) thick ( 20)cm , CBR 10%
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Asphalt job mix Tolerance These are allowed Tolerances for any asphalt layer equation deviations 1- % of aggregate passing sieve No. 4 and larger +,- 6 %
2-% of aggregate passing Sieve No. 4 and smaller. +,- 4 %
3- % of passing sieve No. 200 (Filler).
+,-1.5 %
4- % of asphalt by weight of Total mixture.
+,-0.3 %
5- Spreading temperature for asphalt mix. In (degree) +,- 15 %
compaction imMin -6temperature . 85 C°
air temp. allowed imMin -7 For laying asphalt mix.
5 C°1
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Asphalt Pavement Tolerances
Surface or Course
Level Tolerance in millimeter
Wearing course asphalt
+ 3 to - 3
Binder and stabilizer asphalt courses
+ 3 to - 6
Crushed stone course
+ 6 to - 15
Sub base course mixed granular
+ 10 to - 30
Sub grade or Formation level layer
+ 15 to - 30
Above tolerances may change Note :
slightly according to pavement type .
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Right Of the Road
2:3
A
B R
3.0 1.5 1.0
R =
Rig
ht
of th
e r
oad is a
ll w
idth
of
the
allo
cate
d land for
constr
uctin
g t
he r
oad
str
uctu
res a
nd s
afe
ty a
rea o
n b
oth
sid
es ,
and it is
equa
l to
:
R=
B +
2 (
A x
3/2
+ 3
+ 1
.5 +
1 )
mete
rs
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Asphalt Pavement Deviation After completing asphalt pavement laying on ground any deviation of the laid layer from the mixing equation should be treated as below A- Deviations Bitumen percentage: 1-Any Deviation of Bitumen percentage by (0.3 to 0.5) for binder course, and (0.5 to 0.7) for wearing course, from the max and min limits of the total mix design equation it should be treated by adding new (2) cm layer for binder course and (3) cm for wearing course for all layer . 2-But if deviations are less than above limits price deduction should be applied as new price = contract price x ( 1- 0.6 x deviation percentage). 3 - Any deviations more than above limits , the complete layer should be removed and replaced by new layer.
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Asphalt Pavement Deviations Part-2
B- Deviations in Stability and Flow : 1-Deviations from vMin required limit of stability by (68 to 100)Kg for wearing course, and ( 100 to 150) kg for Binder course , and also deviation from Min and Max required limits of Flow by 7.62 mm , should be treated by increasing the next layer by 3 cm 2-But if Deviations are more than upper mentioned limits for stability or flow limits by more than 7.62 mm, should be treated according to item (A-2 ) in part 1 3 - Any deviations more than above limits , the complete layer should be removed and replaced by new one without any compensations and according to required specifications.
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Roads Material Tests Item Important tests
Road Embankment layers
Compaction every 200 ml., C.B.R, soluble salts , organic content , each 1500 m3 , or soil changing.
Road Sub- grade layer
Compaction every 200 ml ,C.B.R 5% Min. , Gradation , LL Max . 25% , PI Max . 6% , each 400 m3
Sub base & Stone Base
Gradation , L.L . P.I , CBR , and Field density each 400 m3 , Min. 98 %or Each lane .
Prime Coat Density as kg/m2 for each lane About 1.0 kg / cm2 .
Asphalt Layers
Bitumen Penetration, Asphalt Mix Temperature. Each train, Extraction & Gradation test ,Compaction Min. 98%, layer Thickness ,and surface accuracy each 2000 m2 or one day work.
Structure (Culverts, Curbs & Bridges)
Cement physical & chemical properties, Concrete Slump, strength and temp.,Steel Tensile , with sand &gravel gradation.
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ASPHALT LAYERS GRADING
Sieve Stabilizer Binder Wearing
1.5" 100
1.0" 90-100 100
3/4" 75-91 90-100 100
1/2" 56-80 70-90 90-100
3/8" 50-74 56-80 77-93
No. 4 29-59 35-65 44-74
No. 8 19-45 23-49 28-58
No. 50 5-17 5-19 5-21
No. 200 2-8 3-10 3-10
% of bitumen. 3.0- 5.5 3.5-6.0 4.0-6.0
Marshal >= 5 KN >=7 KN >= 8 KN
Notes: 1- Required Flow is from (2 - 4mm) 2- Required air voids (>=70%) for all asphalt types as Typical. 3- Bitumen Grade 40/50 to used for upper layers Binder and Wearing 4- Bitumen Grade 60/70 to used for lower layer Stabilizer .
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Bridge Collapse due to Piers foundation failure
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BRIDGES JOINTS
Joint Type
Total Longitudinal Movement
Maximum Acceptable
Vertical Movement Between
Two Sides of Joint mm
Min.mm
Max.mm
1.
