sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ kºq¿ÆIrXn-Iƒbooks.sayahna.org/ml/pdf/kd-src-06.pdf · 2020. 9. 10. · sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ cm{„o-b-˛-km-aq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kv°m-cn-I-˛-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n∂

$Page 1: sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ kºq¿ÆIrXn-Iƒbooks.sayahna.org/ml/pdf/kd-src-06.pdf · 2020. 9. 10. · sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ cm{„o-b-˛-km-aq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kv°m-cn-I-˛-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n∂$
sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥

kºq¿ÆIrXn-Iƒ

hmeyw Bdv

(Malayalam)K. DAMODARAN SAMBOORNAKRITHIKAL VOL - 6By K. DAMODARANFirst Edition : September, 2010Type Setting : Swabin Computers, Statue, ThiruvananthapuramPrinting : Swabin Offset, Thiruvananthapuram-1Cover : UdayakumarRights Reserved.

Publishers :Prabhatham Printing & Publishing Co. (P) Ltd.Thiruvananthapuram - 695 035, Kerala, India.

Sales Department:PRABHATH BOOK HOUSEThiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha,Eranakulam, Thrissur, Palakkad, Kozhikode, Kannur.

PBH - 64/2009-1000-1 SL - 5164

250/-ISBN - 81- 7705- 188-1

sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥

kºq¿ÆIrXn-Iƒhmeyw Bdv

sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥

{]`mXv _p°v lukvXncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

hne: 250.00

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ IΩn‰n

B‚Wn tXmakv

kn.-F≥. Pb-tZ-h≥

Fw.-]n. ANyp-X≥

sF.-hn. iim-¶≥

tUm. h≈n-°mhv taml≥Zmkv

{]km-[I°pdn∏v

sI. Zmtam-Z-cs‚ hnJym-X-amb ""`mc-Xob Nn¥'' F∂ IrXn-

bmWv c≠p- hm-ey-ß-fn-embn (A©pw Bdpw hmey-ßƒ) {]`mXv

_p°v lukv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

C¥y-bpsS sFIy-tØbpw AJ-fi-X-tbbpw \ne-\n¬∏n-s\-

Ø-s∂bpw _m[n-°p∂ `mc-Xob kwkv°m-csØ°pdn-®pw, Z¿i-\-

sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Xs‚ hy‡-amb ImgvN-∏m-SmWv Cu {KŸ-Øn¬

At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW-\-S°w

{]i-kvX-cmb ]ecpw `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Ncn{X cN\ \n¿Δ-

ln-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw Zmtam-Z-cs‚ IrXn AXn¬ \ns∂√mw hyXy-kvX-

am-sW∂p Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu IrXn-bpsS khn-ti-j-Xbpw,

auen-I-Xbpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. tIh-e-amb Zm¿i-\n-Im-i-b-ßƒ

am{X-a√ Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Zm¿i-\nI

Nn¥-bpsS hf¿®sb kmº-ØnI ˛ kmaqly hf¿®-bpsS ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. Cu ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ kzoI-

cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv am¿IvknÃv kao-]-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Bi-b-ßƒ

ùXn-I- km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e\w am{X-am-sW∂v Zmtam-Z-c≥

hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. ùXn-I- km-l-N-cy-ßƒ Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬

Bflob Nn¥-Iƒ°pw Bi-b-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ]¶n-s\-∏‰n At±lw

Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p. {KŸ-Øns‚ Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-WnXv. `mc-Xob

XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS hnIm-k-Øn¬ aX-ßƒ hln-®n-´p≈ ]¶n-s\-∏‰n

At±lw N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v.

\mev]-Øn-\mev A≤ym-b-ß-fp≈ ""`mc-Xob Nn¥'' Bcw-`n-°p-

∂Xv C¥y-bnse {]mNo\ a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-

bm-Wv. AXn-{]m-No-\-amb A]-cn-jvIrX tKm{X-h¿§-°m-cpsS ho£-

W-K-Xn-I-fn-te°pw BNm-c-hn-izm-k-ß-fn-te°pw Zmtam-Z-c≥ ItÆm-

Sn-°p-∂p. sXmgn¬ hn`-P-\-Øn-s‚bpw NmXp¿h¿Wy hyh-ÿ-bp-

vi

sSbpw Bcw-`-Øn¬ Cu h¿W- hn-`-P\w kmaq-ly- ]p-tcm-K-Xnsb

Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂v At±lw \nco-£n-°p-∂p. NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øns‚

Nqj-W-Xm-ev]cyw At±lw Xpd-∂p-Im-´p-∂p-≠v.

Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Ønse kwL¿j-ßƒ, ùXn-I-hm-Zhpw Bflo-b-

hm-Z-hpw, -X-Xz-Nn-¥-bpsS {]tbm-P\w F∂nh N¿®- sN-øp-tºmƒ

ùXn-I-hmZ Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fpsS F∂-t]mse Bflo-b-hmZ Nn¥m-K-

Xn-I-fp-sSbpw kw`m-h-\-I-sf-∏‰n hkvXp-\n-jvTambpw, aq¿Ø-ambpw

]Tn-°msX `mc-Xo-b -Nn-¥-bpsS ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m≥

Ign-bn-s√∂v Zmtam-Z-c≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

h¿Why-h-ÿ-°p-≈nse h¿§-_-‘-ß-fpsS _em-_-e-Øn¬

am‰w hcp-Øm-\pw, Imbn-Im-[zm-\-Øn¬s∏´ km[m-c-W-°m-tcm-Sp≈

kao-]\w IqSp-X¬ am\p-jn-I-am-°m\pw _p≤-aXw klm-bn-®p. kXy-

Øns‚ Bt]-£n-I-X-tbbpw ⁄m\-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-X-tbbpw

Du∂n-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw F√m-‰n-t\bpw hnhn-[ -h-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]cn-

tim-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ssP\-Z¿i\w `mc-Xo-b- Nn-¥°v apX¬°q-

´m-sW∂Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√.

kmwJyw, sshti-jn-Iw, \ymbw, tbmKw, aoamwk XpS-ßnb

Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]cn-tim-[-\-bpw, {ioi¶-cs‚ hna¿i-\hpw

Zmtam-Z-c≥ N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, `K-hXvKoX, thZm-

¥-im-J-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ {KŸsØ IqSp-

X¬ kº-∂-am-°p-∂p.

C¥y-bnse C…m-anI Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kmaq-ly, cmjv{So-b, kmº-

ØnI ]›m-Ø-ehpw apJy-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw kmam\yw hni-Z-ambn

At±lw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.

`‡n{]ÿm-\w, tZiob kzmX{¥y ka-cØnse apJy-[m-c-Iƒ,

aXhpw tZiob {]ÿm-\hpw F∂o hnj-b-ßfpw {]kvXpX {KŸ-

Øn¬ At±lw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. am¿Ivknkw C¥y-bn¬ i‡hpw

hym]-I-hp-am-Im-Ø-Xns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ Zmtam-Z-c≥ FÆn-∏-dbp-∂p-≠v.

`mc-Xob Nn¥-bpsS hym]vXnbpw AKm-[-X-bpw, i‡n Zu¿∫-

ey-ßfpw hkvXp-\n-jvThpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-ambn hni-I-e\w sNøp∂

CXp-t]m-semcp IrXn thsd-bn-√.

A`n-am-\-]q¿Δw Cu al-Xv{KŸw Rßƒ c≠v hmey-ß-fn-embn

{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

{]km-[-I¿

sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥

cm{„o-b-˛-km-aq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kv°m-cn-I-˛-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \nd-

™p-\n∂ {]Xn-`m-[-\-\mb IΩyq-WnÃv t\Xm-hmWv sI. Zmtam-Z-

c≥. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Ønepw tIc-f-Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w

sIń-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw At±lw \nkvXp-e-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®p. tIc-f-

Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-bpsS ÿm]I t\Xm-°-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmWv

Zmtam-Zc≥.

Xncq-cnse {]i-kvX-amb Iotg-SØp Xd-hm-ń¬ 1912- s^{_p-hcn

25- \mWv Zmtam-Z-c≥ P\n-®-Xv. A—≥ Xp{]≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv. AΩ

\mcm-b-Wn°pń. hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ kzmX-{¥y-k-

a-c-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-\mb Zmtam-Z-c≥ 1931-̨ ¬ \nb-a-ew-L\ ka-c-Øn¬

]s¶-Sp-Øp. tImgn-t°mSv IS-∏p-dØv D∏p-\n-baw ewLn-®-Xn\v Ad-

Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ At±-lsØ 23 amksØ Pbn¬in-£°v hn[n-®p.

tImgn-t°mSv kmaq-Xncn tImtfPv hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp-∂p Zmtam-Z-c≥.

Pbn-en¬ \n∂pw Xncn®v FØn-b-t∏mƒ tImtf-Pn¬ XpS¿∂p ]Tn-

°m≥ A[n-Ir-X¿ A\p-aXn \n-tj-[n-®p. XpS¿∂v At±lw Imin-hn-

Zym-]o-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. tImb-º-Øq¿ Pbn-ensebpw Imin-hn-Zym-

]oTØnsebpw PohnXw Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Pbn-ense kl-

X-S-hp-Im-cn¬ ]ecpw IΩyq-WnÃpImcm-bn-cp-∂p. am¿Ivkn-k-sØ-°p-

dn-®p≈ Nne {KŸ-ßƒ ]Tn-°m≥ Pbn-en¬ At±-l-Øn\v Ah-kcw

e`n-®p. Imin-hn-Zym-]o-T-Ønse {KŸm-e-b-Ønepw am¿Ivkn-k-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ \nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hnJym-X-km-ln-Xy-

Im-c-\mb t{]wNμv Dƒs∏sS \nc-h[n ]ptcm-K-a\ Bi-b-°m-cp-ambn

Ahn-sS-sh®v At±lw _‘-s∏´p. \mSn-s‚bpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw

hntam-N\w Km‘n-b≥ Bi-b-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂ Zmtam-Z-cs‚ [mc-

W-bn¬ am‰w hcm≥ XpSßn. tIm¨{K- nse CS-Xp-]-£-hp-ambpw

Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cp-ambpw At±lw IqSp-X¬ ASp-Øp. am¿Ivknkw

se\n-\n-k-amWv icn-bmb hntam-N-\-am¿§-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn™ Zmtam-

Z-c≥ \mń¬ Xncn-s®-Øn, sXmgn-em-fn-Isf kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw CS-

Xp-]£ Bi-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

apgp-In. ^dq°n¬ Hm´pIº\n sXmgnemfn-Iƒ \S-Ønb ]Wn-ap-S-

°ns‚ {]Nm-c-W-{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ At±lw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-

SpØp.

1938-˛¬ s]m∂m-\n-bnse _oUn-sØm-gn-emfn ka-c-Øns‚ \mb-

I≥ sI. Zmtam-Z-c\mbn-cp-∂p. Zmtam-Z-cs\ AdÃp sNøm≥ FØnb

t]meo-kns\ XS-bm≥ Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-I-fmWv apt∂m-´p-h-∂Xv.

Zmtam-Z-cs\ t]meokv a¿±n®p F∂ hm¿Ø tI´v £p`n-X-cmb P\-

°q-´sØ im¥-cm-°m≥ Ah-km\w t]meo-kn\v At±-l-Øns‚

Xs∂ klmbw tXtS-≠n-h-∂p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse DØ-c-hm-Z-`-c-W-{]-t£m-`-Ønepw Be-∏p-g-

bnse sXmgn-emfn ka-c-ß-fnepw Zmtam-Z-c≥ t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb ]¶p-

h-ln-®p. 1938 BK-Ãn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp Xºm-\q-cn¬ bqØv

eoKns‚ s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ {]kw-Kn-®-Xn\v Zmtam-Z-cs\ Ad-Ãp-

sNbvX t]meokv At±-lsØ tem°∏nen´v {Iqc-ambn a¿±n-®p. 1938-

˛se Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb Be-∏pg sXmgn-emfn ]Wn-ap-S-°n\p Xocp-

am-\-sa-SpØ tbmK-Øn¬ A[y£w hln-®Xv Zmtam-Z-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

tIm¨{K v tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿ń-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂

Zmtam-Z-c≥ IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ß-fn¬ BIr-jvS-\m-hp-Ibpw IΩyq-

WnÃv ]m¿ń sIń-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apgp-Ip-Ibpw

sNbvXp. 1937-˛¬ F v.hn. Lms´ tImgn-t°m-´p-h-∂-t∏mƒ At±-l-

hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h-cn¬ Hcmƒ Zmtam-Z-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n. IrjvW-]n-

≈, C.-Fw.-F-kv., F≥.-kn. -ti-J¿, Zmtam-Z-c≥ F∂n-h¿ H∂n-®p-IqSn

N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn. XpS¿∂mWv 1939-̨ ¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-bpsS tIcf

LS-I-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cW ktΩ-f\w ]nW-dm-bn-bn¬ tN¿∂-Xv.

sI.-]n.-kn.-kn. sk{I-´-dn, F.-sF.-kn.-kn. AwKw, IΩyq-WnÃv

]m¿ń-bpsS ae-_m¿ IΩn‰n sk{I-´-dn, ]m¿ń tÃ‰v FIvkn-Iyq-

óhv AwKw, tZiob FIvkn-Iyq-́ ohv AwKw XpS-ßnb \ne-I-fn-se√mw

Zmtam-Z-c≥ {]h¿Øn-®p.

viii

kzmX{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØXn\v Ggp-h¿j°mew Zmtam-

Z-c≥ Pbn-en¬ Ign-™p.

am¿Ivknkw se\n-\n-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ G‰hpw

efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Akm-[m-c-W-amb ]mS-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂

t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p Zmtam-Z-c≥. At±lw cNn® FÆ-a‰ teJ-\-ßfpw

eLp-te-J-Ifpw ]pkvX-I-ßfpw 1930-˛-I-fpsS a≤yw apX¬ tIc-f-

Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-bI ]¶v -h-ln®p.

C¥y-bpsS Bflmhv, `mc-Xob Nn¥, tIcf Ncn-{Xw, a\p-jy≥

XpS-ßnb {KŸ-ßƒ `mc-Xob XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw Ncn-{X-Øn-ep-ap≈

Zmtam-Z-cs‚ AKm-[-]m-fin-Xy-Øn-t‚bpw imkv{Xob A]-{K-Y-\-]m-

S-h-Øns‚bpw sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv.

k¿Km-fl-I-km-ln-Xy-Ønepw Zmtam-Z-cs‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ hne-s∏-

´-Xm-Wv. \mS-Iw, IhnX, sNdp-IY F∂n-h-sb√mw Zmtam-Z-c≥ cNn®p.

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-N-cn-{X-Ønse \mgn-I-°-√mb "]m´-_m-°n-'bpsS cN-

bn-Xmhv Zmtam-Z-c-\m-Wv.

H∂mw-Xcw ]{X--{]-h¿Ø-I≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p Zmtam-Z-c≥. 1934˛¬

sjm¿Æq-cn¬\n∂pw {]kn-≤o-IcWw XpS-ßnb "{]`mX' Øns‚

]{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn-bn¬ Zmtam-Z-c≥ AwK-am-bn-cp∂p. "IΩyqWnÃv'

"apt∂m´v', "am¿IvknÃv' XpS-ßnb amkn-I-I-fpsS {]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. "\h-bpK'Øns‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn Zo¿L-

Imew Zmtam-Z-c≥ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p.

1964-˛¬ cmPy-k-`-bn-te°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-tXmsS Zmtam-Z-cs‚

{]h¿Ø-\-cwKw U¬ln-bm-bn. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp k¿h-I-em-im-

e-bn¬ ]n.-kn. tPmjn-tbm-sSm∏w C¥y≥ IΩyq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-

Øns‚ Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-Øn¬ At±lw apgp-In.

1976 Pqsse aq∂n\v U¬ln-bn¬ sh®v Zmtam-Z-c≥ A¥-cn-®p.

`mcy: ]flw Zmtam-Z-c≥, a°ƒ : taml≥ (kn-¶-∏q¿ bqWn-th-

gvkn-‰n-bnse enwKzn-Ãnkv s{]m^-k¿), Dj, a-[p, cLp, iin (N-e-

®n{X kwhn-[m-b-I≥).

ix

Ah-Xm-cnI

kzmX-{¥y-k-ac tk\m-\n, tIc-f-Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-bpsS

ÿm]-I-t\-Xm -°-∑m-cn -sem -cmƒ, `mc-Xob XXz -Nn -¥-bnepw

am¿Ivknkw se\n-\n-k-Ønepw AKm-[-]m-fin-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂

Zm¿i-\n-I≥, Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥, {]t£m-`-Imcn XpS-ßnb \ne-I-fn¬

AXp-ey-amb kw`m-h\Iƒ \¬Inb IΩyq-WnÃv t\Xm-hmWv sI.

Zmtam-Z-c≥.

hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ kzmX{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-

SpØp Pbn-en¬ t]mb Zmtam-Z-c≥ tIm¨{K- ns‚ kPoh {]h¿Ø-

I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bi-b-ßƒ At±-lsØ Bg-Øn¬

kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C¥y-bp-sSbpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw bYm¿∞

hntam-N-\-am¿§w Km‘n-b≥ Bi-b-ß-f-s√∂v A[nIw sshImsX

At±lw Xncn-®-dn-™p. tIm¨{K- n¬ CS-Xp-]£ hn`mKw i‡n-

s∏-´p-h-cp∂ L´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. CS-Xp-]-£-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m¿

tIm¨{K v tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿ń cq]o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ Zmtam-Z-c≥

AXns‚ kPoh {]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn. kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-

≈p-∂-h-cp-sS-sb√mw Hcp s]mXp-th-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv

tIm¨{K- v. IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Imcpw tkmjy-en-Ãp-Im-cp-sa√mw, Xß-fpsS

Bi-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw kwL-S\m {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-

Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ Xs∂ tIm¨{K- n¬ AwK-ß-fmbn XpS¿∂p.

Zmtam-Z-c≥ sI.-]n.-kn.-kn. sk{I-´-dnbpw F.-sF.-kn.-kn. AwK-hp-am-

bn-´p-≠v.

Zmtam-Z-cs\ IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ß-fn-te°v ASp-∏n-®Xv At±-

l-Øns‚ ]c∂ hmb-\-bm-Wv. Imin-hn-Zym-]o-T-Øn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ t]mb-

t∏mƒ imkv{Xo-b-tkm-jy-en-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd {KŸ-ßƒ

hmbn-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ah-kcw e`n-®p. \mń¬ Xncn-®p-h∂ Zmtam-

Z-c≥ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS ka-c-ßƒ

\bn°pIbpw sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. ^dq-°nse Hm´p sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-

sSbpw s]m∂m-\n-bnse _oUn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw ka-c-ß-fn¬

Zmtam-Z-c≥ t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®p. tIc-f-Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv

]m¿ń kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Btem-N-\-Iƒ \S-°p∂

L -́am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Fkv.-hn. Lms´ tImgn-t°m v́ h∂p. Lms -́bpsS

km∂n-[y-Øn¬ \S∂ tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØhcn-sem-cmƒ Zmtam-Z-

c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n. IrjvW-]n-≈, C.-Fw.-F- v, F≥.-kn. tiJ¿ F∂n-

h-cm-bn-cp∂p AXn¬ ]s¶-SpØ a‰p t\Xm-°≥am¿. 1939-˛¬ IΩyq-

WnÃv ]m¿ń-bpsS tIcf LS-I-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\p thZn-bmb

]nW-dmbn ]md-∏pdw ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ kwLm-S-I-cn-sem-cmfpw Zmtam-

Z-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

H∂mw-Xcw {]t£m-`-Im-cn-bm-b- Zmtam-Z-c\v Fgp-Ønepw {]kw-

K-Ønepw efn-X-amb `mj-bn¬ aq¿®-tbm-sS, bp‡n-`-{Z-ambn hnj-b-

ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ D-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ignhv A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-am-

Wv. 1938 BK-Ãn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Xºm-\q-cn¬ bqØv eoKns‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ tbmK-Øn¬ Zmtam-Z-c≥ \S-Ønb {]kwKw

tImfn-f°w Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. \ntcm-[\w ewLn-®mWv Zmtam-Z-c≥

{]kw-Kn-®-Xv. {]kwKw tI´v Bth-iw-sIm-≠v, k¿ kn.-]n.-tbm-Sp≈

tcmjw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ {]h¿Ø-I¿ ]ncn-™p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ hgn-\osf

hnf°p Imep-Iƒt]mepw X√n-Ø-I¿Øp.

tIc-f-Øn¬ am¿Ivkn-kw˛ se\n-\n-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-

ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Zmtam-Z-c≥ \nkvXp-e-amb ]¶mWv hln-®-

Xv. IΩyq-Wnkw F¥v, F¥n-\v? C¥ybpw tkmjy-en-k-hpw, tkmjy-

en-khpw IΩyq-Wn-k-hpw, am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ,

IΩyq-Wn-khpw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw XpS-ßnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fnepw eLp-

te-J-I-fnepw am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ _me-]m-T-ßƒ G‰hpw efn-X-ambn

At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. km[m-c-W-°m¿°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-

°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hf-®p-sI-ń-√m-sX hnj-b-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Zmtam-Z-cs‚ ssien.

IΩyq-WnÃv hncp-≤-cpsS {]N-c-W-ßsf ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sm\pw

Jfin-°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v {]tXyIw Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ""tbip-

{InkvXp tamkvtIm-hn¬' F∂ eLp-teJ CXns‚ G‰hpw \√

DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

]m¿ń {]h¿Ø-Isc Bi-b-]-c-ambn Bbp-[-a-Wn-bn-°m≥

]m¿ń ¢m p-I-sfbpw Zmtam-Z-c≥ ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn.

xi

tIc-f-Ønse IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cpsS BZyX-e-ap-d-Isf am¿Ivkn-k-

Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-®-h-cn¬ {][m-\n-bmWv Zmtam-Z-

c≥.

Ncn-{X-Ønepw `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw AKm-[-]-fin-X-\m-bn-

cp∂p Zmtam-Z-c≥. ""C¥y-bpsS Bflmhpw'' ""`mc-Xob Nn¥bpw'' `mc-

X-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ss]XrIw hmb-\-°msc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øpw.

ùXnI hmZhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw Dƒs∏sS ]ucm-WnI `mc-X-Øn¬

Xg®p hf¿∂ Z¿i-\-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ hkvXp-\n-jvT-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ

Cu {KŸ-ß-fn-ep≠v. `mc-X-Øns‚ ss]Xr-IsØ Zp¿hym-Jym\w

sNøm≥ lnμpXz hmZn-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ {ia-ßƒ Xpd∂p Im´m≥ klm-

bn-°p∂hbmWv Zmtam-Z-cs‚ cN-\-Iƒ. `qan-bpsS D¤-hhpw a\p-

jys‚ ]nd-hnbpw apX-ep≈ Ncn-{X-amWv "a\p-jy≥' F∂ {KŸ-

Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Ncn-{XsØ imkv{Xo-b-ambn kao-

]n-°p∂ A]q¿Δ-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv Zmtam-Z-cs‚ "tIcf Ncn{Xw'.

kmº-ØnI hnj-b-ßƒ efn-Xambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv Ddp-∏nI,

\mW-b-{]-iv\w, [\-imkv{X {]th-in-I, C¥y-bpsS kmº-ØnI

{]iv\-ßƒ XpS-ßnb cN-\-Iƒ.

ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Iƒ°p-]p-dsa k¿Km-fl-I-km-ln-Xy-cw-

KØpw Zmtam-Z-c≥ IS-∂p-sN-∂n-cp-∂p. BZy-Im-eØv sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw

Ihn-X-I-fp-amWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. I¿j-I-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ {]t£m-

`-ßsf klm-bn-°m-\mbn cNn® "]m´-_m°n' ae-bmf \mS-I-N-cn-{X-

Ønse Xs∂ \mgn-I-°-√m-Wv. s]m∂m-\n-bn¬ \S∂ I¿j-I-k-tΩ-

f-\-Øn-emWv "]m´-_m°n' BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. {]ta-b-Ønepw

Ah-X-c-W-Øn-ep-sa√mw A∂p-hsc ]cn-Nn-X-am-b-Xn¬ \n∂pw

Xo¿Øpw `n∂-amb Pohn-X-K-‘n-bmb Iem-kr-jvSn-bm-bn-cp∂p "]m´-

_m°n'.- P≥an-XzsØ Xpd∂p Im´p∂ "]m´-_m°n' A°m-eØv Ccp-

∂q-dn-e-[nIw thZn-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. \mS-I-Øn¬ Zmtam-Z-c≥ A`n-

\-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. "c‡-]m\w' F∂ \mSIw IqSn Zmtam-Z-c≥

cNn-s®-¶nepw "]m´-_m°n'°p Inńb {]Nmcw AXn\p e`n-®n-cp-∂n√.

1964-̨ ¬ cmPy-k-̀ -bn-te°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Zmtam-Z-c≥ \s√mcp

]m¿e-sa-t‚-dn-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p. hnj-b-ßƒ \∂mbn ]Tn®p Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°m≥ At±lw {i≤n-®p. U¬ln-bnse Xmakw ]T-\-Øn\pw Kth-

j-W-Øn-\p-amWv At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-

dn-®m-bn-cp∂p Zmtam-Z-c≥ Kth-jWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

xii

xiii

IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-bpsS ae-_m¿ IΩn‰n sk{I-´dn, kwÿm\

FIvknIyq-óhv AwKw tZiob Iu¨kn¬ AwKw XpS-ßnb \ne-

I-fn¬ At±lw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p. ]m¿ń-°-IØv kz¥w A`n-{]m-

b-ßƒ Xpd-∂p-]-d-bm\pw AXn-\p-th≠n hmZn-°m\pw At±lw Hcn-

°epw aSn-Im-Wn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Zmtam-Z-cs‚ \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfmSv hntbm-Pn-

°p-∂-h¿ t]mepw At±-l-Øns‚ B¿P-hhpw Bflm¿∞-Xbpw

AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬ Zmtam-Z-c≥

hln® ]¶v AZzn-Xo-b-amWv. Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ _me-

]m-T-ßƒ ]I¿∂p \¬Inb XmXzn-Im-Nm-cy-\mWv Zmtam-Z-c≥. At±-

l-Øns‚ cN-\-Iƒ kam-l-cn®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ apt∂m´p h∂

{]`mXv _p°v lukv A`n-\-μ-\-a¿ln-°p-∂p.

P\p-hcn 2009 shfnbw `m¿§-h≥

D≈-S°w

`mc-Xob Nn¥

(5-˛mw hmey-Øn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)

t]Pv

23. hnin-„m-ssZzXw, ssZzXw, ssZzXm-ssZzXw 15

24. inh\pw i‡nbpw 39

25. GI-X-Xz-hm-Zhpw aX-hn-izm-khpw 52

26. C…mw-a-Xhpw ]n¬°me \mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw 60

27. C…m-anse KqVm¿∞-hm-Zhpw hna-X-{]-ÿm-\-ßfpw 81

28. `‡n-{]-ÿm\w 94

29. {_nójv `cWw 111

30. ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥-bpsS kzm[o\w 125

31. cmPmdmw taml≥ dmbv 135

32. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIm-chpw aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw 150

33. kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥ 170

34. C…m-anse ]p\-cp-∞m-\hpw \thm-∞m-\hpw 185

35. anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw 201

36. Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS XXz-imkv{Xw 213

37. aXhpw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\hpw 228

38. cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿ 244

39. CJv_m¬ 259

40. alm-flm-Km‘n 271

41. am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ kzm[o\w 295

42. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp 309

43. kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°p tijw 333

44. `mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ Ftßm´v? 351

23. hnin-„m-ssZzXw, ssZzXw,

ssZzXmssZzXw

Pohm-flm-°ƒ XΩn¬ XΩnepw Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw XΩn-

ep-ap≈ _‘-ßfpw h¿W-hy-hÿ, PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ, D®-\o-N-

Xz-ßƒ XpS-ßnb kmaq-lym-k-a-Xz-ßfpw ssZh-Ønepw ]qPm-Zn-I¿a-

ß-fnepw bmK-ß-fnepw a‰p-ap≈ hnizm-k-ßfpw euIn-I-Po-hn-X-

Ønse Ima-t{Im-[-tem` tamlm-Zn-\n- m-c-X-Ifpw F√mw Ahn-Zy-

bpsS, As√-¶n¬ anYym-⁄m-\-Øns‚, ê-ß-fmb hymh-lm-cnI

kXy-ßƒ am{X-am-sW∂pw Ahn-Zy-bn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sm≥ Ign-

bp-∂-hsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw GIhpw AZzn-Xo-b-hp-amb {_“w

F∂ ]c-am¿Yn-I-k-Xy-a-√msX as‰m-∂n-s√∂pw {]Jym-]n® i¶-cm-

Nm-cy-cpsS AssZz-X-hmZw ̀ mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp hgn-

Øn-cn-hmWv. i¶-c\p tij-ap-≠mb Nn¥-I-∑m¿°m¿°pw Xs∂

AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf Xosc Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v kz¥hpw kzX-

{¥-hp-amb Zm¿i-\n-I-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°pI km[y-a-s√∂

ÿnXn-bmWv h∂p-tN¿∂Xv. AtX-hsc `‡n-sIm≠pw ]qPm-Zn-I¿a-

ßƒ sIm≠pw Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ sIm≠pw P\-ßsf BI¿jn-°m≥

Ign™ sshjvW-h-∑m¿, ssih-∑m¿, im‡-∑m¿ apX-em-b-h¿°p-

t]mepw Zm¿i-\n-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fn-te°p {i≤ Xncn-

t°-≠n-h-∂Xv i¶-c\v tij-amWv. thZm-¥-Øn\v kz¥w ̀ mjy-ßfpw

hymJym-\-ßfpw kw`m-h\ sNbvX cmam-\p-Ps‚ hnin-„m-ssZz-X-

Ønepw a[zs‚ ssZzX-Ønepw h√-`s‚ ip≤m-ssZz-X-Ønepw

\nw_m¿°s‚ ssZzXm-ssZz-X-Øn-ep-sa√mw i¶-cs‚ kzm[o\w

(5-˛mw hmey-Øn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)

sI. Zmtam-Z-cs‚ kºq¿ÆIrXn-Iƒ16

ImWmw. i¶-cs‚ kn≤m-¥-ßsf FXn¿Øp-sImt≠m Ah-bn¬

NneXp kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-Nn-eXp X≈n-°-f-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp-

sImt≠m BWv {]K-¤-a-Xn-I-fmb Cu Nn¥-I-∑m-sc√mw Xm¥m-ß-

fpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv.

cmam-\p-Ps‚ ap≥Km-an-Iƒ

HºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy-\mWv

AssZz-X-hm-ZsØ hna¿in-°m≥ BZy-ambn ap∂n-ń-d-ßn-bXv F∂p-

tXm-∂p∂p. \n¿Kp-W-{_-“-sa∂ k¶¬∏-sØbpw amb-hm-Z-sØ-bp-

amWv At±lw apJy-ambpw FXn¿ØXv. {_“-kq-{X-Øn\v At±-

lhpw Hcp `mjy-sa-gpXn. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ {_“w

\n¿Kp-W-a√, kKp-W-amWv; F∂p-sh-®m¬ Cuiz-c-\mWv. as‰m-cp-hn[w

]d-™m¬, {_“hpw Cuiz-c\pw H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv. ambm-hm-Z-Øn¬

alm-bm-\-_u-≤-∑m-cpsS kzm[o-\-am-Wp-≈Xv. {]]©w anYy-b√,

bmYm¿Yy-amWv. kKp-W-{_-“-Øns‚ bYm¿Y-amb ]cn-Wm-a-am-WXv.

Poh≥ {_“-Øns‚ Hcw-i-amWv. ]t£, AXv a\ v, ùXn-I-]-

Zm¿Y-ßƒ XpS-ßnb D]m-[n-I-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-

°p∂p. Cu D]m-[n-Iƒ Ab-Ym¿Yy-ßtfm Ahn-Zy-bpsS ê-ßtfm

A√. {_“-sa-∂-t]mse Xs∂ Ahbpw bYm¿Y-ß-fmWv. F√m-‰n-

s‚bpw Imc-W-amb {_“w G‰hpw Acq-]hpw ip≤-hp-amb tIh-e-

ssN-X-\y-amWv. AXn¬ \n∂p ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b-h-bmWv \ma-cq-]-

ß-tfmSpw \m\m-Xz-tØmSpw IqSnb {]]-©hpw Pohm-flm-°fpw. D]m-

[n-I-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Pohm-flm-hn\v

ZpxJ-ßfpw I„-∏m-Sp-Ifpw a‰pw A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv. ⁄m\-

Øn-t‚bpw I¿a-Øn-s‚bpw kap-Nn-X-amb kwtbm-P\w (⁄m\-I¿a-

k-ap-®bw) sIm≠p-am-{Xta kwkm-c-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬ \n∂p tamN\w

t\Sm≥ Ignbq. CXmWv `mkv°-cs‚ hmZ-ß-fpsS Npcp°w.

]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ bmZ-h-{]-Im-i≥ F∂

Nn¥-I≥ `mkvI-cs‚ an° A`n-{]m-b-ß-tfmSpw tbmPn®p. ]t£,

D]m-[n-Iƒ bmYm¿Yy-ß-fmWv F∂ A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv At±lw

tbmPn-®n√. Cuiz-c≥, NnØv (Bflmhv), ANnØv F∂o aq∂p cq]-

ß-fm-bn-´mWv {_“w ]cn-W-an-°p-∂Xv. Ch aq∂pw {_“-Øns‚

Ah-ÿm-hn-ti-ß-fmWv. Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ `mkv°-c\pw bmZ-h\pw

XΩn¬ ]q¿W-amb tbmPn-∏m-Wp-≈-Xv. {_“-Øn¬ \n∂p ]cn-W-an-

®p-≠m-Ip∂ Pohm-flm-°fpw {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-

ß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah bYm¿Y-Øn¬ {_“-Øns‚

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 17

`mK-ß-fmWv. Htc-k-a-bØp Xs∂ t`Zhpw At -̀Zhpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p.

kzm`m-hn-I-amb ÿnXn-bn¬ Ahbpw ]c-am-flmhpw At`-Zm-h-ÿ-bn-

emWv. D]m-[n-I-fpsS ê-am-bn-´mWv t`Z-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv1. AXp-

sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ Xß-fpsS kn≤m-¥-Øn\v t`Zm-t`-Z-hmZw F∂v

t]cn-´Xv.

Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Bƒhm¿am¿ F∂ t]cn-e-dn-

b-s∏-Sp∂ sshjvW-h-kn-≤-∑m-cpsS ̀ ‡n-c-k-{]-[m-\-ß-fmb Io¿Ø-

\-ßsf ⁄m\w, I¿aw apX-em-b-h-bp-ambn Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v

]pXn-sbmcp Zm¿i-\nI hyh-ÿ-bm°n am‰m-\p≈ kwcw-`-ß-fm-cw-`n-

®Xv. sshjvW-h-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ H∂m-asØ BNm-cy≥ F∂v Icp-X-

s∏-Sp∂ \mY-ap-\n-bmWv (]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬) Cßs\ BZy-ambn

Bƒhm¿am-cpsS Io¿Ø-\-ßsf {Iao-I-cn-®Xv. At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb

\ymb-X-Xz-amWv hnin-„m-ssZz-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ BZysØ {KŸw

F∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬, At±-l-Øns‚ ]u{X-\mb bmap-

\m-Nm-cy-\mWv (]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬) kn≤n-{Xbw

F∂ Xs‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ Bƒhm¿am-cpsS kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°v hnin-

„m-ssZz-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Zm¿i-\n-I-amb Hc-Sn-ÿm\w

\¬In-bXv. Cuiz-c≥, Bflmhv, ùXn-I-temIw F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p

XXz-ß-sf-∏‰n At±lw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p. k¿h-⁄\pw k¿h-i-‡-

\p-amb Cuiz-c-\mWv aqe-Im-cWw. {]]©w Imcyhpw.

]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Im©o-h-c-Øn\p kao-

]-ap≈ Hcp sNdnb {Kma-Øn¬ P\n® cmam-\p-P≥ BZyw bmZ-h-{]-

Im-i-s‚bpw ]n∂oSv bmap-\m-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw injy-\m-bn-´mWv Xs‚

Zm¿i-\n-I-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-®Xv. Gsd-°-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv At±lw

Xs‚ kz¥-amb Hcp Zm¿i-\n-I-hy-hÿ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw

AXn\p hnin-„m-ssZzXw F∂p t]cn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cmam-\p-P≥ i¶-c-s\-t∏mse A¬∏m-bp- m-bn-cp-∂n√. \qdp sIm√-

Øn-e-[nIw Pohn-®-Xn-\p-tijw 1137¬ BWv At±lw Ncaw {]m]n-

®Xv. Cu \o≠ Ime-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ At±lw Xs‚ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ

{]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n H´-\-h[n {KŸ-ß-sf-gpXn. Ah-bn¬ G‰-hp-

a-[nIw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂Xv {io`mjyw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

{_“-kq-{X-`m-jy-amWv. KoXm-`mjyw, thZm-¥-kmcw, thZm-¥-Zo]w,

KZy-{Xbw, thZm-¥-kw-{Klw apX-em-b-h-bmWv a‰p apJy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ.

1. Poh-]-ctbm › kzm`m-hntImt`Zx, Hu]m-[n-IkvXp t`Zx

`mkvI-c-`mjyw IV 4. 4.


{io`m-jy-amWv {_“-kq-{X-hym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬sh®v G‰hpw ap≥]-¥n-

bn¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v IoØn-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ Nne ]fin-X-∑m¿

{]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v. F¶nepw \njv]-£-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ cmam-

\p-Ps‚ IrXn-Iƒ°v Nn¥-bpsS Hu∂-Xy-Ønepw bp‡n-bpsS

Xo£vW-X-bnepw i¶-c-t‚-Xn-t\mSp InS-]n-Sn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-tam-sb∂

Imcyw kwi-b-amWv. i¶-c≥ apJy-ambpw sshNm-cn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-

hp-amb taJ-e-I-fn-emWv hnl-cn-®Xv. cmam-\p-P≥ `‡n-bpsS taJ-e-

bnepw. Ipń-°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ Bƒhm¿am-cp-ambpw Ah-cpsS injy-

∑m-cp-am-bp-ap≈ kº¿°-ß-fn¬ \n∂p e`n® ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb ssZh-

hn-izm-khpw hnjvWp-t£-{X-ß-fnse _nw_m-cm-[-\-bp-am-bn-cp∂p

At±-l-Øns‚ ssIap-X¬. {]mNo-\-ßfpw ka-Im-eo-\-ß-fp-amb Z¿i-

\-ß-fnepw {ipXn-Iƒ, kvarXn-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-bnepw A]m-c-amb

]mfinXyw t\Sn-b-Xn-\p-tijw auen-I-amb Hcp Zm¿i-\n-I-hy-hÿ

Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥ i¶-c\p km[n®p. Xs‚ kz¥w kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°v

]n≥_ew t\Sm≥ th≠n am{X-amWv At±lw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, `K-

h-ZvKoX apX-emb {KŸ-ßsf B{i-bn-®Xv. cmam-\p-P-\m-Is´, \ne-

hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Cuiz-c-hn-izm-khpw Bƒhm¿am-cpsS `‡nbpw D]-

\n-j-Øp-I-fnse {_“-⁄m-\hpw `K-h-ZvKo-X-bnse Bflo-b-Nn-¥-

Ifpw F√mw Iqń-bn-W-°n-s°m-≠p≈ Hcp XXz-im-kv{X-amWv Bhn-

jvI-cn-®Xv. ]mc-am¿YnI kXy-sØ-°p-dn®pw hymh-lm-cn-I-k-Xy-sØ-

°p-dn-®p-ap≈ i¶-cs‚ I≠p-]n-SpØw Zqc-hym-]-I-amb ê-ßƒ Df-

hm-°n-sb-¶nepw km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-ßƒ°v Zp¿{K-l-am-bn-cp∂p.

km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-

sIm≠v cmam-\p-P≥ D∂-bn® Bi-b-ßƒ°mWv s]s´∂v IqSp-X¬

P\-kzm-[o\w t\Sm≥ Ign-™Xv. F¶nepw i¶-cs‚ bp‡y-[n-jvTn-

X-ß-fmb Zm¿i-\n-I-Nn-¥-Isf Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v kz¥-amb Hcp

XXz-imkv{Xw Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥ cmam-\p-P\p km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv At±lw Xs‚ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-

hm-Z-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hna¿i-\-ßƒ°p henb ÿm\w \¬In-bXv.

{_“w \n¿Kp-Wtam kKp-Wtam?

ssZhhpw ssZh-hn-izm-khpw ]qPm-Zn-I¿a-ßfpw a\p-jy¿°n-S-

bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Al-¶mcw, kzm¿Yw apX-em-b-hbpw Ahn-Zy-bpsS

ê-ß-fmb hymh-lm-cn-I-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßƒ am{X-am-sW∂pw GIhpw

AZzn-Xo-b-hp-amb \n¿Kp-W-{_“w am{X-amWv ]mc-am¿Yn-I-k-Xy-sa-

∂p-amWv i¶-c≥ {]Jym-]n-®Xv. Rm≥, \o, Ft‚Xv, \nt‚Xv F∂n-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 19

ß-s\-bp≈ t_m[-ßfpw Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw XΩn-ep-s≠∂p

tXm∂p∂ hyXym-khpw {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fnse \m\m-Xzhpw

F√mw amb-bpsS, As√-¶n¬ anYym-⁄m-\-Øns‚, ê-ß-fmWv.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ F√mw {_“-amWv. {_“-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-an√. i¶-

cs‚ Cu AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-amWv cmam-\p-Ps\ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ipWvTn-

]n-Sn-∏n-®Xv F∂p tXm∂p∂p.

\n¿Kp-W-{_“w F∂ k¶¬∏w Xs∂ Akw-_-‘-am-sW-

∂mWv cmam-\p-Ps‚ hmZw. \n¿Kp-W-amb Fs¥-¶n-ep-sam-∂ns‚

BkvXn-XzsØ {]Xy£w, A\p-am\w, D]-am\w apX-emb {]am-W-

ßƒ sIms≠m∂pw sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ign-bn√. ImWm\pw tIƒ°m\pw

Adn-bm\pw Ds≠∂p a\- n-em-°m\pw Ign-bmØ H∂v Ds≠-∂p-]-d-

bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? AXv tIh-e-amb ssNX-\y-am-sW∂v ]d-bp∂p.

]t£, ssNX-\y-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp A[n-jvTm-\-an-√msX,

bmsXm-∂n-s\bpw B{i-bn-°msX, kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-\n¬°m≥ Ign-

bn√. Bflm-hns‚ tNX\, Cuiz-cs‚ ssNX\yw Fs∂ms°

]dbmw. ip≤-ssN-X\yw F∂ tIh-e-k-Ø-sb-∏‰n H∂pw ]d-bm≥

Ign-bn√. {_“w \nXyhpw imiz-X-hp-am-sW∂p ]d-bp∂p. Aß-s\-

bm-sW-¶n¬ \nXyX, imiz-XXzw F∂o KpW-ßƒ {_“-Øn-\p-

s≠∂p kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-hcpw. AXp-sIm≠v \n¿Kp-W-{_“w Fs∂m-

∂n√. kKp-W-{_“w am{X-ta-bp≈q. ssNX\yw \nd™ ]c-am-flm-

hm-WXv. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv Cuiz-c≥. Xn∑-I-fn¬ \n∂pw A]q¿-W-

X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw F√mw XnI®pw kzX-{¥\pw \nc-h[n \∑-Ifpw

D¬Ir-„-Kp-W-ß-fp-ap-≈-h-\p-amb ]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥.2 ⁄m\w,

B\μw, i‡n, \∑, kvt\lw, Zb apX-em-b-h-bmWv kKp-W-{_-“-

Øns‚, AXm-bXv Cuiz-cs‚, ASn-ÿm-\-Kp-W-ßƒ.

Cuiz-c≥, NnØv, ANnØv

{_“w am{X-ta-bp≈q F∂pw as‰-s¥-¶n-ep-ap-s≠∂p tXm∂p-

∂Xv amb-bpsS ̂ e-am-bn-́ m-sW∂pw a‰p-ap≈ i¶-cs‚ hmZ-ß-tfmSpw

cmam-\p-P≥ tbmPn-°p-∂n√. ""GI-ta-hm-Zzn-Xobw'' F∂-Xn\v cmam-\p-

P≥ \¬Ip∂ A¿Yw {_“w GIhpw AZzn-Xob-hp-am-sW-∂√, {_“-

Øns‚ KpW-ßƒ AZzn-Xo-b-ß-fmWv, as‰m-∂n-\p-an-√mØ A{X-b-

[nIw KpW-ßfpw i‡n-Ifpw {_“-Øn-\p≠v, F∂t{X. _rl-Zm-c-

Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Ønse ""b{X ln ssZzXw Ch `hXn X{X CXc

2. thZm-¥-kq{Xw I. i. i.


CXcw ]iyXn''3 F∂pw ""ss\ l \m\mkvXn In©\''4 F∂pw

a‰p-ap≈ hmIy-ßsf At±lw hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xv sshhn-[y-Øn-

s‚bpw \m\m-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw \ntj-[-am-bn-´-√, temIsØ \nb-{¥n-

°p-Ibpw \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv hnhn-[-ß-fmb \m\m-i-‡n-I-f-

s√∂pw Cuiz-c≥ F∂ GI-i-‡n-bm-sW∂pw D≈ A¿Y-Øn-emWv!

cmam-\p-Ps‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Cuiz-c\pw Pohm-flm-°fpw ùXn-I-

{]-]-©hpw F√mw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb bmYm¿Yy-ß-fmWv. ANnØv

(ùXn-I-]-Zm¿Yw), NnØv (Bflmhv), Cuiz-c≥ F∂n-h-bn-e-S-ßnb

XXz-{Xbw ambtbm Ahn-Zy-bpsS êtam A√, bmYm¿Yy-amWv.

]t£, NnØpw ANnØpw bmYm¿Yy-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw Ah Cuiz-

cs\ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ah Cuiz-cs‚ KpW-ßƒ As√-¶n¬

hnti-j-W-ß-fmWv. Ah GI\pw AZzn-Xo-b-\p-amb Cuiz-cs‚ ̀ mK-

ß-fmWv. NnØv, ANnØv F∂n-h-bm¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]cn-

]q¿W-\mb hnin-„-\mWv Cuiz-c≥5. Cuiz-c-\n¬ \n∂v A`n-∂-

ßfpw Cuiz-cs\ ]q¿W-ambn B{i-bn-°p-∂-h-\p-amb tNX\m tNX-

\-ßƒ (Pohm-flm-°fpw ̀ uXn-I-{]-]-©hpw) Cuiz-cs‚ ico-c-amWv6.

Cuiz-c≥ {]]-©-Øns‚ Bflm-hmWv. AXp-t]mse Bflm-hns‚

Bflm-hp-amWv. Bflmhpw {]]-©hpw Cuiz-cs‚ Awi-ß-fmWv;

]t£, Cuiz-c-\√. Awi-ßfpw Awinbpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v ]d-

bm≥ høt√m. AXp-sIm≠v Ah Cuiz-c-\n¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ß-

fmWv; AtX ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ A`n-∂-ß-fp-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,

ùXn-I-]-Zm¿Y-Øn¬ Cuiz-c≥ A¥-cym-an-bmbn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p.

]t£, ùXn-I-]-Zm¿Y-a√ Cuiz-c≥. AXp-t]mse Pohm-flm-°-fn¬

]c-am-flmhv IpSn-sIm-≈p∂p. ]t£, Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw

H∂√. k¿h-⁄\pw k¿h-i-‡\pw \nXy-\p-amb Cuiz-c≥,

\nXyhpw ]t£, Ai-‡-hp-amb NnØv As√-¶n¬ Pohm-flmhv, \nXy-

amb ANnØv As√-¶n¬ AtN-X-\-amb ̀ uXn-I-]-Zm¿Yw ̨ Cu XXz-

{X-b-Øns‚ sFIy-amWv {_“w. Cu A¿Y-Øn¬ AXv AssZz-X-

amWv. ]t£, AXp tIh-e-amb AssZz-X-a√. AXp hyXy-kvX-ß-

3. _r. D. IV. 15. 15.

4. Sn, IV. 4. 19.

5. NnZvNnZ hnin„ Cuizcx

cmam-\p-P≥: {io`mjyw.

6. k¿hw tNX-\m-tN-X\w Xky icocw.

{io`mjyw II. 1. 9.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 21

fmb hnti-j-W-ß-tfmSp IqSnb hnin-„-amWv. Cu A¿Y-Øn-emWv

cmam-\p-P≥ Xs‚ Z¿i-\-Øn\p hnin-„m-ssZzXw F∂p t]cn-´Xv.

F√mw bmYm¿Yy-amWv

hnin-„m-ssZz-X-a-\p-k-cn®v Cuiz-c\pw NnØpw ANnØpw bYm¿Y-

ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h-bmWv; Ib-dn¬ k¿∏w A[ym-tcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-

tºm-gp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ {]Xn-`m-k-ß-f√. Ib-dn-s‚bpw

]mºn-s‚bpw DZm-l-c-Ww-sIm≠v AssZz-X-hm-ZsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥

Ign-bn-s√-∂mWv cmam-\p-P≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv. aßnb shfn-®-Øn¬ Ib¿

]mºm-sW∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-t -́°m-sa-∂Xp icn-Xs∂. ]t£, AXp-

sIm≠v ]mºv XnI®pw Ab-Ym¿Y-amWv F∂p-]-d-bm≥ hø. Fs¥-

∂m¬, Ib¿ F∂-t]mse Xs∂ ]mºpw ]rYzn, Pew tXPkv XpS-

ßnb auen-I-L-S-I-ßƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-b-XmWv. Ib¿ ]mºm-sW∂p

sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-tºmgpw AXp Ib¿ Xs∂-bmWv F∂p a\- n-em-°p-

tºmgpw \Ωƒ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Cu aqe-L-S-I-ß-sf-bmWv ImWp-

∂Xv. cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""Ib¿∏m-ºns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ A`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\-

ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv \n›n-X-ß-fmb ÿe-Im-e-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´p

sIm≠mWv. AXp-sIm≠v AXn-semcp sshcp-[y-ap≠v: Hcp Xocp-am-

\-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv as‰mcp Xocp-am\w D≠m-hp-Ibpw AtXmsS

BZysØ Xocp-am\w Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp

hkvXp Hcp {]tXy-I-ÿm-\Øpw ka-bØpw Z¿in-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

as‰mcp ÿm\Øpw ka-bØpw ImW-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p

F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw AXv A\n-hm-cy-ambpw Ak-Xy-am-bn-s°m-≈-

W-sa-∂n√. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ AZr-iyX Ab-Ym¿Y-X-bpsS Imc-W-

am-bn-Øo-cp-∂n√. adn®v, D≈-sXt¥m, AXp \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v

bYm¿Y-amWv. Hcn-°¬ sXfn-bn-®p-I-gn-™Xp Xs∂-bm-WnXv. CXn-

∂n\n thsd sXfnhv Bh-iy-an√. AXp-sIm≠v tIh-e-amb kØv

am{X-a√ bmYm¿Yyw. tNX-\bpw AXns‚ hnj-b-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈

t`Zw ˛ Cu t`Zw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv hkvXphpw AXns‚ \nZm-\hpw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn-t∑-emWv ˛ {]Xy-£-⁄m\w sIm≠p sXfn-

bn-°m≥ Ignbpw. Cßs\ tNX-\bv°p am{Xta bYm¿Y-amb \ne-

\n¬∏p≈p F∂ hmZw sX‰m-sW∂p sXfn-bp∂p''.7

hnjbw, hnjbn F∂n-hbpw tNX\, AtN-X-\-hkvXp F∂n-

hbpw bYm¿Y-ß-fmWv. Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßfpw AXp-t]m-se-

7. cmam-\p-P≥; thZm-¥-kq{Xw {io`mjyw I. i. i.


Xs∂ bYm¿Y-ß-fmWv. Cu bYm¿Y-_-‘-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Cuiz-

c≥ As√-¶n¬ kKp-W-{_“w \m\m-cq-]-ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

Cß-s\-bmWv GI-amb {_“w At\-I-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

]t£, ASn-ÿm\w Cuiz-c≥ Xs∂. Cuiz-c-\n-s√-¶n¬ NnØpw

ANn-Øp-an√; a\p-jy\pw {]]-©hpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv Cuiz-cs\

B{i-bn®p sIm≠mWv. Cuiz-c-\mWv ImcWw; {]]©w Imcyhpw.

Cuiz-cs‚ icocw

NnØpw ANnØpw a\p-jy\pw {]]-©hpw F√mw Bhn¿`-hn-

°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Ah {_“-Øn¬ A¥¿e-bn®p InS-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.

CXn\v Imc-Wm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ {_“w F∂p-]-d-bp∂p. Imc-Wm-h-ÿ-

bn-ep≈ {_“w Imcym-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ {_“-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-tºm-

gmWv ktN-X-\m-tN-X-\-ß-fmb Ncm-N-c-ßƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ""Hcp

hkvXp as‰m-c-h-ÿ-bn-te°p amdp-∂-Xn-\mWv Imcyw F∂p ]d-bp-

∂Xv. Cu A¿Y-Øn¬ Pohm-flmhpw Imcy-amWv.''8 Bflmhv ip≤-

ssN-X\yw am{X-am-sW-¶n¬ AXp ⁄mXm-hmb hnj-bn-bm-hp-I-bn√.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ ⁄mXm-hmb ""Rm≥'' BWv Bflmhv.9

Bflmhv {_“-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ F∂ i¶-cs‚ hmZsØ

FXn¿°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ AXv Cuiz-c-\n¬ \n∂v ]q¿W-ambn

thdn´p \n¬°p-∂n-s√∂pw Cuiz-cs‚ `mK-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv AXv

ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-sX∂pw cmam-\p-P≥ Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p≠v. Cuiz-cs\

\n¿a-e\pw B\-μ-a-b\pw {iotbmSp IqSn-b-h-\p-amb hnjvWp-hns‚

cq]-Øn-emWv At±lw k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xv. thZm-¥-kmcw XpS-ßp-∂Xv

Xs∂ hnjvWp AJn-e-h-kvXp-°-fpsS Bflm-hm-sW∂pw NnØpw

ANnØpw hnjvWp-hns‚ ico-c-am-sW∂pw {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠mWv.10

Cuiz-c≥ \n¿a-e-\mWv, tZmj-c-ln-X\pw Ip‰-a-‰-h-\p-amWv. CX√

Pohm-flm-hns‚ ÿnXn. AXv ico-c-Øm¬ _‘n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p,

I¿a-ß-fm¬ aen-\-am-°-s∏-Sp∂p. euIn-I-_-‘-ß-fm¬ ZpxJ-ß-fp-

sSbpw Zpcn-X-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-a-bm-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kwkm-c-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw A⁄-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw I¿a-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w

t\S-emWv Pohm-flm-hns‚ e£yw. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv tam£w.8. cmam-\p-P≥: thZm-¥-kq{Xw, {io`mjyw II. 3. 18.9. Sn I. i. i.10. ka-kvX-Nn-Z-Nn-ZzkvXp ico-cm-bm-Jn-em-flt\

{ioatX \n¿a-em-\-\-tμm-Z-\ztX hnjvWpth \ax

cmam-\p-P≥: thZm-¥-kmcw I. i.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 23

tam£-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn

Cuiz-c\pw NnØpw XΩnepw NnØpw ANnØpw XΩn-ep-ap≈

hyXym-k-ßfpw _‘-ßfpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bm-™m¬ ̀ uXn-

I-kp-J-t`m-K-ß-fn¬ apßn-t∏m-hm\pw Pohn-X-e£yw hnkva-cn-°m\pw

CS-bp-s≠∂v cmam-\p-P≥ Xm°oXp \¬Ip∂p. A⁄X ImcWw

Bflmhv ico-c-am-sW∂pw P\-\-amWv AXns‚ Bcw-`-sa∂pw ac-

W-tØm-Sp-IqSn F√mw \in-°p-sa∂pw a‰p-ap≈ hnizm-k-ßƒ Df-

hm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. Ima-t{Im[ aZ-tam-l-am-’-cym-Zn-I-fp-sS-sb√mw Imc-

W-an-XmWv. Bflmhv ico-ctam ùXn-I-tem-Itam As√∂pw Cuiz-

cs‚ Awi-am-W-sX∂pw D≈ ⁄m\-ap-Zn-®m¬ am{Xta kwkm-c-Zpx-

J-ß-fn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sn tam£w {]m]n-°m≥ km[n°q. tam£-

sa∂p sh®m¬ Cuiz-c-\p-am-bp≈ kmayw As√-¶n¬ kmZriyw am{X-

amWv, kmcq-]ytam XmZm-flytam A√.11 ""Pothm {_ss“h \m]cx''

F∂ i¶-cs‚ {]Jym-]-\-tØmSv cmam-\p-P≥ tbmPn-°p-∂n√. tam£-

{]m-]vXn°p tijhpw Bflmhv {_“-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√∂v

At±lw Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp∂p.

⁄m\-amWv tam£-Øn-\p≈ am¿Kw F∂pw hymh-lm-cn-I-Po-

hn-X-Ønse I¿a-ßƒ Ahn-Zy-bn¬ IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂-h¿°p th≠n

am{X-ap-≈-h-bm-sW∂pw Ah ]c-am¿Yn-I-k-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

⁄m\-Øns‚ D]m-[n-I-f-s√∂pw a‰p-ap≈ i¶-cs‚ A`n-{]m-b-ß-

tfmSpw At±-l-Øn\p tbmPn-∏n√. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p:

""F√m-‰n-s‚bpw Bflm-hmWv {_“w F∂ ⁄m\w-sIm≠v

AhnZy D∑q-e\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ kn≤m-¥sØ Hcp Xc-Ønepw

\ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ hø. Fs¥-∂m¬, _‘\w bYm¿Y-amWv. ⁄m\w-

sIm≠v AXn-√m-Xm-°m≥ Ign-bn√. Pohm-flm-°fpw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈

ico-c-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ ê-ambn, AXm-bXv \√tXm

NoØtbm Bb I¿a-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øns‚ ê-ambn, Df-hm-

bn-Øo-cp∂ kpJ-Zpx-Jm-Zn-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-ep≈ _‘\w Ab-Ym¿-

Ytam Ak-Xytam BsW∂v B¿s°-¶nepw Dd-∏n®p ]d-bm≥ Ign-

bp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂p Rßƒ tNmZn-°p∂p. Bcm-[-Is‚ ̀ ‡n-]q¿h-

I-amb [ym\-Øm¬ {]km-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]c-am-flm-hns‚ A\p-{Klw

sIm≠p am{Xta CØcw _‘-\-ßƒ°v AdpXn hcp-Øm≥ Ignbq

F∂p Rßƒ hy‡-am-°n-°-gn-™n-´p≠v.''12

11. ap‡ky kzcq]w {_“tWm `mhx kz`mhx, \Xp kzcq-ss]Iyw,

{io`mjyw I. i. i.12. thZm-¥-kq{Xw: {io`mjyw I. i. i.


⁄m\w Xosc Bh-iy-an-s√-∂√, I¿ahpw `‡n-bp-amWv

⁄m\-Øns‚ D]m-[n-Iƒ F∂mWv cmam-\p-P≥ hmZn-°p-∂Xv. ̀ ‡n-

°mWv IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw. \nc-¥-c-amb Cuiz-c-[ym-\-amWv `‡n-

bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw. ]t£, [ym\w hnP-b-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw

Aßs\ `‡n-bpsS Zm¿Vyw h¿[n-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ I¿aw

IqSntb Ignbq. I¿aw Bflo-b-amb kwXr-]vXn°p th≠ntbm ̀ uXn-

Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb t\´-ßƒ°p th≠ntbm BI-cpXv. AXv

^te— IqSm-sX-bp≈ \njvIm-a-I¿a-am-bn-cn-°Ww; Cuiz-cs‚ apºn-

ep≈ Bflm¿∏-W-am-bn-cn-°Ww.

I¿a-ß-fn¬ Bcm-[\, ]qP, \ma-k-¶o¿Ø\w XpS-ßnb \nXy-

I¿a-ßfpw Imen-I-ß-fmb ss\an-Øn-I-I¿a-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.

kXyw, Alnwk, Zb, Zm\w, ipNn, £a, iaw, Zaw apX-em-bh

`‡s‚ A\n-hm-cy-Kp-W-ß-fmWv. ]t£, Ch am{Xw t]mcm. aoamw-

km-I-c-∑m¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ PmXn-[¿a-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m I¿am-

\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Bh-iy-amWv. Ch-tbm-sSm∏w Xs∂ thZ-ßfpw D]-

\n-j-Zva-{¥-ßfpw Dcp-hn´p ]Tn-°p-Ibpw thWw. CØcw Zn\-N-cy-I-

tfm-Sp-IqSn ]qPm-Zn-I¿a-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw CS-hn-SmsX Cuiz-c-\maw

P]n-°p-Ibpw \nc-¥-c-ambn Cuiz-cs\ [ym\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬

am{Xta tam£w t\Sm-\mhq F∂v cmam-\p-P≥ Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂p.13 CXp-

X-s∂-bmWv Cuiz-cs\ Adn-bm-\p≈ am¿Khpw. ̀ ‡n-sImt≠ Cuiz-

cs\ Adn-bm≥ Ignbq.14 AXp-sIm-≠mWv ⁄m\-Øns‚ cq]w ̀ ‡n-

bm-sW∂p cmam-\p-P≥ hniz-kn-®Xv (`‡n-cq-]m-]∂w ⁄m\w).

i¶-c\pw cmam-\p-P\pw

i¶-cs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ CXv ⁄m\-a√, A⁄m-\-amWv.

`‡nbpw I¿ahpw Cuiz-c-[ym-\hpw Cuiz-c≥ Xs∂bpw hymh-lm-

cn-I-Po-hn-X-Ønse anYy-I-fmWv. hymh-lm-cn-I-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßƒ°-∏p-

d-Øp≈ ]mc-am¿Yn-I-k-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\-amWv bYm¿Y-

amb ⁄m\w. cmam-\p-Ps‚bpw i¶-c-s‚bpw kn≤m-¥-ßsf Xmc-

X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""i¶-cs‚

AssZzXw _p≤n-bpsS ]mc-aysØ Ipdn-°p∂p F¶nepw AXn\v aX-

]-c-amb ̀ ‡nsb DtØ-Pn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n√. At±-l-Øns‚ {_“-

Øn\v Bflm-hn-\p-≈n¬ hnIm-c-Xo-{h-amb aX-`-‡ntbm Bcm-[-\m-

13. thZm¿Y-kw-{Klw, t]. 142˛44.

14. `‡ym amw A`n-Pm-\mXn ̨ KoX.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 25

t_m-[tam Df-hm-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n√.''15 ]t£, P\-ßƒ°v aX-]-c-

amb `‡nbpw Bcm-[-\m-t_m-[hpw D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-

∂n√ i¶-cs‚ Dt±iyw. t\sc-a-dn®v `‡nbpw Bcm-[-\bpw Cuiz-

c-hn-izm-k-hp-sams° hymh-lm-cn-I-Po-hn-X-Ønse anYy-I-fm-sW∂pw

{_“w am{X-amWv ]c-a-amb bmYm¿Yyw F∂pw hy‡-am-°m-\mWv

i¶-c≥ {ian-®Xv.

]mc-am¿Yn-I-kXyw, hymh-lm-cn-I-kXyw, anYy, amb apX-emb

]Z-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ ]n¬°m-e-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ hf-sc-tbsd Bi-

b-°p-g-∏-ß-fp-≠m-°n-sb-∂Xv icn-bmWv. i¶-c≥ amb F∂ ]Z-ap-]-

tbm-Kn-®Xv D≈Xv C√ F∂p ImWn-°m≥ th≠n-bm-sW∂pw a‰pw

hmZn-®p-sIm≠v cmam-\p-P-s\-t∏m-sebpw hn⁄m-`n-£p-sh-t∏m-se-bp-

ap≈ Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿ AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥sØ FXn¿°p-Ibpw i¶-cs\

{]—-∂-_p-≤≥ F∂p-hn-fn®v Bt£-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C√m-ØXv

Ds≠∂p tXm∂n-∏n-°p∂ ambm-hn-bp-sSbpw A[ym-k-Øns‚ ê-

ambn ]mºns‚ {]Xo-Xn-bp-f-hm-°p∂ Ib-dn-s‚bpw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

Ah-cpsS Bt£-]-ß-ƒ°p i‡n Iq´mt\ klm-bn-®p-≈p. CØcw

Bt£-]ßfn¬ \n∂v i¶-cs\ c£n-°m≥ th≠n-bm-sW-∂p-tXm-

∂p∂p, ""temI-Øns‚ Bt]-£n-I-k-Xy-sØbpw ssZh-Øns‚ kzX-

{¥-amb bmYm¿Yy-sØbpw Du∂m≥th≠n i¶-c≥ anYy, amb F∂o

]Z-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv \n¿`m-Ky-I-c-am-bn-t∏mbn''16 F∂v k®n-Zm-\-μ-

aq¿Øn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv.

F∂m¬, temI-Øns‚ AkvXnXzw ssZhsØ B{i-bn-®n-cn-

°p∂p Ft∂m ssZhw kzX-{¥-amb bmYm¿Yy-am-sWt∂m Du∂m≥

th≠n-b√, t\sc-a-dn®v, hymh-lm-cn-I-tem-I-Ønse Rm≥, \o

Ft‚Xv, \nt‚Xv F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hyXym-k-ßfpw Ak-a-Xz-ß-fp-

sams° A⁄-X-bpsS ê-ß-fm-sW∂pw Ahn-Zy-b-h-km-\n-®m¬

F√mw GI-amb {_“-am-sW∂v (k¿hw Jep CZw {_“) ImWm≥

Ign-bp-sa∂pw hy‡-am-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv. Cu Bibw IqSp-X¬

kv]„-am-°m≥ th≠n am{X-amWv ambm-hn-bp-sSbpw Ib¿∏m-ºn-

s‚bpw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv.

i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v {_“-sa∂ ]mc-am¿Yn-I-

kXyw Bfl-\n-jvT-amb Hcm-flo-b-k-¶¬∏w am{X-am-sW∂ Imcy-

15. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vo. II.16. K. Satchidananda Murthy: Revelation and Reason In Advaita Vedanta,

P. 263.


Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. ]t£, Bflo-b-hm-Zn-bmb tlK-ens‚ Bi-b-

ßsf kw_-‘n®v am¿Ivkv sNbvX-Xp-t]mse i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-

hm-ZsØ Ingp°mw Xq°m°n \n¿Øp-Ibpw {_“-sa∂ hm°n\v

a\p-jy≥ F∂ A¿Yw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ hymh-lm-cn-I-bm-

Ym¿Yy-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]mc-am¿Yn-I-k-Xy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ Cu kn≤m-

¥-Øn\v Zqc-hym-]-I-amb ̂ e-ßƒ Df-hm-°m≥ Ign-t™°pw. ]t£,

aX-Øn\pw Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn\pw A{X-b-[nIw kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂

a[y-Im-e-km-aqly kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂p tamN\w

t\Sm≥ i¶-c-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ Hcp {]Xn-`m-im-en-bmb Zm¿i-\n-I-\p-

t]mepw km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

cmam-\p-Ps‚ Nn¥-Iƒ i¶-c-t‚-Xp-t]mse A{X k¶o¿W-ß-

fm-bn-cp-∂n√. At±-l-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ \mY-ap\n,

bap-\m-Nm-cy¿ XpS-ßnb BNm-cy-∑m¿ sshjvW-h-kn-≤-∑m-cmb

Bƒhm¿am-cpsS `‡n-k-¶o¿Ø-\-ßsf _nw_m-cm-[-\-bp-ambpw

]qPm-Zn-I¿a-ß-fp-ambpw Iqń-bn-W-°n-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. ̀ ‡n°pw I¿a-

Øn\pw ⁄m\-Øns‚ Hc-Sn-Ød \¬Im≥ th≠n D]-\n-jØp-I-

fnepw `K-h-ZvKo-X-bnepw a‰p-a-S-ßnb Bflo-b-Nn-¥-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-

°pI Xmc-X-tay\ Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp∂p. AXmWv cmam-\p-P≥ sNbvXXv.

]t£, Cu {]{In-b-°n-S-bn¬ At±lw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse \n¿Kp-

W-{_-“sØ kKp-W-{_-“-ambpw kKp-W-{_-“sØ Cuiz-c-\mbpw

hymJym-\n®p. Aßs\ \]pw-k-I-enw-K-Øn-ep≈ {_“w ]p√nw-K-Øn-

ep≈ Cuiz-c-\mbn amdn. F∂n v́, k¶¬∏-Øn\p ]nSn-In-́ m-hp∂ F√m-

Øcw am\p-jn-I-Kp-W-ßfpw am\p-jn-I-i-‡n-Ifpw D¬Ir-„-X-Ifpw

a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂v A\y-h¬°-cn®v B Cuiz-c-\n¬ {]Xn-jvTn®p.

k¿h-⁄\pw k¿h-i-‡\pw k¿h-Kp-W-k-º-∂-\p-amb Cuiz-cs‚

A\p-{K-l-an-s√-¶n¬ tam£w t\SpI km[y-a-s√∂p {]Jym-]n®p.

sFln-I-ß-fmb ZpxJ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Zpcn-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw c£

In´m≥ th≠n Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bmb Cuiz-cs\ `‡n-]q¿hw Bcm-[n-

°m\pw ]qPn-°m\pw [ym\n-°m\pw P\-ßsf D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p.

CØcw D¬t_m-[-\-ßƒ P\-ßsf BI¿jn-°m≥ ]‰n-b-h-bm-bn-

cp∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse cmam-

\p-P≥ ""aX-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-I-sfbpw Iqń-bn-W-°m-

\mWv Atß-b‰w ]cn-{i-an-®Xv''.17

17. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vo. II.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 27

sshcp-[y-Øns‚ ]cn-lmcw

cmam-\p-Ps‚ hnin-„m-ssZz-X-a-\p-k-cn®v Pohm-flmhv ]c-am-flm-

hns‚ Awi-amWv; F√m a\p-jycpw Cuiz-cmw-i-ß-fmWv. ]t£,

Cu Cuiz-cmw-i-ßƒ Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv Abn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw sXm´p-Iq-

Sm-bva-bp-sSbpw Xo≠n-°q-Sm-bva-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ PmXn-

hy-h-ÿ-bpsS \me-Xn-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n-emWv. CXn¬ {]Xy-£-Øn¬

Xs∂ Hcp sshcp-[y-a-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p. F√m a\p-jycpw Cuiz-cmw-i-

ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ Nne¿ Db¿∂ PmXn-°mcpw a‰p-≈-h¿ XmW PmXn-

°m-cp-am-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bmb Cuiz-cs‚ Hcwiw

a¿Z-I\pw as‰m-cwiw a¿Zn-X\pw Bbn-Øo-cp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? k¿h-

Kp-W-k-º-∂-\mb Cuiz-c≥ am{Xw \n¿a-e\pw I¿a-_-‘-ßƒ°-Sn-

a-s∏´ Cuiz-cmw-i-ßƒ aen-\-ßfpw BsW∂ adp-]Sn Xr]vXn-I-c-

am-bn-cp-∂n√. Fs¥-∂m¬ sshjvW-h-`-‡-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ t]mepw

hen-b-h\pw sNdn-b-h-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p; XmW PmXn-°m-c\pw Db¿∂

PmXn-°m-c\pw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-emsI PmXn-hy-

hÿ A{Xbv°v Cgp-In-∏n-Sn-®n-cp∂p. PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ß-f-h-km-\n-∏n-

°msX Cu sshcp-[y-Øn\p ]cn-lmcw ImWpI km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

HSp-hn¬ sshjvW-h-`-‡-∑m¿ Hcp bp‡n I≠p-]n-Sn®p. sshjvW-

h-`-‡-∑m¿°v H∂n-®n-cp∂p {]m¿Yn-°p-Ibpw Iq´mbn k¶o¿Ø-\-

ßƒ ]mSp-Ibpw sNømw. H∂n-®n-cp∂v `£Ww Ign-°-cp-sX-t∂-

bp≈q. hoSp-I-fn¬ aS-ßn-sb-Øn-bm¬ F√m-hcpw PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS

\nb-a-ßƒ I¿i-\-ambn ]men-°p-Ibpw sNøWw. CXm-bn-cp∂p

bp‡n.

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønse sshcp-[y-ßƒ aq¿On-®-t∏mƒ ho≠pw

am‰-ß-fp-≠mbn. sshjvW-h-`-‡-∑m¿°n-S-bn-ep≈ D®-\o-N-Xz-ßƒ

am{X-a√, kap-Zm-b-Ønse PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ t]mepw tNmZyw sNø-

s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. cmam-\p-P-\p-tijw Ccp-∂qdp h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™-

t∏m-tg°pw PmXn-a-X-hy-Xym-k-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb Hcp ]pXnb aX-{]-

ÿm\w Bhn¿ -̀hn®p. cmam-\-μs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-cw-̀ n® Cu ]pXnb

{]ÿm-\-Øn\v Zm¿i-\n-I-amb Hc-Sn-Ød \¬In-bXv cmam-\p-Ps‚

kn≤m-¥-ß-fmWv. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-sa∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu

]pXnb {]ÿm-\-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv i¶-cs‚

AssZz-XsØ FXn¿Ø a‰p-Nne kn≤m-¥-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-hm-ZsØ FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v hf-sc-b-[nIw

Fgp-Xp-Ibpw {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp Nn¥-I-\mWv ssZzX-


hm-Z-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb a[z≥. ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ I¿Wm-S-

I-Ønse DUp∏n F∂ ÿeØv Hcp {_m“W IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n®

At±lw Bcw-`-Øn¬ AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Øm¬ BI¿jn-°-s∏´p

F∂pw Gsd-°-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv AssZz-X-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb

i{Xp-°-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p F∂p-amWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. AssZz-

X-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn ssZzX-kn-≤m¥w {]N-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v At±lw C¥y-

bpsS \m\m-`m-K-ß-fnepw Np‰n-k-©-cn®p. H´msI ap∏-tØgp {KŸ-

ßƒ At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠t{X. a[z-`mjyw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

{_“-kq-{X-`mjyw, A\p-hym-Jym\w, KoXm-`mjyw, `mK-hX Xm¬]-

cy-\n¿Wbw, alm-`m-cX Xm¬∏-cy-\n¿Wbw, hnjvWp-X-Xz-\n¿Wbw,

ktXzm-tZymXw F∂n-h-bmWv Ah-bn¬ apJy-am-bh. Pb-Xo¿Y≥,

hymk-Xo¿Y≥ XpS-ßnb ]e ]fin-X-∑m-cmb injy-∑m¿ At±-l-

Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ°v hymJym-\-ßfpw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v.

AssZz-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ hna¿i\w

thZm-¥-Øns‚ ad-hn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v iq\y-hm-Zn-I-fmb _u≤-

∑m-cpsS kn≤m-¥-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿ F∂ Bt£-]-ap-∂-bn-®p-

sIm-≠mWv At±lw AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥n-Isf t\cn-Sm-s\m-cp-ßn-bXv.18

PKØv anYy-b-s√∂pw Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw H∂√ c≠m-

sW∂pw At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. Pohm-flmhpw {_“hpw H∂p-X-

s∂-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]ns∂ {_“sØ Adn-bm≥ an\-s°-Sp-∂-Xn\v A¿Y-

an√. Fs¥-∂m¬, AXn\p an\-s°-Sp-∂-h≥ kzbw {_“-am-Wt√m.

⁄m\-Øn\v Hcp hnj-bnbpw Hcp hnj-bhpw thWw. Fs¥-∂m¬,

Adn-bm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h\pw Adn-b-s∏-Sm-\p≈ hnj-bhpw XΩn-

ep≈ _‘-Øn¬ \n∂mWv ⁄m\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. hnj-bnbpw hnj-

bhpw H∂m-sW-¶n¬ ]ns∂ ⁄m\-hp-an√. ⁄m\w F∂ H∂n-s√-

¶n¬ ""AYmtXm {_“-⁄mkm'' F∂ thZm-¥-kq-{X-Øn\v A¿Y-

an-√m-Xmhpw.

\iz-cX, A\n-XyX, A]q¿WX, A⁄X, ZpxJw apX-em-b-h-

tbmSp IqSnb a\p-jys\ A\-¥hpw kw]q¿Whpw k¿h-i-‡hpw

k®n-Zm-\-μ-a-b-hp-amb {_“-tØmSv D]-an-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? i¶-

cs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw CsX-fp-∏-amWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, At±-l-

Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ tIh-ehpw A\-¥-hp-amb {_“w am{X-

18. b—w-\y-hm-Zn\: iq\yw XtZh {_“-am-\n\x ̨ Quoted by Dr. ChandradharSharma: A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy. P. 372.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 29

amWv Htc-sbmcp kXyw. Ahn-Zy-bpsS ê-am-bn-´mWv Cu GI-amb

bmYm¿Yyw At\-I-am-sW∂ {]Xo-Xn-bp-f-hm-Ip-∂Xv. a\p-jy≥ ZpxJn-

X\pw ]oUn-X\pw A]q¿W\pw Hs° Bbn-Øo-cp-∂Xpw Ahn-Zy-

bpsS ê-am-bn-´mWv. ""]t£, BcpsS Ahn-Zy-bpsS êw? Pohm-

flm-hn-s‚tbm? {_“-Øn-s‚tbm?'' a[z≥ tNmZn®p. ac-W-Øn\p

hnt[-b-\m-Ip∂ a\p-jys‚ A⁄X {_“-Øn-s‚bpw A⁄-X-

bm-bn-cn°pw. ImcWw a\p-jy\pw {_“hpw H∂m-Wt√m. At∏mƒ

{_“-Øn\v A⁄-X-bp-s≠∂v h∂p-IqSpw. AhnZy tIh-e-amb ]c-

am-flm-hns\ _m[n-°p-I-bn√ F∂m-sW-¶nepw AXv Pohm-flm-hn-

s\bpw _m[n-°n√. At∏mƒ Ahn-Zy-bp-s≠∂v AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xp

Xs∂ Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw H∂-s√∂p kΩ-Xn-°-emWv. AssZz-

XsØ s]m°n-∏n-Sn-®m¬, Pohm-flmhpw {_“hpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂p

iTn-®m¬, {_“-Øns‚ k¿h-⁄Xzw \ntj-[n-°-s∏Spw. AXp-sIm≠v

c≠pw kXy-am-sW∂v AwKo-I-cnt® ]‰q. ]t£, Hcp hyXym-k-ap≠v.

{_“w tIh-ehpw kzX-{¥-hp-amb bmYm¿Yy-hp-amWv; Pohm-flm-hm-

Is´, {_“sØ B{i-bn-®p-sIm≠p \ne-\n¬°p∂ bmYm¿Yy-amWv.

i¶-cs‚ \n¿Kp-W-{_-“-sa∂ k¶¬∏w {ipXn°pw bp‡n°pw

tbmPn-®-X-s√-∂mWv a[zs‚ A`n-{]mbw. {_“w kKp-W-amWv. AXv

k¿h-Øn-s‚bpw I¿Øm-hmWv. I¿Øm-sh∂ \nebv°v AXv F√m-

a-dn-bp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v k¿h-⁄-XzmZn KpW-ß-tfmSp IqSn-b-XmWv

{_“w F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-XmWv bp‡n.19 \n¿Kp-W-sa∂ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-

Øn¬ Xs∂ sshcp-[y-a-S-ßn-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv a[zs‚ A`n-{]mbw.

{_“-Øn\v \n¿Kp-W-Xz-sa∂ KpW-ap-t≠m-sb∂v \n¿Kp-W-hm-Zn-tbmSp

tNmZn-°pI. Cs√-∂mWv adp-]-Sn-sb-¶n¬ {_“-Øn\v KpW-ap-s≠∂v

kΩ-Xn-°-em-WXv. t\sc-a-dn®v Ds≠-∂mWv adp-]-Sn-sb-¶n¬ \n¿Kp-

WXzw F∂ KpW-ap-s≠∂p kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-hcpw. c≠m-bmepw {_“-

Øn\p KpW-ap≠v. AXp-sIm≠v {_“w \n¿Kp-W-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-

∂-Xn-\¿Y-an√.20 {_“w kKp-W-amWv; kKp-W-amb {_“-amWv

Cuiz-c≥.

19. _p≤n-]q¿hw k¿h-I¿Xr-XzmXv k¿h-⁄-XzmXv k¿h-⁄-Xzm-Ztbm KpWm-

bp‡mx

I¿a-\o¿Wbw, t]. 10.

20. \n¿hn-ti-j-tXz\ hnin„w \ thXypt‡, bZy-h-in„w, X¿ln\ hntij

\ncm-I-cWw. hnti-j-h-Xz-tah ̀ hXn. bZn tX\ hnin„w, k Gh hntij

CXn hymlrXn:

I¿a-\n¿Wbw, t]. 10.


Pohm-flmhpw {]]-©hpw bmYm¿Yy-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw Ahbv°v

kzX-{¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏n√. kzX-{¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏n-s√∂p ]d-bp-

∂-Xns‚ A¿Yw Ah amb-bm-sW-∂√. NnØpw ANnØpw Dƒs∏-

sS-bp≈ temI-Øn\v ÿe-Im-em-[n-jvTn-X-amb \ne-\n¬∏p-s≠∂v

a[z≥ Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb bmYm¿YysØ AwKo-I-

cn-°msX tIh-e-amb GsX-¶nepw Bi-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kXyw

a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bn√. AXp-sIm≠v, {_“-sa-∂-t]mse Xs∂

ktN-X-\m-tN-X-\-ß-fmb Ncm-N-c-ßfpw bmYm¿Yy-ß-fmWv. Ah

XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßfpw bYm¿Y-amWv.

a[zs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ A©p Xc-Øn-ep≈ t`Z-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-

b-XmWv {]]©w: Cuiz-c\pw Pohm-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ t`Zw, Cuiz-

c\pw PU-]-Zm¿Yhpw XΩn-ep≈ t`Zw, Pohm-flmhpw PU-]-Zm¿Yhpw

XΩn-ep≈ t`Zw, Hcp Pohm-flmhpw as‰mcp Pohm-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈

t`Zw, PU-]-Zm¿Yhpw PU-]-Zm¿Yhpw XΩn-ep≈ t`Zw21 ˛ Cu t`Z-

ßƒ amb-b√. {_“-sa∂ t]mse Xs∂ ]©-t`-Z-k-a-\zn-X-amb {]]-

©hpw kXy-amWv.

{]]-©-bm-Ym¿Yyw

A[ym-k-Øns‚ ê-ambn ico-chpw Bflmhpw H∂m-sW∂

anYym-t_m-[-ap-f-hm-Ip∂p F∂-hmZw Akw-_-‘-am-sW-∂mWv

a[zs‚ A`n-{]mbw. ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ°p-t]mepw Aß-s\-sbmcp

anYym-t_m-[-ap-≠m-Im-dn√. ]ns∂-bt√ a\p-jy\v? ""Fs‚ icocw''

F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Rm\pw ico-chpw H∂-s√∂p a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠p

Xs∂-bmWv.22 Bflm-hns‚ icn-bmb kz`m-hsØ ad-®p-h-bv°p∂

A⁄m-\-Øns‚ ê-amWv temI-sa-¶n¬ Bflm-hn¬ \n∂p hn`n-

∂-amb Hcp _mey-tem-IsØ {]Xy-£-am-bn-°m-Wm≥ Ign-bn√.23

⁄m\-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\v {]Xy£w, A\p-am\w, BKaw F∂n-

ßs\ aq∂p {]am-W-ß-fp-s≠∂v a[z≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. hkvXp-

21. Poth-iz-c-̀ nZm ssNh PtU-iz-c-̀ nZm XYm

Poh-t`tZm anY-ss›h PU-Po-h-̀ nZm XYm

anY› PU t`tZmbw {]]t©m t`Z ]©Ix

hnjvWp-X-Xz-\n¿Wbw, t]. 27.

22. aa tZl CXn tlyh, \ tZtlml anXn {]am

A\p-hym-Jym\w, 33.

23. Bflm-⁄m-\m-fl-ItXz N PKXx, Bflt\m ̀ n∂-tXz\ \ ZriytX,

hnjvWp-X-Xz-\n¿Wbw, t]. 28.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 31

\n-jvT-amb _mly-bm-Ym¿Yy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\-Øn\v {]Xy-£-

{]-am-WsØ B{i-bn°mw. F∂m¬, C{μn-bm-\p-`q-Xn-I-fn-eqsS e`n-

°p∂ ⁄m\w icn-bmb ⁄m\-am-sW∂v Dd-∏n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-

bmWv? bYm¿Y⁄m-\sØ A_-≤-[m-c-W-I-fn¬ \n∂v th¿Xn-cn-

°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? CXn-\p≈ hgn hkvXpsh t\cn´p kao-]n®v

kz¥w A\p-`-h-Øn-eqsS GXmWv icn-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv.

⁄m\-Øn\v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ A\p-`hw klm-bn-°p∂p. ]mºm-

sW∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏´v Ib-dns‚ ASp-Øp-sN∂v ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬

AXp-]m-º√, Ib-dm-sW∂p a\- n-em-hp∂p. Cßs\ kz¥w A\p-

`-h-Øn-eqsS sX‰mb Adnhp \o°w sNøm\pw icn-bmb Adnhv

t\Sm\pw Ign-bp∂p. a[zs‚ Cu \nK-a-\sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

\mK-cmP i¿a Cßs\ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""sh≈n-sb-∏-‰nbpw ]mºn-s\-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ {à-ßƒ C{μn-b-Zzmcm

e`n® kma-{Kn-I-fpsS sX‰mb hymJym-\-Øns‚ ê-am-sW∂v Ffp-

∏-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw. C{μn-b-Zzmcm e`n® kma-{Kn-I-fpsS

bmYm¿YysØ B¿°pw tNmZyw sNøm≥ km[n-°n√. {_“-hm-Zn-I-

fpsS {_“-sa-∂-t]mse Xs∂ Ahbpw bYm¿Y-ß-fmWv. Ah

sX‰mbn hymJym-\n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂p-am{Xw. hkvXp-sh-°p-dn-

®p≈ C{μn-bm-\p-̀ -h-ß-fpsS kmam-\y-kz-̀ m-h-Øn\v tIm´w Xń® LS-

I-ßtfm kq£va-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eq-sS \o°w sNbvXm¬ BZysØ

hymJym-\-Øn¬ sX‰p-]-‰n-bn-´p-s≠∂p ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. Zr„n-{`-a-

ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbvXm¬ Ah-bn-se√mw bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ Nne

Awi-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p hy‡-amhpw. GXm-bmepw Cu D]-a-

Iƒ sIm≠v {]]-©-Øns‚ P∑-kn-≤hpw A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-

amb bmYm¿YysØ \ncm-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn√.''24

GsX-¶n-ep-samcp hkvXp {à-am-sW∂p sXfn-bn-°-W-sa-¶n¬

c≠p bmYm¿Yy-ß-fm-h-iy-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Ib¿ ImWp-

tºmƒ AXp ]mºm-sW∂ {à-ap-≠m-h-W-sa-¶n¬ {à-Øns‚ A[n-

jvTm-\-amb Ib¿ am{Xw t]mcm. AXn-t\mSv kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

]‰nb icn-bmb Hcp {][m-\-hkvXp, AXm-bXv ]mºv, F∂

bmYm¿Yyw IqSn-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. AXp-t]mse PKØv {à-am-sW∂v

sXfn-bn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\p kZr-i-amb Hcp bYm¿Y-P-KØv D≠m-

hWw. {àsØ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-bp-an-√m-ØXpw apºp I≠-dn-

™n-ń-√m-Ø-Xp-amb H∂n-t\mSp kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bn√. AXp-

24. Nagaraja Sarma: Reign of Realism, P. 576.


sIm≠v i¶-cs‚ PK-∑n-Yym-hm-Z-Øn\v bmsXm-c-Sn-ÿm-\-hp-an-s√∂p

a[z≥ Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp∂p. PKØv bYm¿Y-am-sW∂p am{X-a√, AXns\

\ap°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-Ibpw sNøpw.

⁄m\-Øns‚ D]m[n

_mly-h-kvXp-°ƒ a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥-ambn ÿe-

Im-e-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ bmYm¿Yy-ß-fmWv. Ah C{μn-b-ß-fn¬

]Xn-™m¬ am{Xta ⁄m\-ap-≠mIq. F∂m¬, icn-bmb ⁄m\w

e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ hkvXp, C{μnbw, C{μn-bsØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ a\ v

F∂o aq∂p LS-I-ßfpw tIm´-an-√m-Ø-h-bm-hWw. C{μn-b-ßƒt°m

hkvXp-°ƒt°m tIm´-ap-s≠-¶n¬ ⁄m\-Øn\pw tIm´w kw`-

hn°pw. a™-∏nØw ]nSn® IÆp-sIm≠v t\m°n-bm¬ F√mw a™-

bmbn tXm∂pw. \nco-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp th≠{X shfn-®-an-√m-

Ø-Xp-sIm≠v hy‡-a-√m-Xm-hp-Itbm AXv hfsc Zqsc ÿnXn-sN-

øp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ as‰t¥m BsW∂v sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bp-≠m-tb°mw.

Ib¿ k¿∏-am-sW∂v tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv. a\ v as‰-

s¥-¶nepw Nn¥-bn¬ apgp-In-t∏m-bm¬ IÆp-sIm≠v t\m°n-bmepw

hkvXpsh I≠n-s√-∂p-hcpw. C{]-Imcw a[zs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ A‰-

Ip-‰-an-√mØ a\- ns‚ \nco-£-W-Øn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ ⁄m\-amWv

icn-bmb ⁄m\w. h√-t∏mgpw h√ sX‰pw ]‰n-t∏m-Ip∂p F∂-Xp-

sIm≠v am{Xw ⁄mt\-{μn-b-Øns‚ tijn \in-°p-∂n√. C{μn-b-

k-∂n-I¿j-Øn¬ ]mI-∏n-g-I-fp-≠m-tb°mw. ]t£, AXp-sIm-

s≠m∂pw hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb bmYm¿Yyw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂n√. a[z≥ Fgp-

Xp∂p:

""C{μn-b-⁄m\w kzbw kXy-Øns‚ am\-Z-fi-amWv. AXv

Akw-K-X-am-sW∂v A\p-am\w sImt≠m BK-aw-sImt≠m ÿm]n-

°m≥ Ign-bn√. N{μs‚ hep-∏-Øn-ep≈ Ipd-hn\pw AXp-t]m-se-

bp≈ hnI-e-ß-fmb a‰p \nco-£-W-ßƒ°pw ImcWw Zqchpw Akm-

[m-c-W-ß-fmb a‰p kml-N-cy-ß-fp-amWv. G‰hpw Du¿Pn-X-amb ]co-

£-Ww-sIm≠v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-t∂-S-tØmfw, \ΩpsS a\-

ns‚ ]pd-Øp≈ Hcp temI-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏ns\ kw_-‘n®v

C{μn-bm-\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ sXfn-hp-Isf A∏msS X≈n-°-f-bm≥

bmsXmcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an√''.25

25. Tattvodyota in N.R. Sharma: Madhva's Teachings in his own words,P.57.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 33

kzX-{¥-bm-Ym¿Yyhpw ]c-X-{¥-bm-Ym¿Yyhpw

a[zs‚ ssZzX-hm-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v F√m ùXn-I-h-kvXp-°fpw {]Ir-

Xn-bn¬ \n∂v ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b-h-bmWv. a\p-jy-i-co-chpw {]Ir-Xn-

bn¬ \n∂m-Wp-≠m-bXv. ]t£, kmwJy-∑m-sc-t∏mse {]Ir-Xn-bmWv

aqe-Im-cWw F∂v a[z≥ hmZn-°p-∂n√. Cuiz-c-\mWv aqe-Im-cWw.

]t£, Cuiz-c≥ temIsØ kr„n-°p-∂Xv X∂n¬ \n∂p-X-s∂-

b√, \nXyhpw AtN-X-\-hp-amb {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv. kmt¶-Xn-

I-`m-j-bn¬ ]d-™m¬ Cuiz-c≥ \nan-Ø-Im-c-Whpw {]IrXn D]-

Zm-\-Im-c-W-hp-amWv. Cuiz-c-\mWv F√m-‰n-s‚bpw kr„n-I¿Ømhv.

]c-am-flmhv, hnjvWp, lcn, ̀ K-hm≥ Fs∂-√m-ap≈ t]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-

b-s∏-Sp∂ Cuiz-c≥ {]Ir-Xnsb am{X-a√, Bflm-hn-s\bpw \nb-

{¥n-°p∂p. {]Ir-Xnbpw Pohm-flmhpw Cuiz-cs‚ ico-c-am-sW∂

cmam-\p-Ps‚ A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv a[z≥ tbmPn-°p-∂n√. Bflmhpw

{]Ir-Xnbpw Cuiz-c-\n¬ \n∂v `n∂-ß-fmWv; AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂

Ah Cuiz-cs\ B{i-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. a[zs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬

c≠p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ bmYm¿Yy-ß-fp≠v. kzX-{¥-amb bmYm¿Yyhpw

]c-X-{¥-amb bmYm¿Yyhpw. Cuiz-c≥ kzX-{¥-bm-Ym¿Yy-amWv.

{]Ir-Xnbpw Bflmhpw ]c-X-{¥-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßfpw. Cuiz-c≥

A]q¿W-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw amen-\y-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hnap-‡-\mWv.

]t£, \n¿Kp-W-\√. kw]q¿W\pw k¿h-⁄\pw k¿h-i-‡\pw

k¿hm-¥¿bm-anbpw k®n-Zm-\μ kzcq-]-\p-amb Cuiz-c≥ F√m \∑-

I-fp-sSbpw aq¿Øo-I-c-W-amWv.

Pohm-flm-°ƒ At\-I-ß-fm-sW∂pw Bflmhpw Bflmhpw

XΩn¬ Xs∂ hyXym-k-ap-s≠-∂mWv a[zs‚ A`n-{]mbw. Bflmhv

Ht∂-bp≈q, AXv {_“w Xs∂-bmWv, F∂ i¶-cs‚ hmZsØ

Jfin-°m≥ th≠n At±lw ""Bflmhv \o Xs∂-bmWv'' (k Bflm

Xzw Akn) F∂ D]-\n-jZv hmIysØ ""B Bflmhv \ob√'' (km

Bflm AX-XvXz-akn) F∂p XncpØn hmbn-°p∂p.

tam£-Øns‚ am¿Kw

F√m Pohm-flm-°fpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-sW∂ cmam-\p-Ps‚ A`n-

{]m-b-tØmSpw a[z≥ tbmPn-°p-∂n√. Hmtcm Pohm-flm-hn\pw AXn-

t‚-Xmb {]tXyI KpW-hn-ti-j-ß-fp≠v.. AXp-sIm≠v Hcp Pohm-

flmhv as‰mcp Pohm-flm-hn-s\-t∏m-se-b√. tam£-{]m]vXn Xmc-X-

tay\ IqSp-X¬ Ffp-∏tam IqSp-X¬ ITn-\tam Bbn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Cu

hyXym-k-ß-fpsS ê-am-bn-´mWv.


]q¿h-I¿a-ß-fpsS ê-ambn icocw, C{μn-b-ßƒ, a\ v apX-

em-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Pohm-flm-hn\v ZpxJ-ßfpw

Zpcn-X-ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. kwkm-c-Zpx-J-ß-fpsS _‘-\-Øn¬

\n∂p≈ tamN\w Cuiz-cs‚ Ir]sb B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cuiz-

cs\ {]km-Zn-∏n-°m-\p≈ am¿K-amWv `‡n. `‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\w

Xs∂ Pohm-flmhv ]c-am-flm-hns\ B{i-bn-°p∂ ASna am{X-am-

sW∂ t_m[-at{X. Cu t_m[-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]c-am-flm-hns\ \nc-¥-

c-ambn kvt\ln-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv `‡n-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv.26 \nXyhpw

ss\an-Øn-I-hp-amb I¿a-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-h\p am{Xta Cuiz-

cs\ `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn [ym\n-°m≥ Ignbq. kXyw, Zm\w, Zb, thZ-

]m-cm-bWw apX-em-bh Pohm-flm-hns\ ]cn-ip-≤-am-°m≥ klm-bn-

°p∂p. A\m-h-iy-ßfpw A]m-b-I-c-ß-fp-amb F√m A]-hn-{X-X-I-

fn¬ \n∂pw t_m[-]q¿hw c£-s]-´p-sIm≠v ]cn-ip-≤-cq]w {]m]n-

°p∂ Pohm-flm-hn\v sFln-I-_-‘-ßsf XcWw sNbvXv tam£w

t\Sm≥ km[n°pw.27 CXmWv a[zs‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Npcp°w.

ssZzXm-ssZzXw

AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn i_vZ-ap-b¿Ønb as‰mcp Nn¥-

I-\mWv B{‘-bn¬ ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn® \nw_m¿°≥.

thZm-¥-]m-cn-Pm-X-ku-c`w F∂ t]cn¬ At±-lhpw {_“-kq-{X-

Øn\v sNdn-sbmcp `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. ]Øp t«mI-ßƒ am{X-

ap≈ Zi-t«m-In-sb∂ eLp-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ At±lw Xs‚ Zm¿i-\nI

kn≤m-¥-ßsf apgp-h\pw Npcp°n hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cu kn≤m-¥-

ßƒ°v At±lw ssZzXm-ssZzXw F∂mWv t]cn-ń-´p-≈Xv. auen-I-

amb Fs¥-¶nepw Bibw AXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´pt≠m F∂ Imcyw

kwi-b-amWv. i¶-c≥, `mkv°-c≥, cmam-\p-P≥, a[z≥ apX-em-b-h-

sc√mw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®p-I-gn™ kn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ \ns∂√mw Ahn-sS-

\n∂pw Chn-sS-\n-∂p-ambn Iptds» FSpØv Iqń-t®¿Øv AXn\v

kz¥-amb Hcp t]cn-SpI am{X-amWv At±lw sNbvX-sX∂v tXm∂n-

t∏mIpw. IqSp-X¬ ASp∏w cmam-\p-Ps‚ Bi-b-ß-tfm-SmWv.

cmam-\p-P-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ \nw_m¿°\pw Cuiz-c≥, Bflmhv,

ùXn-I-]-Zm¿Yw F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p bmYm¿Yy-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p;

F√mw {_“-am-sW∂ i¶-cs‚ A`n-{]m-bsØ FXn¿°p∂p.

