Chapter 4 Ships Structure and EquipmentPassage Two & Exercises

Review what we have learned last time.Anchor

Review what we have learned last time.windlasshawsepipebuckler plateriding pawlchain stopperwildcatfriction brakelocking ring

1-(anchor)2-(anchor recess)3-(hawse pipe)4-(chain stopper)5-(windlass)6-(chain pipe)7-(chain locker)8-(chain)

Passage Two Deck Gear Seafarers must be familiar with ships gear. The term ships gear is used to describe the gear and equipment aboard the ship that is used for cargo handling and deck operations. Ships gear can be divided into four categories: standing rigging, running rigging, deck fittings and deck machinery.

STANDING RIGGING STANDING RIGGING includes the rigging that supports masts or king posts. This gear includes the following:Shrouds: These are heavy wire ropes that provide athwartship support for the mast or king posts. Two or more shrouds are used on either side of a mast or king post. They are secured to the outboard side of the deck or to the bulwark to provide maximum support.

STANDING RIGGING

Turnbuckles: These are internally threaded collars turning on two screws threaded in opposite directions. They are used to secure and to take up the slack in the shrouds and stays.Stays and Backstays: These are heavy wires similar to shrouds. The difference is that they will lead in a forward or aft direction. They are found at the mast where the jumbo boom is located. When they support the mast from a forward direction, they are called stays. When they support the mast from an aft (back) direction, they are called backstays.

RUNNING RIGGING RUNNING RIGGING includes the moving or movable parts that are used to hoist or operate gear such as cargo runners, topping lifts, and guy tackles.cargo runner: topping lift guy tackle

DECK FITTINGSDECK FITTINGS are the devices that are used to secure standing rigging, running rigging, and mooring lines. These devices are described as follows:

Bitts: These are heavy metal bed plates with two iron or steel posts. They are used on ships for securing mooring or towing lines. Usually there is a set forward and after each chock.

DECK FITTINGSChocks: These are heavy fittings secured to the deck. Lines are passed through them to bollards on the pier. The types of chocks used are closed, open, roller, and double roller.

Cleats: These are metal fittings having two projecting horns. They are used for securing lines.

cleat Chock: bollard:

DECK FITTINGSPad Eyes: These are fixtures welded to a deck or bulkhead. They have an eye to which lines or tackle are fastened and are used for securing or handling cargo. A bulwark is the wall around any deck exposed to the elements. This includes the weather deck, the poop deck, the fore deck, and any deck on the superstructure. On top of the bulwark is a flat rail (or plate) called the rail. Pad eyes and cleats are often welded to the rail.

pad eye

DECK MACHINERY DECK MACHINERY includes the standard machinery that is found on the decks of vessels. The size and shape of the deck machinery may vary depending upon type of vessel, but the operating principles remain the same.

DECK MACHINERYCargo Winches: These are power-driven machines used to lift, lower, or move cargo. Winches are classified according to their source of power. Electric winches are standard equipment on most vessels. An electric winch has a steel base on which the winch drum, motor, gears, shafts, and brakes are mounted. The drum, which has cable wound on it, is usually smooth with flanged ends. It revolves on a horizontal axis and is driven through single or double reduction gears by an electric motor (usually direct current). A solenoid brake and a mechanical brake are fitted to the motor shaft. The winch is located on deck or on a deckhouse. The winch controls consist of a master controller or switchbox located on a pedestal at the end of the hatch square and a group of relays and resistors located near the winch motor.

reduction gearsolenoid brake

DECK MACHINERYWindlass: The windlass is a special type of winch used to raise and lower the anchors and to handle the forward mooring lines. It consists of a wildcat (a steel casting in the form of a deeply grooved drum with projecting ribs) used to grip the anchor chain, controls for connecting or disconnecting the wildcat from the engine, and a friction brake which can be set to stop the wildcat when disconnected. There are horizontal drums at each end of the windlass for warping.

DECK MACHINERYCapstan: The capstan is a vertically mounted winch head used aboard ship when mechanical power is required for raising anchor, lifting heavy weights, or for any similar work. It is a cast steel drum mounted on a vertical spindle with the largest diameters at top and bottom and the smallest in the middle to allow the rope around it to surge up or down as the number of turns is increased. The drum is fixed to the spindle by keys.

vocabulary

ExercisesI. Multiple choices1. A wildcat is a ______.A. deeply-grooved drum on the windlass with sprockets which engage the links of the anchor chainB. winch that is running out of control due to a failure of the overspeed tripsC. line that has jumped off the gypsyhead while under strainD. nylon line that parts under strain and whips back in a hazardous manner1. A

ExercisesI. Multiple choices2. A design modification of an anchor chain which prevents kinking is the ________.detachable link B. stud link C. kenter link D. connecting link2. B

ExercisesI. Multiple choices3. A deck fitting, used to secure line or wire rope, consisting of a single body with two protruding horns is called a _____.