Buried joint under continuous surfacing
5 20 0· 5
2. Gap joint with poured sealant
5 12 3
3. Gap joint with flexible membrane
5 50 3
4. Open gap joint 5 60 3
5. Fully cantilevered toothed plates
50 - 3
6. specially designed joints
100 - 3
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Asphalt Properties
Property Base
Course Binder Course
Surface Course
Marshall Stability
(KN), min 5 7 8
Marshall Flow (mm)
2-4
2-4
2-4
Voids in Marshall specimen (%)
3-6 3-5 3-5
Voids in mineral aggregate (%),
mm. 12 13 14
Immersion-Compression
Index of Retained
Strength (%), min.
70 70 70
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Prime Coat spraying
___________________________________________________________________
1-Checking Subbase layer final levels
to be with in accepted tolerances 2- All subbase Tests should be
passed according to required Specifications and standards.
3- Prime coat. spraying Temperature should between (60-85) ° C
4- Testing spraying Quantities between (0.45 – 1.5) kg/m2
5- In case there is any segregation in subbase layer it should be treated before spraying prime coat layer.
6- Prime coat layer wide and length should be always more that asphalt
7- It is not allowed to spraying Prime coat layer if there is any free water or powder or it is raining on subbase layer, it should be dry.
8- It is recommended to spraying a quick water then wait till the surface dried, before spraying Prime coat.
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Asphalt Placing Notes ____________________________________________________________________
1- Prime Coat layer tests should be checked And Any surface excess Bitumen quantities should be removed and treated by clean sand. 2-Asphalt Mixture Temperature spraying on site to be tested and it should between (120 - 170) ˚ C. 3- No mixture placing is accepted in Rainy days, or below 15 ˚ C temp. 4- Allowable compactor speed on hot Mixture is (4 - 6) km /hr. 5- Maximum allowable surface layer irregularity Tolerance under4 m length aluminum roller, is 3 mm for wearing course layer, and 6 mm for binder course layer. 6-To prevent cold joint occurring between two spraying asphalt lanes one after other, second lane should be applied before first longitudinal joint temperature full below 60˚ C.
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Asphalt spraying Tests ____________________________________________________________________ 1-Testing Asphalt Mixture temp .
should be between (120-170) ° C inside trucks before spreading on site. 2-A sample of( 30x30 ) cm area of spreading asphalt mixture layer , Min. (12) kg , should be taken after finisher directly for Extraction , Marshal and Specific Gravity Tests
3- Cutting Cores from spreading asphalt layer next day for layer thickness and compaction test which should be Min. 95 % . 4-Thicknesss checking control of spreading layer which should be according to drawings & Tolerances 5-Vidual checking for spreading layer after finisher directly and treating any segregation immediately 6-No spreading allowed below 4°C. 7-Compaction Temp. ( 80 - 90 )°C .
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Typical Road Slopes 1 m Berm each 3 m height of side shoulders slope 4 % Pavement slope 2 % Each side ///////////////////////////////////// Cut slopes Fill slopes 1-Rocky Layers 1: 1.75 to 3:1 to 10 :1 1: 4 Depending 2- Soils Minim 1:2 on soil type ..
Note : Minim Excavation for Removing Top-soil under pavement ,“Original sub soil” , is (15)cm, with Minim required CBR = 5 %.
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Road Creep Failure due to non-sufficient compaction and wall
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STONE BASE GRADING
As % Passing
Sieve No.
% Pass
Sieve No.
% Pass
1.5" 100 No. 4 30-60
1.0" 80- 100 No.40 10-30
1/2" 50 - 80 No.200 5-15
Notes: 1- Liquid limit = (25) % as upper limit for Materials Passing sieve No. 4 . 2- plasticity Index= (4) % as upper limit for Materials Passing sieve No. 4 . 3- Abrasion loss is 45 % as upper limit . 4- Soaked CBR = or more than 80% at 95% modified maxim density. 5 – All material should be crushed with Aggregate crushing value of less than 30 , BS 812 .
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SUB-BASE GRADING
As % Passing
Sieve Grade
A Grade
B Grade C
2.0" 100 100
1.0" 60-90 75-95 100
3/8" 30-65 40-75 50-85
No. 4 25-55 30-60 35-65
No.10 15-40 20-45 25-50
No.40 8-20 15-30 15-30
No.200 2- 8 5 - 15 5 -15
Notes: 1-Liquid limit not more than (35) 2- required plasticity Index not more than (6). 3- Soaked CBR = or more than 60 % at 95% modified maxim density.
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F’ R E’
D C
E F
R=
Radiu
s,
EF
= D
C/4
, D
C=
(A
B)2
/8R
1 –
Info
rmation;
poin
ts A
, B
and R
.
2 -
Dra
w lin
e A
B.
3-
Fin
d D
C a
nd E
F, E
F e
qu
ation
sam
e a
s D
C
4-
Locate
poin
ts (
E,F
,D).
5-D
raw
curv
e (A
,F,D
,F’ a
nd
B)
Small horizontal curve Setting
AC = (0.5) AB DE = (0.5) DB DC , EF are perpendicular on AB , AD , DB .
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SIGHT DISTANCE
E .