26. ⁄m\-]q¿W-]-c-kvt\tlm \ntXym ̀ ‡n-cn-Xo-cytX

alm-`m-cX Xm¬]-cy-\n¿Wbw I. 107.27. a[z-`mjyw III. 4. 51.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 35

kXz-c-P-kvXtam KpW-ß-tfmSp IqSnb {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv

{]]©w ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-bXv F∂ kmwJy-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv

\nw_m¿°≥ tbmPn-°p∂p; ]t£, Hcp hyXym-k-ap≠v. {]IrXn

kzbw ]cym-]vX-a√. AXv {_“sØ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Bflmhv

{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-amWv. AXv ico-c-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-

øp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ico-c-a√. Hmtcm ico-c-Ønepw Hmtcm Bflm-hp≠v.

Hcm-flmhv as‰√m Bflm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw `n∂-amWv. A©p I¿ta-{μn-

b-ßƒ, A©v ⁄mt\-{μn-b-ßƒ, a\ v ˛ Ch-bpsS klm-b-tØm-

Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Bflmhv Z¿in-°p-Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw A\p-`-hn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv. AXv I¿Ømhpw t`m‡m-hp-amWv. ]t£,

AXn\p ]q¿W-amb kzmX-{¥y-an√. AXns‚ kzmX{¥yw {_“sØ

B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

]q¿W-amb kzmX{¥yw {_“-Øn\p am{X-ta-bp≈q. AXmWv

]c-a-amb bmYm¿Yyw. temI-Øns‚ \nan-Ø-Im-c-Whpw D]-Zm-\-Im-

c-W-hp-am-WXv. ktN-X-\m-tN-X-\-ß-fmb a‰p bmYm¿Yy-ß-sf√mw

{_“-Øn¬ \n∂p ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b-h-bmWv.

{_“w k¿h-Kp-W-k-º-∂-\mb ]pcp-tjm-Ø-a-\mWv; k¿h-

⁄\pw k¿h-i-‡\pw k¿hm-¥-cym-anbpw k®n-Zm-\-μ-kz-cq-]\pw

F√m-Øcw A]q¿W-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p hnap-‡\pw kr„n-ÿnXn

kwlm-c-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hp-amWv. {]]-©-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw

{_“w \nd-™p-In-S-°p∂p.

ùXn-I-{]-]-©hpw Bflmhpw {_“-Øn¬ \n∂p `n∂-ß-fmWv.

]t£, Ahbv°v ]c-X-{¥-Xm-kz-`m-h-am-Wp-≈Xv. Ah {_“sØ

B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cßs\ kzX-{¥hpw A]-cn-ta-b-hp-amb {_“-

Øn\v {]]©w, Pohm-flmhv F∂n-h-bp-ambn t`Z-hp-ap≠v, At`-Z-hp-

ap≠v. Cu t`Zm-t`-Zm-h-ÿ-bv°mWv ssZzXm-ssZzXw F∂p-]-d-bp-∂Xv.

t`Z-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ At`-Z-ap≠v F∂mWv cmam-\p-P≥ ]d-™Xv.

At±lw {]m[m\yw \¬In-bXv At`-Z-Øn-\mWv. \nw_m¿°-\m-Is´,

t`Zhpw At -̀Zhpw c≠pw \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂pw c≠n\pw Hcp-t]mse

{]m[m-\y-ap≠v F∂p-amWv ]d-™Xv. XØz-akn F∂ D]-\n-j-Zzm-

Iy-Ønse "XXv' F∂-Xn\v \nXyhpw k¿hm-¥¿bm-an-bp-amb {_“w

F∂pw "XXzw' F∂-Xn\v {_“sØ B{i-bn-°p∂ Bflmhv F∂pw

"Akn' F∂-Xn\v Ah XΩn-ep≈ t`Zm-t`-Z-_‘w F∂p-amWv

At±lw A¿Yw \¬In-bXv. hymh-lm-cn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ am{Xta t`Z-

ß-fp≈q F∂pw ]c-am¿Yn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ At`Zw am{X-am-Wp-≈Xv

F∂pw hmZn-®p-sIm-≠mWv i¶-c≥ Pohm-flmhpw {_“hpw XΩn-


ep≈ t`Zm-t`Z {]iv\-Øn\p ]cn -lmcw ImWm≥ {ian -®Xv.

\nw_m¿°s‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ t`Zhpw At`-Zhpw c≠pw bmYm¿Yy-

ß-fmWv. kqcy\pw kqcy-c-ivanbpw H∂√. Ah XΩn¬ t`Z-ap≠v.

AtX-k-a-bØp Xs∂ kqcy-civan kqcys\ B{i-bn-®p-sIm-≠mWv

\ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv. AXn\v kqcy-\p-ambn At`-Zy-amb _‘-am-Wp-

≈Xv. CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Pohm-flmhpw {_“hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

t`Zm-t`-Z-amWv, As√-¶n¬ ssZzXm-ssZz-X-amWv F∂v \nw_m¿°≥

hmZn-°p∂p.

\nw_m¿°s‚ {_“w \n¿Kp-W-a√, kKp-W-amWv. kKp-W-{_-

“sØ At±lw cm[-bpsS A\-iz-c-Im-ap-I-\mb IrjvW-\m-bn-´mWv

k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xv. {ioIr-jvW-\mWv k¿th-iz-c≥, F√m-‰n-s‚bpw

kr„n-I¿Ømhv. F¥n-\mWv k¿th-i≥ {]]-©-ambn ]cn-W-an-®p-

sIm≠v F√m-‰n-s\bpw kr„n-®Xv? Cuiz-cs‚ Hcp eoe am{X-amWv

kr„n-sb-∂mWv \nw_m¿°≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv. F√m {]m]-©n-I-{]-Xn-

`m-k-ßfpw a\p-jys‚ kpJ-Zpx-J-ßfpw F√mw Cuiz-cs‚ Ifn-I-

fmWv. kr„n-bpsS Cu Dt±iyw a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v kwkm-c-Zpx-J-

ß-fn¬ \n∂v tamN\w t\Sp-I-bmWv Pohm-flm-hns‚ e£yw. IrjvW-

`-‡n-bmWv tam£-Øn-\p≈ am¿Kw. `‡n-sb-∂m¬ shdpw [ym\-

a√. Id-b‰ Pohn-Xhpw \nkzm¿Y-amb kvt\l-hp-amWv AXns‚

apJy-L-S-I-ßƒ.

ip≤m-ssZz-X-hmZw

ip≤m-ssZz-X-hmZw F∂ as‰mcp sshjvW-h-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚

ÿm]-I-\mWv h√-`≥. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Hcp sXep-¶p-{_m-“-

Ws‚ aI-\mbn P\n®p. ]t£, At±lw Xs‚ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ {]N-

cn-∏n-®Xv apJy-ambpw hSs° C¥y-bnse Imin, a[pc, hrμm-h\w

apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-emWv. AWp-`mjyw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

{_“-kq-{X-̀ m-jyhpw kpt_m-[n-\n-sb∂ ̀ mK-h-X-hym-Jym-\hpw BWv

At±-l-Øns‚ apJy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. Kncn-[-c≥, _me-Ir-jvW-`-´≥, tKmt]-

iz-c≥ XpS-ßnb injy-∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßsf IqSp-X¬

hy‡-am-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ hymJym-\-ßƒ cNn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

i¶-cs‚ AssZzXw ambsb B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v shdpw

AssZz-X-amWv, As√-¶n¬, tIh-e-amb AssZz-X-amWv, F∂mWv h√-

`s‚ apJy-amb Bt£]w. ambsb B{i-bn-°mØ Xs‚ kn≤m¥w

am{X-amWv ip≤-amb AssZzXw F∂v At±lw hmbn®p.28

28. ambm-kw-_-‘-c-lnXw ip≤w CXyp-NytX _pss[x

Kncn-[-c≥: ip≤m-ssZz-X-am¿Ømfiw

Quoted by Dr. Chandradhar Sharma.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 37

Bcw-`-Øn¬ {_“w GIam-bn-cp∂p. ""Rm≥ At\-I-am-Is´''

F∂v AXv B{K-ln®p. Cu B{Klw \nd-th-‰m≥ th≠n AXv Bflm-

hn-s\bpw {]]-©-sØbpw kr„n®p. IØp-∂-Xo-bn¬ \n∂v Xos∏m-

cn-I-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv k®n-Zm-\-μ-kz-cq-]-amb {_“-Øn¬

\n∂v \ma-cq-]-ß-tfmSp IqSnb {]]-©-am-hn¿`-hn-®Xv. Bflmhpw

temIhpw amb-b√, bmYm¿Yy-ß-fmWv. Ah {_“-Øns‚ `mK-ß-

fmWv. Ah-bn¬ {_“-Øns‚ kl-P-Kp-W-ß-fmb kØv, NnØv,

B\μw F∂nh hyXy-kvX-tXm-Xp-I-fn-emWv AS-ßn-bn-´p-≈Xv. AXp-

sIm≠v Ah hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ahbv°v am‰-ap≠v. ]t£,

kzX-{¥-amb {_“-Øn\p am{Xw bmsXmcp am‰-hp-an√. AXp

\nXyhpw A\-¥-hp-amWv. AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ AXv {]]-©-Øn¬

apgp-h\pw \nd-™n-cn-°p∂p. CXmWv ip≤m-ssZz-X-hmZw.

h√-`≥ {_“sØ IrjvWs‚ cq]-Øn-emWv k¶¬∏n-®Xv.

{]tXy-In®pw tKm]-kv{Xo-I-fp-ambn Ifn-®p-c-kn®v B\-μn-°p∂ _me-

Ir-jvWs‚ cq]-Øn¬. IrjvW≥ I¿Ømhp am{X-a√, t`m‡m-hp-

amWv. AXp-sIm≠v euIn-I-kp-J-ßsf XyPn-°p-∂-Xn¬ bmsXmcp

]pWy-hp-an√. h√-̀ ≥ Xs∂ hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p. ssewKn-I-Po-hnXw

`‡n°p XS- -a√. Fs¥-∂m¬ kr„n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-sX√mw B\-μ-

Øn\p th≠n-bmWv. B\μ-]q¿W-amb PohnXw \bn-°m-\mWv

At±lw Xs‚ injy-∑m-tcm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-´Xv. AXp-sIm≠v At±-l-

Øns‚ ip≤m-ssZz-X-Øn\v ]p„n-am¿Kw F∂p t]cp≠v. ̀ ‡n-bn-eqsS

B\μw e`n-°m-\p≈ am¿K-am-WXv. At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m¿ cmk-

a-fi-e-sa∂ t]cn¬ H∂n®p IqSp-Ibpw ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSn-s°m≠v

IrjvW\pw tKm]n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ cmk-{Io-U-Iƒ Bh¿Øn-°p-

Ibpw sNøpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p-ht{X. CØcw cmk-{Io-U-I-fn¬

IrjvW≥ ]s¶-SpØv `‡-∑msc A\p-{K-ln-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p

hnizmkw. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ B k{º-Zmbw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ssewKn-

Im-cm-P-I-Xz-Øn\p hgn-sX-fn®p. Aßs\ h√-`-t\m-Sp-IqSn sshjvW-

h-aXw A[x-]-X-t\m-∑p-J-am-bn-Øo¿∂p F∂p-]-dbmw.

Z¿i-\-Øn¬ \n∂p aX-Øn-te°v

Cu A[ymbw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv i¶-c\pw At±-l-

Øn\p tij-ap-≠mb thZm-¥n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ apJy-amb Nne

hyXym-k-ßƒ IqSn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-

sa∂p tXm∂p∂p. {]mNo\ thZm-¥-Øn\v ]pXnb hymJym-\-ßƒ

\¬In-s°m≠v Bflo-b-hm-Z-Nn-¥-Isf D∂-X-amb Hcp \ne-hm-c-Øn-


te-°p-b¿Ønb i¶-c≥ ̀ m-c-Xob Nn¥bv°v auen-I-amb Nne kw`m-

h-\-Iƒ \¬In. At±-l-Øns‚ AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn\v Ime-Øns‚

]e ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv icn-bmWv. Bflo-b-hm-Z-am-bn-

cp∂p AXns‚ ASn-ÿm\w. CØcw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-

sIm-≠m-sW-¶nepw a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ Ak-a-Xz-ßfpw

PmXn-a-X-hy-Xym-k-ßfpw ssZh-ß-fnepw bmKm-Zn-I¿a-ß-fnepw a‰p-

ap≈ hnizm-k-ßfpw Ima-t{Im-[-tam-l-tem-̀ mZn \n m-c-X-bp≈ F√mw

hymh-lm-cn-I-tem-I-Ønse anYy-I-fm-sW∂pw Ah-bv°-Sn-bn-ep≈

AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ tIh-ehpw ka-{Khpw kw]q¿W-hp-amb GI-Xz-

amWv ]mc-am¿Yn-I-k-Xy-sa∂pw Cu kXyw a\- n-em-°p-I-bmWv

sFln-I-ß-fmb \n m-c-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sm-\p≈ hgn-

sb∂pw At±lw {]Jym-]n®p. Zm¿i-\n-I-amb Cu Dƒ°mgvN At±-

lsØ FXn¿Ø-h-cn-em¿s°-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂p kwi-

b-amWv. cmam-\p-P\pw a[z\pw \nw_m¿°\pw h√-`\pw a‰pw thZm-

¥-Øns‚ t]cn-emWv i¶-cs\ FXn¿ØXv. ]t£, ]mc-am¿Yn-I-

kXyw, hymh-lm-cn-I-kXyw, {]mXn-`m-kn-I-kXyw, amb, {_“w apX-

emb ]Z-ßsf F¥¿Y-Øn-emWv i¶-c≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv F∂p-

t]mepw a\- n-em-°m≥ an\-s°-SmsX At±lw {]m]-©n-I-{]-Xn-`m-

k-ß-fpsS D◊sb \ntj-[n® {]—-∂-_u-≤-\mWv F∂pw a‰pw

Bt£-]n-°p-I-bmWv Ah¿ sNbvXXv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ah¿ Zm¿i-

\n-I-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿ F∂-Xn-s\-°m-fp-a-[nIw aX-]-fin-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p.

sshjvW-h-a-X-Øns‚ hnhn-[-im-J-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw Ahbv°v

Zm¿i-\n-I-amb Hcp ]cn-thjw \\¬Im-\p-amWv Ah¿ ]cn-{i-an-®Xv.

AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂-bmWv P\-ß-fpsS aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ambn CW-

ßn-t®¿∂p-sIm≠v Ah¿ {_“sØ hnjvWp, \mcm-b-W≥, hmkp-

tZ-h≥, {ioIr-jvW≥ F∂n-ßs\ a\p-jy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ ssZh-ß-

fm°n am‰n-bXv. ⁄m\-sØ-°m-f-[nIw ̀ ‡n°pw I¿a-ßƒ°p-amWv

Ah¿ {]mapJyw \¬In-bXv. C…m-ans‚ hchpw ap…nw-cm-Pm-°-∑m-

cpsS h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ {]m_-eyhpw Cu {]h-W-X-Iƒ°v {]tXy-

I-amb Hcp {]m[m\yw \¬In. P\-ß-fpsS ]n≥_ew t\Sm≥ th≠n

cmPm-°-∑m¿ lnμp-a-XsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sshjvW-h-ssZ-

h-ßsf ]qPn-°m\pw Bcm-[n-°m\pw th≠n-bp≈ H´-\-h[n t£{X-

ßƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£, kmaq-ly-ssh-cp-[y-ßƒ aq¿On-

®-t∏mƒ ssZh-̀ ‡n Xs∂ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Hcp ]¶p

hln-°m≥ XpSßn. AXn-t\-∏‰n ]n∂oSv {]Xn-]m-Zn°mw.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 39

24. inh\pw i‡nbpw

C¥y-bn¬ inh-]q-Pbpw enwK-]q-Pbpw {]mNo-\-Imew apX¬°p-

Xs∂ \ne-\n∂p t]m∂n-´p≠v. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n\pw HºXmw \q‰m-

≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse A∏¿, kw_-‘¿, kpμ-c¿ XpS-

ßnb ssih-kn-≤-∑m-cpsS ̀ ‡n-Km-\-ßƒ P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]Nmcw

t\Sn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. F∂m¬, i¶-c\pw cmam-\p-P\pw tijw C¥y-

bnse hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ ssih-Z¿i-\-ßƒ efn-X-ß-

fmb B {]mNo-\-a-X-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw `‡n-k-¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fp-

sSbpw XpS¿®tbm Ah-bpsS ]cn-jvI-cn® cq]-ßƒ t]meptam Bbn-

cp-∂n√. ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n\pw ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬

Bhn¿`-hn® ssih-kn-≤m¥w, hoc-ssi-h-kn-≤m¥w, Imivao-c-ssi-

h-kn-≤m¥w apX-em-b-h-bn¬ ]gb inh-`-‡n-bpsS LS-I-ßƒ

Ie¿∂n-´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah apJy-ambpw thZm-¥-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-

Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ Z¿i-\-ß-fm-bn-´mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

ssih-kn-≤m¥w

]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ inh-⁄m-\-t_m[w F∂ {KŸ-sa-gp-Xnb

tabv°-fi-cmWv ssih-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ°v BZy-ambn Zm¿i-\n-I-amb

Hc-Sn-Ød \¬Im≥ {ian-®Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ injy-\mb Acpƒ \μn

inhm-Nm-cys‚, inh-⁄m-\-kn-≤n-bm¿, F∂ {KŸhpw {ioI-WvT-in-

hm-Nm-cy-cpsS {_“-kq-{X-`m-jyhpw ssih-kn-≤m-¥sØ IqSp-X¬

]p„n-s∏-SpØn.

ssih-kn-≤m¥w ip≤m-ssZzXw F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂p≠v. ]t£, AXn\v i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-hp-ambn _‘-sam-∂p-an√.


ssih-kn-≤m-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v {_“-a√, inh-\mWv ]c-a-amb kXyw.

Pohm-flmhpw ùXn-I-{]-]-©hpw bmYm¿Yy-ß-fmWv. ]t£, Ah

inh-\p-ambn At`-Zyamw hn[w _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. CXmWv ssih-

∑m-cpsS ip≤m-ssZzXw.

]Xn, ]ip, ]miw F∂n-ßs\ aq∂v bmYm¿Yy-ß-fp-s≠-∂mWv

ssih-kn-≤m-¥-°m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. ]Xn F∂p-sh-®m¬ inh≥.

k¿h-⁄\pw k¿h-i-‡\pw k®n-Zm-\-μ-kz-cq-]\pw k¿h-_-‘-\-

ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hnap-‡\pw Icp-Wm-\n-[nbpw kvt\l-kw-]q¿W-\p-

amb inh-\mWv ]c-a-amb kXyw. kr„n-ÿn-Xn-kw-lm-c-ß-fpsS

I¿Øm-hmWv inh≥. kz¥w A\p-{Klw sIm≠v Pohm-flm-°sf

tamNn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw inh≥ Xs∂. kr„n \S-Øm≥ th≠n inh≥

Pohm-flm-hmtbm ùXn-I-{]-]-©-amtbm cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂n√. inh\v

am‰hpw ]cn-Wm-a-hp-an√. inh-\p-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-®p-In-S-°p∂

i‡n-bpsS klm-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv {]]©w kr„n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

\nXy-ssN-X-\y-amb i‡n inhs‚ kzcq-]-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v

AXn\v kzcq-]-i-‡n-sb∂p ]d-bp∂p. inhs‚ kl-[¿an-Wn-bmbn

Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AXn\v ]m¿hXn, Imfn XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-

fp-ap≠v. amb inhs‚ Ahn-̀ m-Py-L-S-I-a√. AXv ]cn-{K-l-i-‡n-bmWv.

AXmWv kr„n-bpsS D]-I-cWw.

Pohm-flm-hn-\mWv ]ip F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Ahn-Zy-bm-Ip∂ Ib-

dn-\m¬ AXv temI-hp-ambn _‘n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. AXp-sIm≠v

Xs∂-bmWv AXn\p ]ip F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Pohm-flmhv I¿Ømhpw

t`m‡m-hp-amWv. AXv C—m ˛ ⁄m\ ˛ {Inbm-bp-‡-amWv. \nXy-

ssN-X-\y-amWv AXns‚ kl-P-amb kz`mhw. ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw

C{μn-bm-Zn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw `n∂-am-WXv. ]t£, ]mi-Øm¬ _‘n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AXv A\n-Xyhpw kwkm-c-Zpx-J-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-

hp-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p.

Pohm-flm-hns\ _‘n-°p∂ Ib-dmWv ]miw. AhnZy, I¿aw,

amb F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]mi-ß-fp≠v. Ch Agp-°p-

Iƒ As√-¶n¬ ae-ßƒ Bbn-´mWv Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Pohm-flmhv

AWp-cq-]-Øn¬ ico-c-Øn-\-IØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p F∂pw AXns‚

i‡nbpw ⁄m\hpw ]cn-an-X-ß-fm-sW∂pw D≈ sX‰mb [mc-W-

bmWv AhnZy. AXp-sIm≠v AXn\v BW-h-aew F∂p-]-d-bp∂p.

BW-h-a-e-amWv tamlw, aZw, cmKw, hnjmZw, thZ\, timIw apX-

em-b-h-bp-f-hm-°p-∂Xv. inh-⁄m-\-kn-≤n-bm¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""BW-

h-aew AXns‚ hnhn-[-i-‡n-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn, sNºn¬ Agp°v F∂-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 41

t]mse, FÆ-a‰ Pohm-flm-°-fn¬ ]c∂p ]nSn-°p∂p. AXv Pohm-

flm-°sf ⁄m\-Øn¬ \n∂pw {Inb-bn¬ \n∂pw ]nSn®p \n¿Øp∂p.

AXv Ahbv°v A\p-`-hn-°m-\p≈ Ignhp \¬Ip∂p. F√m-bvt∏mgpw

AXv Ahn-Zy-bpsS Dd-hn-S-amWv.''1 Ahn-Zy-bpsS ̂ e-am-bn-´mWv Pohm-

flm-hn\v AXns‚ bYm¿Y-amb amlmflyw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bm-

ØXv.

Pohm-flm-hns‚ {Inb-Iƒ kq£va-ßfpw AZr-„-ß-fp-amWv. Ah-

bmWv I¿aw As√-¶n¬ Im¿a-W-aew Df-hm-°p-∂Xv. Ah-bmWv tNX-

\sb AtN-X-\-h-kvXp-°-fp-ambn _‘n-°p-∂Xv. A]-hn-{X-X-Ifpw

amen-\y-ßfpw \nd™ Cu temI-Øns‚ Imc-W-amWv amb. Ah-

bmWv C—, {Inb apX-em-b-hbv°v Pohm-flm-hns\ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

]t£, AXv BW-h-a-e-sØ-t∏mse Pohm-flm-hp-ambn IqSn-t®¿∂n-

´√, thdn-´mWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv.

inh-⁄m-\-kn-≤n-bm¿ Pohm-flm-hns\ \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-

bmWv; AXv (Bflmhv) Acq-]hpw hn`p (k¿h-hym-]I)hpamWv.

]t£, ANn-Øns\ (ùXn-I-]-Zm¿YsØ)t∏mse-b√. Hcp \n›n-X-

k-a-bØv bmsXm-∂n-emtWm AXp \nh-kn-°p-∂Xv AXp-ambn (ico-

c-hp-ambn, As√-¶n¬ ]c-ta-iz-c-\p-ambn) H∂n®p IqSn-t®-cp-∂-Xn-emWv

AXns‚ hym]-IXzw InS-°p-∂Xv. AXns‚ \nXy-ssN-X-\yhpw

i‡nbpw ]mi-Øm¬, As√-¶n¬ BW-h-a-e-Øm¬, ad®p shbv°-

s∏-Sp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv AXns\ ]ip F∂v hnfn-°p-∂Xv.2

Fs¥√mw ae-ßƒ IqSn-°-e¿∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ Pohm-flm-°sf aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn°mw. Nne Pohm-flm-

°ƒ°v BW-h-aew am{X-ta-bp≈p F∂p-hcmw. a‰p Nne¿°v BW-

h-a-ehpw Im¿a-W-a-ehpw D≠mhpw. a‰p-≈-h¿ aq∂p ae-ßƒ°pw

ASn-a-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cn°pw. Cu aq∂p ae-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w t\Sp-

∂-Xn-\mWv tam£w F∂p-]-d-bp-∂Xv. CXmWv ]ip-hn\v Xs∂ hcn-

™p-sI-ńb ]miw AdpØv If™v ]Xn-bp-ambn H∂n-®p-tN-cm-\p≈

am¿Kw. ssih-kn-≤m-¥-°m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-bp-ambn H∂n-

®p-tN-cpI F∂-Xn\v ]iphpw ]Xnbpw H∂m-bn-Øo¿∂v XmZmflyw

t\SpI F∂¿Y-an√. tam£w t\Sn-b-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw ]ip ]Xn-bmbn

cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. Xobp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w-sIm≠v sh≈-Øn\v

1. Quoted in K.M. Balasubramaniam: Special Lectures on Saiva Siddhanta,P. 121.

2. Ibid p. 121


NqSp-≠mIpw. ]t£, B sh≈-Øn\v as‰-¥n-s\-sb-¶nepw IØn-

°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-hp-I-bn√. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂, Bflmhv {]`p-

hns‚ A\p-{K-lw-sIm≠v ]q¿WX {]m]n-°p∂p. ]t£, AXn\v

]c-ta-iz-cs‚ ÿm\w e`n-°p-I-bn√.

Imivao-c-ssihw

sXs° C¥y-bnse ssih-kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ \n∂v Gsd-°psd

hyXy-kvX-amWv GXm-≠tX Ime-Øp-Xs∂ Imivao-cn-em-hn¿`-hn®

ssih-kn-≤m¥w. Imivao-c-ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\v {]Xy-`n-⁄m-\-k-

{º-Zmbw F∂pw ]d-bm-dp≠v. tkmam-\-μs‚ inh-Zr„n, DXv]-es‚

kv]μ-{]-Zo-]nI, A`n-\-h-Kp-]vXs‚ X{¥-km-chpw X{¥-tem-Ihpw,

t£a-cm-Ps‚ inh-kq-{X-hn-a¿in\n F∂n-ßs\ F´mw \q‰m-≠n\pw

HºXmw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ Nne {KŸ-ß-fn-emWv

Imivao-c-ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-{]-am-W-ßƒ InS-°p-∂Xv.

F∂m¬ AsXmcp Z¿i-\-ambn cq]w sIm≠Xv AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-

Øns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn-emWv. i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-ß-tfmSv

AXn\v A{X-b-[nIw IS-∏m-Sp≠v.

Imivao-c-ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v ]c-a-in-h-\mWv GIhpw AZzn-

Xo-b-hp-amb kXyw. Acq-]hpw A\¥hpw \nXyhpw k¿h-i-‡hpw

k¿h-⁄hpw tIh-e-hp-amb ip≤-ssN-X-\y-am-WXv. Bflm-hm-Ip∂

ssNX-\yhpw AXp-Xs∂. ]c-a-in-hs‚ i‡n-bmWv Da. sXt°

C¥y-bnse ssih-kn-≤m-¥-°m¿ ]m¿h-Xnsb As√-¶n¬ Imfnsb

inh-\p-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-°p∂ kl-[¿an-Wn-bm-bn-´mWv IW-

°m-°n-bXv. Imivao-c-ssi-h-Øn¬ i‡nbpw i‡n-bpsS DS-a-ÿ\pw

hyXy-kvX-ß-f√. c≠pw H∂mWv.3 i‡n°v inh-\n¬ \n∂v kzX-

{¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏n√. Acq-]-amb ssNX\yw At\-I-cq-]-ß-fn¬

{]I-S-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p. temIw inhs‚ {]Xn-^-e\w am{X-amWv. IÆm-

Sn-bnse {]Xn-^-e\w t]mse-bm-WXv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬, {]]©w Ab-

Ym¿Y-amWv. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, {]]-©hpw ]c-ta-iz-c\pw A`n-

∂-ß-fmWv. ⁄mXmhpw t⁄bhpw ⁄m\hpw F√mw H∂mWv.4

⁄m\-Øns‚ Xs∂ aq∂p ÿnXn-hn-ti-j-ß-fm-Wh. ktN-X-\-

3. km N XZ-`n-ss∂h.

kv]μ-{]-Zo-]nI, t]. 11.

4. ⁄mXm t⁄bw ⁄m\w CXn ⁄m\-sskyh {Xn[m ÿnXn:

kv]μ-{]-Zo-]nI.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 43

ßfpw AtN-X-\-ß-fp-amb F√m Ncm-N-c-ßfpw ]c-ta-iz-cs‚ cq]-

ß-fmWv. Ah-sbm-∂pw-Xs∂ ]c-ta-iz-c-\n¬ \n∂v `n∂-a√. Pohm-

flmhv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ ]c-am-flmhp Xs∂-bmWv. Ahn-Zy-bpsS ê-

am-bn-´mWv Ah hyXy-kvX-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ahn-Zy-

bpsS ê-ambn Bflm-hn\v amen-\y-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw kw`-hn-

°p∂p. Bflo-b-⁄m-\w-sIm≠v Ahn-Zy-b-I-‰p-Ibpw amen-\y-ßfpw

\o°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Bflmhv ip≤-amb ssNX-\y-am-bn-Øocpw.

Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse ssih-kn-≤m-¥-°m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v

Bflmhv tam£-{]m-]vXn°p tijw inh-\mbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂n√.

Imivao-c-ssi-h-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn-em-Is´, ip≤-ssN-X-\y-amb

Bflmhp Xs∂-bmWv ]c-ta-iz-c≥. Cu ⁄m\-amWv tamN-\-Øns‚

am¿Kw. Bflmhv ]c-a-in-h-\p-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv

tam£-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. c≠p Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw hy‡n-bpsS Bflmhv

_mly-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf Xosc Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv inh≥ F∂

tIh-e-ssN-X-\ysØ At\z-jn-°m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. HSp-hn¬ c≠pw

sNs∂-Øp-∂Xv A¥¿ap-J-Xz-Øns‚ \nKq-V-X-bn-emWv. Cu \nKq-

V-X-bn¬ \n∂p c£-s]-Sm-s\-t∂mWw enwK-]qP XpS-ßnb aX-N-S-

ßp-Isf IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ B{i-bn-t°-≠n-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

c≠p Z¿i-\-ßfpw Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ shdpw aX-hn-izm-k-ßfpw aXm-

Nm-c-ßfpw am{X-ambn Ah-ti-jn-®-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-

bn-cn°mw.

hoc-ssi-h-∑m¿

I¿Wm-S-I-Ønepw B{‘-bn-sebpw alm-cm-{„-Øn-sebpw Nne

{]tZ-i-ß-fnepw {]Nmcw t\Snb enwKm-b-X-kn-≤m¥w As√-¶n¬ hoc-

ssi-h-kn-≤m¥w ta¬ hnh-cn® ssih-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Aev]w

hyXy-kvX-amWv. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ _k-h\pw cma-

ø-\p-amWv hoc-ssi-h-kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ÿm]-I∑m¿ F∂p Icp-X-

s∏-Sp∂p. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS kn≤m-¥-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n

kz¥-ambn {KŸ-ß-sf-gp-Xp-Itbm {]mNo\ {KŸ-ßƒ°v ̀ mjy-ßƒ

cNn-°p-Itbm sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn√. Ah-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-ßƒ

Xs∂bpw sFXn-ly-ßfpw sI´p-I-Y-I-fp-ambn IqSn-°p-g-™mWv InS-

°p-∂Xv. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ I¿Wm-S-I-{]-tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ ssP\-∑m¿°v [mcmfw kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-ht{X. Ah¿s°-

Xn-cmb {]t£m-`-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv enwKm-b-X-{]-ÿm\w Db¿∂p-h-

∂Xv. _k-h≥ Ieym-Wnse _n÷-e-cm-Pm-hns‚ {][m-\-a-{¥ntbm


tk\m-\m-b-It\m at‰m Bbn-cp∂p F∂mWv sFXnlyw. Xs‚

]pXnb {]ÿm-\-Øn-te°v Bfp-Isf BI¿jn-°m≥ th≠n Zm¿i-

\nI kn≤m-¥-ßsf am{X-a√, HutZym-Kn-I-]-Z-hn-sbbpw ka¿Y-ambn

D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v km[n®p. AXp-sIm≠p IqSn-bm-bn-

cn°mw. hoc-ssi-h-∑m-cpsS kzm[o\w AXn-thKw h¿[n-®Xv.

hoc-ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ hfsc efn-X-ß-fmWv. k¿h-⁄\pw

k¿h-i-‡-\p-amb ]c-a-in-h-\-√msX as‰mcp ssZh-an√. {]]-©-ap-

¤-hn-®Xv ]c-a-in-h-\n¬ \n∂mWv. Ah-km\w AXv ]c-a-in-h-\n¬

Xs∂ sN∂p- e-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. a\p-jys\ A\p-{K-ln-°m\pw

B]-Øp-I-fn¬ \n∂p c£n-°m\pw ]c-a-in-h\p Ign-hp≠v. AXp-

sIm≠v ]c-a-in-hs\ B{i-bn-°p-Ibpw Bcm-[n-°p-I-bp-amWv

c£°pw tamN-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ am¿Kw. Bcm-[-I\pw ]c-a-in-h-\p-an-S-

bn¬ a[y-h¿Øn-bmb Hcp {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ Bh-iy-an√. hoc-

ssi-h-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-sc√mw Hcp sNdnb inh-enwKw sh≈n-

bp-sStbm sNºn-s‚tbm XIn-Sn-\p-≈n-em°n Nc-Sn¬ tIm¿Øv Igp-

Øn¬ [cn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈Xp \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp∂p. Igp-Øn¬ enwKw

Xq°n-bn-´-h-sc√mw enwKm-b-X-∑m-cmbn IW-°m-°-s∏´p. ]c-a-in-hs‚

Zr„n-bn¬ F√m a\p-jycpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠v enwKm-cm-[-

I¿°n-S-bn¬ PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßtfm kv{Xo]p-cp-j-t`-Ztam A\p-h-Zn-

°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√. F√m-hcpw ka-∑m-cm-bn-´mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-´Xv.

enwKm-cm-[-I¿ ]cn-ip-≤-cmWv. AXp-sIm≠v P\\w, acWw, kv{XoI-

fpsS Xo≠mcn apX-em-b-h-sbm∂pw Aip-≤-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-

ń-cp-∂n√. Bcm-[-I¿ acn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ t\cn v́ inh-tem-I-Øn-seØpw;

As√-¶n¬ inh-\p-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n°pw. enwKw [cn-°p-∂-h¿

acn-®m¬ arK-ßfpw a‰p-ambn ho≠pw P\n-°p-Itbm t{]X-ß-fmbn

Ae-™p-Xn-cn -bp-Itbm C√. AXp-sIm≠v ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw

kwkvIm-c-N-S-ßp-Itfm tij-{In-b-Itfm H∂pw Bh-iy-an√. AXp-

t]mse Xs∂ Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ ImeØv ]pWy-ÿ-e-ß-fn-te-°p≈

Xo¿Y-bm-{X-Itfm bmKm-Zn-I¿a-ßtfm X]-kp-Itfm \ncm-lm-c-{h-X-

ßtfm H∂pw Bh-iy-an√. ]c-ta-iz-cs\ [ym\n-°pI, enwK-]qP \S-

ØpI, F√m-bn-t∏mgpw Igp-Øn¬ enwKw sIń-Øq-°pI ˛ Ch-bmWv

tamN-\-Øn-\p≈ hgn.

{_m“-W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-tØm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v, PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒs°-

Xn-cmb \ne-]mSv, ssih-hn-hm-l-\n-tcm-[\w, kv{XoIƒ°v kz¥w

`¿Øm-°-∑msc Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-

cp∂p hoc-ssi-h-a-X-Ønse apJy-amb LS-I-ßƒ. AXp-sIm≠v Hcp

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 45

Z¿i-\-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°m-f-[nIw AsXmcp kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-

\-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n√.

]t£, Gsd-°-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Cu {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]e am‰-

ßfpw kw`-hn®p. {_m“-W-]u-tcm-ln-XysØ FXn¿Øp-sh-¶nepw

enwKm-b-X-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS kz¥w ]qPm-Zn-I¿a-ßƒ°p-th≠n PwKaw

F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]pXnb ]utcm-lnXyw ÿm]n®p. {_m“-W¿ Xß-

fpsS {_m“-Wy-ap-t]-£n®v Igp-Øn¬ enwKw Xq°n hoc-ssi-h-a-X-

Øn¬ tNcm≥ Xøm-dm-bm¬ Ah¿°pw enwKm-b-X-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cm-

hm≥ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. hoc-ssi-h-∑m¿ PmXn-hy-Xym-k-

ßƒs°-Xn-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-™p-ht√m. ]t£, Cu \ne-]mSv

enwKm-b-X-∑m¿°p am{Xta _m[-I-am-bn-cp-∂p≈q. kz¥w kwL-

Øn\p ]pd-Øp≈ kmaq-lym-\m-Nm-c-ßƒs°-Xn-cmtbm PmXn-a-X-ssh-

cp-[y-ßƒs°-Xn-cmtbm Ah¿ i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn√. CXns‚

êw enwKm-b-X-∑m¿ kaq-l-Ønse Hcp {]tXy-I-Pm-Xn-bmbn XocpI

F∂Xp am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. Ahn-sSbpw PmXn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ am{Xta,

ka-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. kzØp-S-a-bn-ep≈ Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ A\p-h-

Zn-°-s∏´p. Cu ÿnXn-hn-tijw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚

ASn-Ø-ń-ep≈ a¿Zn-X-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßsf BI¿jn-°m≥ A]-cym-]vX-

am-bn-cp∂p. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, Bcw-`-Øn¬ aX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Hcp ]¶p hln® enwKm-b-X-

∑m¿ kap-Zm-b-Ønse {_m“-W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb CS-Ø-c-°m-

cp-sSbpw a‰p kzØp-S-a-ÿ-∑m-cp-sSbpw Hcp {]tXy-I-Pm-Xn-bmbn cq]m-

¥-c-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ Cu {]tXy-I-Pm-Xn-°p-

≈n¬ Xs∂ D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ßfpw cq]w sIm≈p-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

am[-hm-Nm-cy¿ Xs‚ k¿h-Z¿i-\-kw-{K-l-Øn¬ a‰p-Nne ssih-

kn-≤m-¥-°m-sc-∏-‰nbpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£, Zm¿i-\n-I-cw-K-

Øn-se-∂-t]mse Xs∂ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønepw Ah¿°v t\Sm≥

Ign™ kzm[o\w hfsc ]cn-an-X-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS

kn≤m-¥-ß-sf-∏‰n ChnsS hnkvX-cn-t°≠ Bh-iy-ap-s≠∂p tXm∂p-

∂n√.

AΩ ssZh-ßƒ

an° ssih-kn-≤m-¥-°mcpw inh-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ i‡n°pw

henb {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. NqSv A·n-bpsS A\n-hm-cy-amb


kz`m-h-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\tbm AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ i‡n inhs‚

A\n-hm-cy-`m-K-amWv. kr„n-bpsS XXz-am-WXv. inh≥ ]pcp-j-cq-]-

Ønepw i‡n kv{Xocq-]-Ønepw k¶¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. {Inb-bp-ambn

_‘-an-s√-¶n¬ ⁄m\w \njv^-e-am-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse i‡n-bp-ambn

_‘-an-s√-¶n¬ inh≥ Ai-‡-\m-bn-Øo-cp∂p. i‡n-bpsS klm-

b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv inh≥ kr„n-ÿnXn kwlm-c-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv.

i‡n°v Zp¿K, Imfn, `ph-t\-izcn, alm-amb, `K-hXn F∂n-ßs\

]e t]cp-I-fp-ap≠v. {]mNo-\-Im-esØ AΩ-ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

k¶¬∏-Øn¬ \n∂mWv i‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ hf¿∂p-

h-∂Xv F∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

{]mIvN-cn-{X-Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂ C¥y-bnse hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-

fn¬, {]tXy-In®pw Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn-te¿s∏´ tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-b-

°m¿°n-S-bn¬, AΩ-ssZ-h-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw \ne-\n∂p t]m∂n-

´p≠v. am¿j¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-∂-Xp-t]mse, C¥y-bnse an° {Kma-{]-

tZ-i-ß-fnepw AΩ-ssZ-h-ßƒ, ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS hyXym-k-ß-f-\p-

k-cn®v, hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb t]cp-I-tfmSpw kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-ß-tfmSpw

IqSn Bcm-[n-°-s∏´p t]m∂n-´p≠v. ""A\m-cy-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS tZio-

b-tZ-h-X-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ AΩ ssZh-ßƒ°v kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ÿm\-

am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. {]mIr-X-Ip-e-tKm-{X-k-ap-Zm-b-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ AΩ-

ssZ-h-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizm-k-ß-fpsS {]Nm-chpw, Ah-cpsS BNm-c-ß-

fnepw NS-ßp-I-fnepw t\XrXzw hln-°p-∂Xv {_m“-W-c√ tZh-X-

I-fpsS {i≤sb BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-sc∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ ]gb

tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse AwK-ß-fmb ]d-b¿ XpS-ßnb XmW-Pm-Xn-

°m-cmWv F∂ hkvXp-Xbpw CXn\p sXfn-hmWv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Nne

A\m-cy-Ip-e-tKm-{X-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ C\nbpw

h∂p Ign-™n-ń√. CØcw kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ AΩ-ssZ-hsØ, As√-

¶n¬ `qan-tZ-hnsb Bcm-[n-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw {]tXy-In®pw {]_-e-

amWv.''5

lnμp-a-Xhpw AΩ-ssZ-h-ßfpw

{]mNo-\m-cy-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ tZho-]q-Pbv°v henb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n√. C{μ≥, hcp-W≥, kqcy≥ XpS-ßnb ]pcp-j-ssZ-h-ßƒ°m-

bn-cp∂p {]m[m\yw. F∂m¬, `mc-Xob kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Ak-a-amb

hf¿® ImcWw Bbp¿thZ-ß-fnepw h¿W-hy-h-ÿ-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizm-

5. Marshall: Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization, P.51.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 47

k-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Ipe-tKm{X kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS {]mIr-X-hn-izm-k-ßfpw

\ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw Nne-t∏m-sgms° Ah ]c-kv]cw IqSn-°-e-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. a[y-bp-K-Øn-emWv Cu eb-\-{]-{Inb {]tXy-In®pw {]_-

e-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv. Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bp-ambn Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp∂ H´-

\-h[n A\m-cy-Ip-e-tKm-{X-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ km{am-Py-ß-fpsS ̀ mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂-XmWv Cu {]{In-

b-bpsS apJy-amb ImcWw. Cu L´-Øn-emWv {]mIr-X-tKm{X kap-

Zm-b-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ `mK-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv. Cu

am‰-Øns‚ ^-e-ambn Hcp-h-iØv AΩ-ssZ-h-ßƒ°v ]pXn-sbmcp

{]m[m-\yhpw D∂-X-amb Hcp ]Z-hnbpw e`n®p. adp-h-iØv lnμp-a-X-

Øns‚ kz`m-h-Ønepw am‰-ß-fp-≠mbn. Fl-sc≥s^¬kv Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, lc-∏-bn¬ \n∂pw taml≥tPm-Z-tcm-hn¬ \n∂pw

imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ Is≠-SpØ Ah-in-„-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb

c≠p hkvXp-X-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-°-gn-™n-´p≠v: ""(1) C∂p \Ωƒ

lnμp-aXw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv F¥n-s\tbm AXns‚ kwkvIm-cnI

LS-\-bn¬ A\m-cy-L-S-I-ß-fpsS B[nIyw; (2) Cu ap¥nb A\m-

cy-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ amXr-ta-[m-hn-Xz-kz-`mhw. Cu kwkvIm-c-tØmSv

a[y-bp-K-Øn-sebpw B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn-sebpw \nc-h[n LS-I-ßfpw

{]tNm-Z-\-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-ßfpw hf-sc-b-[nIw IS-s∏-ń-cn-

°p∂p.''6.

Cßs\ Bcy-∑m¿°p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ

Im¿jn-tIm¬∏m-Z-\m-`n-hr-≤n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Bcm-

[n-®n-cp∂ AΩ ssZh-ßƒ°v a[y-bp-K-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbm-c¿Yhpw ]pXn-

sbmcp {]m[m-\yhpw e`n®p. amXr-ta-[m-hn-Xz-L-S-\-bnse AΩ-ssZhw

]c-a-in-hs‚ kl-[¿an-Wn-bpsS am\y-amb ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿Ø-

s∏´p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, a[p-c-bn¬ A[n-I-am-cp-sSbpw Zr„n-bn¬

s]SmsX InS-∂n-cp∂ ao\m£n ssih-a-X-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p

tij-amWv {]kn-≤nbpw i‡nbpw B¿Pn-®Xv. _wKm-fnse Imfnbpw

ssakq-cnse Nmap-finbpw tIc-f-Ønse ̀ K-h-Xnbpw C∂pw P\-kzm-

[o-\-ap≈ AΩ ssZh-ß-fmWv. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n-sebpw ]Xn-

s\´mw \q‰m-≠n-sebpw {]Xm-]-im-en-I-fmb an° tIc-fo-b-cm-Pm-°-

∑m-cp-sSbpw Ipe-tZ-h-X-Iƒ ]e t]cp-I-tfmSpw IqSnb `K-h-Xn-am-cm-

bn-cp∂p. C¥y-bpsS sXs° A‰-Øp≈ I\ym-Ip-amcn t£{X-Ønse

Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmb Ipamcn ]mfiy-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS Ipe-tZ-h-X-bm-bn-

cp-∂p-ht{X. t{^k¿ Fgp-Xp∂p:

6. Ehrenfels: Mother Right in India P.1.


""C¥y-bnse an° {Kma-ß-fn-sebpw {]mtZ-in-I-ß-fmb {]m¿Y\m

tI{μ-ß-fn¬ aä-d-™p-t]mb hoc-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ tZh-∑m-cmbn ]qPn-

°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. B tI{μ-ß-fn¬sh®v `qX-t{]-Xm-Zn-I-sfbpw acn-®p-

t]m-b-h-cpsS Zp»-Ip-\-Im-cn-I-fmb Bflm-°-sfbpw {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

th≠n \c-_-enbpw c‡-Zm-\hpw a{¥-hm-Zhpw a‰pw \S-ØpI ]Xn-

hm-bn-cp∂p. {]mtZ-in-I-a-{¥-hm-Zn-Ifpw ]qPm-cn-I-fp-amWv CØcw

{]mIr-X-I¿a-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. Cu {]mtZ-inI {]m¿Y-\m-tI-

{μ-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ {]kn-≤n-bm¿Pn-®-t∏mƒ Ah-bpsS kzØp-°fpw

{]m[m-\yhpw h¿[n®p. \mSp-hm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw ̀ q{]-̀ p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Zm\-

ßƒ sIm≠v Ah IqSp-X¬ kº-∂-ß-fmbn. {]m¿Y\m tI{μ-ßƒ

t£{X-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ah-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]mIr-X-tZ-h-X-Iƒ

inh≥, hnjvWp F∂o tZh-∑m-cpsS Zmkn-Itfm i‡n-Itfm kl-

[¿an-Wn-Itfm Bbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Aßs\ B tZh-X-

Iƒ ]pXn-sbmcp am\y-X-bpsS ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. A©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ {_m“-W-aXw lnμp-a-

X-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ C¥y-bnse F√m ssZh-

ß-sfbpw ssZh-ß-fm°n am‰-s∏´ hoc-]p-cp-j-∑m-scbpw tI{μo-I-cn-

®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ cNn-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. Aßs\ lnμp-

tZ-h-K-W-ß-fpsS sshhn-[y-]q¿W-amb ]cn-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ thtZ-Xn-lm-

k-ß-fnse ssZh-ß-fp-ambn Hcp Xc-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬

_‘-s∏´ FÆ-a‰ tZh-X-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw A{]-Xy-£-am-

hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.7''

AΩ-ssZ-h-ßƒ am{X-a√ `qX-]n-im-Nm-Zn-Ifpw ]q¿hn-I-∑m-cpsS

t{]X-ßfpw Bcm-[n-°-s∏-́ n-cp∂p. Ahsc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n-

bp≈ ]qPm-Zn-I¿a-ßfpw arK-_-en-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ c‡-Zm-\-ßfpw

]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. AΩ ssZh-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ Zb-bp-≈-hcpw

IqSp-X¬ {IqcX Im´p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. tcmK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw A\m-hr-„n-bn¬ \n∂pw c£ In´m≥

{]tXyIw {]tXyIw tZhn-Isf {]km-Zn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. DZm-

l-c-W-Øn\v, tIc-f-Ønse sImSp-ß-√q¿ `K-h-Xnbpw Xangv \mńse

amcn-b-Ωbpw hkq-cn-tcmKw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ sshZKv[yw t\Snb tZh-

X-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. B{‘-bn¬ apØn-b-Ω-bv°m-bn-cp∂p {]m[m\yw.

_wKm-fnse P\-Io-b-tZ-h-X-bmb Imfn Xe-tbm-Sp-Iƒ sIm≠p≈

ame-bmWv [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AΩ-ssZ-h-ß-sfbpw `qX-t{]-X-]n-im-Nm-Zn-

7. R.K. Frazer: Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. II.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 49

I-sfbpw {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]pjv]-ßƒ t]mse-Xs∂ tNmcbpw

I≈pw aptJym-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. CØcw hnizm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw

I¿a-ß-fp-sSbpw Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-sf∂ \ne-bv°mWv a{¥-hm-Z-N-

S-ßp-Ifpw tPm’yhpw X{¥-hn-Zybpw ]p„n-s∏-´Xv.

a[y-Im-eØv \mSp-hmgn hyhÿ i‡n-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏m-

gmWv Ipe-tKm-{X-k-ap-Zm-b-°m-cpsS {]mtZ-in-I-tZ-hm-e-b-ßƒ Aº-

e-ß-fmbn amdn-bXv. {]tXy-In®pw [\n-I-h¿K-°m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-ßfpw

H´-\-h[n _u≤˛ssP\-hn-lm-c-ßfpw inh-t£-{X-ßtfm hnjvWp-

t£-{X-ßtfm B°n am‰-s∏´p. Ah-bn¬ inh-s‚bpw hnjvWp-hn-

s‚bpw Ah-cpsS kl-[¿an-Wn-I-fmb tZhn-I-fp-sSbpw _nw_-ßƒ

{]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏´p. inh-t£-{X-ß-fn¬ apJy-ambpw tbm\n-°p-≈n-ep-

b¿∂p \n∂ enwK-amWv ]qPn-°-s∏-´Xv. _u≤˛ssP\-a-X-ßƒ°v

IqSp-X¬ kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ _nw_m¿®-\bv°v

I≈n\pw tNmcbv°pw ]Icw ]pjv]-ßfpw Nμ-\m-Zn-kp-K-‘-{Z-hy-

ßfpw IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. A{_m-“-

W-cmb ]qPm-cn-I-fpsS ÿm\Øv {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑mcpw taim-

¥n-Ifpw \nb-an-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. F∂m¬ t{^k¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-

®-Xp-t]mse, ""sXt° C¥y-bnse Nne kp{]-kn≤ t£{X-ß-fn¬,

{_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS Hcp hn´p-ho-gvN-sb∂ \nebv°v, ]gb

c‡-N-S-ßp-Ifpw aZy-]m-\-a-tlm-’-h-ßfpw sIm√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬

]pXp-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ {]mtZ-

inI \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-e-h-∑m-cpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-emWv {]h¿Øn-°p-

∂Xv. \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-e-h-∑m¿ \¬Ip∂ Cu c£m-[n-Im-cn-Xz-Øn\pw

B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°pw ]I-c-ambn Ah¿°v {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-

cn¬ \n∂v ]gb cmP-hw-i-ß-fpsS Ir{Xna ]n≥Km-an-Xz-tØm-Sp-Iq-

Snb £{Xn-b-∑m¿ F∂ ]Zhn e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p''.8

i‡n-]qP

{]mNo-\-Im¿jnI kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ AΩ-ssZhw D¬∏m-Z-\m-`n-hr-

≤n-bpsS {]Xo-I-am-bn-cp∂p. \mSp-hmgn hyh-ÿ-bn-em-Is´, AXv {]]-

©-Øns‚ amXm-hmb ]c-a-i-‡n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. {]]-©-Øns‚ tIh-

e-ssN-X-\y-amb {_“w Hcp kv{Xobp-tStbm amXm-hn-s‚tbm As√-

¶n¬ Hcp K¿`m-i-b-Øn-s‚tbm cq]-Øn¬ ho£n-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn.

i‡n As√-¶n¬ AΩ-ssZhw, hyXykvX kv{Xocq-]-ß-fn-ep≈

8. R.R. Frazer: Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. II


ssZh-Øns‚ ]c-a-i-‡n-bmbn ]qPn-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. Nne

kv{XossZ-h-ßƒ Zbbpw kvt\lhpw \nd-™-h-cm-bn-cp∂p; a‰p-≈-

h¿ `b-¶-cn-Ifpw. tZho-a-lm-fly-a-\p-k-cn®v, ""`b-¶-cn-bmb Nfin-Im-

tZhn kz¥w `‡-∑m-cn¬ henb A`n-\n-thiw ImWn-°p∂p, AtX-

k-a-bØv Xs∂ ]qPn-°m-Ø-h-cpsS ]pWy-ß-sf√mw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw

Ahsc Np´p `kva-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p''.

{_nójv `c-W-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-Sp-IqSn \mSp-hmgn

hyhÿ £tbm-∑p-J-am-hp-Ibpw Nc-°p¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]W-an-

S-]m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw hen-™p-I-b-‰-Øns‚ ê-ambn ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb

{Kma-k-ap-Zm-b-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ASn-Ød XI-cm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX-

t∏mƒ i‡n-]q-Pbpw A[x-]-Xn®p. i‡n-]q-P-°m-cn¬ Hcp hn`mKw

km[-\-bp-sSbpw X{¥-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw t]cn¬ K¿l-Wo-b-ßfpw

ssewKn-I-ß-fp-amb ]e-Xcw aX-N-S-ßp-I-fn¬ apgp-Im≥ apXn¿∂Xv

Cu L -́Øn-emWv. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Ønepw ]sØm-

ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Ønepw C¥y-bn¬ \ne\n-∂n-cp∂ Cu

A[x-]-X\ {]h-W-X-Isf t\cn-´p-I≠v a\- n-em-°nb At∫-Zyp_zm

Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-´p≠v:

""C¥y-bn¬ A\p-jvTn-°-s∏-Sp∂ K¿l-Wo-b-ß-fmb aX-N-S-ßp-

I-fn¬ H∂v hfsc kp]-cn-Nn-X-amWv. i‡n-]qP F∂m-W-Xns‚ t]¿.

i‡n F∂ hm°n\v _ew, HmP v Fs∂m-s°-bm-W¿Yw. Nne-t∏mƒ

AXv inhs‚ `mcy-bm-bn-cn°pw. _en-I-f¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv B tZh-

X-bpsS t]cn-em-bn-cn°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ Hcp AZr-iy-i-‡n-sb-bmWv

Xßƒ Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xv F∂v Ah¿ \Sn-°p∂p. cm{Xn-bn¬ Gsd-

°psd cl-ky-am-bn-´mWv NS-ßp-Iƒ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. cmPy-Ønse

\ne-hn-ep≈ BNm-c-ßƒ \njn-≤-ß-fmbn Icp-Xp-∂-sX√mw Xn∂p-

Ibpw IpSn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI, k`y-X-bp-sSbpw acym-Z-bp-sSbpw

G‰hpw km[m-c-W-ß-fmb \nb-a-ß-sf-t∏mepw e÷-bn-√msX ]c-

ky-ambn ewLn-®p-sIm≠v BWp-ßfpw s]Æp-ßfpw H∂n®v

bmsXmcp ASp°pw apd-bp-an-√msX sIń-a-dn™p IqØm-SpI ˛

CXmWv G‰hpw Ipd™ PpKp-]vk-bp-f-hm-°p∂ Hcp NSßv''.9

F∂n´pw Nne B[p-\nI {KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ i‡n-]qP {_“-km-

£m¬°m-c-Øn-\p≈ Hcp km[-\-bm-sW∂v Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp∂p. i‡n-

]q-P-bn¬ ""_o`-’-ßfpw t`mKm-k-‡n-P-\-I-ß-fp-amb NS-ßp-Iƒ''

9. Abbe J.A. Dubois: Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, Vol. I. P.288.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 51

AS-ßn-bn-´p-s≠∂pw Ah-bmWv ""X{¥-hnZy s]mXp-hnepw i‡n-]qP

{]tXy-In®pw B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øn¬ A]-Io¿Øn-I-c-ß-fmbn Icp-

X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ImcWw'' F∂pw Ah¿ Xpd∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v.

F¶nepw Ah¿ Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""Cu NS-ßp-Iƒ Hcn-

°epw i‡n-]q-P-bpsS khn-ti-j-Xtbm G‰hpw apJy-amb LS-Itam

A√. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ AXn\v D¬Ir-„-ß-fmb Bflo-bm-Z¿i-ß-fm-

Wp-≈Xv. Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flm-hmb {_“hpw XΩn¬ XmZmflyw

{]m]n-°pI F∂ thZm-¥-X-XzsØ {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn km£m¬°-

cn-°pI F∂-XmWv AXnse NS-ßp-I-fpsS Dt±iyw. {]]-©-Øn-

emsI hym]n®p InS-°p∂ i‡n-b-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ {_“w''10

10. Chintaharan Chakravarthy: The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. IV, p.408-09


25. GI-X-Xz-hm-Zhpw aX-hn-izm-khpw

{]mNo-\m-cy-∑m¿ _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ Htc-

k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ {]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-ep≈ C{μ≥, hcp-

W≥, A·n, Dj v F∂n-ßs\ H´-\-h[n ssZh-ßsf Bcm-[n®p.

ssZh-ß-fpsS {]oXn kºm-Zn-°m≥ th≠n Ah¿ {]m¿Y-\-Ifpw bmK-

ßfpw \SØn. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ {]Ir-Xn-ssZ-h-ßƒ°v P\-ß-fpsS

At\z-j-W-_p-≤nsb Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bm-sX-bmbn. F√m

ssZh-ßƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse i‡n-bpt≠m? GXp ssZh-Øn-\mWv IqSp-

X¬ i‡n? C{μ≥ F∂ ssZhw \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂-Xn\v F¥mWv

sXfnhv? a\p-jys\ ssZhw \nb-{¥n-°p∂p F¶n¬ ssZhsØ \nb-

{¥n-°p-∂-Xm-cmWv? F√m ssZh-ß-sfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂ as‰mcp

ssZh-apt≠m? CØcw tNmZy-ßfpw kwi-b-ßfpw Db¿∂p-h∂p.

EtKz-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw GI-

ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn\p hgn-amdn sImSpØp. \nc-h[n Ipe-tKm-{X-ß-f-

S-ßnb Hcp `q{]-tZ-i-Ønse kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-sØ-bmsI cmPmthm

Ipe-Ø-e-ht\m \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw

{]]-©-hp-a-S-ßnb {_“m-fi-sØ-bmsI Hscm‰ ssZhw \nb-{¥n-

°p∂p F∂ hnizmkw Db¿∂p-h∂p. C{μ\pw hcp-W\pw A·nbpw

Dj pw F√mw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ H∂m-sW∂pw ]e t]cp-I-fnepw hnfn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ B GI-amb i‡n-hn-ti-j-Øn¬ \n∂mWv as‰√mw D¤-

hn-®Xv F∂pw hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. EtKz-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-

\sØ afi-e-Øn¬ F√m-‰n-s‚bpw kr„n-I¿Øm-hmbn lnc-Wy-

K¿`≥, hniz-I¿amhv, hncm-Sv]p-cp-j≥ F∂pw a‰pw hnfn-°-s∏´

GIhpw ]c-a-hp-amb Hcp i‡n-hn-ti-j-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ k¶¬∏-ßƒ

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 53

ImWmw. ]t£, {]mNo-\m-cy-∑m-cpsS kXym-t\z-j-W-XrjvW Ahn-

sSbpw Ah-km-\n-®n√. GIhpw ]c-a-hp-amb B i‡n-hn-tijw

Fßs\ Bhn¿`-hn®p? Bcw-`-Øn¬ kØpw Ak-Øp-a-√mØ,

Aaq¿Ø-amb iq\y-X-b-√msX as‰m-∂p-an-√mØ, Hcp ÿnXn-hn-tijw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm?

GI-X-Xz-hmZw

D]-\n-j-Ønse Ejn-Iƒ F√m-‰n-s‚bpw aqe-Im-c-W-sa-s¥∂p

I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ {ian®p. {]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-I-fp-sStbm a\p-jy-cp-sStbm

cq]-Øn-ep≈ ssZh-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS At\z-j-W-_p-≤nsb Xr]vXn-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n√. a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw ssZh-kr-„n-I-

fmtWm? AtXm, at‰-sX-¶nepw auen-I-h-kvXp-hn¬ \n∂p ]cn-W-an-

®p-≠m-b-htbm? a\p-jy≥ P\n-°p-Ibpw kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-f-\p-`-hn-®p-

sIm≠v Ipsd-°mew Pohn-®n-cn-°p-Ibpw HSp-hn¬ acn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-Xn\v h√ {]tXyI Imc-W-hp-apt≠m? F¥mWo PohnXw? Pohn-

X-Øn\v {]tXy-I-amb h√ A¿Ytam e£ytam Dt≠m? ac-W-tØm-

Sp-IqSn F√mw Ah-km-\n-°ptam? AtXm, ac-W-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw

Bflmhv \ne-\n¬°ptam? F¥m-Wm-flmhv? F√m a\p-jy-cnepw \ne-

\n¬°p∂ Bflmhv H∂p-X-s∂-bmtWm? hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw

XΩnepw a\p-jys‚ Bflmhpw {]]-©-Øns‚ Bflm-hp-amb

{_“hpw XΩn-ep-ap≈ _‘-sa-¥mWv? F¥mWv {_“w? amdn-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p∂ {]m]-©n-I-{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fpsS ]n∂n¬ am‰-an-√mØ h√

XXz-hp-apt≠m? a\p-jy\pw {]]-©hpw FhnsS \n∂p-¤-hn-°p∂p?

Fhn-sS-s®-∂-h-km-\n-°p∂p? BZn-Im-c-W-sa-¥mWv? a\p-jy\pw

k¿h-N-cm-N-c-ßfpw {]Ir-Xnbpw {]]-©hpw F√mw auen-I-amb

Hscm‰ XXz-Øn¬ \n∂p ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b-h-bm-sW∂p Icp-Xn-°qtS?

Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ F√m-‰n-s‚bpw Dd-hn-Shpw e£y-ÿm-\-hp-amb

B GI-X-Xz-Øns‚ kz`m-h-sa-¥mWv?

GI-ssZ-h-hm-Zhpw GI-X-Xz-hm-Zhpw H∂√. BZy-tØXv k¿h-

⁄\pw k¿h-i-‡\pw kr„n-ÿnXn kwlm-c-I¿Ømhpw a‰pw a‰p-

amb Hcp Cuiz-c-\p-s≠∂ aX-hn-izm-k-amWv. c≠m-a-tØ-Xm-Is´,

a\p-jy\pw temIhpw {]Ir-Xnbpw {]m]-©n-I-{]-Xn-̀ m-k-ßfpw F√mw

Bflo-btam ̀ uXn-Itam Bb Hscm‰ auen-I-h-kvXp-hn¬ \n∂v D¤-

hn-®-h-bmWv F∂v D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Zm¿i-\n-I-k-¶¬∏-amWv.

{]]-©-L-S-\-bpsS Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\hpw B H∂mWv; XpS-°hpw

e£y-ÿm-\hpw AXp-Xs∂.


GI-X-Xz-hm-ZsØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®-h¿ ]e-X-c-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-

cn¬ Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p, ̀ uXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

a\p-jy-s‚bpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hnhn-[-ß-fmb {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-sSbpw

Dd-hnSw Aù-ahpw A\n¿h-N-\o-b-hp-amb Hcp A[ym-fln-I-k-Ø-bm-

sW∂v Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw, F√m-‰n-s‚bpw aqe-Im-cWw \nXyhpw

A\m-Zn-bp-amb ̀ uXn-I-k-Ø-bm-sW∂v ̀ uXn-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw hniz-kn®p.

{]]-©-Øn-\-Xo-X-amb Hcp al-—-‡n-bp-s≠∂v H∂m-asØ Iq´¿

hmZn-®-t∏mƒ {]Ir-Xn°pw a\p-jy\pw D]-cn-bmbn bmsXmcp i‡n-

bp-an-s√∂v c≠m-asØ Iq´¿ Dd-∏n®p ]d™p. Nne Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿

hmbp-hmWv {]]-©-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-sa∂p hmZn®p. sh≈-amWv aqe-

Im-cWw F∂p a‰p-Nn-e¿ hmZn®p. Nm¿hm-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬

]rYzn, Pew, A·n, hmbp, BImiw F∂o ]©-`q-X-ß-fpsS kwtbm-

K-Øn¬ \n∂mWv k¿h-N-cm-N-c-ßfpw D≠m-bXv. kXz-c-P-kvXtam

KpW-ß-f-S-ßnb Ahy-‡-amb aqe-{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv hy‡-{]-

]©w ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-bXv F∂v kmwJy-∑m¿ hmZn-®-t∏mƒ ùXn-I-

k-Ø-bpsS Ahn-`m-Pyhpw AXn-kq-£va-hp-amb ]c-am-Wp-hmWv {]]-

©-Øns‚ aqe-L-SIw F∂v sshti-jn-I-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. thZm-

¥n-I-fm-Is´, {_“w F∂ tIh-e-ssN-X-\y-amWv aqe-Im-c-W-sa∂p

{]Jym-]n®p. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ F√mw {_“-Øn¬ \n∂p-

≠m-Ip∂p; Ah-km\w F√mw {_“-Øn¬ sN∂p ebn-°p∂p; {]]-

©-am-Is´ {_“-a-b-amWv.

Cßs\, GI-X-Xz-hm-Zn-Iƒ ̨ Ah¿ ̀ uXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fm-bmepw icn,

Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fm-bmepw icn ˛ {]]-©-amsI, ùXn-I-h-kvXp-°fpw

_p≤nbpw tNX-\bpw ico-chpw Bflmhpw F√mw, Hscm‰ aqe-X-Xz-

Øn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn-®-h-bm-sW∂v hmZn®p: H∂p-In¬ A\m-Znbpw \nXy-

hp-amb ̀ uXn-I-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v; As√-¶n¬ \nXyhpw tIh-e-hp-amb

ssNX-\y-Øn¬ \n∂v. {]m]-©nI {]Xn-̀ m-k-ß-fpsS aqe-Im-c-W-sa¥v

F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ASn-ÿm-\-{]iv\w. Bcw-`-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-tX-

XmWv? ̀ uXn-I-k-Øtbm tNX-\tbm? ̀ uXn-I-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v tNX-

\-bm-hn¿`-hn-®pthm, AtXm adnt®m? ùXn-I-h-kvXphpw tNX-\bpw

˛ ico-chpw Bflmhpw ˛ c≠pw kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂p

hmZn® ssZzX-hm-Zn-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw CØ-c-samcp tNmZy-

Øn\p {]k-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-

b-Øn¬ c≠pw kzX-{¥-ß-fmWv; H∂p at‰-Xns‚ Imc-W-a√. ùXn-

I-h-kvXphpw tNX-\bpw c≠pw imiz-X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h-bmWv.

Ahsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, c≠pw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]c-

kv]cw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂ tNmZy-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 55

Øn\p ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. GI-X-Xz-hm-Zn-I-fm-Is´, {]]-©-

Øns‚ aqe-Im-cWw GIhpw AZzn-Xo-b-hp-am-sW∂p hmZn®p. {]]-

©-ap-¤-hn-®Xv ùXn-I-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v ùXn-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw

tIh-e-amb ssNX-\y-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw A`n-

{]m-b-s∏´p.

Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ ]ecpw ssZh-ß-fnepw bmKm-Zn-a-X-®-S-ßp-I-

fnepw hnizm-k-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, F√m Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw

Cuiz-c-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, _p≤≥ Bflo-b-

hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂p, ùXn-I-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. ]t£, At±-l-Øns‚

Z¿i-\-Øn¬ {k„mhpw k¿h-i-‡-\p-amb ssZh-Ønt\m \nXy-amb

Hcm-flm-hnt\m ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fnse {_“w

F∂ k¶¬∏w, {]tXy-In®pw BZy-Im-eØv, Cuiz-c≥ F∂ A¿Y-

Øn-e√, tIh-e-amb ip≤-ssN-X\yw F∂ A¿Y-Øn-emWv, D]-tbm-

Kn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. {_“-sa∂ ]mc-am¿Yn-I-k-Xy-sa-s¥∂p a\- n-em-

°m≥ Ign-bmsX hymh-lm-cnI temI-Ønse \n m-c-X-Isf apdp-

°n-∏n-Sn-°p∂ A⁄m-\n-Iƒ am{Xta ssZh-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-I-

bp≈p F∂mWv thZm-¥sØ AXns‚ ]c-tam-∂X ]Z-hn-bn-te-°p-

b¿Ønb i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ t]mepw hmZn-®Xv.

ùXn-I-k-Øbpw tNX-\bpw

]t£, F¥mWv {_“w As√-¶n¬ tIh-e-ssN-X\yw? ktN-

X-\-ß-fmb hkvXp-°-sfbpw AtN-X-\-ß-fmb hkvXp-°-sfbpw

XΩn¬, Nc-ß-sfbpw AN-c-ß-sfbpw XΩn¬, Xncn-®-dn-bpI Ffp-∏-

amWv. a\p-jys‚ Bi-b-ßƒ, Nn¥-Iƒ, hnIm-c-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-

sb-∏-‰nbpw a\- n-em°mw. ]t£, a\p-jy-\p-ambn _‘-an-√mØ,

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-bmb a\p-jys‚ a\- n¬ \n∂pw Xe-t®m-dn¬ \n∂pw

kzX-{¥-amb, a\p-jy-s‚bpw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhn¿`m-h-

Øn\p apºp apX¬°p Xs∂ \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂, Aaq¿Øhpw tIh-

e-hp-amb Bibw ˛ {]Ir-Xn°pw {]]-©-Øn\pw AXo-X-amb tIh-

e-ssN-X\yw ˛ Aßs\-sbm-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-∂mWv GI-X-Xz-hm-Zn-I-

fmb Bflo-b-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿ Dd-∏n®p ]d-™Xv. ùXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fmb

GI-X-Xz-hm-Zn-I-fm-Is´, Bibw, Nn¥, ssNX\yw apX-emb {]Xn-

`m-k-ßsf bm{¥n-I-am-bn-́ mWv kao-]n-®Xv. B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚

Kth-j-tWm-]m-[n-Iƒ A{]m-]y-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿ Xß-

fpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ°v A`yq-l-ß-sfbpw k¶¬∏-ß-sfbpw

am{X-am-Wm-{i-bn-®Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Nne {]tXy-I-{Z-hy-ßƒ


H∂n®p Iqń-t®¿Øm¬ el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv

]©-̀ q-X-ß-fpsS Hcp khn-ti-j-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ kwtbm-P-\-Øn¬ \n∂v

tNX-\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv F∂ temIm-b-Xn-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw

t\m°pI. _p≤nbpw tNX-\bpw C{μn-b-ßfpw C{μn-bm-\p-`q-Xn-Ifpw

F√mw aqe-{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b-h-bm-sW∂ kmwJy-

∑m-cpsS hmZ-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm\w A`yq-l-am-bn-cp∂p. ùXn-I-

{]-]-©-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ß-fn-eqsS Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ Bhn¿`-

hn-®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v imkv{Xo-b-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ {]mNo-\-ù-

Xn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. a\p-jy-a-\ pw _mly-P-KØpw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ß-sftbm a\- ns‚ k¶o¿W-ßfpw {Inbm-fl-I-

ß-fp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sftbm icn°p hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ah¿°v

km[n-®n√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿°v Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fpsS sh√p-

hn-fn-Isf ka¿Y-ambn t\cn-Sm≥ Ign-bmsX t]mbXv. Hc¿Y-Øn¬,

ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw GI-]-£o-b-hp-amb \nK-a-\-

ßƒ°v Inńb Hcp Xncn-®-Sn-bmWv Bflo-b-hmZw F∂p-]-dbmw. AXp-

sIm-≠mWv ""A]-cn-jvIr-Xhpw efn-X-hp-amb bm{¥nI ùXn-I-hm-Z-

Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ am{Xta Zm¿i-\n-I-amb

Bflo-b-hmZw Akw-_-‘-ambn tXm∂p-I-bp≈q.''1 F∂v se\n≥

Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®Xv. ]t£, Bflo-b-hm-Zhpw A]q¿W-am-bn-cp∂p, GI-

]-£o-bhpw `mKn-I-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. tNX-\-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-sØbpw

am‰-ß-sfbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn A]-{K-Yn®p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw Aan-

X-amb {]m[m\yw \¬In-s°m≠v AXns\ Hcp tIh-e-X-Xz-ambn

Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ sNbvXXv.

Bflo-b-hm-Zhpw aXhpw

a[y-Im-eØv Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv

ssZh-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw IqSp-X¬ {]Nmcw e`n-

®Xv. {Ia-Øn¬ aX-Øn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw. tIh-e-amb

ssNX-\y-Øn¬ \n∂mWv {]]©w D¤-hn-®Xv F∂p hmZn® {]mNo-

\-Im-esØ Bflob hmZ-Øn\v Fs¥m-s°-Øs∂ A]q¿W-X-I-

fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXv a\p-jys‚ AZ-ay-amb kXym-t\z-j-

W-Xr-jvWsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. a[y-

Im-e-Øm-Is´, Bflo-b-hmZw aX-Øns‚ Hcp IogvL-SIw am{X-ambn

amdn. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v tij-amWv Cu am‰w IqSp-X¬ {]I-S-am-bn-

Øo¿∂Xv.

1. V.I. Lenin: Materialism and Empiriocriticism.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 57

{]mNo-\-Im-eØv, tNX-\-bn¬ \n∂v ùXn-I-h-kvXp-°-fp-¤-hn-

®pthm AtXm, ùXn-I-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v tNX-\-bm-hn¿`-hn-®pthm

F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p apJy-amb N¿®m-hn-jbw. Cu {]iv\-Øns‚ `mK-

ß-sf∂ \ne-bv°mWv a\p-jy\pw {]]-©hpw XΩnepw Bflmhpw

{_“hpw XΩnepw D≈ _‘-ßƒ N¿® sNø-s∏-´Xv. a[y-Im-eØv,

{]tXy-In®pw i¶-c\v tijw. {_“-Øns‚ kz`m-h-am-bn-cp∂p apJy-

amb N¿®m-hn-jbw. ̀ uXn-I-{]-]-©hpw Pohm-flmhpw ssZhhpw a\p-

jy¿°n-S-bn-ep≈ D®-\o-N-Xz-ßfpw kzm¿Yw, Zpc-l-¶mcw, a’cw XpS-

ßnb Zp¿Kp-W-ßfpw a‰pw hymh-lm-cnI Pohn-X-Ønse bmYm¿Yy-

ß-fm-sW-¶nepw tIh-e-{_-“-sa∂ ]mc-am¿YnI kXy-Øns‚ \ne-

]m-Sn¬ \n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ Ah-sb√mw anYy-bm-sW∂pw bYm¿Y-

Øn¬ {_“w am{Xta \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≈q F∂p-amWv i¶-c≥ hmZn-

®Xv. i¶-cs‚ \nc-¶p-i-amb Cu GI-X-Xz-hm-ZsØ tNmZyw sNbvXp-

sIm-≠mWv cmam-\p-Ps‚ hnin-„m-ssZz-Xhpw a[zs‚ ssZzXhpw

\nw_m¿°s‚ ssZzXm-ssZz-Xhpw h√-`s‚ ip≤m-ssZz-Xhpw a‰pw

Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv. Cu ]n¬°me thZm-¥n-I-sf-√m-hcpw Xs∂ {_“-

Øns‚ ]c-tam-∂X ]Z-hnsb AwKo-I-cn®p F∂Xv icn-bmWv. ]t£,

Hc¿Y-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬ as‰m-c¿Y-Øn¬, Ah-sc√mw bYm¿Y-Øn¬

ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. {_“w-t]mse Xs∂ PKØpw kXy-am-

sW∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p. aqe-Im-cWw {_“w Xs∂. ]t£, {_“w

\n¿Kp-W-a√, kKp-W-amWv. kKp-W-{_-“-sa-∂p-sh-®m¬ k¿h-Kp-W-

k-º-∂-\mb ]c-am-flmhv, As√-¶n¬ k¿h-⁄\pw k¿h-i-‡\pw

Zbm-\n-[nbpw kr„n-ÿn-Xn-kw-lm-c-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hp-amb PK-Zo-iz-

c≥. Pohm-flm-hns‚ \ne-\n¬∏pw A`n-hr-≤nbpw ]c-am-flm-hns‚

Zbsb B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ssZhsØ [ym\n-°p-Ibpw {]m¿Yn-°p-

Ibpw kvXpXn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; F√mw ssZh-Øns‚ apºn¬

ka¿∏n-°pI ˛ CXmWv tam£-Øn-\p≈ hgn. Cßs\ {_“-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXnb hymJym-\-ß-fn-eqsS ssZh-`-‡nbpw ssZhsØ

{]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n-bp≈ aX-N-S-ßp-Ifpw Xncn-®p-h∂p. Cuiz-

c\pw {_“hpw Iqń-°p-g-bv°-s∏´p. hnjvWpthm inht\m i‡ntbm

`K-h-Xntbm GsX-¶n-ep-sam∂v {][m\ ssZh-ambn Bcm-[n-°-s∏´p.

AtXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ c≠mw InS-°mcpw aq∂mw InS-°m-cp-amb a‰p

ssZh-ßfpw \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂p. a[y-Im-e-ØmWv C¥y-bn¬ ssZh-

ß-fpsS FÆw h¿[n-®Xv. Hmtcm Ipe-Øn\pw {]tXy-I-amb Ipe-tZ-

h-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. alm-`m-c-X-Øn-sebpw cmam-b-W-Øn-sebpw ]pcm-

W-ß-fn-sebpw ]e IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw ssZh-ß-fpsS ÿm\w Ic-ÿ-


am°n. Nne¿ ssZh-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-c-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏´p.

Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿°pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ssZh-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw PmXn-[¿a-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ apJy-

L-S-I-ßƒ. \mSp-hmgn hyh-ÿ-bnse Ak-a-Xz-ß-sfbpw Nqj-W-

ß-sfbpw \ymbo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p aXhpw ssZh-

hn-izm-khpw.

aXw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-ctam ]n¥n-cn-∏t\m?

F∂m¬, a[y-Im-esØ Bflo-b-hm-Z-Nn-¥-Ifpw aX-hn-izm-k-

ßfpw F√mw Hcp-t]mse A‘-hn-izm-k-P-Un-e-ßfpw {]Xn-tem-a-]-

c-ß-fp-am-sW∂p ]d™p X≈n-°-f-bp-∂Xv Aim-kv{Xo-b-amhpw.

Fs¥-∂m¬, as‰-√m-‰n-s\-bp-sa-∂-t]mse aX-ßƒ, Zm¿i-\nI Nn¥-

Iƒ apX-em-b-h-sbbpw Ah-bpsS kmaq-lyhpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb

]›m-X-e-Øn¬ sh®p-thWw ]cn-tim-[n-°pI. CXmWv imkv{Xo-b-

amb ]cn-tim-[-\m-am¿Kw. Zm¿i-\n-I-Nn-¥-Ifpw aX-hn-izm-k-ßfpw

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønepw am\p-jn-I-_-‘-ß-fnepw hºn® kzm[o\w

sNep-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xp icn-bmWv. F∂m¬, kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-

Ønse sshcp-[y-ßƒ Zm¿i-\nI Nn¥-I-fnepw aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fnepw

kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-s≠∂ Imcyhpw \ntj-[n-°m≥ hø. a[y-

Im-esØ aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw XXz-Nn-¥-Iƒ°pw A°m-esØ

kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS ˛ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Nq-j-W-Øn-s‚bpw PmXn-

hy-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw ̨ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kh¿W-Pm-Xn-°m-cmb

\mSp-hmgn ta[m-hn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ÿm]nX Xm¬∏-cy-ßsf \ne-

\n¿Øm≥ th≠n Bflo-b-hm-Z-sØbpw aX-hn-izm-k-sØbpw D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-∂Xv t\cmWv. ]t£, CXn-s‚-b¿Yw a[y-Im-

esØ F√m-Øcw Bflo-b-hm-Z-Nn-¥-Ifpw aX-hn-izm-k-ßfpw \mSp-

hm-gnØ Nqj-W-sØbpw PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ß-sfbpw Dd-∏n-°m≥ ]‰n-

b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂√. Zm¿i-\n-I-Nn-¥-Ifpw aX-hn-izm-k-ßfpw P\-

ß-fpsS kwL-´-\m-fl-I-ß-fmb hnIm-c-ß-sfbpw kaq-l-Ønse

hyXy-kvX-h¿K-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmb A`n-em-j-ß-sf-bp-

amWv {]Xn-^-en-∏n-®Xv. bYm¿Y ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fnse kwL-´-

\-ßfpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønse h¿K-k-a-c-ßfpw am\p-jn-I-_-‘-

ß-fnse PmXn-a-’-c-ßfpw aq¿On-®-t∏mƒ Zm¿i-\nI˛aX-hn-izm-k-

ß-fpsS kz`m-h-Ønepw am‰w ImW-s∏´p. a¿±nX P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS

ssZh-hn-izm-khpw aX-t_m-[hpw Nqj-W-hy-h-ÿ-bvs°-Xn-cmb {]h-

W-X-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ XpSßn. am¿Ivkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse,

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 59

aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ a¿Z-\-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿°v Hcm-izm-khpw lrZ-b-lo-

\-amb Hcp temI-Ønse lrZ-bhpw am{X-a√, bYm¿Y-tem-I-Ønse

bYm¿Y Zpcn-X-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj[ {]I-S-\-ßƒ IqSn-bm-bn-

Øo¿∂p2. C¥y-bn¬ ]Xn-\memw \q‰m≠v apX¬°v CØcw am‰-

ßƒ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ {]I-S-am-hm≥ XpSßn. \oXn-am\pw Zbm-\n-

[n-bp-amb ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ {]m¿Y-\-I-fn¬ sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Ønse

A\o-Xn-Iƒ°pw \n¿Z-b-X-Iƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj-[-kz-c-ßƒ \ng-

en-°m≥ XpSßn. k¿h-Kp-W-k-º-∂-amb kKp-W-{_-“-Øn-ep≈

hnizmkw temI-Ønse F√m a\p-jycpw D®-\o-NXzw IqSmsX ka-

Xz-Ønepw kmtlm-Z-cy-Ønepw Pohn-°-W-sa∂ A`n-em-j-Øns‚

{]I-S-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. `‡n-am¿Khpw euIn-I-Zp-cn-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p

tamN\w t\Sm-\p≈ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am¿Khpw IqSn-°-e¿∂p. Aßs\

aXw a¿Zn-X-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°v kz¥w `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-bp-

sSbpw ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw shfn®w ImWn®p sImSpØp.

as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS ]cn-[n-Iƒ°p-≈n¬

\n∂p-sIm-≠mWv XmW-h¿K-°m¿ Db¿∂ h¿K-°m¿s°-Xn-cmb Xß-

fpsS ka-c-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xv.

]pdsa \n∂p≈ ap…o-ß-fpsS hchpw C…mw-a-X-Øns‚ kzm[o-

\hpw Cu ka-c-ßsf IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-ß-fm°n Xo¿Øp.

2. Marx and Engels: On Religion.


26. C…mw-a-Xhpw ]n¬°me

\mSphmgnØhpw

FwK¬kv FgpXn: ""C…mw ]uc-kvXy¿°v ]‰nb aX-amWv. hnti-

jn®pw Ad-_n-Iƒ°v. F∂p-sh-®m¬, Hcp-h-iØv hym]m-c-Ønepw

sXmgn-en-ep-ta¿s∏´ \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw adp-h-iØv Ae-™p-Xn-cn-

bp∂ _±p-Iƒ°pw ]‰nb aX-am-WXv.''1

C…m-ans‚ ÿm]-I-\mb apl-ΩZv \_n-bp-sSbpw (GXm≠v

F.Un. 570˛632) At±-l-Øns‚ sXm´p ]n≥Km-an-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Jeo-

^-am-cp-sSbpw ImeØv C…mw-aXw h¿Ø-I-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-sfbpw

]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-sfbpw tbmPn-∏n-°m≥

klm-bn-°p-Ibpw Atd-_n-b-bnse \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn\v Bi-b-]-c-

amb Hc-Sn-Ø-d-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Atd-_n-b≥ A¿[-Zzo-]n¬

^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fn-sem∂v AXv ASn-a-

Ø-_-‘-ßsf am{X-a√ Ipe-tKm-{X-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]_-e-ß-fmb

Ah-in-„-ß-sf-°qSn \ne-\n¿Øn-sb-∂-XmWv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv AXv

Gjy-bnepw B{^n-°-bnepw Jeo-^-am¿ ]nSn-®-S-°nb cmPy-ß-fnse

P\-ß-fn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`m-KsØ BI¿jn-®Xv. tPXm-°ƒ ]pXnb

aX-Øns‚ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-°m-cmbn cwK-Øp-h∂p. FwK¬kv ]d-™-

t]mse, ""Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp apt∂‰w aX-]-c-amb Hcp apJ-ap{Z

t\Sn-sb-SpØp''.2

1. Marx and Engels: On Religion, P. 314.2. Ibid, P. 239

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 61

C…m-ans‚ P\-\-Øn\v hfsc apºp-Xs∂ Atd-_y-bnse P\-

ßƒ°v C¥y-°m-cp-ambn kulr-Z-_-‘-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cn¬

Nne¿ C¥y-bpsS ]›n-a-Xo-cØv Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp∂p. Ah¿ B{I-

a-W-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-´√, hym]m-cn-I-fm-bn-´mWv, h∂Xv. C…m-ans‚ BZy-

i-X-I-ß-fn¬ t]mepw Ah¿ C¥y-°m-cp-ambn kulr-Z-_-‘-ßƒ

]pe¿Øn-t∏m∂p. C¥y-bnse lnμp-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ Ahsc kzmKXw

sNøp-Ibpw Ah¿°v Xß-fm¬ Ign-bp∂ k¿h-hn[ t{]m’m-l-\-

ßfpw sNbvXp sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, ae-_m-

dnse kmaq-Xn-cn-cm-Pmhv Xs‚ {]tZ-iØv ]≈n ]Wn-bm\pw XS- -

sam∂pw IqSmsX aX-{]-N-cWw \S-Øm\pw Ahsc A\p-h-Zn®p. Xs‚

I∏-ep-I-fn-te°v IqSp-X¬ \mhn-Isc In´p-hm≥ th≠n At±lw {]P-

Isf C…mw-a-X-Øn¬ tNcm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI IqSn sNbvXp.

ImcWw, A°m-eØv lnμp-°ƒ°v I∏-tem-Sn-°m\pw I∏¬bm{X

sNøm\pw ]mSn-√m-bn-cp∂p. \mńse lnμp-kv{Xo-Isf hnhmlw Ign-

°m≥ IqSn-tb-‰-°m-cmb Ad-_n-Iƒ°v A\p-hmZw e`n®p. Aßs\

ChnsS ap…o-ß-fpsS FÆw AXn-thKw h¿[n®p.

B{I-a-W-ß-fpsS L´w

{InkvXp-h¿jw F´mw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn C…m-anI kzm[o-\-

Øns‚ Hcp ]pXnb L´w IqSn Bcw-`n®p Ign-™n-cp∂p. CXv hS-

°p-]-Sn-™mdp \n∂mWv XpS-ßn-bXv. _eq-Nn-ÿm-\n¬ \n∂v Ad-

_n-Iƒ apl-ΩZv _n≥ Imkn-ans‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ C¥ysb B{I-

an®v kn≥Upw Z£n-W-]-©m_pw shń-∏n-Sn®p. aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p

tijw ̨ {InkvXp-h¿jw 1000Øn\pw 1030\pan-S-bn¬ ̨ apl-ΩZv Kkv\n

C¥ysb XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc ]Xn-t\gp {]mhiyw B{I-an®v sIm≈bpw

sImebpw \SØn kmam-\y-Øn-tesd [\w hmcn-s°m-≠p-t]mbn. Cu

B{I-a-W-ßƒ hgn C¥y-bn¬ kz¥-amb Hcp km{amPyw ÿm]n-

°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ At±lw hnP-bn-®n√. F¶nepw ChnsS hºn®

\mi-\-„-ßƒ hcp-Øn-sh-bv°m\pw Cu cmPy-Øns‚ ssk\n-I-ti-

jnsb Zp¿_-e-am-°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v Ign™p. ]pdsa \n∂p≈

]pXnb B{I-a-W-ßƒ°v CXv hgn-sbm-cp°n. lnμp-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønse

sXm´p-Iq-Smbva t]mep≈ t{Zml-h-i-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb PmXn-k-{º-Zm-

bhpw I¿a-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-ep≈ A‘-amb hnizm-khpw P\-ß-fpsS

{Intbm-∑p-J-amb hocysØ an°-hmdpw \in-∏n®p Ign-™n-cp∂p.

Xßsf t\cn´p _m[n-°mØ Imcy-ß-fn¬ Hcp-Xcw \nkw-KX


]pe¿Øm≥ Ah¿ ioen-®p-I-gn-™n-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS {]Xn-tcm-[-hm-

k\ \n¿Po-h-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. C¥y-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-

hs´, bmsXmcp tbmPn-∏p-an-√msX ]c-kv]cw bp≤w shń-s°m-t≠-

bn-cp∂p. CsX√mw Xs∂ HSp-hn¬ ap…ow B{I-a-W-Im-cn-I-fpsS

Iogn¬ \mSp-hmgn cm{„-ßƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p hgn-sX-fn®p.

kp¬Øm≥hmgvN

]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-L-́ -Øn¬ apl-ΩZv tKmdn-bpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Xp¿°n-Iƒ hS-°p-]-Sn-™mdp \n∂v B{I-aWw Agn-

®p-hn´v Zn√nbpw AXn-\-Sp-Øp≈ a‰v DØ-tc-¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ßfpw A[o-

\-s∏-SpØn. 1206¬ tKmdn acn-®-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ssht{km-bnbpw

]S-\m-b-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ IpØ_v˛Zn≥˛sF_°v A[n-Imcw Itø‰v

Zn√n-bnse kp¬Øm≥ Xm\m-sW∂v kzbw {]Jym-]n®p. Aßs\

ASn-a-cm-P-hwiw F∂ t]cn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp ̀ c-W-{Iaw ÿm]n-X-ambn.

XpS¿∂p≈ GXm\pw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Zn√n-bn¬ kp¬Øm≥hm-gvN-bpsS

Ime-am-bn-cp∂p. ASn-a-cm-P-hw-isØ XpS¿∂v, Jn¬Pn, Xp•°v,

sskZv, temZn XpS-ßnb cmP-hw-i-ßƒ H∂n-\p-]n-dsI H∂mbn, Zn√n-

bnse knwlm-k\w Ae-¶-cn®p. HSp-hn¬ 1526¬ _m_¿ Zn√n knwlm-

k\Ønse HSp-hn-esØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb C{_mlnw temZnsb

tXm¬∏n®v apKƒ km{amPyw ÿm]n®p. hSs° C¥y-bnse Ht´sd

lnμp-cm-{„-ßfpw sXs° C¥y-bnse Xs∂ Nne lnμp cmPy-ßfpw

C°m-e-Øn-\n-Sbv°v Zn√n-bnse ap…ow-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn\v hg-ßn-

s°m≠v k¬Xv\-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn®p Ign-™n-cp∂p.

C¥y-bn-em-Zy-ambn Akw-Xr-]vX-cmb {]mtZ-inI tk\m-\m-b-I-

∑m-scbpw \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°-sfbpw ASn-®-a¿Øm-\m-h-iy-amb ÿncw

ssk\y-k-÷o-I-c-W-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb kpi-‡-amb Hcp a[y-Im-e-`-

c-W-IqSw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn F∂-XmWv Zn√n k¬Xv\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-

]-c-amb Hcp khn-ti-jX. Zn√n kp¬Øm-∑m-sc√mw [\-k-ar-≤n°pw

kpJ-t`m-K-ßƒ°pw t]cp-tI-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS hnim-

e-ß-fmb A¥x-]p-c-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n sh∏m-́ n-am-scbpw ASn-a-∏-S-sbbpw

kq£n-®n-cp∂p. \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-kz-`m-h-Øn-ep≈ k¬Xv\-Ønse `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Dsse-a-Iƒ (ap…ow ]fin-X-∑m¿) Znhy-amb A\p-

aXn \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kz¥w {]P-I-fpsS ta¬ A\n-tj-[y-

amb A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. G‰hpw Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿

ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw Icw ]ncn-hn-s‚bpw Npa-Xe hln® hko¿am-cm-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 63

bn-cp∂p. k¬Xv\-Øns‚ Iogn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ apgp-h\pw ap…ow

Kh¿W¿am-cpsS A[o-\-Øn-ep≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏´p.

ap…ow B{I-a-W-Im-cn -Iƒ Hcp ]pXnb aX-ho-£-Whpw

sIm≠mWv h∂Xv. ]pXnb D¬∏m-Z-\-co-Xn-I-sfm∂pw sIm≠p-h-∂n-

cp-∂n√. C¥y-bnse \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ ASn-Ød am‰m≥ Ah¿°v

Ign-™n√. F¶nepw Ah¿ \mSp-hm-gnØ coXn-bn-ep≈ DS-am-h-Im-i-

Øns‚ Nne ]pXp-cq-]-ßƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ Hcp

]pXnb ^yqU¬km-{amPyw sIm≠p \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb Hcp

tI{μ-`-cW kwhn-[m\w kr„n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C¥y-bnse C…mw

]t£, Cu Ime-am-hp-tºm-tg°pw C¥y-bnse ap…ow cmPm-°-

∑m-cmcpw ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sa√mw C…m-ans‚ BZy-Im-esØ kz`m-

h-hn-ti-j-ßƒ ]eXpw ssIsh-Sn™p Ign-™n-cp∂p. ]pd-ta°v

Ah¿ C…m-ans‚ G‰hpw \√ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn kzbw {]Jym-]n-

°p-Ibpw C…m-an-Im-\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfmSpw {]m¿Y-\-I-tfmSpw BZ-chv

{]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsS aX-Øn\v apl-ΩZv

\_ntbm At±-l-Øns‚ ASpØ A\p-bm-bn-Itfm {]N-cn-∏n® BZy-

Im-e-ap…ow aX-hp-ambn henb _‘-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. aX-]-

fin-X-∑m-cmb Jeo-^-am-cpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn≥ Iogn¬Øs∂ Jp¿

B\nse BZy-Im-tem-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS ta¬ Nne ]pXnb Bi-b-ßƒ

]‰n-°qSn Ign-™n-cp∂p. C…mw aX-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn D¤-

hn® ]pXnb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ kpi-‡-amb Hcp ^yqU¬ `c-W-Iq-

S-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßsf t\cn-S-Ø-°-hn[w ]pXnb aX-kn-≤m-¥-ß-

fm-hn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw ]gb hnizm-k-ßsf kam-l-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sIm≠v Hcp ]pXnb B[n-Im-cn-I-\n-b-a-hy-hÿ ÿm]n-t°-

≠-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂v apl-Ω-Zns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ a\- n-em°n. Zn√n

k¬Xv\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn-s\-{Xtbm apºp-Xs∂ Ah¿ Xß-

fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ t]gvky≥ {]`p-°-fpsS C…m-an-I-a-√mØ ]e

Bi-b-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≠p-I-gn-™n-cp∂p. ""k¬Xv\Øv C…m-ans‚

{]kn-≤-ß-fmb ]e \nb-a-ßfpw ewLn®p'' F∂v sI.Fw. Ajvd^v

Fgp-Xp∂p. ""DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, cmPm-hns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa∂

XXzw, ]mc-º-cy-ambn In´p∂ kzØp-°-fpsS Hml-cn-Iƒ C∂n-∂-

h¿s°∂v \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xpw Ah ̀ mKn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]men-t°≠ XXz-

ßƒ Gh-sb-√m-sa∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-i-\n-

baw, A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bXpw (lem¬) A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√m-ØXpw


(ldmw) XΩn¬ hy‡-ambn th¿Xn-cn -®-dn -b-W-sa∂ XXzw ˛

CsXms° ewLn-°-s∏-́ -hbv°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv. A°m-esØ anSp-

°-\mb Hcp cmPy-X-{¥-⁄≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse k¬Xv\Øv

C…m-an-s‚-Xn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb kz¥w \nb-a-ßƒ

cq]-h¬°-cn®p. k¬Xv\-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßsf H‰-hm-°n¬ Cßs\

kw{K-ln-®p-]-dbmw: kp¬Øms‚ lnXw. Jpdm-\n¬ hnh-cn-°-s∏´

cm{„o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf F{X \oń-h-en®p hymJym-\n-®mepw \·hpw ]c-

ky-hp-amb Cu GIm-[n-]-Xy-hp-ambn Ahsb CW-°n-t®¿°m-\m-

hn√.''3

C…m-ans‚ kzm[o\w

tÃ‰ns‚ Imcy-ß-fn¬ am{X-a√ aX-cw-KØpw XXz-Nn-¥-bn-ep-

sa√mw C¥y-bnse C…mw-aXw AXns‚ {]mcw-`-cq-]-Øn¬ \n∂pw

D≈-S-°-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. A\m-Uw-_-cX, efn-X-

Po-hnXw, tKm{X-P-\m-[n-]Xyw, kmaq-ly-\oXn F∂n-ßs\ C…m-ans‚

{]mcw` LS-I-ß-fpsS Nne Awi-ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-∂p-sh-∂Xv

icn-Xs∂. P\-ß-fn¬ hen-sbm-cp-`m-KsØ sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-hcpw

Xo≠n-°q-Sm-Ø-h-cp-ambn IW-°m-°p∂ PmXn-t`-Z-ßƒ aqew Xmdp-

am-dmb Hcp cmPyØv Ch Xo¿®-bmbpw BI¿j-I-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.

