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Ship’s risk management formarine environment protection

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吉田公一

Koichi Yoshida

Risk control of ships for environment protectionPreventive measures should be taken

Green House Gases

Ship Recycling

Anti-FoulingSystem

Oil / Chemical (Fuel/cargo)

Garbage, Waste and Wash-water

Underwaternoise

Ballast water

NOx SOx PM

Black carbon

Cold Ironing

VOC

Bio-Fouling

Ozone depleting substances

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IMO rules for ship and its environmentOil / Chemical (Fuel/cargo)

MARPOL(INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROMSHIPS) ANNEX I, II and III船舶による海洋汚染の防止に関する国際条約 附属書I, II, III

Garbage/Waste MARPOL ANNEX V (ANNEX IV for Sewage)

Anti-Fouling System INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS 船底防汚システムの管理に関する国際条約

Ballast water International Convention for the Control and management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediment 船舶バラスト水及び残渣の制御と管理に関する国際条約

NOx SOx PM MARPOL ANNEX VI

Green House Gases MARPOL ANNEX VI

Ship Recycling HONG KONG International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships安全かつ環境的に健全な船舶のリサイクルに関する香港国際条約

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1.Prevention of marine pollution by oil spill from ships

Measures taken and to be taken• Double hull of cargo tank: MARPOL Annex I• Double hull for fuel tank: MERPOL Annex I• Enhancement of Hull Survey and Inspection• Strength of hull: Goal-based Standard (GBS) for

new ship construction: SOLASResult on• Increase of hull weight• Decrease of cargo capacity

– These both impact causes decrease of energy efficiency and increase of emission of NOx SOx and greenhouse gases.

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FOT protection: DE48/INF.4 Japan

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FOT protection: DE48/INF.4 Japan

2. Carriage of dangerous cargoes in packaged form

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落下試験（対角）• MARPOL Annex III Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form

• International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) • International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972, as amended

(CSC 1972)

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IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment3. Garbage/Waste

• IMO : MARPOL Annex V– In principle, prohibition of disposal of shipboard garbage into sea/water

(MARPOL Annex V)– Garbage and waste shall be unloaded to port reception facilities（港のご

み受入施設）

– Onboard management plan for treatment of garbage（船上のごみ管理）

ISO/TC8/SC2 (Marine Environmental protection)• ISO 21070: Management and handling of shipboard garbage• ISO 16304 Port Reception Facilities for shipboard garbage and waste

• Equipment/Technology• Compactors • Comminuters • Pulpers • PAWDS (Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System)• Shredders • Incinerators• Calculating the amounts of waste• Segregation of Wastes

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Managing Shipboard Waste: ISO 21070 (1st Ed. Published 2011)Managing Shipboard Waste: ISO 21070 (1st Ed. Published 2011)

ISO 16304 Waste Segregation Storage Waste Minimizing Waste Handling Equipment Recycling Local and National Regulations Treatment technologies at the

port Waste Management Planning

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Management of wastes at port reception facilities: ISO 16304

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IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment4. Anti-Fouling System 船底防汚システム（塗装）

• IMO : INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF

HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPSEntered into force September 17, 2008

Ban the use of Organic Tin coating system on ships’ hull

• ISO/TC8/SC2– ISO 13073

Part 1: Marine environmental risk assessment method on active substances used for anti-fouling systems on ships

Part 2: Marine environmental risk assessment method for anti-fouling systems using active substances on ships

Part 3: Human Health risk assessment for the application and removal of anti-fouling systems

• Affect of bio-fouling- reducing of hull performance (increase of resistance)- damage to hull (corrosion)- 生態系の攪乱（越境移動）

• Anti-fouling paint system- prevention of bio-fouling<History>BC: Tar, Pitch, Lead18～19C: Cu, As(ヒ素:Arsenic) Hg compound20C: Cu2O, Hg2O1970 - : Organic-Tin+CuO1970 - : Organic Tin polymer1990 - : non-tin type (biocide, silicone-base)

Cutty Sark号の銅板

Bio-fouling ships’ hull and propeller

Tri-Butyl Tin Oxide (TBTO)

a.

b.

c.

N : B

•Organic Tin polymer (TBTO)- excellent anti-boifouling- expanded use in 1970s-1990s-accumulation in sea lives results in urogenitalabnormality

• INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS「船舶の有害な防汚方法の規制に関する国際条約」

（AFS条約）

- adopted in October 2001- ban of use of TBTO- Japan accepted AFS Convention in July 2003- become effective in September 2008

• Move to use non-Tin compound- major compound （Cu2O）

together with organic co-biocide- conscious to environment

(low accumulation in lives and high degradable)

Non-Tin AFSa. Zink-Pyrithionb. Copper-Pyrithionc. Pyridine-triphenylborane

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これらの10種が、もともと発生していた海域で資源、あるいは有害生物として扱われていたかどうかは、この場合には考慮されない。別な海域に移動して分布を広げ、定着して繁殖したことが問題になったのである。

5. Ballast water management – BWM Convention

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Ships shall carry and operate ballast water management system on-board to destroy, to the required level, marine species in ballast water before entering into water of the nation of the destination.In a specified period of time, ballast water exchange taken in open ocean areas can be used.