A B CL
Q
R
S = 2R Arc Cos. (R - E ) / R S = sight distance in meters measured along CL line of inside lane (dotted) R = Radius of the center line of the inside lane in meters ( dotted ) . Arc Cos. is expressed in radians E = Distance from CL of inner lane . A = Driver eye , B= Object on road Height of the Object = 15 cm Height of the driver eye = 1.15 m Line of the sight AB is(76)cm above GL Q= Any obstruction ( building or tree…etc ….)
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Culverts Length Min. culvert length L is calculated as : L= SW + 2*SH + 4*FH SW =sub base width SH = shoulder width FH = filling height on top of The culvert slab to the bottom of the pavement NOTES : 1- The Culverts side slopes are assumed 1:2 for fill. 9- Min. Culvert bed slope for suitable
flow is 0.5% and max. is 5% . 3- For low water discharges, use pipe
culverts till 1.0 meter diameter size , for 3.0 meter river water flow span , Box culverts preferable .
4- Bridges are recommended for bigger Discharges, and rivers with more higher spans .
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Culverts Size
Culverts size are calculated according to formula :
A = ( i * a * f ) / ( 36 * v ) A = culvert cross section in m2 i = Intensity of max. rain full in the Region in cm/ hour. Use 100-120 cm/hr in north of Iraq. a = Catchments area in Hectares. f = factor of soil impervious Depending on type of soil, from (0.9) for Rocks , (0.75) for normal soils to (0.6) for sandy soils. v = allowable velocity inside culverts in cm/sec, which is about 0.5 Cm/sec. Note: Free board of minimum (15) cm is recommended under bottom of culvert slab to surface of water flow.
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RETAINING WALLS Masonry wall with plain Concrete Footing , the section is Economical up to (3)m (H) = Height . H/7 . /////////// H/3 H H/3 H/5 f H/3 D //////////// H/3
d 7 / 16 H
NOTES : 1- Min m Footings Excavation, D = 80 cm , 2- Min m Footing Thickness, d = 50 cm . 3- Min m f = 20 cm .
4-Inside Wall casting Concrete can be filled with 30 % stones. 5-Drain PVC (4)” pipes to be inserted each 1 by 1 m .
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Rigid Pavement Design
Olders Formula: D = 3WC/S D = plain slab thickness in cm. W= moving wheel load in Kg which may varies from 2260 to 5440 , add 10 % to 20% for Impact load. C= Coefficient of sub grade which varies from 6.89 for clays , 5.44 for sand mixtures ,and 4.81 for gravel hard mixtures. S= allowable flexural unit stress for concrete in Kg /cm2 , normally taken as 22 to 25kg/cm2 , with ( 2 ) as factor of safety.
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Treated Ground
Normal Concrete Joints on ground
a- Crack Control joint :
groove= T/4 T Crack //////////////////////////// T=thickness b- Expansion joint :
Isolation filter ////////////////////////////
concrete
c- Construction joint: formed edge
with key 1st cast 2nd cast
////////////////////////////
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Internal City Roads Layers R
oa
d
Ty
pe
Su
b
Gra
de
Su
b
Ba
se
B
as
e
As
ph
alt
10
,12
,15
M w
idth
insid
e c
ity
Min
. CB
R
4 %
Th
ick
30
cm
Typ
e A T
hic
k
20
cm
Cru
sh
ed
Lim
e
Sto
ne
Th
ick
20
Cm
Bin
de
r
6 C
m
20
, 30
M w
idth
City
Roa
ds
Min
. CB
R
5 %
Th
ick
50
cm
Typ
e A T
hic
k
30
cm
Cru
sh
ed
lime
sto
ne T
hic
k
25
cm
Bin
de
r
7 C
m
40
, 60
, 10
0 , 1
20
M w
idth
Ma
in c
ity R
oad
s
Min
. CB
R
6 %
T
hic
k 6
0 c
m
Typ
e
A T
hic
k
40
cm
Cru
sh
ed
lime
Sto
ne
thic
k
30
cm
(2) la
ye
rs
Bin
de
r 6
Cm
+ W
ea
ring
5 c
m
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5
SANITARY
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99
SANITARY CONSTANTS 1- Water supply Consumption requirements as liter /capita /day
a- For Each Person at Home as average is about (200) L / C / D
b- For Schools (100) per Student c- For Hospitals (400) per Bed d- For Offices (80) per Employer e- For hotels (500) per person f- For Restaurants (5) per Meal
2- Recommended water supplying pipe size for ordinary house is ½ inch , and for distributing net from tank and ventilation pips is ¾ inch 3- Min. water velocity in pipes (0.7) m /sec. and max. is ( 3.0 ) m /sec. 4- For sewerage flow, best design Velocity between ( 0.4 - 0.9) m/sec , which provide best self-cleaning without erosion or sedimentation. 5- Minimum Longitudinal slope for sanitary pipes ( 4 to 6)” is (1.0) cm/ per meter length of the pipe .
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Typical Deep Filtration
NGL Compacted clay /////////// ///////////// 20 cm ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; 30 cm mixed sand & gravel layer 1.0 m graded Boulders max. size 3” 60 – 80 cm width Slotted drain pipe NOTE : This typical deep filter can be used for Both Roads and buildings Surroundings .