]e lnμp-°fpw kza-\- mse C…mw-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂-Xn\p Imc-

W-an-XmWv.

C¥y-bn¬ C…mw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-´p-h∂ BZy-Im-eØv PmXn-hy-

hÿ, hn{K-lm-cm-[\ XpS-ßnb A\m-im-ky-ß-fmb lnμp-a-X-hn-izm-

k-ß-sfbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-sfbpw ap…o-ßƒ `b-tØmSpw Ad-

t∏mSpw IqSn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ho£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Bg-Øn¬ thcq-

∂n-°-gn-™n-cp∂ CØcw Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-sfbpw hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw

]ngp-sX-dn-bpI Akm-[y-am-bn-cp∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, C¥y-bn¬ \ne-

hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kmaq-ly-]-cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ ]pXnb aX-Øns‚

tKm{X-P-\m-[n-]-Xytam kmtlm-Z-cytam ka-Xztam XpS¿∂p \ne-

\n¿Øm\pw hf¿Øm\pw ]‰nb Xc-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. am{X-

a√, ssS‰kv ]d-™-Xp-t]mse, ""Hcp hntZ-i-cm-Py-Øp-\n∂p

sIm≠p-h∂ ssk\n-I-i-‡n-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®p sIm≠v C{Xbpw henb

Hcp cmPyØv C{Xbpw hen-sbmcp P\-i-‡n-bpsS ta¬ \oXn ]cn-

3. K.M. Ashraf: Life and Conditions of the People of Hindustan.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 65

]m-e\w \S-Ømt\m ]c-am-[n-Im-c-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ `bw kr„n®v Ah-

sc-s°m≠p C…mw-aXw kzoI-cn-∏n-°mt\m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.''4

AXp-sIm≠v C¥y-bnse kml-N-cy-ßƒ°v hg-ßn-s°m≠v

lnμp-a-X-sØbpw C…mw-a-X-sØbpw Ah-bpsS hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb

aX-hn-izm-k-ß-tfmSpw kmaqly˛cm{„ob {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfmSpw IqSn

kl-h¿ØnXz at\m-`m-h-tØmsS \ne-\n¬°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv

\√Xv F∂v ap…ow `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ a\- n-em°n. Ah¿ ChnsS

h∂Xv kmaq-lyhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°v th≠n-bm-bn-

cp-∂n√; emfn-Xytam P\m-[n-]-Xytam \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

kz¥w ̂ yqU¬ Xm¬∏-cy-ß-sfbpw Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw \ne-\n¿Øn

]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°-Ø° Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Imcw ÿm]n-°m≥ th≠n-bm-

W-h¿ h∂Xv. F∂m¬, kl-h¿ØnXzw Hcp XpS°w am{X-am-bn-

cp∂p. AXv Hcp-h-iØv kwL¿j-Øn-te°pw adp-h-iØv ]c-kv]-c-

[m-cW, kln-jvWpX, kmflo-I-cWw, kmtlm-Zcyw apX-em-b-h-bn-

te°pw hgn-sX-fn®p. C…mw-aXw lnμp-°-fpsS Pohn-X-sØbpw ho£-

W-K-Xn-sbbpw i‡n-bmbn kzm[o-\n®p. Xmcm-Nμv Fgp-Xp∂p:

""C¥y-°m-cpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m hi-ß-fnepw ap…o-ß-fpsS

kzm[o\w F{X-I-≠-[n-I-ap-s≠∂p ]d-™mepw AXv AXn-i-tbm-

‡n-bm-hn√. F∂m¬, alm-cm-{„-°mcpw cP-]p-{Xcpw knJp-Im-cp-amb

cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ̀ c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw s]cp-am‰ N´-ß-fnepw BNm-

c-ß-fnepw Km¿ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ D≈-d-I-fnepw kwKoXw, hkv{X-

[m-c-W-coXn, ]mN-I-k-{º-Zmbw, hnhm-l-N-S-ßp-Iƒ, D’-hm-tLm-j-

ßƒ XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fnepw ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse A{Xbpw hy‡-

ambpw kv]„-ambpw CXv as‰m-cn-SØpw sXfn-™p-Im-Wp-∂n√. _m_-

dpsS ImeØv lnμp-°fpw ap…o-ßfpw Htc coXn-bn¬ Xs∂-bmWv

Pohn-°p-Ibpw Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Ah-cpsS

lnμp-ÿm-\n-coXn {i≤n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ _m_¿°v Ign-™n√. At±-

l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ Cu ]mc-º-cysØ {]i-kvX-amb \ne-bn¬

Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw A¤p-X-I-c-amw-hn[w kº-∂-am-bn-Øo¿°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. X¬^-e-ambn Ah-cn-hnsS hnt´-®p-t]mb ]mc-º-cy-sØ-°p-

dn®v C¥y-°n∂pw A`n-am-\-]q¿Δw kvacn-°m-sa∂ \ne-h-∂p-

tN¿∂p''.5

4. Murray T. Titus: Islam in India and Pakisthan P. 157.5. Tarachand: Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, P. 141-142.


C…m-anepw PmXn-hy-hÿ

AtX-k-abw Xs∂ C…mw-a-X-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ C¥y-bnse kml-

N-cy-ß-fp-ambn CW-ßn-s°m≠v Chn-SsØ BNm-c-ßƒ, hnizm-k-

ßƒ, BtLm-j-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ, XXz-Nn-¥m-]-

c-amb Bi-b-ßƒ apX-em-b-hsb AwKo-I-cn®p kzmb-Ø-am°n.

CXn≥ -̂e-ambn Atd-_n-b-bnse ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb C…m-an¬ \n∂p

hyXy-kvX-amb Nne ]pXnb kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-ßƒ C¥y-bnse C…m-

an\v ssIh∂p. AXv C¥y-bnse aX-]-c-amb XXz-Nn¥m kc-Wn-I-

fn-sem-∂m-bn-Øo¿∂p. PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-

]-Icw AXv C…mw-a-X-Ønepw hym]n®v AXns\ Zpjn-∏n-°m≥

XpSßn. C¥y-bnse ap…o-ßƒ ""jco^v (Db¿∂ PmXn-Iƒ),

APve^v (Xmgv∂ PmXn-Iƒ) F∂n-ßs\ c≠p hn`m-K-°m-cmbn Xcw-

Xn-cn-°-s∏´p. lnμp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ Db¿∂ PmXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ap…o-

ß-fmbn aXw amdn-b-h¿°v "jco^v'Ifm-Im-\p≈ `mKy-ap-≠mbn.

Xmgv∂ PmXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ap…o-ß-fmbn amdn-b-h-cm-Is´, APve-^p-

I-fm-bn-Øs∂ XpS¿∂p. C…mw-aXw kzoI-cn-®-h¿ Xß-fpsS aX-hn-

izmkw am‰n-sb-¶nepw Ah¿°v Xß-fpsS ]gb BNm-c-ßfpw ]mc-

º-cy-ßfpw k¿thm-]cn kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kmº-

Øn-I-\n-ebpw am‰p-I-sb-∂Xv Ffp-∏-a-√m-bn-cp∂p. Xmgv∂ PmXn-bn¬

s]´-h¿ C…mw aX-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX-tijw ]g-b-]Sn

AI‰n \n¿Ø-s∏´p. tUmŒ¿ Ajvd^v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse,

""km[m-cW°m-c-\mb ap…o-an\v aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn kaq-

l-Øn-ep≈ Xs‚ ]gb Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf ˛ PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-sSbpw

s]mXp-hmb kmaq-lym-k-a-Xz-ß-fp-sSbpw i‡n-bmb kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-

bn-cp∂ ]gb Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf ˛ am‰m≥ Ign-™n√. X∂n-anØw C¥y-

bnse C…mw-aXw sas√ sas√ lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ _mly-amb kz`m-

h-hn-ti-j-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ XpSßn. ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Ønse Xs∂

hnhn-[-h¿K-ßƒ Htc \K-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ t]mepw th¿]n-cn™v

AI∂p Pohn-°m≥ XpSßn.''6.

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-h¿K-Øn-\-IØp Xs∂ hyXykvX kmaq-ly-hn-

`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Atd-_ym-hw-i-P-cmb køn-Zp-amcpw sibvJp-

amcpw, Xp¿°n-hw-i-P-cmb apKn-f-∑m¿, A^vLm≥Im-cmb ]Tm-∑m¿

F∂n-ßs\ Cu hn`-P\w s]mXpth Ah-c-h-cpsS amXr-cm-PysØ

kqNn-∏n-®n-cp∂p.

6. K.M. Ashraf: Life and Conditions of the People of Hindustan P. 78.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 67

\mSp-hmgn {]`p-°fpw CS-{]-`p-°fpw am{X-a√, ap≈m-am¿, Dse-a-

am¿ XpSßn ap…ow-]u-tcm-lnXy hrμ-Ønse t\Xm-°fpw kønZv,

sibvJv XpS-ßnb Db¿∂ PmXn-I-fn¬ s] -́h-cm-bn-cp∂p. ap…o-ßƒ°v

Hcp tI{μo-Ir-X-amb ]≤-Xn-bn-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ aX-[¿a-ß-fpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ PmXn-hn-`-P-\-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]ptcm-ln-X-h¿Kw

Hcp {]tXy-I-Pm-Xn-b-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw. ]ptcm-ln-X-h¿K-Øns‚

Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fmb a^vXn (h°o¬), Imkn (PUvPn), apJvXm-

kn¬ (hnZym-̀ ym-k-hn-Z-Kv[≥) XpS-ßn-b-hcpw Dse-am-hn-̀ m-K-Øn¬ s] -́

h-cm-bn-cp∂p. CXn-\p-]p-dsa I¿j-I-Pm-Xn-Ifpw (Xm°q¿am¿,

Bln¿am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿) Im¿jn-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw ssIth-e-

°mcpw a‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Im¿jn-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw ssIth-e-

°mcpw Zcn-{Z-cmb Irjn-°mcpw s]mXpth "APve^v"amcm-bn-cp-∂p-

sh∂v ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m. ""ap…o-ß-fpsS c≠m-asØ hn`m-K-amb

Pqeml, tXen, ̀ ´v, tKmKn XpS-ßnb Iq´¿°n-S-bn¬ AkwJyw PmXn-

t∏-cp-Iƒ ImWm-sa∂v ssS‰kv ]d-bp∂p. ""Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw Ah-

cpsS sXmgn-ens\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, tXen-Iƒ

FÆ (tX¬) D≠m-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. ap…ow PmXn-I-fn¬ ]eXpw

]gb lnμp-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sStbm kaq-l-ß-fp-sStbm t]cp-Iƒ XpS¿∂v

\ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m∂p. PmXn-t∏-cp-Iƒ am{X-a√, Xn∂p-∂-Xnepw IpSn-

°p-∂-Xnepw hnhmlw Ign-°p-∂-Xnepw a‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]gb PmXn-

t_m-[-ßfpw XpS¿∂p-t]m∂p. C…mw-a-X-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ°v

Xosc FXn-cmb \ne-bn¬ aZy-hn¬∏\ \S-Øp∂ Iem¬ F∂p

t]cp≈ Hcp PmXnbpw hSs° C¥y-bn-ep≠v. aZy-hym-]mcw C…m-an-

I-X-Xz-ßƒ°v XnI®pw FXn-cmWv. F∂n´pw, Cu PmXn-bn¬s]´

]ecpw s]mXp-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ {]ap-J-cm-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p≠v.''7.

PmXnbpw h¿Khpw

C¥y-bnse ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ BZy-

Im-eØv lnμp-°-fp-sS-bn-S-bn-se-∂-t]mse A{X I¿i-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

kmº-Øn-I-\n-e-bnse am‰-ßƒ henb _p≤n-ap-s´m∂pw IqSmsX

PmXn amdm≥ Ahsc klm-bn-®n-cp∂p. CXv kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ]gb

sNm√p≠v: ""Ign™ sIm√w Rms\mcp Pqeml (s\bvØp-Im-

c≥)bmbn-cp∂p. Cs°m√w Rm≥ sibvJv BWv. ASp-Ø-sIm√w

hnf-sb-Sp∏v \∂m-sb-¶n¬ Rms\mcp køn-Zm-bn-cn°pw''.

7. Murray T. Titus: Islam in India and Pakistan, p. 177


F∂m¬, ê-Øn¬ Hcp a¿Zn-X-sXm-gn-em-fn°v Hcp \mSp-hm-gn-{]-

`p-hns‚ ÿm\hpw ]Z-hnbpw ssIh-cn-°pI Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

s\bvØp-Im¿, sh≈w-tIm-cn-Iƒ, FÆ-hn¬∏-\-°m¿, hnd-Ip-sh-́ n-Iƒ,

hb¬]-Wn-°m¿ XpS-ßnb A[zm-\n-°p∂ ap…ow-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ

XmW PmXn-°m-cm-bn-Ø-s∂-bmWv IW-°m-°-s∏-´Xv. lnμp kap-Zm-

b-Øn¬ AtX-X-e-Øn¬s]-´-h-cn¬ \n∂pw Ah-cpsS \ne H´pw

hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂n√. C…m-anse Bflo-b-t\-Xm-°-fm-Is´, \mSp-

hm-gn-h¿K-ß-fp-ambn Iq´p-Iq-Sn-s°m≠v PmXn-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ kml-

N-cy-ßƒ°v ]n¥pW \¬Ip-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. lnμp-]p-tcm-ln-X-

∑m-sc-t∏mse Xs∂ ap…ow ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw kap-Zm-b-Ønse h¿K-

hn-`-P-\-ßfpw PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßfpw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {ian®p. \ne-hn-

ep≈ kmaq-ly-{Iaw A√mlp hn[n-®-Xm-sW∂pw AXp \ne-\n¿tØ-

≠-Xm-sW∂pw sXfn-bn-°m≥ apKƒ`-c-W-Im-esØ {]ikvX hy‡n-

I-fmb knbm-hp-±o≥ _m¿\n, apl-ΩZv _mJo¿Jm≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿

{ian-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. _mJo¿Jm≥ 1612¬ Xs‚ {]kn-≤-amb "Kh-

s◊‚n-\p≈ Xm°o-Xp-I-fn¬ C{]-Imcw FgpXn: ""`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

Zpjn® kz`m-h-ß-tfmSp IqSnb A\¿l-cmb Bfp-Isf ]cn-ip-≤-

amb ]mc-º-cyhpw hnth-I-hp-ap≈ Bfp-I-fpsS ka-∑m-cmbn IW-

°m-°-cpXv. auen-Im-Nm-c-ß-fnepw ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏nepw

]Z-hn-bnepw ÿm\-{Iaw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Imcyw ]cn-K-Wn-°Ww. h¿K-

ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-Ibpw Xmgv∂ h¿K-

°m¿ a[y-h¿K-°m-cpsS AtX \ne-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p-sh∂v t`mjv°v

]d-bp-Ibpw a[y-h¿K-Øn¬s]-´-h¿ D∂-X-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cpsS

\ne-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂p hoºn-f-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬, `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS A¥ v \„-s∏Spw, cmP-]-Z-hn-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-Iƒ

]q¿W-ambn XI¿∂p Xcn-∏-W-amhpw.''8

kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fn¬ PmXn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

{]m¿Y-\-bp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\-bp-sSbpw L´-Øn¬, PmXn-h¿K hyXym-

k-ßƒ hnkva-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p F∂ hkvXpX ckm-h-l-amWv. ]≈n-

bpsS \mep Npa-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ am{X-amWv ap…ow kmtlm-Z-cy-sa∂

BZ¿iw \ne-\n¿Ø-s∏´p t]m∂Xv. Zcn-{Zcpw ]W-°mcpw ASp-Ø-

Sp-Øn-cp∂p ap´p-IpØn {]m¿Y-\-Iƒ \SØpw; ]≈n-bpsS ]pd-Øp-

I-S-∂m¬ Ah¿ ho≠pw APve-^vIfpw jco-^p-I-fp-amhpw!

c≠p hyXy-kvX-a-X-ß-fn¬ s]´ lnμp-°ƒ°pw ap…o-ßƒ°pw

Ah-cp-tS-Xmb hyXy-kvX-h-i-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xp icn-bmWv.

8. Wm. Theodore de Bary (Ed.) Sources of Indian Tradition. P.P.517- 18.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 69

Xmcm-Nμv Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m-́ n-b-t]mse ""hn`m-Ko-b-t_m[w hf-cp-Ibpw

{]mtZ-in-I-amb LSIw c≠nepw ap∂n´p \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-

\m¬ c≠p P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw XΩn¬ CWßn ]c-kv]cw IqSn-t®¿∂p

ebn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√.''9 Cu A¿Y-Øn¬ Xmgv∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏´

lnμp Xmgv∂ PmXn-bn¬ s]´ APve-^n¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-\m-bn-cp-

∂n√. F∂m¬, Nne B[p-\nI {KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-

t]mse, Ah¿ hyXy-kvX-tZ-iob P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah¿

XΩn¬ h¿W-]-ctam hwio-btam Bb bmsXmcp hyXym-k-hp-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n√. c≠p aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw s]´ I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw

Iqen-th-e-°mcpw a‰pw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Htc h¿K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-

cp∂p ˛ lnμp-{]-`p-°fpw ap…ow {]`p-°fpw Htc h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-

cm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse.

ap…ow \mSp-hm-gnØw

P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ Xß-fpsS kz¥w kzm[o-\-i‡n h¿[n-

∏n-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv ]pXnb ap…ow `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ lnμp-°sf

C…mw-a-X-Øn-te°p ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®Xv. Ah¿

Nne ap…o-ßƒ°p Nne {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn®p. ssk\y-

Ønepw `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-ep-ap≈ apJy-amb DtZym-K-ß-sf√mw Bcw-`-

L-´-Øn¬ ap…o-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. ap…ow {]`p-

°ƒ°v bp≤-am-S-ºn-am¿, ̀ c-W-hn-Z-Kv[-∑m¿, D]-tZ-i-I-∑m¿ F∂o \ne-

I-fn¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬ {]ap-J-amb Hcp ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\

ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Ønse D∂-X-X-e-Øn¬s∏´ Hcp sIm®p-\yq-\-]£w

i‡n-bp-sSbpw sFiz-cy-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\-ß-fn-te-°p-b¿∂p.

CXns‚ A¿Yw lnμp-a-X-Øn¬s∏´ \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ \njvIm-kn-

X-cmbn F∂√. ap…ow {]`p-°-fpsS H∏w-Xs∂ lnμp-ao-μm¿amcpw

hf¿∂p. P\-ßsf Iosgm-Xp°n \n¿Øp-∂-Xnepw I¿j-Isc

NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xnepw ap…ow ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw lnμp-

°ƒ°n-S-bnse kº∂ hn`m-K-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn®p {]h¿Øn®p.

henb {]m[m-\y-an-√mØ ]e `c-W-X-kvXn-I-Ifpw lnμp-{]-am-Wn-

Iƒ°p \¬I-s∏´p. F¶nepw ap…ow {]`p-°ƒ°v s]mXp-hn¬ lnμp-

\mSphmgn {]`p-°sf At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ am\y-amb ÿm\-ap-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. Ah¿°v kp¬Xv\-Øn¬ \n∂v AJvX F∂ t]cn¬ kz¥-

ambn Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-∂-ßƒ hkq-em-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw e`n®p.

AJvX ̀ qan-I-fpsS ssIh-i-°m¿°v lnμp-P-ao-μm¿am-tc-°mƒ Db¿∂9. Tarachand quoted by H. Kabir: Abul Kalam Azad, P. 238.


]Z-hn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Bh-iy-amb L´-ß-fn¬ ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-Isf

klm-bn-°m≥ Hcp ÿncw tk\sb sh®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°m≥ _m[y-

X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv CXn\p ImcWw. ssk\y-Øns‚ i‡n

AJvX-Zm-dns‚ ssk\n-I-]-Z-hnsb B{i-bn-®mWv \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv.

AJvX-Zm¿ Xs‚ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw ]´m-f-°msc Xm¬°m-

en-I-ambn \nb-an-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p.

BZyw `qan-Iƒ GXm\pw sIm√-ßƒ am{Xw ssIhiw sh°m-

\mWv A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-́ n-cp-∂Xv. Nne-t∏mƒ Bbp-jv°m-e-tØ°p apgp-

h-\mbn `qan A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬,

Ime-{I-taW ̀ qan-bpsS ssIh-im-h-Imiw ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-tg°pw AJvXm-`qan ssIh-i-°m¿ kap-

Zm-b-Øn¬ Hcp henb i‡n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. k¬Xv\Øv tÃ‰n-t\mSv

Iqdp≈ {]ap-J-cmb aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿°pw ̀ qan-Iƒ \¬In. Ahcpw

i‡-cmb \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. CXn-\p-]p-dsa hJ^v

F∂ t]cn-ep≈ aX-]-c-amb `qZm-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. hJ-^n¬

\n∂p≈ hcp-am\w ]≈n-Ifpw a{Z-k-Ifpw (kvIqfp-Iƒ) \S-Øp-∂-

Xn\pw Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\pw th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

Aßs\ k¬Xv\-Øns‚ Iogn¬ KWy-amb `q`m-K-ßfpw a‰p kº-

Øp-Ifpw ap…ow \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°-fp-sSbpw aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw

ssk\nI t\Xm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw ssII-fn-te°v \oßn.

kp¬Øm≥ ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmb ssk\nI Iam-≠¿ am{X-am-bn-

cp-∂n√. At±lw kzbw Hcp \mSp-hmgn {]`p IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Jmkv

AYhm Jmen-km-`q-an-Iƒ (cmP-Iob `qan-Iƒ) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

[mcmfw `qkz-Øp-°ƒ At±-l-Øns‚ kz¥w DS-am-h-Im-i-Øn-em-

bn-cp∂p.

cmPm-hn-s‚bpw kzImcy \mSp-hm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw kzIm-cy-̀ q-an-Iƒ°v

]pdsa kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ s]mXp-kz-Ømb `qan-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

{]mtZ-inI {Kma-`-c-W-Iq-S-Ønse lnμp-°-fmb {]am-Wn-I-sfbpw

IW-s°-gp-Øp-Im-scbpw ]pXnb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ A∏msS \ne-

\n¿Øn; `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ LS-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßfpw Ahn-cm-a-ambn

XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ shń-∏n-Sn-°¬ bp≤-ßfpw Cu ]gb k{º-Zm-

b-Øn¬ ]d-b-Ø° am‰-ß-sfm∂pw hcp-Øn-bn√.

P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-coXn Gsd-°psd ]gb ań¬ Xs∂ XpS¿∂p-

t]m∂p. F¶nepw B{I-a-W-Im-cn-I-fpsS ssII-fn¬ ]gb {Kma-`-c-

W-hy-hÿ I¿j-Isc NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp-]-I-c-W-ambn

amdn. \nIp-Xn-b-S-bv°¬ {Kma-Øns‚ Iq´mb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 71

F∂m¬, t\ctØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, \mSp-hm-gnØw {Kma-`-

cW hyh-ÿ-bv°p-≈n¬ kmaqly˛kmº-Øn-Im-k-a-Xz-ßƒ°p hf-

an-Sp-Ibpw Ahbv°v ]cn-]m-h-\X I¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\

Db¿∂-hcpw Xmgv∂-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-

cp∂p. {Kma-L-S\ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ kaq-l-Ønse kº-∂-cmb

Db¿∂ hn`m-K-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-Øo¿∂p. I¿j-I-P-\X

IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ Zcn-{Z-cm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kp¬Øm≥ hmgvN-bnse A¥x-On-{Z-ßƒ

k¬Xv\-Øns‚ {][m\ hcp-am-\-am¿K-ßƒ `q\n-IpXn, Jmkv`q-

an-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w, AJvXm-`q-an-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ D¬∏m-Z-\-

Øns‚ Hcp ]¶v, bp≤-ß-fn¬ i{Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p∂

hkvXp-°ƒ, `h-\-\n-IpXn, Pe-\n-IpXn XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p.

kp¬Øm-∑m¿ Ahn-izm-kn-I-fp-sS-ta¬ Hcp {]tXy-I-\n-IpXn

(Pknb)bpw NpaØn. CXv Bcw-`-Øn¬ Aap-…n-ß-fpsS ta¬ ""Ah-

cpsS Poh\pw kzØpw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-Øn¬

\n∂v Ahsc Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n'' Npa-Ø-s∏´ Hcp {]tXy-I-

\n-Ip-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, Ime-{I-taW AXv F√m lnμp-°-fpsS

taepw Npa-Ø-s∏´ Hcp aX-\n-Ip-Xn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cu \nIp-Xn-I-

fpsS `mcw t]td-≠n-h-∂Xv A[zm-\n-°p∂ ]mh-s∏´ I¿j-I-cm-bn-

cp∂p F∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m. CXv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ah¿°n-S-

bn¬ Iem-]-Øns‚ Hcp Xos∏m-cn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ temUn-hw-i-Øns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv Ht´sd {Kmao-

W¿ \nIpXn ]ncn-°m≥ \nbp-‡-cmb A^vLm≥Im¿s°-Xn-cmbn

el-fbv°p apXn¿∂-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v ÿnXn hj-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

F∂m¬, Cu Iem-]-ßƒ {Iqc-ambn ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-

bXv.

\mSp-hmgn {]`p-°ƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠mb InS-a-’-c-ßfpw kwL¿j-

ßfpw, sNdp-In-S-°m-cmb `q{]-`p-°-fpsS Iem-]-ßƒ, I¿j-I¿°n-S-

bn¬ h¿[n-®p-h∂ Akw-Xr]vXn apX-em-b-h-sb√mw IqSn-t®¿∂v Ah-

km\w k¬Xv\-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-i-‡nsb hf-sc-b-[nIw Zp¿_-e-

am-°n-Øo¿Øp. _wKmƒ Z¬ln-bn¬ \n∂v kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-]n®p.

GXm≠v ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ jwkp-±o≥ Cen-bmkv

jm _wKmƒ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ \nb-{¥Ww ssIb-S°n. AXn-t\-

Øp-S¿∂v a‰v B{in-Xcpw k¬Xv\-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ Iqdv Dt]-£n®v kzX-

{¥-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ hSs°


C¥y-bn¬, _wKmƒ, tPm¨]q¿, amƒh, _nlm¿, Imivao¿, kn‘v,

apƒØm≥, KpP-dmØv F∂n-ßs\ Ht´sd sIm®p-\m-Sp-hm-gnØ `c-

W-Iq-S-ßƒ DS-se-SpØp. Z¬ln k¬Xv\-Øns‚ \mim-h-in-„-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂p-h∂ sU°m-Wnse _m“-\n-cmPyw hn]p-ehpw

i‡-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, _m“\n kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS AXn¿I-

hn-™Xpw Xmt¥m-∂n-Ø-]-c-hp-amb \b-ßfpw sIm´m-c-Ønse D]-

Pm-]-ßfpw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ Akw-Xr-]vXnbpw IqSn ]Xn-\©mw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ AXns‚ XI¿®bv°v hgn-sX-fn®p.

{_m“-\n-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ Aßp-an-ßp-ap≈ Ah-in-„-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

t_dm¿, Al-Ω-Zv\-K¿, _oPm-]q¿, tKm¬s°m≠, _nlm¿ F∂o

kzX-{¥-cm-Py-ßƒ DS-se-SpØp. hnhn[ kp¬Øm-∑m¿°n-S-bn-ep-

≠mb `n∂n-∏p-Ifpw hg-°p-Ifpw hnP-b-\-Kc km{am-Py-Øns‚

hf¿®bv°v hgn-sX-fn®p. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bnse G‰hpw

i‡-amb km{am-Py-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. kp{]-kn-≤-amb hnP-b-\-K-c-am-

bn-cp∂p Xe-ÿm\w. 1420¬ hnP-b-\-Kcw kμ¿in® C‰m-en-b≥

k©mcn \n°tfm tIm¥n Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-SpØn: ""Cu \K-c-Øn¬

Bbp[w [cn-°m≥ ]‰nb sXmÆq-dm-bncw Bfp-I-fp-s≠∂v IW-

°m-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah-cpsS cmPmhv C¥y-bnse a‰v F√m cmPm-°-∑m-

sc-°mfpw {]_-e-\mWv.''10 F∂m¬, Hcp \q‰m-≠n-\Iw Cu km{am-

Pyhpw \mi-Øns‚ h°-sØØn. _nPm-]q¿, Al-Ω-Zv\-K¿, _nZm¿,

tKm¬s°m≠ F∂n-h-bpsS kwbp-‡m-{I-a-WsØ t\cn-Sm≥ hnP-

b-\-K-c-Øns‚ ssk\y-ßƒ°p km[n-®n√. 1565se ]cm-P-b-sØ-Øp-

S¿∂v hnP-b-\-K-c-km-{amPyw AXn-thKw On∂-`n-∂-ambn. AXns‚

Ah-in-„-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sXt° C¥y-bn¬ Ht´sd kzX-{¥-cm-Py-ßƒ

Db¿∂p-h∂p.

apKƒ -̀c-W-Øns‚ XpS°w

CXn-\n-S-bn¬ Xnaq-dns‚ Hcp ]n≥Km-anbpw Im_q-fnse `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-bp-amb _m_¿ at[y-jy-bn¬sh®v kwL-Sn-∏n® ssk\y-hp-

ambn h∂v hSs° C¥ysb B{I-an®p. At±-l-Øn\v Z¬ln-bnse

Ah-km-\sØ kp¬Øm-\mb C{_mlnw temZn-bp-sSbpw, tahm-dnse

dmWm kw{Kmw-kn-ßn-s‚bpw [oc-amb {]Xn-tcm[w t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂p.

F∂m¬, 1526se Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb ]m\n-∏Øv bp≤-Øn¬ _m_¿

C{_mlnw temZnsb tXm¬∏n®v Z¬ln ]nSn-®-S°n apKƒhwiw

10. Quoted by Robert Swell: A Forgotten Empire, pp.80, 82.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 73

ÿm]n®p. At±lw Xs‚ kzm[o\w hSs° C¥y-bpsS `qcn-`m-K-

tØ°pw AXn-thKw hym]n-∏n®p. sIm®p-cm-Py-ßsf _ew-sIm≠pw

X{¥w sIm≠pw ASn-a-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v At±lw hn]p-e-amb Hcp

km{am-Py-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn´p. Cß-s\-bmWv C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Ønse

G‰hpw i‡n-aØpw G‰hpw hep-Xp-amb \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-km-{amPyw

ÿm]n-°-s∏-´Xv. c≠pw \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw \o≠p-\n∂ Cu apKƒkm-

{amPyw C¥y-bpsS kwkvIm-c-Ønepw \mK-cn-I-X-bnepw ambv°m-\m-

hmØ ap{Z ]Xn-∏n®p.

apKƒkm-{amPyw bi- ns‚ ]mc-ay-Øn-se-Øn-bXv _m_-dns‚

]u{X-\mb AIv_-dpsS (1556˛1605) ̀ c-W-Im-e-ØmWv. AIv_¿ Xs‚

km{am-PysØ tI{μo-Ir-X-amb Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-Øn≥Io-gn¬ sIm≠p-

h-cn-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw a’-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ sIm®p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS

kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v A¥yw Ipdn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw Xs‚

km{am-PysØ Ht´sd kwÿm-\-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw Ah `cn-

°m≥ Xs‚ t\cn-´p≈ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ sshkvtdm-bn-amsc \nb-an-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnμp-°-fp-am-bp≈ AIv_-dpsS _‘-ßƒ

kulm¿Z-]-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-tcm-Sp≈ kua-\-ky-Øns‚ kqN-

\-bmbn At±lw Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-Iƒ lnμp-°-fpsS ta¬ Npa-Øn-bn-

cp∂ Pknb F∂ \nIpXn FSp-Øp-I-f™p. `c-W-Iq-S-Ønepw

ssk\y-Ønepw Db¿∂ ÿm\-ß-fn¬ At±lw lnμp-\m-Sp-hmgn {]`p-

°sf \nb-an®p. Xs‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ ap…ow ]pWy-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-

sSbpw ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw H∏w lnμp ]fin-X-∑mcpw ÿm\-a-e-¶-

cn-®n-cp∂p. lnμp-°-fp-am-bp≈ Xs‚ _‘w cP-]p-{X-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

I-fp-am-bp≈ hnhm-l-_‘w hgn At±lw Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n®p. AIv_-

dn\p Xs∂ Hcp cP-]p-{X-`m-cy-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

ssZh-Øns‚ \ng¬

aX-{`m-¥-∑m-cmb Dse-am-°-fpsS lnμp-hn-tcm-[-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ kpi-‡hpw tI{μo-Ir-X-hp-amb Hcp km{amPyw sIń-∏-Sp-

°pI km[y-a-s√∂v N{I-h¿Øn-°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. Dse-am-°ƒ k¶p-

Nn-X-a-\-kv°cpw bp‡y-\p-kr-X-a-√msX {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hcpw am{X-

a√, Zpcm-{K-ln-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-Zp¿tam-ln-Ifpw Agn-a-Xn-°mcpw ]c-

kv]-cm-kq-bbv°pw sIm´m-c-Ønse D]-Pm-]-ßƒ°pw Acp \n¬°p-

∂-hcpw Bbn-Øo¿∂p Ign-™n-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS i‡n XS-bm-\mbn

AIv_¿ aX-Im-cy-Øn¬ DZm-c-ho-£-W-ap≈ ap…o-ß-fp-sSbpw lnμp-

°-fp-sSbpw ]n¥p-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn Xs‚ `c-W-Iq-SsØ aX-\n-c-t]-


£hpw P\-Io-b-hp-amb ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian®p.

Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ At±-lsØ kzm[o-\n-®Xpw At±-l-Øn\v

t{]m’m-l\w \¬In-bXpw A_p¬ ^kepw ^k-ens‚ ktlm-Z-

c≥ ss^kn-bp-amWv. ss^kn At±-lsØ {]iw-k-tbmsS hnh-£n-

®n-´p-≈Xv ""ssZh-Øns‚ \ng¬'' F∂mWv. Abn\o AIv_-dn¬

A_p¬ ^k¬ C{]-Imcw FgpXn:

""cmPmhv aX-]-c-amb F√m A`n-{]mb `n∂-X-Iƒ°pw D]-cn-bm-

bn-cn-°Ww. X\n°v Hmtcm h¿K-tØmSpw Hmtcm kmaq-ly-hn-̀ m-K-tØm-

Sp-ap≈ Npa-Xe \n¿h-ln-°p∂ am¿K-Øn¬ aX-]-c-amb ]cn-K-W-\-

Iƒ XS- -am-hmsX t\mt°-≠-XmWv. At±-l-Øns‚ hn]p-e-amb

kwc-£-W-Øn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kam-[m-\hpw B\-μhpw Is≠-

ØWw. Aßs\ ssZh-Øns‚ \ng¬ \¬Ip∂ KpW-ßƒ k\m-X-

\-am-bn-cn-°s´.''

AIv_¿ Xs∂ t]¿ky-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ jm

A∫m-kn\v Fgp-Xnb IØp-I-fn-sem-∂n¬ Cßs\ ImWp∂p:

""hnhn[ aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ ssZhw \sΩ G¬∏n® Znhy-\n-[n-I-

fmWv. \mw Aßs\ Xs∂ Ahsb kvt\ln-°Ww. Hmtcm aXhpw

ssZh-Øns‚ A\p-{Klw e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v \mw Dd®p hniz-kn-

°Ww. k\m-X\ kulr-Z-Øns‚ lcn-Xm-`-amb ]q¶m-h-\-Ønse

B\μw A\p-̀ -hn-°m-\m-bn-cn-°Ww \ΩpsS Bflm¿Y-amb ]cn-{iaw.

F√m a\p-jy-cpsS taepw Hcp t]mse Xs‚ A\p-{K-l-ßƒ h¿jn-

°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ \ng-ep-I-fmb cmPm-°-∑m¿ Cu XXzw Hcn-°epw

Dt]-£n-°-cpXv.''

Dse-am-°-fpsS A‘-hn-izm-k-P-Un-e-amb bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-XzsØ

XS-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn AIv_¿ C…mw, lnμp-aXw, {InkvXp-aXw apX-emb

aX-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p. kln-jvWpX,

kmtlm-Zcyw, hnizm-k-kzm-X{¥yw F∂nh At±-l-Øns‚ {]Jym-

]nX \b-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. kq^n-am¿, ]fin-X-∑m¿, hnhn[ aX-ß-fnse

Nn¥-I-∑m¿ F∂n-hsc At±lw ^tØ-lv]q¿ kn{In-bn-ep≈ Xs‚

{]m¿Y-\m-a-μn-c-Øn-te°v £Wn-°p-Ibpw Zm¿i-\n-I-N¿®-Iƒ kwL-

Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Dse-am-°ƒ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ shdp∏v

{]I-Sn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Xm\mWv ""Camw BZn¬'' (ap…o-ß-fpsS

aX-Ø-e-h≥) F∂p {]Jym-]n®p. Zn≥ Cemln F∂ Hcp ]pXnb

aXw ÿm]n-°m≥ IqSn At±lw {ian®p. F∂m¬, bmYm-ÿn-XnI

ap…o-ß-fpsS Dd® FXn¿∏p-Iƒ ImcWw AXn¬ At±lw hnP-bn-

°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 75

inYn-eo-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bcw`w

AIv_¿ 1605¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ]p{X≥ kenw temI-

Øns‚ t\Xmhv F∂¿Y-ap≈ Plmw-Ko¿ F∂ t]¿ kzoI-cn-®p-

sIm≠v knwlm-k-\m-tcm-lWw sNbvXp. aZy-]m-\-Øn\pw a‰p kpJ-

t`m-K-ßƒ°pw ASn-a-s∏´ Zp¿_-e-\mb Hcp ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p

At±lw. 1627¬ At±lw acn-®-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ aI≥ jmP-

lm≥ k{am-´mbn (1627˛1658). Plmw-Ko-dn-s\-t∏mse jmP-lm\pw

apKƒkm-{am-PysØ sXt°m-t´°v hym]n-∏n-°m≥ CS-hn-SmsX {iaw

\S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.

F∂m¬, Cu ka-b-am-b-t∏m-tg°v apKƒ`-c-W-Øns‚ inYn-eo-

I-c-W-Øns‚ BZysØ e£-W-ßƒ {]Xy-£-s∏´p XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p.

\njvI-cp-W-amb NqjWw I¿j-Isc ]m∏-cm-°n-Øo¿Øp. £mahpw

]I¿®-hym-[n-Ifpw sU°m¨, KpP-dmØv XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ßsf

he-®p-I-f™p. apKƒkm-{am-Py-sØ-∏‰n P\-ßƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂

aXn∏pw {]Xo-£bpw Ah-km-\n-°m≥ XpSßn. jmP-lms‚ ]p{X≥

Hudw-K-tk-_ns‚ Zo¿L-Im-esØ ̀ c-W-Im-eØv P\-ß-fpsS Akw-

Xr]vXn ]Xn-∑-Sßp h¿[n®p. Hudw-K-tk-_ns‚ bp‡n-lo-\-amb aX-

\-bhpw Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw AIv_-dns‚ {]_p-≤-amb aX-\n-c-t]-

£-X-bpsS BZ¿i-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p.

Iem-]-ßƒ°p If-sam-cp-°m\pw lnμp-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS FXn¿∏p-Isf

i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw am{Xta AXp klm-bn-®p≈q. inhm-Pn-bpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ alm-cm-jv{S-°m¿ apKƒta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v

tamN\w t\Sm≥ kacw XpSßn. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬

Ah¿ {]_-e-amb Hcp kzX-{¥-cm{„w sIń-∏-SpØp. cmP-ÿm≥

XpS-ßnb a‰p {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Akz-ÿ-X-I-fp-≠mbn. apKƒkm-{am-

PyXzw XI¿®-bpsS h°-sØØn.

Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ apK-f-∑m-cmWv C¥y°v BZy-ambn

GIo-Ir-Xhpw tI{μo-Ir-X-hp-amb Hcp `c-W-IqSw \¬In-bXv. {]tXy-

In®pw AIv_¿, Plmw-Ko¿, jmP-lm≥, Hudw-K-tk_v F∂n-h-cpsS

`c-W-Im-eØv C¥y-bpsS an° `mK-ßfpw Hscm‰ tI{μo-Ir-X-`-c-

W-Øn≥ Iogn-embn. hnim-e-amb apKƒkm-{am-Py-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Ht´sd

lnμp-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw ap…ow cmPm-°-∑mcpw N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS B[n-

]-Xy-aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp Xcw kzbw-`-cWw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. apKƒkm-{amPyw Zp¿_-e-am-b-t∏mƒ Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw tI{μ-


Ønse A[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn ho≠pw ho≠pw Iem-]-ßƒ \S-

Øm≥ XpSßn.

Hudw-K-tk-_n\p tijw h∂ apl-ΩZvjm, Al-ΩZvjm, Bew-

Ko¿ c≠m-a≥, jm Bew c≠m-a≥, AIv_¿ c≠m-a≥, _l-Zq¿jm

F∂n-h¿ \ma-am-{X-k-{am-´p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. km{am-Py-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-

Iƒ AXn-thKw Npcp-ßn-®p-cpßn h∂p. Iogvt°m-bva-°m-cmb cmPm-

°-∑mcpw kp¬Øm-∑mcpw am{X-a√, A{X-Xs∂ {]ap-J-c-√mØ \mSp-

hm-gn-Ifpw Kh¿W¿amcpw A[n-Im-c-Øn-\p-th≠n ISpØ t]mcm-´-

ß-fn-te¿s∏´p. Aßs\ kwL-́ -\-ß-fp-sSbpw a’-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Hcp

]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bcw`w Ipdn-°-s∏´p. Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-k-

ßfpw h¿[n-®p-h∂ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Nq-j-Whpw km{am-Py-Øns‚

kº¬L-S-\-sb-bmsI Xmdp-am-dm°n. \nIp-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw a‰p ]ncn-

hp-I-fp-sSbpw `mcw Zp -l-am-bn-cp∂p. `q\n-IpXn D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS 50

apX¬ 75 iX-am\w hsc-bm-bn-cp∂p. Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw ssIsØm-

gn-ep-Im-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-coXn A[n-I-a-[nIw A[x-]-Xn®p. k¬Xv\-

Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØv, 1468¬, djy≥ k©mcn A^-\nkn \nIn-

Xn≥ C{]-Imcw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""cmPyw P\-ß-sf-

s°m≠v \nd-™n-cn-°p∂p; F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS ÿnXn Zb-\o-b-amWv.

AtX ka-bØv {]`p-°ƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw kº-∂cpw BUw-_c

{]nb-cp-amWv''. sXt° C¥y-bnse ÿnXnbpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-

∂n√. ""sXs° C¥y-bnse Irjn-°msc {]`p-°-∑m¿ \n¿Z-b-ambn

a¿Zn-®-a¿Øp∂p''sh∂pw ""P\-ßƒ I\Ø Zmcn-{Zy-Ønepw ZpxJ-

Ønepw Ign-bp-I-bmsW''∂pw sksh¬ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.11

apKƒ`-c-W-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ IqSp-

X¬ hj-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬ apKƒ C¥y-bn¬

s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´ Ht´sd £ma-ß-sf-∏‰n tam¿em≥Uv kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂p≠v.12 kmº-Øn-I-amb Ipg-∏-ßfpw kmaq-lym-kw-Xr-]vXnbpw

hntZ-io-bm-{I-a-W-ßƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-amb A¥-co£w kr„n-®p-sIm-

SpØp. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-tØm-Sp-IqSn aKƒkm-{amPyw

ê-Øn¬ C√m-Xmbn; t]cn\p am{Xw as‰mcp \q‰m-≠p-IqSn Cg-

™p-\o-ßn-sb-¶nepw.

11. Sewell: A Forgotten Empire, pp. 280-281.12. Moreland: Akbar to Aurangazeb, pp. 204-19.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 77

apKƒ`-c-W-Øns‚ A¥yw

apKƒ`-c-W-Im-e-L´w s]mXpth C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ a[y-bp-K-

Øns‚ Ah-km-\hpw B[p-\n-I-Z-i-bpsS DZ-bhpw Ipdn-°p∂p. ]Xn-

\memw \q‰m-≠n\pw ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ C¥y-bn-sem-

´p°pw Hcp ]pXnb ssNX\yw Ae-b-Sn®p. Hmtcm cwKØpw ˛ kmº-

Øn-I-km-aqly kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-ß-fn-se√mw ˛ Hcp ]pXnb apt∂-

‰-ap-≠mbn. \mSp-hm-gnØ _‘-ßƒ _q¿jzm-_-‘-ßƒ°p hgn-amdn

sImSp-°p-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ ]te-SØpw I≠p-Xp-Sßn. C¥y-bn¬

hnhn[ ̀ mj-I-fpsS hf¿®-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]pXnb tZio-b-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ

Bhn¿`-hn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cu am‰-ßƒ Zm¿i-

\n-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnepw Ae-b-Sn®p. Ah \q‰m-≠p-I-

fmbn \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂ ab-°-Øn¬ \n∂pw kvXw`-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw

P\-ßsf Xń-bp-W¿Øn.

kzbw ]cym-]vX-amb {Kma-k-ap-Zmbw, At∏mgpw kmaq-ly-amb

D¬]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw `c-W-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-am-bn-cp∂p.

F∂m¬, `qan apgp-h≥ {Kma-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb DS-a-ÿ-X-

bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sht∂m, C¥y-bn¬ kzIm-cy-`q-hp-S-am-h-Imiw \ne-\n-

∂n-cp-∂n-s√t∂m, CXn-\¿Y-an√. {Kma-k-ap-Zmbw Im¿jn-I-_-‘-ß-

fpsS cq]-ß-fn¬ H∂p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. AXv F√mw Dƒs°m-≈p∂

Hcp km¿h-{Xn-I-k-{º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-∂n√. \Ωƒ I≠p-I-gn-™-Xp-

t]mse, Im¿jn-I-cw-K-Øn¬ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ DS-am-h-Im-i-ßƒ,

Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS taep≈ kzImcy kzØp-S-am-h-Imiw

F∂nh AXn-thKw hf-cm≥ XpSßn. Irjn sNøm≥ ]‰mØ `qan-

Iƒ, ta®n¬ÿ-e-ßƒ, h\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ am{Xta s]mXp-hp-S-

am-h-Imiw \ne-\n-∂p≈p. Irjn-tbm-Ky-amb `qan-I-sf√mw kº-∂-

Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ ssIb-S-°n-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ `qan-

bpsS ta¬ t]cn\v s]mXp-hp-S-am-h-Im-i-am-bn-cp∂p. Irjn sNøm≥

th≠n am{X-ambn ̀ qan Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cmb IpSpw-_-ßƒ°v ]¶n´p

sImSp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb Cu ssIh-im-h-

Imiw {Ia-Øn¬ kzIm-cy-kz-Øp-S-a-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ssIh-im-h-Im-

i-°m¿ an°-hcpw t\cn´p Irjn sNøp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. ]Wn-sb-Sp-

°msX Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-∂-ßƒ kºm-Zn-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿K-am-bn-cp∂p

CXv. ]´m-f-°m¿°pw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°pw ]ptcm-ln-X∑m¿°pw Zm\-

ambn Inńb `qan-Iƒ kzIm-cy-kz-Øp-°ƒ h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ am{X-a√

ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw klm-bn®p. Irjn-°m-


cpsS Akw-Xr-]vXn-Iƒ°pw Iem-]-ßƒ°pw {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb

k¶o¿W-amb Cu \mSp-hm-gnØ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-°p-≈n-emWv ]Xn-

\mepw ]Xn-t\gpw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ apX-em-fn-tØm¬∏m-Z-\-co-

Xn-bpsS Awi-ßƒ {]Xy-£-s∏´p XpS-ßn-bXv. Nc-°p¬]m-Z-\hpw

ssIam‰ hyh-ÿbpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ ASn-Ød Cf-°m≥

XpSßn. ssIth-e-°m¿, \m´p-]-Wn-°m¿, \q¬\q¬∏p-Im¿, s\bvØp-

Im¿, Bim-cn-am¿, sIm√-∑m¿, B´p-Im¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-

X¬ NqjWw sNø-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ Hcp ]pXnb

D¬_p-≤X Ae-b-Sn®p.

F∂m¬, bqtdm-∏p-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Nc-°p-I-fpsS

D¬]m-Z-\-Ønepw apX-em-fn-Ø-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ hn\n-a-b-ß-fnepw C¥y

]n∂-Wn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. C¥y≥ kaq-l-Ønse PmXn-hy-hÿ XpS-

ßnb Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D¬]m-Z-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]ptcm-

K-Xnsb IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ XS- -s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpSßn. \mSp-hm-gnØ

Nqj-W-Øns‚ ImTn\yw, cm{„ob tI{μo-I-c-W-Øns‚ Zu¿_eyw,

Hcp s]mXp-tZ-io-b-̀ m-j-bpsS A`mhw, Ab-hn-√mØ PmXn-k-{º-Zmbw

F∂n-hbpw a‰p Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ BNm-c-ßfpw apX-em-fn-tØm¬]m-

Z-\-co-Xnsb XS-™p-\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS

apt∂m-Sn-bmb Nc-°p¬]m-Z-\-hy-h-ÿbpw Ahn-I-kn-X-am-bn-cp∂p.

B[p-\n-I-b-{¥-ßƒ A°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-́ n-cp-∂n√. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS

sIm´m-c-ßƒ°p Np‰pw hf¿∂p-h∂ \K-c-ß-fnepw sIm®p-]-´-W-ß-

fnepw ]cpØn˛ ]´p-h-kv{X-ßfpw B`-c-W-ßfpw ho´p-km-am-\-ßfpw

Bbp-[-ßfpw a‰p kma-{Kn-Ifpw D≠m-°p∂ GXm\pw Im¿Jm-\-

Iƒ (]Wn-∏p-c-Iƒ) Db¿∂p-h∂p Ign-™n-cp∂p. F∂m¬, Cu

Im¿Jm-\-I-fnse D¬]m-Z\w apJy-ambpw sIm´m-c-ß-fp-sSbpw DtZym-

K-ÿ-∑m-cp-sSbpw ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m-\mWv

Dt±-in-°-s∏-́ n-cp-∂Xv. hntZ-i-hn-]-Wn-I-fn¬ hn¬°p-∂-Xn-\mbn XpWn-

Ø-c-ßƒ D≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv hfsc Ipd®p ssIth-e-°m¿ am{X-am-

bn-cp∂p. Cu D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS Iem-]-c-amb ta∑ C¥y-bpsS \n¿am-

W-ssh-Z-Kv[y-Øn\p temI-sam-´p°pw BZ-chp t\Sn-s°m-SpØp.

F∂m¬, B`y-¥-c-hn-]Wn hf¿®-apń Ahn-I-kn-X-ambn \n∂p.

Irjnbpw hyh-km-bhpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´pw sI´p-]n-W-™p-amWv

\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]mse Ah hyXy-

kvX-ß-fmb D¬]m-Z-\-im-J-I-fmbn th¿]n-cn™p Ign-™n-cp-∂n√.

Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb Zu¿_-ey-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

s{]m^-k¿ KmUvKn¬ Nq≠n-°m-ń-b-t]mse {Kma-ß-fn¬ sXmgn-ep-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 79

ambn _‘-s∏´ ]e-Xcw Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln® \m´p-]-Wn-°m¿

H∂nepw {]tXy-I-amb sshZKv[yw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂n√. sXmgn¬hn-`-P\w

hfsc ]cn-an-X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p.13

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse D¬]m-Z-\-tI-{μ-ß-fpsS hf¿® \mSp-hmgn

{]`p-°sf IqSp-X¬ kº-∂-cm-°n-Øo¿Øp. ssIbn¬ IqSp-X¬ [\w

h∂p-tN¿∂-tXmsS Ah¿ BUw-_-c-h-kvXp-°-fpsS ta¬ IqSp-X¬

IqSp-X¬ {]nbw ImWn-°m\pw Ah-bv°p-th≠n btY„w ]Ww sNe-

h-gn-°m\pw XpSßn. t£{X-ßƒ, ]≈n-Iƒ, sIm´m-c-ßƒ apX-em-b-

h-bpsS \n¿am-W-Ønepw Ah¿ I≠-am\w ]Ww sNe-hp-sNbvXp.

Cßs\ Aan-X-ambn sNe-h-gn-®n´pw Ah-cpsS ssIbn¬ D¬∏-∂-

ßƒ an®-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ {ia-

Øn-emWv Nc-°p-I-fpsS hn\n-abw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-´Xv. Ime-{I-taW

]´-W-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hym]mcw hnI-kn-®p-h∂p. AXns‚ ê-ambn

Nne hn`mKw P\-ßƒ hn]-Wn-bn-te-°p≈ Nc-°p-I-fpsS \n¿am-W-

Øn-\p-th≠n am{Xw {]h¿Øn-°m≥ XpSßn. PmXn-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn-emWv tPmen-Iƒ Xcw Xncn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. Hmtcm PmXn°pw

{]tXy-I-amb ]©m-b-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. I®-h-S-°m¿°pw Ah-cpsS

kwL-S-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

]pXnb i‡n-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw

1498¬ hmkvtIm-Un-Kma ae-_m-dn-se-Øn-b-Xn\p tij-amWv hntZ-

i-hym-]m-c-Øn\v ]pXn-sbmcp {]tNm-Z\w e`n-®Xv. {Ia-Øn¬ t]m¿®p-

Ko-kp-Imcpw U®p-Imcpw {^©p-Imcpw {_nó-jp-Im-cp-amb I®-h-S-

kw-L-°mcpw C¥y-bn¬ h∂p. Plmw-Ko-dns‚ ImeØv bqtdm-]y≥

hmWn-Py-kw-L-ßƒ°v C¥y-bpsS aÆn¬ ]m≠n-I-im-e-Ifpw ̂ mŒ-

dn-Ifpw ÿm]n-°m≥ A\p-hmZw e`n®p.

Zqc-hym-]-I-amb am‰-ß-fpsS Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]pXnb

kmº-Øn-I-i-‡n-Iƒ cwKØv {]Xy-£-s∏´p. Hcp {]tZ-ihpw as‰mcp

{]tZ-ihpw XΩn-ep≈ kº¿°-ßƒ h¿[n®p. hnhn-[-cm-Py-ßƒ

XΩn-ep≈ Nc-°p-I-fpsS D¬]m-Z-\-Ønepw hn\n-a-b-Øn-ep-ap-≠mb

hf¿®, C¥ybpw hntZ-i-cm-Py-ßfpw XΩn-ep-≠mb hym]m-c-hm-WnPy

{]h¿Ø-\-hn-I-k\w, apX-em-fn-Ø-L-S-I-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw F∂n-

h-sb√mw \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-h¿K-ß-fpsS ta[m-hn-XzsØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn

13. Gadgil: The industrial Evolution of India, p. 10.


_m[n®p. kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ I®-h-S-°m-cp-sSbpw ssIth-e-°m-

cp-sSbpw ]Zhn i‡n-s∏´p.

C…mw C¥y-bn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ, kmº-ØnI kmaq-ly-hn-I-k-\-

Øns‚ KXn-thKw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p. lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ aX-]-

chpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb Bi-b-kw-ln-X-Iƒ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS hne-

ßp-X-Sn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv Cu L´-Øn-emWv. \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚

thcp-I-fn-f-Ip-Ibpw h¿K-ssh-cp-[y-ßƒ h¿[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ

]pXnb ]pXnb kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-bn-h∂p. ]pXnb ]cn-

X-ÿn-Xn-°-\p-tbm-Py-amb ]pXnb Bi-b-ßfpw ]pXnb {]Xy-b-im-

kv{X-ßfpw Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-sb-∂Xv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hcm-h-iy-am-bn-

Øo¿∂p.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 81

27. C…m-anse KqVm¿Y-hm-Zhpw hna-X-

{]-ÿm-\-ßfpw

a[y-bp-K-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏nse ^yqU-en-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-

`-ßƒ AXmXp ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v

""KqVm¿Y-hm-Z-Øn‚-s‚tbm ]c-ky-amb sshZn-I-a-X-hn-tcm-[-Øn-

s‚tbm kmbp-[-I-em-]-ß-fp-sStbm cq]w ssIs°m-≈p-I-bp-≠mbn''1

F∂pw ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ sshZn-I-a-X-hn-tcm-[n-Iƒ \nKq-Vm¿Y-

hm-ZsØ hf-sc-b-[nIw B{i-bn®p F∂Xv kphn-Zn-X-am-sW∂pw

GwK¬kv {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

a[y-Im-eØv C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ KqVm¿Y-hm-Z-ßsf

kw_-‘n®pw CXp-Xs∂ ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. C¥y-bn¬ a[y-bp-K-

Øns‚ Ah-km-\-L-´-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°fpw aX-Nn-

¥-I-∑mcpw KqVm¿Y-hm-ZsØ s]mXp-hmbpw kq^n-Kq-Vm¿Y-hm-ZsØ

{]tXy-In®pw hf-sc-b-[nIw B{i-bn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ""ap…nw

KqVm¿Y-hm-Zn-Ifpw aX-Nn-¥-I-∑mcpw sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w lnμp-

°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ H´-\-h[n aX-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ°v {]tNm-

Z\w \¬In. Cu {]ÿm-\-ßƒ cmPy-sØßpw hym]n-°p-Ibpw lnμp-

°-fpsS Pohn-X-ho-£-W-sØbpw Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-sfbpw hºn-®-tXm-Xn¬

_m[n-°p-I-bp-ap-≠mbn''2 F∂v Xmcm-Nμv Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂p.

^yqU¬Im-e-L-́ -Ønse aX-Nn-¥-I-fnse G‰hpw apJy-amb Hcp

{]h-W-X-bm-bn-cp∂p kq^n-hmZw. F´mw \q‰m-≠ntem HºXmw \q‰m-

1. F. Engels: Peasant War in Germany.2. Dr. Tarachand: History of Philosophy; Eastern and Western, Vol. I, P.503.


≠ntem ap…o-ßƒ Iog-S-°nb {]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv CXns‚ Bcw`w.

\_n A¥-cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ kndnb,

CuPn]vXv, sak-s∏m-t´-anb, t]¿ky apX-emb cmPy-ß-sf√mw Ad-

_n-I-fpsS A[o-\-Øn-embn. {Ko°v XXz-Nn-¥-Ifpw C¥y-bnse

Bflo-b-hm-Z-Nn-¥-Ifpw IqSn-°-e¿∂ ]e Bi-b-ßfpw Cu cmPy-

ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. {][m-\-s∏´ {Ko°p-{K-Ÿ-ß-sf√mw Ad_n

`mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-W-sa∂pw C…m-an-I-Z¿i-ß-fpsS

shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw

HºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ _mKvZm-Znse Imen^v amap≥

\n¿tZ-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ssZh-Øns‚ kz`m-h-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Jpdms‚

{]m[m-\y-sØ-∏-‰nbpw a\p-jy\pw ssZhhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-

∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ ]e ]pXnb N¿®-Ifpw Db¿∂p-h∂p. Cu N¿®-I-fn-eq-

sS-bmWv C…m-an\v Zm¿i-\n-I-amb Hc-Sn-Ø-d-bp-≠m-bXv.

kp¬Øm≥hm-gvN-bpsS ImeØv, ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-

km-\-Øntem ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øntem, BWv C¥y-

bn-em-Zy-ambn kq^n-hmZw Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv. hSs° C¥y-bn-sem-´p°pw

AXns‚ kzm[o\w AXn-thKw ]c-∂p-]n-Sn®p. C¥y-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xn-

\p-apºp Xs∂ kq^n-hmZw `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ Nne Awi-

ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-gn-™n-cp∂p. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-

sebpw thZm-¥-ß-fn-sebpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-amWv AXns\ IqSp-X¬

kzm[o-\n-®-sX∂p tXm∂p∂p. hy‡n-bpsS Bflmhv ssZh-hp-ambn

Aen-™p-tN¿∂v kmflyw {]m]n-°p∂p F∂ kn≤m¥w kq^n-I-

fpsS D¬t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬ apJy-amb Hcp ]¶v hln-®n -´p≠v.

\n°ƒk¨ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p:

""Hcp [m¿an-Im-h-ÿ-sb∂ "^\'Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\hpw, F√m-

Øcw hnIm-c-ß-sfbpw B{K-l-ß-sfbpw C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ D]m-[n-

Ifpw \n¿hm-W-Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\-hp-ambn hf-sc-b-[nIw s]mcp-Ø-

s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. AXp-sIm≠v _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ kzm[o\w \ntj-[n-

°m≥ hø. "^\'Øns‚ hnizm-k-]-c-amb hisØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw AXn¬ thZm-¥hpw ̀ mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bpsS a‰p cq]-ßfpw {]I-

S-amWv''3. Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ kq^n-Nn-¥-Iƒ C¥y-°m¿°v IqSp-X¬

kp{K-lhpw BI¿j-I-hp-ambn tXm∂n-sb-¶n¬ AXn¬ A¤p-X-s∏-

Sm-\n√.

3. Reynold A. Nicholson: Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 12, P.12.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 83

aq¿On-°m≥ XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly-kw-L-´-\-ß-fpsS Bflo-b-amb

{]Xn-^-e-\-am-bn-cp∂p kq^n-hmZw. kq^n-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿ Db¿∂ h¿K-

°m-cpsS Zp¿hr-Øn-I-sfbpw BUw-_-c-Po-hn-X-sØbpw Bt£-]n®p.

Jpdm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ efn-X-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-km-tlm-Z-

cy-Øn-s‚bpw ewL-\-am-W-h-sb∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p. C…mw ùXn-I-

tem-I-Ønse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ Iogvs∏-Sp-I-

bm-sW∂pw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-XzsØ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Dse-am-

°fpw Jmkn-amcpw ap√-amcpw Jpdm-\nse D¬Ir-„-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf

Zp¿hym-Jym-\n-®p-sIm≠v a¿Z-\-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kmaq-ly-

hy-h-ÿsb ]n¥m-ßp-Ibp \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNøp-∂-sX∂pw

Ah¿ {]Jym-]n®p. F∂m¬, AtX-k-a-bØv P\-ßsf AWn-\n-c-

Øn-s°m≠v C…m-anI kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn \oXn°pw

kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn\pw th≠n t]mcm-Sm≥ Ah¿°v Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

Cu kml-N-cy-ß-fn-emWv euIn-I-hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hnc-an®v

""Bflm-hns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn kzbw Dgn-™p-h-bv°m≥'' Ah¿

\n›-bn-®Xv.

BZy-Im-esØ kq^n-Iƒ k\ym-kn-am-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ euIn-

I-kp-J-ß-sf√mw h¿Pn-°p-Ibpw efn-X-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-Ibpw

kzbw Zmcn{Zyw hcn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hy‡n-bpsS Bfl-t_m-[hpw,

kmaq-ly-bm-Ym¿Yyhpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-Øns‚ {]I-S-\-sa∂

\nebv°v k\ym-k-hrØn a[y-bp-K-Ønse {]tXy-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬

\mSp-hm-gnØ {Ia-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ Hcp cq]-am-bn-

cp∂p. \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj[w \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°-fpsS

Pohn-X-co-Xn-tbmSpw Ah-cpsS BUw-_-c-tØmSpw kpJ-tem-ep-]-X-

tbmSpw D≈ FXn¿∏ns‚ cq]-Øn-emWv {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv. euIn-

I-kp-J-ßƒ h¿Pn-°m-\p≈ A`n-emjw B FXn¿∏ns‚ Bflo-b-

amb {]I-S-\-am-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\, k\ym-k-hrØn \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-

s\-Xn-cmbn \mń≥]p-d-ß-fn-sebpw ]´-W-ß-fn-sebpw Zcn-{Z-P-\-hn-`m-

K-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-t_m-[sØ Xń-bp-W¿Øn. \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-a¿Z-\-

ßƒ aq¿On-°p-Ibpw I¿j-I¿°n-S-bn¬ Akw-Xr]vXn hf-cp-Ibpw

sNbvX-t∏mƒ kq^n-I-fpsS kzm[o-\hpw h¿[n®p.

ap…ow aX-]-fin-X-∑m¿ "icn AØv' \nb-a-Øn\p \¬Ip∂

hymJym-\-ßƒ C…m-ans‚ A¥- -Øbv°v FXn-cm-sW∂v kq^n-

Iƒ {]Jym-]n®p. C…m-ans‚ bmYm-ÿn-XnI ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ Jpdm-

s‚bpw lZo-kn-s‚bpw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]T-\-Øn\pw Xo¿Y-

bm-{X-Iƒ, {hX-ßƒ, {]m¿Y-\-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-bv°p-amWv {]m[m\yw


I¬∏n-®Xv. kq^n-I-fm-Is´, B¥-cn-I-amb A®-S-°-Øn-s‚bpw lrZ-

b-hn-ip-≤n-bp-sSbpw [m¿an-I-amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-bp-sSbpw Bh-iy-I-X-

bn-emWv Du∂n-bXv. ssZh-hp-ambn kmflyw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]ptcm-

ln-X-∑m-cpsS hne-°p-Ifpw \ntcm-[-\-ßfpw Bh-iy-an-s√∂v Ah¿

Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. kq^n-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ \nkzm¿Ycpw Bflo-

b-ambn ]cn-]q¿W-cp-amb Bfp-Iƒ°v am{Xta ""ssZhn-I-amb A¥-

Ø'' {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°m≥ Ignbq. CXv kvt\l-Øn-eqsS am{Xta

km[y-amhq. kvt\lhpw kmtlm-Z-cy-hp-amWv ssZh-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn.

Cßs\ Bflo-b-amb Hu∂-Xy-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ D¬°-S-amb

ssZhn-I-t_m-[-amWv kq^n-hm-Z-Øns‚ A¥- Ø. Xß-fpsS bp‡n-

°-\p-kr-X-a-√mØ KqVm¿Y-hm-Z-Øn\v XXz-Nn-¥m-]-c-amb hni-Zo-I-

cWw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ kq^n-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw D]-\n-

j-Øp-I-fn-sebpw thZm-¥-Øn-sebpw D¬t_m-[-\-ßsf D]-tbm-K-

s∏-SpØn. Xß-fpsS Bi-b-ßƒ thZm-¥-Øns‚ Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn

kmay-ap-≈-h-bm-sW∂v Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ ]c-ky-am-bn-Øs∂ kΩ-Xn-

°p-I-bp-≠mbn. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, AIv_-dns‚ ]u{X-\mb Zmcm-

jnt°m cmP-Ip-am-c≥ ""aP-a-Du¬ ˛ _l-sdbn'' \ns‚ apJ-hp-c-bn¬

kq^n-I-fpsS AssZz-X-hm-Zhpw thZm-¥n-I-fpsS AssZz-X-hm-Zhpw XΩn-

ep≈ hyXymkw shdpw hm°p-I-fn-ep≈ hyXymkw am{X-am-sW∂v

Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p. Aº-Øn-c≠v D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS t]¿ky≥

hnh¿Ø-\-ß-f-S-ßnb kn¿˛C˛AIv_-dn¬ At±lw Jp¿˛B≥ D]-

\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂p-t]mepw {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-

≠mbn4. C…m-ans‚ A¥- -Øbpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS A¥- -

Øbpw H∂p Xs∂-bm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw.

""Fhn-sSbpw ssZh-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-an√,'' At±lw {]Jym-]n®p:

""A√tbm ssZhm-t\z-jn-Itf, \nßƒ F√m-bn-SØpw ssZhsØ

At\z-jn®p \S-°p∂p. ]t£, bYm¿Y-Øn¬ \nßƒ Xs∂-bmWv

ssZhw. \nß-fn¬ \n∂p thdn-s´mcp ssZh-an√.''5

Nne kq^n-Iƒ F√m aX-ß-fnepw kXyw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian®p.

cq]-Øn¬ hyXym-k-ap-s≠-¶nepw F√m aX-ßƒ°pw Htc e£y-am-

Wp-≈-sX∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p. a‰p Nne¿ [\n-I-∑m-cmb {]`p-°-fp-am-

bp≈ kl-hm-ksØ shdpØp. cmPm-°-∑m-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm≥

Ah¿ C„-s∏-ń√. _m_m F∂v s]mXpth Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ JzmPm

4. Istiaq Husain Quereshi: The Muslim Community of the Indo - PakistanSubcontinent, P. 132.

5. Sources of Indian Tradition, P. 445.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 85

^co-Zp-±n≥ C{]-Imcw Xpd-∂p-]-d™p: ""Cu ]Ÿm-hnse, AXm-bXv

kq^n-hm-Z-Ønse, {][m-\-e£yw lrZ-b-Øns‚ tI{μo-I-c-W-amWv.

\ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw cmPm-°-∑m-cp-am-bp≈

_‘-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgn™p amdn \n∂mte CXv km[y-amhq.''6

At±lw Xs‚ injy-∑m-cn¬ [¿a-t_m[w IpØn-sh-bv°m≥ {ian®p.

euIn-I-k-ºØv Dt]-£n-°m\pw kzta-[bm Zmcn{Zyw hcn-°m\pw

Ahsc D]-tZ-in®p. \q¿ \_n Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, ""bmsXm-

cmfpw a‰p-≈-h¿°p th≠n-b-√msX X\n-°p-th≠n Pohn-°-cp-sX-∂m-

bn-cp∂p _m_m ^co-Zns‚ Dt±iyw. AXn-\m¬, a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-

Øns‚ \∑-bv°p-th≠n Xs‚ Jeo-^-am¿ Ah-cpsS apgp-h≥

kºØpw XyPn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw \n¿tZ-in®p''.7

KqVm¿∞-hm-ZsØ bp‡n-]-c-amb A[n-jvTm-\-Øn¬ i‡n-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ {ian® {]ap-J-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p C_-\p¬

Ad_n (1165˛ 1240). At±lw {k„m-hn-s\bpw kr„n-tbbpw XmZm-

fly-s∏-SpØn. KqVm¿Y-hm-Zn°v ssZh-hp-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-°m≥

Ign-bp-sa∂v At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. bmYm¿Yyw H∂mWv; ]pdsa

ImWp∂ sshhn[yw GI-Xz-Øns‚ Hcp cq]w am{X-amWv, {]mXn-`m-

kn-I-temIw bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ _mly-{]-I-S\w am{X-amWv F∂-

t±lw {]kvXm-hn®p. temIhpw ssZhhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kmflo-

I-c-W-Øn-t‚-XmWv. Cu kn≤m¥w hl-Z-Øp¬ hp÷Zv (kØ-bpsS

GIXzw) F∂ t]cn-em-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. C_-\p¬ Ad_n C…m-an-

Im-i-b-ßsf amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ°p tbmPn-®-

hÆw hymJym-\n®p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, ""Hscm‰ ssZhw am{X-ta-bp≈q''

F∂ C…m-an-I-kn-≤m-¥sØ At±lw C{]-Im-c-am°n: ""ssZh-a-

√msX H∂p-an√, ssZh-a-√msX as‰m∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂n√.'' ssZhw

\m\m-Xz-Øns‚ ]nd-In-ep≈ GI-Xz-amWv, {]mXn-`m-kn-I-ambn {]Xy-

£-s∏-Sp∂ F√m-‰n-s‚bpw ]n∂n-ep≈ bmYm¿Yy-amWv. Cu kn≤m-

¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv At±lw k\ym-kn-bpsS \njv{In-

bXzw Ah-ew-_n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Pohn-X-kn-≤m¥w Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv.

]t£, Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn\pw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Hcp hi-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. F√mw ssZh-am-sW-¶n¬ At\ym\yw kvt\ln-°pI F∂Xpw

a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ PmXn-a-X-hy-Xym-k-ß-tfbpw

Ak-a-Xz-ß-tfbpw FXn¿°p-∂Xpw a\p-jys‚ IS-a-bmWv. Aßs\

6. Quoted by Yusef Hussein in Glimpses of Medieval Indian Culture, P. 39.7. Mohammed Noor Nabi: Development of Muslim Religious Thought in

India, P. 50.


Cu kn≤m¥w ê-Øn¬ kmaq-lym-k-a-Xz-ßsf \ne-\n¿Ø-W-sa-

∂m-{K-ln® ]n¥n-cn-∏-∑m¿°pw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-∑m¿°pw FXn-cm-bn-

cp∂p. C_-\p¬ Ad-_n-bpsS hl-Z-Øp¬ hp÷p-Zn-s∂-Xn-cmbn i_vZ-

ap-b¿Ønb bmYm-ÿn-XnI aX-]-fin-X-∑m¿ ]n∂oSv AIv_-dpsS

aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bvs°-Xn-cmbn Xncn-™-sX-ßs\ F∂v CXn¬ \n∂p

Xs∂ a\- n-em-°mw.

thZm-¥-sØ-t∏mse kq^n-hm-Zhpw hnhn-[-im-J-I-fmbn ]ncn™p.

hnhn[ kn¬kn-e-I-fn¬ (aX-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬) kwL-Sn-®p-sIm≠pw

Hcp ÿe-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v k©-cn-®p-sIm≠pw Ah¿

Xm¥m-ß-fpsS kn≤m-¥-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n®p. Nne kn¬kn-e-Iƒ

[mcmfw lnμp-°sf C…m-an-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøn®p. F∂m¬,

Ah-cpsS {][m\ {]h¿Ø\w aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√, Bflo-

b-amb A®-S°w {]N-cn-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-

≠n\pw ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ kq^n-I-fpsS At\Iw Xco-

J-Øp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏´p. Ch-bn¬ NnjvØn, kpl-d-h¿Zn, JmZncn,

jØncn, \Jvjv_μn F∂o Xco-J-Øp-I-fmWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

kzm[o-\hpw s]mXp-P-\m-\p-Iq-eyhpw t\Sn-bXv. APvao-dnse JzmPm-

sam-Cu-\p-±o≥ NnjvØn ÿm]n® NnjvØn Xco-J-Ønse G‰hpw

henb tbmKn-I-fn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p sibnJv \nkm-ap-±o≥ Huenb.

P\-ß-sf-s°m≠v \√ PohnXw \bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n At±lw

Xs‚ PohnXw Dgn-™p-sh®p. Huen-b-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬

k\ymkw F∂p-sh-®m¬ ""et¶mń am{Xw [cn-®p-sIm≠v, As√-¶n¬

]cn-]q¿W-\-·-\mbn, Ccn-bv°-e√. euIn-I-Po-hnXw Dt]-£n-°pI

F∂p-]-d-™m¬ hkv{Xw [cn-°p-Ibpw `£Ww Ign-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Xs‚ hgn°p hcp-∂-sX√mw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-

Øm-Xn-cn-°pI, I≠-sXms° kz¥-am-°m≥ sImXn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI,

bmsXm-∂nepw Bk-‡n-bn-√m-Xn-cn-°pI''8 F∂¿Y-amWv. At±-l-

Øns‚ injy-∑m-cn¬ {]`p-°-∑mcpw km[m-c-W-°mcpw kº-∂cpw

Zcn-{Zcpw amen-°p-Ifpw `n£-°mcpw ]Tn-∏p-≈-hcpw A£-c-⁄m-\-

an-√m-Ø-hcpw \K-c-hm-kn-Ifpw {Kmao-Wcpw ]´m-f-°mcpw km[m-cW

]uc-∑mcpw kzX-{¥cpw ASn-a-Ifpw ˛ Cßs\ F√m-Ø-c-°mcpw

D≠m-bn-cp∂p9.

Cu kq^n Xco-J-Øp-I-fn¬ kº-∂-ß-fmb henb aX-kw-L-

S-\-I-sf-∂-t]mse {]mtZ-inI {]m[m\yw am{X-ap≈ sIm®p-k-tlm-

8. Sources of Indian Tradition, P. 435.9. M. Habib in India Inheritance, Vol. I, P. 272.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 87

Zc kwL-S-\-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F√m kq^n-Ifpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-

bn-cp-∂n√. Nne¿ \mSp-hm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw a‰v D∂-X-h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw

kzm[o-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-sb-¶n¬ a‰p Nne¿ I®-h-S-°mcpw ssIth-

e-°m-cp-am-bn-́ mWv _‘-s∏-́ Xv. Nne¿ C…m-amWv GI-k-Xy-a-X-sa∂v

IcpXn ico AØns\ apdp-°n-∏n-Sn®p. a‰p-≈-h¿ aX-ßƒ XΩn-ep-

ff hyXym-k-ßsf Ah-K-Wn®p. Cu kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ kq^n-hm-Z-

Øn\v kpL-Sn-Xhpw GI-cq-]-hp-amb Hcp hnπ-h-{]-h-WX F∂

\nebv°v km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS XXz-im-kv{X-am-bn-Øo-cm≥ Ign-™n√.

Nne kq^n-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ aX-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn-s°m≠v \mSp-

hmgn Nqj-WsØ FXn¿°p-Ibpw P\-ß-fpsS A`n-em-j-ßfpw

Akw-Xr-]vXnbpw {]Xn-̂ -en-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ a‰p Nne¿ \mSp-

hmgn {]`p-°-fp-ambn tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ {ian®p. kq^n-Iƒ Xß-

fpsS \n£n-]vX-Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn Xncn-bp-∂Xp XS-bm≥ \mSp-

hmgn {]`p-°ƒ ]e-Xcw {]tem-`-\-ßfpw {]tbm-Kn®p. P\-ß-fpsS

[m¿an-I-tijn Xf¿Øp-hm≥ Ah¿ Nne kq^n-t\-Xm-°ƒ°v ]n¥p-

W-\¬In. ""B{I-a-W-Im-cn-Iƒ C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS hnt{Zm-lm-·nsb

Bfn-°-Øn®p,'' \q¿ \_n ]d-bp∂p: ""F∂m¬ tbmKn-am¿ Xß-

fpsS \njvI-f-¶-amb kz`m-hhpw ]cn-ip-≤-amb [¿a-t_m-[hpw a\p-

jy-cm-in-tbm-Sp≈ D¬°-S-amb kvt\lhpw sIm≠v Ah-cpsS {]tNm-

Z-\-ßsf XWp-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿s°mcp ]pXnb PohnXw ]I¿∂p-

sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''10

Cßs\ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ Xn∑-Iƒ°pw lo\-hr-Øn-Iƒ°p-

sa-Xn-cmbn aX-]-c-amb {]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ cq]-Øn-em-hn¿`-hn® kq^n-

hmZw ê-Øn¬, {]tXy-In®pw apKƒ`-c-W-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-L-´-

Øn¬, \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-{I-a-hp-ambn tbmPn-®n-W-ßn-t∏m-hp∂

Hcp Nn¥m-K-Xn-bm-bn-amdn.

F¶nepw, C…m-ans‚ {]mcw-`-Z-i-bnse A\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂ ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-km-tlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Bi-b-ßƒ

]q¿W-ambpw A{]-Xy-£-am-bn√. A∏-t∏m-gmbn, hym]m-c-Ønepw hyh-

km-b-Ønepw G¿s∏´ ]´-W-hm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw ]mh-s∏´ tKm{X-h¿K-

°m-cp-sSbpw ]gb Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn-te°p Xncn-®p-t]m-I-W-sa∂v Bh-

iy-s∏´ hy‡n-Ifpw kwL-ßfpw cwKØv {]Xy-£-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-

cp∂p. GwK¬kv Nq≠n-°mWn-®-Xp-t]mse, ""CS-bv°nsS Bh¿Øn-

10. Mohammed Noor Nabi: Develpment of Muslim Religious Thought inIndia, P. 59.


°p∂ Hcp kwL-´-\-Øns‚ _oPw'' Ah-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. Cu

{]Xn-`m-ksØ GwK¬kv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""]´-W-

hm-kn-Iƒ kº-∂cpw BUw-_c {]nbcpw Bbn-Øo-cp∂p; aX-\n-b-

a-ßƒ ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ \njv°¿j-bn-√m-Ø-h-cm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. Zcn-{Zcpw

kZm-Nm-c-\n-b-a-ßsf I¿i-\-ambn ]men-°p-∂-h-cp-amb _±p-°ƒ Cu

kº-∂-X-sbbpw kpJ-`q-bn-jvT-X-sbbpw Akq-b-tbm-Sp-IqSn ho£n-

°p∂p. ]n∂oSv Ah¿ Hcp {]hm-N-Is‚, Hcp alvZn-bpsS, Iogn¬

AWn-\n-c-°p∂p. aX-\n-tj-[n-Isf in£n-°p-hm\pw auen-I-amb

bYm¿Y-a-X-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw BNm-c-ß-sfbpw ]p\-ÿm-]n-°p-hm\pw

Hcp {]mb-›n-Ø-sa∂ \nebv°v aX-t{Zm-ln-I-fpsS kzØp-°ƒ ]nSn-

®-S-°p-hm\pw Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬, Hcp \qdp-sIm√w Ign-

bp-tºm-tg°pw Ahcpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn ]gb aX-t{Zm-ln-I-fpsS Ah-

ÿ-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp∂p. aX-Øn\v ho≠pw Hcp ]pXnb ip≤o-I-

cWw Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂p. Hcp ]pXnb alvZn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p.

]gb cwKw ho≠pw Bcw`w sXm´v Bh¿Øn-°p∂p. B{^n-°≥

A¬ samdm-_n-Zp-I-fp-sSbpw kvs]bn-\nse A¬ saml-Zp-I-fp-sSbpw

B{I-a-W-bp-≤-ßƒ apX¬ Cw•o-jp-Imsc hnP-b-I-c-ambn Bń-tbm-

Sn® Jm¿Øp-anse Ah-km-\sØ alvZn-hsc CXmWv kw`-hn-®Xv.

t]¿ky-bn-sebpw a‰p ap…ow cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw Iem-]-ßƒ CtX

coXn-bn¬Ø-s∂-bmWv s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-́ Xv. Cu {]ÿm-\-ßsf√mw aX-

Øns‚ ]pdw-N-´-b-Wn-™-h-bmWv. ]t£, kmº-ØnI Imc-W-ß-

fmWv Ah-bpsS Dd-hnSw.''11

alvZn-sb∂ t]cv XpS-°-Øn¬ Jeo-̂ m-ÿm\w B{K-ln® Aen-

bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmb apl-ΩZv alvZn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

{InkvXp-h¿jw 880¬ A¥-cn-®p-t]mb At±lw temI-Øn¬

\oXnbpw [¿ahpw ]p\-xÿm-]n-°m≥ th≠n ho≠pw hcp-sa∂v At±-

l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ hniz-kn-®p-t]m∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ah-cpsS

A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ \_n-bp-sStbm Aen-bp-sStbm ]n≥Km-an-I-f-√mØ

B¿°pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-hm≥ A¿l-X-bn√. Aen-bpsS ]n¥p-

S¿®-°m¿ F∂v kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p-sIm≠v ]e Ime-ß-fn-embn

hnhn-[-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ alvZn-am¿ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿[-Øn-emWv alvZn {]ÿm\w

C¥y-bn¬ hy‡-amb cq]w {]m]n-®Xv. tPm¨]q-cnse Hcp kønZv

apl-ΩZv Hcp kp{]-`m-X-Øn¬ Xm≥ alvZn-bm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n®p.

11. Marx and Engels: On Religion, P. 317.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 89

""\o alvZn-bmsW""∂v kz¿K-Øn¬ \n∂v At±lw Hcp Ai-co-cn-

i_vZw tI´p-ht{X. ]ecpw AXv hniz-kn®p. ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Aº-

c∂p. Hcp aX-{]-`m-j-I\pw ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hp-am-bn-Øo¿∂ Cu

]pXnb alvZnsb kp¬Øm-∑mcpw {]`p-°-∑mcpw Hcn-S-Øp-\n∂pw

as‰m-cn-S-tØ-°mbn \mSp-I-SØn. ]t£, At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-

I-fpsS FÆw IqSn-h-cn-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. HSp-hn¬ _eq-Nn-ÿm-

\n¬sh®v 1505¬ At±lw ac-W-a-S™p.

as‰mcp alvZn {]Xy-£-s∏-´Xv ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ C…mw

jmbpsS (1545˛1552) ̀ c-W-Im-e-ØmWv. B{K-bv°-SpØv _nbm-\-bn¬

Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ sibnJv Asse Bbn-cp∂p At±lw. Ncn-{X-Im-c-

\mb _ZuWn At±-l-sØ-∏‰n Cßs\ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bflm-`n-am-

\hpw Al-¥bpw ASn-®-a¿Øn-s°m≠v At±lw Ab¬]-°sØ

Zcn-{Z¿°mbn Bflm¿∏Ww sNbvXp. Xs‚ euIn-I-k-ºØpw, Xs‚

]pkvX-Iw-t]mepw, Zcn-{Z¿°v Dgn-™p-sh-®p-sIm≠v At±lw k¿h-

kwK ]cn-Xym-K-Øns‚ Xmgvh-c-bn¬ {]th-in®p.''12 At±lw ""Bfl-

Xym-Kn-I-fmb ap∂q-tdmfw ho´p-Im-cpsS Hcp tkmjy-enÃv˛ Iayq-WnÃv

kap-Zmbw'' ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. I®-h-S-°mcpw ssIth-e-°m-cp-

am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬ an°-hcpw. Cu khn-ti-j-amb k\ym-k-hrØn

bp≤m-bp-[-ßƒ kq£n-®p-sh-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Ahsc XS-bp-I-bp-

≠m-bn√. Xßƒ°n-„-an-√mØ \nb-a-ßsf ewLn-°m\pw Ah¿ i¶n-

®n√. sibnJv Asse-bpsS P\-kzm-[o\w h¿[n-®-t∏mƒ At±lw

\ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øn\v Hcp ̀ oj-Wn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. HSp-hn¬

C…mw jm cmPmhv At±-lsØ a¿Zn®p sIm√p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

F∂m¬, CØcw a¿±-\-ßƒ°v alvZn-{]-kvYm-\sØ \in-∏n-°m≥

Ign-™n√. sibnJv Asse-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ h¿[n-®p-h∂p.

AIv_-dpsS `c-W-Im-e-Øp-t]mepw At±-l-Øns‚ kzm[o\w A\p-

`-h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. h¿K˛ PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ IqSm-sX-bp≈ Hcp

kmaq-ly-{Iaw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n \oXn-am-\mb Hcp `c-Wm-

[n-Imcn apt∂m-´p-h-cp-sa∂v hniz-kn® I®-h-S-°m¿, hnd-Ip-sh-´p-Im¿,

sh≈w-tIm-cn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Zcn-{Z-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-emWv alvZn-

{]-ÿm\w ]c-∂p-]n-Sn -®Xv. C…m-ans‚ ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°-sf∂

\nebv°v Ah¿ N{I-h¿Øn-sbbpw At±-l-Øns‚ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-

scbpw i{Xp-°-fm-bn-´mWv IW-°m-°n-bXv. apKƒ`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

C…m-ans‚ al-Ømb Bi-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXn-N-en-®p-sh-∂-Xm-bn-

12. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 8. P. 339.


cp∂p Ah-cpsS apJy-amb hna¿i\w. al-Zn-{]-ÿm\w Nqj-W-Øn\pw

a¿Z-\-Øn\pw FXn-cmb {]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ {]I-S-\-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-

sIm-≠mWv AXv ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bnse Zcn-{Z-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßsf

BI¿jn-®Xv.

C¥y-bnse ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ A{X-Xs∂ {]kn≤n t\SmØ

a‰p-Nne aX-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-ßfpw Bhn¿`-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Ckvam-bn-en-I-fpsS jnb-hn-`mKw I¿am-Xn-b-∑m-cpsS

{]ÿm-\-sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ Hcp A¿[-a-X-]-cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-

\-am-bn-´mWv Bcw-`n-®Xv. HºXmw \q‰m-≠ntem ]Ømw \q‰m-≠ntem

apƒØm-\n¬ Ah¿ Hcp tImf\n ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. apl-ΩZv

Kk-\nbpw ]n∂oSv apl-ΩZv tKmdnbpw Ahsc ASn-®-a¿Øm≥

{ian®p. F∂n´pw, kp¬Øm≥hm-gvN-bpsS ImeØv hS-°p-]-Sn-™msd

C¥y-bn¬ KWy-amb Hcp i‡n-bmbn hf-cm≥ Ah¿°p Ign™p.

I¿am-Xn-b-∑m-cpsS D¬t_m-[-\-ßƒ a¿Zn-X-P-\-ßsf s]mXp-hmbpw

ssIth-e-°m-scbpw I®-h-S-°m-scbpw {]tXy-In®pw \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-

Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn Cf-°n-hn´p. ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Z¬ln-bn¬ I¿am-

Øn-b-∑m-cpsS hn]p-e-amb Hcp elf Xs∂ s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-Sp-I-bp-

≠mbn. B ImesØ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv Ppam akvPn-Zns‚

t\sc \S∂ Hcp B{I-a-W-Øn-\p-tijw Ah¿ ITn-\-amb a¿Z-\-

ßƒ°n-c-bm-hp-Ibpw ê-Øn¬ XpS-®p-\o-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp

F∂mWv. F¶nepw, Ah-cpsS Nn¥m-K-Xn-Iƒ Hcp cq]-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬

as‰mcp cq]-Øn¬ ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ ho≠pw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I-bp-

≠mbn. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]©m-_nepw hS-°p-]-Sn-™msd

AXn¿Øn-{]-tZ-iØpw alvZn-am-cp-sSbpw I¿am-Øn-b-∑m-cp-sSbpw

kzm[o-\-Øn-emWv tdmi-\n-bm-{]-ÿm\w s]m¥n-h-∂Xv.

_bm-knZv Fs∂m-cm-fmWv tdmi-\n-bm-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ÿm]-

I≥. Kpl-bn¬ ISpØ bmX-\-I-f-\p-`-hn®p Ign-®p-Iq-ńb _bm-knZv

X\n°v ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v t\cn´p shfn-]mSv e`n-®-Xmbn Ah-Im-i-

s∏´p. ""]o¿ tcmi≥'' AYhm ""shfn-®-Øns‚ am¿K-Z¿in'' F∂

ÿm\-t∏¿ At±lw kzbw kzoI-cn®p. Acn-„n®v Pohn-°p-hm\pw

]odn-t\mSv _lp-am\w ImWn-°m\pw At±lw Xs‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-

tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏´p. At±lw D¬t_m-[n-∏n® kn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ Xmsg

]d-bp-∂h Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂p F∂v sebvU¨ ]d-bp∂p.

""1. ssZhw F√m-‰nepw F√m-bn-S-Øp-ap≠v; F√m hkvXp-°fpw

Ahs‚ Znhy-Xz-Øns‚ cq]-ßƒ am{X-amWv.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 91

2. a\p-jym-flm-°ƒ a‰p ico-c-ß-fn-te°v amdp-Ibpw, a‰p cq]-

ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏v, hn[n

]d-bp∂ Znhkw, kz¿Kw, \cIw F∂nh euIn-I-h-kvXp-°sf kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ae-¶m-c-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ am{X-amWv.

3. Jp¿ B\pw lZokpw Ah-bnse hm°p-I-fpsS A¿Yw t\m°n

a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bn√. B¥-cn-Ihpw cl-ky-hp-amb A¿Yw a\-

n-em-°n-s°m-≠mWv Ahsb hymJym-\n-t°-≠Xv. \nb-a-Ønse

hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°pw KqVm¿Y-am-Wp-≈Xv. Ah aX-]-c-amb ]q¿WX

ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ am{X-amWv.

4. \nb-a-Øns‚ Cu \nKq-Vm¿Yw aX-]-c-amb I¿a-ßƒ

sIm≠pw ]odns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ sIm≠pw {]m]n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-

XmWv. AXmWv aX-]-c-amb ]cn-]q¿W-X-bpsS Dd-hnSw. Cu ]cn-

]q¿WX {]m]n-°p-∂-h¿°v \nb-a-Øns‚ _mly-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

_m[-I-a-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. Ah ê-Øn¬ d±m-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv

sNøp-∂Xv.''13

""]o¿ tcmi≥'' AXn-thKw P\-kzm-[o-\-am¿Pn®p. At±-l-Øns‚

injy-∑m-cpsS FÆw hfsc thKw h¿[n®p. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚

Ah-km-\-Øn¬ apKƒ Kh-s◊‚n-s\-Xn-cmbn At±lw kpsse-am≥

Ip∂n≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ssJ_-dnepw Xs‚ kz¥w `cWw ÿm]n-

°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

Cu {]ÿm\w hSs° C¥y-bnse A^vLm≥ tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-

b-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ am{Xta \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p≈q F∂Xv icn-bmWv.

F∂m¬, ""Hc-f-thmfw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønepw kzmX-{¥y-Ønepw ASn-

bp-d®p hniz-kn® Cu tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-b-°m¿'' Gsd Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\p-

apºv kpi-‡-amb apKƒkm-{am-Py-Øn\v Hcp I\Ø òj-Wn-bm-bn-

Øo¿∂p. tKm{X-k-ap-Zmb LS-\-bn¬ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-_-‘-ßƒ

sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv C…m-an-I-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ°v FXn-cm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p

Ah-cpsS hnizmkw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂-bmWv Ah¿ apKƒ Kh-

s◊‚n-s\-Xn-cmbpw A v̂Lm≥ \mSp-hm-gnØ Xm¬∏-cy-ß-sf-Xn-cmbpw

kmbp[ el-f-Iƒ \S-Øn-bXv. C¥ybv°pw at[y-jybv°pw CS-bn-

ep≈ hym]mc am¿K-ß-fn-se√mw Ah¿ kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-®n-

cp∂p. Ahsc Iog-S-°m≥ th≠n AIv_dpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-

an-Ifpw ]e ssk\nI kwL-ß-sfbpw Ab-bv°p-I-bp-≠mbn. sI∂-

Un-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ _bm-kn-Zns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb tdmi-\n-

13. Quoted by Murray T. Titus: Islam in India and Pakistan, PP. 111- 112.


bm-°ƒ ""Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw C…mw-a-X-amWv {]N-cn-∏n-®p-h-∂Xv. Hcp-

h-iØv Iayq-Wn-khpw adp-h-iØv C…m-ans‚ i{Xp-°sf \in-∏n-

°-ep-amWv AXns‚ apJy-amb c≠p khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂p

tXm∂p∂p.''14

""C…m-ans‚ i{Xp-°ƒ'' F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ tdmi-\n-bm-°ƒ

{][m-\-ambpw Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv apKƒ`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw Ah-cpsS

A\p-Iq-en-I-sfbpw BsW∂v a\- n-em-°n-bn-s√-¶n¬ Cu hnh-cWw

sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n°pw. Ah¿ C…m-an¬s∏´ \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°sf \J-in-

Jm¥w FXn¿Ø-t∏mƒ, lnμp-°ƒ°n-S-bnse Zcn-{Z-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßsf

D]-{Z-hn-°msX hnSp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. Xo¿®-bmbpw, C…m-ans‚

I¿i-\-amb XXz-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Hcp aX-{]-ÿm-\-am-

bn-cp∂p AXv. IΩyq-Wn-k-hp-ambn AXn\v Xosc _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-

∂n-s√-¶nepw AXv P\-ß-fpsS \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-hn-cp≤ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Isf

\n›-b-ambpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hS-°p-]-Sn-™msd C¥ysb ]nSn®p Ipep-

°nb tdmi-\nbm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw AXv aX-Øns‚ ]cn-

th-j-a-Wn™ Hcp tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv. tKm{X-

k-ap-Zm-b-°m-cpsS sFI-a-Xy-Øn\pw apK-f-∑m-cpsS \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Nq-

j-W-Øn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sm-\p≈ P\-Io-bm-`n-em-j-Øns‚

km£m-Xv°m-c-Øn\pw th≠n-bmWv AXv t]mcm-Sn-bXv. tKm{X-k-ap-

Zm-b-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ kpi-‡-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ am{X-amWv AXv P\-ßsf BI¿jn-®Xv. CXp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p

AXns‚ Zu¿_-eyhpw.

Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ ]n¥n-cn-∏-∑m-cmb Dse-am-°sf tcmjw

sIm≈n®p F∂v ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m. aX-]-cn-jv°m-cn-I-fpsS kzm[o\w

XI¿°m\pw kz¥w A[n-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øm\pw th≠n Ah¿

F√m i‡n-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p. apKƒ`-cWw \mi-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-se-

Øn-b-t∏mƒ aX-Ønse ]ptcm-K-a-\-i-‡n-Ifpw ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ i‡n-

Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-ep-Ifpw h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂p. AIv_-dpsS

hnim-e-ho-£-WsØ ]n¥n-cn-∏-∑m¿ Hcn-°epw C„-s∏-́ n-cp-∂n√. At±-

l-Øns‚ ac-W-Øn\p tijw Ah¿ aX-]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn

ISpØ B{I-aWw \SØn. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂v 52 D]-\n-j-Øp-

Iƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw kq^n-hm-Z-tØmSpw lnμp-ap…ow ssa{Xn

F∂ Bi-b-tØmSpw B\p-Iqeyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂

14. Kennedy: History of the Great Moghuls, p. 27

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 93

Ip‰-Øn\v Ah¿ Zmcm-jn-tIm-cm-P-Ip-am-cs\ aX-hn-tcm[n F∂v ap{Z-

IpØn Xq°n-te‰n. F∂m¬, CØcw aX-a¿Z-\-ßƒs°m∂pw apKƒ -̀

c-WsØ AXns‚ \mi-I-c-amb am¿K-Øn¬ \n∂v XS-™p-\n¿Øm≥

Ign-™n√. P\-ß-fpsS a\- n¬ \n∂v ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-ßsf ]q¿W-

ambn XpS®p \o°m\pw Ah¿°v km[n-®n√.

C…m-anse Cu ]cn-jv°-c-Wm-ib {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS {]t_m-[-

\-ßƒ a[y-bp-K-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØv kmaq-ly-Nn-¥-I-fpsS

hnIm-ksØ hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-\n®p. Ah-bn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw

Z¬ln-k¬Xv\-Øns‚ `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv D¤-hn-®Xv. F∂m¬ ]Xn-

t\gpw ]Xn-s\´pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ apKƒ`-cWw A[x-]-X-t\m-∑p-J-

am-b-t∏m-gmWv Cu aX-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-

s\-Xn-cmb P\-Iob Iem-]-ß-fpsS cq]w ssIs°m-≠Xv. C…m-anse

]cn-jv°-c-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ \S-Ønb t]mcm-́ -ßƒ lnμp-a-X-Ønt\m lnμp-

k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ P\-ßƒt°m FXn-cmbn \S-Ø-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp-

∂n√. t\sc-a-dn®v, IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bv°p-

th≠n {]h¿Øn® ]e lnμp-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fp-ambpw tbmPn-®p-

sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ {]h¿Øn-®Xv. c≠v aX-hn-`m-K-ßfpw Hscm‰ kap-

Zm-b-ambn ebn-®n√ F∂-Xp-i-cn-bmWv. F∂m¬, c≠p hn`m-K-°mcpw

XΩn¬ sshIm-cn-I-ambn sFIy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ Imcy-Øn¬

kwi-b-an√. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ lnμp-°-fp-sSbpw ap…o-ß-fp-sSbpw

aX-]-cn-jv°-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ°v Hcp s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

ssZh-Øns‚ apºn¬ F√m-hcpw ka-∑m-cmWv! Cu kn≤m¥w ]e-

t∏mgpw kmaq-ly-k-a-Xz-Øn\pw Nne-t∏mƒ kmº-Øn-I-k-a-Xz-Øn\pw

th≠n-bp≈ {]t£m-`-ßƒ°v {]tNm-Z\w \¬In.


28. `‡n-{]-ÿm\w

C¥y-bn¬ \mSp-hm-gnØw \mtim-∑p-J-am-b-tXmSp IqSn lnμp-aXw

apc-Sn-°m≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw Bflo-b-amb XI¿®-bpsS h°-sØ-Øp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. ]gb hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ]fin-X-∑m-cmb {]Xn-\n-[n-

Iƒ, XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ kmaq-ly-{I-asØ ap´p-sIm-SpØp \ne-

\n¿Øm≥ th≠n ]gb kvarXn-Iƒ°pw imkv{X-ßƒ°pw ]pXnb

hymJym-\-ßƒ cNn-®p-t\m°n. ib-\≥, am[-h≥, B\-μ-Xo¿Y≥,

`´ `mkv°-c≥ F∂n-ßs\ H´-\-h[n ]fin-X-∑m¿ ]Xn-\mepw ]Xn-

\©pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ thZ-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]pcm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw

Ht´sd {KŸ-ß-sf-gp-Xn-bp-≠m°n. ta[m-XnYn, Ip√p-I-`-´≥, hn⁄m-

t\-iz-c≥, tlam{Zn apX-em-b-h¿ a\p-kvar-Xn°pw a‰p {]mNo\ \nb-

a-kw-ln-X-Iƒ°pw ]pXnb hymJym-\-ßfpw ]pXnb A¿Y-ßfpw

\¬In-s°m≠v P\-ßsf \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ "AcpXp'Ifnepw

"]mSn√'Ifnepw ]nSn®p sI´m≥ {ian®p. XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS cwKØv

Ht´sd Bflo-b-hym-Jym-\-ßƒ {]kn≤w sNø-s∏´p. kmwJyw,

sshti-jnIw XpS-ßnb {]mNo-\-Z¿i-\-ß-fn-e-S-ßnb ùXn-I-hm-Z-

kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]p\x-]-cn-

tim-[-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ß-fmbn. aT-ß-fp-sSbpw t£{X-ß-fp-sSbpw

FÆw h¿[n®p. XXz-Nn-¥-sbbpw aX-sØbpw aX-hn-⁄m-\o-b-

sØbpw Iqń hnf-°n-t®¿°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah ê-{]-Z-amb ]¶p hln-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mSp-hmgn cmPm-°-∑mcpw {]`p-°-∑mcpw Xß-fpsS

c£m-[n-Im-cn-Xzhpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw hgn Cu {ia-ß-sf-sb√mw

t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p. _p° lcn-l-c≥ F∂ cmPm-hns‚ \n¿tem-`-amb

klm-bm-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬

ib-\≥ Xs‚ kp{]-kn-≤-amb EtKz-Z-hym-Jym\w Fgp-Xp-am-bn-cp-

∂pthm F∂p kwi-b-amWv.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 95

Cßs\ Ime-l-c-W-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßnb aX-Nn-¥-Iƒ°pw aXm-

Nm-c-ßƒ°pw Hcp ]pXnb Poh≥ \¬Im≥ `Ko-c-Y-b-Xv\-ßƒ \S-

Ø-s∏´p. hnhml NS-ßp-I-fnepw a‰p hnti-jm-h-k-c-ß-fnepw thZ-a-

{¥-ßƒ ho≠pw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´p XpSßn. b⁄-ßfpw a‰p sshZn-

I-I¿a-ßfpw ho≠pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´p. ]ecpw a{¥-X-{¥-ß-fn¬

A`bw tXSn. Xm{¥n-I-]qP ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏-n°-s∏´p. ]t£, AtX-

Im-eØp Xs∂ ]pXnb kmaqly kmº-Øn-I-i-‡n-Iƒ ]pXnb

Bi-b-ßfpw ]pXnb aX-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-ambn apt∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-

I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ap…ow B{I-a-W-ß-sf-Øp-S¿∂v C¥y-bn-te°v IS-

∂p-h∂ kmaq-lyhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb Bi-b-ßƒ Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-

ksØ Xzcn-X-s∏-SpØn.

aX-Ønse ]ptcm-K-a-\-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ

a[y-Im-e-bq-tdm-∏nse aX-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\sØ ]cm-a¿in-

®p-sIm≠v GwK¬kv FgpXn: ""a[y-bpKw aX-hn-⁄m-\o-b-hp-ambn

as‰√m {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-cq-]-ß-sfbpw XXz-Nn¥, cm{„-X{¥w, \nb-

a-imkv{Xw F∂n-h-sbbpw _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ahsb aX-hn-⁄m-

\o-b-Øns‚ D]-hn-̀ m-K-ß-fm°n Xo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ AXv

kmaq-ly-cm-{„ob {]ÿm-\-ßƒ°v aX-]-c-amb Hcp cq]w \¬In.

aX-a-√msX as‰m∂pw a\- n-en-√m-Xn-cp∂ P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS kz¥w

Bh-iy-ßsf aX-Øns‚ thj-a-Wn-bn-®p-sIm-≠mWv apt∂m-´p-h-®Xv.

Aß-s\-bmWv Ah¿ Hcp {]t£m`w kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xv.''1

]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n\pw ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn-ep≈

C¥ysb kw_-‘n®pw CXv Gsd-°psd icn-bmWv. C¥y-bnse

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v ssh¢n^v, eqX¿, tXmakv ap≥k¿ apX-em-b-

h¿ \bn® aX-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn ]e kmZr-iyßfpw

ImWmw. hnjvWp-hns‚ Ah-Xm-c-ß-fmbn Icp-X-s∏´ {iocm-a≥,

{ioIr-jvW≥ F∂n-h-tcm-Sp≈ `‡n-bmWv Cu {]ÿm-\-Øns‚

ImX¬. ]t£, AXv shdp-samcp aX-{]-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√. sshjvW-

h-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ, BXy-¥nI hni-I-e-\-Øn¬, B Ime-L-´-Øns‚

kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI bmYm¿Yy-ß-fpsS Bflo-b-{]-I-S-\-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p. F∂m¬, kmwkvIm-cnI cwKØv AXv Hcp tZio-b-\-thm-∞m-

\-sØ-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-∏n-®Xv. kmaq-ly-amb D≈-S-°-am-Is´, PmXn-

ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn\pw PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS A\o-Xn-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb

1. Engels: Ludwig Fuerbach, ch . IV.


Iem-]-sØ-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXXv. AXv C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[

tZio-b-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw tZiob `mj-I-fp-sSbpw

tZiob kmln-Xy-ß-fp-sSbpw hnIm-k-Øn\pw Hcp ]pXnb DtØ-

P\w \¬In. Cu {]ÿm-\-amWv \mSp-hm-gnØ a¿Z-\-ßƒs°-Xn-

cmbn Dd®p \n¬°m≥ I®-h-S-°m¿°pw ssIth-e-°m¿°pw a‰p ]mh-

s∏´ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw ss[cyw \¬In-bXv. Db¿∂ PmXn-bn¬

P\n-®-h-cm-bmepw icn, XmW PmXn-bn¬ P\n-®-h-cm-bmepw icn, ssZh-

Øns‚ apºn¬ F√m a\p-jycpw ka-∑m-cm-sW∂ kn≤m-¥-amWv

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ImX¬. ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn\pw PmXn-a¿Z-\-

Øn\pw FXn-cmbn t]mcm-Sp-∂-Xn\v P\-ßsf Bthiw sIm≈n®v

AWn-\n-c-Ønb Hcp kn≤m-¥-am-bn-Øo¿∂p AXv. a[y-bp-K-Ønse

hyXy-kvX-`m-j-I-tfmSpw hyXy-kvX-Pm-Xn-I-tfmSpw hyXykvX aX-ß-

tfmSpw IqSnb hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-ßsf tbmPn-∏n-®-Wn-\n-c-Ønb al-

Ømb Cu {]ÿm\w Hcp k¶c kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnIm-ksØ

klm-bn-°p-Ibpw \mSp-hm-gnØ a¿±-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb tbmPn® ka-

c-ßƒ°v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

XmW-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏v

cmam-\p-P-s‚bpw At±-l-Øns‚ injy-\mb cmam-\-μ-s‚bpw

thZm-¥-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fmWv Cu ]cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ apJy-

amb Dd-hnSw. F√m a\p-jy¿°pw `‡n-bn-eqsS ssZh-hp-ambn

kmflyw {]m]n-°m\pw Aßs\ imiz-Xm-\μw A\p-`-hn-°m\pw Ign-

bp-sa-∂p≈ cmam-\p-Ps‚ {]Jym-]-\-amWv Cu ]pXnb aX-{]-t£m-

`-Øn\v AkvXn-hm-c-an-´Xv. cmam-\-μ≥ Ducp-tXmdpw Np‰n-k-©-cn®v

{_m“-W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-sØbpw PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-sbbpw cq£-ambn

hna¿in®p. CXm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ {]amWw: ""Hcmƒ as‰m-cm-

fpsS PmXntbm aX-hn-`m-Ktam Fs¥∂p tNmZn-°m-Xn-cn-°s´.

ssZhsØ ]qPn-°p-∂-h≥ ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥-amWv.''

cmam-\-μ\v ]{¥≠v injy-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cn¬ cmbn-Zmkv

Hcp sNcp-∏p-Ip-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p. [c-W≥ Abn-Ø-°m-c-\mb Hcp

PmXvI¿j-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. I_o¿ Hcp s\bvØp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. a‰p

aX-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fp-sSbpw ÿnXn CXp-Xs∂. AIv_-dpsS

ImeØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ Xpf-ko-Zmkv alm-Ihn P\-\m¬ Hcp {_m“-

W-\m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, At±lw ssZh-Øns‚ Kmb-I≥ Bbn

amdm≥ th≠n Ipń-°m-eØv Xs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑msc Dt]-£n®p.

cP-]p-Øm-\-bnse `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ \mb-I-\mb ZmZp XmW-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 97

Pm-Xn-bn¬s∏´ Hcp \q¬\q¬∏p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. \m\m°v Hcp sNdp-

In-S-I-®-h-S-°m-cs‚ aI-\m-bn-cp∂p. adm-Tn-Ihn \ma-tZhv Hcp

Xp∂¬°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. Xp°mdmw XmW-Pm-Xn-bn¬s∏´ Hcp I®-h-

S-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. ssNX-\y≥ _wKm-fnse Hcp Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-

emWv P\n-®Xv. B{‘-bnse kp{]-kn-≤-Ihn thaÆ A£-c-⁄m-

\-an-√mØ Hcp I¿j-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ]nXm-

sh∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Xp©Øv Fgp-Ø-—≥ XmW-Pm-Xn-bn¬s∏´

Hcp N°m-e-\m-bn-cp∂p. A]q¿hw Nne {_m“-Wcpw a‰p Nne D∂-

X-Pm-Xn-°mcpw `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn F∂Xv

icn-bmWv. F∂m¬, Ah¿ A{]-Imcw sNbvXXv Xß-fpsS kz¥w

PmXn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-im-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Dt]-£n-

®p-sIm-≠mWv. Npcp-°-Øn¬, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\sØ \bn-®Xv {_m“-

W-]u-tcm-ln-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂n√; ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb XmW-Pm-

Xn-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p.

lnμp˛ap…ow ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn\pw Ah-cpsS

]n≥_-e-Øn-t∑¬ ÿnXn-sNbvX ÿm]n-X-Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ°pw FXn-

cmb kwL-Sn-X-k-a-c-ßƒ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcm-h-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂ ka-

b-ØmWv `‡n-{]-ÿm\w Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv. {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-

hp-amb Iqdp-IƒsIm≠v thdn-´p-\n∂ P\-X-Isf tbmPn-∏n-°pI,

{]mtZ-in-I-sam-gn-Isf tZio-b-`m-j-I-fpsS ]Z-hn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn-

s°m≠v P\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßsf hn]p-eo-I-cn-°pI, \q‰m-

≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fnepw a¿Z-\-ß-fnepw InS∂p

\c-In®v at\m-hocyw XI¿∂ P\-ß-fpsS a\p-jyXzw Xń-bp-

W¿ØpI, k¿thm-]cn, PmXn-I-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw aXn¬s°-

´p-Iƒ s]mfn-®p-I-f™v a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ sFIyhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw

hf¿ØpI ˛ Ch-bmWv `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ \mb-I-∑msc A`n-ap-

Jo-I-cn® apJy-amb IS-a-Iƒ.

{]mNo-\-Nn-¥-I-fpsS {]Xn-[z-\n-Iƒ

`‡n-{]-ÿm\w Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv {][m-\-ambpw C¥y-bnse kmaq-

ly-cm-{„ob ÿnXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bmWv. EtKzZw, D]-\n-j-Øp-

Iƒ, `K-h-ZvKoX apX-em-b-h-bn-e-S-ßnb {]mNo-\-Nn-¥-I-fpsS Nne

{]Xn-[z-\n-Iƒ I_o-dns‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬ tIƒ°mw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,

Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ IhnX hmbn-®m¬ EtKz-Z-Ønse kr„n-KoXw

Hm¿a-hcpw.


""Bcw-`-Øn¬ CXv GI-am-bn-cp∂p. \ncm-Im-chpw \n¿Kp-Whpw

Ah¿W-\o-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn\v BZn, a[yw, A¥w F∂o {Ia-

ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. At∏mƒ Ccpt´m ]pItbm shfn-®tam H∂p-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. `qanbpw hmbphpw BIm-i-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Xobpw

sh≈-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. KwKbpw bap-\bpw kc-kz-Xn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-

cp-∂n√. kap-{Zhpw Xnc-am-e-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]m]-]p-Wy-ß-fp-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F√mw Btem-Nn-®p-t\m-°n-bn v́ I_o¿ ]d-bp∂p. AXp-

hsc (Cuiz-cs‚) eoe-I-sfm∂pw {]Xy-£-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√. ]c-a-]p-cp-

j≥ AK-ahpw AtKm-N-c-hp-amb AKm-[-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. kr„n-

I¿Ømhv Xn∂p-Itbm IpSn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n√. acn-°p-Itbm P\n-

°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n√. AXn\v cq]hpw BIm-chpw C√. \ndhpw thj-

hp-an√. PmXnbpw tKm{X-hp-an√. AXns‚ aln-asb h¿Wn-°m≥

F\n°p Ign-hn√. AXv kzcq-]tam Acq-]tam A√. AXn\v

t]scm∂pw C√. AXn\p \nd-an√, \nd-an-√m-bva-bp-an√. AXn\v

bmsXmcp ÿm\-hp-an√.''2

D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-sebpw `K-hZv KoX-bn-sebpw Nne Bi-b-ß-

tfmSp kmZriyw hln-°p∂ Nn¥-Iƒ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ Ihn-X-bn-

e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p:

""Rm≥ [¿am-flm-hp-a√, A[¿an-bp-a√.

Rm≥ bXn-bp-a√, Imap-I-\p-a√.

Rm≥ kwkm-cn-°p-Itbm tIƒ°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n√.

Rm≥ D]m-k-I-\p-a√, D]m-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]`p-hp-a√.

Rm≥ _‘n-°-s∏-´-h-\p-a√, ap‡-\p-a√.

Rm≥ hnc-‡-\p-a√, Bk-‡-\p-a√.

Rm≥ Bcn¬ \n∂pw AI∂p \n¬°p-∂n√, Bcp-sSbpw Iq´-

Ønepw \n¬°p-∂n√.

Rm≥ \c-I-Ønepw t]mIp-∂n√, kz¿K-Ønepw t]mIp-∂n√.

Rm≥ F√m I¿a-ßfpw sNøp∂p, F√m I¿a-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

hn´p-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

Cu XXzw a\- n-em-°p-∂-h¿ Ipd-hmWv. ]t£, a\- n-em-°n-

b-h¿ AN-©-e-cm-bn-cn°pw.

I_o¿ GsX-¶nepw aXw ÿm]n-°p-Itbm GsX-¶nepw aXw

\in-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-ń√.''3.

2. k¿Zm¿ Pm{^n (kºm): I_o¿ _mWo, t]Pv 175.


`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 99

C…m-ans‚ kzm[o\w

F∂m¬, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kq^n-I-fp-sSbpw C…m-anse a‰p

]cn-jv°-c-W-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\hpw \ng-en-

®n-cp∂p F∂v ImWmw. lnμp-`-‡-∑m-cn¬ ]e¿°pw ap…ow ]cn-jvI-

c-W-hm-Zn-I-fp-ambn hy‡n-]-c-amb Iq´p-sI-´p-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ""cmam-

\-μ≥ Imin-bn¬ sh®v apkvenw-]-fin-X-∑m-cp-ambn _‘-s∏´p

F∂Xp Xo¿®-bmWv''4 F∂v sa°m-en^v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. cmam-

\-μs‚ injy-\mb I_o¿ lnμp-°fpw ap…o-ß-fp-amb BNm-cy-∑msc

kao-]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS {]`m-j-W-ßƒ {i≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp

F∂-Xn\pw sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. ̀ ‡n-{]-ÿm\w C…m-an-Im-i-b-ß-tfmSp

IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂pw C…m-an-Im-i-b-ßƒ alm-cm-{„-bnse P\-

lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn F∂pw

dm\tU Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp∂p: ""AhnsS {_m“-Wcpw A{_m-“-W-cp-

amb {]t_m-[-I-∑m¿ cma\pw dloapw H∂p Xs∂-bm-sW∂v a\- n-

em-°m\pw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ß-fmb BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw PmXn-

hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-sSbpw _‘-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥-cm-hm\pw s]mXp-

hmb a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn-s‚bpw ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ tbmPn-°p-hm\pw P\-ßsf D]-tZ-in®p sIm≠n-cp∂p.''5.

CXn¬ hnNn-{X-am-bn-s´m-∂p-an√. ImcWw, lnμp˛ap…ow aX-]-cn-

jv°-c-Wm-i-b-ßƒ Htc kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬

\n∂m-Wp-≠m-bXv. c≠p-Iq-ćpw a[y-Im-te-¥y-bnse a¿Zn-X-P-\-hn-`m-

K-ß-fpsS B{K-lm-`n-em-j-ß-sf-bmWv {]I-Sn-∏n-®Xv.

Cuiz-c-̀ ‡n F∂m¬ a\p-jy-kvt\lw

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ \mb-I-∑m¿ km[m-c-W-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

Hgn-™p-amdn ImSp-I-fntem Kpl-I-fntem Z¥-tKm-]p-c-ß-fntem Pohn®

tbmKn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√. shdpw {]`m-j-W-ßƒ sIm≠p-am{Xw Xr]vXn-

s∏´ Ae-k-∑m-cmb tIh-e-X-Xz-⁄m-\n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah-cpsS

Bflo-b-Po-hnXw sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Hfn-t®m-´-am-bn-cp-

∂n√. Ah¿ P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠mWv

kmaq-lyhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv;

ITn-\m-[zm\w sIm≠mWv Ah¿ D]-Po-h\w Ign-®Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,

4. Macauliffe: The Sikh Religion, VI, P. 102.5. M.G. Ranade: The Rise of the Maratha Power, P. 55.


I_o¿ kzbw XpWn s\øp-Ibpw AXv Aßm-Sn-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn

hn¬°p-Ibpw AXn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\w-sIm≠v Xs‚ Ipń-Isf

t]m‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv aX-{]-t_m-[-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv. aX-

Po-hnXw Ae-k-amb Pohn-X-a-s√∂pw `‡-∑m¿ A[zm-\n®p ]Wn-

sb-SpØv Pohn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-

sa∂pw At±lw \njvI¿jn®p. a\p-jy≥ kºØv Iqń-sh-°msX

eLp-Po-hnXw \bn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw Du∂n-∏-d™p. Cu XXzw

kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Kpcp-\m-\m°pw

CXp-X-s∂-bmWv sNbvXXv. At±lw ]d™p: ""BNm-cy-∑m-sc∂pw

]o¿am-sc∂pw kzbw hnfn-°p-Ibpw ̀ n£ bmNn®p \S-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-h-cpsS ImeSn sXmS-cpXv. kz¥w {]b-Xv\-Øns‚ êw `£n-°p-

Ibpw AXv a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn ]¶n-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-cmWv icn-bmb

am¿Kw Is≠-Øn-b-h¿''.

shdp∏v, {IqcX, a¿Z\w apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-

fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-°m-cm-Is´, Xß-fpsS A\p-

bm-bn-I-fn¬ \n∂v kXy-k-‘X, klm-\p-`qXn kvt\lw F∂o KpW-

ß-fm-Wm-h-iy-s∏-´Xv. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Cuiz-c≥ kvt\l-

amWv; kvt\lw Xs∂-bmWv Cuiz-c≥. Cuiz-c-`‡n F∂p-sh-®m¬

a\pjy kvt\l-sa-∂m-W¿Yw. Db¿∂ h¿K-°msc kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw kzØm-bn-cp∂p kmaq-ly-amb am\y-X-bpsS Af-hp-tIm¬.

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-°m-cm-Is´, Hu∂-Xy-sØbpw am\y-X-sbbpw kvt\lw

sIm≠m-W-f-∂Xv. F∂√, kzØp kºm-Zn-°m-\p≈ AXym¿Øn

kvt\lsØ \in-∏n-°p-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kzØns‚ _‘-\-Øn¬

\n∂p tamN\w t\Sm≥ Ah¿ Xß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-Sm-h-iy-

s∏´p. \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ Xmt¥m-∂n-Ø-ßfpw kpJ-t`m-K-em-e-k-

X-Ifpw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp∂ Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ am\p-jn-I-amb hy‡n-

XzsØ kº-∂-am-°m≥ th≠n-bp≈ CØcw D¬t_m-[-\-ßƒ°v

Hcp khn-ti-j-amb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-i-‡n-Iƒ

bqtdm-∏n¬ aX-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm\w BZy-ambn {]Xy-£-s∏-

´Xv hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw ssIth-e-°m¿°p-an-S-bn-emWv. ]n∂oSv AXv

Irjn-°m¿°n-S-bnepw ]c-∂p-]n-Sn®p. 1525¬ P¿a-\n-bn-ep-≠mb I¿j-

I-I-em-]-Øn\v Bi-b-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm\w \¬In-bXv aX-]-cn-jv°-

cW {]ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v GwK¬kv Xs‚ ""P¿a-\n-bnse I¿j-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 101

I-bp≤w'' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v. C¥y-bnse ̀ ‡n-

{]-ÿm-\hpw Bcw-`-Øn¬ ]´-W-hm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂mWv,

{]tXy-In®pw sNdp-InS I®-h-S-°m¿, s\bvØp-Im¿, Ip´-bp-≠m-°p-

∂-h¿, sh≈w-tIm-cn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°n-S-bn¬ \n∂mWv, Db¿∂p-

h-∂Xv. F∂m¬, 17˛mw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn AXv Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fnse I¿j-

I-cn-te°pw hym]n®p. AsXmcp _lp-P-\-{]-ÿm-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

\mSp-hm-gn-{]-`p-°ƒ°pw apKƒ`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn\pw FXn-cmbn kmbp-[-

I-em-]-ßƒ t]mepw s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´p. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Z¬ln-

bn¬ knJp-Im¿°n-S-bn¬ s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´ {]t£m-̀ -Øn\pw aYp-c-bn¬

s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´ kmbp-[-I¿jI Iem-]-Øn\pw ]©m-_nse ap…ow

\mSp-hm-gn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmb I¿j-I-k-a-c-Øn\pw `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-amWv

{]tNm-Z\w \¬In-bXv. inhm-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ alm-cm-{„-bn¬

Hcp hºn® sImSp-¶m-‰p-t]mse B™-Sn® hntam-N-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬

`‡-Ihn Xp°mdmw hln® ]¶v sNdp-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√.

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xm-°ƒ Db¿∂ h¿K-°m-cpsS kmln-

Xy-`m-j-I-fmb kwkvIr-X-Øntem t]¿ky-\ntem A√, adn®v, P\-

ß-fpsS kwkm-c-`m-j-I-fn-emWv, Xß-fpsS Ihn-X-Ifpw Io¿Ø-\-

ßfpw cNn-®Xv. CXv tZiob P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw tZio-b-`m-j-I-

fp-sSbpw hnIm-k-Øn\p {]tNm-Z\w \¬In. hyXy-kvX-tZ-io-b-`m-j-

I-fn¬ GXm≠v Htc ImeØv Bhn¿`-hn® `‡n-{]-ÿm\ kmln-

Xy-ßƒ C¥y-bpsS tZio-ssb-Iy-Øn\v \¬Inb al-Ømb kw`m-

h-\-I-fm-bn-cp∂p.

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-X-Xz-ßƒ

`‡n-{]-ÿm\w cmPy-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Bg-Ønepw

hym]vXn-bnepw hyXy-kvX-cq-]-ß-fn-emWv {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

F¶nepw, AXns‚ ]n∂n¬ Nne ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-®n-

cp∂p F∂p ImWmw. H∂m-a-Xmbn, aX-]-cn-K-W-\-Iƒ IqSmsX P\-

ß-fpsS sFIysØ AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn, ssZh-Øns‚

apºn¬ F√m a\p-jycpw ka-∑m-cm-sW∂ XXzw AXp-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-

°p∂p. aq∂m-a-Xmbn, PmXn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ D®-\o-N-Xz-

ßsf AXp \ntj-[n-°p∂p. \mem-a-Xmbn, ssZhhpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-

ep≈ kº¿°w kº-Øn-s\tbm PmXn-sbtbm aX-sØtbm A√,

adn®v hy‡n-bpsS D¬°r-„-Kp-W-ß-sf-bmWv B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv

F∂v AXv {]Jym-]n-°p∂p. A©m-a-Xmbn, Db¿∂ Bcm-[-\m-cq-]-

sa∂ \nebv°v a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn\pw \nkzm¿Y-amb A¿∏-W-a-t\m-


`m-h-Øn\pw AXv {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p. hn{K-lm-cm-[\, Xo¿Ym-S-\-

ßƒ, Bfl-]o-U-\-ßƒ, a\p-jys\ a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂v `n∂n-∏n®p

\n¿Øp∂ aX-N-S-ßp-Iƒ, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ apX-em-b-hsb AXv

ITn-\-ambn FXn¿°p∂p. a\p-jys‚ A¥- ns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

a\p-jy-km-tlm-Z-cysØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp {]ÿm-

\-am-WXv. F√m-Øcw PmXn-h¿K hyXym-k-ß-sfbpw aX-Øns‚

t]cn¬ \S-°p∂ kmaq-ly-a¿±-\-ß-sfbpw CXv A]-e-]n-°p∂p.

I_o-dns‚ ]mń-sem∂v Xmsg ]dbpw {]Im-c-amWv:

""A√tbm km[p, temI-Øn\p apgp-h≥ {`m¥p-]n-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

kXyw ]d-™m¬, F√m-hcpw ]c-kv]cw sIm√m≥ th≠n HmSn-\-S-

°p-I-bmWv, F√m-h¿°pw Ak-Xy-Øn-emWv hnizmkw. lnμp cma-

s‚bpw apk¬am≥ dlo-an-s‚bpw t]cp-®-cn-°p∂p. Cu t]cp-Iƒ°p-

th≠n c≠p-Iq-ćpw ]c-kv]cw bp≤w-shń acn-°p∂p. ]t£, kXy-

sa-¥m-sW∂v B¿°pw Adn-™p-IqSm; aX-ß-sfbpw aX-\n-b-a-ß-

sfbpw A\p-k-cn-°p∂ ]e-scbpw Rm≥ I≠n-´p≠v. F√m-hcpw Znh-

tk\ {]mX-Im-eØv kv\m\w sNøp∂p. Bflm-hn-s\-bp-t]-£n®v

I√ns\ ]qPn-°p∂p. Ah-cpsS ⁄m\w anYy-bmWv. henb Uwt`m-

Sp-IqSn Ah¿ Bk-\-ß-fn-en-cn-°p∂p. ]t£, Ah-cpsS a\ v Al-

¶m-c-Øn¬ apßn-°n-S-°p∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-W-h¿ I√n-s\bpw B¬a-

c-sØbpw ]qPn-°p-∂Xv. Ah¿ amebpw sXm∏nbpw [cn-°p∂p. s\‰n-

bn¬ Xne-Ihpw s]m´pw Nm¿Øp∂p. D]-tZ-i-ßƒ sImSp-Øp-sIm-

SpØv Ah¿ kz¥w Bflm-hn¬ {i≤-bn-√m-Ø-h-cm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-

°p∂p. amb-bpsS Alw-`m-h-Øn¬ hoSp-tXmdpw Np‰n-Øn-cn™v a{¥-

ß-fp-®-cn-°p∂p. Kpcp-°-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS injy-∑mcpw apßn-°-gn-™n-

cn-°p∂p. Ah-cpsS A¥y-Im-e-Øn¬ ]›m-Øm-]-a-√msX as‰m∂pw

_m°n-bn√. Rm≥ At\Iw ]o¿am-scbpw Huen-am-scbpw I≠n-´p≠v.

Ah¿ InØm_pw Jp¿-B\pw hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. Ah¿ ih-

°-√d ImWn®p sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠mWv P\-ßsf injy-∑m-cm°n am‰p-

∂Xv. Ah¿ ssZhsØ Xncn-®-dn-™n-ń-s√-∂Xp hy‡-amWv. lnμp-

hns‚ Zbbpw apk¬ams‚ kvt\lhpw Ah-cpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v

A¥¿[m\w sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. c≠p-Iq-´-cp-sSbpw hoSp-Iƒ°v Xo]n-

Sn-®n-cn-°p∂p. F∂n´v Ah¿ \sΩ ]cn-l-kn-°p-Ibpw kzbw _p≤n-

am-∑m-cmbn sRfn-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. I_o¿ ]d-bp∂p; A√tbm

km[p, \o Xs∂ ]d™p Xcq, Rß-fn¬ B¿°mWv {`m¥v?''6

6. k¿Zm¿ Pm{^n (kºm): I_o¿ _mWo, t]Pv 210˛211.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 103

PmXnbpw aX-hp-an√, a\p-jy≥ am{Xw

I_o-dns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, ""lnμp-hm-bmepw icn, ap…o-am-

bmepw icn F√m ]m{X-ß-fnepw Hscm‰ Bflm-th-bp≈q. A√tbm

A√mlv, A√tbm cmam, Fs‚ hymtam-l-ß-sf√mw Ah-km-\n-®n-cn-

°p∂p. lnμphpw ap…oapw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp hyXym-k-hp-an√.''

as‰mcp ]mń¬ At±lw Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""c≠p PK-Zo-iz-c-∑m¿

Fhn-sS-\n∂p h∂p? BcmWv \ns∂ Cu hymtam-l-Øn¬ IpSp-°n-

bXv? A√m-lphpw cma\pw dloapw thsd thsd-bm-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-

bmWv? Hcmƒ \amkpw as‰m-cmƒ ]qPbpw sNøp∂p F∂mWv ]d-

bp-∂Xv. Cu hyXymkw ambv®p If-bpI. Ah≥ Xs∂-bmWv apl-

ΩZv. {_“mhp Xs∂-bmWv BZw. Hcmƒ lnμp-sh∂p hnfn-°-s∏-

Sp∂p. as‰m-cmƒ ap…ow F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. ]t£, c≠p-t]cpw

Htc `qan-bn-emWv Pohn-°p-∂Xv. Hcmƒ thZw hmbn-°p∂p. as‰m-cmƒ

Jp¿-B\pw hmbn-°p∂p. Hcmƒ auem\m F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. as‰m-

cmƒ ]fin-X≥ F∂pw. t]cp-Iƒ thsd-th-sd-bmWv. ]t£, F√m

]m{X-ßfpw Htc aÆp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°-s∏-´-h-bmWv. I_o¿ ]d-bp∂p,

c≠p-Iq-ćpw e£yw ]ng®v Np‰n Ae-bp-I-bm-sW∂v. cmas\ Bcpw

Is≠-Øn-bn-ń√ Hcmƒ BSns\ sIm√p∂p. as‰m-cmƒ ]ip-hns\

sIm√p∂p. Cu el-f-bn¬ s]´v c≠p-t]cpw PohnXw ]mgm-°p∂p.''7

I_o¿ lnμp-°-fp-sSbpw ap…o-ß-fp-sSbpw aX-®-S-ßp-Isf ]cn-

l-kn-®p-sIm≠v Cßs\ ]mSn: ""]pWy-kv\m-\-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ sh≈-

a-√msX as‰m-∂p-an√. Ah D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amWv. Rm\-h-bn¬ Ipfn-

®n-´p≠v. _nw_-ß-sf√mw Poh-\n-√m-Ø-h-bmWv, Ahbv°v kwkm-

cn-°m-\-dn-bn-s√-s∂-\n-°-dnbmw. Rm≥ Ah-bpsS apºn¬ D®-Øn¬

Ic-™n-́ p≠v. ]pcm-W-ßfpw I¿a-ßfpw shdpw hm°p-Iƒ am{X-amWv;

ad-\o°n Rm\-hsb t\m°n-bn-´p≠v. I_o¿ kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS

hm°p-I-fmWv ]d-bp-∂Xv. as‰√m hkvXp-°fpw Ab-Ym¿Y-am-sW∂v

I_o-dn-∂-dnbmw.''

as‰mcp ]mń¬:

""apk¬am≥ A\p-jvTn-°p∂ A©p \nkvIm-c-ßfpw shdp-sX-

bmWv. ImcWw, Ah shdpw _mly-{]-I-S-\-ßfpw \mSy-ßfpw am{X-

amWv. \nkvI-cn-°p∂ ka-bØv Ah-cpsS a\- n-ep≈ Nn¥ as‰t¥m

Bbn-cn°pw. aX-]-c-amb I¿a-ß-fpsS Hcp {]Z¿i\w \S-Øp∂



Jmkn ]mh-s∏´ P\-ßsf h©n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v \∑-sb-°m-tfsd

Xn∑-Iƒ \¬Ip-I-bp-amWv sNøp-∂Xv.''8

P\-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ F√m PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ß-

sfbpw I_o¿ A]-e-]n®p: ""Fß-s\-bmWv Hcmƒ iq{Z-\mbn P\n-

°p-∂Xpw, ac-Ww-hsc iq{Z-\mbn XpS-cp-∂Xpw? Hcp-h≥ {_m“-Ws‚

]qWp-\q¬ kzbw D≠m°n sI´p∂p. Aßs\ temIw BsI Bi-

b-°p-g-∏-Øn-emWv. \nßƒ {_m“-W\p P\n® {_m“-W-\m-sW-

¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v \nßƒ hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ P\n-®n√? Hcp

IdpØ ]ip-hn-s‚bpw shfpØ ]ip-hn-s‚bpw ]m¬ Id∂v AXp-

c≠pw Iqń-bm¬ H∂ns‚ ]m¬ at‰-Xn¬ \n∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

]‰ptam?'' ho≠pw I_o¿ ]d-bp∂p: ""Db¿∂-Xn-t\-°p-dn®pw Xmgv∂-

Xn-t\-°p-dn®pw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿ apßn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ah¿ \in-

®p-I-gn™p. Hscm‰ `qan-tb-bp≈p. Hscm‰ Ipi-h≥; H∂v F√m-‰n-

s‚bpw {kjvSm-hm-Wv, F√m hyXykvX cq]-ß-sfbpw Hscm‰ N{Iw

sIm≠mWv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.'' I_o¿ D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn-XmWv: ""kXyw am{Xta kzm`m-hn-I-am-bp≈q. Cu kXyw \nß-

fpsS lrZ-b-Øn-\-IØv tXSpI. ImcWw, _mly-amb aXm-Nm-c-ß-

fn¬ kXy-an√.... kXyw kvt\l-Ønepw i‡n-bnepw klm-\p-`q-Xn-

bnepw shfn-s∏-Sp∂p. shdp-∏ns\ Pbn-®-S-°pI, \nß-fpsS kvt\lw

F√m a\p-jy-cn-te°pw hym]n-∏n-°pI, ssZhw F√m-‰nepw hkn-

°p∂p.''

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ hym]vXn

F√m hyXykvX hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ß-sfbpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw

kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Hscm‰ IÆn-bn¬ Iqń tbmPn-∏n-°pI F∂

Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn ZmZp ]c-{_-“-kw-{]-Zmbw F∂ Hcp kwL-S\

ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ lnμp-°-sfbpw ap…o-ß-sfbpw {]th-in-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Hcp sNcp-∏p-Ip-Øn-bmbn D]-Po-h\w Ign® dmbn-Zmkv ssZh-Øn\v

]q¿W-ambn Iog-S-ßp-I-bmWv a\p-jys‚ ISa F∂p hmZn®p. Fs¥-

∂m¬, ""lcn F√m-amWv. F√mw lcn-bn-ep≠v''. Xs‚ Km\-ß-fn¬

H∂n¬ At±lw {]I-Sn-∏n® A`n-{]m-b-an-XmWv:

""Aßv Fs∂ hymtam-l-Øns‚ Nß-e-IƒsIm≠v _‘n-®n-cn-

°p∂p. Rm≥ Aßsb kvt\l-Øns‚ Ib-dp-sIm≠v _‘n-®n-cn-

8. BZn-{KŸw

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 105

°p∂p. Rm≥ kzbw tamNn-X-\m-hm≥ {ian-°p-I-bmWv. F∂m¬,

Rm≥ kzmX{¥yw t\Sp-tºmƒ Aßsb B¿ ]qPn°pw?''.

_wKm-fnse sshjvW-h-tbm-Kn-bmb ssNX-\y≥ (1485˛1533) F√m-

hcpw ssZhsØ Bcm-[n-°m≥ tbmKy-cm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n®p. ""Cu

{]tem-̀ -\-ßfpw PmXn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ aX-k-{º-Zm-b-ßfpw

hn´p-sIm≠v bYm¿Y-ssh-jvW-h≥ \n -lm-b-\mbn IrjvW-\n¬

A`bw tXSp∂p.'' At±-l-Øns‚ k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v lnμp-°ƒ°n-

S-bn-se-∂-t]mse ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw hn]p-e-amb {]Nmcw e`n®p.

Xmcm-Nμv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""ssNX-\y\v lnμp-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønse XmW-Pm-

Xn-°m¿°n-S-bn-se-∂-t]mse apk¬am-∑m¿°n-S-bnepw injy-∑m-cp-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ {]ap-J-cmb injy-∑m-cn¬s∏´ aq∂p-t]¿

cqPv, k\m-X≥, lcn-Zm-k≥ F∂n-h¿'' ap…o-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. P\-ßƒ

Iq´m-bn-t®¿∂v ̀ ‡n-Km-\-ßƒ ]mSp-∂Xv ap…ow \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°ƒ

hne-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah C…-an-s\-Xn-cm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS

hmZw. F¶nepw ssNX-\ys‚ k¶o¿Ø-\-{]-ÿm\w _wKm-fnse

ap°nepw aqe-bnepw ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn®p. kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p th≠n t]mcm-

Sp∂ P\-ßƒ°v Ah {]tNm-Z\w \¬In.

1290¬ `K-h-ZvKo-X°v Hcp adm-Tn-X¿Ppa Fgp-Xnb ⁄mt\-iz¿

Bbn-cp∂p alm-cm-{„-bnse `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ P\-bn-Xmhv.

⁄mt\-iz-dns‚ Hcp kvt\ln-X-\mb \ma-tZhv (1270˛1350) aX-Øns‚

_mly-cq-]-ßƒs°√mw FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p. At±lw ]d™p: ""lnμp

A‘-\mWv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ap…oapw A‘-\mWv. lnμp t£{X-

Øn¬ t]mbn Bcm-[n-°p∂p; ap…ow ]≈n-bnepw t]mIp∂p. F∂m¬,

\ma-tZhv Bcm-[n-°p∂ ssZh-Øn\v t£{Xtam ]≈ntbm Bh-iy-

an√.''

\ma-tZ-hns‚ injy-∑m-cmb Xp°m-dm-an\pw (1602˛1649) cma-Zm-

kn\pw (1608˛1681) inhm-Pn-bpsS ta¬ hºn® kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p;

apKƒ`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w

\¬In-bXpw B ̀ ‡-I-hn-I-fmWv. dm\tU Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse,

alm-cm-{„-bnse `‡n-{]-ÿm-\sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, aX-®-S-

ßp-Iƒ, D’-h-ßƒ, Xo¿Ym-S-\-ßƒ, {hX-ßƒ, ]mfinXyw, [ym\w

apX-em-b-h-sb-°m-sf√mw {][m\w kvt\lhpw hnizm-khpw Dƒs°m-

≈p∂ Bcm-[-\-bmWv. _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ B[n-IysØ

AXp XS-™p-\n¿Øn.

knJp-Im-cpsS BZysØ Kpcp-hmb \m\m°v (1469˛1538) J{Xn

PmXn-bn¬s∏´ hym]m-cn-I-fpsS Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Hcp ]Svhm-cn-bpsS


({Kma-Ønse IW-s°-gp-Øp-Im-c≥) aI-\m-bn-´mWv P\n-®Xv. `‡n-

{]-ÿm-\-Ønse a‰p \mb-I-∑m-sc-t∏mse At±-lhpw P\-ß-tfmSv

PmXn˛aX hyXym-k-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°m≥ Blzm\w sNøp-Ibpw ssZh-

Øns‚ apºn¬ F√m-hcpw ka-∑m-cm-sW∂v D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

knJp-Im¿°n-S-bn¬ ]´-W-ß-fnse hym]m-cn-Ifpw ssIth-e-

°mcpw am{X-a√ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. \m\m-°ns‚ D¬t_m-[-\-ßfpw

knJv kmtlm-Z-cyhpw a¿Zn-X-P-\-Xbv°v Xßsf NqjWw sNøp-∂-

h¿s°-Xn-cmbn AWn-\n-c-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿Kw ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØp.

\m\m°v lnμp-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-scbpw ap…ow-ap-√-am-scbpw Hcp-t]mse

hna¿in-°p-Ibpw hn{K-lm-cm-[\, Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-

\-ßƒ, PmXn-hy-hÿ, Xo¿Ym-S-\-ßƒ F∂n-hsb FXn¿°m≥ Xs‚

A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ssZhsØ {]m¿Yn-

°pI F∂p-sh-®m¬ a\p-jys‚ D∂-Xn°p th≠n-bp≈ kmaq-ly-

{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-SpI F∂m-W¿Y-sa∂v At±lw Nq≠n-°m-

Wn®p. Xs‚ Hcp Ihn-X-bn¬ At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""aXw hm°p-I-

fn¬ am{Xw AS-ßp∂ H∂√. F√m a\p-jy-scbpw Xpey-\n-e-bn¬

t\m°p-∂-h-\mWv aX-`-‡≥. temI-Ønse Aip-≤n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬

hnip-≤nsb tXSpI; Aßs\ aX-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn \nßƒ°p

Is≠Ømw.''

a\p-jys\, {]tXy-In®pw a¿Zn-X-\mb a\p-jys\ kvt\ln-

°msX ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°pI km[y-a-s√∂v \m\m°v Du∂n-∏-

d™p: ""a\p-jy-cn¬ Xmgv∂-h¿°n-S-bn¬ Xs∂ G‰hpw Xmgv∂-h-

cp≠v. \m\m°v Ah-cpsS ASp-tØ°v t]mIp∂p. hen-b-h-sc-s°m≠v

Abmƒ°v F¥p-Imcyw? Xmgv∂-hsc ip{iq-jn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ta¬

ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-Wm-I-Sm£w ]Xn-bp∂p. PmXn Akw-_-‘-amWv,

{]kn≤n Akw-_-‘-amWv. PmXn°v F¥p i‡n-bm-Wp-≈Xv? Hcp

hne-bp-an-√mØ bmsXm-cm-fp-an√.''9

knJp-Im-cpsS A©m-asØ Kpcp A¿Pp-\≥ (1563˛1606) \m\m-

°ns‚ P]vPnbpw I_o-dn-s‚bpw a‰p ]pWy-hm-f-∑m-cp-sSbpw Io¿Ø-

\-ßfpw Dƒs∏´ BZn-{KŸw kam-l-cn®p {]km-[\w sNbvXp. At±-

l-amWv BZy-Im-esØ Kpcp-°-fpsS {]t_m-[-\-ßsf Nn -́tbm-Sp-IqSn

{Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ knJv kmtlm-Z-cy-

Øn\v Hcp kwL-SnX cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXXv. At±-l-Øns‚

9. P\w-kJn

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 107

{]t_m-[-\-ßƒ cmPy-t{Zm-l-am-sW∂v A]-e-]n-®p-sIm≠v apKƒ`-c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ At±-lsØ arKo-b-ambn sIme-s∏-SpØn. Hº-Xm-

asØ Kpcp-hn\pw AtX A\p-`-h-am-Wp-≠m-bXv. ASpØ Kpcp-hmb

tKmhn-μvknßv (1675˛1695) BZn-{KŸw ]cn-jv°-cn®p am‰n-sb-gpXn.

At±lw C{]-Imcw {]Jym-]n-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p: ""Fs‚ knJp-

Iƒ lnμp-°fpw ap…o-ßfpw XΩnepw sXmSm-hp-∂-hcpw sXm´p-Iq-

Sm-Ø-hcpw XΩnepw Db¿∂-hcpw Xmgv∂-hcpw XΩn-ep-ap≈ hyXym-

k-ßƒ ambv®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw ssZh-Øns‚ ]nXr-Xz-Øn¬ hniz-kn-

°p∂ a\p-jy-cpsS Hscm‰ kmtlm-Z-cy-kw-L-S-\-bp-≠m-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw.''

\mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]ÿm\w

hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ F√m P\-ß-fp-sSbpw sFIy-

Øn-t∑-ep≈ Cu Du∂¬ B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw

AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v kmº-ØnI _‘-ß-fn-ep-≠mb am‰-ß-fp-sSbpw

ê-ambn XI-cm≥ XpS-ßnb PmXn-I-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kmaqly hn`-P-\-ßƒs°-Xn-cm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-

≠p-Xs∂ AXv Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcm-h-iy-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. ssZh-Øns‚

apºn¬ F√m a\p-jycpw ka-∑m-cmWv F∂ kn≤m¥w \mSp-hm-gn-

Ø-Nq-j-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sp∂ I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw ssIth-e-°m-

cp-sSbpw ]pXnb kmaq-ly-t_m-[-sØ-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-∏n-®Xv. PmXn-

bp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw aln-a-bv°p-]-Icw AXv hy‡n-bpsS

KpW-ß-sfbpw \∑-I-sfbpw Db¿Øn-°m-Wn®p. Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn

t\m°n-bm¬, CØcw Bi-b-ßƒ PmXn-h-g-°p-Ifpw A‘-hn-izm-

k-ßfpw sIm≠v Po¿Wn® \mSp-hm-gn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS kml-N-cy-ß-

fn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Hcp ]¶mWv hln-®Xv F∂ Imcy-Øn¬

kwi-b-an√.

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Zu¿_eyw

]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ alm-cm-{„-°m¿ inhm-Pn-bpsS

(1627˛1680) t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ apKƒ`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn ka-c-am-cw-`n®p.

Cu ka-c-Øn-\p≈ {]tNm-Z\w {]i-kvX-a-dmTn Ihn-Ifpw `‡n-{]-

ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xm-°-fp-amb Xp°mdmw, cmwZmkv apX-em-b-h-cn¬

\n∂mWv e`n-®Xv. Iem-]-Øns‚ Xo Bfn-°-Øn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬

cmwZmkv {]tXy-In®pw [oc-amb Hcp ]¶mWv hln-®Xv. inhm-Pn-bpsS


kzmX-{¥y-tbm-≤m-°ƒ apJy-ambpw I¿j-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ Xß-

fpsS {]K-¤-\mb tk\m-\m-b-Is‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ apKƒssk-

\ysØ ]te-SØpw sh®v Hm¿°m-∏p-dØv IS∂v B{I-an-°p-Ibpw

Bfp-I-fpsS FÆw Ipd-bp-Itbm ]cm-Pbw t\cn-Sm-\n-S-h-cn-Itbm

sNøp-tºmƒ ]›n-a-L-´-ß-fnse \nd™ ImSp-I-fn-te°p ]n¥n-cn-

bp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Kdn-√m-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp t]mcm-´-amWv \S-

Øn-bXv. 1674 BIp-tºm-tg°v `qcn-`mKw alm-cm-{„-°mcpw tamNn-°-

s∏´p. kzX{¥ alm-cm-{„-bpsS `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn inhmPn Ah-

tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-amWv B{K˛aYpc {]tZ-

i-ß-fnse I¿j-I-cpsS Iem-]-sØbpw at[y-¥y-bnse I¿jI ka-

c-ß-sfbpw Cf°n hn´Xv. a¿±n-X-cmb I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw ssIth-e-

°m-cp-sSbpw Akw-Xr-]vXn-bn¬ \n∂v DS-se-SpØ Cu ka-c-ßƒ

apKƒ -̀c-W-Øns‚ XI¿®-sbbpw AtXm-sSm∏w \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚

\mi-sØbpw Xzcn-X-s∏-SpØn.

Cßs\ `‡n-{]-ÿm\w Iq´-{]m¿Y-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \rØ-ß-fn-

eq-sSbpw kwL-Km-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw P\-ß-fpsS {Inbm-fl-I-amb I¿a-

i-‡n°p DtØ-P\w \¬In. AXv P\-ßsf Hcp ]pXnb t_m[-a-

fi-e-Øn-te-°p-W¿Øn; {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬In. AXv

^yqU-en-k-Ønse PmXo-bhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb Ak-a-Xz-ßƒs°-Xn-

cmb {]t£m-`-ßƒ°p am{X-a√, \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kmº-

Øn-I-k-a-c-ßƒ°pw {]tNm-Z\w \¬In. F∂m¬, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-

Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb Zu¿_-ey-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. aX-]-c-amb DtØ-

P\w hnI-c-Øn-t‚-XmWv. bp‡n-bp-tS-X√. AXn-\m¬, kmaq-ly-{]-

iv\-ß-sf-∏‰n bp‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ At\z-jWw \S-Øp-

∂-Xnt\m Ahbv°v bp‡n-k-l-amb ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xnt\m

AXn\p km[n-®n√. P\-ßsf DW¿Øn-hn-Sm≥ AXn\v Ign™p.

]t£, kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI LS-\-bnse XI-cm-dp-I-fpsS bYm¿Y

Imc-W-ßƒ {Kln-°p-∂-Xnepw a\p-jy-cpsS Zpcn-X-Øn\v kaq-e-amb

NnIn’ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xnepw AXp ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ Xmt¥m-∂n-Ø-Øn\pw ]utcm-

ln-Xy-Øns‚ A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmbn P\-ßsf AWn-

\n-c-Ønb `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-°m¿ HSp-hn¬ hn`m-Kob kwL-ß-fm-bn-

Øo¿∂Xv. knJp-a-X-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaw CXn\v hy‡-amb Hcp Zr„m-

¥-amWv.

knJp {]ÿm\w \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-Øns‚ Hcp

{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 109

≠n¬, h¿K-kw-L-´-\-ßƒ sIm≠v apJ-cn-X-amb Hcp kml-N-cy-

Øn¬, AXv apKƒ`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kmbp-[-k-a-c-ß-fpsS cq]w

ssIs°m≠p. Xmcm-Nμv ]d-bp∂p: ""\m\m°v XpS-ßn-sh® aX-{]-

ÿm\w A±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-fpsS Iogn¬ Ne-\m-fl-I-X-

bm¿Pn®p.. AXns‚ Dd® [m¿an-I-cq-]hpw hy‡-amb ]cn-ip-≤nbpw

AXns\ C¥y-bnse a‰p {]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v th¿Xn-cn®p

\n¿Ønb LS-I-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√mØ at\m-`m-h-Øns‚

ê-ambn AXn¬ c‡-km-£n-Xz-Øn-\p≈ km[y-X-Ifpw Hcp kwL-

Sn -X-]u-tcm-lnXy ÿm]-\-Øns‚ _oPhpw AS-ßn-bn-cp∂p.

apKƒkm-{am-Py-Øns‚ ]n¬°m-esØ A\n-›n-X-amb cm{„o-b-ÿn-

Xn-Iƒ Cu km[y-X-Iƒ°v hf-cm≥ Ah-kcw \¬In. hnØv apf®p.

]n¬°m-e-Kp-cp-°ƒ Hcp Din-c≥ kwL-S-\-bn-te°pw \oßn. I¿j-

I-cpsS ka-c-ßƒ [oc-ambn \bn®p. knJp-Im¿ ]n∂oSv Ah-cpsS

LS\ am‰n-sb-¶nepw Ah-cpsS aXw Kpcp-\m-\m-°ns‚ {]t_m-[-\-

ßsf ]d-b-Ø° am‰-sam∂pw IqSmsX kq£n-®p-t]m∂p.''

BZy-Ime knJp-Iƒ Ah-cpsS apJy-i-{Xp-°-fmb apKƒ`-c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn am{X-a√, lnμp-°fpw ap…o-ß-fp-amb \mSp-

hmgn {]`p-°ƒs°-Xn-cmbpw t]mcm-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. hym]m-cn-Ifpw

ssIth-e-°mcpw \mń≥]p-d-ß-fnse ]mh-s∏´ I¿j-Icpw Bbn-cp∂p

{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ t{]c-I-i-‡n-Iƒ. AXp-sIm-≠mWv kº∂ hn`m-

K-ß-fn¬s∏´ Hcp-]nSn hy‡n-Iƒ°v \nb-{¥Ww sNep-Øm≥ Ign-

bmØ hn[-Øn¬ AXns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw h¿[n-®Xv. F∂m¬,

sas√ sas√ apK-f-∑m¿s°-Xn-cm-bp≈ bp≤-ß-fn¬ P\-ßsf \bn®

ssk\nI t\Xm-°-fmb k¿Zm¿am¿ {]map-Jyhpw B[n-]-Xyhpw t\Sn.

apKƒ`-cWw XI¿®-bn-te°p \oßp-Ibpw 1765¬ knJv ssk\n-I-

ap-Jy-∑m-cpsS k`-bmb Kpcp-amX ]©m-_ns‚ kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-

]n-°p-Ibpw knJp-Im-cpsS aX-kw-L-S-\-bmb Jm¬kbv°v `c-Wm-

[n-Imcw G¬∏n®p sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw knJva-X-

Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ]pXn-sbmcp L´-Øn-te°p {]th-in®p. apK-f-∑m-

cn¬ \n∂v tamNn-∏n-°-s∏´ {]tZ-i-ßƒ ]{¥≠p {]hn-iy-I-fmbn

hn`-Pn-°-s∏´p. Bcw-`-Øn¬ Cu `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fmsI Jm¬k-bpsS

kzØm-bn-´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, {]hn-iy-I-fnse

ssk\nI t\Xm-°-∑m¿ ê-Øn¬ kzX-{¥-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿

Xß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ `q{]-tZ-i-ßƒ k¿Zm¿am¿°n-S-bnepw

Xß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb sNdp-InS ssk\nI t\Xm-°ƒ°n-S-

bnepw hnX-cWw sNbvXp. {]hn-iy-I-fnse apJy-∑m¿ {ItaW \mSp-


hm-gnØ t\Xm-°-fmbn ]cn-W-an®p; Irjn-°m-cn¬ \n∂v ]m´hpw

hym]m-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂v \nIp-Xnbpw ]ncn®p XpSßn. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Kpcp-\m-\m-°ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \mSp-hm-gn-

Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-sa∂ \nebv°v Bcw-`n-®-kn-Jp-I-fpsS `‡n-

{]ÿm\w ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ ]pXnb \mSp-hm-gnØ

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°p hgn-am-dn-s°m-SpØp. I_o-dn-s‚bpw ssNX-\y-

s‚bpw a‰pw A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-Is´, \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ N´-°q-ń-\p-

≈n¬ {]tXy-I-a-X-hn-`m-K-ßƒ F∂ cq]-Øn-emWv \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-

∂Xv.

F∂m¬, ]cn-Wmaw Fß-s\-bm-bmepw, c≠p \q‰m-≠n-e-[nIw

Imew cmPysØ apgp-h≥ ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep-°nb `‡n-{]-ÿm\w P\-ß-

fpsS ˛ lnμp-°-fp-sSbpw ap…o-ß-fp-sSbpw ˛ tZio-b-{]-_p-≤-Xbv°v

henb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-sb∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. ]t£,

PmXn-a-Xm-k-a-Xz-ß-sfbpw kmaq-ly-amb D®-\o-N-Xz-ß-sfbpw Fs∂-

t∂-°p-ambn XpS-®p-\o-°m≥ AXn\p Ign-™n√.

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ AWn-\n-c∂ apJy-km-º-Øn-I-

i-‡n-Iƒ ˛ hym]m-cn-Iƒ, ssIth-e-°m¿ apX-em-b-h¿ ˛ At∏mgpw

Zp¿_-ecpw Akw-L-Sn-X-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Cu {]mY-

anI LS-I-ßƒ Hcp h¿K-sa∂ \nebv°v hf¿® {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\p

apºv {_nójv apX-em-fn-am¿ cmPyw ]nSn-®-S°n. C¥y {_nójv km{am-

Py-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-ambn amdn. AtXmsS `‡n-{]-ÿm-\hpw \mam-h-

ti-j-ambn.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 111

29. {_nójv `cWw

]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n\p apºp-Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬ apX-em-fn-Ø-

Øns‚ {]mcw-`-L-S-I-ßƒ {]Xy-£-s∏´p Ign-™n-cp∂p. F∂m¬,

Cu apX-em-fnØ LS-I-ßƒ i‡n-bm¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv kmº-

Øn-I-ambpw hymh-km-bn-I-ambpw ssk\n-I-ambpw Ah-sb-°mƒ IqSp-

X¬ {]_-e-ß-fmb hntZ-iob apX-em-fn-Ø-i-‡n-Iƒ henb tXmXn¬

cwKØp {]Xy-£-s∏´p. \mtim-∑p-J-am-bn-°-gn™ \mSp-hm-gnØ

i‡n-Iƒt°m hf¿®-bpsS {]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ am{X-sa-Ønb apX-

em-fn-Ø-L-S-I-ßƒt°m hntZ-io-b-cpsS B{I-a-W-ßsf XS-™p-

\n¿Øm≥ Ign-™n√. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Imcpw U®p-Imcpw {^©p-Imcpw

{_nó-jp-Im-cp-sa√mw hf-sc-°mew C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw t\Sp-∂-

Xn-\p-th≠n ]c-kv]cw t]mcm-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah¿s°-Xn-cmbn

C¥y≥ P\-Xsb tbmPn-∏n-®-Wn-\n-c-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]Icw C¥y-bnse

`c-Wm-[n -Im -cn -Iƒ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS kzm¿Yw t\Sm≥ th≠n

At\ym\yw ]S-sh-´p-Ibpw Nne-t∏mƒ hntZ-iob i‡n-I-fpsS ]£w

]nSn-®p-sIm≠v Ah¿°v ]n¥pW \¬Ip-I-bp-amWv sNbvXXv. C¥y-

bnse P\-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw Itºm-f-ß-fp-sSbpw

ta¬ B[n-]Xyw t\Sm≥ th≠n hntZ-io-b¿ XΩn¬ XΩn¬ \S-

Ønb ISpØ t]mcm-´-ßƒ HSp-hn¬ {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS hnP-b-Øn¬

Iem-in®p.

{_nó-jp-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w

""C¥y-bn¬ Cw•o-jp-Im¿ B[n-]Xyw t\Sn-b-sX-ßs\?''

am¿Ivkv tNmZn-°p∂p. Cu tNmZy-Øn\v At±lw Xs∂ adp-]Sn ]d-


bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p: ""apK-f-∑m-cpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw apKƒ ssht{km-

bn-am¿ XI¿Øp, ssht{km-bn-am-cpsS i‡n alm-cm-{„-°m¿

XI¿Øp. alm-cm-{„-°m-cpsS i‡n A^vLm≥Imcpw XI¿Øp.

Cßs\ F√m-hcpw F√m-h¿°p-sa-Xn-cmbn a’-cn®p sIm≠n-cp-∂-

t∏mƒ {_nó-jp-Im¿ NmSn-ho-gp-Ibpw Ah-sc-sb√mw Iog-S-°p-I-bp-

am-Wp-≠m-bXv. ap…oapw lnμphpw XΩn¬ am{X-a√, tKm{Xhpw

tKm{Xhpw XΩnepw PmXnbpw PmXnbpw XΩnepw hn`-P-\-ßƒ \ne-

\n¿Øn-t∏m∂ Hcp cmPyw, P\-ßƒ XΩn¬ XΩn-ep≈ `c-W-]-c-

amb AI¬®-bp-sSbpw At\ym-\y-Xn-c-kvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ê-ambn

\ne-\n∂p t]m∂ Hcp-Xcw \n›-e-X-bpsS N´-°q-tSm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp

kap-Zmbw ˛ CØ-c-samcp cmPyhpw CØ-c-samcp kap-Zm-bhpw B{I-

a-W-Øn-∂n-c-bm-hpI F∂Xv ]q¿h-I-ev]nXw am{X-at√?''1

_q¿jzm-Im-e-L-´-Ønse BZysØ bqtdm-]y≥ hym]m-cn-Iƒ

C¥y-bpsS aÆn¬ Im¬ IpØp-∂-Xn\p \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apºp-Xs∂

{InkvXp-hns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS ]›n-a-Xo-cØp hcn-I-bp-

≠mbn. F∂m¬, Ah¿ h∂Xv cmPyw shń-∏n-Sn-°p∂ B{I-a-W-Im-

cn-I-fm-bn-´√, ]pXnb kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ kulr-Z-k-tμ-i-hm-l-I-cm-

bn-´mWv. ]n∂o-Sp-h∂ ap…o-ß-sf-t∏m-se-Xs∂ Ah¿ `mc-Xo-b-k-ap-

Zm-b-hp-ambn Aen-™p-tN¿∂p. C¥ym-cmPyw shń-∏n-Sn-°m≥ th≠n

h∂ apK-f-∑m¿ t]mepw C¥y-bn¬ Pohn® `cWw \S-Øn-bXv C¥y-

°m-cm-bn-´mWv, hntZ-in-I-sf∂ \ne-bv°√. F∂m¬, {_nó-jp-Im¿

Ah-cn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-cm-bn-cp∂p. Xßƒ°p apºv C¥ysb B{I-

an-®-h¿ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Hgp-°n¬ ebn-

°m≥ Ah¿ Xøm-dm-bn√ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu hyXym-k-Øn\v

ImcWw. {_nó-jp-Im¿°v apºv C¥y-bn¬ h∂ hntZ-in-Iƒ ˛ Ad-

_n-Iƒ, Xp¿°n-Iƒ, apK-f-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ˛ A°m-eØv C¥y-

bpsS kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw hln® ^yqU-en-k-tØ-

°mƒ anI® Hcp kmº-Øn-I-hy-h-ÿ-bp-am-bn-´√ h∂Xv. \mSp-hm-gn-

Ø-]-ctam, A¿[-\m-Sp-hm-gn-Ø-]-ctam Bb kmaq-ly-L-S-\-Ifpw,

]nt∂m° kmº-Øn-I-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ a‰v Gjy≥ {]tZ-

i-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Ah¿ h∂p-tN¿∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, `mc-Xob kap-

Zm-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb kmº-Øn-I-L-S-\-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw

am‰w hcp-Øm≥ Ah¿°v Ign-hn-√m-bn-cp∂p. C¥y-bnse kml-N-cy-

ßƒ°-\p-tbm-Py-amb \ne-bn¬ kz¥w Pohn-X-coXn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-

Itb Ah¿°v \nhr-Øn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw

1. Karl Marx: The Future Results of British Rule in India.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 113

kw`-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse Ahcpw ̀ cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ P\-ß-fpsS anI-hp‰

\mK-cn-I-X-bm¬ Iog-S-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. t\sc-a-dn®v, {_nó-

jp-Im¿ C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-tØ-°mƒ hfsc

ap¥nb Hcp D¬∏m-Z-\-k-{º-Zm-b-hp-am-bn-´mWv h∂Xv. Ah¿ apX-em-

fn-Ø-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv {_nó-jp-

Im¿°v C¥y≥ kmº-Øn-I-L-S-\-bpsS ta¬ hfsc thKw hnPbw

t\Sm≥ Ign-™Xv.

\mS≥ hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS A[x-]-X\w

Bcw-`-Øn¬ I®-h-S-°m¿ F∂ \ne-bv°mWv {_nó-jp-Im¿

h∂Xv. C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v Nc-°p-Iƒ hmßn bqtdm-∏n¬ hn‰-gn-°pI,

bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v Nc-°p-Iƒ sIm≠p-h∂v C¥y-bn¬ hn¬°pI ˛

CXm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS {]Jym-]n-tXm-t±iyw. F∂m¬, hym]m-c-Øn-

s‚bpw hmWn-Py-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ Ah¿ G‰hpw \mWw-sI´ \ne-

bn¬ C¥y-bpsS kºØp sIm≈-b-Sn-°m-\mWv apXn¿∂Xv. sIm√w-

tXmdpw Cw•-≠n-te°v Af-h‰ kºØv Ib-‰n-s°m≠p t]mIp-∂-

Xn-emWv Ah¿ ipjvIm¥n ImWn-®Xv. Cu sIm≈-Iƒ bYm¿Y-

Øn¬ Cw•-≠nse hyh-km-b-hn-π-hsØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Hcp

aptJym-]m-[n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. {_n´-\nse kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-I-L-S-\-

bn¬ AXv Zqc-hym-]-I-ß-fmb am‰-ßƒ Df-hm°n. hyh-kmb apX-

em-fn-Iƒ h¿Ø-I-ap-X-em-fn-Isf ]pd-¥-≈n-s°m≠v Cw•-≠nse

G‰hpw {]_-e-amb h¿K-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. CXv C¥ybpw {_n´\pw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ am‰-ßƒ°p hgn-sX-fn®p.

{]mY-an-I-L-´-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ C¥y≥ hyh-km-b-ßsf \in-∏n-

°m≥ {_nó-jp-Im¿ F√m-hn[ X{¥hpw {]tbm-Kn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

]cp-Øn-ØpWn, ]´p-hkv{Xw XpS-ßnb D]-t`m-K-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS \n¿am-

W-Øn¬ A°m-esØ C¥y Cw•-≠ns\ At]-£n®v hfsc ap∂n-

em-bn-cp∂p. C¥y≥ XpWn-Ø-c-ßƒ Cw•-≠n¬ [mcmfw hn‰-gn-™n-

cp∂p. C¥y-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Cd-°p-aXn XS-bmsX Cw•-≠nse XpWn-

an-√p-Iƒ°v ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-hn-s√∂v {_nójv apX-em-fn-Iƒ a\- n-

em°n. C¥y-bp-am-bp≈ a’-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Xß-fpsS hyh-km-b-

ßsf kwc-£n-°m≥ th≠n Ah¿ Nne ]pXnb \nb-a-ßƒ

]m m°n. Ah-bn-sem∂v C¥y, t]¿ky, ssN\ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

\n¿an-°-s∏´ kn¬°p-h-kv{X-ßfpw Iment°m hkv{X-ßfpw \ntcm-

[n-°m≥ th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah [cn-°p-∂-hcpw hn¬°p-∂-hcpw

Ccp-∂qdp ]h≥ ]ng-b-S-bv°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Hcp \nbaw. AtX-


k-a-bØp Xs∂ ]pXnb b{¥-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn {_n´-

\nse an√p-Iƒ ]cn-jv°-cn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw FSpØp. anI®

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpsS klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn \n¿an-°-s∏´ XpWn-Ø-

c-ßƒ Npcp-ßnb hnebv°v C¥y-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p hn¬°m≥

XpSßn. Ah-bp-ambn a’-cn-°m≥ C¥y-bnse \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ°p

km[n-°m-Xmbn. Aßs\ HSp-hn¬ C¥y-bnse P\-ßƒ°p XpWn-

bp-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ {_n´s\ B{i-bn-°-W-sa∂ ÿnXn h∂p-tN¿∂p.

a‰p cmPy-ß-fn-te°p XpWn-Ø-c-ßƒ Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXn-cp∂ C¥y

Npcp-ßnb Np¶-tØm-Sp-IqSn {_nójv XpWn-Ø-c-ßƒ Cd-°p-aXn

sNøp∂ \mSmbn amdn. C¥y-bpsS temI-{]-kn-≤n-bm¿Pn® XpWn-

hy-h-kmbw \mtim-∑p-J-ambn. ]Wn-°m¿°p ]Wn-bn-√m-Xmbn.

\mń≥]p-d-ß-fn-te°p Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-Itb Ah¿°v \nhr-Øn-bp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p≈q. CXp-aqew Irjn-bpsS taep≈ B{in-XXzw h¿[n®p.

Im¿jn-I-hy-h-ÿ-bnse am‰-ßƒ

]gb \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhv hnf-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p.

Im¿jn-I-hn-f-bpsS Hcp \n›n-X-`mKw Kh-s◊‚n\p \¬I-W-sa-∂m-

bn-cp∂p hyhÿ. h√ Imc-W-Ømepw hnfhv Ipd-™m¬ AX-\p-

k-cn®v \nIp-Xn-bnepw Cfhp In´p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, {_nó-jp-Im¿

]W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv \nIpXn Npa-Øn-bXv. hnfhv \∂m-

bmepw tami-am-bmepw Hcp \n›nX XpI Kh-s◊‚n-te-°-S-bv°-W-

sa∂p hyhÿ sNø-s∏´p. Cu am‰-Øns‚ ê-ambn ]e-t∏mgpw

\nIpXn AS®p Xo¿°pI hnj-a-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Bh-iy-amb ]Ww

ImWm-\m-hmsX hnj-an® I¿j-I¿ `qan ]W-b-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m

hn¬°mt\m \n¿_-‘-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. \nIpXn AS®p Xo¿°m≥ Ign-

bmØ Irjn-°m-cpsS `qan teew sNbvXp hn¬°-s∏´p. Cßs\

`qan henb tXmXn¬ Irjn-°m-cn¬ \n∂v A\ym-[o-\-s∏-´p-t]mbn.

{ItaW Im¿jn-tIm¬∏m-Z-\hpw \mtim-∑p-J-ambn. Irjn A[x-]-

Xn-®-t∏mƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb {Kma-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-dbpw XI-

cm≥ XpSßn.

1793se ÿncw IpSn-In-S∏v \nb-ahpw 1818se db-Øv-hmcn \nb-

ahpw ]gb {Kma-k-aq-l-L-S-\bv°p amc-Im-Lm-X-ta¬∏n-°p-Ibpw

C¥y-bn¬ h≥InS `qhp-S-a-I-fpsS Hcp ]pXnb h¿KsØ kr„n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. BZysØ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v ]ncn-hns‚ Hcp `mKw

Kh-s◊‚n-te°v AS-bv°-W-sa∂ \n_-‘-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn s]mXp ̀ qan-

I-sf√mw Pao-μm¿am¿t°m \nIpXn ]ncn-hp-Im-cmb DtZym-K-ÿ-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 115

∑m¿t°m G¬∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°-s∏´p. t_mws_˛aZn-cmin {]hn-iy-I-fn¬

\S-∏m-°-s∏´ db-Øv-hmcn \nb-a-{]-Imcw {Kma-k-aq-l-ß-fnse AwK-

ß-fmb I¿j-I¿ Kh-s◊‚ v `qan-I-fnse IpSn-bm-∑m-cmbn amdn.

F∂m¬, hln-°m≥ Ign-bmØ ]m´-`mcw ImcWw Irjn-°m-cpsS

ssIh-i-`q-an-Iƒ an°Xpw sIm≈-em-`-°m-cmb ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS

ssIhiw h∂p-tN¿∂p. ]Ww ssIh-i-ap-≈-h¿ ê-Øn¬ `qhp-S-a-

I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cßs\, ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn `qan ssIhiw sh®p-

t]m∂ A[zm-\-io-e-cmb Irjn-°m¿, CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS

\nIp-Xn-\n-b-ahpw `q\-bhpw ImcWw ]m∏-cm-hm≥ XpSßn. Ah-cpsS

`qan ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS ssII-fn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p.

CXn-s‚-sb√mw ̂ e-ambn Irjn-°m¿ FºmSpw I„-s∏´p. \nIp-

Xn-b-S-bv°m≥ Ign-bmØ sNdp-In-S-°m-cmb `qhp-S-a-ÿ-∑mcpw I„-

Øn-embn. P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Im¿jn-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw

KWy-ambn h¿[n®p. ssIth-e-°m-cpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-ß-fmb sXmgn-

ep-Iƒ \in®p XpSßn. {Kma-ß-fnse Ic-Iu-i-e-hn-Z-Kv[-∑m¿ XI¿∂p-

t]mbn. EW-_m-≤y-Xbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw h¿[n®p. CS-bv°nsS £mahpw

]I¿®-hym-[nbpw s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´p. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ê-ambn kmaq-

ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ DuSpw ]mhpw AXn-thKw A‰p-t]m-hm≥ XpSßn.

cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Akw-Xr]vXn Cc-®p-I-bdn. AtX-

k-a-bØv, Cu km¿h-{Xn-I-amb XI¿®-bn¬ \n∂p apX-se-Sp-Øp-

sIm≠v ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Imcpw h≥InS Pao-μm¿amcpw XSn-®p-sIm-gpØp.

{_n´s‚ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb ]¶v

Ime-{I-taW {_nó-jp-Im¿ C¥ysb Akw-Xr]vX ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ

sIm≈-b-Sn-°m\pw {_n -́\nse hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂

D]-t`m-K-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ hn‰-gn-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp tImf-\n-bm°n am‰n.

Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hmWn-Py-hn-f-Iƒ°mWv {]m[m\yw \¬I-s∏-

´Xv. `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS D¬∏m-Z\w Ipd™p. AtX-k-a-bØv Nc-

°p¬∏m-Z-\hpw ]W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ssIam-‰-hy-h-

ÿbpw XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ \mSp-hm-gn-hy-h-ÿ-°p-≈n¬ apX-em-

fnØ D¬∏m-Z-\-_-‘-ß-fpsS hf¿®bv°v {]tNm-Z\w \¬In. {_nó-

jp-Im-cpsS Dt±iyw F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw Ah¿ ^yqU-en-k-Øn\p

\¬Inb amc-I-amb {]l-c-ßƒ C¥ysb B[p-\nI ]ptcm-K-Xn-I-

fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn. am¿Ivkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-t]mse, ""lnμp-ÿm-

\n¬ Hcp kmaq-ly-hn-πhw kr„n-°m≥ Cw•-≠ns\ t{]cn-∏n-®Xv

G‰hpw lo\-ß-fmb Dt±-iy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. Ah \S-∏m-°n-btXm,


hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb coXn-bnepw, ]t£, AX√ {]iv\w. {]iv\-an-XmWv:

Gjy-bnse kmaq-ly-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Hcp auen-I-hn-πhw hcp-ØmsX

a\p-jy-cm-in°v AXns‚ `mK-t[bw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ ]‰ptam? Cs√-

∂mWv DØ-c-sa-¶n¬, Cw•-≠ns‚ Ip‰-ßƒ F¥p-X-s∂-bm-bmepw,

AØ-c-samcp hnπhw hcp-Øn-Øo¿°p-∂-Xn¬ Cw•≠v Ncn-{X-Øns‚

ssIbn¬ At_m-[-amb Hcp D]-I-c-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-

bXv.''2.

{_nójv apX-em-fn-am¿ C¥y-bnse kmaq-ly-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ hcp-

Ønb hnπ-h-sØ-°p-dn®pw C¥y-bn¬ Hcp \thm-∞m\w Ipdn-°p-∂-

Xn-\p≈ {_nójv `c-W-Øns‚ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®pw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®-t∏mƒ

am¿Ivkv Dt±-in-®Xv C¥ysb kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn-eqsS apt∂m´p

\bn-°p-hm≥ {_nójv tImfWn ta[m-hn-Iƒ t_m[-]q¿hw Xøm-

dmbn F∂√. C¥y-bn¬ kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p≈ ̀ uXn-I-amb ASn-

ÿm\w Hcp-°p-∂-Xn¬ {_n´-\p≈ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]¶n-s\-∏‰n am{X-

amWv At±lw ]cm-a¿in-®Xv. AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ At±lw

Cßs\ {]Jym-]n®p: ""F∂m¬, t{K‰v {_n -́\nse hyh-km-bnI sXmgn-

em-fn-Iƒ ]pXnb `c-Wm-[n-Imcn h¿K-ßsf \o°w sNbvXv kz¥w

A[n-Imcw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc, As√-¶n¬ C¥y-°m¿ Xs∂ {_nó-

jp-\pIw hen-s®-dn-bm-\m-h-iy-amb i‡n t\Sp-∂-Xp-hsc, {_nójv

_q¿jzmkn C¥y-bn¬ hnX-dnb ]pXnb kmaq-ly-L-S-I-ß-fpsS ̂ e-

ßƒ C¥y-°m¿°p A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn√''3.

sdbn¬th-bpsS {]m[m\yw

{_nójv apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ Hcp Im¿jn-Im-\p-_-‘-

ambn C¥ysb am‰p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n C¥y-bn¬ sdbn¬K-Xm-KXw \S-

∏m-°m≥ {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \n¿_-≤-cmbn. Cu ]pXnb

kwcw-`-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI˛cm{„o-b-^-e-ßƒ Zqc-hym-]-I-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p.

1853˛emWv C¥y-bn¬ BZysØ sdbn¬sh ÿm]n-°-s∏-´Xv.

AtX h¿j-Øn¬ Xs∂ am¿Ivkv FgpXn: ""C¥y-bnse ]cp-Ønbpw

a‰v Akw-kvIr-X-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw Npcp-ßnb sNe-hn¬ Xß-fpsS hyh-

km-bn-Iƒ°v In´m-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n-bmWv Cw•ojv an√p-S-a-ÿ-

h¿Kw C¥ybv°v dbn¬sh \¬Ip-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-sX∂v F\n-°-

2. Karl Marx: British Rule in India.3. Karl Marx: The Future Results of British Rule in India.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 117

dnbmw. F∂m¬, Ccpºpw I¬°-cn-bp-ap≈ Hcp cmPy-Ønse KXm-K-

X-Øn\v Xoh≠n b{¥-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-°-gn-™m¬

]ns∂ b{¥-hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\sØ XS-bm≥ ]‰n√.

dbn¬th KXm-K-X-Øns‚ ASn-b-¥n-chpw Xm¬°m-en-I-hp-amb Bh-

iy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ th≠ hyh-km-b-{]-{In-b-Iƒ IqSmsX Hcp

hnim-e-cm-Py-Øn¬ sdbn¬sh-I-fpsS Hcp irwJe \n¿an-°pI km[y-

a√. AtXm-Sp-IqSn sdbn¬th-bp-ambn t\cn´p _‘-s∏-SmØ a‰p hyh-

km-b-im-J-I-fnepw b{¥-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw h¿[n-°m≥ XpSßpw.

AXn-\m¬, sdbn¬th KXm-KXw C¥y-bn¬ icn-°p≈ B[p-\nI

hyh-km-b-Øns‚ apt∂m-Sn-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p.''4

C¥y-bn¬ sdbn¬th KXm-KXw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xns‚ ê-ß-sf-

°p-dn-®p≈ am¿Ivkns‚ Cu {]h-N\w XnI®pw icn-bm-sW∂v ]n∂o-

Sp-≠mb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

kwL-´-\-ß-fpsS XpS°w

{_nójv `c-W-am-cw-`n-®-tXmsS C¥y-bpsS kmaqly˛kmwkvIm-

cnI Pohn-X-Øn-emsI kvXw -̀\hpw A[x-]-X-\hpw {]I-S-ambn. kmº-

Øn-I-amb Nqj-Whpw cm{„o-b-amb A]-am-\-`m-chpw P\-ßsf

\njv{In-b-Xz-Øn-te°pw \ncm-i-X-bn-te°pw \bn®p. ]t£, {Ia-

Øn¬ {_nójv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj-[-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-cm≥

XpSßn. C¥y-bpsS Ncn{Xw P\-ßfpw hntZ-iob ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw

XΩn-ep≈ kwL-´-\-ß-fpsS Zi-bn-te°v \oßn.

U¬lukn {]`p-hn\p tijw C¥y-bpsS Kh¿W¿ P\-d-embn

A[n-Im-c-ta-s‰-SpØ Im\nßv {]`p 1856¬ e≠-\n¬ Hcp hncp-∂p-

k¬°m-c-Øn¬sh®v Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""kam-[m-

\-]-c-amb Hcp DtZym-K-Im-em-h-[n-bmWv Rm\m-{K-ln-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬,

C¥y-bnse im¥-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Hcp a\p-jys‚ Ic-tØ-

°m-f-[nIw hen-∏-an-√mØ Hcp sNdnb Im¿taLw Dcp-≠p-Iq-Sn-tb°mw

F∂pw AXv hf¿∂p-h-f¿∂p s]mń-sØ-dn®v \sΩ \in-∏n-t®°mw

F∂p-ap≈ Imcyw Rm≥ hnkva-cn-°p-∂n√.'' Im\nßv {]`p Cu

{]kvXm-h\ sNbvX ka-bØv C¥y-bpsS A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Im¿ta-

L-ßƒ Dcp-≠p-Iq-Sp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CS-bv°nsS Iem-]-ßƒ s]mń-

∏p-d-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ C¥y≥ P\X hntZ-i-hm-gvN-

bp-ambn Hcn-°epw ]q¿W-ambn CW-ßn-t®-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn√. a¿Z-\-

4. Ibid.


ß-tfbpw ]cm-P-b-ß-tfbpw Iq´m-°msX Ah¿ Xß-fpsS tZim-`n-

am-\hpw hntZ-in-I-tfm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏p-Ifpw {]I-Sn-∏n®p. Cu FXn¿∏p-

Iƒ CS-bv°nsS tZi-hym-]-I-amb P\-Iob {]ÿm-\-ß-fp-tSbpw P\-

Io-b-k-a-c-ß-fp-sSbpw cq]-ßƒ ssIs°m≠p.

C¥y-bnse Nne \mSp-hm-gn-ta-[m-hn-Ifpw \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw

bmsXm-cp-k-a-chpw \S-ØmsX {_nó-jp-Im¿°v Iog-Sßn F∂Xv icn-

bmWv. Nne¿ Akq-bbpw ]c-kv]-c-a-’-c-ßfpw ImcWw a‰p-≈-hsc

NXn-°m\pw tXm¬∏n-°m\pw th≠n \mW-an-√msX {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS

`mKØp tNcp-I-t]mepw sNbvXp. F∂m¬, {_nó-jp-Imsc [oc-ambn

FXn-cn´ cmPm-°-∑mcpw \mSp-hm-gn-{]-`p-°fpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

1757se πmkn-bp-≤-Øn\pw 1857se kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬

{_nójv ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn\pw \mSp-hm-gn-a¿Z-\-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmbn

Ht´sd Im¿jn-I-I-em-]-ßfpw ka-c-ßfpw s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.

]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿[-Øn-emWv _wKm-fnse Ncn-{X-{]-

kn-≤-amb k\ym-kn-e-l-f-bp-≠m-bXv. _¶nw-N{μ Nm‰¿Pn-sb-t∏m-

ep≈ h≥InS kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿°v Xß-fpsS G‰hpw anI® IrXn-

Iƒ cNn-°m≥ AXp {]tNm-Z\w \¬In. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚

BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ _tcen, kl-dm≥]q¿, Z¬ln, aodØv, apdm-Zm-

_mZv XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ I¿jI Iem-]-ß-fp-≠mbn. 1822\pw

1827\pw CS-bn¬ ]q\-bn-ep-≠mb cmwtkm-I-em-]-ßƒ, 1831\pw 1857\pan-

S-bn¬ _wKm-fnse \oew Irjn-°m¿ \S-Ønb Iem-]-ßƒ, 1844se

kmh-¥-hmUn Iem]w, 1847, 1851, 1852, 1853 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ ae-

_m-dn¬ \S∂ I¿jI Iem-]-ßƒ, 1855˛ 1856se k¥m¬I-em]w

˛ CsX√mw hntZ-io-b-a¿Z-I-scbpw Ah-cpsS sshXm-fn-I-∑m-scbpw

FXn-cn-Sm-\p≈ P\-ß-fpsS \n›-b-Zm¿Vy-Øns‚ {]I-S-\-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p.

Bbn-c-sØ-Æq-‰-º-tØgv

Akzmÿyw Irjn-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ am{Xw HXpßn \n¬°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn√. CS-bv°nsS {_nójv ssk\y-Ønse C¥y≥ ]´m-f-°m¿°n-

S-bnepw Iem-]-ß-fp-≠mbn. cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ hf-sc-

°m-e-ambn Ae-b-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Iem-]-ß-fpsS A¥n-a-]-cn-Wm-a-

am-bn-cp∂p 1857se elf.

Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ \sΩ hniz-kn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse,

1857se elf BI-kvan-I-ambn s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. kmaq-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 119

lyhpw aX-]-chpw cm{„o-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-cw-K-ß-

fn¬ {_nó-jp-Im¿ ]n¥p-S¿∂p-h∂ ̀ oI-c-ßfpw [n°m-c-]-c-ß-fp-amb

\nb-a-ßƒaqew C¥y≥ P\-X-bv°n-S-bn¬ i‡n-a-Ømb hnIm-c-ßƒ

\odn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AS-°n-sh-bv°-s∏´ Cu tZio-b-t_m-

[-Øns‚ hnIm-c-ß-fmWv 1857¬ Hcp hºn® el-f-bmbn s]mń-∏p-d-

s∏-´Xv.

1857 am¿®v 29\v awK¬ ]msfi F∂ Hcp bph-kn-∏m-bnsb

{_nójv DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ AdÃv sNbvX-t∏mƒ, hntZ-in-Iƒs°-Xn-

cmbn Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬°m≥ Abmƒ Xs‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Isc

Blzm\w sNbvXp. XpS¿∂p-≠mb kwL-´-\-Øn¬ Hcp sh≈-°m-

c≥ Hmô-k¿ sIm√-s∏´p. awK¬ ]msfi tIm¿´v am¿j-ens‚

apºmsI lmP-cm-°-s∏´p. G{]n¬ 8\v B bphmhv Xq°n-s°m-√-

s∏´p. Cu kw`hw C¥y≥ ]´m-f-°m-sc-bmsI t£m`n-∏n® Hcp {]I-

S\ \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Ahn-sSbpw Chn-sS-bp-ambn ]´m-f-°m-cpsS Iem-

]-ßƒ s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´p. Iem-]-ßƒ AXn-thKw ]c-∂p-]n-Sn®v Hcp

kmbp-[-e-l-f-bmbn amdn.

aod-Ønse ]´m-f-°m¿ bap-\m-\Zn IS∂v Z¬ln-bn-te°v am¿®p-

sNbvXp. Z¬ln-bn¬ At∏mgpw _l-Zq¿jm t]cn\v apKƒN-{I-h¿Øn-

bm-bn-cp∂p. i‡-cmb ]q¿hn-I-cpsS Zb-\o-b-amb Hcp \ng¬ am{X-

am-bn-cp∂p At±lw. F∂m¬, sabv 10\v B \ng-en\p Poh≥sh®p.

Iem-]-Im-cn -I-fmb ]´m-f-°m¿ Z¬ln A[o-\-s∏-SpØn _l-

Zq¿jmsb C¥y-bpsS km{am-´mbn {]Jym-]n®p. Nmƒkv s_¬ Xs‚

""C¥y≥ Iem]w'' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-t]mse, aod-

Ønse kn∏m-bn-am¿ Hcp \nanjw sIm≠v Hcp t\Xm-hn-s\bpw Hcp

]Xm-I-sbbpw Hcp e£y-sØbpw Is≠Øn. kn∏m-bn-I-fpsS elf

{_nójv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn C¥y≥ P\-Xsb Xń-bp-W¿Øn.

AsXmcp P\-Iob Iem-]-ambn amdn.

Cu am‰w A¤p-X-I-c -amb thK-Øn-emWv kw`-hn -®Xv.

CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS \nIp-Xn-\-b-ß-fnepw ̀ q\n-b-a-ß-fnepw Akw-

Xr-]vX-cmb I¿j-I-cm-bn-cp∂p Iem-]-Øns‚ \s´√v. lnμp-°fpw

ap…o-ßfpw I®-h-S-°mcpw ssIth-e-°mcpw F√mw Iem-]-Øn¬ ]¶p-

tN¿∂p. lnμp k\ym-kn-am¿ {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sm≥

Blzm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v cmPy-sØßpw Np‰n-k-©-cn®p. {_nójv

ta[m-hnXzw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw kzX-{¥hpw tI{μo-Ir-X-hp-amb

Hcp `cWw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p el-f-bpsS

e£yw. P\-d¬ k¿ tdm_¿´v Km¿Un-\¿ F∂ Hcp {_nójv DtZym-

K-ÿ≥ Xs‚ dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]d-™Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""C¥y≥ Iem-


]sØ ]´m-f-°m-cpsS Hcp elf am{X-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ {iaw

\n›-b-ambpw, Hcp kmaq-ly-ap-t∂-‰-Øn-te°v Imcy-ßƒ sIm≠p-

sN∂v FØn® Zp¿`-c-WsØ ad-®p-sh-bv°-emWv''.

lnμp˛ap…ow sshcw kr„n-®p-sIm≠v P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ `n∂n-

∏p-≠m-°m≥ {_nó-jp-Im¿ ]e {ia-ßfpw \S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.

F∂m¬, tZim-`n-am-\-Øns‚ X≈¬ P\-ß-fpsS sFIyw i‡n-s∏-

Sp-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. ap…o-ß-fpsS {_nójv hncp-≤-hn-Im-csØ

lnμp-°ƒs°-Xn-cmbn Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ \S-Ønb KqVm-tem-N-\-Iƒ

s]mfn-bp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. _l-Zq¿jm {]Jym-]n®p: ""Cu ]pWy-

bp≤w {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cm-bn-´p-≈-XmWv. AXv lnμp-°ƒs°-Xn-

cmbn Xncn-®p-hn-S-cp-sX∂v Rm≥ I¬∏n-°p∂p''.

lnμp-°-tfm-Sp≈ kua-\-ky-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ambn CuZm-tLm-

j-°m-eØv ]ip-hns\ Ad-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v ]n¥n-cn-bm≥ _l-Zq¿jm

ap…o-ß-tfmSp I¬∏n®p. P\-ap-t∂-‰-Øns‚ t\Xm-°ƒ C¥y-bn¬

{_nó-jv`-cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ s]mXp-Xm¬∏cyw a\- n-

em°n. Ah¿ eIvt\m-hn¬ \n∂n-d-°nb hn⁄m-]-\-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw

]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""F√m-h¿°pw {]nb-s∏´ \mev {][m\ Xmev]-cy-

ß-fp-s≠∂v F√m lnμp-°fpw F√mw ap…o-ßfpw a\- n-em-°p∂p.

aXw, A`n-am\w, Poh≥, kzØv F∂n-h-bm-Wh. Hcp tZio-b-K-h-

s◊‚ns‚ Iogn¬ am{Xta Ah kwc-£n-°m≥ Ignbq''.

am¿Ivkv 1857 Pq¨ 30\v Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""CXn-\p-apºpw

C¥y≥ ]´m-f-Øn¬ Iem-]-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p≠v. F∂m¬, Ct∏m-gsØ

Iem]w kzX- n-≤hpw hn[n-hn-ln-X-hp-amb hnti-j-X-Iƒ sIm≠v

AXn¬ \ns∂√mw hyXy-kvX-ambn \n¬°p∂p. BZy-am-bn-´mWv

kn∏mbn dPn-sa‚p-Iƒ Ah-cpsS bqtdm-]y≥ Hmô-k¿amsc sIme-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw apk¬am-∑mcpw lnμp-°fpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-tZzjw ad∂v

Xß-fpsS s]mXp-i-{Xp-°ƒs°-Xn-cmbn tbmPn-®Wn \nc-°p-∂Xpw

lnμp-°-fn¬ \n∂m-cw-̀ n® Iem-]-ßƒ Z¬ln-bnse knwlm-k-\-Øn¬

Hcp ap…ow km{am-ńs\ Ah-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn¬ sNs∂-Øp-∂Xpw.

Aev]w Nnte-S-ß-fn¬ am{X-ambn HXpßn \n¬°mØ Hcp Iem-]-

am-WnXv. Bwt•m˛C¥y≥ ]´m-f-Ønse Iem]w Cw•ojv ta[m-hn-

Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn h≥InS Gjy≥ cm{„-ß-fn-sem-´p-°p-ap-≠m-bn-´p≈

hntZz-j-{]-I-S-\-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. _wKmƒtk-\-bpsS

Iem]w t]¿ky≥˛ ssN\okv bp≤-ß-fp-ambn Ahn-`m-Py-amw-hn[w

_‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√''5.