A. bitt B. bollard C. capstan D. cleat3. D

ExercisesI. Multiple choices4. A chock is a ________.A. deck fitting used to secure mooring lines B. casting fitted at the side of a weather deck, used as a fairleadC. sharp block of wood used to support hygroscopic cargoD. smoke pipe for the galley stove4.B

ExercisesI. Multiple choices5. On a vessel, the keel is the primary strength member of the lower hull on which direction?transverse B. diagonal C. longitudinal D. vertical 5. C

ExercisesI. Multiple choices6. In vessel construction, beams are transverse girders which provide support to_______.bulkhead B. frame C. stanchion D. deck longitudinal6. D

ExercisesI. Multiple choices7. In ship construction, frame spacing is _______.A. greater at the bow and stern B. reduced at the bow and stern C. uniform over the length of the vesselD. uniform over the length of the vessel, with the exception of the machinery spaces, where it is reduced due to increased stresses7. B

ExercisesI. Multiple choices8. The term strake is used in reference to _______.rudder mountings B. anchor gear C. vessel framing D. hull plating8.D

ExercisesI. Multiple choices9. By definition, a spar deck is the.A. lower most continuous deck not broken by water tight bulkheadsB. after most weather deck above the main strength deck C. upper or weather deck above the main strength deck D. deck of light construction below the main or strength deck9. C

ExercisesI. Multiple choices10. Bilge keels are fitted on ships to ______.A. assist in drydock alignmentB. improve the vessels stabilityC. protect the vessel from slamming against piersD. reduce the rolling of the vessel 10. D

ExercisesI. Multiple choices11. A set of interior steps on a ship leading up to a deck from below is known as ______.a companion way B. tween decks C. stairs D. any of the above are acceptable11. A

ExercisesI. Multiple choices12. In vessel construction, beam brackets are triangular plates that join the deck beam to a _______.bulkheads B. deckhouse structures C. decks D. vertical frames 12. D

ExercisesI. Multiple choices13. Anchors are prevented from running out when secured by the .brake B. devils claw C. pawl D. all of the above13. D

ExercisesI. Multiple choices14. Aboard ship, vertical flat plates running transversely and connecting the vertical keel to the margin plates are called___________.floors B. intercostals C. girders D. stringers14. A

ExercisesI. Multiple choices15. A partial deck in a hold is called a(n) __________.weather deck B. orlop deck C. shelter deck D. main deck15. B

ExercisesI. Multiple choices16. The next-to-last shot of an anchor cable is usually painted ___________white B. international orange C. yellow D. red16. C

ExercisesI. Multiple choices17. The inner bottom is the__________.A. tank top B. compartment between the tank top and shell of the vesselC. inner side of the vessels shellD. space between two transverse bottom frames17. A

ExercisesI. Multiple choices18. _____:The main center-line structural member, running fore and aft along the bottom of a ship, sometimes referred to as the backbone.Frame B. Deck beam C. Stringer D. Keel18. D

ExercisesI. Multiple choices19. Reinforcing frames attached to a bulkhead on a vessel are called_____.side longitudinals B. intercostals C. stiffeners D. brackets 19. C

ExercisesI. Multiple choices20. In vessel construction, a greater number of watertight bulkheads results in_______.A. increased capacity to set flooding boundariesB. decreased capacity to set flooding boundariesC. reduced compartmentationD. greater deck load capacity20. C

II. Translate the following into English.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Watertight compartmentTweendeckHawse pipeBitt/bollardkeelBilge strakeShear forceBe subject tobuttbracket

Answer to Exercise II11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. stringerFluke/palmstudwildcatcapstanRunning riggingstaycleatbulkheadSide plating

III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. Any partial deck above the main deck is named according to its location on the ship. At the bow it is called a forecastle deck, amidships it is an upper deck, and at the stern it is called the poop deck. 2. The interior of the ship is divided by the bulkheads and decks into watertight compartments. A vessel could be made virtually unsinkable if it were divided into enough small compartments. However, too many compartments would interfere with the arrangement of mechanical equipment and the operation of the ship. 3. The shell plating forms the watertight skin of the ship and at the same time, in merchant ship construction, contributes to the longitudinal strength and resists vertical shear forces. 4. In way of tanks such as oil bunkers or cargo deep tanks the side frame size will be increased, except where supporting side stringers are fitted within the tank space.