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Domestic septic
Tanks Number of users
Length(m) x width(m) x Depth (m) .
5 2.0x1.0x1.0
10 2.5X1.3x1.0
15 2.5x1.5x1.3
20 2.8x1.5x1.3
50 4.5x2.0x1.4
Notes:
1- Use ventilation pipe( 2.0") diameter
for the septic tank .
2- Use Manhole cover (50x50)cm.
3- A wall to be constructed for dividing
the septic tank to two parts with one
small opening on the top of wall .
4-Free board 30cm required over
depth.
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Galvanized pipes Normally used in water and gas supply installations .
Pipe Dia. inch
Pipe Dia. mm
weight kg/m.l
Thick-ness mm
1/ 2 12 1.26 2.76
3/4 19 1.68 2.87
1.0 25 2.50 3.37
2.0 50 5.43 3.91
2.5 65 6.49 3.65
3.0 75 8.00 3.80
4.0 100 12.00 4.50
Note :
The Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in Pipe weight, for testing purpose
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Deep well discharge G. L///////////////// ///////////////////////////// water table well ------------------------------------------------------ …….. H …….. …….. R depression cone
R = \ 2Q / π
R= radius of depression cone in ft
Q = discharge in galloons / day h = depression of water in well during pumping in ( ft )
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Pipes size used for Water supply and sewerage
Inch mm Inch mm 3/8” 8 3.0” 80
½” 10 4.0” 100
5/8” 15 5.0” 125
¾” 20 10.0” 250
1.0” 25 16.0” 400
1 ¼” 32 20.0” 500
1 ½” 40 24.0” 600
Types: Ductile, Galvanized, Steel, plastic (PVC) , high pressure pipes , and High Density pipes
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PVC high pressure
pipes
Diameter mm
Weight kg/m.l
Thickness mm
63 0.562 1.9
75 0.766 2.2
90 1.12 2.7
110 1.62 3.2
140 2.62 4.1
160 3.43 4.7
200 5.37 5.9
Note : 1-Pipes type are Series 3 and 6 atmosphere water pressure. 1- Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in
Pipe weight for lab. Testing .
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Typical Cesspool
TOP steel cover 40 cm Diameter GL //////////////////// ////////////////// sewerage Brick Masonry Surrounding (1m ) Gravel (15) Humus height Cm thick ( ½ to 1” ) grading open joint ( 30 ) cm Masonry crushed stone layer Notes: 1- Min. cesspool total Depth 7.0 m 2- Min cesspool Diameter clear 90 cm 3- Usage for normal houses , buildings and industries.
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Typical sewer Pipe cross
section
NGL ///////////////;;;;;;;;;;;;;/////////////////////////////// ;;;;;;;;;;;;; Compacted back filing soil Min. …… depth 50 cm sewer .… pipe ;;;;;;;;;;;;; surrounding 0000000 concrete 1:2:4 Min. 15 cm lean concrete Base 20 cm Crushed stone 10 cm Sewer width = Pipe Diam. + 30 cm Note : In weak soils use reinforced concrete base.
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Weirs
H Q Q //////////////////////////// //////////////////////// 4H
Q = 1. 84 B H 3/2
Q = discharge in m3 /sec. B = weir width in (m) H = height of water flow in (m) Notes: 1 -Basin formula is recommended for rectangular weirs. 2 - Above formula is useful for water, c = 0.62 and g = 9.81.
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STORM WATER FLOW Sewers must handle storm water flows during, and after, rain storms, snow and ice-melting events. The rational formula for peak storm-water runoff is:
Q = C*R*A
where: Q =peak runoff, in ft3 / s A = drainage area, acres C = coefficient of runoff of area R =average rainfall rate, inch /hours of rain producing runoff . In urban areas C = from 0.70 to 0.90. Residential areas C = from 0.30 to 0.40. according to surface type.
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Flow in Pipes & Channels
V = 0.85 C R 0.63 S 0. 54 V = flow velocity in m / sec . C = co – efficient of roughness , Normally = 100 for most type of Pipes and channels. R = d / 4 for Pipes , d = pipe diameter in (m) , or channel cross section divided by Wetted perimeter in (m) units. S = Sine the flow slope (as %). Accordingly: Pipe diameter :
D= 7.45 Q2 C / S Q = discharge in liter per sec.
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6 CONCRETE
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.
Note : Above safe loads used for designing Purpose, but suitable factor of safety should be calculated.
SAFE LOADS
Materials Kg/cm2
Concrete. 1:1:2 (Cubes)
320
Concrete 1:2:4 (Cubes)
210
Concrete 1:3:6 (Cubes)
110
Brick work in cement Mortar 1:3
20
Stone masonry in cement mortar 1:3
15
Concrete Blocks in cement Mortar 1:3
12
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Recommended Slump
Concrete construction
slump cm
Max. Min.
Reinforce. Foundations footings and walls
7.5
2.5
Plain footings and sub-walls .