5. Karl Marx: The Revolt in The Indian Army

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 121

Pq¨ 4\v eIv\u tamNn-∏n-°-s∏´p. sXmÆqdp Znh-k-ßƒ°p-

≈n¬ Hu[pw tdmln¬Jfipw kzX-{¥-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Im¨]q-

cnepw _ptμ¬J-finepw kzmX-{¥y-]-Xm-I-Iƒ ]mdn-∏-d∂p.

I¬°Ø apX¬ s]j-hm¿h-scbpw lnam-ebw apX¬ \¿a-Zm-\-Zn-

h-sc-bp-ap≈ hnim-e-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {_nójv `cWw XpS-®p-\o-

°-s∏´p.

Iem-]-Øns‚ A¥yw

Iem-]-Øn\p t\XrXzw \¬Inb Qm≥kn-bnse dmWn e£vao-

`mbn, ss^km-_m-Znse auehn Al-ΩZvjm, Ip≥h¿knwKv,

^ntdmjm, Xm¥n-bm-tXmt∏, \m\m kmsl_v apX-em-b-h¿ \mSp-hm-

gn-cm-Pm-°m-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ a‰p-≈-h¿ ssk\nI Iam≥U¿am-

cm-bn-cp∂p. Qm≥kn-dmWn A¤p-X-I-c-amb ss[cy-tØm-sS-bmWv

t]mcm-Sn-bXv. B hoc-h-\nX ]´m-f-°m-scbpw P\-ß-sfbpw Bth-i-

-̀cn-X-cm-°p-Ibpw {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmb bp≤-Øn¬ Ahsc t\cn´v

\bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1857 Pq¨ 17\v Hcp {_nójv `Ss‚ shSn-

bp≠ Ah-cpsS tZl-Øn¬ Xpf-®p-I-bdn. Ah¿ IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øp-\n∂p

hoWp; Ac-a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ acWw {]m]n®p. B [oc-h-\nX {]kn-

≤-ß-fmb KoX-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´-pI-fn-eq-sSbpw C¥y≥ P\-

X-bpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ C∂pw Pohn-®n-cp∂p.

cm{„o-bhpw X{¥-]-c-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ {_nó-jp-Im¿ Xß-

fpsS apJy-amb {i≤ Z¬ln ho≠pw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-emWv tI{μo-

I-cn-®Xv. F∂m¬, B ]cn-{iaw A{X Ffp-∏-sam∂pw Bbn-cp-∂n√.

B[p-\nI bpt≤m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw anI-hp‰ ssk\n-I-]-cn-N-bhpw a‰p-

ap-≠m-bn´pw \mep-am-k-°mew \o≠p-\n∂ {]Xn-tcm[ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw

\K-c-Øns‚ aXn¬s°-ń-\p-≈n¬sh®v \S∂ A©p-Zn-h-ksØ òI-

c-ß-fmb G‰p-ap-´-ep-Iƒ°pw tij-amWv Ah¿ sk]v‰w-_¿ 24˛mw

XobXn Z¬ln ]nSn-®-S-°n-bXv. F∂n´pw a‰p ]e {]tZ-i-ßfpw kzX-

{¥-ß-fm-bn-Øs∂ \ne-\n∂p. eIv\u-hnse sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v 1858

am¿®v 20\v am{X-amWv Ah-km-\n-®Xv. AXn-\p-ti-jhpw Xm¥nbm

tXm∏nbpw At±-l-Øns‚ Kdn√m kwL-ßfpw ]cm-Pbw kΩ-Xn-

°msX kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ sImSn Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p. G{]n¬ 7\v {_nó-

jp-Im¿ At±-l-sØbpw ]nSn-IqSn; 18\v At±-lsØ Xq°n-s°m∂p.

AtXmsS C¥y-bnse {_nójv `c-W-Øns‚ ASn-Ød ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep-

°nb H∂m-asØ kzmX-{¥y-k-acw an°-hmdpw Ah-km-\n®p.


{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ G‰hpw \njvTq-c-ß-

fm-bn-cp∂p. Iem-]-Im-cn-I-sf∂p kwi-bn-°-s∏´ C¥y-°msc ASn-

®-a¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ ImWn® sImSpw {Iqc-X-I-fpsS ZrIvkm£n

hnh-c-W-ßƒ {_nójv Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.

]cn-°p-]-‰nb Hcp XS-hp-Im-cs‚ apJØv _b-\-‰p-sIm≠v ho≠pw

ho≠pw IpØn-b-Xn-\p-tijw Abmsf Poh-t\msS Xobn-en´p Np´p-

sIm-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v FtUz¿Uv tXmwk≥ hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p:

""Xobn¬ sh¥ amwk-Øns‚ `bm-\-I-amb aWw A¥-co-£-Øn¬

Db-cp∂p. hmbp Aip-≤-am-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Aßs\ \mK-cn-I-X-sb-∏-

‰nbpw a\p-jy-Xz-sØ-∏-‰nbpw \ne-hn-fn-°p∂ Cu ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-

≠n¬ Hcp a\p-jy-Pohn shs¥-cn™p acn®p InS-°p∂p!''6

Irjn-°mcpw ]´m-f-°mcpw ssIth-e-°mcpw a‰pw km[m-cW P\-

ßfpw ka-c-Øns‚ Xo®q-f-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS AS-ßmØ hocy-

amWv {_nó-jp-Imsc sh√p-hn-fn-°m≥ \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°ƒ°pw cmPm-

°-∑m¿°pw {]tNm-Z\w \¬In-b-Xv. Cu \mSp-hmgn t\Xm-°-∑m-cn¬

an°-hcpw CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS shń-∏n-Sp-Ø-Øn¬ Akw-Xr-

]vX-cm-bn-cp∂p. Xß-fpsS A[n-Imcw hos≠-Sp-°-W-sa-∂p≈ B{K-

l-tØmSp IqSn-bmWv Ah¿ Iem-]-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-ØXv. ]t£,

Cusbmcp ImcWw sIm≠p-am{Xw 1857se Iem-]-Øns‚ tZio-b-

kz-`m-hsØ \ntj-[n-°p-I-hø. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Iem-]-ßƒ temI-

N-cn-{X-Øn¬ thsdbpw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. am¿Ivkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-

Xp-t]mse, {^©v cmP-`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb BZysØ {]lcw I¿j-

I-c√, Nne \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°-∑m-cmWv \¬In-bXv. C¥y-bn¬ 1857se

el-f-bpsS ap≥ssI ]´m-f-°m¿°m-bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw, AXv kmbp-

[-tk-\-bpsS Iem]w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. tZio-b-kz-`m-h-ap≈ hn]p-

e-amb Hcp ka-c-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv AXv {_nójv ta[m-

hn-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS H∂m-asØ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-

c-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

h©-\bpw tZio-b-k-a-c-Øns‚ XpS-°hpw

{_nó-jp-Im-cpsS `mK-Øp-tN¿∂ òcp-°fpw cmPy-t{Zm-ln-I-fp-

amb Nne cmPm-°-∑m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]Syme, I]q¿Øe, t\∏mƒ

F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse alm-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ tZiob Iem-]-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn

Xß-fpsS ssk\y-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. BSn-°-fn®

6. Edward Thompson: The other side of the Medal

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 123

Nnecpw cmPm-°-∑m¿°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ Iem-]-

°m-cpsS `mK-Øp-tN¿∂Xv s]mXp-P-\m-`n-{]m-b-Øns‚ kΩ¿±w-

sIm≠p am{X-amWv. {_nójp Kh¿W¿ P\-d¬ Im\nwKv {]`p el-

f-bpsS Hcp \n¿Wm-b-I-L-´-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-

≠mbn: ""kn‘y el-f-bn¬ tNcp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ F\n°v \msf-

Øs∂ sI´p sIt´-≠n-hcpw''. el-f-bpsS KXn hnπ-h-Im-cn-Iƒs°-

Xn-cmbn Xncn-™-t∏mƒ cmPm-°-∑m¿ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn P\-ß-fpsS

Xm¬∏-cy-ßsf h©n-®p-sIm≠v {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS `mK-tØ°p

Nmbm≥ XpSßn. hS-°p-]-Sn-™msd AXn¿Øn kwÿm-\-Ønse

{_nójv s]mfn-‰n-°¬ GP‚ v 1857 BKÃv 19\v Fgp-Xnb Hcp IØn¬

Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-SpØn: ""Xßƒ F√m-bn-t∏mgpw \ΩpsS `mKØp

Xs∂-bmWv \ne-bp-d-∏n-®Xv F∂p {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠pw \ap-°p-

th≠n F¥m-Wn\n sNtø-≠Xv F∂v Bcm-™p-sIm≠pw C¥y-

bnse cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v F\n°v IØp-Iƒ In´m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-

°p∂p.''

el-f-bpsS ]cm-P-b-Øns‚ Imc-W-ß-fn¬ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw

\mSp-hmgn {]`p-°-fp-sSbpw h©\ am{X-a√, ssk\n-I-amb sshI-

ey-ßfpw tI{μo-Ir-X-amb Hcp t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ A`m-hhpw B`y-¥-

c-amb hg-°p-Ifpw a‰pw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬, Zu¿_-ey-ßƒ

Fs¥m-s°-Ø-s∂-bm-bmepw, 1857 C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ambmØ ap{Z

]Xn-∏n-®n-´p-s≠∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. AXns‚ kvac-W-Iƒ

kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ kacw apt∂m´p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥

]pXnb Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°p {]tNm-Z\w \¬In.

ssk\n-I-_ew sIm≠p am{Xw C¥y≥ P\-Xsb A[n-I-Imew

Xß-fpsS A[o-\-Øn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm≥ ]‰p-I-bn-s√∂v {_n´-\nse

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ a\- n-em°n. AXn-\m¬ `c-W-co-Xn-I-fn¬ Nne

am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n®p. CuÃn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bpsS

Iogn-em-bn-cp∂ `cWw ]m¿e-sa‚ v Gs‰-SpØp. hntŒm-dnb cm⁄n

C¥y-bpsS N{I-h¿Øn-\n-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏´p. C¥y-bpsS ta¬

{_n´s‚ ]nSnØw apdp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑msc BI¿jn-

°m≥ ]‰nb Hcp ]pXn-b-\-bhpw kzoI-cn-°-s∏´p. hntŒm-dn-bm-cm⁄n

{]Jym-]n®p: ""\mw \ΩpsS kz¥w Imcy-ß-fn-ep≈ AtX Xm¬∏-cy-

tØmsS C¥y-bnse cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A¥ pw A`n-

am-\hpw ImØp-c-£n°pw.''

F∂m¬, C¥y-bn¬ Hcp-]nSn \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ am{X-a√ D≠m-

bn-cp-∂Xv. hntZ-i-`-c-W-Øns‚ apºn¬ Hcn-°epw ap´p aS-°p-I-bn-


s√∂v XymtKm-Pz-e-ß-fmb kz¥w {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS sXfn-bn®

P\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS ssIbn-em-bn-cp∂p {_nójv `c-

W-Øns‚ `mhn. ssa°¬ FtUz¿Uv FgpXn:

""Iem-]-Øns‚ arKo-b-X-bp-sSbpw AXn-t\-Øp-S¿∂v `c-Wm-[n-

Im-cn-Iƒ ImWn® Ah-K-W-\-bp-sSbpw ̂ e-ambn C¥y-°mcpw Cw•o-

jp-Imcpw XΩn-ep≈ Hcp k‘n-bpsS F√m km[y-X-Ifpw Ah-km-

\n®p. C¥y-bnse Kh-s◊‚ v \·-amb Hcp km{am-PyXz Kh-s◊‚m-

bn-cp∂p; apK-f-∑m-sc-t∏mse C¥y-bpsS aÆp-ambn Aen-™p-tN-cm≥

Ign-bmØ X\n hntZ-io-b-tkz-—m-[n-]-Xy-am-bn-cp∂p. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

Ifpw ̀ c-Wo-bcpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShv hfsc hy‡-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. C¥y-

°m¿°n-S-bn¬ Hcp ]pXnb sFIy-t_m-[hpw tZio-b-Xz-Øns‚ Bcw-

`hpw {]I-S-am-hm≥ XpSßn. km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ A[x-]-X\w XS-

bm≥ C\n bmsXmcp i‡n°pw Ign-bn-s√-∂mbn.''7

7. W.H. Russel: My Indian Mutiny Diary, P. xxiii,

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 125

30. ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥-bpsS kzm[o\w

apsºm-c-[ym-b-Øn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, {_nójv apX-em-

fn-h¿Kw C¥y-bnse tZio-b-L\ hyh-km-b-Øns‚ hf¿®sb XS-

™p-\n¿Øp∂ Hcp \b-am-W-h-ew-_n-®Xv. {_n´-\n¬ \n¿an-°-s∏-

Sp∂ D]-t`m-K-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ hn‰-gn-°m\pw, {_nójv hyh-kmb ÿm]-

\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIr-X-hn-`-h-ßƒ t\Sm\pw ]‰nb Hcp

cmPy-sa∂ \nebv°v C¥ysb ssIhiw shbv°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

Ah-cpsS Dt±iyw.

{_nójv \b-Ønse sshcp-[y-ßƒ

F∂m¬, Cu Nqj-W-\-b-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb hntcm-[-`m-h-ß-

fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. {_nójv `cWw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n

kzoI-cn-°-s∏´ Hmtcm \S-]-Sn-bnepw AXns‚ \mi-Øns‚ hnØp-

Iƒ IqSn AS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, sdbn¬th, Bhn-°-∏¬,

Ce-{ŒnIv sSe{Km^v F∂nh C¥y-bn¬ ÿm]n-®Xv {_n´s‚ km{am-

Py-Xz-Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p. {_nójv apX-em-fn-I-

fpsS hmWn-Pyhpw hyh-km-b-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw \m´p-Im-cpsS

Iem-]-ßƒ \S-°p∂ ÿe-ß-fn-te°v Ign-bpw-thKw {_nój ]´m-

f-ßsf Ab-bv°m\pw Ah Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, B[p-\nI

KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-ßƒ C¥y-bnse H‰-s∏´p InS∂ {]tZ-i-ß-sfbpw

P\-ß-sfbpw ̀ qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw cm{„o-b-ambpw GIo-I-cn-°m\pw

klm-bn®p. AXp-t]mse C¥y-bnse tZio-b-hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS

hf¿®sb XS-bm≥ th≠n Bhn-jv°-cn-°-s∏´ {_nójv \bw ]tcm-

£-ambn Hcp tZio-b-_q¿jzm h¿K-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p {]tNm-

Z\w \¬In.


am¿Ivkv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""CXp-h-scbpw t{K‰v {_n´-\nse

`c-Wm-[n-Imcn h¿K-ßƒ°v C¥y-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ BI-kvan-

Ihpw Xm¬°m-en-Ihpw khn-ti-j-hp-amb Xmev]-cyta D≠m-bn-cp-

∂p≈q. A`n-Pm-X-h¿Kw C¥ysb Pbn-®-S-°m≥ B{K-ln®p. ]W-

{]-`p-°ƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-°m≥ B{K-ln®p. an√p-S-a-ÿ-h¿Kw hne-Ip-d®v

hn‰v em`-ap-≠m-°m-\m-{K-ln®p. F∂m¬, Ct∏mƒ ÿnXn-am-dn-bn-cn-

°p∂p. C¥ysb {]Xyp¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-amb Hcp cmPy-am°n am‰p-∂Xv

Xßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Poh¬{]-[m-\-am-sW∂pw AXn-\mbn

Pe-tk-N-t\m-]m-[n-Ifpw KXm-K-X-hn-\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-Ifpw AXym-h-iy-

am-sW∂pw an√p-S-a-ÿ-h¿Kw I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂p. C¥y-bn¬

sdbn¬th-I-fpsS Hcp irwJ-e-bp-≠m-°m≥ Ah¿ B{K-ln-°p∂p.

AX-h¿ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. êw Zp¿{Km-ly-am-bn-cn°pw....

sdbn¬th kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ B[p-\n-I-hy-h-kmbw

C¥y-bn¬ PmXn-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb

sXmgn¬hn-`-P-\sØ XI¿Øp-I-fbpw. Cu PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv

C¥y-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-tbbpw C¥y-bpsS i‡n-sbbpw \n¿Wm-b-I-

amw-hn[w XS-™p-sh-°p-∂Xv.''1 Cßs\ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb A¿Y-Øn¬

{_nó-jp-Im¿ C¥y-bn¬ \io-I-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w ]p\-

cp-≤m-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ IqSn \n¿h-ln-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

anj-\-dn-am¿°p t{]m’m-l\w

C¥y-bn¬ Xß-fpsS `cWw Bcw-`n® ImeØv {_nójv apX-

em-fn-am¿ {InkvXy≥ Bflm-°-fpsS FÆw h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-e√,

kz¥w em`w h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-emWv, IqSp-X¬ Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-

®Xv. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvImcw, {InkvXp-a-X-{]-

Nmcw apX-em-b-hsb Ah¿ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√. \m´p-

Im-cpsS BNm-c-ß-fnepw aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fnepw CS-s]-Sm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v

Ah¿ \n¿tZ-in-°pI IqSn sNbvXp. F∂m¬, 1757¬ πm n-bnse

hnP-b-Øn-\p-tijw Ah-cpsS \b-Øn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø° Hcp

am‰-ap-≠mbn. ]≈n-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ kΩ¿±w ImcWw {InkvXy≥an-

j-\-dn-am-cpsS ]n¥p-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn Xß-fpsS {]P-I-fpsS [m¿an-Im-

`n-hr-≤n-°p≈ Nne \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ {_nójv ]m¿e-sa‚ v

Xøm-dmbn. C¥y≥ hn]-Wn-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v B[p-\nI hnZym-

`ym-khpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIm-c-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-sW∂v Zo¿L-Zr-„n-

bp≈ cm{„o-b-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ a\- n-em-°m≥ XpSßn.

1. Karl Marx: The Future of British Rule in India.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 127

Cu \bw-am‰w C¥y-bnse anj-\dn {]ÿm-\-Øn\v Hcp ]pXnb

Poh≥ \¬In. km{am-Py-tØmSv Iqdpw hW-°hpw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-

\p≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bmWv {InkvXp-a-X-{]-N-cWw F∂v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

Iƒ hniz-kn-°m≥ XpSßn. P\-X-bpsS lrZbw Iog-S-°m-\p≈ Hcp

am¿K-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Aßs\ {InkvXy≥an-j-\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏´p. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS sNe-hp-Iƒ°v [mcmfw ]Ww

A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´p. {ItaW {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ lnμp-°-sfbpw ap…o-

ß-sfbpw At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ ta∑-bp-≈-h-cmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sm≥

XpSßn. {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn® Kh-s◊‚ v Poh-\-°m¿°v Db¿∂

XkvXn-I-Iƒ, DtZym-K-°-b‰w XpS-ßnb {]tXy-Im-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ

\¬I-s∏´p. CXv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw C¥y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS, {]tXy-

In®pw lnμp-°-fp-sSbpw ap…o-ß-fp-sSbpw, hnIm-c-ßsf {hW-s∏-

SpØn. C¥y-bn¬ {InkvXp-a-XsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ Xß-

fpsS \bw {_nójv P\-X-bpsS ]n¥pW t\Sm≥ D]-I-cn-°p-sa∂v

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hniz-kn-®n-́ p-≠m-hWw. CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS

Ub-d-Œ¿t_m¿Uv sNb¿am≥ am≥Kvƒkv 1857˛¬ {_nójv ]m¿e-

sa‚n¬sh®v {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""ssZhw hnim-e-amb

C¥y≥ km{am-PysØ Cw•-≠n\v G¬∏n®p X∂n-´p-≈Xv {InkvXp-

hns‚ hnP-b-]-XmI C¥y-bpsS Hc‰w apX¬ at‰ A‰w hsc ]mdn-

°-fn-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv. C¥ysb apgp-h≥ Hcp

ss{IkvX-h-cm-Py-am-°m≥ th≠n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø\w XpS-cp-∂-Xn¬

bmsXmcp Imc-W-h-imepw hnfw-_-ap-≠m-bn-°qSm. C°m-cy-Øn¬

Hmtcm-cp-Ø\pw Xs‚ i‡n apgp-h\pw {]tbm-Kn-°Ww.''2

C¥y-bn¬ {_nójv `cWw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬

Kh¿W¿amcpw PUvPn-amcpw ssk\n-tIm-tZym-K-ÿ-∑mcpw \¬Inb

tkh-\-ß-sf-°mƒ hne-s∏-́ -Xm-bn-cp∂p anj-\-dn-am¿ hln® ]¶v F∂v

t_mws_-bnse Hcp {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Imcn A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. C¥y-

bn¬ {_nójv `c-WsØ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v anj-\-dn-am¿ sNbvX

A\u-tZym-Kn-Ihpw AwKo-I-cWw e`n-°m-Ø-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\sØ

_wKmƒK-h¿W¿ k¿ Nmƒkv Fen-b´v «mLn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

Cßs\ lnμp-°ƒ, ap…o-ßƒ, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂o hyXykvX

P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ `n∂n-∏p-≠m-°m≥ Icp-Xn-°q-ń-bp≈ {ia-

ßƒ \S-Ø-s∏´p.

anj-\-dn-amsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI F∂ \b-tØm-sSm∏w PmXn-

hn-`-P\w, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ, Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ BNm-c-ßƒ apX-em-

2. Quoted by V.D. Savarkar, PP. 51-52.


bh \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \oXn-\ym-b-N-´-ßfpw Bhn-jv°-

cn-°-s∏´p. lnμp-°ƒ°pw ap…o-ßƒ°pw th≠n shtΔsd \nb-a-

ßfpw N´-ßfpw Xøm-dm-°-s∏´p. ]g-In-°-gn™ BNm-c-ßfpw

Po¿Wn® kmaq-ly-hn[n hne-°p-Ifpw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ th≠n

Ahbv°v \oXn-\ym-b-Øns‚ {]m_eyw \¬I-s∏´p. C¥y-°m¿

s]mXpth Ah-⁄-tbm-sS-bmWv ho£n-°-s∏-´Xv.

1818¬ a¨tdm shń-Øp-d-s∂-gpXn: ""hntZ-io-b-cmb B{I-a-W-

Im-cn-Iƒ \m´p-Im-tcmSv A{I-a-a-t\m-`m-h-tØmSpw ]e-t∏mgpw henb

{Iqc-X-tbmSpw IqSn-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-t∏m-∂n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬, \sΩ-

t∏mse C{X-b-[nIw Ah-⁄-tbmsS Ah-cmcpw s]cp-am-dn-bn-ń√.

Hcp cmPy-Ønse P\-ßƒ apgp-h\pw hniz-kn-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø-hcpw

kXy-k-‘-cm-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hcpw \ap°v Hgn-hm-°m≥ ]‰mØ cwK-

ß-fn¬ am{Xw tPmen sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-cp-am-sW∂v C{X Ad-

t∏msS a‰mcpw Icp-Xn-bn-ń√. \ΩpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ AI-s∏´p

Ign™ Hcp P\-X-bpsS kz`m-hsØ Cßs\ CSn-®p-Xm-gvØp-∂Xv

HuZm-cy-an-√mbva am{X-a√, acym-Z-tI-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv.''

anj-\-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h\

F∂m¬, CXv Nn{X-Øns‚ Hcp hiw am{X-amWv. anj-\-dn-am¿

s]mXpth PmXn-hy-hÿ, sXm´p-Iq-Smbva, Xo≠n-°q-Smbva, hn{K-lm-

cm-[\, ssii-h-hn-hmlw, kXn XpS-ßnb kmaq-lym-\m-Nm-c-ßƒs°-

Xn-cmbn \S-Ønb Bth-i-ß-fmb {]N-c-W-ßƒ C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS

kmaq-ly-t_m-[sØ Xń-bp-W¿Øn. Aß-s\-bmWv hneyw Imcnbpw

]fin-X-∑m-cmb a‰p anj-\-dn-amcpw kz¥w C„-tØm-Sp-IqSn {InkvXp-

aXw Bt«-jn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb Ht´sd lnμp-°-sfbpw ap…o-ß-sfbpw

BI¿jn-®Xv. Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ ê-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-th≠n ]e anj-\-dn-amcpw C¥y≥ `mj-Iƒ ]Tn®p; hne-]n-Sn®

{KŸ-ßƒ cNn®p; aX-]-chpw XXz-Nn-¥m-]-c-hp-amb H´-\-h[n IrXn-

Iƒ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp; C¥y-bpsS Ncn-

{X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Kth-j-W-ßƒ \SØn; P\-

ßsf tkhn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn B[p-\n-I-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ kvIqfp-Ifpw

Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw ÿm]n®p. Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymk kmwkvIm-cnI

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw kphn-ti-j-{]-N-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-

h-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv icn-bmWv. F¶nepw, B {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

{Inbm-fl-I-amb {]m[m-\ysØ F{X {]iw-kn-®mepw A[n-I-am-hn√.

Ah¿ C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\nI Nn¥-bp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-ß-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 129

fp-sSbpw ]pXnb Nmep-Iƒ shń-°odn. Un.Fkv. i¿Ω Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, ""\ΩpsS t\Xm-°-∑m¿, {]tXy-In®pw kamPv {]ÿm-

\-Øn-s‚bpw cma-IrjvW anj-s‚bpw t\Xm-°-∑m¿, kmaq-ly-tk-

h-\-Øn\p \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]c-a-{]m-[m\yw {InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-am¿

\¬Inb km[-\-]m-T-Øns‚ {]tNm-Z\w Imc-W-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xnt®

aXn-bmhq.''3 kzman hnth-Im-\-μ-s\-t∏m-ep≈ alm-∑m-cmb

kmaqly˛aX-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ {InkvXy≥ tImtf-Pp-I-fn-emWv ]Tn-

®-sX∂v ChnsS FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-XmWv.

Cw•o-jnepw C¥y-bnse hnhn[ `mj-I-fnepw {InkvXp-a-XsØ

kw_-‘n-®p≈ Ht´sd ]pkvX-I-ßfpw eLp-te-J-Ifpw {]kn≤w

sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah C¥y≥ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fpsS

ta¬ hºn® kzm[o-\-amWv sNep-Øn-bXv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, ]pXnb

kphn-ti-j-Øn-e-S-ßnb km∑m¿Kn-I-X-Xz-ßƒ ""PmXntbm ]Z-hntbm

kºtØm t\m°msX Poh-\p≈ F√m kr„n-I-sfbpw Hcp-t]mse

am‰-Øn\pw \ncm-ibv°pw thZ-\bv°pw ac-W-Øn\pw ]m{X-am-°p-

Ibpw ̀ qan-bnse hn -̀h-ßsf A\p-̀ -hn-°m≥ F√m-h¿°pw Hcp-t]mse

Ah-Imiw \¬Ip-Ibpw ssZh-tØmSpw Xß-tfmSp Xs∂bpw kaq-

l-tØm-Sp-ap≈ hnhn[ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ a\p-jy-cm-

in-bpsS s]cp-am‰w {Iao-I-cn-°m≥ G‰hpw ]‰nb Xc-Øn¬ \ne-

\n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ GI-ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ D∂-Xhpw DZm-c-

hp-amb k¶-ev]-Øn-te°v a\p-jys‚ Bi-b-ßsf Db¿Øm≥ Dt±-

in-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-h-bmWv'' F∂v cmPmdmw taml≥ dmbv {]kvXm-hn-

°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

lnμp-°-fpsS PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ, hn{K-lm-cm-[\, ssii-h-hn-

hmlw, inip-lXy, kXn XpS-ßnb arKo-b-ßfpw t{Zml-I-c-ß-fp-

amb BNm-c-ßƒ BZy-Im-esØ {InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS a\x-

km-£nsb sRń-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. CØcw BNm-c-ßƒs°-Xn-

cmb ka-c-Øn¬ Ah¿ A{]-[m-\-a-√mØ Hcp ]¶mWv hln-®Xv.

F∂m¬, BZy-Im-eØv C¥y-bnse ap…o-ßƒ sNbvX amXncn

ss{IkvX-h-a-X-°mcpw C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kmaq-ly-]-

cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-fp-ambn CW-ßn-t®-cm≥ XpSßn. C¥y-bnse {InkvXp-

aXw PmXn-hy-h-ÿbv°v Iogvs∏-Sp-Ibpw lnμp-°-fpsS BNm-cm-\p-

jvTm-\-ßƒ ]eXpw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnμp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬

\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ XmW PmXnbpw ta¬Pm-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-

ßƒ Ah¿ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw \ne-\n∂p. ]t£,

3. D.S. Sharma: Renaissance of Hinduism, P. 639.


]n∂o-Sp-≠mb Cu am‰-ßƒ {InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ C¥y-bn¬ XpS-

ßn-sh® ]cn-jv°-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw Ipd-bv°p-∂n√.

B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw

C¥y-bn¬ Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw Dd-∏n-°m≥ {_nó-jp-Im¿ D]-

tbm-Kn® Hcp Bbp-[-am-bn-cp∂p \ho-\-hn-Zym-`ymkw. \m´p-Imsc cmP-

`-‡n-bp-≈-h-cm°n am‰p-∂-Xn\pw ]m›m-Xy-Po-hn-X-co-Xn-Ifpw Bi-

b-ßfpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ̂ e-{]-Z-amb Hcp am¿K-am-bn-cp∂p

AXv. am\-hn-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw imkv{X-ß-fnepw A[y-b\w \¬Ip∂

]pXnb Cw•ojv hnZym-̀ ymk k{º-Zmbw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ A]-I¿j-

t_m-[hpw kz¥w kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]mc-º-cy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈

Hcp-Xcw Ah-⁄bpw hf¿Øm≥ D]-I-cn-°p-sa∂pw {_nójv `c-

WsØ {]Io¿Øn-°m≥ AXm-h-iy-am-sW∂pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

Icp-Xn-bn-´p-≠m-hWw. sa°msf {]`p 1884¬ Fgp-Xnb ""hnZym-`ym-

ksØ kw_-‘n® Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ'' ]pXnb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-h¿Kw C¥y-

bpsS Ime-∏-g-°-ap≈ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw `mj-I-sfbpw F{X Ah-

⁄-tbm-sS-bmWv ho£n-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂p hy‡-am-°p∂p. ""\m´p-Im¿

XΩn¬ XΩn¬ km[m-cW kwkm-cn-°p∂ hmsam-gn-Iƒ tamihpw

Akw-kvIr-X-hp-amsW""∂pw ""Ad_n `mj-sbtbm kwkvIr-X-

sØtbm al-Ømb bqtdm-]y≥ cm{„-ß-fpsS `mj-I-fp-ambn Hcn-

°epw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-°q-sS∂pw'' ""Hcp bqtdm-]y≥ sse{_-dn-

bpsS Hscm‰ sj¬^v C¥y-bnepw Atd-_y-bnepw H´m-sI-bp≈

kmln-Xy-Øns‚ InS-]n-Sn-°p∂p'' F∂pw At±lw ka¿Yn-°m≥

{ian®p. Xs‚ kz¥w ̀ mj-bpsS anI-hp‰ Ign-hp-Isf At±lw {]iw-

kn®p. ""kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ F√m ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-

ap≈ Ncn-{X-hn-h-c-ßƒ Iqń-sh-®m¬ Ah Cw•-≠nse {]n∏-td-‰dn

kvIqfp-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ G‰hpw \n m-c-amb kw{Kl ]Xn-

∏p-I-tf-°mƒ hne-Ip-d-™-h-bm-bn-cn°pw'' F∂pw ùXn-Itam [m¿an-

Itam Bb XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS hnhn[ imJ-I-fn¬ c≠p cm{„-ßƒ°p-

ap≈ ÿm\-ßƒ GXm≠v Htc-am-Xn-cn-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw4 At±lw

{]kvXm-hn®p.

hneyw tPm¨kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-

]m-c-º-cysØ Atß-b‰w hne-a-Xn-®-hcpw Cw•ojv `mj-bpsS

\n¿_‘ ]cn-io-e\w C¥y≥ kaq-l-Ønse Db¿∂ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS

4. Sources in Indian Tradition, P.P.596-97.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 131

hnIm-c-ßsf {hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂v `b-s∏-´-h-cp-amb ]uc-kvXy-hm-Zn-

I-fpsS hna¿i-\-ßƒ°p adp-]-Sn-bmbn sa°msf C{]-Imcw FgpXn:

""tImSn-°-W-°n-ep≈ P\-ß-fpsS hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ cNn-°m-\p-]-tbm-

Kn-°-s∏´ ̀ mj-I-fmWv kwkvIr-Xhpw Ad-_nbpw F∂pw AXn-\m¬

Ahbv°v {]tXy-I-amb t{]m’m-l\w e`n-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ kln-jvWpX ImWn-°pI

am{X-a√, \njv]-£X ]men-°p-I-IqSn sNø-W-sa-∂p-≈Xv C¥y-bn¬

{_nójv Kh-s◊‚ns‚ I¿Ø-hy-amWv. F∂m¬, G‰hpw {][m-\-

s∏´ hnj-b-ß-fn-se√mw Kuc-h-amb {]am-Z-ßƒ IpØn-Øn-cp-Øn-

bn-´p-s≠-∂Xp sIm≠p-am{Xw ]d-b-Ø° B¥-cn-I-aq-ey-ß-sfm-∂p-

an-s√∂v F√m-hcpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂ Hcp kmln-XysØ t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv bp‡nt°m [¿a-t_m-[-Ønt\m ]cn-]m-h-

\-ambn ImØp-c-£n-°-W-sa∂v \Ω-sf√mw kΩ-Xn-°p∂ \njv]-£-

Xbvt°m \nc-°p-∂-X√. {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb hn⁄m\w Dƒs°m-

≈mØ Hcp `mj \njv^-e-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. _o`-

’-ß-fmb A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ \nd-™n-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xp-sIm≠v

\maXv ]Tn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂mWv hcp-∂Xv. \mw sX‰mb Ncn-{Xhpw

sX‰mb aXhpw ]Tn-∏n-°-W-sa∂p hcp∂p. \m´p-Imsc {InkvXp-a-X-

Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-h¿°v ]c-ky-amb t{]m’m-l\w

\¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v \mw Hgn-™p-\n¬°p∂p. F√m-bn-t∏mgpw

Aßs\ Hgn-™p-\n¬°p-sa-∂mWv Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv. \Ωƒ

C{]-Imcw {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp Igp-Xsb sXm´m¬ ip≤n hcp-

tØ-≠-sX-ß-s\-sbt∂m Hcm-Sns\ sIm∂ ]mhw Xocm≥ GXp thZ-

hm-Iy-ap-cp-hn-S-W-sat∂m ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n buh-\-Imew ]mgm-

°m≥ tÃ‰ns‚ hcp-am-\-Øn¬\n∂v _p≤n-]q¿h-ambpw A¥-t m-

sSbpw \ap°v ]Ww sNe-hm-°m≥ Ign-bptam?''5.

]pXnb hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xn-bpsS e£y-sa-s¥∂v sa°msf Xs‚

Ipdn-∏p-I-fpsS Ah-km-\sØ Jfin-I-bn¬ Npcp-°n-hn-h-cn-°p-∂p≠v.

""\ΩpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf \Ωƒ `cn-°p∂ At\-I-e£w Bfp-

Iƒ°v hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp h¿KsØ kr„n-

°m≥ \mw Ct∏mƒ Ign-bp-∂-sX√mw sNøWw. B h¿Kw c‡-

Ønepw \nd-Ønepw C¥y-°m-cm-bn-cn°pw. ]t£, cpNn-bnepw A`n-

{]m-b-ß-fnepw km∑m¿Kn-I-t_m-[-Ønepw _p≤n-bnepw Cw•o-jp-Im-

cp-am-bn-cn°pw.''6.

5. Macaulay: Proseand Poetry, p. 724-29.6. Ibid.


]m›m-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymkw C¥y-bpsS A‘-hn-izm-k-ßsf CSn®p

XI¿°p-sa∂pw C¥y-bnse aX-ß-fp-sSbpw AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb

kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-km\w Ipdn-°p-sa∂pw {_nójv `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Bin®p. ]pXnb hnZym-̀ ym-k-coXn \S-∏m°n ap∏Xp h¿j-

ßƒ Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw _wKm-fn¬ Hscm‰ hn{K-lm-cm-[-I\pw _m°n-

bm-hp-I-bn-s√∂v 1836¬ Xs‚ AΩ-bvs°-gp-Xnb Hcp IØn¬

sa°msf Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn.

l≠-cpsS ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw Hcp-]Sn IqSn apt∂m-´p-I-S∂p:

""\ΩpsS Bwt•m C¥y≥ kvIqfp-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Hscm‰

bphmhpw ˛ lnμphmbmepw ap…o-am-bmepw ˛ Xs‚ A—s‚ aXsØ

Ahn-iz-kn-°m≥ ]Tn-°m-Xn-cn-°n√. Gjy-bnse aqØp apc-Sn® aX-

ßƒ ]m›m-Xy-im-kv{X-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yy-ß-fp-ambn ASp-∏n-°-s∏-

Sp-tºmƒ DW-ßnb Np≈n-s°m-ºp-Iƒ t]mse Np°n-®p-fn-™p-

t]mIpw.''

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ {]tNm-Z\w

Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS alXzw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv hnZym-`ym-k-]-cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Ø-s∏-

´Xv. ""hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠p kn≤n® D¬_p-≤X P\-ßsf {_nójv

`c-W-hp-ambn CW-°n-t®¿°p-sa∂pw AXp-ambn ASp∏w hf¿Øp-

sa∂pw''7 tImf-\n-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ Bin-®n-cp∂p. {_nó-jv`-c-WsØ

kt¥m-j-]p-c- cw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw C¥y≥ P\-

Xsb t{]cn-∏n-°p-sa∂v F¬^n≥ÃWpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.

F∂m¬, CXv XnI®pw sX‰mb Hcp IW-°p-Iq-´-em-bn-cp∂p. {_nó-

jvK-h-s◊‚ns‚ hnZym-̀ ymk \b-Øn¬ ]c-kv]cw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-SmØ

Nne sshcp-[y-ß-f-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p. \in-∏n-°-em-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS

e£yw. F∂m¬, bYm¿Y-Øn-ep-≠m-bXv Hcp \thm-∞m-\-amWv.

]pXnb hnZym-`ym-k-coXn C¥y-bpsS Bflm-hns\ sR°n-s°m-√p-

sa-∂mWv {]Xo-£n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, bYm¿Y-Øn¬ {_nó-

jv`-c-WsØ Xs∂ IS-]p-g-°n-sb-dn™ Hcp apt∂-‰-Øns‚ hnØp-

Iƒ hnX-bv°p-I-bmWv AXv sNbvXXv.

Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw C¥y-bnse _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS apºn¬

kaq-ly-cm-{„ob kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]mX-Iƒ Xpd-∂n´p

sImSpØp. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb C¥y-°m¿ Hcp-h-iØv a‰p cmPy-ß-

7. O. Malley: Modern India and the West, P. 658.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 133

fnse ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-ß-sfbpw kzmX-{¥y-{]-ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw

imkv{Xo-b-t\-´-ß-sfbpw Bkz-Zn-°m≥ XpSßn; adp-h-iØv Ah¿

]pXnb hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-sfbpw

aX-sØbpw XXz-Nn-¥-sbbpw BNm-c-ß-sfbpw ioe-ß-sfbpw

hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-tbmsS ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ XpSßn. sat°msf hnNm-cn-

®Xv Xs‚ hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zmbw C¥y-°m-cpsS tZio-b-t_m-[sØ

Xpc¶w shbv°p-sa∂pw Ahsc Iqdp≈ ASn-a-I-fm-°n-Øo¿°p-sa-

∂p-amWv. F∂m¬, AXv Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf imkv{Xo-b-ambn

ho£n-°m-\p≈ Hc-Sn-ÿm\w kr„n-°p-Ibpw Hcp ]pXnb tZio-

tbm¬_p-≤-Xbv°v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip-I-bp-amWv sNbvXXv. ]m›m-

Xy imkv{X-Øns‚ apJy LS-I-ßfpw ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fnse

kmwkvIm-cnI -\-thm-∞m-\hpw cm{„o-tbm¬_p-≤-Xbpw BImw-£-

tbmsS Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw Ahsb kz¥w amXr-`q-an-bpsS A`n-hr-

≤n-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvX C¥y≥ _p≤n-Po-

hn-I-fpsS Hcp ]pXnb h¿KsØ kr„n-°p-I-bmWv AXv sNbvXXv.

_q¿jzm-h¿K-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-sSm∏w ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-

fn¬ kmaq-lym-h-iy-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn Nn¥m-kzm-X{¥yw, hnizm-

k-kzm-X{¥yw, hy‡n-kzm-X{¥yw, kzØv kºm-Zn-°m\pw kw`-cn-

°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw, sXmgn-em-fn-Isf tPmen°p shbv°m-\p≈

Ah-Imiw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bp-

≠mbn. C¥y-bnepw CØcw Bi-b-ßƒ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcm-h-iy-

I-X-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. imkv{X-Øn\pw am\-hn-I-hn-j-b-ßƒ°pw Ah-

bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ cm{„o-b-X-Xz-Nn-¥bv°pw {]m[m\yw \¬Inb

]m›mXy hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nmcw C¥y-bn¬ ]pXnb Nn¥m-K-

Xn-I-fpsS hnIm-k-Øn\p hen-sbm-cp-tØ-P\w \¬In. bp‡n-hmZw,

cm{„o-b-kzm-X{¥yw, P\m-[n-]Xyw, a\p-jy-kvt\lw, kaXzw apX-

emb ]pXnb BZ¿i-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h∂p. tjIvkv]n-b¿, sj√n,

ss_d¨, an¬, kvs]≥k¿, Im¬sse¬, dkv°n≥, tam¿en,

an¬´≥, tem°v, _¿°v apem-b-h-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ C¥y-bnse _p≤n-

Po-hn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]N-cn-°m≥ XpSßn. C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\n-I-Nn-

¥bv°v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ Ah hln® ]¶v sNdp-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√.

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Ah¿°v ]n¥pW \¬In-b-hcpw

C¥y-bnse tZio-b-`m-j-I-sfbpw kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw Ign-bp-∂{X

Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ t\m°n. F∂n´pw ]pXnb tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ \n∂p

]pd-Øp-h∂ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb C¥y-°m-cn¬ ]ecpw Xß-fpsS


kz¥w ̀ mj-I-fnepw kwkv°m-c-ß-fnepw A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂-h-cmbn

amdn. ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w ê-Øn¬ C¥y-

bnse `mjm-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv. P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬, {]tXy-In®pw tZim-̀ n-am-\n-I-fmb _p≤n-

Po-hn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Xß-fpsS kz¥w kmwkvIm-cn-I-ss]-Xr-I-sØ-

°p-dn®v Hcp ]pXnb A`n-am-\-t_m[w Db¿∂p-h∂p. bqtdm-]y-∑mcpw

C¥y-°m-cp-amb ]e ]fin-X-∑mcpw C¥y-bpsS `qX-Im-e-Øn-te°v

Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-Ibpw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ kwkvIr-X-{K-Ÿ-

ßƒ X¿÷a sNøp-Ibpw tZio-b-t_m-[sØ Xń-bp-W¿Øm≥

]‰nb auen-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvImcw

as‰mcp kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]n∂n-e-s√∂p hy‡-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

Ah-cpsS apJy-amb Dt±iyw. Aßs\, {_nójv km{am-Py-hm-Zn-I-

fpsS {]Xo-£-Iƒ°p hn]-co-X-ambn tZi-m`n-am-\hpw tZio-bm-`n-hr-

≤n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXnb Nn¥-Ifpw C¥y-°m-cpsS a\- n¬ Ne-\-

ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ XpSßn. Cu Ne-\-ßƒ C¥y-bnse `mjm-km-ln-

Xy-ß-fnepw XXz-Nn-¥-I-fnepw am{X-a√, cm{„o-b-Nn-¥-I-fnepw

kzm[o\w sNepØn. C¥y B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn-te°v Imep-

sh®p.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 135

31. cmPmdmw taml≥ dmbv

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn\pw tImf-\n-hm-

gvNbv°pw FXn-cmbn C¥y-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ P\-Io-b-{]-ÿm-\-

ßƒ°v kmº-Øn-I-amb ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿbpw {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-

Im-cn-I-fpsS a¿Z-\-\-b-ßfpw ImcWw ]e ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

Xß-fpsS hyh-km-b-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrX hn`-h-ßƒ

kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hymh-km-bn-tIm¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

]‰nb Hcp Im¿jn-I-cm-Py-am°n C¥ysb \ne-\n¿Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-

bn-cp∂p {_nójv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Dt±iyw. AXn-\m-emWv kpi-

‡-amb Hcp B[p-\n-I-hym-h-km-bnI cmPy-ambn hf-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v

C¥ysb XS-™p-\n¿Øm≥ Ah¿ ]c-am-h[n ]cn-{i-an-®Xv. {_n´s‚

Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°v lm\n-I-c-a-√m-Ø-hbpw {_nójv hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v

Xmßmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-bp-amb hyh-km-b-im-J-Isf am{Xta

Ah¿ C¥y-bn¬ hf-cm≥ kΩ-Xn-®p≈q. apX-em-fn-Ø-_-‘-ßƒ

hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\m-{K-ln® tZio-b-_q¿jzmkn hfsc Zp¿_-e-am-bn-cp∂p.

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \b-ßƒ am{X-a√, Ime-l-c-W-s∏´

\mSp-hm-gn-Ø-_-‘-ßfpw aX˛kmaq-ly-a-fi-e-ß-fnse ]g-©≥

hnizm-k-ßfpw hymh-km-bn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn°p XS- -am-bn-\n∂p. hntZ-

i-`-c-W-Øn\pw \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmb

hnπ-h-k-a-c-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-b-Ø-°-hÆw C¥y-bnse apX-

em-fn-h¿Ktam tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\tam i‡n-bm¿Pn-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂n√.

Cu kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-ambn kl-I-cn-

®p-sIm≠pw Ah-cpsS c£m-I¿ØrXzw AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠pw

am{Xta Xß-fpsS A`n-em-j-ßƒ t\Sm≥ Ignbq F∂v C¥y-bnse


D¬_p≤ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ Icp-Xn-sb-¶n¬ AXn-e-¤p-X-s∏-Sm-s\m-∂p-

an√. kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬Im-\p≈ Ignhpw

cm{„o-b-amb ]Iz-Xbpw h¿K-t_m-[hp-ap≈ Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw

Bhn¿`-hn®v Ign-™n-cp-∂n√. ̂ yqU-en-khpw AXns‚ Bi-b-ßfpw

At∏mgpw kpi-‡-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. _q¿jzm-L-S-I-ßƒ ^yqU¬_-

‘-ß-fp-ambn sI´p-]n-W-™p-sIm-≠mWv hf-cm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv.

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Bcw`w

`qX-Im-e-Øns‚ `mcw Zp -l-am-bn-cp∂p. cmPy-Øns‚ Ak-a-

amb kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿® Cu ÿnXnsb IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-am°n.

{_nójv `c-W-Øn≥Io-gn¬ _wKmƒ, t_mws_, aZn-cmin F∂o

IS¬Øoc kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ hf¿∂p-

h-cm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ a‰p {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \mSp-hm-gn-Øtam {]mNo\

tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-b-ßtfm \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂p. B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw

imkv{Xo-bm-i-b-ßfpw t\Snb ]´-W-ß-fn¬ t]mepw {]mIv apX-em-

fnØ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fp-sSbpw ]g-©≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-

in-„-ßƒ \mam-h-ti-j-am-hmsX XpS¿∂p-t]m∂p. aX-Øns‚

kzm[o\w hfsc hn]p-e-am-bn-cp∂p. {_nójv `c-W-sØbpw \mSp-hm-

gn-Ø-_-‘-ß-sfbpw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ th≠n-bp≈ kwcw-`-ß-fn¬

am{X-a√, Ah-bvs°-Xn-cmb ka-c-ß-fnepw aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ KWy-

amb Hcp ]¶p-h-ln-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. tZio-b-\-thm-∞m\w aX-]-c-amb

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-am-bn-´mWv {]Xy-£-s∏-´Xv. kmaq-

lyhpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb Bi-b-ßƒ, P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-chpw tZim-`n-am-

\-]-c-hp-amb A`n-em-j-ßƒ, Hcp \√ Pohn-X-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈

{]Xo-£-Iƒ ˛ Ch-sb√mw aX-]-c-amb cq]-Øn-emWv {]I-Sn-∏n-°-

s∏-´Xv. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw B[p-\n-I-\m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw hnIm-

k-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-ßƒt]mepw aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ambn Iqń-

bn-W-°-s∏´p. F¶nepw, ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse kmaq-ly-]-cn-

jv°¿Øm-°ƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® lnμp-aXw a[y-Im-esØ lnμp-a-X-

Øn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. {_nójv apX-em-fn-I-fp-ambn _‘-

s∏-´p-sIm≠v kºØpw i‡nbpw t\Sm≥ sImXn® Zp¿_-e-ß-fmb

tZiob _q¿jzm-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS A`n-em-j-ßsf {]Xn-^-en-∏n® Hcp

]pXnb lnμp-a-X-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

tZim-`n-am-\n-I-fmb kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ aX-]m-c-º-cy-

ßƒ°v Iogvh-gßn. F∂m¬, ]pXnb Dev]m-Z-\-i-‡n-I-fpsS

hf¿®sb XS-bp∂ apc-Sn® aX-hn-izm-k-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈mt\m

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 137

t{Zml-I-c-ß-fmb aX-®-S-ßp-Isf AwKo-I-cn-°mt\m Ah¿ Iq´m-°n-

bn√. PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ, AbnØw, hn{K-lm-cm-[\, kXn apX-em-

b-h-bvs°-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw hn[-hm-hn-hmlw, an{i-hn-hmlw apX-

em-b-hsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ah¿ hniz-kn-®Xv

Rßƒ ]gb aXsØ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ip≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-

amWv sNøp-∂Xv F∂t{X. F∂m¬, bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ah¿ apX-em-

fn-tØm-ev]m-Z\ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\p ]‰nb Xc-Øn¬

]pXnb Bi-b-ßƒ°pw ]pXnb kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßƒ°p-ap≈ If-

sam-cp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, aX-]-chpw B[ym-

fln-I-hp-amb BZ¿i-ß-fmWv cm{„ob kmaq-ly-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

{]tNm-Z\w \¬In-bXv. F¶nepw, Ah-bpsS D≈-S°w \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-

hn-cp-≤hpw km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-≤-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ kmaq-

ly-_-‘-ßƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb _‘-ßfpw Bi-b-

ßfpw kr„n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂ e£y-tØmsS {]h¿Øn-°m≥

Ah¿ P\-ßsf D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p. bmYm¿Yy-tØm-Sp≈ bp‡n-

]q¿hhpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb kao-]-\-Øn\v hne-ßm-bn-\n∂ \nb-

{¥-W-ßsf Ah¿ FXn¿Øp. Cßs\ Bflo-b-hm-Z-]-c-amb Ah-

cpsS ho£-W-K-Xn°v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Hcp ]¶p-h-

ln-°m≥ Ign™p. ]gb aqey-ßƒ°v ]pXnb Poh≥ \¬IpI am{X-

amWv Xßƒ sNøp-∂-sX∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn®p. F¶nepw, ê-Øn¬

Ah¿ `mhn-bpsS h‡m-°-fm-bn-cp∂p.

`qX-Im-e-Øns‚ t\´-ßƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I-sb∂ {]h-WX

tZio-b-\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bmWv. {^©v \thm-∞m-

\-Ønepw {_nójv aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-Ønepw Cu {]h-W-X-

ImWmw. C¥y-bnepw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bcw-`-L-´-Øn¬

cm{„o-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb apt∂‰w aX-]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ cq]-

Øn-emWv {]I-S-am-bXv. ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ kmaq-ly-i-‡n-Iƒ°v ]n≥_ew

\¬Inb Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ BNm-c-ß-sfbpw aX-]-c-amb A‘-hn-izm-

k-ß-sfbpw AXv \ncm-I-cn®p.

C¥y-bnse tZio-b-\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ BZysØ {]ap-J-t\-

Xmhv cmPmdmw taml≥ dmbv Bbn-cp∂p. B[p-\n-tI-¥y-bpsS tZio-

b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]nXm-hm-bn-´mWv At±lw hmgvØ-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. cho-{μ-

\mY SmtKm¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\n-I-Im-e-

L-´-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv dmwtam-l≥ dmbv BWv.

1772emWv Hcp CS-Øcw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ dmw taml≥ P\n-®Xv.

Ipń-°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ C…m-an-s‚bpw {InkvXpaXØn-s‚bpw XXz-ßƒ


cmPmdmw taml≥ dmbn¬ hºn® kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-sb-¶nepw, At±-

l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb kao-]\w lnμp-a-X-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

ss__n-fn¬ AS-ßnb [m¿an-I-X-Xz-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ At±lw

Xøm-dm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS

{iasØ At±lw FXn¿Øp. lnμp-°-fp-sSbpw ap…o-ß-fp-sSbpw

aX-hn -izm -k-ßsf ]p—n -®p -sIm≠v ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Fgp-Xm≥

{InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-amsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-

Im-cn-Iƒ aX-]-c-amb \njv]-£X ewLn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂v

At±lw Bt£-]n®p. AtX-k-a-bØv, lnμp-°-fpsS t{Zml-I-c-ß-

fmb ]e BNm-c-ß-sfbpw hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw NS-ßp-I-sfbpw hn´p-

ho-gvN-bn-√msX FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw,

t£{X-ß-fnse ]qPm-hn-[n-Iƒ, AbnØw, ]p\¿P-∑-hmZw, Ah-Xm-

c-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw, hn{K-lm-cm-[\, arK-_en, kXn F∂n-ßs\

lnμp-°-fpsS CS-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ß-sf√mw At±-l-

Øns‚ \nin-X-amb hna¿i-\-ßƒ°n-c-bmbn. bYm¿Y-Øn-ep≈

lnμp-aXw hnim-e-amb am\p-jn-I-ho-£-W-Øn¬ thcp-d-®-Xm-sW-∂m-

bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hnizmkw. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂

A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS amdm-e-I-fn¬ \n∂v lnμp-a-XsØ tamNn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw ip≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂v At±lw

{]Jym-]n®p. kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønse ]pXnb kml-N-cy-ßƒs°m-

Ø-hn[w icn°pw Hcp tZio-b-a-X-sa∂ \nebv°v lnμp-a-XsØ

]p\¿÷o-hn-∏n-°m≥ At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp.

GI-X-Xz-hmZw

dmw taml≥ _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb BNm-

c-ßsf FXn¿°p-Ibpw GI-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ""Hcp imiz-X-i-‡n-bpsS

t\sc Xncn-bpI F∂Xv a\p-jy-a-\- ns‚ kzm`m-hn-I-amb {]h-W-

X-bmWv''. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \m\m-ap-J-ß-fmb ka-c-

ßƒ \S-Øm\pw P\-ßsf D∂-Xhpw D¬Ir-jvS-hp-amb Hcp ]pXnb

Pohn-X-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm-\p-ap≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-

bn-cp∂p GI-X-Xz-hmZw. GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-

ep≈ Hcp km¿h-eu-In-I-a-X-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ e£yw. hn{K-

lm-cm-[-\bpw _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-khpw Dt]-£n-°m≥ At±lw P\-

ß-tfmSv Blzm\w sNbvXp. hnip-≤hpw \n¿Kp-Whpw cq]-c-ln-X-hp-

amb {_“-sa∂ k¶ev]w a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS sFIy-Øns‚ {]Xo-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 139

I-am-bn-cp∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, Hmtcm a\p-jy-Po-hn-bnepw {_“-amWv

{]Im-in-°p-∂Xv. lnμp-hm-bmepw ap…o-am-bmepw, F√m a\p-jy-cnepw

Htc ssNX-\y-amWv IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. Cu A¿Y-Øn¬ dmw tamls‚

{_“-hmZw I_o¿, ssNX-\y≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-

b¿∂p-h∂ `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-sW-∂p-]-dbmw. ]t£,

Hcp hyXym-k-ap≠v cma≥, IrjvW≥ F∂n-ß\ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-

Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-amb GsX-¶nepw Hcp ssZhsØ Bcm-[n-°p-

Ibpw B ssZh-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `‡n-a-b-ß-fmb k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ

]mSn-s°m≠v Np‰n k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-

°m¿°v henb \njvI¿j-bm-bn-cp∂p. dmw tamls‚ aX-Øn¬ cma≥,

IrjvW≥ XpS-ßnb ssZh-ßƒt°m k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒt°m ÿm\-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. At±-l-Øns‚ ssZhw D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fnse

Aaq¿Øhpw \n¿Kp-W-hp-amb {_“-am-bn-cp∂p. D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fn-e-

S-ßnb thZm-¥-X-Xz-ß-fn-emWv At±lw Du∂n-bXv. thZm-¥-kq-

{Xhpw Ctim-]-\n-jØv, tIt\m-]-\n-jØv apX-em-b-hbpw At±lw

_wKm-fn-bn-te°pw Cw•o-jn-te°pw kzbw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-

≠mbn.

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb \ne-]mSv

F∂m¬, dmw tamls‚ GI-X-Xz-hmZw thZm-¥-kq-{X-Øn-setbm

D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-setbm {_“-k-¶-ev]-Øns‚ shdpw Bh¿Ø-\-

am-sW-∂p-I-cp-Xp-∂Xv icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√. C…m-an-s‚bpw {InkvXp-

a-X-Øn-s‚bpw GI-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw At±-l-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. lnμp-°-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Zm¿i-\nI {KŸ-ß-sf-∂-

t]mse Xs∂ ap…o-ß-fpsS Jp¿-B\pw {InkvXym-\n -I-fpsS

ss__nfpw At±lw {i≤n-®p-]-Tn-°p-Ibpw {InkvXp-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-

ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp {KŸw {]kn≤w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F√m

aX-ß-fn-ep-a-S-ßnb [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈m-\mWv At±lw

{ian-®Xv. amIvkvap-≈¿ A`n-\-μn®p ]d-™-Xp-t]mse, ""]m›mXy˛-

]uckvXy Nn¥-Isf kwtbm-Pn-∏n® BZysØ a\p-jy≥'' Bbn-

cp∂p At±lw. ]t£, dmwtam-ls‚ kwtbm-P\w shdp-samcp Iqń-

t®¿°-em-bn-cp-∂n√. kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn°p lm\n-I-c-ß-fmb A‘-

hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw FXn¿Øp tXmev]n-°m\pw

]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sm\pw ]‰n-b-X-c-Øn¬

{]mNo-\-aX Zm¿i-\nI {KŸ-ß-fn-e-S-ßnb am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ßsf


Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I-bmWv At±lw sNbvXXv. 1828¬ At±lw C{]-

Imcw FgpXn: ""lnμp-°-fpsS C∂sØ aXm-Nm-c-ßƒ Ah-cpsS

cm{„o-b-Xm-ev]-cy-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-a-s√∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ F\n°v

hyk-\-ap≠v. lnμp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ht´sd hn`m-K-ßfpw D]-hn-`m-K-

ßfpw kr„n-®n-´p≈ PmXn-hy-hÿ Ah-cn-ep≈ tZio-b-hn-Im-csØ

\in-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. IW-°n-√mØ aX-N-S-ßp-Ifpw aXm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw

ip≤o-I-cW \nb-a-ßfpw Ah¿°v hnj-aw-]n-Sn® Fs¥-¶nepw

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm-\p≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ C√m-Xm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

cm{„ob t\´-ßƒ°pw kmaq-ly-kp-J-ßƒ°pw th≠n-sb-¶nepw

Ah-cpsS aX-Øn¬ Nne am‰-ß-fp-≠m-th-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂v F\n°v

tXm∂p∂p.''

{InkvXp-a-X-tØm-Sp≈ dmw tamls‚ kao-]-\hpw GXm-≠nXp

Xs∂-bm-bn -cp∂p. kmtlm-Zcyw, a\p-jy-kvt\lw XpS-ßnb

ss{IkvX-hm-Z¿i-ßsf At±lw A\p-Iq-en®p. AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂

Ime-Øn\v ]‰mØ aX-®-S-ßp-I-sfbpw tbip-{InkvXp ssZhtam

ssZh-]p-{Xt\m BsW∂pw a‰p-ap≈ hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw At±lw

FXn¿Øp. ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-ß-fmb CØcw Bi-b-ßƒ ]n¥n-cn-∏-

∑msc hnd-fn-]n-Sn-∏n®p. {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑mcpw Nne {InkvXy≥

anj-\-dn-amcpw At±-lsØ k¿h-i-‡n-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v FXn¿°m-s\m-

cp-sº´p. sdmta≥ sdmfmßv Nq≠n-°m-ń-b-t]mse, ""dmw taml≥

bmYm-ÿn-XnI lnμp-a-X-Øn-s‚tbm bmYm-ÿn-XnI {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-

s‚tbm _‘-\-Øn¬ IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√. adn®v c≠p aX-

ß-fp-sSbpw icn-bmb A¿Yw Xm≥ Is≠-Øn-sb∂v At±lw hniz-

kn®p. At±lw Hcp kzX-{¥-\mb ssZh-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p. F√m-

‰n-\p-ap-]-cn-bmbn bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw [m¿an-I-t_m-[-hp-ap-≈-h-\m-bn-cp∂p.

{InkvXp-a-X-Z¿i-\-Ønse km∑m¿KnI hyh-ÿsb At±lw kzoI-

cn®p. F∂m¬ lnμp-°ƒ°v Ah-Xm-c-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizm-ksØ F∂-

t]mse Xs∂ {InkvXp ssZhmw-i-am-sW∂ [mc-W-sbbpw At±lw

\ntj-[n®p. D¬°-S-amb GI-X-Xz-hm-Z-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sn¬\n-∂p-

sIm≠v At±lw lnμp-°-fpsS _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-sØbpw

{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS {Xnaq¿Øn-`m-h-sØbpw i‡n-bmbn FXn¿Øp.

X¬^-e-ambn {_m“-Wcpw anj-\-dn-amcpw At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn H‰-

s°-´mbn Xncn™p.'' Xs‚ Bi-b-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kaq-l-

Ønse bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Isc F{X-am{Xw tcmjw sIm≈n-®p-sh∂v dmw

taml≥ Xs∂ Cßs\ A\p-kva-cn-°p∂p: ""hn{K-lm-cm-[\, A‘-

hn-izm-k-ßƒ apX-emb hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n Rm≥ {_m“-W-cp-ambn \S-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 141

Ønb XpS¿®-bmb hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßfpw kXn XpS-ßnb Ah-cpsS

t{Zml-I-c-ß-fmb A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn-ep≈ Fs‚ CS-s]-Sepw Ft∂m-

Sp≈ Ah-cpsS Cu¿jy h¿[n-∏n®p. Ah¿°v Fs‚ IpSpw-_-Øns‚

taep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o\w ImcWw Fs‚ ]nXmhv F\n°v \¬In-

bn-cp∂ B\q-Iq-ey-ßƒ ]c-ky-ambn ]n≥h-en-°m≥ \n¿_-≤-\mbn.

F∂m¬, kzIm-cy-ambn F\n°v \¬Inb Npcp-ßnb tXmXn-ep≈

kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw At±lw XpS¿∂p-t]m∂p. Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-

ß-tfm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏pw hntcm-[-hp-ap-≠m-bn´pw Fs‚ _‘p-°fpw

_‘p-Xz-Øn\p ]pd-sa-bp-≈-h-cp-amb Ht´sd am\y-hy-‡n-Iƒ CtX

at\m-`m-h-amWv ssIs°m-≠Xv.''1

]{X-kzm-X{¥yw

taml≥ dmbv BWv C¥y-bnse tZio-b-]{X {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

AkvXn-hm-c-an-´Xv. 1821¬ At±lw _wKm-fn-bn¬ "kw_mZv IuapZn'

F∂ ]{Xhpw 1822¬ t]¿ky≥ `mj-bn¬ "D¬ AIv_¿' F∂

]{Xhpw XpSßn. Ahbv°v _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ [mcmfw

{]Nmcw e`n®p. Cu ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ kwcw-`-ßsf Bi-¶-tbm-sS-

bmWv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ho£n-®Xv. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-

km-\-Ønepw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Ønepw ]{X-ß-fpsS

ta¬ I¿i-\-ß-fmb sk≥k¿jn∏p \nb-a-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. tlÃnßvkv {]`p 1817¬ s]mXp-P-\-{]-t£m-`-Øn\v hg-ßn-

s°m≠v sk≥k¿jn∏p \nb-a-ß-fn¬ Aev]w Ab-hp-h-cpØn.

F∂m¬, At±-l-Øn-\p-tijw h∂ BUw-{]-`p-hns‚ Kh-s◊‚ v

ssek≥kv IqSmsX B\p-Im-en-I-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw ]{X-ßfpw

{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp Hm¿Un-\≥kv ]pd-s∏-

Sp-hn®p. dmw taml≥ dmbv Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn i‡n-bmb

kacw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-km\w AXn¬ hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

tZiob \thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚bpw km¿h-eu-InI kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-

s‚bpw ktμiw cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ FØn-°m-\mWv

dmw taml≥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-´Xv. PmXn-hy-hÿ, hn{K-

lm-cm-[\, arK-_en, kXn, ssii-h-hn-hmlw XpS-ßn-b-h-bvs°-Xn-

cmbn At±lw hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√mØ ka-c-ßƒ \SØn. kv{XoIƒ°v

]pcp-j-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w kzØ-h-Imiw A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa∂pw kXn

1. Raja Rao and Iqbal Singh (ed): Changing India, P. 18-19.


\ntcm-[n-°-W-sa∂pw hn[-h-Iƒ°v ho≠pw hnhmlw Ign-°m≥

kzmX{¥yw \¬I-W-sa∂pw At±lw hmZn®p.

kXn-s°-Xn-cmb {]t£m`w

`¿Øm-°-∑m¿ acn-®m¬ Ah-cpsS NnX-bn¬ NmSn hn[-h-Iƒ

Bfl-lXy sNø-W-sa∂ {Iqc-\n-b-a-amWv kXn-sb∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-

s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. a[y-Im-esØ Cu \njv°-cp-W-amb aX-®-Sßv ]sØm-

ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ t]mepw hSs° C¥y-bnse Nne

`mK-ß-fn¬, {]tXy-In®pw _wKm-fn¬, hfsc {]_-e-am-bn-cp∂p. dmw

taml-\∂p Xs∂ Cu \njvTq-cX t\cn¬ ImtW-≠n-h∂ Hcp Zpc-

¥m-\p-̀ -h-ap-≠mbn. Xs‚ ktlm-Z-cs‚ NnX-bn¬ ktlm-Z-c-̀ mcy NmSn

acn-°p-∂Xp XS-bm≥ At±lw Hcp hn^-e-{iaw \S-Øn-t\m°n.

]t£, {_m“-W-cp-sSbpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw hmin-tb-dnb

\n¿_‘w ImcWw At±-l-Øn\v H∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-™n√. Hcp

Poh-\p≈ kv{Xo Xobn¬ Np´p-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv \n -lm-b-\mbn

t\m°n \n¬°mt\ Ign-™p≈q. Cu kw`hw At±-l-Øns‚ lrZ-

b-Øn¬ Hcn-°-ep-ap-W-ßmØ Hcp {hW-ap-≠m°n. At±lw kXn-

bpsS G‰hpw henb FXn-cm-fn-bmbn amdn. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-

ßƒ°v aX-]-c-amb AwKo-Imcw thW-sa∂v C¥y-°m¿ B{K-ln-®n-

cp∂ Hcp Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. kXn-bpsS \ntcm-[\w {ipXn-Iƒ°pw

kvarXn-Iƒ°pw FXn-c-s√∂v sXfn-bn-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-bn-cp∂p. ]gb

thtZm-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw a‰pw D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v Cu \njvTqc \S-]-Sn°v

[m¿an-Itam aX-]-ctam Bb AwKo-Im-c-an-s√∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥ dmw

taml≥ Xøm-dmbn. Cu al-Ømb ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn¬ hneyw-Im-cnbpw

skcmw-]q-cnse a‰p Nne {]apJ {InkvXy≥an-j-\-dn-amcpw At±-

lsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂v

ChnsS FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬, Cw•-≠nse P\-

ßƒ°v C°m-cy-Øn¬ Htc A`n-{]m-b-a√ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. `c-Wm-

[n-Imcn h¿K-Ønse G‰hpw {]_-e-amb hn`mKw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-

cmb lnμp-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑msc shdp-∏n-°m≥ C„-s∏-ń√. ""hn[-h-Iƒ

Xß-fpsS `¿Øm-°-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w NnX-bn¬ NmSn acn-°p-∂Xv lnμp-

°-fpsS aX-]-c-amb k¶¬∏-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ BNm-c-

am-sW∂pw AXv AwKo-Ir-X-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw hy‡-

am-°-s∏-́ n-́ p-s≠∂pw''2 Bbn-cp∂p Cu ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS hmZw. C¥y-

2. Jatindra Kumar Majumdar (ed): Raja Ram Mohan Roy and ProgressiveMovement in India.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 143

bnse {_nójv Kh-s◊‚ v bmYm-ÿn-XnI lnμp-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿

\¬Inb imkv{X-hym-Jym-\-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw aXw A\p-h-Zn-

°p-t∂-S-tØmfw kXn A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

F∂m¬ D¬_p-≤-cmb P\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ˛ Ah-

cn¬ C¥ym-°mcpw bqtdm-]y-∑mcpw Dƒs∏Spw ˛ kXn \oNhpw a\p-

jy-Xz-c-ln-X-hp-amb Hcp BNm-c-am-bn-cp∂p. s]mXp-P-\m-̀ n-{]m-b-Øns‚

kΩ¿±w ImcWw HutZym-Kn-Im-\p-aXn IqSmsX kXn \S-Ø-cp-sX∂pw

Hcp s]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿs‚ apºmsI sh®p-am-{Xta AXp \S-Øm≥

]mSp≈p F∂pw 1813¬ Kh-s◊‚ v Iev]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®p. ""\nb-am-

\p-kr-X-amb kXn-Iƒ""°v s]meo-kns‚ kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v

Xpey-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. kXn-bpsS FÆw ]Xn-∑-Sßv h¿[n-°p-I-bmWv

CXns‚ ê-am-bp-≠m-bXv. lp•n-bn¬ If-Œ-dm-bn-cp∂ F®v. DIven

1818¬ C{]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""kXn \S-Øp-∂Xv

imkv{X-\n-b-a-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®m-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ct∏mƒ

s]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ CS-s]-S-W-sa∂v Iev]-\-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv.

hn[-h-Isf Xobn-en´p Np´p-sIm-√p-∂-Xn\v Kh-s◊‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw

\¬I-em-WnXv. imkv{X-ß-fpsS ip]m¿ibv°v ]pdsa `cn-°p∂

i‡n-bpsS A\p-hm-Zw-IqSn e`n-°p-tºmƒ \c-_-en-I-fpsS FÆw Cc-

ń-bm-Ip-∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an√.''3

F∂m¬, Kh-s◊‚ns‚ CØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v dmw tamls‚

\n›-b-Zm¿VysØ Cf-°m≥ Ign-™n√. At±lw kXn-s°-Xn-cmb

Xs‚ {]t£m`w IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-SpØn. 1813¬ Kh-s◊‚n\p

ka¿∏n® Hcp satΩm-dm-≠-Øn¬ imkv{X-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®p am{X-

a√, F√m cm{„-ß-fp-sSbpw kmam-\y-_p-≤n-°-\p-k-cn®pw, kXn X\n

sIme-]m-X-I-am-sW∂v At±lw ka¿Yn®p. Cu {Iqc-amb BNm-c-

Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep≈ kmº-ØnI Xmev]-cy-ßsf At±lw Xpd-∂p-

Imń. acn® ]pcp-js‚ kzØp-°ƒ Abm-fpsS hn[-h-Iƒ°v hoXn-

®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ kzm¿tYm-t±-iy-amWv bmYm-ÿn-

XnI ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS hmZ-ß-fpsS ]n∂n-ep-≈Xv F∂v At±lw

Nq≠n-°mń. Cu satΩm-dm≠w D¬_p-≤-cmb hf-sc-tbsd P\-ßsf

BI¿jn®p. 1819¬ {]ap-J-cmb lnμp-°-fpsS Hcp kwLw as‰mcp

l¿Pn ka¿∏n®p. Cßs\ kXn-s°-Xn-cmb {]t£m`w IqSp-X¬

IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \mń-sem-´p°pw ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw

3. Ibid.


sNbvXp. HSp-hn¬ 1829¬ hneyw s_‚nIv {]`p-hns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv

kXn \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏´p.

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°p≈ F√m Ah-i-X-Ifpw

Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI F∂ Xs‚ e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ Hcp Im¬sh∏p

am{X-am-bn-´mWv kXn \ntcm-[-\sØ dmw taml≥ ho£n-®Xv. ]pcp-

j-∑m¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw Xpey-amb kzØ-h-Imiw A\p-h-Zn-°-

W-sa∂v At±lw hmZn®p. hn[-hm-hn-hm-l-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambpw

ssiih hnhm-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbpw At±lw {]N-cWw \SØn.

CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn -se√mw D¬_p≤ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS

]n¥pW t\Sm\pw At±-l-Øn\v km[n®p.

B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw

dmw tamls\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-W-ßƒ

kmwkvIm-cn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS Hc-hn-`m-Py-`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-

≠mWv B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v At±lw henb {]m[m\yw

\¬In-bXv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb hnZym-`ym-k-coXn am‰w-Iq-SmsX \ne-

\n¿Ø-W-sa∂pw A[y-b-\-am-[y-a-ß-fmbn kwkvIr-Xhpw Ad-_nbpw

AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw ]e ]fin-X-∑mcpw Bh-iy-s∏-́ p-sIm-≠n-cp∂

Hcp Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. {_nójv Kh¿W¿ P\-d¬ hmd≥tl-

Ãnßvkv ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS Cu Bh-iy-ßsf ]n¥m-ßp-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv. dmw taml≥ t\sc adn®v, amdnb Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-

fn¬ ]gb hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zmbw A]-cym-]vX-am-sW∂pw ]m›m-

Xy-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]pXnb hnZym-`ym-k-coXn \S-∏m-°-W-sa∂pw hmZn®p.

]m›m-Xy¿ imkv{X-Ønepw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW cwK-Ønepw

cm{„ob Imcy-ß-fnepw ssIh-cn® t\´-ß-fn¬ \n∂v C¥y-°msc

AI-‰n-\n¿Øm≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw B[p-\n-I-Nn-¥-bpsS {]Nm-c-Øn-\p≈

Hcp am¿K-amWv B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw F∂pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-

s∏´p. At±-l-Øns‚ A£o-W-]-cn-{i-a-Øns‚ ̂ e-am-bn-´mWv 1817¬

lnμp tImtfPv ÿm]n-°-s∏-́ Xv. ]n∂oSv AXns‚ t]¿ {]kn-U≥kn

tImtfPv F∂m°n am‰-s∏´p. 1825¬ At±lw Kh¿W¿ P\-d¬

BwtlgvÃv {]`p-hn\v ka¿∏n® satΩm-dm-≠-Øn¬ ""Cu cmPysØ

Ccp-ń¬ BgvØn \n¿Øm≥ am{X-ap-X-Ip∂'' ]uc-kvXy-hm-Zn-I-fpsS

hnZym-`ym-k-\-bsØ ITn-\-ambn hna¿in®p. ""KWn-X-imkv{Xw, {]Ir-

Xn-X-Xz-Nn¥, ck-X{¥w, ico-c-imkv{Xw XpS-ßnb {]tbm-P-\-I-c-

ß-fmb imkv{X-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂'' IqSp-X¬ DZm-chpw {]_p-≤-

hp-amb hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xn°v th≠n-bm-W-t±lw hmZn-®Xv. ""bqtdm-∏n¬

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 145

]cn-io-e\w t\Sn aS-ßn-h-cp∂ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cpsS ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-

bpsS tkh-\-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Bh-iy-amb ]pkvX-

I-ßƒ, D]-I-c-W-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb kuI-cy-ß-tfmSp IqSnb

Hcp tImtfPv G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n-bmWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n

\o°n-sh® XpI-Iƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv'' F∂v At±lw Bh-iy-

s∏´p.

Cu {]N-c-W-Øn\pw ê-ap-≠mbn. Hcp Zim-_vZ-Øn\v tijw

sa°msf {]`p \n¿tZ-in® hnZym-`ym-k-]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ dmw

tamls‚ A`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

\nb-a-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ

dmw tamls‚ apJy-amb as‰mcp {]h¿Ø\w 1827se Pqdn BŒv

F∂ \nb-a-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-`-amWv. Pqdn BŒns‚ t{Zml-I-

c-amb hihpw AXn-s\-Xn-cmb dmw tamls‚ ka-c-Øns‚ {]m[m-

\yhpw Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ D≤-c-Wn-bn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-

XmWv: ""Cu cmPy-Ønse \oXn-\ymb k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ aX-]-c-amb

hyXym-k-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v I¨t{Smƒ t_m¿Uns‚ ap≥{]-

kn-U‚ v an. hn≥ Bkq-{XWw sNbvX {]kn-≤-amb Pqdn-_n¬ \m´p-

Im¿°n-S-bn¬ s]mXpth Akw-Xr-]vXn°v \ymb-amb Imc-W-ap-≠m-

°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. am{X-a√, AXv cm{„o-b-X-Xz-ß-fp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏´

F√m-h-cnepw `bm-i-¶-Iƒ Df-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. lnμp-°tfm ap…o-

ßtfm Bb \m´p-Im¿ Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v bqtdm-]y-∑mtcm \m´p-

Imtcm Bb {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS \oXn-\ym-b-hn-Nm-c-Wbv°v hnt[-b-

cm-°-s∏-Sp∂p. aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX \m´p-Im-c-S-°-ap≈ {InkvXym-

\n-Iƒ lnμpthm apk¬amt\m Bb PUvPn-bpsS hnNm-c-Wbv°v

hnt[-b-cm-th≠ KXn-tI-Sn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-

°p∂p. lnμpthm apk¬amt\m Bb PUvPn°v F{X Db¿∂ ÿm\-

ap-≠m-bmepw ÿnXn CXp-X-s∂-bmWv. lnμp-°-sftbm apk¬am-∑m-

sctbm hnNm-cW sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-t]mepw {Km≥Uv Pqdn-bn¬ lnμp-

°ƒ°pw apk¬am-∑m¿°pw Hcp ko‰v A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. CXmWv

an. hn∂ns‚ ]pXnb Pqdn-_n¬ ˛ Rßƒ Cu _n√ns\ ITn-\-ambn

Bt£-]n-°p∂p.''4 CØcw \nb-a-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn {]t£m`w \S-

Øp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w s]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpsS a¿Z-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

4. Quoted in Choudhari, Majumdar and Datta: An Advanced History ofIndia, P. 814.


{Kmao-Wsc c£n-°m≥ ]‰nb Xc-Øn¬ {Inan-\¬ \nbaw t{ImUo-

I-cn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{_“-k-amPw

H‰-s∏´ {]Nm-c-th-e-Iƒ A]-cym-]vX-ß-fm-sW∂pw kwL-Sn-X-

amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw dmw taml≥ a\- n-em-°n-

bn-cp∂p. 1815¬ At±lw Bflo-b-k` (kplrXv kwLw) F∂

t]cn¬ Hcp kwL-S\ cq]-h¬°-cn®p. aX-]-chpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb

{]_-‘-ß-sf-gpXn hmbn-°p-Ibpw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI

F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ aptJym-t±iyw. ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ {_m“W

]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw a‰p ÿm]nX Xm¬∏-cy-°m-cp-sSbpw kwL-

Sn-X-amb B{I-a-W-Øns‚ apºn¬ AXn\v Gsd-°mew \ne-

\n¬°m≥ Ign-™n√. k`-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ lnμp-a-X-Øn¬

\n∂v {`„-cm-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw Ah¿°v lnμp kzØ-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-ßƒ

_m[-I-am-hp-I-bn-s√∂pw a‰p-ap≈ ̀ oj-Wn-Iƒ ImcWw dmw tamls‚

an° kplr-Øp-°fpw At±-lsØ hn´p-]n-cn-™p-t]mbn. 1828¬

ÿm]n-°-s∏´ {_“-k-amPw IqSp-X¬ kpi-‡-am-bn-cp∂p. aX-]-

chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]cn-jv°-cW kwcw-`-ßƒ°v tI{μo-Ir-X-amb

Hcp t\XrXzw \¬Ip-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p kam-P-Øns‚ aJy-amb

Dt±iyw. Cu kwL-S-\bv°pw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-∑m-cpsS ITn-\-amb

FXn¿∏p-Isf t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂p. {_“-k-am-P-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn lnμp-a-

X-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-ßsf ImØp-c-£n-°pI F∂ Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn

Ah¿ [¿a-k` F∂ as‰mcp kwL-S-\-bp-≠m°n. F¶nepw, {_“-

k-am-P-Øn\v _wKm-fnse {]i-kvX-cmb ]e _p≤n-Po-hn-I-sfbpw

BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign™p. hn{K-lm-cm-[\, sXm´p-Iq-Smbva, PmXn-hy-

hÿ, aX-{`m¥v F∂n-hsb FXn¿°pI, hn[-hm-hn-hmlw, an{i-hn-

hmlw F∂n-hsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p kam-

P-Øns‚ apJy-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ. Cu _lp-ap-J-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

C¥y-bnse kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw tZio-b-\-thm-

∞m-\-Øn\pw hºn® DtØ-P\w \¬In. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Nn-¥-I-fpsS

ho¿∏p-ap-ń-°p∂ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂v kmaq-ly-a-\x-km-£nsb tamNn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn\pw Aßs\ P\-ßsf Ime-Øns‚ hnfn tIƒ∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

th≠n-bp≈ kr„n-]-c-amb Hcp bXv\-am-bn-cp∂p kamPw. GI-ssZh

hnizm-khpw a\p-jy-km-tlm-Z-cy-hp-am-bn-cp∂p kam-P-Øns‚ hnizm-

k-{]-am-W-ßƒ. a\pjy kmtlm-Z-cy-sa∂ k¶ev]w lnμp bmYm-

ÿn-Xn-I-∑m-cpsS A\p-{K-lm-in-kp-I-tfmsS \ne-\n∂ kmaq-lym-k-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 147

a-Xz-ßƒ°pw hn`m-Ko-b-X-Iƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmb Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-cp∂p.

GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-Is´, lnμp-aXw, C…mw-aXw, {InkvXp-aXw

F∂n-h-bpsS ka-\z-b-Øn-\p≈ D¬°-S-amb C—-sb-bmWv {]Xn-^-

en-∏n-®Xv. F∂m¬, {_“-k-amPw shdpw aX-]-c-amb ]cn-jv°-c-W-

{]-ÿm\w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Fs¥-∂m¬, kmaq-lyhpw cm{„o-b-

hp-amb ]ptcm-KXn aX-]-cn-jv°-c-W-hp-ambn At`-Zyamw hn[w IqSn-

∏n-W™p InS-∂n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. hy‡n-kzm-

X{¥yw, tZio-ssbIyw, kv{Xokzm-X{¥yw, B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw

apX-emb Bi-b-ßƒ tImf-\n-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn\pw \mSp-hm-gnØ _‘-

ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmb tZio-b-\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ i‡n-Iƒ°v DtØ-

P-\hpw t{]m’m-l-\hpw \¬Ip-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb

cm{„ob {]t£m-`-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bp-d-∏n-°m≥ Ah klm-bn®p.

dmw tamls‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ

1833¬ cmPm dmw taml≥ dmbv A¥-cn®p. At±lw XpS-ßn-

sh® {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS¿∂p \S-Øn-bXv tZth-{μ-\mYv SmtKm¿

(1838˛1884) XpS-ßnb {]ap-J-∑m-cmWv. Ah-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {_“-

k-am-P-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bghpw hym]vXnbpw h¿[n®p. AtXm-sSm∏w

bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-∑m-cpsS FXn¿∏p-Ifpw aq¿On®p. Cu kml-N-cy-ß-

fn¬ {_“-k-am-P-Øns‚ Dt±-iy-ßfpw e£y-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-

am-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-bn-h∂p. thZ-ßfpw {_m“-W-ßfpw kvarXn-Ifpw

a‰pw A{]-am-Zn-Xz-ap-≈-h-bm-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw bp‡n°v

IqSp-X¬ ÿm\w \¬Ip-I-bmWv {_“-k-amP {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Dt±-

iy-sa∂v tZth-{μ-\mYv SmtKm¿ {]Jym-]n®p. 1843¬ At±lw Xøm-

dm-°nb {_“-k-amP {]am-W-ß-fn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ XXz-ßƒ

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. ""G‰hpw D¬Ir-„-ß-fmb KpW-ß-tfm-Sp-

Iq-Snb hy‡n-k-Ø-bmWv ssZhw. ssZh-Øn\v Hcn-°epw Ah-Xm-c-

ß-fp-≠m-bn-́ n√. ssZhw {]m¿Y-\-Iƒ tIƒ°p-Ibpw Ahbv°v {]Xyp-

Øcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂p. t£{X-ßfpw \n›n-X-ß-fmb Bcm-

[-\m-co-Xn-Ifpw A\m-h-iy-ß-fmWv. F√m PmXn-I-fnepw hwi-ß-fnepw

s]´ a\p-jy¿°v Hcp-t]mse kzoIm-cy-amb \ne-bn¬ ssZhsØ

Bcm-[n°mw. ssZhn-I-⁄m-\-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-ßƒ {]Ir-Xnbpw Bfl-

t_m-[hpw BWv. Hscm‰ {KŸhpw B[n-Im-cn-I-a√.''

{_“-k-am-Phpw bmYm-ÿn-XnI lnμp-a-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-

k-ßsf hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw FgpXn: ""H∂m-asØ hyXymkw

ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°p-∂-Xnepw Ah≥ C„-s∏-Sp∂ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ


sNøp-∂-Xnepw BWv Bcm-[\ AS-ßn-bn-´p-≈-sX∂ Rß-fpsS

hnizm-k-{]-am-W-Øns‚ {Inbm-fl-I-amb hi-amWv ....... kr„n-°-s∏´

Pohn-sbtbm hkvXp-hn-s\tbm {k„m-sh∂ \nebv°v Bcm-[n-°p-

∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈-XmWv Rß-fpsS aX-Øns‚ \ntj-[m-

fl-I-amb hiw. CXv Ah-Xm-c-ßsf Bcm-[n®p ioen-®-h-cn¬ \n∂pw

GsX-¶nepw am[y-a-Øn-s‚tbm {]Xo-I-ß-fp-sStbm hn{K-l-ß-fp-

sStbm Bh-iy-I-X-bn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂pw Rßsf hyXy-

kvX-cm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Rß-fpsS hnizmkw bp‡n-bp-sSbpw a\- m-

£n-bp-sSbpw AwKo-Im-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb aX-Øns‚ auen-I-k-Xy-ß-

fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amWv. Bflmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw XΩn¬ t\cn´p

kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°m≥ Rß-fpsS aXw

a\p-jy-s\tbm ]pkvX-I-sØtbm _nw_-sØtbm A\p-h-Zn-°p-

∂n√.''

tIi_v N{μ-sk≥ {_“-k-am-PsØ {InkvXp-a-X-hp-ambn ASp-

∏n-®-Xmbn Nne Fgp-Øp-Im¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-́ n-́ p≠v. {InkvXp-aXw At±-

l-Øn¬ henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-sb-∂Xv kXy-amWv. F∂m¬,

lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ßsf FXn¿Ø AtX i‡n-

tbmsS At±lw {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ßsfbpw

FXn¿°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ""{InkvXp-aXw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cn¬ henb

[m¿an-I-kzm-[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-I-bmWv.

F∂n´pw, tbip-hns‚ aX-sa∂p sh®m¬ \m´p-Imsc \n¿_m[w ASn-

°m\pw Nhn-´m-\p-ap≈ A[n-Im-chpw {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-hp-amWv F∂v

[cn-°m≥ _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-t‚-Xmb {InkvXp-aXw ]e-scbpw t{]cn-

∏n®p. Aßs\ C¥y-bn¬ tbip A]-am-\n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°-bmWv.''

]uckvXy cmPy-ß-sfbpw ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-sfbpw GtIm-]n-

∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Hcp km¿h-eu-In-I-a-X-sØ-°p-dn®v tIi_v N{μ-

sk≥ kz]v\w I≠p. 1870¬ eoUvknse an¬ln¬ It∏-f-bn¬ sh®v

sNbvX aX-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ Cw•≠pw C¥ybpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]‰nb at\m-̀ m-h-ßƒ kr„n-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂v

At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. ""Ing-°p≈ ktlm-Z-co-k-tlm-

Z-c-∑mcpw ]Sn-™m-dp≈ ktlm-Z-co-k-tlm-Z-c-∑mcpw XΩn¬ Bflo-

b-amb _‘tam AXp-t]mse at‰-s¥-¶n-eptam ÿm]n-°Ww''

AtX {]kw-K-Øn¬ Xs∂ At±lw {]Jym-]n®p: ""hn`m-Ko-bX `b-

¶-c-amWv. AsXs∂ Akz-ÿ-\m-°p∂p; hf-sc-b-[nIw Akz-ÿ-

\m-°p∂p. ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿°pw ktlm-Z-cn-am¿°pw CS-bn¬ bmsXmcp

{]Xn-_-‘-ßfpw D≠m-bn-°qSm.'' B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ {]_p-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 149

≤X IqSmsX hyXykvX P\-X-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Bflo-b-amb sFIyw

km[y-a-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw. Bflo-b-hm-ZsØ

imkv{X-hp-ambn Iqń-bn-W-°m≥ At±lw B{K-ln®p. ""C¥y≥

ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿°p≈ IØn""¬ At±lw Xs‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv

imkv{XsØ ""thZ-ßƒ°pw ss__n-fn\pw D]-cn-bmb Hcp aX-am-

°m≥ A`y¿Yn®p. ""tPymXn-»mkv{Xw, `qK¿`-imkv{Xw, kky-

imkv{Xw, ck-X{¥w, ico-c-imkv{Xw F∂nh {]IrXn F∂ ssZh-

Øns‚ Pohn-°p∂ thZ-ß-fmWv. XXz-Nn¥, X¿°-imkv{Xw, [¿a-

imkv{Xw F∂n-h-bm-Is´, Bflm-hns‚ ssZh-Øns‚ thZ-ß-fmWv.''

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ {_“-k-am-P-Øn¬

`n∂n-∏p-Ifpw ]nf¿∏p-Ifpw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. 1884¬ tIi_v

N{μ-sk-∂ns‚ ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw kamPw XI¿®-bpsS ]mX-bn¬

{]th-in®p. ]t£, At∏m-tg°pw dmw taml-s‚bpw At±-l-Øns‚

A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw Bi-b-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnb Ne\w

kr„n-®p-I-gn-™n-cp∂p. F∂√, _wKm-fn-em-cw-̀ n® kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-

c-W-{]-ÿm\w C¥y-bpsS a‰p ̀ mK-ß-fn-te°pw hym]n-°m≥ XpSßn.


32. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-chpw aX-

]p\cp≤m-c-Whpw

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse C¥y-bn¬ aX-tØm-Sp≈ kao-]-

\sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw apJy-ambn aq∂p-Xcw Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-

cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. H∂m-a-Xmbn, kmº-ØnI˛kmaqly˛ cm{„ob kw`-

h-hn-Im-k-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±-ßsf Iq´m-°msX ]gb aX-hn-izm-k-ß-

sfbpw aX-N-S-ßp-I-sfbpw kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw bmsXmcp am‰hpw

IqSmsX AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¿Ø-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln® bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-∑m¿.

ÿm]n-X-Xm¬]-cy-ßsf ImØp-c-£n-°m\pw ka-lq-Ønse D®-\o-

N-Xz-ßsf \ymbo-I-cn-°m\pw a‰p aX-ßsf FXn¿°m\pw am{X-a√,

Nne-t∏mƒ {_nó-jp-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \b-ßsf ]n¥m-ßm\pw

Ah¿ thZ-ßfpw kvarXn-Ifpw D≤-cn®p. c≠m-a-Xmbn, ]m›mXy

Nn¥-bpsS B{I-a-W-Øn¬ \n∂v kz¥w kwkvIm-c-sØbpw kz¥w

Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-sfbpw ImØp-c-£n-°m≥ th≠n aXsØ ]p\-cp-≤-

cn-°-W-sa∂p hmZn-®-h¿. ]m›m-Xy-cpsS ""ùXnI'' kwkvIm-c-Øn-

s\-Xn-cmbn Ah¿ C¥y-bpsS k\m-X-\-amb ""B[ym-flnI'' kwkvIm-

csØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p. hntZ-io-b-ß-fmb F√m imkv{Xob˛kmwkvIm-

cnI kzm[o-\-ß-sfbpw Ah¿ Bt£-]n®p. kz¥w aX-Øns‚ ]cn-

]m-h-\-Xsb ImØp-c-£n-°m≥ th≠n Nne-t∏mƒ Ah¿ ""hntZ-io-

b-a-X-°m-cmb'' {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn ka-c-ßƒ

\S-Øp-I-t]mepw sNbvXp. \ne-hn-ep≈ Nne kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ßƒ

A¿Y-iq-\y-ß-fm-sW∂v Ah¿ kΩ-Xn®p. ]t£, Ah bYm¿Y aX-

Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-f-s√∂pw aXsØ sX‰mb coXn-bn¬

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 151

hymJym-\n-®-Xns‚ ê-ambn h∂p-tN¿∂ amen-\y-ßƒ am{X-am-

W∂pw B amen-\y-ßsf \o°w sNbvXp-sIm≠v aXsØ ]p\x-cp-

≤-cn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ bYm¿Y-a-X-Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw

sNøp-I-bmWv th≠Xv F∂pw Ah¿ hniz-kn®p. aq∂m-a-Xmbn,

]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v aX-hn-izm-k-ß-

fnepw kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ß-fnepw am‰-ßƒ hcp-Ø-W-sa∂p hmZn-®-h¿.

]gb aX-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw BNm-c-ß-sfbpw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-Itbm

]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Itbm A√, bp‡n-bp-sSbpw B[p-\n-I-im-

kv{Xob Nn¥-bp-sSbpw klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn aXsØ ]cn-jv°-cn-®p-

sIm≠v \s√mcp `mhn-bn-te°v apt∂-dp-I-bmWv sNtø-≠Xv F∂m-

bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.

aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-hm-Zhpw aX-]-cn-jv°-cW hmZhpw XΩn-ep≈

hyXymkw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]n∂oSv emem-e-Pv]Xv dmbn Cßs\

]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""aX-]-cn-jv°-c-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ bp‡n-sbbpw bqtdm-

]y≥ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-ß-sf-bp-amWv IqSp-X¬ B{i-bn-°p-

∂Xv F¶n¬ aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-cW hmZn-Iƒ D‰p-t\m-°p-∂Xv {][m-\-

ambpw Xß-fpsS imkv{X-ß-fp-sSbpw Ign™ ImesØ Ncn-{X-Øn-

s‚bpw Xß-fpsS P\-ß-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw cmPyw bi-

ns‚ ]mc-ay-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ ImetØ \mS≥ ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw

t\¿°mWv.''1

aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-I-∑m¿ lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ \„-s∏´ bi- n¬ Du∂n-

s°m≠v P\-ßsf DW¿Øm≥ {ian®p F∂Xv hmkvX-h-amWv.