III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.5. Ring is a device used to shackle the anchor chain to the shank of the anchor. The ring is secured to the top of the shank with a riveted pin. 6. The wildcat, when engaged, either hauls in or pays out the anchor chain. When disengaged, the wildcat turns freely and the only control of the anchor chain is the friction brake. 7. Chocks are heavy fittings secured to the deck. Lines are passed through them to bollards on the pier. The types of chocks used are closed, open, roller, and double roller.

A summary of what we have learned today.Home work.1. Review the text.2. Keep the new words and expressions in mind.3. Preview the vocabulary and the text of chapter 5 part one.

Exercises from the test bank______ is not a longitudinal structural memberAsideshellBbottom shell platingCinner bottom platingDtransverse bulkhead

A continuous watertight bulkhead is normally also an______AStructural bulkheadBExterior bulkheadCCenterline bulkheadDJoiner bulkhead

A design modification of an anchor chain which prevents kinking is the ______ADetachable linkBStud linkCKenter linkDConnecting link

A term applied to the bottom shell plating in a double-bottom ship is ______Abottom floorBouter bottomCshear platingDtank top

Buckler plates are ______ATriangular-shaped plates connecting the bull chain to the topping liftBMetal plates secured over the tops of the hawsepipesCFaired shell plates with curvature in two directionsDSheets of dunnage used to prevent heavy cargo from buckling the deck plates

Compared to internal structural platingthe exterior hull plating on a vessel is usually ______AstrongerBthinnerCmore corrosion resistantDa lower grade steel

Deck beams on a vessel are generally spaced at equal intervals and run ______AlongitudinallyBverticallyCtransverselyDIntermittently

Deck beams perform ______ of the following functions in the hull structure of a vessel They transfer deck loads to the frames They help to maintain the shape of the hullA onlyB onlyCBoth and DNeither nor

Floors aboard ship are ______Aframes to which the tank top and bottom shell are fastened on a double bottomed shipBtransverse members of the ships frame which support the decksClongitudinal beams in the extreme bottom of a ship from which the ship's ribs startDlongitudinal angle bars fastened to a surface for strength

Forecastle deck is located in the ship's ______ABow stemBSternCPortsideDStarboard side

Frames to which the tank top and bottom shell are fastened are called ______AfloorsBintercostalsCstringersDtank top supports

If the weights are moved away from the midship section______ will happen on boardAhoggingBsaggingCstiffDtender

In vessel constructionbeams are transverse girders which provide support to ______ABulkheadsBDeckhouse structuresCDecksDVertical frames

In vessel constructionthe garboard strake is ______ALocated next to and parallel to the keelBLocated next to and parallel to the gunwaleCAnother term for the bilge keelDAnother term for the rub rail

It is possibleand sometimes necessaryto strengthen the deck of a vessel for carriage of deck cargo by ______Aplacing bunker on the deckBbuilding a stage on which to place the cargoCwelding steel feet to the deckon which the cargo is placedDerecting vertical pillars under the deck to support the cargo

Limber is a term associated with ______AEmergency gearBDrainageCDeck cargo storageDSecuring gear

On a vesselthe keel is the primary strength member of the lower hull form in which direction ________ATransverseBDiagonalCLongitudinalDVerticalstanchion

The hull is divided up into a number of watertight compartments by ______Ainner bottom plating and longitudinalsBdecks and bulkheadsCdouble bottom girdersDtopside and hopper tank sloping plating and longitudinals

The opening in the deck beneath the anchor windlass that leads to the chain locker is the ______AHawse pipeBFall pipeCDrop-pipeDSpill pipe

The riding pawl is ______Aa safety interlock in a cargo winch that prevents the runner from overspeedingBa stopper that prevents the anchor cable from running free if the cable jumps the wildcatCthe device that locks the deck lashings of the Peck and Hale systemDthe lug that rides on the eccentric rib and engages the locking ring on the windlass

The strake on each side of the keel is called a ______ASheer strakeBGatewood strakeCInsulation strakeDGarboard strake

When using the term limber system one is referring to a ______ACleaning systemBDrainage systemCStrengthening systemDWeight reduction system

An example of a messenger is a ______AfairleadBheaving lineCstayDwarp

Anchors are prevented from running out when secured by the ______ABrakeBDevil's clawCPawlsDAll of the above

Increasing the area of the anchor flukes will ______AIncrease holding powerBDecrease holding powerCMake penetration more completeDNot effect holding power

The part of a windlass which physically engages the chain during hauling or paying out is the ______ADevil's clawBBull gearCWildcatDCat head