7.5
2.5
Beams and reinforced slabs
10
2.5
building columns
10 2.5
Pavements and slabs
7.5
2.5
Mass concrete
5 2.5
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Fo
r (O
NE
) M
3
CO
NC
RE
TE
Concrete Mix
ON
E c
em
ent b
ag =
50 k
g., F
or
wet
sand
use
mo
re q
uantitie
s o
f it in the m
ix .
Gra
vel
G/ M
3
0.8
0.8
1
0.9
0.9
2
0.9
4
Dry
sand
S/ M
3
0.4
0.5
4
0.4
5
0.4
6
0.4
7
Cem
ent
C/ kg.
57
0
37
0
30
0
20
0
15
0
MIX
C/S
/G
1:1
:2
1:2
:3
1:2
:4
1:3
:6
1:4
:8
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Concrete Strength
Age % of Max m strength 3 days 40 %
7 days 65 %
14 days 90 %
28 days 99 %
Notes :
1-Maxm Air Temperature allowed For concreting casting is in Hot weather is 40o,and 32o for the concrete mix . Minim is Freezing water degree. (0o c) without any precautions.
2-Recommended Slump test for plain concrete is (25 -75) mm and for Reinforced concrete is ( 50-100) mm , depending on structure type and location .
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CEMENT MORTARS
1-Mortar = Cement( C )+ Sand ( S ) 2- One bag of cement = (50) kg. and volume =0.035 m3 . 3- For 1 M3 cement mortar volume : V= 0.75 ( C+ S )
Mix (Cemen
t + sand)
Cement kg
Sand m3
1:1 1020 0.71
1:3 510 1.05
1:5 310 1.05
1:7 220 1.05
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Concrete Cubes Strength
MIX 7- days 28days
1: 1: 2 210 310
1: 1.5:3 175 260
1: 2: 4 140 210
1: 3: 6 - 115 NOTES : 1- For core test the height of the core is equal = 2 x diameter 2- Strength units are in kg/cm2
3- Concrete cubes (15x15x15)cm 4- In case of using (15x30)cm Cylinder instead of cubes, the Strength should be 80% of above Results For normal
concrete.
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Water for Concrete
Mix. Water Liter
Sand Liter
Gravel Liter
1:1:2 25 35 70
1:2:4 32 70 140
1:3:6 35 105 210
1:4:8 46 140 280
NOTES : 1-This table for dry materials 2-This quantities per (50kg) 1- one bag cement. 3-For wet sand and gravel 2- use less water quantities. 4-Use mechanical vibrators.
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Flooring Expansion Joints and Reinforcing
Flooring Concrete
slab Thickness
Weight of BRC Reinfor-cement
Maxim spacing
between 2 joints
10 cm 2.7
kg/cm2 12.5 m
15 cm 3.8
kg/cm2 25 m
20 cm 5.5
kg/cm2 37 m
Note: Normally Width of expansion joint in all above Cases is between (1 - 2) cm.
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Typical Concrete Retaining Wall
20 //////////////////////////// TOP FILL 400 1:12 slope A- 25 mm @ 40 cm c-c B- 12 mm @ 60 cm c-c Dowels 25 mm @ 40 cm C & D 12 mm @ 30 cm NGL 60 //////////////// 45 Key 45 145 35 250 Notes : 1- This section is suitable for Maxm 4.0 m wall height . 2- Distribution steel 12 mm @ 30 cm for all layers A , B , C , D & dowels . 3- All dimensions are in centimeters .
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Recommended Maxm Size of aggregate
Member section
Dimension cm . Min.
For Reinforced Concrete
inch
For Un - Reinforced. Concrete
inch
12.5 or
less
¾
¾ - 1 ½
12.5 to 28
¾ - 1 ½
1 ½ - 3
28 to 74
½ - 3
3 – 6
74 or more
1 ½ - 3
6 Minimum Concrete cover: 1- For slabs & walls = 1.5 cm 2- Beams & T-beams = 2.5 cm
3- 3- foundations & columns = 4.0 cm
4-
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Concrete Admixtures Formulated products Usually in liquid form
Added to concrete at a dosage of less than
5% by weight of cement content to modify
and improve the properties of concrete in
the wet and/or hardened state.
:Main Types of Concrete Admixtures ASTM C 494 ( B.S 5075 )
1-Waterproofing& Water Reducing (Type A) 2-Retarding) Type B ) 3-Accelerator (Type C ) 4-Water Reducing And Retarding (Type D ) 5-Water Reducing And Accelerator (Type E) 6-High Range Water Reducing (Type F) 7-High Range Water Reducing and Regarding (Type G). 8-Self Compacting (Type G & F) 9-Corrosion protection.