F∂m¬, aX-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ \mńs‚ ]mc-º-cy-ßsf Ah-K-

Wn®p F∂p [cn-°p-∂Xv icn-bm-bn-cn -°p-I-bn√. C¥y-bpsS

kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-Øn¬ Du∂n \n∂p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv

Ah¿ Hcp ]pXnb `mhn sIń-∏-Sp-°m≥ apXn¿∂Xv. thZ-ßfpw D]-

\n-j-Øp-Ifpw kvarXn-I-fp-sa√mw Ahcpw hmbn®p ]Tn®p. ]t£,

`qX-Im-e-Øn-te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-hmt\m ]g-asb A‘-ambn ]n¥p-S-

cmt\m Ah¿ Xøm-dm-bn√. t\sc-a-dn®v, kmwkv°m-cnI ]mc-º-cysØ

bp‡n-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw AXnse {Inbm-fl-I-

h-i-ßsf ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øn\p tbmPn® ań¬ ]p„n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-

amWv Ah¿ {ian-®Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv ]m›mXy cmPy-

ß-fn¬ \n∂p-h∂ ]pXnb Nn¥-I-sfbpw imkv{X-ß-sfbpw Ah¿

kzmKXw sNbvXXv. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Ah¿ lnμp-a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-

fm-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, a‰p aX-ßƒs°m∂pw Ah¿ FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂n√.1. Lajpat Rai: writing and speeches, Vol. I, P.54.


lnμp-aXw, C…mw-aXw, {InkvXp-aXw XpS-ßnb F√m aX-ß-sfbpw

Dƒs°m-≈m\pw Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Ønepw

kmtlm-Z-cy-Ønepw ASn-bp-d® Hcp km¿h-eu-InI ho£-W-KXn

Bhn-jv°-cn-°m-\p-amWv Ah¿ {ian-®Xv. a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw

XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ß-sfbpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xnsb XS-™p-

\n¿Øp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw \n¿am¿P\w sNøm≥ Ah¿ B{K-

ln®p. Cu B{Klw \nd-th-‰m≥ th≠n-bmWv Ah¿ ]m›m-Xy-im-

kv{X-ß-fpsS t\ -́ß-sfbpw bp‡n-hn-Nm-c-sØbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bXv. Ign™ A[ym-b-Øn¬ I≠p-I-gn-™-Xp-t]mse, cmPmdmw

taml≥ dmbn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ _wKm-fn-emWv Cu \thm-∞m\w

Bcw-`n-®Xv. {Ia-Øn¬ AXv a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te°pw ]c-∂p-]n-

Sn®p.

dm\-sUbpw {]m¿Y-\m-k-am-Phpw

alm-cm-{„-bn¬ aX-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb aX-]-cn-jv°-cW

{]ÿm-\-Øn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv alm-tZh tKmhn-μ-dm-\-sU-

bmWv. {]ikvX kmº-Øn-I-hn-Z-Kv[\pw \nb-a-⁄-\p-am-bn-cp∂

At±lw 1870¬ {_“-k-am-P-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ t_mws_-bn¬

{]m¿Y-\m-k-amPw F∂ Hcp kwLw ÿm]n®p. kam-P-Øns‚ hnizm-

k-{]-am-W-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p:

1. {]]-©-Øns‚ {k„m-hmWv ssZhw.

2. ssZhsØ Bcm-[n-®m¬ am{Xta Cl-Ønepw ]c-Ønepw

kuJyw t\Sm≥ Ignbq.

3. ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI,

Ahs\ am{Xw hniz-kn-°pI, Cu hnIm-c-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn B[ym-flnI

Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]mSn-s°m≠v Ah-t\mSv {]m¿Yn-°pI, Ah\v C„-

amb Imcy-ßƒ am{Xw sNøpI ˛ Ch-bmWv Bcm-[-\-bpsS am¿K-

ßƒ.

4. _nw_-ß-sftbm kr„n-°-s∏´ a‰p hkvXp-°-sftbm ]qPn-

°p-∂Xpw Ah-tbmSv {]m¿Yn-°p-∂Xpw icn-bmb Bcm-[-\-b√.

5. ssZh-Øn\v Ah-Xm-c-ß-fn√. ssZhw t\cn´v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-

btXm A{]-am-ZnXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-hp-≈tXm Bb bmsXmcp

{KŸ-hp-an√.

6. F√m a\p-jycpw ssZh-Øns‚ a°-fmWv. AXp-sIm≠v Ah¿

ktlm-Z-c-ß-sf-t∏mse bmsXmcp hyXym-khpw IqSmsX ]c-kv]cw

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 153

s]cp-am-dWw. CXv ssZhsØ {]oXn-s∏-SpØpw. AXn-\m¬, CXmWv

a\p-jys‚ I¿Øhyw.2

lnμp kap-Zm-b-Ønse PmXn-hy-hÿ, ssii-h-hn-hmlw, hn{K-

lm-cm-[\ XpS-ßnb A\m-Nm-c-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-SpI F∂-Xm-

bn-cp∂p {]m¿Y-\m-k-am-P-Øns‚ apJy-amb ]cn-]mSn. Cu ]cn-]mSn

{]mNo-\-im-kv{X-ßƒ°pw kvarXn-Iƒ°pw FXn-c-s√∂p sXfn-bn-

°m≥ dm\sU teJ-\-ßfpw {KŸ-ß-fp-sa-gpXn. ""hn[-hm-hn-hm-l-

Øns‚ thZ-{]-am-W-ßƒ'', ""ssiih hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

imkv{X-{]-amW {KŸ-ßƒ'' F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ]fin-tXm-Nn-X-ß-

fmb IrXn-Iƒ Ah-bn-epƒs∏-Sp∂p.

aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øns‚ t\sc

aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-Isc hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v dm\sU FgpXn: ""\ΩpsS

BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°-W-sa∂v Ch¿ \tΩm-Sm-h-iy-

s∏-Sp∂p. F¥mWv Ch¿ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂Xv F∂-dn-bmsX

P\-ßƒ hnj-an-°p-I-bmWv. G‰hpw ]cn-]m-h-\-ambn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂

PmXn-°m¿, C∂p \Ωƒ K¿l-Wo-b-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂ F√m-

Øcw kky-amw-kmZn `£-W-ß-fnepw a‰pw aØm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp∂

]gb ImesØ BNm-c-ß-sf-sb√mw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°tWm? B ]g-b-

Im-esØ a\p-jycpw ssZh-ßfpw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ ]eXpw Xn∂p-

Ibpw IpSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Hcp ]p\-cp-≤m-c-W-hm-Zn°pw C∂v

Ahsb ip]m¿i sNøm≥ Ign-bn√. ]{¥-≠p-Xcw ]p{X-∑m-sctbm

F´p-Xcw hnhm-l-ß-sftbm ˛ Ah-bn¬ kv{XoIsf _em¬°m-c-

ambn ]nSn-®p-sIm≠p hcp∂ k{º-Zm-bhpw Dƒs∏Spw ˛ AwKo-Ir-X-

ß-fm-bn-cp∂ Pmc-kw-t`m-K-ß-sftbm \Ω-fn∂p ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°tWm?

kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ acn-®m¬ Ah-cpsS `mcy-am-cn¬ k¥m-

t\m¬∏m-Z\w \S-ØpI F∂ \ntbmK k{º-Zmbw \Ωƒ ]p\-cp-≤-

cn-°tWm? ssewKn-I-_-‘-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ejn-amcpw Ejn-]-

Xv\n-amcpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ \Ωƒ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°tWm?

sIm√-tØmSp sIm√w \S-Ø-s∏´p t]m∂n-cp∂ arK-_-enbpw \c-

_en t]mepw \Ωƒ ho≠pw Bcw-`n-°tWm? kt`y-X-c-ß-fmb

BNm-c-ßfpw hy`n-Nm-c-ß-fp-a-S-ßnb hmam-Nm-c-i-‡n-]qP \Ωƒ ]p\-

cp-≤-cn-°tWm? kXn, inip-lXy, Poh-\p≈ a\p-jysc ]pg-I-fn-

te°p hen-s®-dnt™m ]md-I-fpsS taen-´-Snt®m sImfp-Øn´p ]nSn®p

2. Prarthana Samaj Report. Quoted in J.N. Farquhar: Modern ReligiousMovements in India, P. 80.


Npg-‰ntbm PK-∂mY cY-Øns‚ ASn-bn¬ sR°n-®-Xt®m sIme-

sN-ø¬ ˛ CØcw BNm-c-ßƒ \Ωƒ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°tWm? {_m“-

Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw XΩn-ep≈ B`y-¥-c-bp-≤-ßƒ, BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-

Isf {Iqc-ambn a¿Zn®v A[x-]-Xn-∏n-°¬ apX-em-bh ho≠pw Bcw-

`n-°tWm? Hcp `mcy°v At\Iw `¿Øm-°-∑m¿, As√-¶n¬ Hcp

`¿Øm-hn\v At\Iw `mcy-am¿, F∂ k{º-Zmbw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-

°tWm ? \ΩpsS {_m“-W-∑m¿ P∑n-amcpw am\y-∑mcpw A√m-Xm-bn-

Øo¿∂v ]g-b-am-Xncn cmPm-hns‚ B{in-X-∑mcpw bmN-I-∑mcpw Bbn

amd-W-sa∂v \mw B{K-ln-°p-∂pt≠m? ]gb BNm-c-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-

Ifpw \ΩpsS tam£-Øn-\p-]-I-cn-°n-s√∂pw Ah {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-

s√∂pw hy‡-am-°m≥ Cu Zr„m-¥-ßƒ am{Xw aXn.''3.

kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw

`qX-Im-esØ kap-≤-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv Akm-[yhpw A\-`n-e-j-

Wo-b-hp-am-sW-¶n¬ kmaq-ly-{I-a-Ønse sshIr-X-ßƒ \o°w

sNøm-\p≈ GI-am¿Kw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIm-c-am-sW∂p kΩ-Xn-t°-

≠n-hcpw. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-chpw cm{„o-bm-`n-hr-≤nbpw XΩn-ep≈

At`-Zy-amb _‘w hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v dm\sU ]d™p: ""cm{„o-bm-

h-Im-i-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]n∂-Wn-bn¬ \n¬°p-t∂-S-tØmfw

\nßƒ°p Hcp \√ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿnXn D≠m-hp-I-bn√. kmaq-ly-

hy-h-ÿnXn bp‡n-bnepw \oXn-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-a-s√-¶n¬ cm{„o-

bm-h-Im-i-ßƒ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m≥ \nßƒ A¿l-cm-hp-I-bp-an√.

kmaq-ly-kw-hn-[m\w A]q¿W-am-bn-cn-°p-t∂-S-tØmfw, Hcp \√

kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ-bp-≠m-hm-\n-S-bn√. \nß-fpsS aX-]-c-amb Bi-

b-ßƒ lo\-ßfpw Xmgv∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-bp-am-sW-¶n¬

\nßƒ°v kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI˛cm{„ob cwK-ß-fn¬ hnP-bn-°m≥

Ign-bn√. Cu ]c-kv]-cm-{in-XXzw BI-kvan-I-a√, \ΩpsS {]Ir-Xn-

bpsS \nb-a-amWv.''4

AtX-k-a-bØv, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°mcw ̀ qX-Im-e-hp-am-bp≈ F√m

_‘-ßfpw ]q¿W-ambn th¿s]-Sp-Ø-e√ F∂pw At±lw Du∂n-

∏-d™p. ""Hcp bYm¿Y-km-aq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-hn\v lcn{io sXm´v

Fgp-tX-≠-Xn√. ]IpXn Fgp-Xn-°-gn™ hmNIw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I-

bmWv Abm-fpsS ISa.'' ap…o-ßfpw lnμp-°fpw HsØm-cp-an®p

3. C.Y. Chintamani: Indian Social Reform, Part II, PP. 89-90.4. R.K. Prabhu (Ed.): An Anthology of Modern Indian Eloquence, P. 26.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 155

{]h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂pw hn`m-Ko-b-Xbpw k¶p-NnX at\m-`m-hhpw Dt]-

£n-°-W-sa∂pw At±lw A`y¿Yn®p. 1895¬ eIvt\m-hn¬ tN¿∂

tkmjy¬ tIm¨^-d≥kns‚ ]Xn-aq-∂m-aXp ktΩ-f-\sØ A`n-

kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp-sIm≠v At±lw ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-\¬In: ""AIv_-

dpsS ImeØv At±-l-Øns‚ apJy-D-]-tZ-i-I-∑mcpw Iu¨kn-e¿am-

cp-ambn {]h¿Øn-®-h-cpsS t\XrXzw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v lnμp-°fpw

ap…o-ßfpw tbmPn-t∏msS {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw AIv_-dpsS ]u{X≥

Hudw-K-tk_v sNbvX A_≤w Hgn-hm-°m≥ t_m[-]q¿hw ]cn-{i-

an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ \ΩpsS hnim-e-amb cmPy-Øn¬ Hcp

]ptcm-K-Xnbpw km[y-a-s√∂v Xo¿®-bmWv. Ign-™-Im-esØ ]mT-

ßƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw hne-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-XmWv.

s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m[-Øn¬ \n∂v DS-se-SpØ

Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, sNdnb A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ kln-

°m\pw tbmPn-∏p-f-hm-°m\pw ]‰nb Xc-Øn¬ P\-ß-fpsS hnIm-c-

hn-Nm-c-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P\w ssIh-cp-Øp-hm-\p≈ s]mXp-hmb A`n-

emjw ̨ Ch-bm-bn-cp∂p AIv_-dpsS apJy-amb Dt±-iy-ßƒ. Ahsb

Hcp ]pWy-hn-izm-k-ambn At±lw Xs‚ Zn≥ Cem-ln-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnμp-°tfm ap…o-ßtfm Xm¥m-ß-fpsS Xmev]-

cy-ßsf hyXy-kvX-ßfpw hn`m-Ko-b-ß-fp-ambn IW-°m-°m≥ th≠n

\S-Øp∂ F√m {ia-ß-tfbpw PmXn-bp-sSbpw h¿K-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn-

ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-sshcw sIm≠p-≠mb apdn-hp-Iƒ DW-°m≥ {ian-

°msX {]tXyI Nn¥m-co-Xn-Ifpw {]tXy-I-Xm-ev]-cy-ßfpw kr„n-

°m≥ th≠n \S-Øp∂ F√m {ia-ß-sfbpw Hgn-hm-t°-≠-XmWv.

kz¥w \ne-\n¬∏n\pw A[n-Im-chpw B[n-]-Xyhpw t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw

th≠n ASp-Ø-Im-eØv \S-Ø-s∏´ ka-c-ß-fn¬ c≠p kap-Zm-b-ß-

fnse t\Xm-°-∑mcpw Cu ]mTw th≠{X ]Tn-®p-I-gn-™n-ń-s√∂v

`b-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.''5.

\mj-W¬ tIm¨{K pw tkmjy¬ tIm¨ -̂

d≥kpw

kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ _wKm-fnepw alm-cm-{„-bnepw

am{X-a√, cmPy-Øns‚ a‰p ̀ mK-ß-fnepw Db¿∂p-h-cm≥ XpSßn. Ah-

sb√mw Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n dm\sU tkmjy¬ tIm¨^-

d≥kv Fs∂mcp kwL-S\ cq]-h¬°-cn-°m≥ ap≥ssI-sb-SpØp

5. C.Y. Chintamani: Indian Social Reform, Part II, PP. 122-23.


{]h¿Øn®p. ""cmPy-sam-´p°pw kmaq-ly-amb Xn∑-Iƒ°pw A\m-Nm-

c-ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmbn kacw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ hnhn[ kwL-S-\-

I-fp-sSbpw {]ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sIm√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬

H∂n-®p-Iqń IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw Aßs\ kmaq-ly-]-

cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ i‡n-Isf hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-

cp∂p AXns‚ Dt±iyw.''6

1885¬ ÿm]n-X-amb C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv kmaqly

]cn-jv°m-c-{]-iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-S-W-sa∂v dm\sU hmZn®p.

F∂m¬, tIm¨{K- ns‚ t\XrXzw At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-

tØmSp tbmPn-®n√. ZmZm-`mbn \h-tdm-Pn-sb-t∏m-ep≈ D¬_p-≤-cmb

t\Xm-°ƒ t]mepw tIm¨{K- ns\ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚

thZn-bm-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂p ]d™v Hgn-™p-am-dp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

""Hcp tZiob tIm¨{K v cm{„-sØ-bmsI s]mXp-hn¬ t\cn-Sp∂

{]iv\-ß-fn¬ am{Xw HXpßn \n¬°Ww. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-W-

ßfpw a‰p hn`m-Ko-b-{]-iv\-ßfpw h¿Ko-b-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°p hn´p-sIm-

Sp-°Ww.''7 F∂mWv At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv.

F¶nepw, tkmjy¬ tIm¨^-d≥kns‚ hm¿jn-I-tbm-K-ßƒ

tIm¨{K v ktΩ-fn-°p∂ AtX ]¥-en¬h®v \S-Øm≥ kΩXw

\¬I-s∏´p. F∂m¬ Cu B\p-Iq-eyw-t]mepw 1895˛¬ _me-Kw-Km-[-

c-Xn-e-I-s‚bpw a‰p Xo{h-hmZn t\Xm-°-fp-sSbpw kΩ¿±w ImcWw

]n≥h-en-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. cm{„o-b-]-cn-jv°m-chpw kmaq-ly-

]-cn-jv°m-chpw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS

A`n-{]mbw. tIm¨{K- ns‚ ]¥¬ tkmjy¬ tIm¨^-d≥kn-\p-

th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ kwL-S\ ]nf-cp-sa∂v Ah¿ Xm°oXp \¬Ip-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-Øns‚ hym]vXn

dm\sU D¬Lm-S\w sNbvX tkmjy¬ tIm¨^-d≥knse

t\Xm-°ƒ A[n-Ihpw Db¿∂ PmXn-I-fn¬s]´ D¬_p-≤-cmb lnμp-

°-fm-bn-cp∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS ]cn-jv°mcw lnμp-k-aq-

l-Ønse tate-°n-S-bn-ep≈ hn`m-K-ßsf am{Xw _m[n-°p-∂-h-bm-

bn-cp∂p. hn[-hm-hn-hmlw, kv{XoI-fpsS kzØ-h-Imiw, kv{Xohn-Zym-

`ymkw, ssiih hnhm-l-\n-tcm-[\w, an{i-hn-hmlw XpS-ßnb ]cn-

6. James Kellock: Mahadev Govind Ranade, P. 19.7. Dadabhai Navaroji: Presidential Address to the Second Session of the

Congress.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 157

jv°m-c-ß-fn-eqsS lnμp-k-aq-lsØ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m-\mWv Ah¿ {ian-

®Xv. Ah¿ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bvs°-Xn-cm-bn-cp∂p. sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw

AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ a‰v Ah-i-X-Ifpw \o°w sNbvXp-sIm≠v

XmW-Pm-Xn-°msc D≤-cn-°m≥ Ah¿ {]t£m-`-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-

I-t]mepw sNbvXp. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ `qcn-]-£-

°m-cmb P\-ß-fn¬, {]tXy-In®pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ASn-a-Ø-Ønepw

\nc-£-X-bnepw a¿Z-\-Ønepw B≠p-In-S-∂n-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬,

s]s´∂v henb kzm[o-\-sam∂pw sNep-Øn-bn√. XmW-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS

CS-bn-te°v kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ Cd-ßn-s®-∂Xv

kmh-[m-\-Øn-emWv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬

tIc-f-Ønse Cug-h¿, alm-cm-{„-bnse alm¿am¿, ssakq-cnse

shm°-en-K-∑m¿, _wKm-fnse \ma-iq-{Z-∑m¿ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ XmW-

Pm-Xn-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ A`q-X-]q¿h-amb Hcp DW¿hp-≠mbn. Cu

]pXnb D¬_p-≤-X-bpsS ]Xm-Im-hm-l-I¿ Xs∂ sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h-

cm-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv apJy-amb Hcp khn-ti-jX. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,

tIc-f-Øn¬ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp -hns‚ t\Xr-Xz -Øn-em-cw-`n®

{]ÿm\w ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp

\qdp-I-W-°n-ep≈ PmXn-Ifpw PmXn-°p-≈nse PmXn-Ifpw PmXn-

hn-tZz-jhpw sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw Xo≠n-°q-Sm-bvabpw a‰p-]-e-Xcw A\m-

Nm-c-ßfpw G‰hpw cq£-amb cq]-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-

ØmWv, 1854¬ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Z£n-W-tI-c-f-Ønse Hcp Cugh

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n-®Xv. Cug-h¿ Xo≠¬ PmXn-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. F∂p-

sh-®m¬, Ah¿°v \ºq-Xncn, \mb¿ XpS-ßnb Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-

cpsS ASpØv t]mIm≥t]mepw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. \ºq-Xncn

\mbsc sXm´mte ip≤w amdq. F∂m¬, \ºq-Xn-cnbpw \mbcpw Cug-

hs‚ ASp-Øp-t]m-bm¬ Ipfn-°Ww. CØcw {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-

ß-sf-√m-ap-≠m-bn´pw {io\m-cm-b-W≥ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ am{X-a√, Xangv,

kwkvIrXw F∂o `mj-I-fnepw hyp¬∏Øn t\Sp-Ibpw {KŸ-ßƒ

cNn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ At±lw ap∏-Xn-e-[nIw

]pkvX-I-ß-sf-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWp∂p. Ah-bn¬ NneXv

GXm\pw t«mI-ßƒ am{X-a-S-ßnb kp{_-“-Wym-„Iw, inhm-„Iw,

ic-h-W-̀ -h-kvtXm{Xw, A¿[-\m-co-izc kvtXm{Xw, _mlp-te-bm-„Iw

XpS-ßnb kvtXm{X-Ir-Xn-I-fmWv. a‰p-Nn-eXv IqSp-X¬ Kl-\-ß-fmb

Cuim-hm-tkym-]-\n-jØv, AssZz-X-{]-Zo-]nI, Btflm-]-tZ-iIw apX-


emb Zm¿i-\nI IrXn-I-fmWv. At±-l-Øn\v thZm-¥-Øn¬ Dd®

hnizm-k-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv F∂v Cu IrXn-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p∂p. i¶-

cm-Nm-cy-tcmSv At±-l-Øn\v henb _lp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬,

At±-l-Øns‚ thZm¥w IqSp-X¬ kzX-{¥hpw IqSp-X¬ efn-Xhpw

IqSp-X¬ P\-Io-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. Btflm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw F∂ IrXn-

bnse c≠mw t«mI-Øn¬ A¥-°-c-W-ßfpw C{μn-bm-Zn-Ifpw At\-

I-ß-fmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ PKØpw F√mw Nn∑m-{X-amb Bflm-h-

√msX as‰m-∂p-an-s√∂v At±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.8 F√mw AssZz-

X-am-sW-¶n¬ a\p-jy-sc√mw H∂m-sW∂pw "Rm≥' F∂ t_m[w

A⁄-X-bn¬ \n∂p-S-se-Sp-°p∂ Al¥ am{X-am-sW∂pw kΩ-Xn-

t°-≠n-hcpw9. Rm\pw \obpw H∂m-sW∂pw "Ah≥ Ch≥ Xs∂-

bmWv' F∂pw a\- n-em-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ A¿Yw Hmtcm

a\p-jy\pw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS kpJ-Øn-\p-th≠n kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-

°Ww F∂mWv.10

thZm-¥-Øns‚ A¿Yw

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cpsh kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw, thZm-¥-sa∂p

sh®m¬ Bflm-hn-\p-≈n¬ A`bw tXSpI F∂m-bn-cp-∂n√. F√m

a\p-jycpw H∂m-sW∂ ktμiw {]N-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v kmaq-ly-Po-hn-

X-Øn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-°pI, F∂m-bn-cp∂p A¿Yw. Cu ho£-W-K-Xn-

bn¬ \n∂mWv ""Hcp PmXn, Hcp aXw, Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v!'' F∂

[oc-amb {]Jym-]\w ]pd-s∏-´Xv. "Hcp PmXn' F∂-Xn-\¿Yw GsX-

¶n-ep-samcp {]tXy-I-PmXn thW-sa-∂√, F√m a\p-jycpw Hcp PmXn-

bmWv, AXn-\m¬ a\p-jys\ a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂-I-‰n-\n¿Øp∂ PmXn-

8. Ic-W-hp-an-{μn-bhpw Itf-_cw sXm˛

´dn-bp-a-t\-I-P-KØp tam¿°n-se√mw

]c-shfn X∂n-ep-b¿∂ ̀ m\p-am≥ X≥˛

Xncp-hp-cp-hmWp; Xnc-™p-tX-dn-tSWw.

\mcm-b-W-Kpcp: Btflm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw, t«mIw 2.

9. "Al' "al"sa∂-cp-fp-∂-sXm-s°-bmcm˛

bpIn-e-Ita ]e-X√, tXI-amIpw;

AI-ep-a-l-¥-b-t\-I-am-I-bmeo˛

XpI-bn-e-lw-s]m-cpfpw XpS¿∂n-Sp∂p. Sn. t«m. 11

10. Ah-\n-e-h-s\-∂-dn-bp-∂-sXm-s°-tbm¿Øm˛

eh-\n-bn-em-Zn-a-am-sbm-cm-fl-cq]w;

Ah-c-h-cm-fl-kp-J-Øn-\m-N-cn°p˛

∂h-b-]-c∂p kpJ-Øn-\mbv htcWw. Sn. t«m. 24.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 159

hy-hÿ A\m-h-iyhpw A\¿Y-I-c-hp-amWv, F∂t{X. F√m a\p-

jycpw Hcp PmXn-bm-sW-¶n¬∏ns∂ aX-hy-Xym-k-ß-fpsS t]cn-ep≈

`n∂n-∏p-Iƒ°pw ÿm\-an√. F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw kmcw H∂m-bn-

cnt° hyXy-kvX-a-X-°m¿ XΩn¬ Ie-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v F¥¿Y-am-Wp-

≈Xv? PmXn-aX hyXym-k-ß-f-h-km-\n-∏n°p F∂-Xns‚ A¿Yw

{]mtbm-Kn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-

k-ßsf Du∂p∂ F√m kmaq-lym-\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-

SpI F∂mWv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv \mcm-b-W-Kpcp D¬t_m-[n-∏n-®Xv:

""a\p-jy-cpsS aXw, thjw, `mj apX-em-bh Fß-s\-bn-cp-∂mepw

Ah-cpsS PmXn H∂m-b-Xp-sIm≠v At\ym\yw ]¥n-t`m-P-\hpw hnhm-

lhpw sNøp-∂-Xn\p bmsXmcp tZmj-hp-an√.'' aX-ta-Xm-bmepw a\p-

jy≥ \∂m-bm¬aXn F∂-t±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. CØcw D¬t_m-

[-\-ßƒ Htc-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ \mtim-∑p-J-amb ̂ yqU¬ kaq-l-tØm-

Sp≈ Hcp sh√p-hn-fnbpw B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp

]pXnb kwkvImcw sIń-∏-Sp-°m-\p≈ Blzm-\-hp-am-bn-cp∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse P\-ßƒ FÆ-a‰ tZh-∑m-scbpw tZhn-am-scbpw

Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂p. XmW PmXn-°m¿°pw PmXn-bn¬ \n∂p {`„-cm-°-

s∏-´-h¿°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb kz¥w ssZh-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. I≈v,

tImgn-bn-d®n apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p B ssZh-ßƒ°p \¬I-s∏´

\nth-Zy-ßƒ. CØcw ]qPm-hn-[n-Isf \mcm-b-W-Kpcp \ncp-’m-l-

s∏-SpØn. FÆ-a‰ ssZh-ßsf Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xp sX‰m-sW∂pw

Hscm‰ ssZhta D≈q F∂pw B GI-ssZ-h-sØ-bmWv PmXn-a-X-t`-

Z-at\y F√m-hcpw [ym\n-t°-≠-sX∂pw At±lw D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p.

GI-ssZh hnizm-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ P\-ß-sf-bmsI tbmPn-

∏n-°m-\mWv At±lw {ian-®Xv.

F∂m¬, _wKm-fn¬ dmw taml≥ dmbv sNbvX-Xp-t]mse hn{K-

lm-cm-[-\sb t\cn-s´-Xn¿°m≥ At±lw apXn-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn√. t\sc-

a-dn®v PmXn-t`Zw IqSmsX F√m-h¿°pw H∂n-®n-cp∂v Bcm-[\ \S-

Øm≥ ]‰nb t£{X-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ ap≥ssIsb-Sp-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv. BZy-ambn Acp-hn-∏p-dØp ÿm]n-°-s∏´ t£{X-Øn¬

Fgp-Xn-sh® Hcp t«mIw At±-l-Øns‚ Dt±iyw hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v.11

11. PmXn-t`Zw aX-tZzj˛

taXp-an-√msX k¿hcpw

tkmZ-c-tXz\ hmgp∂

amXr-Im-ÿm-\-am-WnXv.

\mcm-b-W-Kpcp.


A°m-eØv {_m“-W¿°p am{Xta t£{X-ßƒ {]Xn-jvTn-°m≥

A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-hcpw Xo≠n-°q-Sm-Ø-h-

cp-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m¿°v t£{X-ß-fn¬ {]th-

in-°m≥ t]mepw kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Cu kml-Ncyw a\-

n-em-°n-bm¬ am{Xta {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp kz¥w ssIIƒsIm≠v

t£{X-ßƒ {]Xn-jvTn-°m-s\m-cp-ßn-b-Xns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-hp-

I-bp≈q. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-∑m-cmb ta¬Pm-Xn-°m¿ At±-l-Øns‚

kwcw-`sØ ]p—n-°p-Ibpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£, Cug-

h¿ XpS-ßnb XmW-Pm-Xn-°msc AXv Bth-i-`-cn-X-cm°n. BZy-

sams° P\-ßƒ°n-„-ap≈ hn{Klw sh®p-]q-Pn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

]Xnhv. ]n∂oSv bmsXmcp hn{K-l-hp-an-√mØ ]pXn-b-Xcw t£{X-

ßfpw {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏´p.

\mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb D¬_p-≤X

PmXn-a -X-t`-Z -ßsf FXn¿°pI am{X-a√ \mcm-b-W-Kpcp

sNbvXXv. B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-sØbpw B[p-\n-I-kw-kvIm-c-

sØbpw At±lw t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p. cmPy-Øns‚ A`n-hr-≤n°v hyh-

km-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂v At±lw Bh-iy-s∏´p. tIc-f-Ønse

BZysØ hyh-km-b-{]-Z¿i\w At±-l-Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn-emWv

\S-Ø-s∏-´Xv.

\mSp-hm-gnØ LS-\-bvs°-Xn-cmb CØcw {]ÿm-\-ßƒ kap-

Zm-b-Øns‚ Xe-∏-Øn-cn-°p-∂-hsc Acniw sIm≈n®p. ]t£, Ah-

cpsS FXn¿∏p-Isf Iq´m-°msX \mcm-b-W-Kpcp \mSns‚ \m\m-`m-K-

ß-fnepw Np‰n k©-cn-®p-sIm≠v Xs‚ ktμiw {]N-cn-∏n®p.

Db¿∂ PmXn-I-fn¬s∏´ D¬_p-≤-cmb P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ \mcm-b-

W-Kp-cp-hns‚ ]cn-jv°-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßsf kzmKXw sNbvXp.

F¶nepw, At±-l-Øn\v apJy-amb ]n¥pW \¬In-bXv XmW-Pm-Xn-

°m-cmWv, {]tXy-In®pw Cug-h-cmWv. ]t£, CXns‚ A¿Yw At±-

l-Øns‚ {]ÿm\w hn`m-Ko-b-am-bn-cp∂p F∂√. t\tc-a-dn®v, F√m-

Øcw hn`m-Ko-b-X-Iƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmbn C¥y-bn-sem-´p°pw ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-

®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS Ahn-`m-Py-

L-S-I-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ Cu {]ÿm-\-amWv tIc-

f-Ønse tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v kmaq-ly-amb Hcp D≈-S°w \¬In-

bXv. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp Xo¿®-bmbpw Hcp aX-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p. aX-

Øns‚ ]cn-th-j-a-Wn-™p-sIm-≠mWv At±-l-Øns‚ {]ÿm\w

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 161

apt∂-dn-bXv. ]t£, AXv tIc-f-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS ^yqU¬ hncp-

≤-{]-t£m-`-ß-fn¬ Hcp henb ]¶p hln®p F∂ hkvXpX \ntj-

[n-°m≥ hø.

Zbm-\-μ-k-c-kz-Xnbpw Bcy-k-am-Phpw

Bcy-k-am-P-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb Zbm-\-μ-k-c-kzXnbpsS Nn¥m-

KXn cmPm dmw taml≥ dmbv, dm\sU XpS-ßnb B[p-\n-I-]-cn-

jv°¿Øm-°-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. At±lw tZio-

ssb-Iy-Øn-\p-th≠n hmZn®p. F∂m¬, At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-

Øn¬ tZio-ssbIyw ssIh-c-W-sa-¶n¬ C¥y-bn¬ Pohn-°p∂ F√m

P\-hn-̀ m-K-ßfpw lnμp-a-X-sØbpw thZ-ß-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-X-sbbpw

AwKo-I-cn-°Ww. ap…o-ß-sfbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-sfbpw Bcy

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ i{Xp-°-fm-bn-´mWv At±lw IW-°m-°n-bXv.

AXp-sIm≠v Ah¿°v tZio-ssbIyw F∂ k¶¬∏-Øn¬ bmsXmcp

ÿm\-hp-an√. "kXym¿Y-{]-Imiw' F∂ Xs‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ At±lw

_p≤-aXw, ssP\-aXw, C…mw-aXw, {InkvXp-aXw F∂n-h-sb√mw

I≈-a-X-ß-fm-sW∂pw Ah-bn-e-S-ßnb ho£-W-K-Xn-Isf Bcy-kw-

kvIm-c-hp-ambn CW-°n-tN¿°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ A]m-b-I-c-ß-fm-

sW∂pw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. {]m¿Y-\m-k-am-P-Øn-sebpw {_“-k-am-P-

Øn-sebpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°sf At±lw ITn-\-ambn

Bt£-]n®p. At±lw FgpXn: ""Cu kam-P-ßfn¬s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ°v

tZi-kvt\lw Ipd-hmWv. ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw Ah¿ {InkvXym-\n-Isf

A\p-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. hnhmlw, an{i-hn-hmlw apX-em-b-

hsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ \nb-{¥-W-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ t]mepw Ah¿ am‰n-

bn-cn-°p∂p..... Ah¿ bmsXmcp hI-Xn-cn-hp-an-√msX Xn∂p-Ibpw IpSn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. bqtdm-]y-∑m¿, apl-Ω-Zo-b¿, PmXn-bn¬ \n∂pw

{`„-cm-°-s∏-´-h¿ apX-em-b-h-cpsS IqsS-bn-cp-∂p-sIm≠p t]mepw

Ah¿ Xn∂p-Ibpw IpSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''12

Zbm-\-μ-k-c-kzXn {InkvXp, apl-ΩZv XpS-ßnb {]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS

D¬t_m-[-\-ßsf am{X-a√, a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS

kmwkvIm-cn-I-]m-c-º-cysØ ]p„n-s∏-Sp-Ønb I_o¿, \m\m°v,

ssNX-\y≥ XpS-ßnb `‡n-{]-ÿm\ t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS BZ¿i-ß-

sf-t∏mepw A[n-t£-]n®p. {_“-k-am-PsØ FXn¿°m≥ At±lw

]d™ Hcp ImcWw CXm-bn-cp∂p: ""{_“k-am-P-Øns‚ hnip-≤-

12. Swami Dayananda Saraswathi: The Light of Truth, P. 432-33.


{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ {InkvXp-hn-s\bpw tamk- n-s\bpw apl-Ω-Zn-s\bpw

\m\m-°n-s\bpw ssNX-\y-s\bpw ]pWy-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬

D¬s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. F∂m¬, {]mNo-\-Im-esØ al¿jn-am-cp-sSbpw

tbmKn-h-cy-∑m-cp-sSbpw Iq´-Øn¬ \n∂v Hscm‰ t]¿ t]mep-an√. Xß-

fpsS hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ]pWy-]p-cp-j-∑m-sc∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´

Bfp-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n® AtX hnizm-k-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv Ah¿°pw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂-sX∂v CXn¬ \n∂v A\p-am-\n°mw.''13

thZ-ß-fn-te°p aS-ßpI!

""thZ-ß-fn-te°p aS-ßpI'' F∂ ]p\-cp-≤m-\-ap-{Zm-hmIyw

sIm≠v P\-ß-fpsS tZim-`n-am-\sØ Xń-bp-W¿Øm-\mWv Zbm-\-

μ\pw At±lw 1875¬ ÿm]n® Bcy-k-am-Phpw ]cn-{i-an-®Xv. thZ-

ßƒ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-b-h-bm-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ah Ip‰-a-

‰-h-bm-sW∂pw At±lw hniz-kn®p. Ah-bn¬ `qX-Im-e-Ønse

⁄m\w am{X-a√, `mhn-bnse ⁄m\hpw AS-ßn-bn-´p-s≠∂v

At±lw Du∂n-∏-d™p. thZ-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂p-sh-®m¬

kXyw apgp-h\pw AwKo-I-cn-°pI F∂m-W¿Yw. thZ-hm-Iy-ßfpw

bp‡n-hn-Nm-chpw XΩn¬ sshcp-[y-ap-≠m-Ip∂ L´-ß-fn¬ dmw

taml≥ dmbnbpw dm\-sUbpw bp‡nsb B{i-bn-°m-\mWv C„-

s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. Zbm-\-μ-k-c-kz-Xn-bm-Is´, GXp {]iv\-Ønepw A¥n-

a-hn[n \¬Ip-∂Xv thZ-ß-fm-sW∂p hniz-kn®p. Xs‚ hnizm-k-{]-

am-WsØ At±lw Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn®p: ""⁄m\-Øn-s‚bpw aX-

]-c-amb kXy-ß-fp-sSbpw Dd-hn-S-amb \mep thZ-ßƒ ssZh-Øns‚

hm°m-sW∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p. a{¥-kw-lnX F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

`mKw am{X-am-Wh. sX‰mb bmsXm∂pw Ah-bn-en√. XnI®pw B[n-

Im-cn-I-ß-fm-Wh. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, Ah-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX

sXfn-bn-°m≥ as‰mcp {KŸ-Øn-s‚bpw Bh-iy-an√. kqcyt\m

hnft°m AXns‚ shfn-®w-sIm≠v {]]-©-Ønse `qan XpS-ßnb

hkvXp-°-sf-sb-∂-t]mse kz¥w {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

AXp-t]m-se-bmWv thZ-ßfpw.''14

dmw taml≥ dmbnbpw a‰p kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°fpw PmXn-

a-X-hy-Xym-k-ßsf FXn¿Ø-t∏mƒ Zbm-\-μ-k-c-kzXn ]gb PmXn-

I¿a-ß-sfbpw Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ NmXp¿h¿Wy-sØbpw h¿W-hy-h-

13. Ibid. P. 482.14. Ibid, P. 657

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 163

ÿ-bnse BNm-c-ß-sfbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-\mWv {ian-®Xv. h¿W-

hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ A]-kvXw` kq{X-ß-fnse hmZ-KXn At±-

l-Øn\v kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp∂p. Cu kq{X-ßƒ {]Imcw, ""XmW-h¿K-

Øn¬s∏´ Hcmƒ [m¿an-I-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Db¿∂

h¿K-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-Øn-te°v Db¿t∂°mw. B ]Zhn Abmƒ°v

e`n-°p-Ibpw thWw. AXp-t]mse ]m]-]-¶n-e-amb Pohn-X-amWv \bn-

°p-∂Xv F¶n¬ XmW-h¿K-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-Øn-te°v A[x-]-Xn-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. Abmsf XmW-h¿K-°m-c-\mbn IW-°m-t°-≠-Xp-

amWv.'' ]t£, [m¿an-I-Po-hnXw F∂p-sh-®m¬ Hmtcm hy‡nbpw

kz¥w h¿W-Øn\p hn[n-°-s∏´ I¿a-ßƒ sNøp-Ibpw a‰p h¿W-

ß-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e-cm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂m-W¿Yw. AXp-

sIm≠v ta¬∏-d™ kq{X-ßsf Zbm-\-μ≥ Cßs\ hymJym-\n-

°p∂p: ""Cu \nbaw \S-∏m-t°-≠Xv Hmtcm h¿W-Øn-s‚bpw

Ie¿∏p-tN-cmØ ]cn-ip-≤nsb ImØp-c-£n-®p-sIm-≠mWv. Hmtcm

h¿Whpw AXnse AwK-ß-fm-hm-\m-h-iy-amb F√m tbmKy-X-I-

tfmSpw IqSnb hy‡n-I-f-S-ßn-b-XmWv. F∂p-sh-®m¬, £{Xn-bt\m

sshiyt\m iq{Zt\m {_m“-W-h¿K-Øn-te°v {]th-in-°mt\m

{_m“-W-s\∂ \nebv°v, PohnXw \bn-°mt\m A\p-hm-Z-an√. AXp-

t]mse £{Xn-b≥, sshiy≥, iq{Z≥ F∂o h¿W-ßƒ Ie¿∏p

IqSmsX \ne-\n¬°Ww. Npcp-°-Øn¬, h¿W-ß-fpsS kΩn{iw

]mSn√. ]c-kv]cw IqSn-°-em-cn-Xn-cp-∂m¬ bmsXmcp h¿Whpw A[x-

]-Xn-°p-Itbm s]mXp-P-\-Zr-„n-bn¬ A[n-t£-]m¿l-am-bn-Øo-cp-

Itbm sNøp-I-bn√.''15 hyXykvX h¿W-ß-fn¬ s]´-h¿ XΩn-ep≈

hnhm-l-_-‘-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn Zbm-\-μ≥ Xs‚ i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn.

Hmtcm hy‡nbpw kz¥w h¿W-Øn¬s∏-´-hsc am{Xta hnhmlw

Ign-°m≥ ]mSp≈q F∂v At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. F¥p-sIm-s≠-

∂m¬, ""Aß-s\-bm-bmte, Aß-s\-bm-bm¬ am{Xta, P\-ßƒ

Xm¥m-ß-fpsS h¿W-ßƒ°p hn[n-°-s∏´ Npa-X-e-Iƒ hnizm-k-

]q¿Δw \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ ]q¿W-amb cRvPn∏v ssIh-cp-

Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I-bp≈q.''16

k¶p-Nn-X-tZ-io-bXzw

F∂m¬, bmYm-ÿn-XnI ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS F√m hmZ-ßfpw

hI-sh®p sImSp-°m≥ Zbm-\-μ-k-c-kzXn Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n√. lnμp-a-

15. Ibid, P. 89.16. Ibid, P. 90.


XsØ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Nne am‰-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v

At±lw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, At\Iw ssZh-ßsf

]qPn-°p-∂Xp icn-b-s√∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. F√m lnμp-

°fpw kr„n-ÿnXn kwlm-c-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb GI-ssZ-h-Øn¬

hniz-kn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p. ssZhw \ncm-Im-c-\mWv.

AXp-sIm≠v hn{K-lm-cm-[-\sb At±lw \ncm-I-cn®p. sshZn-I-[¿a-

ßƒ°p s]mcp-Ø-s∏-SmØ Nne kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw At±lw

FXn¿Øp. kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw XmW PmXn-°m-cmb lnμp-°-fp-sSbpw

]Zhn Db¿Øm≥ th≠n Ah¿°v hnZym-`ymkw \¬I-W-sa∂v

At±lw Bh-iy-s∏´p. F∂m¬, CØcw ]cn-jv°m-c-ß-fpsS D∂w

lnμp-a-XsØ IqSp-X¬ kpi-‡-am-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Bcy-k-

amPw Zbm-\-μs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ lnμp-°-fpsS GIo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-

th≠n am{X-a√, a‰p aX-°msc lnμp-a-X-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w

sNøp-hm\pw ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ \SØn. aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈

{]Nm-c-th-e-Iƒ ap…o-ßƒ°pw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ FXn¿∏p-

I-fp-f-hm°n. cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-Xm¬∏-cy-

ßƒ°p th≠n-bp≈ tbmPn® ka-c-ßƒ°v CXv XS- -am-bn-

Øo¿∂p. s\lvdp-hns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, Bcy-k-amPw ""\n›-ehpw

{]Xn-tcm-[m-fl-I-hp-amb lnμp-a-XsØ A{I-a-Wm-fl-I-amb Hcp anj-

\-dn-a-X-am-°m-\p≈ {ia-am-bn-cp∂p. lnμp-a-XsØ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-

°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ Dt±iyw. tZim-`n-am-\-Øns‚ \nd-amWv Cu

{]ÿm-\-Øn\v Aev]w i‡n \¬In-bXv. icn-°p-]-d-™m¬, lnμp-

tZ-io-b-Xz-Øns‚ Xe-s]m-°-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. lnμp tZio-b-Xz-am-b-

Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂ AXn\v C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xz-am-bn-Øo-cm≥ hnjaw

t\cn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''17

Bcy-k-amPw Bcw`w apX¬t° tZio-b-{]-_p-≤-X-bpsS Hcp

k¶p-Nn-X-`m-h-sØ-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXXv. tImf-\n-ta-[m-

hn-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ am{X-a√, C…m-an-I-hn-cp-≤hpw

ss{IkvX-h-hn-cp-≤-hp-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw AXv kzoI-cn®p. F¶nepw,

lnμp-°-fn-semcp hn`m-KsØ, {]tXy-In®pw CS-Ø-c-°msc, Bth-

i-̀ -cn-X-cm-°p-hm\pw [mcmfw tZim-̀ n-am-\n-Isf kz¥w kc-Wn-bn-te°v

BI¿jn-°p-hm\pw AXn\p Ign™p. ]t£, lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ F√m

hi-ß-sfbpw ImØp-c-£n-°m\pw as‰√m hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ß-sfbpw

FXn¿°m\pw {ian-®-Xp-sIm≠v AXv tZio-b-{]-_p-≤-Xsb ]cn-an-X-

am-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. tZio-ssb-Iy-tØm-Sp≈ AXns‚ hn`m-Ko-

17. Jawaharlal Nehru: Glimpses of World History, P. 436.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 165

b-amb kao-]-\hpw ap…o-ß-tfmSpw {InkvXym-\n-I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ hntcm-

[hpw kmaq-ly-cm-{„ob {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS apt∂-‰sØ XS- -s∏-Sp-

Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

{_“-hn-Zym-kwLw

Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse as‰mcp ]p\-cp-∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\-amWv 1882¬

aZn-cm-in-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb Xntbm-k-^n-°¬ skmssk‰n AYhm,

{_“-hn-Zym-kwLw. \nKq-V-ßfpw C{μn-bm-Xo-X-ß-fp-amb am{¥n-I-

i-‡n-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏´ aZmw-ª-hm-’vIn-sb∂ Gjy≥ h\n-Xbpw

Ah-cpsS Ata-cn-°≥ kvt\ln-X≥ tIW¬ Hm¬t°m´pw IqSn-bmWv

Cu {]ÿm-\-am-cw-`n-®Xv. Xm≥ CØ-c-samcp kwcw-`-Øn-s\m-cp-ßn-

bXv Xn_-Øn-setßm D≈ AZr-iy-cmb Nne Kpcp-h-c-∑m-cpsS Iev]-

\-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv F∂v aZmw-ª-hm’v°n Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.

Ah¿°v Xs‚ \nKq-V-amb Bflo-b-i‡n sIm≠v B Kpcp-h-c-∑m-

cp-ambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øm\pw Ah-cn¬\n∂v cl-ky-k-tμ-i-ßƒ

hcp-Øp-hm\pw km[n-®n-cp-∂p-ht{X. Xotbm-k-^n-°¬ skmssk‰n

aX-{]-N-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w \nKq-V-amb Hcp-Xcw a{¥-hm-Zhpw sIm≠p-

\-S∂p. aZmw-ª-hm’v°n Xs‚ Nne ""A¤p-X-kn-≤n-Iƒ'' {]tbm-Kn-

®p-sIm≠v Zriy-{]-]-©-Øn-\-∏p-d-Øp≈ B[ym-fln-I-c-l-ky-ß-sf-

°p-dn®pw `qX-t{]-Xm-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]Nm-c-th-e-

Iƒ \S-Øm≥ XpSßn. arZp-e-Nn-Ø-cmb P\-ßsf BI¿jn-°m\pw

Npdp-Np-dp-°p≈ ]e-scbpw {_“-hn-Zym-kw-L-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-I-∑m-

cm°n AWn-\n-c-Øm\pw Ah¿°p km[n®p. kzman hnth-Im-\-μs‚

A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, Ata-cn-°-bpsS B[ym-fln-Im-i-b-ßsf C¥y-bpsS

ta¬ sh®p-sI-´m-\p≈ Hcp {ia-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. ""]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-

fnse A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb P\-ß-fpsS a\- n¬ ̀ mc-Xo-b-Nn¥, ]fin-

X-Ω-\yXzw, D≈w-ssI-bn¬ \n∂v amß-sb-SpØp ImWn-°p∂ ̂ °o¿

hnZy-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-sb√mw H∂n®p IqSn-°-e¿∂mWv InS-∂n-cp-∂Xv.

CXp am{X-amWv {_“-hn-Zym-kw-L-°m¿ lnμp-a-X-Øn\v \¬Inb

klmbw.''18

CXn-s\-∏‰n Un.Fkv. i¿Ωbv°v ck-I-c-amb Hcp IY ]d-bm-

\p≠v: ""\nKq-V-X-bn¬ \n∂v {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ IØp-Iƒ ImWn-°pI,

iq\y-X-bn¬ \n∂v Nne ùXn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ D≠m-°pI, Bflo-b-

Kp-cp-°-fn¬ \n∂v cl-ky-k-tμ-i-ßƒ t\SpI apX-em-b-h-bmWv Ch-

18. Swami Vivekanda: Collected Works, Vol. IV. P. 263-65.


bn¬ Nne {]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ. Cu {]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw a‰pw

icn-°p-≈-h-bm-sW-∂mWv {_“-hn-Zym-kw-L-°m¿ hniz-kn-®Xv.

F∂m¬, Ah-bpsS Dd-hn-S-sØ-∏‰n Nne¿ kwibw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥

XpSßn. Aß-s\-bmWv e≠-\nse ^nkn-°¬ dnk¿®v skmssk‰n

Cu hkvXp-X-I-sf-∏‰n At\z-jn®v Hcp dnt∏m¿´-b-°m≥ dn®m¿Uv

tlmUvKvk≥ Fs∂m-cmsf \ntbm-Kn-®-b-®Xv. At±lw C¥y-bn¬

h∂v sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw km£n-Isf hnkvX-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. At±lw dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXXv Cu IØp-I-sf√mw aZmw

ªh’v°n Xs∂ sIń-®-a-®-h-bmWv F∂t{X! ªhmXvkv°n Hcp

\mSy-°m-cnbpw Iui-e-°m-cnbpw BsW∂pw Hm¬t°m´pw a‰pw Ah-

cpsS he-bn¬ IpSp-ßp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂pw At±lw Adn-bn®p.

Cu L´-Øn¬, \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬, aZmw ªhm’v°n tcmK-_m-[n-X-

bmbn s]s´∂v C¥y-hn´p t]mhm≥ \n¿_-≤-bmbn.''19

B\n-_-k‚ v

F∂m¬, C¥y hn´-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw aZmw shdp-sX-bn-cp-∂n√.

Ah¿ Cw•-≠n¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am°n ""A¿l-cmb injy-∑m¿°v'' cl-

ky-ambn a{¥-hm-Z-]m-T-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n®p sImSp-°m≥ XpSßn. Cu Ime-

L-´-Øn-emWv bp‡n-hmZw, kzX-{¥-Nn¥, ̂ m_n-b≥ {]t£m-`-ßƒ

apX-em-b-h-bn-eqsS kp{]-kn-≤-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ sFdnjv h\nX ankn v

B\n-_-k‚ v a\ v amdn aZmw ªhm-’v°n-bpsS injy-bm-bn-

Øo¿∂Xv. Xntbm-k^n {]N-cn-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS Ah¿

1863¬ C¥y-bn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂p. AtXmsS {_“-hn-Zym-kw-L-Øn\v

Hcp ]pXnb Poh≥ Inń. B\n-_-k‚ v C¥ysb Xs‚ kztZ-i-ambn

AwKo-I-cn®p. Ah-cpsS {]kw-K-ßfpw teJ-\-ßfpw H´-\-h[n lnμp

_p≤n-Po-hn-Isf BI¿jn®p. 1933¬ Ncaw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Ah¿

lnμp-a-X-hp-ambn CW-°n-t®¿Øp-sIm-≠p≈ {_“-hnZy {]N-cn-∏n-

°m\pw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ cm{„o-b-t_m[w hf¿Øm\pw D’m-l-

]q¿hw {]h¿Øn®p. s\lvdp Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, ""CS-Ø-c-

°m-cmb lnμp-°ƒ°v Xß-fpsS Bflo-bhpw tZio-b-hp-amb ss]Xr-

I-Øn¬ Bfl-hn-izmkw h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ ankn v B\n-_-k‚ns‚

kzm[o\w i‡n-a-Øm-bn-cp∂p.''20

19. D.S. Sarma: Hinduism Through the Ages, P. 114.20. Jawaharlal Nehru: Discovery of India, P. 343.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 167

h¿Kw, PmXn, enwKw, \ndw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈

hyXym-k-ßƒ hI-sh-bv°msX a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS km¿h-eu-InI

kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcp tI{μw ÿm]n-°pI, aX-ßƒ, XXz-

Nn¥, imkv{Xw F∂n-h-bpsS Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI,

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS h¿W-\m-Xo-X-amb \nb-a-ß-sfbpw a\p-jy-\n¬

A¥¿e-bn-®p-In-S-°p∂ i‡n-I-sfbpw At\z-jn-°pI F∂n-h-bm-

bn-cp∂p Xntbm-k-^n-Ãp-I-fpsS {]Jym-]n-X-e£yw. F√m aX-ß-fp-

sSbpw ]q¿Whpw ]cn-ip-≤-hp-amb Awi-ßsf B\n-_-k‚ v

Dƒs°m-≈m≥ {ian®p. F¶nepw, Ah-cpsS ASn-ÿm-\-ho-£-W-KXn

lnμp-a-X-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""temI-

Ønse aX-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ lnμp-a-X-sØ-t∏mse C{X ]cn-]q¿Whpw

C{X imkv{Xo-bhpw C{X XXz-Nn-¥m-\n¿`-chpw C{X A[ym-fln-I-

hp-amb as‰mcp aXw ImWp-∂n√. \nßƒ AXns\ IqSp-X¬ Adn-

bpw-tXmdpw IqSp-X¬ C„-s∏Spw; IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-°p-

t¥mdpw IqSp-X¬ AKm-[-X-bn¬ AXns\ hne-a-Xn°pw.'' Ah¿

ho≠pw ]d™p: ""A_≤w ]nW-tb≠, lnμp-aXw IqSmsX

C¥ybv°v `mhn-bn√. C¥y-bpsS thcp-Iƒ B≠n-dßn \n¬°p∂

aÆmWv lnμp-aXw. AXn¬\n∂v ]dn-s®-Sp-Øm¬ C¥y aÆn¬ \n∂v

]dn-s®-SpØ ac-sØ-t∏mse Ai-‡-bm-bn-Øocpw''.

lnμp-a-X-]p-\-cp-≤m-cWw

_n]n≥ N{μ-]m¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p: ""Ign™ Ime-sØ-∏-‰ntbm

AXp hnt´-®p-t]m-bn-´p≈ ss]Xr-I-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m \mWn-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-]-Icw Ah-sb-∏‰n i-cn°pw A`n-am-\n-°m≥ hI-bp-s≠∂pw Xß-

fpsS ]gb tbmKn-amcpw al¿jn-h-cy-∑mcpw G‰hpw D∂-X-amb kXy-

Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw C∂v k¶-S-I-camw hÆw sX‰n-

≤-cn-°-s∏´ Xß-fpsS ]gb {KŸ-ßƒ G‰hpw D∂-X-amb am\p-jn-

I-{]-Xn-̀ -bp-sSbpw ⁄m\-Øn-s‚bpw Ie-h-d-bm-sW∂pw \ΩpsS P\-

ßƒ°v a\- n-em-°n-sIm-Sp-ØXv {_“-hn-Zym-kw-L-amWv.''21.

Xntbm-k-^n-°¬ skmssk‰n lnμp-a-XsØ AXns‚ ]q¿W-

amb cq]-Øn¬ Xs∂ AwKo-I-cn®p. Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ BNm-cm-\p-

jvTm-\-ßfpw I¿a-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]p\¿P-∑-sØ-∏-‰nbpw a‰p-ap≈ kn≤m-

¥-ßfpw Ah¿ kzoI-cn®p. ap≥P-∑-Øn¬ Xms\mcp lnμp-hm-bn-cp∂p

F∂v B\n-_-k‚ v ]e-t∏mgpw ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1911¬ C¥y-

21. Bipinchandra Pal: Memories of My Life and Times of My Youth, P. 424.


bn¬ km{am-Py-hn-cp-≤-{]-ÿm\w i‡n-{]m-]n-°m≥ XpS-ßnb L´-

Øn¬t]mepw Ah¿ Xs‚ ap≥P-∑-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]p\¿P-∑-sØ-∏-‰n-

bp-ap≈ At\z-j-W-ß-fn¬ apgp-In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. h¿Wm-{ia

hyh-ÿ-sb-t∏mepw Ah¿ \ymbo-I-cn®p. Bcy-k-am-P-°m-sc-t∏mse

Xs∂ {_“-hn-Zy-°mcpw NmXp¿h¿WysØ \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v

AXnse Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ßƒ am{Xw \o°w sNø-W-sa-∂mWv hmZn-

®Xv. ePv]-Xvdmbn FgpXn: ""ankn v _k‚pw Ah-cpsS {]ÿm-

\hpw {][m\ PmXn-Iƒ°p-≈n-ep≈ Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn i_vZ-

ap-b¿Øm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. lnμp-°-fpsS auen-I-amb h¿W-

hy-h-ÿsb \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂ Ah-cpsS \ne-]mSv kam-P-°m¿

ssIs°m≠ \ne-]m-Sp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip-∂-XmWv. kn≤m-¥-Øn-em-

sW-¶nepw C∂sØ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-s°-Xn-cmb Hcp {]mtbm-Kn-Im-{I-

a-W-am-WXv. A[n-t£-]n-°pI F∂-Xn¬ Ihn™v Bcy-k-am-P-

°m¿°m-Is´, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ°m-Is´, {]mtbm-Kn-I-

ambn H∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-bn√. D]-Pm-Xn-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI F∂-

Xm-bn-cn-°Ww XpS-°-sa-∂mWv c≠p Iqćpw ]d-bp-∂Xv.''22

F∂m¬, Bcw-`-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ CØcw A`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬

Nne-sX-¶nepw B\n-_-k‚ v am‰p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah¿ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-

s°-Xn-cmb Hcp \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°m≥ XpSßn. 1913¬ Ah¿ C{]-

Imcw ]d™p: ""Rm≥ hyk-\n-°p∂p. F¶nepw, ]d-bm≥ Rm≥

\n¿_-≤-bm-bn-Øo-cp-I-bmWv. cm{„-Øns‚ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂

Pohn-X-Øn¬ I\Ø DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ P\-ß-fpsS ta¬h∂p

hoWp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ°v XpS-cm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v

Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂n√'' bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂p s]s´-∂p≈ Cu

hyXn-bm\w ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ Aº-c∏pw {]Xn-

Iq-e-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-ap-≠m°n. ]ecpw {_“-hn-Zym-kwLw hn´p-

t]mbn. Gsd-°psd H‰-s∏-´p-t]mb _k‚n\v Ipsd-°mew Xs‚ aX-

{]-N-cWw XpS-cm≥ Ign-™n√. cm{„o-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apgp-Ip-

Ibpw tlmwdqƒ {]ÿm\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I-bp-amWv

Ah¿ sNbvXXv. tlmwdqƒ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ {]apJ t\Xm-°-fn-sem-

cm-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. 1920\v tijw alm-flm-Km‘n Xs‚ \n -l-I-

c-W-{]-ÿm\w Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ tlmwdqƒ {]ÿm-\-Øn\v P\-ßsf

BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-bm-sX-bmbn.

22. Lajpat Roy: Writings and Speeches, Vol. I. P. 48.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 169

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ hnhn[

kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn a‰p-Nne bmYm-ÿn-XnI lnμp kwL-S-\-Ifpw

DS-se-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. 1902¬ Z¬ln-bn¬ tN¿∂ Hcp ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬

Cu {]mtZ-inI kwL-S-\-I-sf√mw `mc-X-[¿a-a-lm-a-fiew F∂-t]-

cn¬ Hcp AJn-te¥ym kwL-S-\-bmbn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°-s∏´p.

{]kvXpX kwL-S\ k\m-X\ [¿a-Øn\p th≠n-bmWv \ne-sIm-

≈p-∂Xv. Ht´sd \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw ]W-°m-cmb `qhp-S-a-Ifpw

aZ≥tam-l-\-am-f-hy-sb-t∏m-ep≈ lnμp hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-W-∑mcpw

AXn\p ]n¥p-W-\¬In. Cu L´-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-

]-c-a-lw-k-s‚bpw kzman hnth-Im-\-μ-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ C¥y-

sbm-´p°pw Ae-b-Sn® Hcp ]pXnb {]ÿm\w Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv.


33. kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥

1857se Iem-]-Øn-\p-tijw {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hnhn[

kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ `n∂n-∏p-f-hm-°m\pw aX-kv]¿[-Iƒ IpØn-

s∏m-°m\pw ]‰nb Hcp \b-amWv a\x-]q¿hw Ah-ew-_n-®p-t]m-∂Xv.

aX-ßƒ XΩnepw PmXn-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ap≈ a’-c-ßƒ kmaq-ly-Po-

hn-X-Ønse Hcp apJy-L-S-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. B L´-Øn-emWv I¬°-

Ø-bv°-SpØv Z£n-tW-iz-cnse A⁄m-X-amb Hcp Imfo-t£-{X-

Ønse ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ {iocm-a-Ir-jvW≥ ""F√m aX-ßfpw

Htc hr£-Øns‚ imJ-I-fmsW''∂ Hcp ]pXnb XXz-im-kv{X-hp-

ambn cwK-Øp-h-∂Xv. ""Htc kz¿W-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-\m-a-cq-]-

ß-tfmSp IqSnb ]e-Xcw B`-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse

\ΩpsS Cuiz-c≥ hyXy-kvX-cm-Py-ß-fnepw hyXykvX Ime-L-´-ß-

fnepw ]e-X-c-Øn¬ ]qPn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Nne¿ Ahs\ ]nXmhv F∂pw

a‰p-≈-h¿ amXmhv F∂pw kvt\l-tØmsS hnfn-°p∂p. F∂m¬,

Cu hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-I-fnepw hyXy-kvX-cq-]-ß-fnepw ]qPn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

Htc ssZh-amWv.''1.

""aXw ssZh-Øn-te-°p≈ am¿Kw am{X-amWv, AXp hoS√''2

F∂ Imcyw P\-ßƒ hnkva-cn-°p∂p. am¿KsØ e£y-ambn ImWp-

∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv hyXy-kvX-a-X-°m¿ ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-°p-∂Xv.

]t£, icn-bmw-hÆw A\p-jvTn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ F√m aX-ß-fp-

sSbpw kmcmwiw H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, ssZh-amWv

F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw e£yw. lnμp-hn-s‚bpw ap…o-an-s‚bpw

1. Max Muller: Ramakrishna - His life and sayings, P. 162.2. Romain Rolland: The life of Ramakrishna P. 191.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 171

{InkvXym-\n-bp-sSbpw ssZhw H∂p Xs∂-bmWv. cma≥, A√mlp,

ssZhw F∂n-ßs\ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb t]cp-I-fn¬ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂p

Ft∂-bp≈p. AXp-sIm≠v aX-hy-Xym-k-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ `n∂n-®p-

\n¬°p-∂Xp sX‰mWv. At±lw ]d™p: ""F√m aX-ßfpw ˛ lnμp-

a-Xhpw C…mw-a-Xhpw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw F√mw ˛ Rm≥ A\p-jvTn-®p-

t\m-°n-bn-́ p≠v. lnμp-a-X-Ønse hyXy-kvX-am¿K-ßfpw Rm≥ ]n¥p-

S¿∂p t\m°n-bn-́ p≠v. hyXy-kvX-am¿K-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw F√m-

hcpw Htc ssZh-Øns‚ ASp-°-te-°mWv ASn-sh-®p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv

F∂p Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. \nßƒ Hcn-°-se-¶nepw F√m

hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw ]co-£n-®p-t\m-°Ww; hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb F√m

hgn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw k©-cn-®p-t\m-°Ww. FhnsS t\m°n-bmepw lnμp-

°fpw apl-Ω-Zo-bcpw {_“-a-X-°mcpw sshjvW-h-∑mcpw a‰p-≈-hcpw

]c-kv]cw a’-cn-°p-∂Xv Rm≥ ImWp∂p. IrjvW≥ F∂p hnfn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ Xs∂-bmWv inh\pw aqe-i-‡nbpw tbiphpw A√m-

lphpw F∂pw F√mw Bbncw t]cp-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb cma≥ Xs∂-

bmWv F∂pw Ah¿ Hcn-°epw a\- n-em-°p-∂n√.''3

F¥p t]cn-́ p-hn-fn-®mepw Cuiz-cs\ km£m¬°-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬

`‡n IqSntb Ignbq. Cuiz-c-`-‡n-bp-≠m-bm¬ hnth-Ihpw sshcm-

Kyhpw ⁄m\hpw F√mw D≠mhpw. Cuiz-c-`-‡n-bm-Is´, a\p-jy-

kvt\-l-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv. F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fnepw

ssZhsØ ImWp-∂-h-\mWv bYm¿Y-`-‡≥. aX-sa-¥m-bmepw euIn-

I-ß-fmb \n m-c-X-Ifpw I\-I-Ønepw Iman-\n-bnepw a‰p-ap≈ Bk-

‡n-Ifpw ]cn-Xy-Pn®v bYm¿Y ̀ ‡-∑m-cm-hm≥ {iocm-a-Ir-jvW≥ P\-

ßsf D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p.

{iocm-a-Ir-jvW≥ A£-c-⁄m-\-an-√mØ Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-

c-\m-bn-cp∂p. kwkvIrXw, Cw•ojv XpS-ßnb `mj-I-sfm∂pw At±-

l-Øn\v Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-bn-cp∂p. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw thZm-¥-ß-fn-

ep-a-S-ßnb XXz-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp k\ym-kn-bn¬ \n∂v D]-tZ-i-cq-t]W

Inńb Adnth At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. F¶nepw, At±-l-

Øns‚ Bflm¿∞-Xbpw \njvI-f-¶-amb Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw XXz-Nn-

¥m-]-c-amb A¥¿ho-£-Whpw [\n-I-Z-cn-{Z-t`-Z-at\y F√m-h-scbpw

Hcp-t]mse ImWm-\p≈ Akm-am-\y-amb Ignhpw _wKmfn _p≤n-

Po-hn-I-fpsS {i≤sb BI¿jn®p. {_“-k-am-P-Øns‚ t\Xm-hmb

tIi_v N{μ-sk≥ XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°fpw _¶nw-

3. Swami Nikhilananda (Tr.): Gospel of Sri. Ramakrishna P. 480.


N{μ Nm‰¿Pn, Kncojv N{μ-tLmjv XpS-ßnb {]ap-J-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-

∑mcpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw At±-l-Øns‚ Bcm-[-I-∑m-cmbn amdn.

Znhkw sN√pw-tXmdpw At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m-cpsS FÆw h¿[n-

®p-sIm-≠p-h∂p. Ah-cn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw {]kn-≤n-bm¿Pn-®Xv ]n∂oSv

hnth-Im-\-μ≥ F∂-t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßnb \tc-{μ≥ F∂

Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-c-\mWv.

1863¬ I¬°-Ø-bnse Hcp CS-Øcw IpSpw-_-Øn-emWv \tc-

{μ≥ P\n-®Xv. Hcp hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv {_“-k-am-P-

Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb cmPmdmw taml≥ dmbn-bp-sSbpw dmbn-bpsS

kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw B[p-\n-Im-i-b-ßƒ At±-lsØ

BI¿jn®p. 1881¬ tImtf-Pn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ime-ØmWv At±lw

tbmKn-h-cy-\mb {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-s\-∏‰n tI´Xv. H∂p t\cn´p ImWm≥

th≠n At±lw Z£n-tW-iz-cn-te°v t]mbn. A∂v At±-l-Øn\v

]Xn-t\tgm ]Xn-s\t´m hb v am{Xta {]mb-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q.

IqSn-°m-gvN-°n-S-bn¬ \tc-{μ≥ ]c-a-lw-k-t\mSp tNmZn®p:

""Xm¶ƒ ssZhsØ I≠n-´pt≠m?''

AsXmcp h√mØ tNmZy-am-bn-cp∂p. ]c-a-lw-k≥ im¥-kz-c-

Øn¬ adp-]Sn ]d™p: ""\ns∂ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ Rm≥

ssZh-sØbpw ImWp∂p.... ssZhsØ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. ssZhsØ

km£m-Xv°-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw. ]t£, CXn¬ B¿°mWv Xmev]-cy-

ap-≈Xv? Bfp-Iƒ Ah-cpsS `mcy-am¿°p-th≠n, Ipń-Iƒ°p-th≠n,

kº-Øn-\p-th≠n, F{X-sbms° I„-∏m-SmWv A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv!

Ah¿ F{X-am{Xw IÆo-scm-gp-°p∂p! ssZhsØ ImWm≥th≠n

Hcmƒ IÆo-scm-gp-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah\v ssZhsØ Is≠Ømw.''

B adp-]Sn sNdp-∏-°m-c-\mb \tc-{μs‚ Bflm-hns\ Cf-°n-a-dn®p.

Gsd-°-gn-bp-∂-Xn\v apºv At±lw {iocm-a-Ir-jvWs‚ injyXzw

kzoI-cn®p. \tc-{μ-\mYv ZØv kzman hnth-Im-\-μ-\mbn amdn.

Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn\v ]pXn-sbm-c¿Yhpw ]pXn-sbmcp e£yhpw

\¬Inb Kpcp-hns‚ amlm-fly-sØ-∏‰n kzman hnth-Im-\μ≥ ]n∂oSv

Cßs\ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""At±-l-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥-ß-tf-°mƒ

Bbncw Ccń al-Ø-c-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ PohnXw. D]-\n-

jZv hmIy-ß-fpsS Poh-\p≈ Hcp hymJym-\-am-bn-cp∂p At±lw. D]-

\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS a\p-jy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ kmcmwiw. B AXp-ey-amb

]q¿WX, Xs∂-Øm≥ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ \n¬°mØ F√m-‰n-t\m-Sp-

ap≈ B A¤p-X-I-c-amb ImcpWyw, _‘-\-Øn¬ InS-°p∂ a\p-

jy-t\m-Sp≈ B Xo{h-amb kl-Xm]w ˛ temI-Øn¬ as‰m-cn-SØpw

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 173

AXp \ne-\n¬°p-∂n√. ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xobpw XΩnepw [\n-I\pw

Zcn-{Z\pw XΩnepw A`y-kvX-hn-Zy\pw \nc-£-c-\\pw XΩnepw {_m“-

W\pw Nfim-e\pw XΩnepw D≈ F√m hyXym-k-ßfpw XpS®p

\o°m≥ th≠n At±lw Pohn®p.... ]m›m-Xy-kw-kvIm-chpw ]uc-

kvXy-kw-kvIm-chpw XΩn¬ Iqń-bn-W-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv At±lw

h∂Xv. aX-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ C{Xbpw alm-\mb, C{Xbpw AXn-

i-b-\o-b-\mb, Hcp Kpcpsh Ign™ At\Iw \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn C¥y

kr„n-®n-ń√.''4

hnth-Im-\-μ≥ Hcp [nj-Wm-im-en-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]e \ne-bnepw

Kpcp-\m-Y-t\-°mƒ {]K-¤≥. hnZym¿Yn-bm-bn-cp∂ Ime-Øp-Xs∂

At±lw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-ß-fnepw temI-N-cn-{X-Ønepw XXz-Nn-¥-

bnepw Akm-[m-c-W-amb ssh`-h-amWv {]Z¿in-∏n-®Xv. ka-Im-eo-\-

Nn-¥bpw ]pXnb _q¿jzm-k-¶-ev]-ßfpw At±-lsØ BI¿jn®p.

At±lw {^©p hnπ-h-Øns‚ t\Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-fmb tdms_kv ]nb-

dpsS Hcp Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. sImfw-_n-b-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-a-

csØ At±lw A`n-hmZyw sNøp-I-bp-≠mbn. C¥y-bpsS aÆn¬

Dd-®p-\n-∂p-sIm≠v Xs∂ At±lw temI-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-

cp∂ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßsf t\m°n-°≠p. C¥y-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn temI-

Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂v At±lw hniz-

kn®p. ""temI-amsI H∂n®p apt∂m´p t]mhmsX bmsXmcp ]ptcm-K-

Xnbpw km[y-am-hn√. h¿K-]-ctam tZio-btam Bb CSp-ßnb ImgvN-

∏m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp {]iv\-Øn\pw ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øm-

\m-hn-s√∂v Znhkw sN√pw-tXmdpw IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn

hcn-I-bmWv.''

1886¬ {iocm-a-Ir-jvW≥ Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn™p. At±-l-

Øns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n hnth-Im-\-μ≥ P\-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v ̀ n£ hmßn D]-Po-h\w Ign-®p-sIm≠v A©p-sIm-√-°mew

cmPy-sam-´p°pw Np‰n-k-©-cn®p. C¥y-bpsS hnkva-b-I-c-amb sshhn-

[y-Øns‚ ASn-bn-ep≈ sFIyw Is≠-Øm≥ Cu A\p-`hw At±-

lsØ klm-bn®p. C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS i‡nbpw Zu¿_-eyhpw

At±lw a\- n-em°n. ̀ qcn-]-£-°m-cmb km[m-c-W-P-\-ßƒ A⁄-

X-bp-sSbpw A‘-hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw AKm-[-X-bn¬ Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-

I-bm-sW∂pw Ah-cpsS hy‡n-XzsØ {_nójv tImf\n ta[m-hn-

Ifpw C¥y≥ kaq-l-Ønse Db¿∂ h¿K-ßfpw ASn-®-a¿Øp-I-

4. Swami Sharadananda: Sri. Ramakrishna - The Great Master P. XI.


bm-sW∂pw At±-l-Øn\v t_m[y-ambn. Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ {]iv\w ]cn-

l-cn-°msX, P\-ßsf [m¿an-I-ambpw _u≤n-I-ambpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-

ØmsX, kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°m≥ Ah¿°v sI¬∏p \¬ImsX,

bmsXmcp aX-Øn\pw kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v

At±lw a\- n-em°n. Hcp `n£p-hmbn Ae-™p-Xn-cn-bp-∂-Xn-\n-S-

bn-emWv Zcn-{Z-e-£-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈

I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn°v Xs‚ ZuXy-Øn¬ {]Y-a-ÿm\w \¬I-W-sa∂v

At±lw Xocp-am-\n-®Xv. ]n∂oSv Fgp-Xnb Hcp IØn¬ At±lw

C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn®p: ""Zcn-{Z-∑m¿°v tPmen-bp-≠m°n sImSp-°m≥

ùXn-I-kw-kvImcw am{X-a√, ]cn-jvIr-X-Po-hnXw t]mepw Bh-iy-

amWv. `£Ww! `£Ww! ChnsS temI-Øn¬ `£Ww \¬ImsX

kz¿K-Øn¬ imiz-Xm-\μw \¬Ip∂ ssZh-Øn¬ F\n°v hnizm-k-

an√. C¥ysb Db¿ØWw. ]mh-ßƒ°v `£Ww \¬IWw. hnZym-

`ymkw ]c-ØWw. ]utcm-ln-Xy-sa∂ tZmjw \o°w sNøWw.

]utcm-lnXyw ]mSn√. kmaq-ly-a¿Z\w ]mSn√. IqSp-X¬ `£Ww!

F√m-h¿°pw IqSp-X¬ Ah-kcw!''5

hnth-Im-\-μs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ cmPy-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw

kmº-Øn-Ihpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb ]p\-cp-∞m\w IqSmsX P\-ß-fpsS

Bflo-b-]p-\-cp-∞m\w km[y-a√. ""Ah¿ `£Ww tNmZn-°p∂p.''

At±lw ]d™p: ""F∂m¬, \mw Ah¿°p \¬Ip-∂Xv I√p-I-fmWv.

]ńWn InS-°p∂ P\-ßƒ°v aXw \¬Ip-I-sb-∂p-sh-®m¬ Ahsc

A]-am-\n-°pI F∂¿∞-amWv. ]ń-Wn-In-S-°p∂ Hcmsf aX-X-Xz-

ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ahs‚ Bflm-`n-am-\-Øn\p t\sc-bp≈ Itø-

‰-amWv.'' Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS Bflm-°sf c£n-°m≥ shº¬sIm-

≈p∂ anj-\-dn-am-tcmSv At±lw tNmZn®p: ""F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \nßƒ

Ah-cpsS ico-c-ßsf ]ń-Wn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-°m≥ {ian-°m-ØXv?''

⁄m\hpw i‡nbpw

AtX-k-a-bØv, At±lw P\-ß-fpsS hogvN-I-sfbpw Zu¿_-

ey-ß-sfbpw sXm´p-Iq-Smbva, PmXn-ta-[m-hnXzw, ]ptcm-ln-X-hrØn,

aX-a¿Z\w F∂n-h-tbbpw i‡n-bmbn hna¿in®p. At±lw {]Jym-

]n®p: ""\nßsf A‘-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb hnUvVn-I-fmbn ImWp-∂-Xn-

t\-°mƒ Dd® \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-I-fmbn ImWm-\mWv Rm≥ B{K-ln-

°p-∂Xv. ImcWw, \nco-iz-c-hmZn Pohn-°p∂p. Ah-s\-s°m≠v Fs¥-

5. Selections from Swami Vivekanda, P. 862.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 175

¶nepw {]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-tb°mw. F∂m¬, A‘-hn-izmkw \ne-

\n¬°p-tºmƒ akvXnjv°w acn-°p∂p; a\ v ac-hn-°p∂p; Pohn-X-

amsI A[x-]-Xn-°p∂p.'' as‰m-cn-°¬ At±lw ]d™p: ""Bcp-sS-

sb-¶nepw hm°p-tI´v Ccp-]-Xp-tImSn ssZh-ß-fn¬ A‘-amb hnizm-

k-a¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \√Xv bp‡nsb B{i-bn-®p-sIm≠v \nco-

iz-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-hp-I-bmWv.''6 C¥y-bnse P\-ßƒ ss[cyhpw Bfl-

hn-izm-khpw B¿Pn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw B{K-ln®p. ""i‡-\m-bn-cn-

°pI! Zp¿_-e-\m-Im-Xn-cn-°pI! [oc-\m-hpI! òcp-hm-Im-Xn-cn-°pI''

˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bnse bphm-°-tfm-Sp≈ At±-l-Øns‚

Blzm\w. At±lw D¬t_m-[n-∏n-®Xv i‡n-bp-sSbpw ]ucp-j-Øn-

s‚bpw kphn-ti-j-amWv: ""bmsXm-∂n\pw XS-™p-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-

bmØ, e£yw t\Sm-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ Bh-iy-am-sW∂p tXm∂n-

bm¬ kap-{Z-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-I-fn¬ ac-WsØ t\cn-Sm≥ Ign-hp≈,

ZrV-Nn-Ø-Xbpw Dcp-°p-t]m-ep≈ amwk-t]-in-Ifpw Dd-∏p≈ Rc-

ºp-I-fp-amWv C∂v \ΩpsS cmPy-Øn-\m-hiyw''. CØcw D¬t_m-[-

\-ßƒ C¥y-bpsS tZio-b-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ \mUn-I-fn¬ Hcp ]pXnb

ssNX\yw IpØn-sh-bv°p-Ibpw cmPy-kvt\-lsØ D∂-X-amb Hcp

B[ym-flnIv Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

hf¿®-bpsS BZysØ D]m[n kzmX-{¥y-am-sW∂v hnth-Im-\-

μ≥ Du∂n-∏-d™p. kzmX-{¥y-sa∂p sh®m¬ kmaq-ly-a¿Z-\-Øn-

s‚bpw kmº-ØnI Nqj-W-Øn-s‚bpw cm{„o-bm-Sn-a-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw

A`mhw F∂p am{X-a√ A¿Yw. ]ns∂tbm? kzmX{¥yw F∂p-sh-

®m¬ ""a‰p-≈-h¿°v t{Zml-ta¬∏n-°msX \ΩpsS C—-°-\p-k-cn®v

\ΩpsS ico-chpw _p≤nbpw kºØpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

\ΩpsS {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Ah-Im-i-amWv. kaq-l-Ønse F√m AwK-

ßƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse kºtØm hnZym-̀ ym-ktam Adnthm t\Sm-\p≈

Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww.''7 ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-ß-fmb CØcw Bi-

b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ At±lw KqVm¿Y-hmZw,

a{¥-hmZw XpS-ßnb kn≤m-¥-ßsf FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""a{¥-

hm-Z-Ønepw KqVm¿Y-hm-Z-Ønepw al-Ømb kXy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn°mw.

F∂m¬, Ah \sΩ an°-hmdpw \in-∏n®p Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p. \mw

hf-sc-tbsd hne-]n-®p-I-gn™p. Ct∏mƒ \ap-°m-hiyw a\p-jys\

kr„n-°p∂ Hcp aX-amWv. \nßsf Zp¿_-e-cm°n Xo¿°p-∂-sX-¥m-

6. Swami Vivekananda: Complete Works, Vol. III. P. 334.7. Selections from Swami Vivekananda. PP. 561-94.


bmepw AXns\ hnjw-t]mse h¿Pn-°pI. kXyw i‡n-Zm-b-I-amWv.

\nßsf Zp¿_-e-cm-°p∂ Cu KqVm¿Y-hm-Z-ßsf Dt]-£n-°pI.''

aX-Øn¬ AKm-[-amb hnizm-k-amWv hnth-Im-\-μ-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.

F¶nepw, bp‡nsb At±lw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p. A‘-hn-izmkw, ssZhn-

I-amb shfn-]mSv, Znhy-{]-tNm-Z\w sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ ⁄m\w apX-

em-b-h-sb-sb√mw At±lw FXn¿Øp. ""bYm¿Y-amb {]tNm-Z\w

bp‡n°p \nc-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw. bp‡n°p \nc-°m-ØXv {]tNm-Z-

\-a√.''

1897¬ Xs‚ Kpcp-hns‚ ktμiw IqSp-X¬ hn]p-e-ambpw IqSp-

X¬ kwL-Sn-X-ambpw {]N-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v P\-ßsf D¬_p-≤-cm-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-th≠n hnth-Im-\-μ≥ cma-Ir-jvW-an-j≥ F∂ Hcp kwL-

S\ cq]-h¬°-cn®p. Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ sImSn-°o-gn¬ {iocm-a-Ir-

jvWs‚ injy-∑m¿ aX-]-chpw Bflo-bhpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb cwK-

ß-fn¬ Cdßn {]h¿Øn-°m≥ XpSßn.

cma-Ir-jvW-an-j≥ Hcp aX-kw-L-S-\-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. {iocm-a-Ir-

jvW≥ P\-ß-fpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw kz¥w

Pohn-X-Øn¬ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX kXy-ßsf IqSp-X¬

h]p-e-amb coXn-bn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ P\-ß-fpsS ùXn-

Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xnsb klm-bn-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p kwL-S-\-bpsS Dt±iyw. hn`m-Ko-b-X-Iƒ

Xo≠mØ Hcp kwL-S-\-sb-bmWv hnth-Im-\-μ≥ hn`m-h\w

sNbvXXv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv, ""F√m aX-ßfpw \nXyhpw imiz-X-hp-

amb Htc aX-Øns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ am{X-am-sW∂v a\- n-em-°n-

s°m≠v hyXy-kvX-a-X-ß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kulm¿Zw

sIń-∏-Sp-°pI'' F∂Xv anjs‚ Hcp apJy-I-S-a-bmWv F∂v \njvI¿jn-

°-s∏-´Xv.

aXhpw imkv{Xhpw

hnth-Im-\-μs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S -tØmfw, aXw \¿Po-htam

Aaq¿Øtam Bbn-cp-∂n√. adn®v, AsXmcp {]mtbm-KnI Imcy-am-bn-

cp∂p. `qc-n]-£-°m-cpsS \∑°pw kt¥m-j-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈,

P\-ß-fpsS kmaq-lyhpw cm{„o-bhpw aX-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb

]ptcm-K-Xn-°p-th-≠n-bp≈, {]mtbm-KnI {]h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp∂p aX-

Øns‚ D≈-S°w. Bfl-ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw P\-tk-h-\-Øn-

eq-sSbpw {_“hp-ambn kmflyw {]m]n-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv a\p-jys‚

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 177

]c-a-amb e£yw. a\p-jy-\mWv hnth-Im-\-μs‚ aX-]-c-amb ImgvN-

∏m-Sns‚ tI{μw. ssZhsØ At\z-jn-®p-sIm≠v k\ymkw hcn®

At±lw Ah-km\w a\p-jy-s\-bmWv Xs‚ temI-Øns‚ tI{μ-

ambn AwKo-I-cn-®Xv. a\p-jy-\n¬ ssZhsØ Is≠-Øm≥ At±lw

P\-ß-tfmSv Blzm\w sNbvXp. At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw,

ssZh-sa∂ k¶ev]w {]Ir-Xn°pw {]]-©-Øn\pw a\p-jy\pw A∏p-

d-Øp≈ Hcp i‡n-hn-ti-j-sØ-b√ kqNn-∏n-®Xv. ""apgp-h≥ {]]-

©-Øn-s‚bpw BsI-Øp-I-bmWv ssZhw. ]t©-{μn-b-ß-fm¬ {Kln-

°-s∏-Sp∂ ssZh-amWv ùXn-I-kØ; _p≤n-bm¬ {Kln-°-s∏-Sp∂

ssZh-amWv a\ v; ssNX\yw t\m°n-°m-Wp-tºmƒ Ah≥ ssNX-

\y-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah≥ ùXn-I-k-Ø-b√; ]t£, ùXn-I-

k-Ø-bn¬ bYm¿Y-ambn F¥pt≠m AXm-W-h≥.''8

At∏mƒ ]ns∂ ssZh-sa∂ Hcp {]tXy-I-k-¶¬∏-Øns‚ Bh-

iy-sa-¥mWv? Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ hnth-Im-\-μs‚ adp-]-Sn-bn-XmWv:

""Ft∂mSv ]ecpw tNmZn-®n-́ p≠v, F¥mWv Xm¶ƒ ssZhw F∂ ]gb

hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F∂v. Imc-W-an-XmWv: \ΩpsS Bh-iy-

Øn\p ]‰nb G‰hpw \√ hm°m-WXv. a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h≥

{]Xo-£-Ifpw A`n-em-j-ßfpw kpJ-ßfpw B Hcp hm°n¬ tI{μo-

I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. Ct∏mƒ AXp am‰m≥ km[n-°n√. alØpw

]cn-]m-h-\-hp-am-b-sX√mw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´p InS-°p∂p.''

hnth-Im-\-μs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ A\m-Zn-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p∂

{]]©w Bcmepw kr„n-°-s∏-´-X√. AXp kzbw-`q-hmWv. GtXm

Hcp {]tXyI ssZh-amWv temIsØ kr„n-®Xv F∂ hmZsØ

At±lw ]p—n®p X≈n. ""hy‡n-bpsS cq]-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ssZh-amWv

temIw kr„n-®Xv F∂ B Bibw sXfn-bn-°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂v

\mw BZyw Xs∂ I≠p-I-gn™p. C°m-eØv GsX-¶nepw Hcp

Ipń°v CXv hniz-kn-°m≥ Ign-bptam? Hcp Ipw`-Im-c≥ LSw kr„n-

°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v, Hcp ssZhw temIsØ kr„n-°p∂p! Cß-s\-bm-

sW-¶n¬ \nß-fpsS Ipw`-Im-c\pw ssZh-amWv. Xebpw ssII-fp-an-

√m-sX-bmWv Ah≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂v Bsc-¶nepw \nß-tfmSv

]d-™m¬ \nßƒ Abmsf {`m¥m-e-b-Øn-te-°-b°pw.''9 a\p-

jy\pw {]]-©-Øn\pw AXo-X-amb Hcp ssZh-an-s√∂pw {]]©w

Xs∂-bmWv ssZhw F∂pw At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. ""Cu {]]©w

{]]-©-Øn-\-Xo-X-amb Hcp ssZh-Øm¬ kr„n-°-s∏-´-X√. CXv8. The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. Vol. I, P. 374.9. Swami Vivekananda: The Speech at Lahore in 1897.


_mly-ambv Hcp Aam-\p-jn-I-i-‡n-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-a√. AXv

kzbw kr„n-°p∂p, kzbw C√m-Xm-hp∂p, kzbw {]Im-in-°p∂p.

GIhpw A{]-ta-b-hp-amb kØ ̨ AXm-bXv {_“w ̨ am{X-ta-bp≈q.

XXz-akn tizX-tItXm! AXp \obmWv tizX-tItXm. CXv, CXp

am{X-amWv, as‰m-∂p-a√ imkv{Xo-b-aXw F∂p a\- n-em-°pI.''10

Xs‚ aX-]-c-amb ho£-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb Hcp ASn-ÿm\w

Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n thZ-ß-fn-te°pw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-te°pw

Xncn-®p-t]m-b-t∏mgpw hnth-Im-\-μ≥ B[p-\n-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ aqey-

ßƒ AwKo-I-cn®p. Xs‚ aX-hn-izm-ksØ imkv{X-hp-ambn CW-

°n-s°m≠p t]mIp-hm≥ At±lw ]cn-{i-an®p. ""imkv{Xhpw aXhpw

XΩn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw \S-°p∂ t]mcm´w F¥mWv? _mly-i-‡n-

I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ FÆ-a‰ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒsIm≠v aX-ßƒ°v s]mdp-

Xn-ap-ń-bn-cn-°p∂p. Hcp amemJ kqcys‚ Npa-Xe hln-°p∂p.

as‰m∂p N{μs‚. Aßs\ t]mIp∂p AXv. Hmtcm am‰-Øn-s‚bpw

ImcWw Hcp Bflo-b-ssN-X-\y-amWv. Cu ssNX\yw hkvXp-hn\v

]pd-ØmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ F√m-h¿°pw tbmPn-

∏m-Wp-≈Xv. ]t£, Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ Imc-W-a-dn-bm≥ B hkvXp-

hns‚ Xs∂ kz`mhw ]cn-tim-[n-°-W-sa-∂mWv imkv{Xw ]d-bp-

∂Xv. imkv{Xw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn ]ptcm-K-an®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂p. AXv

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS {]Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-c-WsØ tZh-X-

I-fp-sSbpw amem-J-am-cp-sSbpw ssII-fn¬ \n∂v kzbw Gs‰-SpØp

Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p.''11

thZm-¥-Øns‚ A¿Yw

Xm≥ Hcp thZm-¥n-bm-sW∂v kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥ kzbw ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. tkmlw, XXz-akn, Alw {_“mkvan

XpS-ßnb Hu]-\n-jZv hmIy-ß-fmWv At±-l-Øns‚ XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS

Dd-hn-S-ßƒ. i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-amWv At±-l-Øn¬ G‰hpw

A[nIw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bXv. i¶-c-s\-t∏me At±-lhpw k®n-

Zm-\-μ-sa∂v \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-Sp∂ {_“w am{X-amWv kXy-sa∂pw B

]mc-am¿YnI kXy-Øns‚ `mK-Øp-\n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ hymh-lm-

cn-I-temIw anYy-bm-sW∂pw hmZn®p. GI-amb B {_“-amWv hymh-

lm-cnI Pohn-X-Ønse sshhn[yw \nd™ \ma-cq-]-ß-fmbn {]Xy-

10. Selections from Swami Vivekananda, P. 279.11. Ibid, P. 278-79.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 179

£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]t£, Cu hyXymkw Ahn-Zy-bpsS ê-amWv. Ahn-

Zy-b-h-km-\n-®m¬ ]ns∂ GIhpw AZzn-Xo-b-hp-amb {_“w am{X-ta-

bp≈q. At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ hm°p-I-fn¬:

""{_“w GI-amWv. ]t£, Bt]-£n-I-X-e-Øn¬ AXv \ap°v

At\-I-ambn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p. \ma-cq-]-ß-fmWv Cu Bt]-£n-I-

X-bpsS ASn-bn-ep-≈Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Hcp aÏp-S-Øns‚

\mahpw cq]hpw \o°w sNbvXm¬, ]ns∂ \nßƒ ImWp-∂-sX-

¥mWv? shdpw aÆv. AXmWv IpS-Øns‚ kØv. CXp-t]mse Xs∂-

bmWv \nßƒ {àw ImcWw IpSw, hkv{Xw, k\ym-kn-aTw apX-em-

b-hsb ImWp-Ibpw Ah-sb-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv.

⁄m\sØ XS-™p-\n¿Øp∂ Ahn-Zysb B{i-bn-®mWv hymh-lm-

cn-I-temIw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv. AXn\v bYm¿Y-amb \ne-\n¬∏n√.

AhnZy \ma-cq-]-ß-fn-eqsS kr„n® temI-Øn¬ am{Xta `mcy, Ipń-

Iƒ, icocw, a\ v XpS-ßnb sshhn-[y-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-I-bp≈p.

Cu Ahn-Zysb \o°w sNbvXm¬ A\m-Zn-bmb {_“-Øns‚

km£m¬°m-c-amWv êw.''12

Ahn-Zy-b-h-km-\n-∏n-°pI F∂p-sh-®m¬ F√mw {_lva-am-

sW∂pw {_“-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Cs√∂pw a\- n-em-°p-I-bmWv.

CXns‚ A¿Yw, euIn-I-ß-fmb Bk-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kzm¿YX,

Zpc, Al-¶mcw XpS-ßnb \n m-c-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kzbw tamN\w

t\Sp-Ibpw F√m a\p-jy-scbpw ka-`m-h-\-tbmsS I≠p-sIm≠v

Ahsc ùXn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb F√m-Øcw _‘-\-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw tamNn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n Ahn-{iaw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI

F∂mWv. CXmWv Bfl-km-£m¬°m-c-Øn-\p≈ hgn. ""hy‡n-bpsS

kzmX{¥yw kaq-l-Øns‚ kpJ-Øn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. kaq-

l-Øn¬ \n∂v thdn´v hy‡n-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏p k¶¬∏n-°pI km[y-

a√. CXv Hcp imiz-X-k-Xy-amWv. Cu ASn-Ø-d-bn-t∑-emWv {]]©w

sIń-∏-Sp-°-s∏-́ n-́ p-≈Xv. A\-¥-amb kw]q¿W-X-bn-te°v AXp-ambn

CS-hn-SmØ kl-̀ m-hhpw XmZm-flyhpw t\Sn-s°m≠pw AXns‚ kpJ-

Øn¬ kpJn-°p-Ibpw ZpxJ-Øn¬ ZpxJn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠pw

]Sn -] -Sn -bmbn \oßpI ˛ CXmWv hy‡n-bpsS Htc-sbmcp

I¿Øhyw.''13

12. The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, Vol. VII. P. 161.13. Swami Vivekananda: Modern India, P. 45.


kzman hnth-Im-\-μ\v i¶-cm-Nm-cy-tcmSv Af-h‰ BZ-c-hp-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. F¶nepw, i¶-cs‚ AssZzXw At±-l-Øns‚ ssIbn¬ hnπ-

h-I-c-amb Nne am‰-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. i¶-cs‚ AssZz-

X-Øn¬ Aaq¿Øhpw A{]-ta-bhpw tIh-e-hp-amb ]mc-am¿YnI

kXyw am{X-a√, hymh-lm-cnI Pohn-Xhpw Gsd-°psd \n›-e-am-bn-

cp∂p. hnth-Im-\-μs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-f-am-Is´, AssZzXw Ne-

\m-fl-Ihpw kPo-h-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. ""Ne\w As√-¶n¬ am‰w Pohn-X-

Øns‚ Km\-amWv'' F∂-t±lw {]Jym-]n®p. Hcp XXz-Nn-¥-I-s\∂

\ne°v _p≤s\ X≈n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv i¶-c≥ sNbvXXv. F∂m¬,

hnth-Im-\-μ≥ _p≤s\ t\m°n-°-≠Xv Bcm-[\m `mh-tØm-sS-

bmWv. i¶-c≥ Xs‚ XXz -Nn -¥-sb-bmsI AssZz -X-Øns‚

AXn¿Øn-h-c-ºp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ HXp-°n-\n¿Øn; a‰p XXz-Nn-¥m-k-c-

Wn-I-sf-sb√mw hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√msX FXn¿Øp. hnth-Im-\-μ-\m-Is´,

`mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bpsS hyXy-kvX-k-c-Wn-Isf Ign-bp-∂{X kwtbm-Pn-

∏n-°m-\mWv {ian-®Xv. i¶-cs‚ thZm¥w Bflo-b-amb A¥- -Ø-

bpsS D≈n-te°v hen-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. hnth-Im-\-μs‚ AssZzXw

_mly-tem-IsØ apgp-h≥ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ shº¬sIm-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-

cp∂p: ""ssZh-hn-izm-kn-sbtbm ssZhw F√m-‰nepw F√mw ssZh-Øn-

ep-ap-s≠∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-s\tbm GI-X-Xz-hm-Zn-sbtbm _lp-ssZ-

h-hn-izm-kn-sbtbm \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-sbtbm Bscbpw AXv X≈n-°-f-

bp-∂n√. G‰hpw hnim-ehpw AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ G‰hpw Xo£vW-

hp-amb kz`m-h-Kp-W-ßsf cq]-s∏-SpØn Dƒs°m-≈p-I-sb-∂-XmWv

Hcp km[-I-\m-hm-\p≈ D]m[n.''14 hnth-Im-\-μ≥ bmsXm-c¿Y-Ønepw

Hcp hn`m-Ko-b-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n√. a‰p Nn¥m-K-Xn-Isf

At±lw ̀ b-s∏-Sp-Itbm Ah-tbmSv Ak-ln-jvWpX ImWn-°p-Itbm

sNbvXn√. ""hyXykvX Nn¥m-hn-`m-K-ßƒ s]cp-Is´!'' F∂-t±lw

Biw-kn®p. ""IpXn-t®m-Sp∂ kPo-h-amb Acp-hn-bnte Npgn-Ifpw Npg-

en-Ifpw D≠mhq. Nn¥m-kw-L-´-\-amWv Nn¥sb D±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂Xv.''

{]mNo-\-ßfpw A¿hm-No-\-ß-fp-amb aX-Nn-¥-I-fp-sSbpw XXz-Nn-¥-

I-fp-sSbpw hyXy-kvX-[m-c-Isf {]_-e-amb Hcp {]hm-l-am°n Iqń-

bn-W-°n-s°m≠v `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ amen-\y-ß-sfbpw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-

e-Øns‚ Zu¿_-ey-ß-sfbpw Igp-In-°-f-bm\pw Aßs\ anI-hp‰

Hcp `mhn-bpsS ASn-Ød ]Wn-bm-\p-ap≈ bXv\am-bn-cp∂p hnth-Im-

\-μ-t‚Xv. a\p-jys\ Znhy-X-bpsS {]I-S-cq-]-ambn ImW-W-sa∂v

Blzm-\-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ thZm¥w. A‘-Im-c-Øn¬

14. Letters of Swami Vivekananda, P. 83.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 181

B≠p-In-S-°p∂ `qcn-]-£-°m-cmb P\-ßƒ°v ⁄m\-Øns‚

shfn®w FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ ̀ mhn°p th≠n-

bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ ]mh-s∏-´-h-scbpw Zp¿_-e-scbpw klm-bn-°p-

Ibpw sNøpI F∂-XmWv aX-Øns‚ IS-a-sb∂v At±lw Nq≠n-

°m-Wn®p. lm¿hm¿Uv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ sNbvX Hcp {]kw-K-

Øn¬ At±lw ]d™p: ""tIh-e-amb AssZzXw \ΩpsS ssZ\w-

Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kPo-hhpw Imhym-fl-I-hp-am-bn-Øo-cWw. \ncm-

im-P-\-I-amb hn[w sI´p-]n-W™p InS-°p∂ ]g-ºp-cm-W-ß-fn¬

\n∂v kaq¿Ø-ß-fmb [m¿an-I-cq-]-ßƒ s]m¥n-h-cWw. Aº-c-∏p-

f-hm-°p∂ tbmK-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw imkv{Xo-bhpw {]mtbm-

Kn-I-hp-amb a\x-imkv{Xw Db¿∂p-h-cWw.''

as‰m-cn-°¬ At±lw Cßs\ FgpXn: ""kz¿Ktam \c-Itam

Ds≠-¶n-se¥v? Cs√-¶n-se¥v? B¿°m-W-Xn¬ Xm¬]cyw? Bflm-

hp-s≠-¶n-se¥v? Cs√-¶n-se¥v? am‰-an-√mØ Fs¥-¶n-ep-sam-∂pt≠m

C√tbm F∂-Xn¬ B¿°mWv Xm¬]cyw? ChnsS CXm temIw.

Zpcn-X-a-b-amb temIw. _p≤≥ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse temI-Øn-te-°n-

dßn sN√pI. Zpcn-X-ßƒ Ipd-bv°m≥ ]mSp-s]Sq; As√-¶n¬ B

]cn-{i-a-Øn¬ acWw hcn°q. \nßƒ \nß-sf-Øs∂ ad-°pI ˛

CXmWv BZy-ambn ]Tn-t°≠ ]mTw. \nßƒ ssZh-hn-izm-kn-bm-

bmepw icn, \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bm-bmepw icn, Bt⁄-b-hm-Zn-bm-bmepw

sIm≈mw, thZm-¥n-bm-bmepw sIm≈mw, {InkvXyt\m apk¬amt\m

Bcm-bmepw icn, F√m-h¿°pw {]k-‡-amb Hcp ]mTw k¶p-Nn-X-

amb Bfl-t_m[w \in-∏n®v bYm¿Y-amb Bfl-t_m[w sIń-∏-Sp-

°pI F∂-XmWv.''15

h¿Wm-{i-a-hy-hÿ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L-́ -Øn-emWv BZy-

ambn _mZ-cm-b-W≥ Xs‚ thZm-¥-kq{Xw cNn-®Xv. \mSp-hm-gn-hy-

hÿ ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb Ime-ØmWv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Xs‚

]mfinXyw \nd™ `mjy-ß-fp-sSbpw hymJym-\-ß-fp-sSbpw klm-

b-tØm-Sp-IqSn AXns\ Kl-\-amb Hcp XXz-im-kv{X-am°n hf¿Øn-

bXv. B[p-\nI imkv{X-sØ-∏‰n tI´p-tIƒhn t]mep-an-√m-Xn-cp∂

Hcp Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]ns∂bpw Hcm-bncw h¿j-ßƒ Ign-

™n-́ mWv hnth-Im-\-μ≥ h∂Xv. At∏m-tg°pw D¬∏m-Z-\-co-Xn-bmsI

amdn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. \mSp-hm-gnØw XI¿®-bn-se-Øp-Ibpw apX-em-

fn-Ø-Øns‚ LS-I-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp Ign-

15. Swami Vivekananda: Practical Vedanta.


™n-cp∂p. aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°v At∏mgpw ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

F¶nepw, B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-ßfpw tZiob˛kmaqly˛kmwkvIm-cnI˛

\thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ßfpw P\-ß-fpsS a\- n¬ ]pXnb Ne-\-ß-

fp-≠m-°n-I-gn-™n-cp∂p. Cu ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv P\-ßsf

apt∂m-´p-\-bn-°m≥ ]‰nb Xc-Øn-ep≈ Xs‚ thZm-¥-Nn-¥-I-fp-ambn

kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥ apt∂m-´p-h-∂Xv.

thZm-¥hpw tkmjy-en-khpw

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚

bYm¿Y-^-e-ßƒ ˛ AXns‚ t\´-ßƒ am{X-a√, \ntj-[m-fl-I-h-i-

ßfpw ˛ {]I-S-am-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. Ah kzman hnth-Im-\-μs‚

a\- n-s\bpw kzm[o-\n®p. 1893¬ At±lw C¥y-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-

bmbn temI-aX ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ th≠n Ata-cn°

kμ¿in®p. Ata-cn-°-bpsS B[p-\n-I-Xbpw imkv{Xo-b-t_m-[hpw

Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw At±-lsØ BI¿jn®p. Ata-cn-°sb At±lw

""kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ P\-\-ÿew'' F∂p hmgvØn. Ata-cn-°-bpsS

ùXn-I-kw-kvIm-chpw C¥y-bpsS Bflo-b-kw-kvIm-chpw XΩn¬

Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v At±lw {]Jym-]n®p. F∂m¬, Xs‚ c≠m-

asØ kμ¿i-\-am-hp-tºm-tg°pw Ata-cn° A∏msS amdn-°-gn-™n-

cp∂p. kº-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw [m¿„yw aq¿On-°m≥

XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. Cu am‰w hnth-Im-\-μs\ t£m`n-∏n®p. ùXn-I-]p-

tcm-K-Xnsb A`n-\-μn-®p-sIm≠p Xs∂ AhnsS \ne-\n∂ ""aIp-Sw-

sh® A⁄X''s°Xn-cmbn At±lw Xń-°-bdn. cm{„o-bm-Sn-a-Ø-

Øn¬ Ign-bp∂ P\-X-Iƒ°v Ata-cn-°-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS

tamN\w t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂ Xs‚ BZysØ {]Xo£ shdpw

hymtam-l-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v At±lw ]c-ky-ambn {]Jym-]n®p.

km{am-PyXz cm{„-ß-fpsS kzm¿Y-Xbpw Zpcm-{K-l-ßfpw hnth-

Im-\-μs\ AXy¥w thZ-\n-∏n®p. bp≤-Øns‚ ]pI ]c-°m≥ XpS-

ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂pw bqtdm∏v Hcp t]m¿°-f-ambn amdm≥ t]mIp-

I-bm-sW∂pw At±lw ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In. bqtdm-∏n¬ hf¿∂p

Ign™ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ D—rw-K-e-amb \njvTq-c-X-Iƒ At±-l-

Øns‚ a\w aSp-∏n®p. ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w-sIm-≈m≥ XpS-ßnb hnπ-h-

I-c-ß-fmb Bi-b-ß-fn-te°v At±lw Npgn-™p-t\m°n. bqtdm-]y≥

]cy-S-\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ At±lw djy≥ Acm-P-X-I-Xz-hm-Zn-bmb {]n≥kv

t{Imt]m-SvIns\ kμ¿in®v N¿® \S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. tkmjy-enÃv

Bi-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v At±-l-Øn\v henb aXn∏v tXm∂n. Hcp bYm¿Y

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 183

thZm-¥n°v tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-ßƒ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°m≥

Ign-bp-sa∂v At±lw hy‡-am°n. At±lw ]d™p: ""Rm≥ Hcp

tkmjy-en-ÃmWv. AXv ]cn-]q¿W-amb Hcp hyh-ÿ-bm-b-Xp-sIm-

≠√, adn®v, A∏w Xosc C√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \√Xv ]IpXn

A∏-am-Wt√m F∂p hnNm-cn-®mWv'' sXmgn-em-fn-h¿K-Øns‚ kl-P-

amb i‡nsb At±lw ImWm-Xn-cp-∂n√. ""sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ tPmen

sNøp-∂Xv \n¿Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ \nßƒ°v `£-Whpw hkv{Xhpw

In´m-sX-bmhpw. F∂n´pw \nß-f-hsc XmW hn`m-K-°m-cmbn Icp-

Xp∂p. \nß-fpsS kz¥w kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n t`mjvIp ]d-bp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. \ne-\n¬∏n\v th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬s∏-´-Xp-sIm≠v

Ah¿°v Adnhp t\Sm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂n√. a\pjy _p≤n-bm¬

\bn-°-s∏-´p-sIm≠v Ah¿ hf-sc-°m-e-ambn b{¥-ß-sf-t∏mse Htc

ań¬ A[zm-\n®p. F∂n´v ka¿Ycpw A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cp-amb Bfp-I-

fmWv Ah-cpsS A[zm-\-Øns‚ KWy-amb `mKw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv.

F√m cmPy-ß-fnepw CXmWv ÿnXn. F∂m¬, Imew amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p.

Xmgv∂ h¿K-ßƒ s]mXp-hn¬ Cu hkvXp-X-sb-∏‰n t_m[-ap-≈-h-

cm-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ah¿ CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn, Xß-fpsS \ymb-

amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\S-W-sa∂ ZrV-\n-›-b-tØmsS Hcp sFIy-

ap-∂-Wn-bp-≠m°n hcn-I-bmWv. Db¿∂ h¿K-Øn\v C\n F{X Xs∂

{ian-®mepw Xmgv∂ h¿KsØ ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ Ign-bn√. Db¿∂ h¿K-

ß-fpsS t£aw C∂v ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv \ymb-amb Ah-Imiw t\Sn-

sb-Sp-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ Xmgv∂ h¿K-°msc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv.''

ho≠pw At±lw C{]-Imcw FgpXn: ""a\p-jy-k-aq-lsØ ]ptcm-

ln-X-∑m¿, ]´m-f-°m¿, hym]m-cn-Iƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ hgn-

°p-h-gn-bmbn \mep PmXn-I-fmWv `cn-°p-∂Xv. Ah-km-\-ambn hcp-

∂Xv sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS (iq{Z-cpsS) `c-W-amWv.... BZysØ aq∂p

Iqćpw `cWw \S-Øn-°-gn™p. C\n Ah-km-\sØ Iq´-cpsS Dug-

amWv. C\n Ah¿ `cn-°Ww. B¿°pw Ahsc XS-bm≥ hø.''

hntZ-i-bm-{X-Iƒ Ign®v C¥y-bn-te°p Xncn-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ km[m-

cW P\-ß-fn-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚ hnizmkw Af-hn-√m-Ø-hn[w

h¿[n®p. `qcn-]-£-°m-cmb km[m-c-W-P-\-ß-fn-emWv C¥y-bpsS

Bi ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv F∂v At±lw ]d™p. Db¿∂ h¿K-ßƒ

imco-cn-I-ambpw [m¿an-I-ambpw XI¿∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂m-W-t±lw

CXn\p Imc-W-ambn ]d-™Xv. ""kaq-l-Ønse F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw

kºtØm hnZym-`ym-ktam Adnthm e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ap-

≠m-hWw'' F∂-t±lw Bh-iy-s∏´p. Cu Bhiyw km[n-°-W-sa-


¶n¬ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ IqSntb

Ignbq F∂pw At±lw {]Jym-]n®p. Cu kzmX{¥yw ssIh-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂ F√m kmaq-ly-\n-b-a-ßfpw t{Zml-I-

c-ß-fmWv. Ahsb AXn-thKw \in-∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

ssIs°m-≈Ww. kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ am¿K-Øn-eqsS apt∂-dm≥ Ign-

bp-∂-Xn\v a\p-jy¿°v kuIcyw \¬Ip∂ ÿm]-\-ßsf t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°Ww.''16

hnth-Im-\-μ≥ 1902¬ 39˛masØ hb- n¬ acn®p. At±-l-Øns‚

Pohn-X-Im-eØv C¥y-bn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-{]-ÿm-\tam t{SUyq-Wn-b-

\p-Itfm Bhn¿`-hn®p Ign-™n-cp-∂n√. sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw Xs∂

hf¿®-bpsS {]mY-an-I-Z-i-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Hcp henb hnπ-h-

Im-cn-bpsS Xo{h-amb hnIm-cm-th-i-tØm-Sp-IqSn At±lw sXmgn-em-

fn-h¿K-Øns‚ `mhn-bn¬ hnizmkw {]I-Sn-∏n®p. kzmX-{¥y-Øn¬

am{X-a√, tkmjy-en-k-Ønepw Xs‚ amXr-`qan hnPbw ssIh-cn-°p-

sa∂v At±lw {]h-Nn®p. djy-bnse tkmjy-enÃv hnπ-h-ap-≠m-hp-

∂-Xn\v c≠v Zi-I-ßƒ°p apºp-Xs∂ Cu alm-\mb a\p-jy≥

C¥y-bn¬ tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ ap{Zm-hmIyw apg-°n-sb-∂Xv FSp-

Øp-]-d-b-Ø-°-XmWv. bph-X-e-ap-dbv°v At±lw {]tNm-Z-\-Øns‚

Hcp henb Dd-hn-S-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an√.

16. Swami Vivekananda: Works, Vol. V. P. 110.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 185

34. C…m-anse ]p\-cp-∞m-\hpw

\thm∞m-\hpw

]p\-cp-∞m-\hpw B[p-\n-I-Xzhpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL-´\w lnμp-

°-fn¬ am{X-ambn HXpßn \n¬°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√. AXv ap…o-ß-fn-

te°pw hym]n®p. bYm¿Y-Øn¬, AIv_-dpsS Ime-Øp-Xs∂ ]p\-

cp-∞m\w Xe-s]m-°n-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-bp-

sSbpw aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bp-sSbpw \bsØ bYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cmb Dse-

am-°ƒ ITn-\-ambn hna¿in®p. \J-jv_μn hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´

auem\m sibnJv Al-ΩZv kn¿lnμn (1564˛1624) AIv_-dpsS km¿h-

P-\o\ \bsØ FXn¿Øp-sIm-≠mWv {]map-Jy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂Xv.

"icn A"bnte°v aS-ßm\pw bYm¿Y-amb Hcp C…m-anI cm{„w

ÿm]n-°m\pw At±lw {]`p-°-tfmSpw km[m-c-W-°m-tcmSpw Hcp-

t]mse A`y¿Yn®p. P\-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ bmYm-ÿn-XnI hn`m-K-Øn-\p-

≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o-\-amWv AIv_-dpsS Zn≥ Cem-ln-bpsS ]cm-P-b-

Øns‚ Hcp {][m-\-Im-cWw. AIv_¿ acn-®-t∏mƒ kn¿lnμn Xs‚

kt¥mjw Cßs\ {]I-Sn-∏n®p: ""Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Ahn-izm-

kn-Iƒ a\p-jysc I≠m-ep-Ss\ B[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ hgn-bn-te°p Xncn-

bpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. C…m-an¬ Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS NS-ßp-Iƒ°m-

bn-cp∂p {]m[m\yw. hnizm-k-Øns‚ Znhy-I-ev]-\-Isf Db¿Øn-∏n-

Sn-°m≥ ap…o-ßƒ°p i‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. C∂v C…m-ans\ \ntcm-

[n®v i‡n-bpsS ]X-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw (AXm-bXv, AIv_-dpsS ac-

W-sØ-°p-dn®pw) C…mw cmPm-hns‚ (AXm-bXv, Plmw-Ko-dns‚)

ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ip -̀h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ ap°nepw aqe-


bnepw FØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS klm-bn-

Ifpw ]n¥p-W-°m-cp-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw hnip-≤-\n-baw hym]n-°p-Ibpw

kap-Zm-bsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS

kap-Zmbw Xß-fpsS IS-a-bmbn IW-°m-°p∂p.''1

kn¿ln-μn-bpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-hmZw

kØ-bpsS GIXzw (hlm-Z-Øp¬ hPoZv) F∂ C_v\p¬

Ad_n (acWw 1241)bpsS kn≤m-¥sØ kn¿lnμn FXn¿Øp.

AXns‚ ÿm\Øv A\p-`-h-Øns‚ GIXzw (hlm-Z-Øp¬ iplqZv)

F∂ Xs‚ kz¥w kn≤m¥w Bhn-jv°-cn®p. GI-amb bmYm¿Yy-

Øns‚ _mly-{]-I-S\w {]mXn-`m-kn-I-amWv F∂pw kr„n-bpsS

Hmtcm ]c-am-Wp-hnepw ssZhw kzbw {]Xy-£-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂p-

amWv C_v\p¬ Ad_n ]d-™Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬,

a\p-jy≥ ssZh-sØ-∏‰n hnNm-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv

Xs∂-∏‰n Xs∂-bmWv. ImcWw, ""a\p-jy≥ ssZh-Øns‚ cq]-amWv.

ssZhw a\p-jys‚ ssNX-\yhpw''. CØcw Bi-b-ßƒ C…m-an-s\-

Xn-cm-b-h-bm-sW∂v kn¿lnμn Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-

{]m-b-Øn¬, a\p-jy\v Hcn-°epw ssZh-hp-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-

°m≥ Ign-bn√; ssZh-Øns‚ Hcp tkh-I-\m-hmt\ Ignbq. ssZhw

am\p-jnI k¶¬∏-ßƒ°p-]-cn-bmWv. AXn-\m¬, ""F√mw ssZh-

amWv'' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-bm-bn-cn-°n√. ""F√mw Ah-\n¬

\n∂mWv'' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-XmWv icn. kn¿ln-μn-bpsS ap{Zm-hmIyw

""Rm\mWv ssZhw'' F∂√; adn®v, ""Rm≥ Ahs‚ kr„n-bmWv''

F∂t{X.

lnμp-°-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w sIm≠v C…m-an\v If¶w ]‰n-

sb-∂mWv kn¿lnμn hniz-kn-®Xv. C…m-ans‚ ]cn-ip-≤n-sbbpw kZm-

Nm-c-\n-jvT-I-sfbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-

Øns‚ e£yw. lnμp-aX kn≤m-¥-ßƒ {]hm-N-Is‚ {]t_m-[-\-

ßƒ°p hncp-≤-am-sW∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-

°m-scbpw kq^n-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ hna-X-{]-ÿm-\-°m-scbpw At±lw

A]-l-kn®p. At±lw ]d™p: ""cma-s\bpw dlo-an-s\bpw H∂mbn

Icp-Xp-∂Xv hnUvVn-Ø-Øns‚ ]mc-ay-amWv. {k„mhpw kr„nbpw

H∂m-hpI km[y-a√. cma-s‚bpw IrjvW-s‚bpw P\-\-Øn-\p-apºv

Bcpw Xs∂ ssZhsØ Cu t]cp-Iƒ sIm≠v hnfn-®n-cp-∂n√. Ah-

1. Wm. Theodore de Bary: Sources of Indian Tradition, P. 454.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 187

cpsS P\-\-Øn-\p-tijw ssZh-Øn\v CØcw t]cp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-

sX-ß-s\-bmWv?''2

apKƒ`-c-W-Øns‚ A[x-]-X-\-tØm-sSm∏w ]p\-cp-≤m-\-hm-Z-

Øns‚ hf¿®bpw XpSßn. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv Hudw-K-tk_v

Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS \b-Øn¬ \n∂v ]q¿W-ambn hyXn-N-en-®Xv.

jm hen-bp-√mlv

hlm-Z-Øp¬ hPoZv F∂ kn≤m¥w ]n¥p-S¿∂-hcpw hlm-Z-

Øp¬ iplqZv kn≤m-¥sØ A\p-Iq-en-®-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-

Øn-\n-S-bn¬ c≠p hyXykvX ho£-W-K-Xn-I-sfbpw tbmPn-∏n-°m≥

jm h√n-bp-√mlv aptºm´p h∂p (1703˛1763). c≠p-Iq-ćpw ssZh-Øn\v

bYm¿Y-amb \ne-\n¬∏p-s≠∂v kΩ-Xn-°p∂ ÿnXn°v Ah-cpsS

kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-hm-\n-S-bn-s√∂v

At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. At±lw ]d™p: ""ssZh-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn¬ c≠p hyXykvX ÿe-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-

Sp∂ c≠v Bt]-£nI ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ß-fmWv AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ GI-

Xzhpw A\p-`-h-Øns‚ GI-Xzhpw. Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw,

c≠pw icn-bmb Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-f-hm-b-h-bmWv.

sibnJv Al-ΩZv Bhn-jv°-cn® A\p-`-h-Øns‚ GIXzw C_v\p

Ad_n D∂-bn® A\p-`-h-Øns‚ GI-XzsØ \ntj-[n-°p-I-b√,

ÿnco-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. Npcp-°-Øn¬, bYm¿Y-h-kvXp-X-

Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw D]-a-bp-sSbpw cq]-I-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-

thjw IqSmsX Ah-sb-∏‰n ]Tn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ c≠p

kn≤m-¥-ßfpw GXm≠v H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv F∂p tXm∂pw.''3

l°o-ans‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬, At±lw {ian-®Xv ""ap…nw

kaq-l-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-∞m-\-Øn\p th≠n ]g-b-Xn-s\bpw ]pXn-b-

Xn-s\bpw XΩn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°m-\mWv.''4

C¥y-bn¬ C…m-an\v DZm-c-amb Hcp hymJym\w \¬I-W-sa∂v

jm hen-bp-√mlv hmZn®p. ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øn\p kzoIm-cy-am-sW-

¶n¬ C…m-an-I-Nn-¥-bpsS hymJym\w bp‡n-]-c-amb ]cn-K-W-\-I-

fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p.

2. Quoted in Aziz Ahma: Studies in Islamic Culture, P.P. 186-87.3. Wm. theodore de Barry: Sources of Indian Tradition, P.P. 186-87.4. K.A. Hakim in A History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western Vol. I. P.

537.


""icn Abnse Hmtcm Iev]-\bpw C…m-ans‚ Hmtcm \nb-ahpw bp‡n-

k-l-P-amb \ne-bn¬ temI-Øns‚ apºmsI Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°≠

kabw h∂n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.''5

At±lw Cßs\ XpS-cp∂p: ""Hcp {]hm-N-Is‚ \nb-a-kw-lnX

anX-amb Imem-h-ÿ-tbmSp IqSnb F√m cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw km[m-

cW P\-ß-fpsS kmam-\y-_p-≤nsb BI¿jn-°m≥ ]‰n-b-Xm-bn-cn-

°Ww. ioe-ß-fnepw kmaq-lym-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ

F¥p Xs∂-bm-bmepw F√m P\-ßfpw AXns\ kl-P-amb Hcp

aX-ambn ImWp-Ibpw B \nebv°v AXns\ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw. c≠m-a-Xmbn, icn AbpsS cq]-h¬°-c-W-Øn¬ At±lw

Xm≥ P\n® kaq-l-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI ]›m-Ø-ehpw am\-kn-

I-amb cpNn-t`-Zhpw kmaq-lym-\p-jvTm-\hpw BNm-chpw IW-°n-se-

Sp-°p∂p!''6

jm hen-bp-√mlv hyq¬∏-∂-\mb Hcp ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp∂p.

At±lw C…m-an-s\-∏‰n H´-\-h[n {KŸ-ßƒ FgpXn. Ad-_n-bn¬

\n∂v t]¿jy-\n-te-°p≈ Jp¿˛B≥ X¿P-abpw Ah-bn-epƒs∏Spw.

\ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-lym-{I-a-WsØ C…m-anI ho£-W-Øn-eqsS

At±lw hna¿in®p. At±-l-Øns‚ D¬t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬ [m¿an-I-h-

i-ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p tI{μ-ÿm\w. [m¿an-I-t_m[w cm{„ob kmº-

ØnI ÿnXn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv. tÃ‰ns‚ [m¿an-Im-[x-]-X\w

P\-ßsf \n›-b-ambpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n°pw. ImcWw ""kmº-

Øn-I-ÿn-Xn-bmWv kaq-l-Øn¬ hy‡n-bpsS ÿm\hpw [m¿an-Ihpw

aX-]-c-hp-amb PohnXw \bn-°m-\p≈ Ahs‚ Ignhpw \n¿W-bn-°p-

∂Xv.''7 AXn-\m¬, hy‡n-bpsS [m¿an-I-amb Hu∂-Xy-Øn\v kmaq-

lyhpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb ]p\¿\n¿amWw Bh-iy-amWv. jm hen-bp-

√mlv kmaq-ly-\o-Xn°v th≠n ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Ønse PmXn-hy-Xym-

k-ßƒ D∑q-e\w sNø-W-sa∂v hmZn®p. C…mw \n¿tZ-in-®-Xp-t]m-

se-bp≈ efn-X-Po-hnXw \bn-°m≥ At±lw P\-ßsf D]-tZ-in®p.

\mSp -hm-gnØ {Ia-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\sØ At±lw tNmZyw

sNbvXn√ F∂Xp icn-bmWv. F¶nepw kmº-Øn-I-\o-Xn°v th≠n

At±lw i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.

5. Quoted in Bashir Ahmad Dar: Religious Thought of Sayyid Ahmad Khan,P. 46.

6. Ibid, P. 50.7. Tarachand: A History of Philosophy - Eastern and Western, P.P. 505-06.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 189

hlm-_n-{]-ÿm\w

jm hen-bp-√m-lns‚ ac-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v At±-l-Øns‚ aI≥

jm A_vZp¬ Akokv, acp-a-I≥ Al-ΩZv Ckvam-bn¬, injy-\mb

auem\m køZv Al-ΩZv _mtcen F∂n-h¿ At±lw XpS-ßn-sh®

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Du¿P-kz-e-X-tbmsS XpS¿∂p. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬

Pohn-®v A_vZp¬ hlm-_ns‚ t]cn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb hlm-_n-{]-

ÿm-\-hp-ambn køZv Al-ΩZpw At±-l-Øns‚ Iq´p-Imcpw _‘w

]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv l≠-dpsS A`n-{]mbw.8 køZv Al-

ΩZv A_vZp¬ hlm-_ns‚ A\p-bm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√, jm hen-bp-√m-

lns‚ injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v.9 C…m-ans‚

hnip≤n \ne-\n¿Øm\pw A\n-…m-anI hi-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AXns\

tamNn-∏n-°m\pw th≠n-bmWv hlm_n {]ÿm\w Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv.

AXv icn°pw Hcp aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-cW {]ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬,

køZv Al-ΩZpw At±-l-Øns‚ Iq´p-Imcpw \bn® {]ÿm\w shdp-

samcp aX-{]-ÿm\w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√, Hcp cm{„o-b-{]-ÿm\w IqSn-

bm-bn-cp∂p. A\p-Iq-e-amb cm{„ob˛kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬

am{Xta C…m-an\p hf-cm≥ Ign-bp≈p F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS A`n-

{]mbw. Aßs\ aX-]-c-amb ]p\-cp-∞m-\-Øn-\p≈ {]ÿm\w IqSp-

X¬ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb cm{„o-b-k-a-c-ß-fpsS Hcp irwJ-e-bmbn

amdn. F√m A\n-…m-anI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw ]pd-Øm°n C¥y-

bn¬ I¿i-\-amb C…m-anI \nb-a-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp

]pXnb `c-W-IqSw ÿm]n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Dt±iyw.

C¥y-bnse hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ `mK-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ knJv `c-

W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn Ah¿ t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw Gsd-°psd hnkvXr-X-amb

Hcp {]tZiw ]nSn-s®-SpØv AhnsS Hcp Kh-s◊‚ v ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw Ah¿ {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmbn Xncn™p.

{_nójv \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ tamNn-∏n-°m≥ Hcp PnlmZv

Bcw-`n®p. F∂m¬, AXn¬ Ah¿ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw HSp-hn¬ ASn-

®-a¿Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-bXv. auem\m køZv Al-ΩZpw auehn

apl-ΩZv Ckvam-bnepw Dƒs∏sS {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]e t\Xm-°fpw

sIm√-s∏´p. AtXm-Sp-IqSn C¥y-bn¬ Hcp C…m-anI cm{„w ÿm]n-

°m-\p≈ Ah-cpsS ]≤-Xnbpw s]mfn™p. F¶nepw, {]ÿm\w

]ns∂bpw Ipsd-°mew XpS¿∂p. ]©m-_nepw _wKm-fnepw hym]-

8. Hunter: The Indian Musalmans.9. Hafeaz Malik: Nationalism in India and Pakistan.


I-amb Iem-]-ßƒ s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´p. hmlm-_n-I-sf∂p hnfn-°-s∏-´-

h¿ C¥y-bnse {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw Ah-cpsS A\p-Iq-

en-Iƒ°pw Hcp ISpØ òj-Wn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ""hlm-_n-I-fpsS

km∂n[yw kzØpw \n£n-]vXm-h-Im-i-ßfpw D≈ F√m h¿K-

ßƒ°pw Hcp ÿncw ̀ oj-Wn-bmWv.... ]≈n-bp-sStbm hgn-h-°-Øp≈

tZhm-e-b-Øn-s‚tbm ASpØv Hcp ]{¥≠v G°¿ ÿew ssIh-i-

ap≈ Hmtcm apk¬am≥ ]ptcm-ln-X\pw Ign™ Ac \q‰m-≠mbn

hlm-_n-Isf t]Sn®v \ne-hn-fn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv''10 F∂mWv

l≠¿ Fgp-Xn-bXv.

Iem-]-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Hcp cl-ky-kw-L-S-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]m‰v\-

bm-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ tI{μw. P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Ah¿°v [mcmfw

]n¥pW e`n-®n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. {_nójv C¥y≥

]´m-f-°m-cp-ambn Ah¿°v kº¿°-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1853¬ hlm_n

Iem-]-Im-cn-I-fp-ambn IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \SØn F∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬

Ht´sd C¥y≥ ]´m-f-°m¿ in£n-°-s∏´p. Ahn-izm-kn-Iƒs°-Xn-

cmb ka-c-Øn¬ tNcm-Ø-h¿ bYm¿Y ap…o-ß-f-s√∂pw AØcw

Bfp-Iƒ \c-I-Øn-te-°mWp t]mhp-I-sb∂pw Ah¿ P\-ßsf

Xm°oXp sNbvXp. ""CXv F√m-hcpw Adn-bs´. C…m-an-t‚-X-√mØ

`cWw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp cmPy-Øn¬ apl-Ω-Zns‚ aX-]-c-amb Bi-

b-ßƒ \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bn√. Ahn-izm-kn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn tbmPn®p

s]mcp-XpI F∂Xv F√m apk¬am-∑m-cp-sSbpw I¿Ø-hy-amWv. Cu

t]mcm-´-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿ bYm¿∞ hnizm-kn-Iƒ

`cn-°p∂ GsX-¶nepw cmPy-Øn-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn-t°-≠-XmWv. CXv

\ntj-[n-°p-∂-h¿ hnIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-a-I-fm-sW∂v kzbw {]Jym-]n-

°s´. Npcp-°-Øn¬, ktlm-Z-c-ßsf! \mw \ΩpsS \ne-sb-∏‰n tJZn-

°Ww. Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS \mń¬ Pohn-°p∂ \tΩmSv ssZh-Øns‚

ktμ-i-hm-l-I≥ Aa¿jw ]q≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.''11

C…mapw I¿j-I-e-l-fbpw

_wKm-fnse ap…ow ]cn-jv°-c-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hcp s\bvØp-

Im-cs‚ aI-\mb lmPn icn-A-Øp-√°v {]ap-J-amb Hcp ÿm\-

ap≠v. Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw ]o¿am-scbpw Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIw ]n¥p-S-tc-

≠-Xn-s√∂pw C…m-ans‚ XXz-ßƒ \njvI¿j-tbmsS ]men-°p-I-

10. Hunter: The Indian Musalmans, P. 106.11. Ramgopal: The Indian Muslims, P. 24.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 191

bmWv th≠Xv F∂pw At±lw Xs‚ A\p-bm-bn-Isf D]-tZ-in®p.

At±lw acn-®-Xn-\p-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ aI≥ apl-ΩZv apl- n≥

ZmZp anbm≥ (1819˛1860) ]nXm-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-ßsf ]n¥p-S¿∂p-sIm≠v

i‡-amb Hcp P\-Io-b-{]-ÿm\w sIń-∏-Sp-°m≥ {ian®p. [\n-I\pw

Zcn-{Z\pw XΩn¬ hyXymkw ]mSn-s√∂pw Hcmƒ A]-I-S-Øn-e-I-s∏-

´m¬ kap-Zm-b-Ønse as‰√m AwK-ßfpw Ahs‚ c£-s°-Ø-W-

sa∂pw At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp hnizm-k-

{]-am-Wan-Xm-bn-cp∂p; ""`qan ssZh-Øn-t‚-XmWv. AXn-\m¬, GsX-

¶nepw {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ta¬ bmsXm-cmƒ°pw ]mc-º-cym-h-Im-i-an√.

AXns‚ D]-tbm-K-Øn\v \nIpXn Npa-Øm\pw ]mSn√.'' £nXn-tam-

l≥ sk≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]c-kv]-c-k-lm-b-sa∂ Cu aX-{]-amWw

aqew ^dmkn kap-Zm-b-Ønse AwK-ßƒ°v Pao-μm¿am-cp-sSbpw

{_nójv Nmb-tØm-´-°m-cp-sSbpw AXp-t]mse Xs∂ a‰p apk¬am-

∑m-cp-sSbpw kwbp-‡m-{I-a-WsØ hnP-b-I-c-ambn sNdp-°m≥

Ign™p.''12

""I¬°-Ø-bn¬ 1831ep≠mb I¿j-I-e-l-f-bn¬ Ah¿ ]£-

t`Zw IqSmsX apk¬am≥ P∑n-am-cp-sSbpw lnμp P∑n-am-cp-sSbpw hoSp-

Iƒ B{I-an®p.'' F∂v l≠¿ ]d-bp∂p.13 ""hlm_n {]ÿm\w

Xmgv∂ h¿K-°m-cmb ap…o-ßsf Xmgv∂ h¿K-°m-cmb lnμp-

°ƒs°-Xn-cmbn Xncn-®p-hn-ń√. AXp-t]mse kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Øn¬

s]´ h¿K i{Xp-°-fp-ambn I≈ kulm¿±w ÿm]n-®p-sIm≠v XmW-

h¿K-°m-cmb ap…o-ß-fpsS {i≤sb Ah-cpsS kmº-Øn-I-{]-iv\-

ß-fn¬ \n∂p Xncn-®p-hn-Sm\pw apXn-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn√''14 F∂p

hn¬{Ûv kvanØv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p.

Cu {]ÿm\w ""hymh-km-bnI kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-

Øn\p apºv ]e-t∏mgpw D≠m-b-Xp-t]mse aX-]-c-amb Bi-b-kw-

ln-Xsb h¿K-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn'' F∂ Imcy-Øn¬

kwi-b-an√. ]t£, CtX Imc-W-Øm¬ AXv ]n∂oSv {]Xn-tem-a-]-

c-ß-fmb Nne {]h-W-X-Isf hf¿Øm\pw klm-bn®p. kvanØv

Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-®-t]mse, AXp {]tXy-In®pw aX-]-c-ß-fmb Nn¥-I-

fn¬ kmap-Zm-bnI {]h-W-X-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw Hcp henb

12. Kshitimohan sen: Medieval Mysticism in India, p.p. 39-40.13. Hunter: The Indian Musalmans, P. 107.14. W.C. Smith: Modern Islam in India, P. 189.


hn`mKw ap…o-ßsf ]n¬°m-esØ kmap-Zm-bnI {]N-c-W-Øn\v hiw-

h-Z-cm-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''15

kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v \¬Inb t{]m’m-l\w

{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hym]vXn Xs∂ ]cn-an-X-am-°n-°-f™p. ImcWw,

""AXv s]mXp-i-{Xp-°ƒs°-Xn-cmb s]mXp-k-a-c-ßƒ°v XS- -am-bn-

Øo¿∂p. Aßs\ {_nójv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Cu {]ÿm-\sØ

arKo-b-ambn ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ Ign™p. \qdp-I-W-°n¬ ap…o-ßƒ

AdÃp sNø-s∏´p. 1864¬ Aw_m-e-bnepw 1871¬ ]m‰v\-bnepw \S∂

hnNm-c-W-I-sf-Øp-S¿∂v Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw Poh-]-cy¥w \mSp-Im-S-Ø-

s∏´p. _m°n-bp-≈-h¿ ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ a‰p in£-Iƒ°pw hnt[-

b-cmbn. CXv {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj[ {]I-S-\-ßsf i‡n-

s∏-SpØn. 1871se hnNm-c-W-I-fpsS ka-bØv Hcp {]Xn PUvPnsb

]c-ky-ambn tImS-Xn-bn¬h®v shń sIme-s∏-SpØn. GXm\pw amk-

ßƒ°p-tijw in£bv°v hnt[-b-\mb as‰m-cmƒ B≥U-am≥

Zzo]n¬sh®v tatbm-{]-`p-hns\ sIme-s∏-SpØn. Cßs\ H‰-s∏´ Nne

kw`-h-ß-fp-≠m-sb-¶nepw {]ÿm\w HSp-hn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-

≠m-bXv.

k¿ køZv Al-Ω-ZvJm≥

1857se el-f-bp-sSbpw AXn-t\-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb hlm_n

{]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]cm-P-b-ß-fpsS ê-ambn ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬

aX-Øns‚ he-b-Øn-te°v ]n∑mdn HXp-ßn-°-gn-bm-\p≈ Hcp {]h-

WX {]Xy-£-s∏´p. ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-ß-fmb F√m kmaqly˛cm{„ob

{]ÿm-\-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmb Dsse-am-°fpw aue-hn-amcpw B[p-\n-

I-Nn-¥-bn¬ \n∂v ap…o-ßsf AI-‰n-\n¿Øm≥ Bhp-∂Xpw ]cn-{i-

an®p. Jp¿˛Bs‚bpw icn Abp-sSbpw {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-

sa∂v Icp-X-s∏´ B[p-\nI ]m›m-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymk coXnsb Ah¿

\J-in-Jm¥w FXn¿Øp. Cu L´-Øn-emWv ap…o-ßsf bmYm-ÿn-

Xn-I-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw aX-]p-\-cp-∞m\ {]t£m-`-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

th¿s]-SpØn Ahsc kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-Øns‚ ]Ÿm-hn-te°v

sIm≠p-h-cm≥ køZv Al-Ω-ZvJm≥ (1817˛1898) aptºm-´p-h-∂Xv.

1857se Iem-]-Øn¬ {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf A\p-Iq-en-

°p-I-bmWv k¿ køZv sNbvXXv. F∂m¬, AXn-t\-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb

ASn-®-a¿Ø¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ a\- m-£nsb Akz-ÿ-

15. Ibid, P. 190.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 193

am-°n-sb∂p tXm∂p∂p. At±lw Hcp-h-iØv ap…o-ßsf {_nójv

Kh-s◊‚n-t\m-Sp≈ FXn¿∏ns‚ \b-Øn¬ \n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥

{ian®p. adp-h-iØv {_nó-jp-Imsc A\p-c-⁄-\-a-\-kv°-cm-°m\pw

{ian-®p. ap…o-ßƒ ss\k¿Kn-I-ambn am{X-a√, Xß-fpsS aX-kn-

≤m-¥-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®pw {_nójv Kh-s◊‚n-t\mSp Iqdn-√m-Ø-h-cm-

hp-I-bn-s√∂pw ""ap…o-ßƒ H∂p ]ng®p t]mbm¬Øs∂..... Kh-

s◊‚n\v kzev]w \b-X-{¥w-sIm≠v Ahsc kzm[o-\n-°m≥ Ignbpw''

F∂pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. {_nó-jp-Im¿ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvX

Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw B[p-\n-I-kw-kvIm-chpw kø-Zns\ {]tNm-Z\w

sIm≈n®p. ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-ambn kaXzw t\Sp-Ibpw kz¥w cmPy-

Øns‚ `c-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-hp-Ibpw sNøm-Øn-S-tØmfw Imew

Hcp P\-Xbv°v A`n-am-\hpw BZ-chpw t\Sm-\m-hp-I-bn-s√∂v At±lw

Du∂n-∏-d™p. 1869¬ e≠-\n¬ \n∂-b® Hcp IØn¬ At±lw

C{]-Imcw FgpXn: Cw•o-jp-Im-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ apJ-kvXpXn IqSmsX

Xs∂ F\n°v ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw: Db¿∂-hcpw Xmgv∂-hcpw henb

I®-h-S-°mcpw sNdp-InS ]oSn-I-°mcpw A`y-kvX-hn-Zycpw \nc-£-c-

Ip-£n-I-fp-amb C¥y-°msc hnZym-`ymkw, BNm-c-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ,

\oXn-\n-jvTX F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ Cw•o-jp-Im-cp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂Xv hrØn-sI´ Hcp arKsØ {]m]vX\pw kpμ-c-\p-amb Hcm-

tfmSv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv. C¥y-°m-cmb \mw Zp¿_-

e-cm-sW∂v hniz-kn-°m≥ Cw•o-jp-Im¿°v \ymb-ap≠v.... a\p-jy-\p-

≠m-tI≠ euIn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb F√m \√Imcy-ßfpw k¿h-

i-‡≥ bqtdm-∏n\v, {]tXy-In®v Cw•-≠n\v, I\n-t™-In-bn-´p≠v.

Bflo-b-amb \√ Imcy-ßƒ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Rm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv

Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Xßƒ°p icn-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p∂ aX-Øns‚ hni-

Zmw-i-ßƒ as‰mcp cm{„-Øn\pw InS-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hÆw

A{Xbpw ̀ wKn-bmbpw sshin-„y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp∂p

F∂mWv. CXp icn°pw kv{Xo˛]pcpj hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw kuμ-

cy-Øn\pw sshin-„y-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ A`n-em-j-Øn¬ tbmPn®p

\n∂-Xn-s‚bpw ê-amWv. C¥y-°m¿°v \mK-cn-IX t\Sm≥ Ign-

™m¬ Ah¿°v Xß-fpsS hnin-„-ß-fmb ss\k¿Kn-I-i‡n

ImcWw Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS ap∂n-se-Øm≥ Ign-™n-s√-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS

H∏-sa-Øm-s\-¶nepw km[n°pw.''16

]pXnb ]m›m-Xy-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ap…o-ßsf

A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cm-°pI F∂ e£yw t\Sm-\mWv k¿ køZv Al-Ω-

16. Raja Rao and Iqbal Singh (ed): Changing India, P. 50-02.


ZvJm≥ ]cn-{i-an-®Xv. At\Iw teJ-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]kw-K-ß-fn-

eq-sSbpw ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂ kmaqly bmYm-ÿn-

Xn-I-Xz-sØbpw aX-]-c-amb Znhym-¤pX hnizm-k-sØbpw {]Ir-Xy-

Xo-X-i-‡n-I-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw XpS-ßnb a‰p A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw

hna¿in®p. ""]pWy-hm-ft\m hnip-≤-]p-cp-jt\m Bbn IW-°m-°-

s∏-Sp∂ Hcp a\p-jy\v As√-¶n¬ Hcp hkvXp-hn\v A¤p-X-kn-≤n-

Ifpw {]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-i-‡n-Ifpw Ds≠∂ hnizmkw P\-ß-fpsS Hcp

kz`m-h-ambn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. Cß-s\-bmWv Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ß-fmb

{]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-L-S-I-ßsf Ah¿ C…mw-a-X-Øn¬ Iqń-°-e¿Øn-bXv.

hniz-kn-°m≥ sIm≈mØ-h-bm-Wnh. F∂m¬, F¥pw hniz-kn-°p∂

]®-∏-c-am¿Yn-Iƒ Ch-bn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂p. Zmcp-W-amb Hcp sX‰m-

WnXv. {]Ir-Xn°pw a\p-jy-_p-≤n°pw \nc-°mØ CØcw LS-I-

ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m≥ icn-bmb, As√-¶n¬ icn-bm-W-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-

Sp∂, bmsXmcp aX-Øn\pw km[y-a√. hnth-I-i-‡n-bp≈ bmsXm-

cmƒ°pw Ah-bn¬ hniz-kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn√. Ie¿∏n-√mØ hnip-

≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp icn-bmb aXw CØcw {]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-ßfpw

bp‡n-hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-amb LS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ap‡-am-bn-cn°pw.''17

C…m-ans‚ D¬t_m-[-\-ßsf ]m›m-Xy-im-kv{X-ß-fp-ambn CW-

°m\pw Aßs\ Ahsb B[p-\n-I-a-\p-jy\v kp{Km-lyhpw kzoIm-

cyhpw B°n-Øo¿°m\pw th≠n køZv C…mw aXsØ bp‡n-

bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ hymJym-\n-°m≥ {ian®p. Xs‚ aX-Øns‚

kØ {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn XnI®pw CW-ßp-∂-Xm-sW∂v At±lw hniz-

kn®p. At±lw FgpXn: ""icn-bmb Hcp aX-Øns‚ Htc-sbmcp Dc-

I√v CXm-hmt\ Xc-ap≈q. B aXw a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn°pw s]mXp-hn-

ep≈ {]Ir-Xn°pw A\p-kr-X-am-sW-¶n¬ icn-bmb aX-amWv.

CXmWv a\p-jy-\nepw a\p-jys‚ ]pd-Øp-ap≈ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS I¿Øm-

hmb ssZh-Øns‚ ssII-fn¬ \n∂pw h∂-XmWv aXw F∂-Xns‚

hy‡-amb sXfnhv. a\p-jy-{]-IrXn a\p-jy-L-S-\bv°pw a\p-jys‚

i‡n-Iƒ°pw B i‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-hp∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°pw

FXn-cm-hp-Ibpw Ahsb {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ°p-th≠n

hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ aXw Hcn-

°epw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS I¿Øm-hn¬ \n∂v D≠m-b-Xm-hm≥ hgn-bn√.

17. Wm. Theodore de Bary: The Sources of Indian Tradition, P. 743.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 195

ImcWw, aXw a\p-jy\p th≠n D≠m-°-s∏-´-XmWv.''18 k¿ kø-

Zns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, ssZh-Øns‚ hN-\-amb Jp¿˛B≥ ssZh-

Øns‚ {]hr-Øn-bmb {]Ir-Xn-°-\p-kr-X-am-bn-cn-°Ww. ""a\p-jy-

\pƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m kr„n-Ifpw ssZh-Øns‚ {]hr-Øn-bmWv.

aXw Ahs‚ hN-\-hp-amWv. AXn-\m¬ Ah c≠pw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp

sshcp-[yhpw D≠m-bn-°qSm.''19

hn¬{Ûv kvanØv Nq≠n-°m-ńb t]mse, k¿ køZv cq]-s∏-Sp-

Ønb aXw ""]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-ambn, {]tXy-In®pw ]pXnb hn⁄m\w,

DZm-chpw a\p-jy-kvt\-l-]-c-hp-amb km∑m¿Kn-I-t_m[w, imkv{Xo-

b-amb bp‡n-Nn¥ F∂n-h-tbmSp IqSnb ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse

{_nójv kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v C¥y≥ _q¿jzm-kn°v Dƒs°m-

≈m≥ ]‰n-tb-S-tØm-f-ap≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-ambn, XnI®pw s]mcp-Ø-

s∏-Sp∂ Hcp C…mw-a-X-amWv.''20

B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw

ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ymk k{º-Zmbw \S-∏n¬

hcp-Øp-∂-Xns\ k¿ køZv A\p-Iq-en-®Xv bqtdm-]y≥ \mK-cn-I-X-

bp-sSbpw bqtdm-]y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw t\´-ß-sf-∏‰n Ahsc

t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°m\pw IqSn-bmWv. ""Ah-cpsS aX-Øn\v tZmj-I-c-a-

√mØ \ne-bn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-coXn \S-∏n¬ hcp-ØW''-

sa∂mWv At±lw B{K-ln-®Xv. Cu Dt±-iy-tØmsS At±lw C¥y-

°m-cn¬ \n∂pw ]m›m-Xy-cn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-s®-SpØ ]Ww-sIm≠v

1873¬ Aen-K-dn¬ apl-Ω-Z≥ Bwt•m Hmdn-b‚¬ tImtfPv F∂-t]-

cn¬ Hcp tImtfPv ÿm]n®p. AXmWv ]n∂oSv Aen-K¿ ap…ow k¿h-

I-em-im-e-bmbn hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv.

Aen-KUv {]ÿm\w, AXns‚ aX-]-chpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb

kz`mhw F¥p-X-s∂-bm-bmepw, ap√-am-cp-sSbpw Dsse-am-°-fp-sSbpw

a[y-Im-e-]m-fin-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ]nSn-bn¬\n∂p P\-ßsf tamNn-∏n-

°m\pw, A¥n-a-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬, C¥y-bnse \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-_-‘-ß-

fpsS kzm[o\w Ipd-bv°m\pw klmbn®p F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-

b-an√. F∂m¬, AXns‚ t\Xm-°-fpsS kmaq-ly-cm-{„ob ho£-

18. Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Majmu's Lecture. Quoted in religious thought ofSayyid Ahmad Khan.

19. Ibid.20. W.C. Smith: Modern Islam in India, P. 15.


W-ß-fn¬ Hcp Zznap-J-k-ao-]-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp-h-iØv Ah¿

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS a¿Z\ \S-]-Sn-I-fnepw a[y-Im-e-a-X-hn-

⁄m-\o-b-tØmSp IqSnb \mtim-∑p-J-amb \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-{I-a-Ønepw

Akw-Xr-]vX-cm-bn-cp∂p. adp-h-iØv Ah¿ ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øns‚

Xmev]-cy-ßƒ ]cn-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n AtX {_nójv `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-I-fp-ambn kl-I-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°m\pw B{K-ln®p. Xs‚

e£yw t\Sm≥ {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS klm-bhpw A\p-{K-

lm-in- p-Ifpw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-sW∂v k¿ køZv Al-Ω-ZvJm≥

IcpXn. AXn-\m¬, At±lw t_m[-]q¿Δw {_nójv `c-W-tØmSp

Iqdp-]p-e¿Øn. At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kmaq-ly-]-cn-

jvIm-chpw {_nójv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfm-Sp≈ Iqdpw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp

sshcp-[y-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ap…ow tImtf-Pns‚ {]Jym-]n-tXm-t±-

iy-ß-fn-sem∂v ""C¥y-bnse apk¬∑msc {_n´s‚ A¿lcpw {]tbm-

P-\-Im-cn-I-fp-amb {]P-I-fm°n Xo¿°pI'' F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. {_nójv

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw CØcw ho£-W-K-Xn-Isf

Xßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-bn¬ NqjWw sNbvXp.

ho£-W-K-Xn-bnse am‰-ßƒ

køZv Al-Ω-ZvJm≥ Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS BZy-L-´-Øn¬

lnμp-ap…ow sFIy-Øn-\p-th≠n hmZn® t\Xm-°-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-

cp∂p. cmPysØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ s]mXp-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-

°m≥ tbmPn® I¿a-]-cn-]mSn thW-sa∂v At±lw Bh-iy-s∏´p.

""lnμphpw ap…oapw aX-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p∂ t]cp-Iƒ am{X-am-sW∂

Imcyw ad-°m-Xn-cn-°pI!'' At±lw 1884¬ sNbvX {]kw-K-ß-fn-sem-

∂n¬ ]d™p: ""lnμpthm ap…otam {InkvXym-\ntbm Bcm-bmepw,

\ΩpsS cmPy-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-t∂-S-tØmfw Imew, Ah¿ Hscm‰ cm{„-

amWv. Ah-sc√mw Hscm‰ cm{„-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚

s]mXp-hmb Xm¬]-cy-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°v Htc-Xcw hnIm-c-ap-≠m-IWw.

s]mXp-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n \mw tbmPn-°Ww.

tbmPn-®m¬ \ne\n¬°pw. As√-¶ntem, AØcw _‘-ßƒ lnμp-

°ƒ°pw ap…o-ßƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse A]-I-S-am-bn-cn°pw.''

F∂m¬, 1885¬ C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv cq]-h¬°-cn-

°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ ho£-W-ß-fn¬ hy‡-amb Hcp

am‰w ImW-s∏´p. At±lw {_nójv `c-W-Øns‚ Hcp-d® Bcm-[-I-

\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. tIm¨{K-kns\ At±lw Hcp lnμp-kw-L-S-\-bmbn

Nn{Xo-I-cn®p. At±lw FgpXn: ""C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 197

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ C∂sØ cm{„ob ÿnXn-

sb-°p-dn-®p≈ A⁄-X-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amWv. C¥y-bn¬ hyXykvX

P\-X-I-fp-s≠∂ Imcyw Ah¿ IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂n√. ap…o-ßƒ,

alm-cm-{„-°m¿, {_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b¿, _\n-b-∑m¿, iq{Z-∑m¿, knJp-

Iƒ, _wKm-fn-Iƒ, a{Zm-kn-Iƒ, s]j-hm-cn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sc-sb√mw Htc

\nebv°v IW-°m-°m-sa∂pw Ah-sc√mw Htc cm{„-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-

sW-∂p-amWv Ah¿ hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv. ap…o-ß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw

BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw A`n-em-j-ß-sfbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøm≥

Xßƒ°-h-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v bp‡n-k-l-ambn sXfn-bn-°m≥ tIm¨{K

kn\v km[y-a√.''21

Xs‚ s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ k¿ køZv {]mXn-

\n-[y-`-c-W-co-Xn°p th≠n hmZn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. 1858¬ {]kn-≤o-I-

cn® ""C¥y≥ Iem-]-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ'' F∂ At±-l-Øns‚

{]_-‘-Øn¬ Iem-]-Øns‚ {][m\ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v ""kztZ-in-

Isf C¥y-bpsS sePn-t…-‰ohv Iu¨kn-en¬ {]th-in-∏n-°m-Xn-cp-

∂-XmsW''∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń -cp∂p. At±lw ]d™p: ""Kh-

s◊‚ns‚ Iu¨kn-ep-I-fn¬ P\-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS i_vZw tIƒ∏n-

°m≥ Ign-™m¬ AXv Kh-s◊‚ns‚ t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-

Øn\pw G‰hpw ]‰n-b-Xm-bn-cn°pw. `c-W-Øns‚ ÿnc-Xbv°v AXv

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv. Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv `qcn-]£w P\-ßfpw

tbmPn-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xp∂p. P\-ß-fpsS i_vZ-Øn¬ \n∂p

am{Xta Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v F{X-tØmfw kzoImcw e`n-

°p-∂p-s≠∂v Adn-bm≥ ]‰q. Bcw-`-Øn-se-bp≈ sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-

Øm≥ P\-ß-fpsS i_vZ-Øn\p am{Xta Ignbq. B sX‰p-Iƒ s]cp-

In-s∏-cpIn \sΩ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv B]-Øn-s\-∏‰n ap∂-dn-

bn∏v \¬Im\pw AXm-h-iy-amWv.''

F∂m¬, ]n∂oSv At±lw F√m cm{„o-b-]-cn-jvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw

FXn-cm-fn-bmbn amdn. At±lw ]d™p: ""{]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m-h-ap≈

Hcp Kh-s◊‚ns‚ BZysØ D]m[n thm´¿am¿°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw

s]mcp-Ø-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂-XmWv. `qcn-]-£-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp ̀ c-W-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ°v tZio-

bX, aXw, Pohn-X-co-Xn-Iƒ, BNm-c-ßƒ, \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, kwkvImcw,

Ncn-{X-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw bmsXmcp

hyXym-khpw D≠m-hm≥ ]mSn√....... Cu cwK-ß-fn-sem∂pw sFI-cq-

21. Wm. Theodore Bary: The Sources of Indian Tradition, P. 747.


]y-an-√mØ C¥y-sb-t∏m-ep≈ Hcp cmPy-Øn¬ Hcp {]mXn-\n-[y-K-h-

s◊‚ v ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v bmsXmcp {]tbm-P-\-hp-ap-≠m-bn√.

cmPy-Øns‚ kam-[m-\-Ønepw sFiz-cy-Øn-ep-ap≈ CS-s]-S-emtb

AXv Iem-in°q.''22

køZv Al-Ω-ZvJm≥ tIm¨{K-kns\ hna¿in-®Xv AXnse AwK-

ß-fn¬ `qcn-]-£hpw lnμp-°-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xp-sIm≠v am{X-am-

sW∂p tXm∂p-∂n√. tIm¨{Kkv {_nó-jp-Im-cn¬ \n∂v cm{„o-bhpw

kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw kuP-\y-ßfpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥

th≠n-bp≈ {]t£m-`-ßƒ \SØn F∂-Xp-sIm≠v IqSn-bm-bn-cn-

°Ww. CtX Imc-W-Øm-emWv 1877¬ Aao¿ Aen I¬°-Ø-bn¬

ÿm]n® \mj-W¬ apl-Ω-Z≥ Atkm-kn-tb-js\ At±lw

FXn¿ØXv. ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øn\v {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS klm-b-

tØmSpw ]n¥p-W-tbm-Spw-IqSn am{Xta kmaq-ly-cm-{„ob ]ptcm-KXn

ssIh-cn-°m-\mhq F∂v køZv Al-ΩZv Icp-Xn-bn-´p-≠m-hWw.

Dt±iyw F¥p Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂mepw, At±-l-Øns‚ ]n¬°m-esØ

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ap…o-ßsf cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb cm{„ob

{]ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂v AI‰n \n¿Øm-\mWv klm-bn-®Xv. F∂m¬,

Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ \mSp-hm-gnØ Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw BNm-c-ß-fp-

sSbpw sNfn-°p-≠n¬ \n∂v ap…o-ßsf Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥

]‰nb kmaq-ly-hn-Zym-`ymk ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°p-th≠n At±lw XpS-

ßn-sh® Aen-KVv {]ÿm\w, Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬, {]tbm-

P-\-I-chpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-hp-amb Hcp ]¶mWv hln-®Xv F∂

hkvXpX \ntj-[n-°m≥ hø.

Zntbm-_μv {]ÿm\w

køZv Al-Ω-ZvJms‚ Aen-KUv {]ÿm\w ap…ow _p≤n-Po-hn-

Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ hnZym-

`ym-k-]-chpw aX-]-c-hp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS as‰mcp ap…ow tI{μw

\ne-hn¬ hcn-I-bp-≠mbn. auem\m apl-ΩZv Jmkn-ans‚ t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬ Dsse-am-°-fpsS Hcp kwLw 1867¬ klm-d≥]q¿ Pn√-bnse

Zntbm-_-μn¬ ÿm]n® skan-\mcn jm hen-bp-√m-bpsS D¬t_m-[-

\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hlm-_n-I-fpsS c‡-km-£n-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂p-amWv

{]tNm-Z\w Dƒs°m-≠Xv. Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {]Jym-]n-X-amb

Dt±iyw C…mw-a-Xhpw C…m-anI \nb-ahpw ]Tn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

22. Ibid, P. 746.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 199

F∂m¬, Xma-kn-bmsX AXv aX-{]-N-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw ]m›m-Xy-\m-

K-cn-IX {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ B[p-\n-Im-i-b-ß-tfm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏n-

s‚bpw tI{μ-ambn amdn. Zntbm-_-μn¬ \¬I-s∏´ hnZym-`ymkw

Dsse-am-°-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Ønepw am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p.

]m›m-Xy-hn-Zym-`ym-k-tØmSpw bqtdm-]y≥ Pohn-X-co-Xn-tbmSpw

Nmbvhp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Aen-KVv {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-bn-

cp∂p AXv. Cu ]p\-cp-≤m-cW kao-]-\-Øn\v A\n-…m-an-I-amb F√m-

‰n-t\mSpw, {_nójv ta[m-hn-Xz-tØm-Sp-t]mepw, FXn¿∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kn¬ \n∂v ap…o-ßsf am‰n-\n¿Øm≥

th≠n køZv Al-Ω-ZvJm≥ Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Du¿Pn-X-s∏-Sp-

Øn-b-t∏mƒ cm{„ob {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-hm\pw k¿ kø-Zns‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn-™p-\n¬°m-\p-amWv

Ztbm-_μv {]ÿm-\-Ønse t\Xm-°ƒ ap…o-ß-tfmSv Blzm\w

sNbvXXv . Ccp -]Xmw \q‰m -≠ns‚ Bcw -` -Øn¬ auem\m

A_pƒIemw Bkm-Zn-s\-t∏m-ep≈ t\Xm-°ƒ Cu {]ÿm-\-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Zntbm-_μv {]ÿm-

\-Ønse Hcp hn`mKw Bfp-Iƒ alm-flm-Km‘n Bcw-`n® \n -l-

I-cW {]ÿm-\sØ ]n¥m-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Hcp-h-iØv k¿ køZv Al-Ω-ZvJms‚ bp‡n-Nn-¥-I-tfmSpw adp-

h-iØv `mc-X-a-lm-a-fi-e-Øns‚ lnμp-t\-Xm-°-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-

tfmSpw FXn¿∏p≈ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb ap…o-ß-fpsS Hcp hn`mKw

1885¬ emtlm-dn¬ A≥P-a≥˛C˛lnam-bØv˛C˛C…mw AYhm

C…m-ans‚ c£bv°v th≠n-bp≈ kwL-S\ cq]-h¬°-cn®p. kwL-

S-\-bpsS Dt±-iy-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p: ""(1) C…m-an-s\-

Xn-cmbn D∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ GXv Bt£-]-Øn\pw N¿®-bn-eq-sStbm

tcJm-aq-e-amtbm A∏-t∏mƒ bp‡n-k-lhpw hnth-I-]q¿h-hp-amb adp-

]Sn \¬Ip-Ibpw C…m-ans‚ aX-{]-N-cWw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNøpI; (2) ap…ow _men-Im-_m-e-∑m¿°v DNn-Xhpw Bh-iy-hp-amb

hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-Ibpw kz¥w kXy-hn-izmkw sImsbm-gn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ \n∂v Ahsc XS-™p-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpI; (3) {_nójv Kh-

s◊‚n-t\mSv Iqdp ImWn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≠m-Ip∂ t\´-ßƒ ap…o-

ßƒ°v e`y-am-°pI.''

]©m-_nse JmZn-bm-\n¬ an¿km Kpemw Al-ΩZv (1839˛1908)

ÿm]n® Al-Ω-Zob {]ÿm\w Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse as‰mcp ]p\-

cp-∞m\ kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp∂p. k¿ køZv Al-Ω-ZvJm\pw At±-l-

Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Bhn-jv°-cn® C…m-ans‚ {]Ir-Xym-\p-kr-


X-ß-fmb hymJym-\-ßƒ°p≈ Hcp Xncn-®-Sn-sb∂ \ne-bv°mWv Cu

{]ÿm\w D¤-hn-®Xv. ""apl-Ω-Zns‚ {]t_m-[-\-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw

{InkvXy≥ cmPy-ß-fnse C∂sØ BNm-c-ßƒ°v A\p-kr-X-am-

°n-Øo¿°p-∂Xn''s\ an¿km Kpemw ITn-\-ambn FXn¿Øp. AtX-

k-a-bØv P\-ßsf A‘-Im-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ \n¿Øp∂ bmYm-ÿn-

XnI Dsse-am-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-sØbpw At±lw A]-e-]n®p.

Xm≥ am{X-amWv C…m-ans‚ icn-bmb hymJym-Xmhv F∂mWv

At±lw hniz-kn-®Xv. X\n°v Znhy shfn-]m-Sp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂v 1889¬

At±lw {]Jym-]n®p. Xm≥ PqX-∑m-cp-sSbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw

""hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏´ akol'' am{X-a√, lnμp ssZh-amb hnjvWp-

hns‚ A¥n-am-h-Xmcw IqSn-bm-sW∂pw At±lw ]n∂oSv {]Jym-]n-

°p-I-bp-≠mbn. CØcw Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-

S-bnepw At±lw {_nójv Kh-s◊‚n-t\mSv Iqdp ImWn-°m≥ ad-

∂n√. D¬_p-≤-cmb ap…ow _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw kzØp-S-a-ÿ-∑m-

cmb ap…ow hn`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw G‰hpw anX-amb cm{„o-bm-h-iy-ß-

sf-t∏mepw FXn¿°p-I-bm-W-t±lw sNbvXXv.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 201

35. anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw

hym]m-c-Øn\p th≠n-bmWv {_nójv apX-em-fn-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬

h∂Xv. {_nójv hyh-km-b-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrX kma-

{Kn-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-hpI, {_n -́\n¬ \n¿an-°-s∏´ hymh-km-bn-tIm¬]-

∂-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ hn‰-gn-°pI ˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Dt±iyw.

F∂m¬, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw AXn-{]-

[m-\-amb Nne am‰-ß-fp-≠mbn. Nc-°p-Iƒ hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]p-dsa

C¥y-bn¬ t\cn´v aqe-[-\-an-d°n hyh-km-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv

IqSp-X¬ BZm-b-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ a\- n-em°n. Aßs\

hym]m-c-ap-X-em-fn-Iƒ hyh-kmb apX-em-fn-I-fmbn amdn. sdbn¬th-

bn¬ am{X-a√, Iºn-fn-ØpWn˛NW˛IS-em v an√p-I-fnepw a‰-t\Iw

ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw {_nójv hyh-km-bn-Iƒ aqe-[\w \nt£-]n-°m≥

ss[cy-s∏´p. {_nó-jp-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ Im∏n, tXbne, \oew F∂n-h-

bp¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ ̀ mK-ß-fn¬ {]Xy-

£-s∏´p. C¥y≥ P\-ßƒ°n-S-bnse [\n-I-hn-`m-K-ßƒ Cu ]pXnb

hnIm-k-Øm¬ BIr-„-cmbn. XpS°w apX¬°p Xs∂, Ah-cn¬

Nne¿ {_nójv hmWn-Py-hp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-cp∂p.

F∂m¬, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿[-Øn¬ Ah¿

{_nójv apX-em-fn-I-fpsS amXrI kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v Xß-fpsS aqe-

[-\-Øn-sem-cp-`mKw hmWn-Py-Øn¬ \n∂p hyh-km-b-Øn-te°v Xncn-

®p-hn-Sm≥ XpSßn. 1858¬ C¥y≥ aqe-[-\-tØmsS Hcp ]cp-Øn-an¬

ÿm]n-°-s∏´p. 1980 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw C¥y-°m-cpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬

150¬∏cw an√p-I-fp-≠m-bn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. Ah-bn¬ 50,000tØmfw

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ tPmen sNøp-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. a‰p hyh-km-b-ßfpw


cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. {_nójv

apX-em-fn-am¿ C¥y-bn¬ Xß-fpsS B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw cmPy-

Øns‚ kº-ZvL-S-\-bnepw cm{„ob ̀ c-W-b-{¥-Ønepw kzbw B≠n-

d-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏m-tg°pw ChnsS tZiob _q¿jzmkn Bhn¿`-

hn-°p-Ibpw Hcp h¿K-ambn kzbw Dd-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-gn-™n-

cp∂p.

tZio-b-_q¿jzm-kn-bpsS hymtam-l-ßƒ

F∂m¬, Cu tZiob hyh-km-b-Øn\v XpS°w apX¬t°

I\Ø {]Xn-_-‘-ßsf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h∂p. sdbn¬th-Ifpw

hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am¿K-ßfpw _m¶p-Ifpw hntZ-i-hym-]m-chpw F√mw

\nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv {_nó-jp-Im-cmWv. Ah¿ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw {_nójv

DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ hyh-km-b-ßƒ°mWv t{]m’m-l\w \¬In-bXv.

F∂√, AXn-ep-ap-]cn, C¥y-bn¬ L\-hy-h-kmbw h≥tXm-Xn¬ hnI-

kn-°p-∂Xp XS-bp-Ibpw Aßs\ C¥y≥ hyh-km-b-Øn\v b{¥-

km-a-{Kn-Ifpw a‰p k÷o-I-c-W-ßfpw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tZio-b-km-

t¶-Xn-Im-Sn-ÿm\w \„-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AØcw kml-N-

cy-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bnse tZio-b-_q¿jzm-kn°v [\-]-c-amb hmbv]-

Iƒ°pw hymh-km-bnI b{¥-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ°pw Nc-°p-I-fpsS hnev]-

\bv°pw a‰pw {_n´\p Iosgm-Xpßn \n¬°p-Ibpw {_n´s\ B{i-

bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-b-√msX thsd hgn-sbm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. L\-

hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS A`mhw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hnI-k-\sØ Atß-

b‰w aμ-K-Xn-bn-em-°n-Øo¿Øp. Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-_-

‘-ßsf Xzcn-X-ambpw ]q¿W-ambpw \n¿am¿÷\w sNøpI km[y-

am-bn-cp-∂n√. B[p-\n-I-X-bvs°-Xn-cmb \mSp-hm-gn-Isf {]oWn-∏n®v

Xß-fpsS `mKØv AWn-\n-c-Øm-\mWv {_nójv apX-em-fn-am¿ {ian-

®Xv. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, C¥y-bnse tZio-b-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ hf-cm≥

XpS-ßn-bXv tImf\n ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw

N´-°q-ń-\-I-ØmWv. \mSp-hm-gn-Øm-h-in-„-ßfpw B[p-\-nI-hy-h-km-

b-ßfpw H∏-sam∏w \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂p. CXmWv C¥y≥ apX-em-fn-

Ø-Øns‚ Hcp khn-ti-jX. Cu khn-ti-j-X-bmWv tZio-b-_q¿jzm-

kn-bpsS kmaqly˛cm{„ob {]ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂

Ah-cpsS temI-ho-£-W-sØbpw ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. Ah¿ sh®p-

]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp∂ hymtam-l-ßfpw {_nójv _q¿jzm-kn-bpsS ]¶m-

fn-I-fmbn Xocm-\p≈ Ah-cpsS A`n-em-j-ßfpw {_nójv Kh-

s◊‚ns‚ \∑-bnepw Zbm-Zm-£n-Wy-ß-fnepw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 203

Dd® hnizm-k-hp-amWv 1885¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ C¥y≥ \mj-W¬

tIm¨{K-kns‚ BZy-Im-esØ GXm\pw ktΩ-f-\-ß-fpsS \S-]-Sn-

I-fn¬ {]Xn-^-en-®n-cp-∂Xv. tIm¨{K-kns‚ \bw ""\ΩpsS {]nb-

s∏´ dn∏¨ {]`p-hns‚ hmgvN-°m-eØv kwPm-X-amb tZiob sFIy-

hn-Im-c-ßsf C\nbpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw ZrVo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥

Dt±-in-°-s∏-́ n-́ p-≈Xm''sW∂v tIm¨{K-kns‚ {]Ya ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬

A[y-£X hln® U_vfnbq.kn. _m\¿Pn {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

AtX ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ H∂m-asØ {]ta-b-a-h-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v {]kw-

Kn® Bƒ D¬tLm-jn®p. ""ssZhm-\p-{Klw''sIm≠mWv {_n´≥

C¥ysb ""B`y-¥-c-amb Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw hntZ-i-Øp-\n-

∂p≈ B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw c£-s]-Sp-Øn-bsX''∂v {_nójv

cm{„o-bm-[n-Im-csØ am\n-°m\pw ]n¥m-ßm\pw At±lw C¥y≥

P\-ßsf Blzm\w sNbvXp.

\mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ BZy-\m-fp-Iƒ

Uªnbq.kn. _m\¿Pn, kptc-{μ-\mY _m\¿Pn, B\-μ-tam-l≥

t_mkv, dmjv _nlm-cn-tLmjv, ZmZm-`mbn \h-tdmPn, ^ntdmkv jm

taØ, tKm]m-e-IrjvW tKmJse, kp{_-“-Wy-ø¿ apX-em-b-hcpw

lyqan-s\bpw shÕ¿ thWn-s\bpw t]mep≈ GXm\pw Cw•o-jp-

Imcpw Bbn-cp∂p tIm¨{K-kns‚ BZy-Ime t\Xm-°ƒ. Ahsc

kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw {_nójv `cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Fs¥-

¶nepw ]cn-]mSn apt∂m´p hbv°pI F∂ {]iv\ta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q.

F∂p-am-{X-a√, {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønepw \oXn-\ym-b-

Ønepw Ah¿°v AXn-cp-I-hn™ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p Xm\pw.

1895¬ t]mepw kptc-{μ-\m-Y-_m-\¿Pn Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn:

""{]tNm-Z-\-Øn\pw am¿K-Z¿i-\-Øn\pw Cw•-≠ns‚ t\¿°mWv

\Ωƒ t\m°p-∂Xv. Cw•-≠mWv \ΩpsS cm{„o-b-t\-Xmhv. Cw•o-jp-

Im-cpsS hnim-e-a-\-kv°-X-bnepw \oXn-t_m-[-Ønepw \ap°v henb

hnizm-k-ap≠v. ]m¿e-sa‚p-I-fpsS amXm-hmb {_nójv tIma¨kv

k -̀bn¬, temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb B {]Xn-\n-[n-k-̀ -bn¬, \ap°v

Atß-b-‰sØ hnizm-k-ap≠v. Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Fhn-sS-sb√mw Xß-

fpsS sImSn ]d-∏n-°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS `cWw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-´pt≠m, Ahn-sS-sb√mw {]mXn-\n-[y-`-c-W-Øns‚ amXr-I-bm-

bn-´mWv Ahsb cq]-h¬°-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv.''

C¥ysb ùXn-I-ambpw [m¿an-I-ambpw sIm≈-b-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-∂Xv hºn® Hcp Iem-]-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-sa∂pw B Iem-]w-sIm≠v


C¥y H∂p-In¬ tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Nhn-´-Sn-bn≥ Iogn¬ A[n-I-

a-[nIw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Itbm As√-¶n¬ Zp¿ -̀c-W-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-

Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw ssIIsf sRcn®p If-bp-Itbm sNbvtX-°p-sa∂pw

ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-\¬Inb ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdmPn t]mepw Xmsg-∏-d-bpw-hn[w

XpS¿∂p ]d-bm≥ XnSp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""{_nójv `c-W-Øns‚

êw Aßs\ Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p Rm≥ Bflm¿∞-ambn

{]m¿Yn-°p-Itbm Bin-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n√. Cu `c-W-Øn¬

C¥ybv°pw Cw•-≠n\pw Hcp-t]mse Af-h‰ \∑-bp-f-hm-°p∂ ]e

Awi-ß-fp-ap≠v.''

anX-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ

C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ anX-hmZn t\Xm-°ƒ

bmsXmcp _lp-P-\-{]-ÿm-\-sØbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂n√. Ah-

cn¬ Nne¿ tZiob Iem-]-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn km{am-Py-hm-Zn-Iƒ

ssIs°m-≠n-cp∂ \njvTqc \S-]-Sn -Isf ]n¥m-ßpI t]mepw

sNbvXp. cmPy-Øns‚ hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-

amb `c-W-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ°pw th≠n Cw•-≠nse {]_p-≤-amb

s]mXp-P-\m-̀ n-{]m-b-Øn-s‚bpw {_nójv Kh-s◊‚n-s‚bpw t\¿°mWv

Ah¿ D‰p-t\m-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. apJy-ambpw _q¿jzm _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ°pw

CS-Ø-c-°m-cmb kzØp-S-a-ÿ-∑m¿°pw D¬]-Xn-jvWp-°-fmb `q{]-

`p-°-∑m¿°p-an-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. {_nójv

\oXn-t_m-[-Øn¬ Bflm¿Y-amb hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v

Cu t\Xm-°-∑m¿ C¥y-°m-cpsS Bh-iy-ß-fpsS \ymbX {_nójv

s]mXp-P-\-ßsf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw AtX-k-a-bØv C¥y-bnse

hnZym-`ym-k-ku-I-cy-ßƒ h¿[n-∏n-°m\pw Aßs\ A`n-⁄-cmb

]uc-∑m-cpsS Hcp Xe-ap-dsb hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm\pw Xnc-s™-Sp-

°-s∏´ Iu¨kn-ep-I-fn¬ C¥y-°m¿°p IqSp-X¬ \√ {]mXn-\n[yw

G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-°n-´m-\p-ap≈ Hcp Zznap-J-]-cn-]mSn AwKo-I-cn®p. C¥y≥

hyh-km-b-ßƒ°p t{]m’m-l\w \¬I-W-sa∂pw s]mXp-k¿ho-kn-

te-°p≈ \nb-a-\-ß-fn¬ C¥y-°m¿°v Xpeym-h-Im-i-ß-f-\p-h-Zn-°-

W-sa∂pw ""Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-ßsf KWy-amb tXmXn¬ {]th-

in-∏n®v ]c-am-[n-Imc Iu¨knepw \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-\n¿amW

Iu¨knepw ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw'' sNø-W-

sa∂pw F√m _P-‰p-Ifpw Iu¨kn-ep-I-fpsS Xocp-am-\-Øn\p hnS-

W-sa∂pw Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏´p. a‰p-hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬, {_nójv

en_-d-en-k-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ C¥y-bpsS `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 205

{]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°-W-sa∂p am{X-amWv Cu anX-hm-Zn-t\-Xm-°ƒ B{K-

ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. F¶nepw, Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ C¥y-bnse P\-ßfpw

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-h¿K-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ auen-I-amb kmº-

Øn-I-ssh-cp-[y-ßsf shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ B

{]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Hcp ]¶mWv

hln-®Xv.

{]mcw-`-L-´-ß-fn¬ {_nójv Kh-s◊‚ v C¥y≥ \mj-W¬

tIm¨{K-kns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-

∂m¬, tIm¨{Kkv C¥y-bnse Akz-ÿ-X-sbbpw {_nójv hncp-

≤-hn-Im-c-ß-sfbpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp cmP-`‡n {]ÿm-\-Øn-

te°p Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p-sa∂v Kh-s◊‚ v Bin-®n-cp∂p.

tIm¨{K-kns‚ cq]-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v HutZym-Kn-Im-\p-{K-l-ßƒ

\¬Inb C¥ym ssht{kmbn U^-dn≥ {]`p 1886¬ Fgp-Xp-I-bp-

≠mbn: ""Rm≥ I≠n-´p≈ C∂m-´p-Im¿°n-S-bn¬ {]m]vXcpw hnth-

I-im-en-I-fp-amb Bfp-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap≠v. Ah-cpsS Iqdp‰ kl-I-c-

WsØ \n w-ibw hniz-kn-®p-d-∏n-®n-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Ah¿ Kh-

s◊‚ns\ ]n¥m-ßp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX Kh-s◊‚ns‚ \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬

]e-Xn\pw P\-Io-b-]n-¥pW t\Sn-Øcpw ̨ Ct∏mƒ B \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v

\nb-a-k-`-bn-eqsS _ew {]tbm-Kn®p ]m m-°n-sb-Sp-°p∂ Hcp a´m-

Wt√m D≈Xv. am{X-a√, Ah¿°v Ah-cpsS ]n∂n¬ Hcp \mS≥]m¿ń-

bp-s≠-¶n¬, C¥ym Kh-s◊‚n\v, Ct∏mƒ th≠n-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse,

Im‰pw tImfpw \nd™ IS-en¬ \Sp-hn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xpw \mep-

`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw Htc-k-a-bØv Ae-am-e-Iƒ Np‰nepw h∂-Sn®p

sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb, H‰-s∏´ Hcp ]md-t]mse \ne-sIm-t≈-≠n-h-

cn√.''

F∂m¬, Cu A\p-`m-h-]q¿h-amb \bw Zo¿L-Imew \o≠p-

\n¬°p-I-bp-≠m-hn√. `c-W-k-{º-Zm-b-Ønse am‰-ßƒ°p-th≠n

\mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv D∂-bn® Bh-iy-ßsf, Ah F{X-Xs∂

anX-ambpw `c-W-L-S-\m-hn-t[-b-am-bp-amWv D∂-bn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-sX-

¶nepw, {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ FXn¿°m≥ XpSßn. AtXmsS

tZio-b-{]-_p-≤X t\Snb P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bnse {]£p-_v[m-

hÿ IqSp-X¬ ]c-∂p-]n-Sn®p. CS-Ø-c-°m-cmb _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ, A`n-

`m-j-I-∑m¿, hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ, Fgp-Øp-Im¿, A[ym-]-I¿, Irjn-°m¿,

hymh-km-bnI sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sc√mw ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° \mj-

W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ ]n∂n¬ AWn-\n-c∂p. {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-

cmbn IqSp-X¬ Dd® \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈-W-sa∂ Bhiyw


s]m¥n-h∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Irjn-°mcpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏n¬ IqSp-

X¬ ss[cy-a-h-ew-_n®p. Ah-cpsS {]t£m-`-ßƒ h¿jw-{]Xn h¿[n-

®p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w A\p-{I-aw-h-f¿∂p. AtX

Ah-k-c-Øn¬, h¿[-am-\-amb sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw sImtfm-Wn-b-enÃv

\bw-aq-e-ap-f-hmb Akz-ÿ-Xbpw P\-ß-fpsS tcmjsØ D¬°-S-

am-°n-Øo¿Øp. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw

_wKmƒ, _olm¿, alm-cm{„w XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {_nójv

`c-WsØ _ew-{]-tbm-Kn®v adn-®n-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnπ-h-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI F∂ {]Jym-]n-tXm-t±-iy-tØmsS ]e cl-ky-kw-

L-S-\-Ifpw cq]-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´p. tIm¨{Kkv t\Xr-Xz-Ønse anX-

hm-Zn-hn-`mKw Cu ]pXnb {]h-W-Xsb Xosc C„-s∏-ń√. Ah-cpsS

\ne-]mSv tKmJse 1905se tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ sNbvX Xs‚

A[y-£-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bpw-hn[w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn:

""`mKy-h-imtem \n¿`m-Ky-h-imtem \ΩpsS `mK-t[-b-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ

Cw•-≠n-t‚-Xp-ambn Iqń-bn-W-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p; F∂√, F¥p-Xs∂

]ptcm-KXn \mw tXSp-∂-Xm-bmepw AXp km{am-Py-Øn-\-IØp Xs∂-

bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v tIm¨{Kkv ]c-ky-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p-ap≠v.

AXn-ep-ap-]-cn-bmbn, B ]ptcm-KXn kmh-[m-\-Ønepw kmh-Im-i-

Ønepw am{X-am-Imt\ \nhr-Øn-bp≈q. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, ]ptcm-

K-Xn-bpsS Hmtcm L´-Ønepw, ASpØ L´-Øn-te°v IS-°m≥

\ap°v Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v apºv, \mw {lkz-amb ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-

eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv Bh-iy-am-tb°pw. ImcWw, ]m›m-Xy-tZ-

i-ß-fnse DNn-X-amb ÿm]-\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-

t_m[w {]mtbm-Kn-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]co-£-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw

am{Xta ]uc-kvXy-tZ-isØ Hcp P\-Xbv°v t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈q.

CXv bp‡n-bp-‡-amb Hc-`n-{]m-b-amWv. CXv kΩ-Xn-°pI F∂-Xn\v

`c-W-]-cn-jv°m-c-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ F√m ]cn-{i-a-ß-sfbpw, P\-

ßƒ AXn\p Xøm-dm-bn-°-gn-™n-ń-s√∂ \ymbw-]-d™v, km[m-c-

W-bmbn FXn¿Øp hcm-dp-≈-h-tcmSv GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬

tbmPn∏p {]I-Sn-∏n-°pI F∂¿Y-an√''.

Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Ac-tß‰w

F∂m¬, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-tg°v

_me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥, _n]n≥ N{μ-]m¬, Ac-hnμv tLmjv, emem-

e-Pv]Xv dmbn XpS-ßnb t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]pXn-sbmcp Xe-apd anX-

hmZn t\Xm-°ƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂p-h∂ \b-ß-tfmSv Akw-Xr]vXn {]I-Sn-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 207

∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. cmP-̀ ‡n {]ta-b-ß-fp-sSbpw {_nójv ]m¿e-

sa‚n-t\m-Sp≈ hn\o-Xm-`y¿Y-\-I-fp-sSbpw ê-iq-\yX Ah¿ Xpd-

∂p-Im-´p-Ibpw km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb _lp-P-\-{]-t£m-`-ß-f-gn-

®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xn\p IqSp-X¬ kPo-hhpw Du¿P-kz-e-hp-amb \b-ßfpw

]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bhn-jv°-cn-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1895¬ ]q\-bn¬ sh®p-Iq-Snb tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-f-\-Øn\p sXm´p-

apºv Xne-I≥ FgpXn: ""kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW {]iv\sØ hI-sh-

°msX Ign-bp-t∂-S-tØmfw IqSp-X¬ P\-hn-`m-K-ßsf tIm¨{K-kn-

te-°m-I¿jn-°-W-sa∂v Hcp I£n (AXm-bXv Xs‚ kz¥w I£n)

B{K-ln-°p∂p. at‰ I£n kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-Øn\v th≠n \ne-

sIm-≈p∂ kplr-Øp-°-fpsS hrØ-Øn¬ \n∂v hf-sc-sbm∂pw

apt∂m´p t]mhm-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂n√. ]q\-bnse tIm¨{Kkv P\-ß-

fpsS tIm¨{K-km-ItWm AtXm Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ am{Xw tIm¨{K-

km-ItWm F∂-XmWv bYm¿Y-{]iv\w.''1 1896¬ Xne-I≥ FgpXn:

""Ign™ ]¥o-cm-≠p-Im-e-ambn \mw, Kh-s◊‚ v \ΩpsS apd-

hnfn tIƒ°-W-sa-∂-`n-e-jn-®p-sIm≠v, D®-Øn¬ apd-hnfn Iq´p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m. F∂m¬, \ΩpsS apd-hnfn Hcp Noho-Sns‚ i_vZ-

Øn¬ IqSp-em-sbm∂pw Kh-s◊‚ns\ _m[n-®n-ń√. \ΩpsS `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \sΩ Ahn-iz-kn-°p∂p. AYhm Ahn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xmbn

\Sn-°p∂p. C\n \ap°v i‡-amb `c-W-L-S-\m-hn-t[-b-am¿K-ßƒ

aptJ\ \ΩpsS Ah-i-X-Iƒ Ah-cpsS sNhn-I-fn¬ ASn®p Ib-

‰m≥ {ian®p t\m°mw.''2

1902¬ ]q\-bn¬ sNbvX Hcp {]kw-K-Øn¬ km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-

Xn-cmbn Iem-]-ap-b¿Øm≥ Xne-I≥ Xpd∂ ań¬Øs∂ P\-ß-

tfm-Sm-lzm\w sNbvXp: ""C¥y-bn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-s°m≠p t]mIp-

∂Xv bmsXm∂p sIm≠mtWm, B i‡n-bn¬ \nßƒ hºn-s®mcp

LS-I-am-sW∂p kzbw a\- n-em-°Ww. B òa-b-{¥sØ A{Xbpw

kpK-a-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m≥ {]m]vX-am-°p∂ {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb

kv\nKv[-]-Zm¿Yw \nßƒ Xs∂-bmWv. ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-´-hcpw Ah-

K-Wn-°-s∏-´-h-cp-am-sW-¶nepw `c-W-\n¿h-lWw, thW-sa∂p hnNm-

cn-®m¬, Akm-[y-am-°n-Øo¿°m≥ th≠ i‡n \nßƒ°p-s≠∂

t_m[w D≠m-hWw. \nß-fmWv Xoh-≠nbpw Iºn-Ø-]mepw \S-

Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv. \nß-fmWv kzØp-hn-h-c-ßƒ Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-

1. Ramgopal: Lokamanya Tilak, P. 112.2. Balgangadhar Tilak: Speeches and Writings.


∂Xpw \nIp-Xn-Iƒ ]ncn-°p-∂Xpw. hmkvX-h-Øn¬, \nßƒ Xs∂-

bmWv, Iogm-f-cpsS \ne-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ IqSn, `c-W-\n¿h-l-W-Øn\p

th≠ ka-kvX-Im-cy-ßfpw sNøp-∂Xv. Cu coXn-bn¬ aSp-∏≥tPmen

sNøp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ, cm{„-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ \∂mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-

Sp-amdv, \nß-fpsS ssIIƒ Xncn-°m≥ Ign-bnt√ F∂p \nßƒ ]cym-

tem-Nn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.''3

Xne-I-\mWv kzbw-`-c-W-sØ-∏‰n BZy-ambn Cßs\ {]Jym-

]n-®Xv: ""kzcmPyw Fs‚ P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv, Rm\Xp t\Sp-Ibpw

sNøpw''. {_nójv ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ kzmX-{¥y-{]m]vXn,

At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw aX-]-c-amb Hcp ZuXy-am-bn-cp∂p.

""\ΩpsS Pohn-Xhpw \ΩpsS [¿ahpw, kzcm-Py-Øns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬,

hrYm-hn-emWv.''

1893¬ ""Cμp-{]-Imiv'' F∂ Hcp ]{X-Øn¬ ""]gb hnf-°p-

Iƒ°p-]-Icw ]pXnb hnf-°p-Iƒ'' F∂ Xe-s°-ń¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp

teJ-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-

kns‚ anX-hm-Zn-Xz-]-chpw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-hp-amb cm{„o-b-\-bsØ

\nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. {]Xn-tj-[-ßfpw {]m¿Y-\-Ifpw

satΩm-dm-≠-ßfpw cmPysØ Hcn-°epw kzmX-{¥y-Øn-te°v \bn-

°p-I-bn-s√∂v At±lw Du∂n-∏-d™p. Du¿P-kz-ehpw Bfl-hn-izm-

k-]q¿Whpw [oc-hp-amb Hcp t\XrXzw thW-sa∂v At±lw Bh-

iy-s∏´p. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ At±lw cl-

ky-amb ]e hnπ-h-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-ambpw kº¿°w ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw

""htμ-am-Xcw'' F∂ Xs‚ ]{X-Ønse ]w‡n-Iƒ aptJ\ {_nójv

`c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ]pXn-sbmcp ka-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-°p-th≠n {]t£m`w

\S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xne-I\pw Ac-hn-μ-tLmjpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®

Xo{h-hm-Z-]-c-amb I¿a-]-cn-]mSn \n -l-I-cWw, _ln-jv°-cWw,

kztZin, tZio-b-hn-Zym-`ymkw F∂o Bi-b-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-

cp∂p. Ac-hn-μ≥ ""htμ-am-Xc""Øn¬ Cßs\ FgpXn: ""kztZin,

_ln-jv°-cWw, \n -l-I-cWw, tZio-b-hn-Zym-`ymkw ˛ Ch-sb√mw

thsΔ-sd-bmbn, Hmtcm C\-sØbpw AXm-Xn-\p-th≠n am{X-ambn,

\S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ {ian-®m¬ \Ωƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-tb-bp≈q. adn®v;

kwL-Sn-X-kzm-X{¥yw kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hscm‰ kwtbm-PnX ]cn-

{i-a-Øns‚ ̀ mK-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah C∂sØ Bh-iy-I-X-bm-Ip∂p.

3. Ibid, P. 77.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 209

Ah kzcm-Pns‚ LS-I-ßƒ am{X-amWv. Ah-sb-sb√mw Hcp-an-®p-

tN¿Øv kºq¿W-amb H∂m°n cRvPn-∏n-°-emWv kzcmPyw.''

Cßs\ tIm¨{K-knse anX-hmZn˛Xo{h-hmZn hn`m-K-ßƒ

XΩn¬ ho£-W-K-Xn-bn-se-∂-t]mse I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-bnepw hyXym-k-

ßƒ s]m¥n-h∂p. tIm¨{K-kns‚ Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ IqSn-bmb

]´m`n koXm-cm-aø Xo{h-hm-Zn-bmb Xne-Is\ anX-hm-Zn-bmb tKmJ-

se-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Xmsg ImWn® {]Im-c-amWv:

""tKmJ-se-bpsS {][m-\-ip-jv°m¥n ̀ c-W-\n¿h-l-W-Øn-s‚bpw

AXp sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. Xne-Is‚ ]c-

a-amb ]cn-K-W\ cm{„hpw AXns‚ \n¿am-W-hp-am-bn -cp∂p.

kvt\lhpw tkh-\-hp-am-bn-cp∂p tKmJ-se-bpsS BZ¿iw. Xne-I-

t‚-Xm-Is´, tkh-\hpw XymK-hpw. tKmJ-se-bpsS am¿K-ßƒ hntZ-

io-bs\ kzm[o-\n®v hi-Øm-°m≥ Dt±-in-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Xne-I-t‚-Xm-Is´ Ahs\ am‰n sh°p-∂-Xnepw. tKmJse Db¿∂

h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw t\¿°mWv D‰p-t\m-°n-bXv.

Xne-I-\m-Is´, km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-e-£-ß-fpsS t\¿°pw. tKmJ-

se-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-cwKw \nb-a-k-`m-a-fi-e-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. Xne-

Is‚ thZn-bm-Is´, {Kma-a-fi-]hpw. tKmJ-se-bpsS {]Im-i-\-am-[yaw

Cw•o-jm-bn-cp∂p. Xne-I-t‚Xp adm-Tnbpw. tKmJ-se-bpsS e£yw

kzbw-`-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p; AXn\v Cw•o-jp-Im¿ \n¿tZ-in® ]co-£-W-

ß-fn¬ hnPbw t\Sn-s°m≠v P\-ßƒ kzbw A¿l-cm-th-≠-Xp-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. Xne-Is‚ e£yw Hmtcm C¥y-°m-c-s‚bpw P∑m-h-Im-i-

amb kzcm-Pm-bn-cp∂p; AXv hntZ-io-bs‚ XS- tam \ntcm-[tam

IqSmsX Ah\v e`n-°p-Ibpw thWw.''4

anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShv A\p-{Iaw h¿[n-

®p-h∂p. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ Hcp

Xpd∂ kacw Xs∂ \S∂p. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX Xs∂ anX-hm-Zn-

Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS ÿm\w \„-s∏-́ p-h-cn-I-bm-sW∂v hy‡-am-hp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. A[n-I-a-[nIw Bfp-Iƒ Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS ]n∂n¬ AWn-

\n-c-°m≥ XpSßn. kzmX-{¥y-{]-ÿm\w Hcp _lp-P-\-{]-ÿm-\-

Øns‚ kz`mhw ssIs°m-≈p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. Cu ]pXnb ÿnXn-hn-

tijw cm{„ob t\Xm-°-fpsS {]kw-K-ß-fn¬ hy‡-ambpw {]Xn-^-

en-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, 1906¬ Xne-I≥ ]d™p: ""\nß-

fpsS `mhn XnI®pw \nß-fpsS Xs∂ ssII-fn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-

4. Pattabhi Sitaramayya: History of the Indian National Congress.


∂-sX∂p a\- n-em-°pI. \nßƒ°p kzX-{¥-cm-h-W-sa-∂p-s≠-¶n¬

kzX-{¥-cm-hm≥ Ignbpw. kzX-{¥-cm-h-W-sa-∂n-s√-¶ntem, \nßƒ

A[x-]-Xn-°p-Ibpw Fs∂∂pw A[x-]-Xn-®-h-cm-bn-Øs∂ InS-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. \nß-fn¬ hfsc t]scm∂pw Bbp-[-sa-Sp-°-W-sa-

∂n√; \nßƒ°v kPo-h-amb sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏n-\p≈ i‡n-bn-s√-¶n¬

t]mepw Cu hntZ-iob Kh-s◊‚ns‚ `c-W-Øn\v klmbw \¬Im-

Xn-cn-°m≥ th≠ kzbw \ntj-[-Øn-s‚bpw Bfl-Xym-K-Øn-s‚bpw

i‡n \nßƒ°nt√? CXmWv _ln-jv°-cWw. _ln-jv°-cWw Hcp

cm{„o-bm-bp-[-amWv F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ CXmWv Rßƒ A¿Y-am-

°p-∂Xv. AXn¿Øn-°-∏p-dØv, AYhm C¥y°v ]pdØv, bp≤w

sNøp-∂-Xn\v \ΩpsS c‡w sIm≠pw ]Ww sIm≠pw \ma-hsc

klm-bn-°p-I-bn√. \ap°v \ΩpsS kz¥-amb tImS-Xn-I-fp-≠m-

°Ww. am{X-a√, kabw hcp-tºmƒ \mw \nIpXn sImSp-°m≥ hnk-

Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. \nß-fpsS GIo-Ir-X-]-cn-{i-a-ßƒ aptJ\

\nßƒ°nXp sNøm≥ Ign-bptam? \nßƒ°nXp Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ \msf

apX¬ \nßƒ kzX-{¥-cmWv.''5

Cu ]pXnb apt∂-‰-Øn\p ]›m-Øew \¬In-bXp temI-cw-

KsØ ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep-°nb Nne kp{]-[m-\-kw-`-h-ß-fmWv. Ah-bn¬

sht®-‰hpw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂Xv P∏m≥ kmdnÃp djy°v

G¬∏n® ]cm-P-b-amWv. Htc-jy≥ cmPy-Øns‚ ssII-fn¬ \n∂v

Hcp bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-t°‰ Cu ]cm-Pbw, ]n∂Wn cmPy-ß-fn¬

{]tXy-In®pw, A¤p-Xhpw Bth-ihpw Df-hm°n. ]m›m-Xy¿ F{X

Xs∂ imkv{Xob Imcy-£-a-X-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂mepw Gjy≥ `mK-

t[-b-Øns‚ AP-ø-cmb DS-a-I-sfm-∂p-a√ F∂ Hcm-fl-hn-izmkw

]uc-kvXy-tZ-isØ a¿Zn-X-P-\-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂p. 1905¬ Icp-Øp‰

kmdnÃp km{am-Py-XzsØ ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep-°nb BZysØ djy≥ hnπ-

h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hm¿Øbpw Cu Bfl-hn-izm-ksØ i‡n-s∏-

SpØn.