Ballast Water Management

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Ballast Water Management Conventionバラスト水管理条約船舶のバラスト水及び沈殿物の規制及び管理のための国際条約International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast waterand Sediment, 2004 採択 2004年2月13日

Method of ballast water management① Ballast water exchange in open sea (D-1 method)② Ballast water treatment system (D-2 method)③ Uptake to ballast water receiving facilities④ Other measures approved by MEPC

IMO Assembly in 2007 and 2013 agreed to extend the implementation date of method D-2.BWMC has yet entered into force (as of Nov. 2015)44 states (including Japan) have joined total of 32.89% of world tonnage (35% is required for entering into force)

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Ballast water Management; original plan

船舶のﾊﾞﾗｽﾄ水容量（m3）

D-2基準のみが適用となる期日 ２０００年代

04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

2008年以前建造船

1500～5000

D-2

～1500 又は5000～

D-2

2009年以降建造船

～5000 D-2 D-2

2009~2011年の建造船

5000～

D-2

2012年以降の建造船

D-2

Application and implementation of BWM ConventionDiscussion at MEPC65 May 2013

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Recycling of ships (ship scrapping) had been conducted in bad manner in

terms of safety and environment protection.

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IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment6. Ship Recycling

安全かつ環境的に健全な船舶のリサイクルに関する香港国際条約

The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling)

CHAPTER 1 . GENERAL PROVISIONSCHAPTER 2 . REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPSCHAPTER 3 . REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIP RECYCLING FACILITIESCHAPTER 4 . REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

Ship Recycle Convention

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Ship recycling procedures

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IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environmentShip Recycling: ISO 30006 Inventory of hazardous materials

The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling)

• Adoption: 15 May 2009;• Applies to ship of 500 GT and over (existing and new ships) • Entry into force: 24 months after ratification by 15 States, representing 40 per

cent of world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, combined maximum annual ship recycling volume not less than 3 per cent of their combined tonnage

• As in Nov. 2015, not yet enter into force ( 3 member states with 1.86% GT).

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Needs of NOx emission reduction

These gases and particles are emitted from marine engines.

Acid rain

NOx，SOxHC，PM，CO

Smog

Global warming up

respiratory disorder

CO2

Global warming upAcid rain

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7. MARPOL Annex VI reduction of emission of NOxTier 2 rules

From 201115% to 22% reduction from the level in 2000

Tier 3 rules from 2016 80% reduction in ECA (Emission Control Area defined in MARPOL) exclude pressure boat of 24m in length or less and the eingine of 750kW or less

MEPC66（2014年3-4月）

agreed to keep the implementation date of Tier 3.

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Reduction of NOx emission using SCR(Selective Catalytic Reactor)

尿素SCR触媒の原理尿素噴射ノズル

触媒外観

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Example: 699DWT Cargo ship

Compact size

Urea solvent tank should have enough capacity for ship’s intended voyages.

Control system

Durability of the4 system

SCR for ship application

Need to develop design of

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SOx and PM emission MARPOL ANNEX VI revision

adopted in October 2008, entered into force on 1 July 2010

date Sulphur contentsprior to 1 January 2012 4.5% m/m or less

after 1 January 2012 3.5% m/m or less

after 1 January 2020 0.5% m/m or less

date Sulphur contentsprior to 1 July 2010 1.50% m/m or less

after 1 July 2010 1.00% m/m or less

after 1 January 2015 0.10% m/m or less

Any Sea Area

In Emission Control Area （ECA)

The limitation of sulphur content in marine fuel of 0.5% or less would mean that existing heavy fuel (residual oil) can not be used as fuel of ships, and ships shall use distilled fuel.

Sulphur Deposition

Note how deposition along shipping routes becomes more relevant in 2020

PM2.5 air concentrations

in 2000 and in 2020

Marine fuel

JIS規格 国際的名称

軽油 GO（Gas Oil : 軽油）DO（Diesel Oil : ディーゼル油）MDF（Marine Diesel Fuel : 船舶用ディーゼル燃料）MDO（Marine Diesel Oil : 船舶用ディーゼル油）

A重油

B重油 -

C重油MFO（Marine Fuel Oil : 船舶用燃料油）HFO（Heavy Fuel Oil : 重質燃料油）RFO（Residual Fuel Oil : 残渣燃料油）

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Process of oil distillation and desulfurization出典：舶用燃料重油の低質化対策指針Version Ⅱ ―難燃性燃料油対策― 財団法人日本海事協会20086

月

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Emission control started

• From 1 January 2015 in ECA, fuel of 0.1% sulfur or less is required.

• NOx Tier III emission control will start from 1 January 2016.

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• Low S fuel (Natural gas, distilled oil fuel, etc.),or

• Use of exhaust gas washing system.

• Development of dual fuel and gas fuel engines (gas and oil).

• Use of SCR• Engines using water emulsion

oil fuel• Use of gas fuel

• IGF Code (International Code for Gas Fuel Ships)

• Development of infra-structure of gas fuel supply.

Gas fuel ships: Natural gas contains almost no sulfur.

Concept design by NMRI• Container ships : 9300 TEU• Ferry: 10,000 GT and 500 GT

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