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Guides to Depth(d)of
Reinforced Concrete Beam
Member d
Roof and floor slabs L /25
Light beams L/15
Heavy beams and girders L/12 - L/10
NOTE : 1- L is the span of the beam or slab in millimeters. 2- The width of a beam should be at least L / 32 . 3- d = Beam Depth
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Concrete Grades
F Cube F Cylinder Grade MPa
15 12 = C Cylinder
/ Cube For Example
: C20/25
20 16
25 20
30 25
37 30
45 35
60 50
:NOTE 1.25 F ( cu /cylinder ) = F ( cu / cube ) For Designing in Elastic:
fc` = 0.85 ( F cu )
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NDT Concrete Tests If we found any failure in normal tests for concrete ( cubes or cylinders) , Popular NDT ( Non Destructive Tests ) can be hold in field to re-check the results as below :
1. Rebound Hammer Test- RH Test 2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity- UPV Test 3. Combined Method UPV & RH Test 4. Core Extraction for Compressive
Strength Test. 5. Ingredient Analysis of Concrete Core 6. Echo Scan or X-ray for steel
reinforcement. If Still we don’t get satisfied results still we can do :
1- Load test for the failed part. 2- Redesigning the frame.
Still failed , then our last Decision will be demolition the failed concrete part .
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7
ESTIMATION
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Buildings Design Steps
1-Preparing complete Building site surveying and plot layout with countor map topography each 5 m 2- land Investigation by soil tests for the building foundation type , including bore holes ,Min. (3) with 15 m Depth according to geology . 3-Architectural designing for the building with owner apparoval . 4-Structural , electrical and Mechanical desinging for the Building and preparing complete set with Bill of quatities for items. 5-Adding emergincy stairs ( scape away exit ) , Firelarm system , fire fighting , ( CCTV ) monitering cameras , and spare electrical lift . 6-Preparing Requried standards.
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AREAS 1-Sector of Circle :
A= (q / 360) x π R2 q
q = Angle in degree q R = radius R 2- Ellipse :
A=1/4 x D x d x π
D , d = The two diameters . 3- Parabola : A = 2/3 x B x H H B = base H= Height. A= area. 4-Tripozoidal: B A= (L1 +L2) /2 H L= Bases width 5- Circle :
A = π r2
r = Radius
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VOLUMES 1-Cone ,and Pyramid. V = 1/3 (H) (A) V= Volume , A = Base area H = Height
2-Frusta of Pyramid.
V= H / 3 ( A1 +A2 + A1 A2 )
A2 H A1
3-Spherical segment:
V= ╥ h2 (r-h/3)
r = radius h=height of segment.
╥ = 3.14 h
4- Ball:Volume = 4/3 ╥ r3 r
5- Cylinder: Volume =(A)(H).
5-
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EQUATIONS
1-TEMP:
Co = 5 / 9 (F o – 32 )
C = centigrade = Fahrenheit. 3- ESTIMATION: Concrete works V= 0.67 * (C+S +G) Cement Mortar works = 0. 75 (C+S) Stone Masonry Vm = 0.30( V ). Bricks Mortar Vm = 0.23 (V ) Concrete Blocks Vm = 0.13 (V ) V =Total Volume, Vm= Mortar vol. C,S,G = cement ,sand & gravel vol. 4- SIMPSON RULE : Volume = 1/3d ((A1+An+2(sum of odd Areas – No. of ordinates)+4 (sum of even Areas – No. of ordinates )) d = distance between strips.
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Typical Buildings Items Costs
1-Preparation and excavation
1%
2-Foundations 3%
3-Masonry up to DPC
5%
4-Masonry above DPC
22%
5-Roofing and curtains
15%
6-Flooring and tiles
9%
7-Doors and windows
10%
8-Internal finishing 14%
9-External finishing
5%
10-Water supply 5%
11-sanitary works 8%
12-Electrification 3%
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For (1) Meter Need Type Un
it Forma
n Worker
Soil Excavation
M3 - 1
Hard Soil Excavation
M3 - 2
Ordinary Concrete
M3 - 1 /2
Reinforced Concrete
M3 1/8 1
Stone Masonry
M3 4/7 1.25
Cement Plastering
M3 1/15 1/8
Gypsum Plastering
M3 1/40 1/8
Mosaic Tiles
M3 1/30 1/8
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MATERIALS NEEDED
MATERIAL No. / M 3 No. / M 2
1- Bricks (7x11x23)cm with cement mortar1:3
450 -
2- Concrete. Blocks (15x20x40) cm.
73 -
3- Sand bricks (20x10x5)cm.
410 -
4- Concrete. Blocks (20)cm. Wall thick
- 16
5- Tiles (25 x 25)cm
- 16
6- Tiles (15 x 15)cm - 45
7- Tiles (20 x 20)cm
- 25
8- Tiles (30 x 30)cm
- 12
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New Machines Production
Type m3/hr Remarks Big
Bulldozer 200 For soils + Sub
base
Grader 125 For soils
Grader
175
For Road sub base
Roller (Smooth)
175 For sub- base works
Roller(Sheep)
150 For soils
Rubber –Tire Shovel
160 For Truck Loading
Excavator 70 In Medium Materials
Crawler Shovel
120 Sub-base + soils
Scrapers 90 For soils works
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Bucket Fill Factor
Material Fill factor Range
Sand and gravel
0.90 – 1.00
Common earth
0.80 – 0.90
Hard Clay
0.65 – 0.75
Wet Clay 0.50 – 0.60
Rock well blasted
0.60 – 0.75
Rock poor
blasted 0.40 – 0.50 Source : Caterpillar Tractor Comp.
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8 _____________________________________
Electrical & Mechanical
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Water Pumps Power Q H P = -------- x ---------- 102 q P = Power in ( kw ) H = Head in meter ( Total ) Q = discharge in Liter/sec. q = efficiency ( output ) factor for piston pumps between (0.8 – 0.95) centrifugal pumps from (0.4 – 0.75)
H= Hw + Hst .(in m) Hw=Total suction and pushing head Hst= Extra head losses in ( m )Due to pipes friction and values according to pipe diameter, length and discharge in side it , which calculated from special Empirical tables. NOTE: This Equation is used to find the required pump power in (kw), if you know the total Head, efficiency and required discharge for pump.
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Electrical Information-1 1- Installation wires required cross section is :
a = ( 2 K L I ) / Vd a is in mm2
K= 0.02 for copper , & 0.03 for Aluminum wires , I = amperes . L = wire length in meter
Vd= voltage drop from 3 – 5 %. 2- One KVA = 4.5 Amperes for 220-volt system generators. 3- Every 1000 current amp. Needs 1.0 in2 bus – bar connection. 4- E= I * R , W=I*E , W= I2* R E= VOLTS, I = AMPERES R= OHMS, W= WATTS
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Electrical Information-2
1-All (13 ) Amp Switched Plug Socket should be placed at height of (40-50) cm from house floor level , but for bath rooms and kitchens on (120 ) cm level .
Amp. All should be )20-15(For -2.floorfrom cm Height )120(on
All electrical installations should -3be extended above false ceiling level and then dropped directly to
.the points All electrical installations levels -4
tary should be above sani. installations levels
for All electrical installations-5should be connected to sockets
. house Earthing system
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Air conditioning
1- For Cooling : chiller used , and split units , every 35 m3 of the room space volume required 1 Ton , which is equal to 12000 BTU (BTU = British thermal unit )
1 Ton cooling = 2900 kcal /h Every Kw = TON * 3. 5 2- For Heating : boiler used . 1 Ton heating = 3050 kcal / h Every Kw = 870 kcal / h 3- Air coolers use CFM = cubic foot per minute, 2500,3500,…. 4- Pumps discharge unit m3 / hr usually use the units of ; 1 Kw = 1.33 hp ( Normal head ) 1 hp = 2. 25 – 3 m3 / hr discharge 1 hp = Horse power unit .
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Single phase cable 200LP A = ---------------- x (1000) dqv2 A = Area of cable cross section in (mm2 ) P = Power in Kilo watts L = distance in (m) d = for copper (cu)=56, and different for other materials. q = voltage drop in percentage, for example (2.4 ) v = voltage in volts . Note: This equation is used to find a required area (cross section ) for a single phase cable, between (2) points, when you know the distance between them, required power to be transferred and acceptable
drop in voltage between the (2) points.
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Electrical Cable Trenches 1-The depth of the Earth
excavation for cable trenches shall be min. 90cm with the width according to the number of cables (under sidewalk 70cm, under median 90cm).
2- Before laying the cables the trenches shall be filled with a layer of earth free of stones, or clean sand having a thickness of 15cm. The cables shall be covered by another layer of the same material and thickness.
3- The polyethylene sheet shall be laid over this second layer to protect the cable against damaging. The sheet shall be marked continuously with the word "DANGER" .
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Sound Transition Loss
TL = 20 log f + 20 log D – C
TL = Transition loss of sound f = Sound frequency 125 – 4000 ( Hz) D = Partition Surface Density (kg/m2cm) C= 33 for Metric Units. For f = 1000 Hz :
Material D Avg. TL
Bricks 21 50
Concrete 23 55
Wood 6 42
Glass 29 56
Gypsum 10 45
Lead 125 65
Sound Levels in dB
Source Decibel dB
Wisper 30
Rain fall 50
Conservation 60 – Normal Level
Factory 80
Jet Engine 130
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Thermal Conductivity
__________________________________________________________
H = K*A *(T1-T2) / t H= Thermal conductivity in watt .
K= The material thermal conductivity A= Total cross section area of conducting surface in m2 T1 & T2 = Outside and inside
temperatures in centigrade cº t = Thickness of the conducting surface in meters Material K in Watt / m cº
Bricks 1 Concrete 2 Plastering 0.5 Glass 1 Stone 1.7 Wood 0.04 – 0.4 Polystyrene 0.05 Air 0.025 Soil 1.5
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9 _____________________________________
Miscellaneous
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Investigation Boreholes The Spacing and Depth of Boreholes for any structures may viried cosiderably in the light of local foundation conditions and the size and loads of the structure . The grid of Borehles location is usually decided by the Geologistik Engineer according to his accumilated Experience . Normally Boreholes spacing are :
1- For buildings 10 – 30 m apart . 2- Roads and brudges 30 -300 m. 3- Landslides At least 5 in line of profile .
And Depth is : 1- 1.5 x Foundatioin depth , below
foundation depth + one or two contrle hole to Min. (10) m depth , unless rock ahead found .
2- Then (3)m. below Roackhead to prove sound rock .
3- Probes to 3 -10 m to locate rock cavities as rough estimation.
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Int. StandardsDesigning Architectural Standards : 1-Neufurt Architects data 2-Time saver Standards 3-AIA - American Institute of Architects Civil Engineering Standards : 1-ACI - American Concrete Institute 2-IBC - international buildings code 3-ASCE - American Society of Civil Engineers 4-AASTHO - American Association of State Highway ,Transportation Officials 5-ASTM - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Mechanical Standards : 1- ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2- B.S. – British Standards . 3- ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating& Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Electrical standards :
1-IEC -International Electrical Commission
2-NEC - National elec. code
3-IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .
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1-ElementsEngineering Design
In the Design set Process of any Buildings project it is normally that below Typical elements are required
: Parts for the Complete Design set A- Architectural :
1- Buildings Plot with infrastructure
services & Site Plan Drawing.
2- Foundations , Basement and all
Floors plans with penthouse
details furniture and Dimensions .
3- Two Horizontal and vertical
Sections for complete structure.
4- All required Elevations.
5- Details for Main and Emergency
Stair case and other structures .
6- 3D Views of the Buildings and
may be also animation.
7- Doors and windows Details .
8- Legend For all Parts& finishing’s.
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2-Engineering Design Elements B- Structural :
1-Foundation plans , details , reinforcement , And Retaining walls with cut and fill works. 2- All slabs Reinforcement’s and detailed Plans & sections . 3- Beams and columns details. 4- Lifts and Stair case sections , reinforcement and details. 5- Required Standards ,Design
codes and General notes. C- Electrical :
1- Lightening for main site plan .
2- Power distribution with main
boards and Transformers.
3- CCTV Security camera Net .
4- Fire Alarm & Anti-lighting system.
5- Other Nets and TV cables.
6- Building Earthling system.
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3-Engineering Design Elements D- Mechanical :
1- Water supply, Boilers and
Reservoirs tanks systems.
2- Sanitary, rain , floor drain
system and station treatments .
3- Gas and Fire-fighting systems.
4- Split units, VRV or Chillers
air-conditioning and ventilation.
5- Split units water draining net.
6- Lift , and Pumps details .
E- B.O.Q : For all above Branches
Bill of Quantities is required as
excel sheet with Estimated prices
, Printed on A4 Paper Size.
F- Printing : Complete Project
Drawings and Documents to be
printed on A2 Paper Size , And
3 CD soft Copy with PDF Format.
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4-Engineering Design Elements
G- ROADS: For Roads and highway projects below typical elements are required for complete Design Set:
1- General Road site plan and alignment on digitized satellite map with kilometer stations.
2- Typical road cross section and material layers with slopes details
3- Road alignment plan each certain stations and profile section with Natural ground , Subgrade and final road levels.
4- All road structures like culverts, bridges , over & underpasses , intersections , parking ,Guard rails, Signs …etc should be shown on alignment and profile.
5- Complete BOQ for all cut and fill quantities, materials used with total lengths of culverts & Bridges
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Multistory building collapse due to Wrong Design
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PHYSICS CONSTANTS 1- Light Velocity(c) =
299,000 km/s 2- One light year = 9.5x1012 km . 3- Gravity acceleration=9.81 m/s2 4- Avogadro No.(NA)=
6.x1023 mol-1 5- Plank constant (h)=6.6x10-34 j.s 6- Gravity Constant (G)=
6.7x10-11 m2/kg2 7- Earth Radius = 6,370,000 km . 8- Average distance between
earth and sun = 1.5x108 km. 9- Sun Radius = 7x105 km . 10- Sound velocity = 343 m/s 11- Standard. Air Pressure =
100,000 Pascal OR N/m2 12- Uniform Atomic Mass Unit ( u) = 1.66x10-27 kg.
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SOME REFFERENCES 1- Standard Hand book for civil
engineers , Merritt , 2002 . 2- Highway Design manual – State
organization of roads and bridge , Baghdad , Iraq , SORB-2003 .
3- A Dictionary of civil engineering, GHOSE, Delhi , 2004 .
4- Waste water engineering, METCALF & EDDY, 1991
5- Indian Practical civil engineers Hand book , KHANA , 1985 .
6- Buildings Construction, Principles’ , and practice , Denis Walton , 1995 .
7- Iraqi Technical Specifications For buildings, Baghdad, 1993.
8- Al - MANSOOR company practical handbook ( IRAQ).
9- Building Materials , 2009,Jordan 10- ACI code , AASHTO 2010,etc …
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NOTES: 1-Please Inform me for any Mistakes modifications, suggestions or corrections on below Addresses. so that to be edited in next edition. 2-All information here are practical , empirical enough for ordinary, and collected from general resources of civil engineering. 3-Please Note that for structures Which may you need more and accurate details you are strongly advised to review basic & detailed Civil engineering standards & not depending on this booklet only. E-mail : [email protected] Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:
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