_wKmƒ hn -̀P\w

Hcp tZiob {]t£m-`-Øns‚ Xos∏m-cn-bp-b¿Ønb ASn-b-¥c

kw`hw _wKmƒ hn`-P-\-am-bn-cp∂p. {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ `c-

W-ku-I-cy-Øn-s\∂pw ]d™v _wKm-fns\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°m≥

Xocp-am-\n®p. CXp _wKmfn tZim-`n-am-\n-Isf Acniw sIm≈n®p.

5. Bala Gangadhara Tilak: Speeches and writings

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 211

Ah¿ k-am-cw-`n® {]t£m`w C¥y-bn-sem-´p°pw ]S¿∂p ]nSn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. _ln-jv°-cWw Hcp cm{„o-bm-bp-[-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

C¥y-bn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw CZw-{]-Y-a-ambn cm{„o-b-k-a-c-Øn¬

tN¿∂p.

anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-

ßƒ 1907 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw tIm¨{K-kns\ ]c-ky-amb Hcp

]nf¿∏ns‚ h°-sØ-Øn®p. Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßsf Ph-l¿em¬

s\lvdp Xmsg ]d-bpw-hn[w hnh-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßƒ

hmbp-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ams‰m-en-sIm≠p. t£m`w s]cpIn. kwL¿jw

A\n-hm-cy-ambn. AXp-Iq-SmsX Ign-°m≥ k¿hm-Zr-X\pw \mń-seßpw

]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Bfp-amb ZmZm-`mbn \h-tdm-Pnsb,

tIm¨{K-kns‚ B ]gb ]nXm-a-ls\, hn{i-a-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂v

apt∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-h∂p. ]t£, AXp-sIm-≠p-≠mb Bizmkw Aev]-

Im-eta \ne-\n-∂p≈q. 1907¬ G‰p-ap-´-ep-≠mbn. ]pdw-Im-gvNbv°v

AXns‚ êw ]gb anX-hm-Zn-hn-`m-K-Øn\v Hcp hnP-b-am-bn-cp∂p.

F∂m¬, kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-Øn-s‚bpw tIm¨{K-kns‚

A∂sØ CSp-ßnb thm´-h-Imi hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw ê-am-bn-´mWv

Ah¿ Cu hnPbw t\Sn-bXv. cmPy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ a\ v sNep-Øp∂

C¥y-°m-cn¬ hen-sbmcp `qcn-]£w Xne-I-s\bpw At±-l-Øns‚

I£n-sbbpw A\p-Iq-en®p F∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an√. tIm¨{K-kns‚

{]m[m\yw hsf-c-tbsd Ipd-™p-t]mbn. a‰p {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-embn

P\-ßƒ°p Xmev]cyw. _wKm-fn¬ ̀ oI-c-{]-h¿Ø\w {]Xy-£-s∏´p.

djy-bn-sebpw sF¿e‚n-sebpw hnπ-h-Im-cn-Iƒ Imńb amXrI A\p-

I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.''6

\mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-knse A`n-{]m-b-`n-∂-X-Ifpw ]nf¿∏pw

i‡n-tb-dnb Hcp {]Xym-{I-aWw \S-Øm≥ Kh-s◊‚n\p ss[cyw

\¬In. Xne-I\pw Ac-hn-μ-tLm-jp-apƒ∏sS ]e Xo{h-hmZn t\Xm-

°fpw AdÃv sNø-s∏´p. Xne-Is\ cmP-t{Zm-l-Ip-‰-Øn\p hnNm-cW

sNbvXv Bdp-h¿jsØ \mSp-I-S-Ø-en\p in£n-°p-Ibpw _¿a-bnse

am≥Ute Pbn-en-te°v Ab-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B alm-\mb t\Xm-

hns\ in£n-®-Xn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n®v cmPy-hym-]-I-amb _lp-P-\-{]-I-

S-\-ßfpw ]Wn-ap-S-°-ß-fp-ap-≠mbn.

se\n≥ A°m-eØv Cßs\ FgpXn: ""C¥y-bnse km[m-c-W-

°m-c≥ Xs‚ kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw cm{„ob t\Xm-°-fp-sSbpw

6. Nehru: Discovery of India, P.P. 356-57.


kwc-£W-Øn-\p-th≠n apt∂m-´p-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. C¥y≥

P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-bmb Xne-I-s\-Xn-cmbn {_nójv Ipdp-\-cn-Iƒ hn[n®

Ip{]-kn-≤-amb in£ (At±-lsØ Zo¿L-Im-em-h-[n°p in£n-°p-

I-bp-≠mbn). C¥y≥ Pqdn-bw-K-ßƒ At±-lsØ hn´-b-bv°-W-sa∂v

\n¿_-‘n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw {_nó-jp-Im-cmb Pqdn-bw-K-ß-fpsS thm´p-

sIm-≠mWv hn[n ]m m-°-s∏-´ -sX∂pw Cub-SpØ Znhkw

tIma¨kv k`-bn¬ D∂-bn-°-s∏´ Hcp tNmZysØ XpS¿∂v shfn-

s∏-ń-´p≠v), ]W-®m-°p-I-fpsS kn¬_-‘n-Iƒ Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-

Zn-s°-Xn-cmbn ssIs°m≠ Cu {]Xn-Imcw, t_mws_-bn¬ sXcp-

hp-{]-I-S-\-ßfpw Hcp ]Wn-ap-S-°hpw Db¿Øn hnSp-I-bp-≠mbn.''

Xne-I-s\-t∏m-sebpw Ac-hn-μ-tLm-jn-s\-t∏m-se-bp-ap≈ alm-

∑m¿ \bn® Hcp {]ÿm\w C{X-thKw Ae-kn-t∏m-b-sX-ß-s\-bmWv?

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v B ka-csØ, Xm¬°m-en-I-am-bn-´m-

sW-¶n¬ IqSn, ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ Ign-™-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? ̀ mKn-I-ambn

A∂v C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ kmaqly kmº-ØnI kml-N-cy-

ß-fnepw, `mKn-I-ambn tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Xs∂ Zu¿_-ey-Øn-

ep-amWv CXn-\p≈ DØcw InS-°p-∂Xv. I¬°-Ø-sb-t∏m-sebpw

t_mws_-sb-t∏m-se-bp-ap≈ H‰-s∏´ tI{μ-ß-fn¬ kzmX-{¥y-k-acw

Hcp _lp-P-\-kz-`mhw ssIs°m-≈p-I-bp-≠m-sb-¶nepw cmPysØ

hnim-e-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ At∏mgpw cm{„o-b-ambn ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-

bnepw DZm-ko-\-X-bn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p. P\-ßƒ ]ptcm-K-a\ Imw£n-Ifpw

cm{„o-b-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂ CS-ß-fn¬ t]mepw kzmX{¥y

{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hf¿® CSp-ßnb lnμp-tZ-iob hmZ-Øns‚ ]cn-an-

Xn-I-fm¬ XS-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 213

36. Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS XXz-imkv{Xw

emem-e-Pv]Xv dmbv, hn]n≥ N{μ-]m¬, _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥

apX-em-b-h¿ cm{„o-b-cw-K-Øn¬ Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. km{am-Py-

hm-Zn-I-fp-ambn k‘n-sN-bvXp-sIm≠pw kl-I-cn-®p-sIm≠pw ]Sn-]-

Sn-bmbn cm{„o-bm-h-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sp-I-sb∂ anX-hmZn t\Xm-°-∑m-

cpsS \b-Øn¬ Ah¿°v hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. hntZ-i-hkv{X

_ln-jv°-cWw, \nb-a-ew-L\ {]ÿm\w apX-emb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ _lp-P-\-k-a-c-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw _lp-

P\ ka-c-ß-fn-eqsS {_nójv `cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw Ah-

cm-h-iy-s∏´p. Alnwk, kam-[m\w apX-emb ]Z-ßsf kwi-b-tØm-

Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Ah¿ ho£n-®Xv. òI-c-{]-ÿm-\-°m-cpsS ]cn-]m-Sn-I-

sf-t∏mepw Ah¿ A\p-Iq-en®p.

lnμp-aX ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw

F∂m¬, kmaq-ly-cw-K-Øn¬ Ah¿ aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-cW hmZn-I-

fm-bn-cp∂p. AbnØw, PmXn-hy-hÿ, aX-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ, ssiih

hnhmlw apX-emb A\m-Nm-c-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW

{]t£m-`-ßƒ {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmb ka-c-Øns‚ Du°p Ipd-

bv°p-sa∂pw C¥ysb Hcp kzX-{¥-cm-Py-am°n am‰n-b-Xn-\p-ti-jta

kmaq-ly-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ {i≤n-°m≥ ]mSp≈q F∂p-amWv Ah¿ hmZn-

®Xv. F∂√, Ah¿ Xß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ lnμp-a-X-

Øns‚ Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ BNm-c-ßfpw NS-ßp-Ifpw a‰pw kzbw A\p-

jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnμp aX-Øn-s‚bpw sshZnI kwkv°m-c-

Øn-s‚bpw ]q¿h-Im-e-a-ln-a-Isf Ah¿ sImń-tLm-jn®p. Ah¿


{_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmb ka-c-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv apJy-ambpw lnμp-

kw-kv°m-csØ "tæ—-∑m-cmb' {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬

\n∂p ImØp-c-£n-°m≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p. {InkvXym-\n-Isf am{X-

a√, ap…o-ß-sfbpw Ah¿ hntZ-in-I-fmb tæ—-∑m-cm-bn-´mWv Icp-Xn-

bXv. Ahsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, tZio-bXzw F∂p-sh-®m¬ lnμp-

[¿aw F∂m-bn-cp∂p A¿Yw. C¥y-°m¿ F∂p-sh-®m¬ lnμp-°ƒ

F∂pw lnμp-[¿asØ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°msX C¥ybv°p tamN-\-an-s√∂v

Ah¿ hniz-kn®p. _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥ FgpXn:

""[¿aw F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-°¬ F∂mWv.

[r, AXm-bXv [cn-°pI As√-¶n¬ Iqń-∏n-Sn®v \n¿ØpI, F∂ [mXp-

hn¬ \n∂m-W-Xp-≠m-bXv. F¥mWv \Ωƒ Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-t°-≠Xv?

Bflm-hns\ ssZh-hp-ambn, a\p-jys\ a\p-jy-\p-ambn, Iqń tbmPn-

∏n-°Ww. [¿aw F∂p-sh-®m¬ ssZh-tØmSpw a\p-jy-t\m-Sp-ap≈

\ΩpsS I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ F∂m-W¿Yw. [m¿an-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb

Cu sFIy-amWv lnμp-[¿a-Øn¬ \n∂v \ap°p e`n-°p-∂Xv. CXmWv

\ΩpsS \n¿h-N-\-sa-¶n¬ \Ωƒ `qX-Im-e-Øn-te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-hp-

Ibpw CsX-ßs\ {]tbm-K-Øn-en-cp∂p F∂p a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw

thWw. sshZn-I-Im-esØ C¥y kzbw kºq¿W-amb Hcp cmPy-

am-bn-cp∂p. al-Ømb Hcp cm{„-ambn AXp tbmPn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

B sFIyw A{]-Xy-£-am-b-Xns‚ ê-am-bn-´mWv \ap°v henb

A[x-]-X\w h∂p-tN¿∂Xv. B sFIysØ hos≠-Sp-°p-I-bmWv

t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ISa.''1

At±lw Cßs\ XpS¿∂p:

""\ap°v aX-Ønepw ⁄m\-Ønepw al-Ømb Hcp ]mc-º-cy-

ap≠v. aX-Ønepw ⁄m\-Ønepw \ap-°p≈ Cu ]mc-ºcyw a‰p-≈-

h-cp-tS-Xn-t\mSp Xpeyw am{X-a√, IqSp-X¬ anI-hp-‰-Xp-amWv. Cu ]mc-

º-cy-ßsf Dt]-£n-®m¬ \ap°v \ΩpsS P\-ßsf tbmPn-∏n-®p-

\n¿Øm-\p≈ D]m[n \jvS-s∏Spw. Ime-∏-g°w sIm≠p alXzw

t\Snb Cu ]mc-º-cy-ßsf XI¿°p-I-sb∂p sh®m¬ Ahsb \ne-

\n¿Øn-t∏m-cp∂ P\-ß-fpsS ssNX-\ysØ \in-∏n-°pI F∂m-

W¿∞w. Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ \Ωƒ CS-hn-SmsX Hm¿an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°Ww.''

1. Bala Gangadhara Tilak: His writings and Speeches, P. 13-14.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 215

B[p-\nI hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ B]Øv

]cn-jv°-cW hmZn-I-fpsS hmZ-ßsf Jfin-®p-sIm≠v ""\ΩpsS

C∂sØ A[x-]-X\w lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ ̂ e-a√, \Ωƒ lnμp-a-XsØ

]q¿W-ambn Dt]-£n-®-Xns‚ ê-amWv'' F∂v At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-

d™p. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw Cu A[x-]-X-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-

ØpI am{X-amWv sNbvXXv. Fs¥-∂m¬, Cw•ojv ]≈n-°q-S-ß-fn¬

\n∂p e`n-°p-∂Xv C¥y-bpsS k\m-X-\-ß-fmb B[ym-flnI aqey-

ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ D¬t_m-[-\-ß-f√, ]m›mXy ̀ uXn-I-aq-ey-ß-fn-ep≈

]cn-io-e-\-amWv. Xne-I≥ ]d™p:

""\ΩpsS A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cn¬ ]ecpw ]m›m-Xy-cpsS ùXn-I-hmZ

kn≤m-¥-ßsf hna¿i\w IqSmsX kzoI-cn-°m≥ XpSßn. Aßs\

Zmcp-W-amb Hcp ÿnXn-hn-tijw Bhn¿`-hn®p. ]pXnb Xe-apd Xß-

fpsS a\- p-Isf ]m›m-Xy-cpsS ]cp-°≥ ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ Hcp

Im¿_¨ tIm∏n-bm°n am‰n.''2

]m›m-Xy-cmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v C¥y-bpsS hnZym-`ymk

k{º-Zm-b-Øntem kmaq-ly-Im-cy-ß-fntem CS-s]-Sm≥ bmsXm-c-[n-

Im-c-hp-an-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p Xne-Is‚ A`n-{]mbw. F∂m¬, A`y-kvX-

hn-Zy-cmb kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fpsS Ip‰-amWv IqSp-X¬ ̀ oIcw.

]cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ BZy-ambn sNtø-≠Xv \ne-hn-ep≈ hnZym-`ym-

k-co-Xnsb {]mNo\ [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßƒ°-\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-Øn¬

]cn-jv°-cn-°p-I-bmWv. ""{]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-ambn th≠Xv aX-hn-

Zym-`ym-k-Øn-te°v \ΩpsS {i≤ Xncn-°p-I-bmWv.''3 F∂m¬

am{Xta C¥y-bn¬ Hcp ]pXp-ssN-X-\y-ap-≠m-hp-I-bp≈q. CXn-s\-

Xn-cmWv ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]m›m-Xy-hn-Zym-

`ymkw. ""km∑m¿KnI \nb-a-ß-sf-∏‰n XnI™ ùXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fmb

XXz-⁄m-\n-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb {KŸ-ßƒ am{X-amWv \ΩpsS tImtf-

Pp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw

t\Snb ]fin-X-∑m¿°p-t]mepw KoX-bn¬ ]cm-a¿in® ASn-ÿm\

I¿a-tbmK kn≤m-¥-ßsf \√-t]mse a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n√''.4

]m›m-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Snb ]fin-X-∑mtcm kmaq-ly-]-cn-

jv°¿Øm-°tfm A√, Ahsc FXn¿Ø bmYm-ÿn-XnI lnμp-]-

2. Gleanings from Tilak's Writings and Speeches, P. 111.3. Bala Gangadhara Tilak, His Writings and Speeches, P. 73.4. B. G. Tilak: Gita - Rahasya, Vol. 1, P. 93.


fin-X-∑m-cmWv C¥y-bpsS Bflob ssNX-\ysØ \ne-\n¿Øm≥

IqSp-X¬ klm-bn-®Xv F∂p-t]mepw Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p.

""lnμp-a-X-Ønse bmYm-ÿn-XnI LSIw Xa pw A⁄-Xbpw

\nt›-„-Xbpw \njv{In-b-Xzhpw \nd-™-XmWv. Aß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-

sW-¶nepw AXns‚ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏mWv IqSp-X¬ {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep-

≈Xpw IqSp-X¬ ]q¿W-hp-amb XI¿®-bn¬ \n∂v cmPysØ c£n-

°p-Ibpw Dd® tZiob ssNX-\y-Øn\v Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬°m\pw

kzbw Is≠-Øm\pw Bh-iy-amb ka-bhpw kuI-cyhpw \¬Ip-

Ibpw sNbvXXv.''5 ]m›m-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymk k{º-Zmbw C¥y-°msc

Xhn-´p-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ Ipc-ß-∑m-cm°n am‰m\w C¥y-bpsS ka-{K-amb

kØ-bpsS cq]-h¬°-c-WsØ XS-™p-\n¿Øm-\p-amWv D]-I-cn-®Xv

F∂v At±lw hniz-kn®p.6 Xne-I-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ At±-lhpw

C¥y-bpsS Nnc-¥-\-ß-fmb [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßsf Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m≥

Blzm\w sNbvXp.

_wKmƒhn-`-P-\-Im-eØv Xne-I\pw Ac-hn-μ-tLmjpw ka-c-k-

Jm-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. c≠p-t]cpw anX-hmZn t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS XWp-∏≥

\b-ßsf FXn¿°p-Ibpw {_nó-jv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kacw IqSp-

X¬ Du¿Pn-X-am-°m≥ th≠n P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn-en-dßn {]h¿Øn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠p-t]cpw C¥y-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-sfbpw Nn¥-I-

sfbpw kzmb-Ø-am-°nb ]fin-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. c≠p-t]cpw lnμp-

a-X-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d®p hniz-kn® Bflob hmZn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]t£,

Ah-cpsS ho£-W-K-Xn-Iƒ XnI®pw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-]-

d-bm≥ hø.

Xne-Is‚ AssZzXw

AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-am-bn-cp∂p Xne-Is‚ ho£-W-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-

ÿm\w. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, GIhpw A\-iz-chpw

\n¿Kp-W-hp-amb Bflmhv ico-c-Øn-se-∂-t]mse {]]-©-Øn-em-

sIbpw A\m-Zn-bmbpw ]q¿W-ambpw Aen-™p-tN¿∂p InS-°p∂p.

F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fnepw GI-amb Bflmhv, As√-¶n¬ {_“w, \nd-

™p-In-S-°p∂p F∂v a\- n-em-°-emWv a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS G‰hpw

D∂-X-amb e£yw.7

5. A. Ghose: The ideal of the Karma Yogin, P. 25.6. A. Ghose: The Foundations of Indian Culture, P.P. 22-23.7. B.G. Tilak: Gita - Rahasya, P. 357.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 217

F∂m¬, At±-l-Øns‚ AssZzXw ⁄m\-Øn-e√ I¿a-Øn-

emWv Du∂n-bXv. thZm-¥-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ hnjm-Zm-fl-I-Xz-sØbpw

\njv{In-b-Xz-sØbpw IpØn-\n-d-bv°m-\p≈ F√m ]cn-{i-a-ß-sfbpw

At±lw ITn-\-ambn FXn¿Øp. PohnXw bYm¿Y-am-sW∂pw

AXnse t¢i-ß-sfbpw Zmcp-W-ß-fmb ]co-£-W-ß-sfbpw At£m-

`y-amb [oc-X-tbmsS t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv a\p-jys‚ IS-a-sb∂pw At±lw

Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. thZm¥w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v Hfn-t®m-Sn-t∏m-hm-\√, kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v H‰-s∏´v

kz¥w D≈ns‚ D≈n-te°v Xncn-™p-\-S-°m-\√, ]ns∂tbm, ⁄m\-

Øns‚ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

th≠n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øm-\mWv. kaq-l-Øns‚ tamN-\-

amWv hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-e£yw. Xne-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v,

Cu Pohn-X-e£yw t\Sm-\p≈ ka-c-Øn¬ \nkzm¿Y-ambpw {ia-c-

ln-X-ambpw ]s¶-Sp-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ⁄m\hpw i‡n-bp-amWv thZm-

¥-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p-∂Xv. Bflmhpw {_“hpw H∂m-sW∂p a\-

n-em-°p-∂-h¿ ""Xß-fpsS F√m Ign-hp-I-fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v F√m-bn-

t∏mgpw ]cn-ip≤ a\-t m-Sp-IqSn, êm-k‡n IqSmsX, \njv°m-a-

ambn, Cu temI-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰Ww.

Aßs\ sNøp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬, th≠n-h-∂m¬, kz¥w Poh≥ _en-

I-gn-°m≥ Ah¿ Xøm-dm-hWw. F¥p-Xs∂ kw`-hn-®mepw I¿Øhy

\n¿h-l-W-Øn¬ Ah¿ Dt]£ ImWn-°-cpXv. CXmWv temI-kw-

{Klw As√-¶n¬ km¿h-eu-In-I-amb t£aw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂Xv. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv bYm¿Y-amb I¿a-tbmKw.''8

I¿a-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw

Xne-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ̀ K-h-ZvKo-X-bn-e-S-ßnb Kl-\-ß-fmb

XXz-ß-fpsS cXv\-®p-cp-°-amWv I¿a-tbmKw. AXp Xs∂-bmWv

{]mtbm-Kn-I-th-Zm¥w. At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn®p: ""Bflm-hns‚ D∂Xn

kz¥w {]nb C„w. F√mw \nß-fpsS ssII-fn-emWv InS-°p-∂Xv.

I¿a-tbmKw Cu temIsØ iq\y-ambn ImWp-∂n√. \nß-fpsS Dt±-

iy-ßƒ kzm¿Y-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ sIm≠pw Bk‡n sIm≠pw ]¶n-e-

am-I-cp-sX∂p am{Xta AXm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p≈q. CXmWv {]mtbm-KnI

thZm-¥-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ icn-bmb ho£Ww. IpX¿°-ß-fn¬ s]´p

t]mbm¬ CXns‚ clkyw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcpw.''9

8. Ibid, P. 562.9. Ibid p. xxvii


`K-h-ZvKo-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Xne-Is‚ hymJym\w a‰p ]fin-X-

∑m-cp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-amWv. At±-l-Øns‚ hymJym-\-a-\p-

k-cn®v I¿a-amWv KoX-bpsS tI{μ-_nμp, As√-¶n¬ kmcmwiw. ZpxJ-

Ønepw Zpcn-X-Ønepw Ign™p IqSp∂ P\-ß-fpsS tamN-\-Øn\pw

kpJ-Øn\pw th≠n I¿a-\n-c-X-\m-hm-\mWv KoX D]-tZ-in-°p-∂Xv.

At±lw FgpXn: ""a\p-jy≥ Cuiz-c-\p-ambn sFIyw {]m]n-°m-\m-

{K-ln-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah≥ Xo¿®-bmbpw temI-Øns‚ t£a-am-

{K-ln-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p -th≠n {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.

Aßs\ sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ B sFIyw ]q¿W-am-hp-I-bn√. BsI-

bp≈ aq∂p LS-I-ß-fn¬ c≠p LS-I-ßƒ (a\p-jy\pw Cuiz-c\pw)

XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw am{X-ta-bp-≠mIq. aq∂m-asØ LSIw ({]]©w)

Dt]-£n-°-s∏Spw. Cß-s\-bmWv Rm≥ F\n-°p-th≠n Cu {]iv\-

Øn\p ]cn-lmcw I≠Xv. temI-tk-h-\-Øn-eqsS Cuiz-cs\ tkhn-

°pI F∂-XmWv tam£-Øn-te-°p≈ kp\n-›n-X-am¿Kw. Cu am¿Kw

temIsØ Dt]-£n®p sIm≠√, temI-Øn¬ Pohn-®p-sIm≠p am{X-

amWv, ssIs°m-≈m≥ km[n-°pI.''10

CXns‚ A¿Yw C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pw ]ptcm-K-Xn°pw

th≠n-bp≈ kPo-h-amb ka-c -Øn-eqsS am{Xta Bfl-km-

£m¬°mcw t\Sm≥ Ignbq F∂mWv. hntZ-io-b-cmb {_nó-jp-Im-

cpsS ̀ c-W-a-h-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ th≠n-bp≈ {]t£m-̀ -ß-fn¬ \n∂v AI-

∂p-\n¬°p∂ Hcmƒ°v Xs‚ kz¥w Bflm-hns‚ tamN\w t\Sm≥

km[n-°p-I-bn√. AXp-sIm≠v ""Zp„-∑m-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw Ah¿

temI-Ønse Zp¿_-e-cmb P\-ß-fpsS ta¬ \S-Øp∂ a¿Z-\-

ßƒ°pw FXn-cmbn ê-{]-Z-amb {]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°pI''11

F∂-XmWv Hmtcm C¥y-°m-c-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw. ""iTw {]Xn imTyw''

F∂ XXzw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m≥ th≠n P\-ßƒ I¿a-cw-K-Øn-en-d-

ßWw. CXmWv thZm¥w D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂Xv. CXmWv I¿a-

Øns‚, {]t£m-`-ß-fp-sSbpw ka-c-ß-fp-sSbpw, XXz-im-kv{X-am-WXv.

alm-̀ m-cX bp≤-Øns‚ k\ym-k-am¿K-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂ hmZw

bp‡n°p \nc-°m-Ø-XmWv F∂v Xne-I≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p.

I¿a-am¿K-Øn\p th≠{X {]m[m\yw \¬ImsX `‡n-am¿K-

sØbpw ⁄m\-am¿K-sØbpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® KoXm-hym-Jym-Xm-°-

sfbpw Xne-I≥ hna¿in®p. Pohn-X-Øn¬ `‡n°pw ⁄m\-Øn\pw

10. Ibid, P. xxvi.11. Ibid, P. 350.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 219

ÿm\-ap≠v F∂Xv icn-bmWv. ]t£, I¿a-an-s√-¶n¬ Ah \njv{]-

tbm-P-\-ß-fm-bn-Øocpw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ̀ K-h-ZvKoX I¿a-am¿K-Øn\v

{]Y-a-ÿm\w \¬In-bXv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv KoXbv°v ASn-

a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sm≥ shº¬ sIm≈p∂ kzmX-{¥y-

k-ac tk\m-\n-Isf Bthiw sIm≈n-°m≥ Ign-™Xv.

Ac-hn-μs‚ Xo{h-hmZw

Xne-Is‚ KoXm-c-lkyw C¥y-bpsS Bflo-b-hm-Z-Nn-¥-I-fpsS

B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂p F∂pw a\p-jys‚ {]b-Xv\hpw

I¿a\n-c-X-amb Pohn-Xhpw ""B[p-\nI ssNX-\y-Øns‚ BZ¿i-

ßƒ°v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ høm-Ø-h-bmsW""∂pw Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ""Fs∂ ]n¥p-S¿∂m¬ am{Xw t]mcm, bp≤w

sNøp-Ibpw thWw'' (ama-\p-kva-c-bp[y N) F∂ KoXm-h-N\w Xne-

Is\ F∂-t]mse Ac-hn-μ-s\bpw Bthiw sIm≈n-®n-´p-≠m-hWw.

C¥y≥ tZio-b-XzsØ lnμp-kw-kvIm-c-hp-ambn Iqń-°p-g®p sIm≠m-

sW-¶nepw At±lw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Ønse Hcp [oc-tk-\m-\n-bmbn

{]h¿Øn®p. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-Øn¬ At±lw Xne-

Is‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. ]em-b-\-hm-Z-Øn-e√, FSp-Øp-Nm-

´-Øn-emWv, At±lw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. {_nójp `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-

cmbn kmbp-[-e-l-f-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ th≠n-bp≈ cl-ky-{]-h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ t]mepw At±lw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. At±lw At±-l-

sØ-∏-‰n-Øs∂ Fgp-Xnb Hcp {]_-‘-Øn¬ C°mcyw Xpd∂p kΩ-

Xn-°p-∂p≠v:

""Xs‚ s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n -l-I-c-W-sØbpw knhn¬

\nb-a-ew-L-\-sØbpw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ am¿K-ß-fmbn At±lw

AwKo-I-cn®p. ]t£, Ah am{X-amWv am¿K-ßƒ F∂v At±lw

hniz-kn-®n√. e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn\v knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\w A]-cym-

]vX-am-sW-∂p-I-≠m¬ ]c-ky-amb el-f-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa∂

Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn At±lw, _wKm-fn-em-bn-cp∂ ImeØv, cl-ky-

amb hnπ-h-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-t∏m∂p.... ]n∂oSv _wKmƒ hn`-

P-\-ap-≠mbn. s]mXp-I-em]w s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´p. AXv Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS

I£n°pw al-Ømb tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\pw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp∂p.

Ac-hn-μs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ B hgn°p \oßn.

cl-ky-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v c≠mw ÿm\-ta-bp≈q F∂mbn. F¶nepw

`mhn-bnse kmbp-[-e-l-f-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Bibw {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n


At±lw kztZin {]ÿm-\sØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn.''12 ̀ oIc {]ÿm-

\-Øn-te¿s∏´ hy‡n-Iƒ Xq°n sIm√-s∏-´m¬ AXv kzmX-{¥y-k-

a-csØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂p t]mepw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±lw

hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p.

I¿a-Øn¬ \n∂v tbmK-Øn-te°v

F∂m¬, {ItaW At±-l-Øns‚ ho£-W-K-Xn-bn¬ hnjm-Zm-

fl-I-Xz-Øns‚ {]h-W-X-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥

XpSßn. ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ B[ym-flnI

Nn¥-I-fn-te°v At±lw B≠n-d-ßm≥ XpSßn. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-

Øns‚ B[ym-fln-I-amb ASn-Ød ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-embn At±-

l-Øns‚ {i≤. 1909¬ At±lw FgpXn: ""Bflo-b-ssN-X\yw am{X-

amWv c£m-am¿Kw. lrZ-b-Øn-\-IØv al-Xzhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw t\Sp-

∂-h¿t° cm{„o-b-amb al-Xzhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw t\Sm≥ Ignbq.''

Cu ho£-W-KXn KoX-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ß-

fnepw {]Xn-^-en®p. At±-l-Øns‚ KoXm-hym-Jym\w Xne-I-t‚-Xn¬

\n∂p XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Xne-I≥ I¿a-am¿K-Øn\p

{]m[m\yw \¬In-b-t∏mƒ Ac-hn-μ≥ tbmK-Øn-emWv Du∂n-bXv.

Xne-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ `‡nbpw ⁄m\hpw I¿a-Øn\p angnhp

Iq´m-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ am{X-amWv. Ac-hn-μs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn-em-Is´,

`‡nbpw ⁄m\-hp-sa-∂-t]mse I¿ahpw tbmK-i‡n h¿[n-∏n-°m-

\p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv. At±lw FgpXn:

""Xs‚ B¥-cn-I-amb Bflm-hn-s\bpw ssNX-\y-sØbpw

km£m¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw {]]-©-Øns‚ ssNX-\y-Øn-te°p {]th-

in-°p-Ibpw ]c-am-flm-hp-ambn sFIyw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-

sØbpw I¿a-sØbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Ime-tØmfw B¥-cn-I-ssN-

X-\y-Øns‚ {]Im-i-Øn-s‚bpw i‡n-bp-tSbpw klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS am\-hn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ sIm≠p {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ ap‡-a-\p-jy-\mWv A¥n-a-ambn, As√-¶n¬ G‰hpw D∂-

X-amb \ne-bn¬, Bhn¿ -̀hn-°p-∂Xv, Cu B[ym-fln-I-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-

\-Øn-s‚bpw t\´-ß-fp-sSbpw G‰hpw t{ijvT-amb Bhn-jv°-c-W-

amWv Bflmhv, a\ v, I¿aw F∂n-h-bpsS ka-{K-amb tamN-\hpw

{]]-©-Øns‚ Bflm-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw Znhy-bm-Ym¿Yy-sØ-°p-dn-®p-

ap≈ t_m[-Øns‚ N´-°q-ń¬ Ahsb \nd-bv°epw. CXmWv KoX

12 Aurobindo on Himself

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 221

\ΩpsS apºn¬ shbv°p∂ B[ym-fln-Im-Z¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw

km£m¬°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw kmcmwiw.''

Pohn-Xhpw Z¿i-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

Xne-I-s‚bpw Ac-hn-μ-s‚bpw ho£-W-K-Xn-I-fn-ep≈ Cu

hyXymkw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠mb hyXym-k-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏-́ n-cn-°p∂p F∂p ImWmw. c≠p-t]cpw _wKmƒ hn -̀P-\sØ

XpS¿∂p-≠mb kzmX-{¥y-k-ac {]t£m-`-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xn\v

AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Xne-I≥ _¿a-bnse afimte Pbn-

en-te°v \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏´p. A\p-Iq-e-a-√mØ Imem-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw

A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \n¿Z-b-amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-s‚bpw ê-ambn At±-

l-Øns‚ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v DS-hp-Xń. ]t£, {]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ

At±-lsØ IqSp-X¬ ZrV-Nn-Ø-\m-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. KoX-bpsS

ktμiw At±-lsØ IqSp-X¬ D’m-l-`-cn-X\pw I¿a-\n-c-X-\p-am-

°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. Pbn-en¬ \n∂p tamNn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-tijw

At±lw Xs‚ cm{„ob {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS¿∂p. amdnb ]cn-Xx-

ÿn-Xn-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v At±lw a‰p tZio-b-t\-Xm-°-∑m-cp-ambn kl-

I-cn-®p-sIm≠v tlmwdqƒ {]ÿm\w sIń-∏-Sp-°m-s\m-cpßn. 1920¬

Ncaw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xp-h-scbpw At±lw Xs‚ kPo-h-cm-{„ob

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hn´p-am-dp-I-bp-≠m-bn√.

Ac-hn-μs‚ PohnXw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. 1908¬ At±lw Hcp

t_mw_p tIknse {]Xn-sb∂ \nebv°v AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

Hcp sIm√sØ Pbn¬hm-k-Øn-\p-tijw hn´-b-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. At∏m-tg°pw hnπ-h-{]-ÿm\w Xm¬°m-en-I-am-bn-´m-sW-

¶nepw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´p Ign-™n-cp∂p. Cu amμyw Ac-hn-μs‚ a\-

n-s\bpw _m[n®p. At±lw Xs‚ ZpxJ-`m-c-sØ-∏‰n Cßs\

FgpXn:

""Cu {]mhiyw Rm\mWv Hcp-sIm√w apgp-h\pw GIm-¥-X-bn¬

Ign-®p-Iq-ń-bXv. aS-ßn-h-∂-t∏mƒ F√mw amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv

ImWp-∂Xv. F√m-bn-t∏mgpw Fs‚-IqsS Ccn-°p-Ibpw Fs‚

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcmƒ _¿a-bn¬

Hcp XS-hp-Im-c-\mWv. as‰m-cmƒ hS°v Hcp XS-hn¬ InS∂p \c-In-

°p-I-bmWv. Rm≥ aS-ßn-h-∂-t∏mƒ Np‰p-]mSpw t\m°n. D]-tZ-i-

ßƒ°pw {]tNm-Z-\-Øn\pw th≠n Rm≥ Bsc-sbms° kao-]n-

°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm Ah-sc-sb√mw ImWm≥th≠n Rm≥ Np‰p-


]mSpw t\m°n. Ahsc Rm≥ I≠n√. AXn-ep-ap-]-cn-bmbn as‰m-

∂p≠v. Rm≥ Pbn-en¬ t]mb ka-bØv cmPyw apgp-h\pw htμ-am-

Xcw F∂ hnfn-sIm≠v apJ-cn-X-am-bn-cp∂p. cm{„-Øns‚ Bi

sIm≠v, A[x-]-X-\-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pXp-Xmbn Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ tImSn-

°-W-°n-ep≈ P\-ß-fpsS B Bi-sIm≠v, cmPy-amsI kPo-h-am-

bn-cp∂p. Rm≥ Pbn-en¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-h-∂-t∏mƒ B hnfn-°p-th≠n

sNhn-tbm¿Øp. ]t£, AXns‚ ÿm\Øv Hcp \ni-_vZX am{X-

am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. cmPy-Øn-sem-´p°pw hnNn-{X-amb Hcp \ni-_vZX

hym]n-®n-cp∂p. P\-ß-fmsI ̀ b-hn-lz-e-cm-b-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n. ̀ mhn-

sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ kpJ-{]-Xo-£-Iƒ \nd™ {]Im-i-am-\-amb kz¿K-

Øns‚ ÿm\Øv Rß-fpsS apI-fn¬ taLm-hr-X-amb IdpØ

BIm-i-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXn¬\n∂v am\p-jn-I-ß-fmb CSnbpw

an∂epw h¿jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. GXp-h-gn-°mWv \otß-≠Xv F∂v

B¿°pw Adn-™p-IqSm F∂p tXm∂n.''13 1910 G{]n-en¬ At±lw

{^©p {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂ ]pXp-t»-cn-bn-te°v Xmakw am‰p-Ibpw

Aßs\ {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂v c£-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]pXp-t»-cn-bn¬ Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw Ipd-®p-Imew

At±lw {_nó-jn-¥y-bnse Nne hnπ-h-Im-cn-I-fp-ambn _‘w

]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, {Ia-Øn¬ At±lw AØcw _‘-ß-

sf√mw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw B[ym-flnI {]iv\-ß-fn¬ apgp-Ip-

Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ Nnc-¥\ kplr-Øp-°-fm-bn-cp∂

emem-e-Pv]Xv dmbn-sb-t∏m-sebpw kn.B¿. Zmkn-s\-t∏m-se-bp-ap≈

t\Xm-°-∑m¿ C¥y-bnse cm{„ob cwK-Øn-te°v aS-ßn-h-cm≥ At±-

l-tØmSv ho≠pw ho≠pw A`y¿Yn-®p-t\m°n. Xm≥ as‰mcp am¿K-

Øn-eqsS apt∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xp-hsc

{]h¿Ø-\-cw-K-Øn-te°p aS-ßn-h-cm≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-s√-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p

At±-l-Øns‚ adp-]Sn. 1950¬ ac-W-a-S-bp-∂-Xp-h-scbpw At±lw

]pXp-t»-cn-bn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Xs‚ B{i-a-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ign-®p-

Iqń.

Xne-I\pw Ac-hn-μ\pw lnμp-kw-kvIm-csØ apdp-°n-∏n-Sn-°p-

Ibpw `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ ]mfinXyw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F¶nepw _wKmƒ hn`-P-\sØ XpS¿∂p-≠mb km{am-Py-hn-cp≤

{]t£m-`-ßƒ ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-´-Xn-\p-tijw Ah¿ hyXykvX Pohn-

X-am¿K-ß-fm-W-h-ew-_n-®Xv. afimte Pbn-en¬ \n∂p Xncn-®p-h-∂-

13. Aurobindo: Speeches, p. 52.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 223

Xn\p tijhpw Xne-I≥ C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ kPo-h-

ambn ]s¶-SpØp. Ac-hn-μ-\m-Is´, kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-te°p Xncn-

®p-t]m-bn√. {ItaW At±lw euIn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p Xs∂

AI-∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw \nKq-Vm¿Y-hm-Z-Øns‚ Z¥-tKm-]p-c-Øn-en-cp-∂p-

sIm≠v Xs‚ Bflo-b-hm-Z-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ {]N-cn -∏n -°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Hcp-Im-eØv Bth-i-I-c-ß-fmb teJ-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]kw-

K-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-ep≈ P\-ßsf {_nójv `c-

W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn Xń-bp-W¿Ønb At±lw ]W-°m-cmb Db¿∂

h¿K-°m-cp-sSbpw CS-Ø-c-°m-cp-sSbpw Aflo-b-Kp-cp-hmbn amdn. Cu

am‰w At±-l-Øns‚ XXz-Nn-¥-I-fnepw {]Xn-^-en-°m-Xn-cp-∂n√.

Ac-hn-μs‚ ]q¿Wm-ssZzXw

Ac-hn-μ-tLm-jns‚ XXz-imkv{Xw s]mXp-hn¬ ]q¿Wm-ssZzXw

As√-¶n¬ ]q¿W-hn-⁄m\w F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

Bflo-b-hm-Z-sØbpw ùXn-I-hm-Z-sØbpw Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-°m\pw

kb≥kv, XXz-imkv{Xw, aXw F∂n-hsb kwt«-jn-∏n-°m\pw

bmYm¿YysØ AXns‚ ]q¿W-amb ka-{K-X-bn¬ t\m°n-°m-

Wm\pw {ian-°p∂ Hcp Z¿i-\-am-WXv.

F√mw {_“-am-Ip∂p, {]]-©-Øn-ep-≈-sX√mw {_“-Øns‚

{]I-S-\-ß-fmWv, {]]©w {_“-amWv F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Hu]-\n-jZv

k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv Ac-hn-μ≥ Xs‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-hy-

hÿ sIń-∏-Sp-ØXv. {_“hpw {]]-©hpw hyXy-kvX-ß-f√, k¿h-

hym-]n-bmb Htc bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ hn`n-∂-ß-fmb Ah-ÿm-hn-ti-

j-ßƒ am{X-am-sW∂v At±lw {]Jym-]n®p. At±-l-Øns‚ Cu

AssZzXw i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. i¶-

cs‚ ambm-hm-Z-Øntem ]mc-am¿Yn-I-kXyw, hymh-lm-cn-I-kXyw

F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ kXy-Øns‚ hyXykvX cq]-ß-fntem At±-l-

Øn\p hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬,

""bYm¿Y-amb GI-X-Xz-hmZw, As√-¶n¬ bYm¿Y-amb AssZXzw,

F√m hkvXp-°-sfbpw Htc {_“-ambn ImWp∂p. AXp {_“-

Øns‚ AkvXn-XzsØ \nXy-amb kXyhpw \nXy-amb Ak-Xyhpw

F∂pw {_“hpw {_“-hp-a-√m-ØXpw F∂pw Bflmhpw A\m-

flmhpw F∂pw bmYm¿Yyhpw Ab-Ym¿Y-sa-¶nepw imiz-X-amb

ambbpw F∂pw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmb c≠v Ah-ÿm-hn-ti-j-ß-

fm°n hn`-Pn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂n√.''14

14. Aurobindo: Life Divine. p. 31


{_“w GIhpw AZzn-Xo-b-hp-am-sW∂pw ]t£, AXv hn`n-∂-cq-

]-ß-fn-emWv {]I-S-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv F∂p-amWv At±lw hmZn-®Xv.

At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ bmYm¿Yyw k®n-Zm-\μamWv.

AXn¬ kXv, NnXv, B\μw F∂o aq∂p XXz-ß-f-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p.

{]]-©-Øns‚ hnhn-[-ß-fmb \ma-cq-]-ßfpw A\-¥-amb Ne-\m-h-

ÿbpw Cu {]m]-©nI ssNX-\y-Øns‚, As√-¶n¬ k®n-Zm-\-μ-

Øns‚, {]I-S-\-cq-]-ßƒ am{X-amWv.

]t£, k®n-Zm-\-μ-kz-cq-]-amb {_“w FÆ-a‰ \ma-cq-]-ß-fn-

eqsS A`n-hy-‡-am-Ip-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? {_“-Øns‚ eoe-bm-WXv

F∂t{X adp-]Sn. shdpw B\-μ-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv {_“w \ma-cq-

]-ß-fn-eqsS {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv. Ac-hn-μ≥ FgpXn: ""temI-Øns‚

AkvXnXzw inhs‚ elcn ]nSn-∏n-°p∂ \rØ-amWv. AXv B tizX-

amb AkvXn-Xz-Øn\v bmsXm-cp-am-‰hpw hcp-Øp-∂n√. AkvXnXzw

FhnsS F¥m-bn-cp-∂pthm, F¥m-Ip-∂pthm, F¥m-bn-cn-°ptam,

Aßs\ Xs∂ Ahn-sS-bn-cn-°p∂p; AXns‚ GtIm-t±iyw \rØ-

Ønse B\-μ-amWv.''15

\¿Ø-I-s\-∂-t]mse Xs∂ \rØhpw bYm¿Y-amWv. as‰m-cp-

hn[w ]d-™m¬, {_“w F∂ "A\n¿h-N-\o-b-amb bmYm¿Yy"Øn\v

Znhy-amb AkvXnXzw am{X-a√, ̀ uXn-I-amb AkvXn-Xz-hp-ap≠v. ̀ uXn-

I-amb AkvXn-Xz-amWv {]]©w. {]]-©-Øns‚ ssNX-\y-amWv

{_“w. AXns‚ G‰hpw Xmgv∂ cq]-Øn-ep≈ {]I-S-\-cq-]-amWv

ùXn-I-kØ. ùXn-I-k-Ø-bpsS hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb AkvXn-XzsØ

Ac-hn-μ≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. i¶-c-s\-t∏mse ùXn-I-kØ amb-

bm-sW∂v Ac-hn-μ≥ Icp-Xp-∂n√. t\sc-a-dn®v, ùXn-I-kØ Hcm-h-

iy-I-X-bm-sW∂v At±lw hniz-kn-°p∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, ""ùXn-I-

bm-Ym¿Yy-Øn-t∑¬ ASn-bp-d-®p-\n-∂p-sIm≠v am{Xta ùXn-I-k-Ø-

bv°-∏p-d-Øp≈ bmYm¿YysØ AXns‚ ]q¿W-X-bn¬ {Kln-°m≥

Ignbq.''16

F∂m¬, ̀ uXn-I-kØ hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp bmYm¿Yy-am-sW-

¶nepw AXn\v "{]]-©-Øns‚ ssNX\y"Øn¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥-amb

Hcp \ne-\n¬∏n-s√∂v Ac-hn-μ≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. ùXn-I-k-Ø-

bpsS AkvXnXzw {_“-Øns‚ AkvXn-XzsØ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

a\p-jy≥ Hcp bmYm¿Yy-amWv. ]t£, Ah≥ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv {_“-

15. Ibid, P. 119.16. Ibid.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 225

Øns‚ {]I-Sn-X-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv. {_“-an-s√-¶n¬ a\p-jy-\p-

an√. ""Znhy-kØ kzbw _lp-cq-]-ß-fn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂p. AXmWv

hy‡n-]-c-amb F√m AkvXn-Xz-ß-fp-sSbpw Bflmhv.'' Znhy-kØ

A\-¥hpw A]-cn-ta-b-hp-amWv. AXv F√m-bn-SØpw, Hmtcm hy‡n-

bnepw, ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. ""GI-amb bmYm¿Yyw FÆ-a‰ cq]-ß-fp-

sSbpw i‡n-I-fp-sSbpw bmYm¿Yy-ambn kzbw {]I-S-am-Ip∂p.

AXmWv F√m-bn-SØpw \sΩ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv.''17 AXn-\m¬,

{]]-©-sa∂ bmYm¿YysØ AwKo-I-cnt® aXn-bmhq. ""AkvXn-Xz-

Øns‚ GsX√mw Ah-ÿ-I-fn-eq-sS-bmtWm \mw ]c-am-flm-hns\

kao-]n-°p-Ibpw ]c-am-flm-hp-ambn kmflyw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂Xv B Ah-ÿ-Iƒ°pw Ah-bp-tS-Xmb bmYm¿Yy-ap-≠m-bn-cn-

°Ww. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ab-Ym¿Yhpw Ak-Xy-hp-am-bXv \sΩ

bmYm¿Yy-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-I-bn√. ]c-am-flm-hn¬ \n∂v D¬`q-X-

am-Ip-∂-hbv°v, ]c-am-flmhv B{ibw \¬Ip-Ibpw kqNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

A`n-hy-‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-hbv°v, bYm¿Y-k-Ø-bp-≠m-bn-cn-

°Ww.''18 Cßs\ Ac-hn-μs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, ̀ uXn-I-kØ

B[ym-flnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂ ]Sn-b-nte-°p≈ {]bm-

W-Ønse Bcw-`-L-´-amWv.

Ac-hn-μs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ bmYm¿Yy-Øn\v Zznap-J-amb Hcp

Ne-\-{I-a-ap≠v. Ib-dn-t∏m-I-ep-ap≠v, Cd-ßn-t∏m-I-ep-ap≠v; ]cn-W-

an®p hnI-kn-°-ep-ap≠v, hnI-kn-X-cq-]-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Npcp-ßn-®p-cp-

ßn-h-c-ep-ap≠v. ""{]Xy-£-Øn¬ ssNX-\y-an-√mØ ùXn-I-k-Ø-bn-

e-S-ßnb B[ym-flnI bmYm¿Yy-amWv Znhy-k-Ø-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-

Øns‚ {]mcw-`-_nμp''19 F∂v At±lw ]d-bp∂p. Hcp-h-iØv A\p-

{I-a-ambn ùXn-I-kØ, Poh≥, Bflmhv, {]Im-i-am-\-amb AXn-a-

\- ns‚ am[yaw F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ Btcm-lWw, adp-h-iØv ]c-

am-kvXn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v AXn-a-\- n-eqsS {]]-©-k-Ø-bn-te°pw HSp-

hn¬ ùXn-I-k-Ø-bn-te-°p-ap≈ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmb Ah-tcm-lWw ˛

Cßs\ Htc-k-a-bØv c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ne-\-{]-{In-b-Iƒ \S-

°p∂p. Cuc-≠p-Xcw Ne-\-{]-{In-b-Ifpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ß-fmWv.

H∂p at‰-Xns\ klm-bn-°p∂p. ùXn-I-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v B[ym-

fln-I-X-e-Øn-te-°p≈ Btcm-lWw Znhy-k-Ø-bpsS Ah-tcm-l-

17. Ibid, P. 615.18. Ibid, P. 427.19. Ibid, P. 814.


WsØ klm-bn-°p∂p. AXp-t]mse Znhy-k-Ø-bpsS Ah-tcm-lWw

Xmgv∂ ]Sn-bn-ep-≈-h-bpsS Btcm-l-Wm-`n-em-j-ßsf k^-eo-I-cn-

°p∂p. Cu {Inbm-fl-I-amb {]{In-b-bn¬ kPo-h-ambn XmZmflyw

{]m]n-°p-I-bmWv km^-ey-Øns‚ am¿Kw. CXns‚ A¿Yw {]Im-i-

am-\-amb AXn-a-\- ns\ a\p-jys‚ tNX-\-bn-te°v Cd-°n-s°m-≠p-

h-cm\pw Aßs\ temI-Øn¬ Znhy-Po-hn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb kml-

N-cy-ßƒ kr„n-°m\pw th≠n Ahn-{i-a-ambn {]b-Xv\n-°Ww

F∂mWv. Cu e£yw t\Sm-\p≈ am¿K-amWv ]q¿W-tbmKw. ]cn-

Wm-a-{]-{In-b-bn-te¿s∏´ Znhy-k-Ø-bp-am-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ {Inbm-fl-

I-amb kl-I-c-W-Øn-\mWv ]q¿W-tbmKw F∂p-]-d-bp-∂Xv. ""{]]-

©-amsI Znhy-k-Ø-bpsS {]I-S-\-amWv As√-¶n¬ eoe-bmWv F∂

t_m[''20 amWv AØ-c-samcp kl-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w.

Ac-hn-μs‚ ]q¿W-tbm-K-sa∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Zm¿i-\n-

I-hy-h-ÿbv°v D]-\n-j-Øp-°-tfmSpw i¶-c≥, cmam-\p-P≥ XpS-ßnb

a[y-Im-e-Nn-¥-I-∑m-tcm-Sp-ap≈ IS-∏mSv hfsc {]I-S-amWv. ]t£,

At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥-I-fn¬ slK¬ XpS-ßnb ]m›mXy Zm¿i-\n-I-

∑m-cpsS kzm[o-\hpw ImWmw. `mc-Xo-bhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb Nn¥-

I-fn¬ \n∂v ]eXpw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp kzX-{¥-amb Zm¿i-\n-

I-hy-hÿ sIń-∏-Sp-°m-\mWv At±lw {ian-®Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,

ssNX-\y-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Btcm-l-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]cn-

Wm-a-{]-{In-b-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂

\ntj-[-Øns‚ \ntj[w, KpWm-fl-I-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w apX-em-b-h-

sb-°p-dn®pw slK¬ Xs‚ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ khn-kvX-c-ambn {]Xn-]m-

Zn-®n-´p≠v. ùXn-I-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v Znhy-k-Ø-bn-te-°p≈ Btcm-

l-W-sØ-∏‰n Ac-hn-μ≥ D∂-bn® Bi-b-ßƒ°v slK-ens‚ Nn¥-

I-tfmSp IS-∏m-Sp-s≠∂p tXm∂p∂p. F∂m¬, slK-ens‚ Z¿i-\-

Øn\v imkv{Xo-bhpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Hcp ]cn-thjw \¬Ip∂

\ntj-[-Øns‚ \ntj[w, KpWm-fl-I-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w apX-emb

XXz-ßsf At±lw hn´p-I-f-™n-cn-°p∂p. ]Icw Znhy-k-Ø-bpsS

Ah-tcm-l-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXn-sbm-cm-i-b-amWv At±lw Bhn-

jv°-cn-°p-∂Xv.

Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv ùXn-I-k-Ø-bpsS hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb AkvXn-

XzsØ AwKo-I-cn-°pI am{X-a√, B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ t\´-

ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m≥ {ian-°p-I-IqSn sNøp-∂p≠v. CX-t±-l-Øns‚

20. Aurobindo: Yoga and its Objects, P. 10.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 227

Z¿i-\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ angnhpw HmP pw \¬Ip-∂p-ap≠v. F∂n-cn-

°nepw, A`yq-l-ß-sfbpw tIh-e-X-Xz-ß-sfbpw B{i-bn-°p∂ At±-

l-Øns‚ ]q¿Wm-ssZz-X-Øns‚ ASn-Ød Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw Dd∏p

Ipd-™-Xp-amWv. ùXn-I-hm-Z-sa-∂-t]mse Xs∂ Bflo-b-hm-Zhpw

`mKn-Ihpw GI-]-£o-b-hp-amWv F∂-Xn-\m¬ c≠n-s\bpw ka-\z-

bn-°m-\mWv At±lw {ian-®Xv. ]t£, Cu {ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ùXn-

I-k-Øbv°pw B[ym-fln-I-k-Ø-bv°p-an-S-bn¬ Hcp ZznXz-̀ mhw kr„n-

°p-I-bmWv At±lw sNbvXXv. Fs¥-∂m¬, At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-

{]m-b-Øn¬ ùXn-I-kØ ùXn-I-]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ°p am{X-ap-≈-XmWv.

B[ym-fln-I-kØ Bflo-b-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßƒ°p-am-{Xhpw. ùXn-I-k-

Øbv°v ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ Hcp khn-tij L´-Øn¬ tNX\ kr„n-

°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-s≠∂ hmZ-K-Xn-tbmSv At±lw tbmPn-°p-∂n√.

{_“hpw {]]-©hpw XΩn-ep≈ AssZz-X-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At±-

l-Øns‚ k¶¬∏w A`yq-l-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amWv. Hcp-h-iØv {]]-

©-amsI {_“-am-sW∂pw Cu temI-Øn¬ {_“-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-

an-s√∂pw a‰p-ap≈ H]-\n-jZv kn≤m-¥-ßsf At±lw AwKo-I-cn-

°p∂p. adp-h-iØv, {]]-©-Øn-\p-]-cn-bmbn, {]]-©-Øns‚ ]pdØv

A\m-Zn-bmbn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ A\n¿h-N-\o-b-amb {_“w Bflm-hn-

jv°-c-W-Øn-ep≈ B\-μ-Øn-\p-th≠n am{Xw ùXn-I-{]-]-©-Øn-

te-°n-dßn hcn-Ibpw ùXn-I-k-Ø-bn-eqsS kzbw {]I-S-am-hp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p F∂v hmZn-°p-I-bmWv. ùXn-I-{]-]©w Xs∂ {_“-am-

sW-¶n¬ ]ns∂ AXn-\-∏p-d-Øp≈ Hcp {_“-sØ-∏‰n k¶¬∏n-

°p-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? ̀ uXn-I-k-Ø-bpsS Btcm-lWw Znhy-k-Ø-bpsS

Ah-tcm-l-WsØ klm-bn-°p-sa∂p ]d-bp∂p. shdpw eoem-hn-t\m-

Z-Øn-\p-th≠n ùXn-I-{]-]-©-Øn-eqsS kzbw {]I-S-am-Im≥ Ign-

hp≈ k¿h-i-‡-amb Znhy-k-Øbv°v CØ-c-samcp Btcm-l-W-

Øns‚ klm-b-sa-¥n-\mWv? Cß-s\-bp≈ ]e tNmZy-ßƒ°pw Ac-

hn-μ≥ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb adp-]Sn \¬Ip-∂n√. kmam-\y-ambn ]d-™m¬,

hyXy-kvX-Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿ hn`n∂ Ime-L-´-ß-fnepw hn`n-∂-km-l-N-

cy-ß-fnepw Bhn-jv°-cn® Bi-b-ßsf Kl-\hpw k¶o¿W-hp-amb

]q¿Wm-ssZz-X-sa∂ t]cn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp {ia-amWv

At±lw \S-Øn-bXv. Xs‚ k¶o¿W-amb Zm¿i-\n-I-hy-hÿ C¥y-

bpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ B[ym-fln-Im-Sn-Ø-d-bm-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v

At±lw hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.


37. aXhpw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\hpw

anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ Dc-k¬ hntZ-iob Kh-

s◊‚n-s\-Xn-cmb {]h¿Ø-\-]-cn-]m-Snsb am{Xw kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xm-

bn-cp-∂n√. aX-tØmSpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-W-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ kao-]-

\-ß-fnepw AXp {]Xn-^-en®p. dm\-sU-sbbpw tKmJ-se-sbbpw

t]mep≈ anX-hm-Zn-Iƒ B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cm-

Øn-s‚bpw h‡m-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. lnμp-a-XsØ ]cn-jv°-cn-°m\pw

AXns\ B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°v CW-°n-sb-Sp-°m\pw

Ah¿ B{K-ln®p. hn⁄m-\-hn-tcm-[-Øn\pw A‘-hn-izm-k-Øn\pw

FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ t\´-ßsf Ah¿

Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p. kwtbm-PnX kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw atX-X-c-Xz-Øn-

s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cm{„w sIń-∏-Sp-°m\pw tKmJ-se-bpsS

`mj-bn¬, ""s]mXp-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fnepw s]mXp-hmb A`n-em-j-ß-fnepw

F∂√, s]mXp-hmb Ah-i-X-I-fn¬ t]mepw, ASn-bp-d® s]mXp-tZ-

io-b-t_m[w'' hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm\pw Ah-cm-{K-ln®p. ""\mw H∂m-

a-Xmbn C¥y-°m-cm-sW∂pw ]n∂oSp am{Xta lnμp-°tfm apl-Ω-

Zo-btcm ]mgvkn-Itfm {InkvXym-\n-Itfm BIp-∂p≈q""sh∂pw P\-

ßƒ a\- n-em-°-W-sa∂v tKmJse B{K-ln®p. ""GIo-Ir-Xhpw ]p\-

cp-≤-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb C¥y temI-cm-{„-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ AXns‚ al-

Ømb `qX-Im-e-Øn-\¿l-amb Hcp ÿm\-tØ°p am¿®p-sNbvXp

apt∂-dp-∂-Xns\""°pdn®v At±lw kz]v\w I≠p.1

1. Gopalakrishna Gokhale in the Preamble to the Constitution of the Ser-vants of India Society.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 229

kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-ß-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]\w

t\sc-a-dn®v, Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fm-Is´, Xo{h-hm-Zhpw _lp-P-\-k-a-c-

Øn-\p≈ Bth-i-hp-sa-√m-ap-≠m-bn´pw anX-hm-Zn-I-fpsS en_-d¬

Nn¥m-K-Xn-sbbpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Bi-b-ß-sfbpw FXn¿°p-I-

bmWv sNbvXXv. anX-hm-Zn-Iƒ ]m›m-Xy-kw-kvIm-csØ A\p-I-cn-

®-Xns‚ ê-ambn tZio-bXzw If-™p-Ip-fn-®p-sh-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-

cpsS apJy-hn-a¿i\w. ]m›m-Xy-amb kI-e-Xn\pw, an√n-s‚bpw

kvs]≥k-dp-sSbpw s_≥Xm-an-s‚bpw Bi-b-ßƒ°p-t]mepw, FXn-

cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. ""lnμp""kwkvImcw ]m›mXy kwkvIm-c-tØ-

°mƒ F{Xtbm D¬Ir-„-am-b-Xm-sW∂pw ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb lnμp-a-

X-Øn\v F√m bpK-ß-fp-sSbpw Bh-iy-ßsf t\cn-Sm-\p≈ Ign-hp-

s≠∂pw Ah¿ ka¿Yn-°m≥ {ian®p. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬,

lnμp-a-X-Øn\v ]cn-jv°-c-Wtam ]cn-h¿Ø-\tam A√ Bh-iy-am-

bn-´p-≈Xv; ]ns∂tbm, _lp-P-\-ßƒ°p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-amdv

AXns\ ]p\¿hym-Jym-\n-°pI am{X-amWv. anX-hm-Zn-Iƒ kmaq-lyhpw

aX-]-c-hp-amb ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ°p-th-≠nbpw AbnØw, ssii-h-hn-

hmlw XpS-ßnb kmaq-lym-\m-Nm-c-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbpw Bflm¿Y-ambn

{]h¿Øn-®-t∏mƒ aX-]-c-amb ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn\pw \ne-hn-ep≈

BNm-c-ß-sfbpw ]mc-º-cy-ß-sfbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw th≠n

{]h¿Øn-°p-I-bmWv Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ sNbvXXv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,

dm\sU kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°mc kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]-h¬°-cn-®p-sIm-

≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xo{h-hm-Zn-bmb Xne-I≥ tKmkw-c-£-W-kw-L-ßfpw

KW-]-Xn-bp-’-h-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Xnc-°n´p {]h¿Øn-®p-h-cn-

I-bm-bn-cp∂p. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°mcw cmjv{So-b-]-cn-jv°m-c-Øns‚ Hc-

h-tiym-]m-[n-bm-sW∂v anX-hm-Zn-Iƒ Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fm-

Is´, C¥y-bpsS kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]nt∂m-°m-

h-ÿ-bpsS auen-I-Im-cWw {_nójv `c-W-am-sW∂pw kmaq-ly-]-

cn-jv°mcw lnμp-km-aq-ly-L-S-\-bn¬ On{Z-ß-fpsS hnØp-]m-Ip-

sa∂pw AXv {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmb ka-csØ Zp¿_-e-a-am-°p-sa-

∂p-amWv hmZn-®Xv. ""cm{„o-bm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ {]iv\w BZyw ]cn-l-

cn-°m-Ø-]£w \ap°v kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßtfm P\-ß-fpsS ̀ uXn-

I-t£-atam t\Sm≥ km[y-a√'' F∂v Xne-I≥ Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p.

tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ BZy-L-´-ß-fn¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ hm¿jn-

I-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w \S-Øm-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°mc

ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ ]n∂oSp ths≠∂p shbv°p-I-bp-≠m-sb-∂Xp {it≤-


b-amWv. tIm¨{Kkv ]¥-ep-Iƒ ]cn-jv°-c-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p \ntj-

[n-°-s∏-´Xv apJy-ambpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS t{]c-W-bm-em-bn-cp∂p.

Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS hnIm-c-ßsf Xń-bp-W¿Øm≥ lnμp-

a-X-Øns‚ `qX-Im-e-ta-∑sb XpS¿®-bmbn B{i-bn-®p-h∂p. cm{„o-

b-k-a-c-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw Db¿Øn-°m-´m≥ Ah¿ lnμp-a-X-Ønse

tZh-∑m-scbpw tZhn-am-scbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn. _lp-P-\-ß-fpsS

cm{„o-b-t_m-[-tØmSpw h¿K-t_m-[-tØm-Sp-sa-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ aX-

hn-izm-k-ß-tfmSpw, Zp¿_-e-hn-Im-c-ß-tfm-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p ]e-t∏mgpw Ah-

cpsS DZvt_m-[\w. F∂m¬, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-ß-fpsS {]iv\w

h∂-t∏mƒ AsXmcp aX-{]-iv\-am-sW∂pw B \nebv°v AXv cm{„o-

b-{]-iv\-ß-fp-ambn Iqń-°p-g-®p-Iq-sS-∂p-amWv Ah¿ hmZn-®Xv!

F∂n-cp-∂mepw, lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ß-fmb BNm-c-

ßfpw NS-ßp-Ifpw I¿i-\-ambn A\p-jvTn-°-W-sa∂p \njv°¿jn-

°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v CXv Ahsc XS-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn√. a‰p-]e hi-ß-

fnepw Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂ temI-am-\y-Xn-e-I≥ t]mepw

Cu bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-bmWv sh®p-]p-e¿Øn-bXv. ssii-h-

hn-hm-lsØ At±lw ]n¥m-ßp-Ibpw hnhml hb v ]{¥-≠m°n

Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn km{am-Py-\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ Hcp

_n√ns\ FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. dm\-sUbpw a‰p anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw

_n√ns\ ]n¥m-ßp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

\mj-W¬ tIm¨{K pw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-chpw

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Im-eØv kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-

W-{]-ÿm\w Bcw-`n-®Xv kmcmw-i-Øn¬ lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-

jv°-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øn\pw lnμp-a-

X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A]-cn-jv°r-X-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw A\m-Nm-c-

ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-cm-bn-́ mWv AXv Xncn-®p-hn-S-s∏-́ n-cp-∂Xv. tIm¨{K-kns‚

]e t\Xm-°fpw Cu {]ÿm-\-Øm¬ AKm-[-amw-hn[w kzm[o-\n-°-

s∏-ń-cp∂p. tIm¨{K-kns‚ e£yw lnμp-a-XsØ tZio-b-hm-Z-hp-

ambn A\p-c-RvPn-∏n-°-em-sW∂v Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-I-

t]mepw sNbvXp. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°mc {]ÿm-\-

ß-sf-°p-dn®v A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w \S-Øn-s°m≠v tIm¨{K-kns‚

HutZym-Kn-I-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb ]´m-`n-ko-Xm-cm-aø Cßs\ FgpXn:

""Cu {]ÿm-\-ß-sf√mw, bYm¿Y-Øn¬, C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xz-am-

Ip∂ Nc-Snse ]e \qep-I-fm-bn-cp∂p; ap≥hn-[n-I-sfbpw A‘-hn-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 231

izm-k-ß-sfbpw AI-‰m\pw ]gb (lnμp-aX) hnizm-ksØ, thZm-

¥-]-c-amb Bflo-b-hm-ZsØ, ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-Ibpw ip≤o-I-cn-°p-

Ibpw AXns\ ]pXp-bp-K-Ønse tZio-b-hm-Z-hp-ambn A\p-c-RvPn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøm\pw Ign-bp-amdv Hcp kwt«-j-W-am-hn-jv°-cn-°p-

I-bm-bn-cp∂p cm{„-Øns‚ I¿Øhyw. Cu al-Ømb ZuXyw \nd-

th-‰m≥ hn[n-°-s∏-´Xv C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K- mWv.''2

F∂m¬, lnμp-a-XsØ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m\pw AXns\ B[p-\n-I-tZ-io-

b-hm-Z-hp-ambn A\p-c-RvPn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn-{iaw Gsd-°mew XpS-

cm≥ Ign-™n√. Fs¥-∂m¬, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-

\-Im-e-am-b-t∏m-tg°v Du∂¬ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb t]mcm-

´-Øn¬ \n∂pw amdn aX-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-te°pw kwc-£-

W-Øn-te-°p-ambn. Cu aX-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-hmZw ]cn-jv°-c-W-hn-tcm-

[-Øns‚ cq]-Øn-emWv kzbw {]I-S-am-bXv; am{X-a√, a‰p aX-ßƒ°v,

hnti-jn®v C…m-an\pw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn\pw, FXn-cm-bn-´mWv AXv

A[n-I-a-[nIw Xncn-®p-hn-S-s∏-´Xv.

_me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥, emem-e-Pv]Xv dmbv, Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv.

_¶nw-N{μ Nm‰¿Pn F∂n-h-cp-sSbpw cm{„o-b-{]-ÿm-\-Ønse a‰-

t\Iw Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw teJ-\-ß-fn-ep-amWv

aX-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-]-c-amb Cu ho£-W-KXn G‰-hp-a-[nIw {]I-S-am-

bn-cp-∂Xv. anX-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn, Ah¿ Xß-fpsS

cm{„ob {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]m›m-Xym-i-b-ß-sf-b√, adn®v C¥y≥

Z¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw lnμp kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]ucm-Wn-I-aq-ey-ß-

sf-bmWv, B{i-bn-®Xv. C¥ybv°v ""bqtdm-∏ns\ A\p-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp

Xhn-´p-Ip-c-ßmbn""Øocm≥ hø; {]XyX, kz¥w ]mc-º-cy-ß-sfbpw

kz¥w [¿a-ß-sfbpw ]n¥p-S¿∂p-sIm≠v al-Xz-Øn-te-°p-b-tc-≠n-

bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v Ac-hn-μ≥ {]kvXm-hn®p: ""C¥y-bnse ]sØm-

ºXmw \q‰m≠v A\p-I-c-W-]-chpw Bfl-hn-kvarXn ]q≠Xpw Ir{Xn-

a-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. KoX-bpsS Xmsg-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Bg-ta-dnb hN\w

hnkva-cn-®p-sIm≠v C¥y-bn¬ bqtdm-∏ns‚ hnP-b-I-c-amb Hcp

]I¿∏p kr„n-°m-\m-WXp e£yw-h-®Xv. "tami-amb \ne-bn¬ A\p-

jvTn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ IqSn kz¥w kØ-bpsS \nb-a-ß-fmWv

\∂m-b-\p-k-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ A\y-[¿a-tØ-°mƒ \√Xv.' kz¥w I¿aw

A\p-jvTn-®p-sIm≠p acn-°p-∂Xp \√-XmWv ; as‰m-cp-Øs‚ {]Ir-

Xn-\n-baw A\p-k-cn-°p-∂Xv B]¬°-chpw. Fs¥-∂m¬, kz¥w

2. Pattabhi Sitaramayya: The History of the Indian National Congress, P. 22.


[¿a-a-\p-jvTn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ acWw ]pXnb P∑-ap-f-hm-°p∂p; A\y-

amb Hcp am¿K-Øn¬ hnPbw F∂p-sh-®m¬ hnP-b-I-c-amb Bfl-

lXy F∂p am{X-am-W¿Yw.''

lnμp-tZ-io-b-hmZw

Aßs\, C¥y≥ tZio-b-hmZw lnμp-tZ-iob hmZ-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

""bqtdm-]y≥ tZio-b-hm-Zhpw C¥y≥ tZio-b-hm-Zhpw XΩn-ep≈ auen-

I-amb hyXym-k-an-XmWv: BZy-tØXv G‰-hp-a-[nIw Du∂p-∂Xv `q]-

c-amb sFIy-Øn-emWv. c≠m-a-tØ-Xm-Is´, kmwkv°m-cn-ssI-Iy-

Ønepw''3 F∂v _n]n≥N-{μ-]m¬ Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn.

F∂m¬, hmkvX-h-Øn¬, Cu Du∂¬ C¥y≥P-\-X-bpsS

kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂n√; adn®v, s]mXp-hm-bp≈ Hcp aX-

Øn¬, AXm-bXv lnμp-a-X-Øn¬, Bbn-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,

ePv]Xv dmbnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, tZio-bXzw F∂p-sh-®m¬

""s]mXp-hmb Hcp t]¿, s]mXp-]m-c-ºcyw, s]mXp-hmb Hcp Ncn{Xw,

s]mXp-hmb Hcp aXw, s]mXp-hmb Hcp ̀ mj, s]mXp-hmb Hcp ̀ mhn''4

F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv Hcp ]Sn-IqSn apt∂m-´p-t]mbn,

tZio-b-XzsØ k\m-X-\-[¿a-ambn hymJym-\n®p. At±lw ]d™p:

""lnμp-cm{„w kwPm-X-am-bXv k\m-X\ [¿a-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv.

AtXm-sSm-∏-amWv AXv \oßp-∂Xv. AtXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ hf-cp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. k\m-X-\-[¿aw A[x-]-Xn-°p-tºmƒ cm{„hpw A[x-]-Xn-

°p∂p. k\m-X-\-[¿aw cm{„-tØm-sSm∏w \in-®p-t]m-Ip-sa-¶n¬ AXp

\in°pw. k\m-X\ [¿Ωw F∂p-sh-®m¬ tZio-b-Xz-amWv.''

Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS tZim-̀ n-am-\-]-c-amb Bth-isØ Xń-

bp-W¿Øm≥ aX-hn-izm-k-sØbpw kmwkv°m-cnI ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn-

ep≈ A`n-am -\-sØbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn. Cu e£ysØ

ap≥\n¿Øn-s°m-≠mWv Xne-I≥ alm-cm-{„-Øn¬ KW-]-Xn-]qP,

inhm-Pn-hm¿jnIw XpS-ßnb aXm-tLmj NS-ßp-Ifpw D’-h-ßfpw

kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xv. BZy-ambn 1893¬, Hcp lnμp˛ap…ow elf Ign-™-

bp-S-s\-bmWv, KW-]-Xn-bp-’hw h≥tXm-Xn¬ BtLm-jn-°-s∏-´Xv.

KP-tZ-h-\mb KW-]Xn lnμp-°-fpsS Zr„n-bn¬ hnth-I-Øn-s‚bpw

hn⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xo-I-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, Cu BtLm-

j-ßƒ P\-ß-fpsS `mh-\sb BI¿jn®p. tZio-b-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈

3. B.C. Pal: Soul of India, P. 134.4. Lala Lajpat Rai: The Man in his Word, P. 46.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 233

hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v {]`m-j-W-ßfpw N¿®-Ifpw \S-Øn-s°m≠v Xne-

I≥ Cu BtLm-j-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ hn]p-e-amb {]m[m\yw

\¬Im≥ {ian®p. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ D’-h-ßƒ _wKm-fnepw a‰p

kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´p. {_nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmbn

am{X-a√, ap…o-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbpw, Xncn-®p-hn-S-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu

D’-h-ßƒ.

aX-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øns‚ cm{„o-b-kz-`mhw

Cßs\, cm{„o-b-amb Xo{h-hm-Zhpw aX-]-c-amb ]p\-cp-÷o-h-

\-hm-Zhpw ssItIm¿Øp-]n-Sn®p \oßm≥ XpSßn. ̀ oI-c-hmZw t]mepw

lnμp-aX `‡n-bn¬ \n∂p {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≠n-cp∂p. tZho-]qP

hnπ-h-Im-cn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-am¿Pn®p. Imfn, Zp¿K XpS-ßnb

lnμp-tZ-hn-am¿ tZio-b-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn-[-L-´-ß-fpsS {]Xo-

I-ß-fmbn hymJym-\n-°-s∏´p. tZho-]qP amXr-`q-an-bpsS hntam-N-\-

k-a-c-hp-ambn Iqń-bn-W-°-s∏´p. _n]n≥N-{μ-]m¬ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn:

""Zp¿K \sΩ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, Hcp ]pcm-tW-Xn-lmk IYm-]m-

{X-a√; ]ns∂tbm, ̀ mc-Xob P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \nXy-ssN-X-\ysØ

{]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Hcp {]Xo-I-amWv; imiz-X-amb kvt\lw,

A\n-hm-cy-amb {]Xn-Imcw F∂o Zznap-J-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb A\-¥-i-

‡n-bpsS Hcp {]Xo-I-amWv. Cu {]Xo-I-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv imiz-X-

kvt\lw temI-Øn¬ km£m¬°-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv5.

_¶nw-N-{μs‚ ""htμ-am-Xcw'' F∂ tZi-`-‡n-Km\w ˛ CXmWv

tZio-b-Km-\-ambn tIm¨{Kkv AwKo-I-cn-®Xv ˛ `mc-X-am-Xm-hns\

Zp¿Km-tZ-hn-bp-ambn kmfly-s∏-SpØn. ̀ mc-X-am-Xmhv Zp¿Km-am-Xm-hmbn

hmgvØ-s∏´p. \ΩpsS t£{X-ß-fn¬ {]tim-`n-°p∂ Hmtcm ]hn-{X-

{]-Xn-abpw amXm-hmWv. kpP-ebpw kp -̂ebpw kky-iym-a-fbpw ̂ p√-

Ip-kp-an-X-{Zp-a-Z-f-tim-`n-\nbpw kpJ-Zbpw hc-Zbpw Bb B amXm-

hns\ hμn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:

""Xzw ln Zp¿Km Zi-{]-l-cW [mcnWo

Ia-em-I-a-e-Ze hnlm-cnWo

hmWo hnZym-Zm-bn\o, \aman Xzmw''

_n]n≥N-{μ-]m¬ FgpXn: ""tZh-∑m-cp-sSbpw tZhn-am-cp-sSbpw

]gb {]Xn-cq-]-ß-fpsS Cu hymJym\w cmPy-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂

NS-ßp-Iƒ°pw BtLm-j-ßƒ°pw ]pXn-sbm-c¿Yw {]Zm\w sNbvXp.

5. B.C. Pal: The New Spirit


P\-tIm-Sn-Iƒ PKZv [m{Xn-sbtbm Imfn-sbtbm Zp¿K-sbtbm Bcm-

[n-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ htμ-am-X-c-sa∂ Bth-i-P-\-I-amb ap{Zm-

hmIyw apg-°n-s°m≠v `‡ym-th-i-ß-tfm-sS-bmWv Ahsc kwt_m-

[\ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Ch-sc√mw Xs∂ C¥y-bnse lnμp-°-fpsS,

hnti-jn®pw _wKmfn lnμp-°-fpsS, Bcm-[-\m-]m-{X-ß-fmWv. am{X-

a√, Cu {]Xo-I-ßƒ°p-≠mb cq]m-¥-co-I-cWw C∂sØ {]ÿm-

\-Øns‚ Bg-Øn-s‚bpw i‡n-bp-sSbpw ImcWw am{X-a√, Ah-

bpsS sXfn-hp-amWv. ]gb tZh-∑m-cp-sSbpw tZhn-am-cp-sSbpw Cu A¤p-

X-I-c-amb cq]-]-cn-Wmaw ]pXnb tZio-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ktμiw

cmPysØ kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw _lp-P-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ASp-°-te-s°-Øn-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.''

aX-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øns‚ inYn-eo-I-c-W-kz-`mhw

aX-]-c-amb {]Xo-I-ßƒ tZio-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ktμ-isØ _lp-

P-\-ß-fpsS ASp-°-te-s°-Øn-°m≥ Xo{h-hmZn t\Xm-°sf klm-

bn®p F∂-Xp-t\-cmWv. F∂m¬, AXv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bg-Øn-

s‚bpw i‡n-bp-sSbpw sXfn-hm-bn-cp-∂n√. t\sc-a-dn®v, AXv lnμp-

°-fp-sSbpw ap…o-ß-fp-sSbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw GIo-Ir-X-amb

tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-ambpw XS- -am-bn-

Øo-cp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, aX-]-c-amb ]p\-cp-

÷o-h-\-hmZw B[p-\n-I-]m-›mXy Nn¥-Isf am{X-a√, Ah-\-hs‚

kz¥w aX-Øns‚ BNm-c-ßƒ°pw ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ°pw A\p-kr-X-

a-√mØ kI-e-Xn-s\bpw Xnc-kv°-cn®p. lnμp ]p\-cp-÷o-h\ hmZ-

Øns‚ H‰ Xncn-™p≈ \n¬∏v kzm`m-hn-I-ambn ap…ow ]p\-cp-÷o-

h-\-hm-Z-Øns‚ kam-¥-c-hn-Im-k-Øn\pw hgn-sh®p. ""thZ-ß-fn-te°p

aS-ßn-t∏m-hpI'' F∂ apd-hn-fn-s°-Xn-cmbn ""Jp¿˛ B\n-te°p aS-

ßn-t∏m-hpI'' F∂ apd-hnfn Db¿∂p-h∂p. Xß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-

Isf sshZn-I-Im-e-Øn-te°p Xncn-®p-sIm≠p t]mIm≥ {ian® lnμp-

]p-\-cp-÷o-h\ hmZn-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, C¥y F∂p-sh-®m¬

lnμp C¥ybpw C¥y≥ kwkv°m-c-sa-∂p-sh-®m¬ lnμp kwkv°m-

c-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn\v F{Xtbm apºp-Xs∂

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {]mY-anI LS-I-ßƒ Bhn¿`-hn-®p-I-gn-

™n-cp∂p F∂pw Btcy-X-c-amb B AXn-{]m-No-\-kw-kv°m-chpw

sshZn-I-kw-kv°m-chpw XΩn-ep-≠mb kwt«-j-W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv

C¥y≥ kwkv°mcw hnI-kn-®Xv F∂pw Cu kw«n-X-kw-kv°m-c-

Øn\v lnμp-°ƒ am{X-a√, ap…o-ßfpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw ]m¿kn-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 235

Ifpw kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-s≠∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-

I-fpsS t\¿°p t\m°m≥ Ah¿ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n√. lnμp-kw-kvIm-

c-Øns‚ A¥ p hos≠-Sp-°m-\p≈ Hcp-]m-[n-bm-bn-´mWv Ah¿

tZio-b-kzm-X-{¥ysØ ho£n-®Xv. AIv_-dpsS ImesØ C…m-an-

tet°m kp¬Øm≥hm-gvN-°m-esØ ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fmb kq^n-

I-fpsS kn≤m-¥-ß-fn-tet°m A√, {]XypX adp-\m-Sp-I-fnse bmYm-

ÿn-Xn-I-cmb aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ hymJym-\n-®n-cp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈

C…m-an-te-°mWv ap…ow ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS A\p-

bm-bn-Isf \bn-°m≥ t\m°n-bXv. Ah-cpsS ]pcm-W-ßfpw hoc-\m-

b-I-∑mcpw aX-®-´-ßfpw C¥y-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. ]ns∂tbm, Atd-

_y-bn-tetXm Jeo^m `c-W-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-

ß-fn-tetXm Bbn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS ""]pWy-`qan""tbmSp≈ ̀ ‡n tZio-

b-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-Ød XI¿°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS tZio-bXzw

ISpØ C…mw hmZ-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-am-bn-cp∂p.

aX-Øn-s‚bpw tZio-b-X-bp-sSbpw Hcp an{in-X-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv

]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-hmZw Bhn¿ -̀hn-®Xv. lnμp ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-hmZw ap…ow

]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-hm-ZsØ hf¿Øp-Ibpw c≠pw tN¿∂v C¥y-bn¬

h¿Ko-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v hgn-sX-fn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

h¿Ko-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ kml-N-cy-ßƒ

C¥y-bn¬ h¿Ko-b-hmZw {_nójv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-h¿K-Øns‚ Hcp

kr„n-bm-sW∂ A`n-{]mbw ]e cm{„o-b-t\-Xm-°fpw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-

´p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, cmtP-{μ-{]-kmZv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn:

""Cu {]iv\w Hcp {_nójv kr„n-bm-sW∂v C¥y-bn¬ cm{„o-b-

t_m-[-ap≈ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw Bfp-Iƒ ZrV-ambn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-

´p-h-cp-∂p≠v. "`n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI' F∂ Imem-Im-e-am-bp≈ \b-

Øm¬ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°-s∏´p h∂-Xm-WXv. Cu ̀ cWw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂

Ime-tØmfw `n∂n∏pw XpS-cm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bn√.''

P\-ßƒ°n-S-bnse hn`m-Ko-b-X-Ifpw A`n-{]m-b-`n-∂-X-Ifpw

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-ambn ka¿Y-amw-hn[w

NpjWw sNøp-Ibpw lnμp-°fpw ap…o-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kv]¿[-

Isf a\x-]q¿Δw aq¿On-∏n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ h¿Ko-b-hm-Z-Øns‚

hf¿®-bn¬ H´pw A{]-[m-\-a-√mØ Hcp ]¶p-h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp

F∂Xv t\cmWv. F∂m¬, h¿Ko-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ D¤-h-Øn\v Ah-

cpsS ""`n∂n-∏n-®p-`-cn-°¬'' \bw am{X-amWv Imc-W-sa∂v Btcm-]n-


°p-∂Xv Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn sX‰m-bn-cn°pw. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ÿnXn-

hn-ti-j-Øn-e-¥¿eo-\-amb Zu¿_-eyhpw tZio-b-hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-

Øns‚ kml-N-cy-ßfpw lnμp-ap…ow t\Xm-°-fpsS ho£-W-K-Xn-

I-fn-ep-≠mb hyXym-k-ßfpw hn`m-Ko-b-X-Isf hf¿Øm≥ klm-

bn® I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bfl-\n-jvT-ß-fmb a‰p LS-I-ßfpw hln®

]¶v Ipd-®p-Im-Wp-∂Xv icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√. C¥y-bn¬ dmwtam-l≥

dmbnbpw dm\-sUbpw kam-cw-`n® \thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm\w ]m›mXy

en_-d-en-k-Øn¬ \n∂p {]tNm-Z\w sIm≈p-I-bp-≠mbn F∂-Xn-hnsS

kvac-Wo-b-amWv. {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ A{I-ahpw

Nqj-Whpw a¿Z-\hpw \S-Øn-sb-∂Xv icn-bmWv. F¶nepw, ]m›mXy

Nn¥-I-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w Hcp B[p-\nI cm{„-sa∂ \ne-bn-te-

°p≈ C¥y-bpsS ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb {][m-\-]q¿thm-]m-

[n-I-fn¬ NneXp \ne-hn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn-cp∂p F∂

hkvXpX \ntj-[n-°m≥ ]mSn√. {_nójv `c-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb

hºn® cm{„ob˛kmº-Øn-I-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ˛cmPy-Øns‚ cm{„o-

b-amb GIo-I-c-Whpw `c-W-]-c-amb tI{μo-I-c-Whpw {Kma-k-aq-l-

Øns‚ XI¿®, KXm-K-X-hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am¿K-ß-fpsS hnI-k\w,

B[p-\n-I-hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ hnIm-

khpw, k¿thm-]cn, Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nmcw ˛ kmaq-

lyhpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb Hcp hºn® apt∂-‰-Øn\v DtØ-P\w \¬Ip-

Ibpw \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fp-sSbpw aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-

sSbpw BNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn Xpc-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\

B[p-\n-I-tZ-io-b-hm-Z-Øn\p hgn-sX-fn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F∂m¬, Cu am‰w {ZpX-X-ctam kpK-atam Bbn-cp-∂n√. bp‡n-

Nn-¥bpw en_-d-en-khpw ]pXnb imkv{Xob at\m-`m-hhpw cmPy-

Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-amb ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿbv°v \nc-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-

∂n√. sNdn-sbmcp ̀ mKw P\-ßsf am{Xta Ah-bm-I¿jn-®n-cp-∂p≈q.

P\-ß-fn¬ _lp-`q -cn -]-£hpw imkv{Xo-bm-i-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

A⁄cpw ]pXnb \mK-cn-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v kwi-bm-ep-°-fp-am-bn-cp∂p.

_p≤n-Po-hn-I-fn-semcp hn`m-Khpw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Nne t\Xm-

°fpw Adp-]-g-©≥ kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-ß-fmb

aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-Iq-en-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]pXnb ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-h¿K-Øns‚ hwim-`n-am-\-]-c-amb [n°mcw Ah-cpsS aX-hn-Im-c-

ß-sfbpw tZim-`n-am-\-sØbpw {hW-s∏-SpØn. AXn-\m¬, Xß-fpsS

aXw Xßsf Iog-S-°n-b-h-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ D¬Ir-„-am-sW∂p sXfn-

bn-°pI F∂ IS-a-bm-W-h¿ Gs‰-Sp-ØXv. hwim-̀ n-am-\-]-c-amb [n°m-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 237

c-Øn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p aX-]-c-amb B`n-Pm-Xy-t_m[w. ]m›m-

Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hcp-∂-sX¥pw tæ—-am-sW∂pw ]uc-kvXy-cpsS

`qX-Im-e-kw-kvImcw ]m›m-Xy-cpsS B[p-\n-I-kw-kvIm-c-tØ-°mƒ

t{ijvT-am-sW∂pw hmZn-°-s∏´p. imkv{Xo-bm-i-b-ßƒ ]m›m-Xym-

i-b-ß-fmbpw apX-em-fn-Ø-_-‘-ß-fpsS Db¿® ""ùXnI'' ]cn-jv°m-

c-ambpw hymJym-\n-°-s∏´p. ]m›m-Xym-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kacw

B[p-\n-Im-i-b-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb ka-csØ hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h∂p.

Aßs\ C¥ybpw {_n´\pw XΩn-ep≈ cm{„o-b-_‘w ]g-abpw

]pXp-abpw XΩn-ep≈ ka-csØ hnIr-X-am-°n-Øo¿Øp. {_“-k-

am-P-Øns‚ A[x-]-X-\-sØ-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ _n]n≥N-{μ-

]m¬ Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw

kn≤n® C¥y-°m-cpsS ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbpw C¥y-bnse {_nójv

DtZym-K-ÿ-hr-μhpw XΩn-ep≈ cm{„o-b-kw-L¿jw, bqtdm-]y≥

B[p-\n-I-Xbpw C¥y-bpsS a[y-Im-em-i-b-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ IqSp-

X¬ auen-I-amb kmwkv°m-cn-I-kw-L¿jw ̨ Ch c≠pw IqSn Gsd-

Øm-a-kn-bm-sX-Xs∂ hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn ]pXn-sbmcp Iem-

]sØ Cf-°n-hn´p. CXn-t\-Øp-S¿∂v tZio-b-amb ]pXn-sbm-cm-fl-

t_m[w hf¿∂p-h∂p. ]pXp-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-∏n-Sn® hwim-`n-am-\-Øn-

s‚bpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-̀ n-am-\-Øn-s‚bpw AZysØ apt∂-‰-Øn¬ Cu

]pXnb t_m[w hntZ-io-b-amb F¥n-s\bpw, AXn¬ A¥¿eo-\-

amb i‡n-bp-sStbm aqey-Øn-s‚tbm ]cn-K-W-\-sbt\y, \ntj-[n-

°m≥ XpSßn. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ hymP-sa∂pw lm\n-I-c-sa∂pw ]d™v

]c-ky-ambn \ntj-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ kmaq-ly-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, aX-]-chpw

Bflo-b-hp-amb {]h-W-X-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-sb-t∏mepw A\p-Iq-en-®p-

sIm-≠p≈ ]pXnb hmZ-ßƒ D∂-bn-°-s∏´p.''6

aX-]-c-amb Hcp P\-k-ap-Zm-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ap…o-ßƒ cm{„o-

b-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw lnμp-°-tf-°mƒ Zp¿_-e-cm-bn-cp∂p.

F¶nepw Ah¿°n-S-bnepw Gsd-°psd lnμp-°ƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-b-Xp-

t]m-se-bp≈ am‰-ßƒ {]Xy-£-s∏´p. 1857se Iem-]-Øn-\p-tijw

{_nójv Kh-s◊‚ v Ahsc {]tXyIw th¿Xn-cn®p a¿Zn-°p-Ibpw

{]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw Aßs\ Ah-cpsS ka-cm-

thiw an°-hmdpw Du‰n-°-f-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnμp-°fpw ap…o-

ßfpw, Ccp-Iq-ćpw, B Iem-]-Øn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-I-bp-

6. Bipin Chandra Pal: Memories of my Life and Times in the Days of myYouth, P. 424.


≠mbn. F¶nepw, s\lvdp Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, ""1857\ptijw

{_nó-jp-Im-cpsS I\Ø ssI lnμp-°-fp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ ap…o-ß-fpsS

taemWv A[nIw h∂p-ho-WXv. Ah¿ ap…o-ßsf IqSp-X¬ B{I-a-

W-Im-cn-Ifpw ka-tcm-Zyp-‡cpw C¥y-bnse kao-]-Im-e-hm-gvN-sb-°p-

dn -®p≈ kvac-W-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-hcpw X∑qew IqSp -X¬

B]¬°m-cn-I-fp-ambn ]cn-K-Wn®p.''7

lnμp-°ƒ°n-S-bnse {]_p-≤-hn-`m-K-ßƒ ap…o-ß-sf-°mƒ

hfsc t\csØ B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-̀ ymkw t\Sp-Ibpw Kh-s◊‚ v k¿ho-

kp-I-fn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. `mKn-I-ambn {_nójv `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS hnth-N-\-]-c-amb AS-hp-I-fpsS ê-ambpw `mKn-

I-ambn aX-]-c-amb Aim-kv{Xo-b-Xbpw A‘-hn-izm-khpw hf¿Øn-

s°m≠v atX-X-c-hn-Zym-`ym-ksØ FXn¿Ø Dse-am-°-fpsS kzm[o-

\-Øns‚ ê-ambpw ap…o-ßƒ ]n∂-Wn-bn-em-bn-t∏mbn. k¿ køZv

Al-Ω-ZvJm-\mWv ]m›m-Xy-]-cn-jv°m-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

ap…o-ßƒ°v hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im-\p≈ BZysØ ]cn-{iaw \S-Øn-

bXv. dmw taml≥ dmbv, dm\sU XpS-ßnb lnμp-aX ]cn-jv°¿Øm-

°-sf-t∏mse Xs∂ At±-lhpw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cmb Dse-am-°ƒ

{]Z¿in-∏n-®p-h∂ aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-cW {]h-W-X-Isf FXn¿Øp. Xs‚

aXw imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw en_-d-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-

s‚bpw B[p-\n-Im-i-b-ß-fp-ambn \nc-°m-Ø-X-s√∂p sXfn-bn®p

Im´m≥ At±-lhpw hf-sc-tbsd D’m-ln®p. Kh-s◊‚ns\

FXn¿Øp-sIm-≠√ adn®v, Kh-s◊‚n-t\mSv kl-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv

ap…ow P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Xm¬]-cy-ßsf ]ptcm-K-an-∏n-°m≥

At±lw B{K-ln-®Xv.

h¿Ko-b-hm-Zhpw tZio-b-hm-Zhpw

C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ A`n-em-j-ßƒ \oXn-bp-‡-

ß-f-s√∂pw AXn-\m¬ AXn¬ tNcp-∂Xp ap…o-ß-fpsS DØ-a-

Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒs°-Xn-cm-sW∂pw k¿ køZv IcpXn. Hcp-h-iØv Cw•o-

jp-Im-cpsS kzm[o-\hpw adp-h-iØv tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm-°-fpsS lnμp-

tZ-io-b-hm-Zhpw At±-l-Øns‚ hn`m-Kob \ne-]m-Sp-Isf i‡n-s∏-

SpØn. 1885¬ BWv C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv cq]-h¬°-cn-

°-s∏-´Xv. aq∂p sIm√-ßƒ°p-tijw, 1888¬ k¿ køZv Al-Ω-

ZvJm≥ ""tIm¨{K- ns‚ A\p-Iq-en-Iƒ cmPy-sØm-´p°pw IpØn-

7. Nehru: Autobiography, P. 460.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 239

bn-f-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw {_nójv Kh-s◊‚n-s\-Xn-cmbn P\-

ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hºn® Akw-Xr]vXn Db¿Øn-hn-Sm≥ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Zpjn® hnIm-c-ßsf C¥y≥ P\-ß-fpsS

lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Zqco-I-cn-°m≥ th≠n'' bpssW-‰Uv C¥y≥

]m{Sn-tbm-ńIv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ F∂ Hcp ]pXnb kwL-S-\-bp-

≠m°n. AtX h¿j-Øn¬Øs∂ k¿ køZpw \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-

kns‚ t\Xm-°-∑mcpw XΩn¬ Hcp HØp-Xo¿∏p-≠m-°m≥ Nne {ia-

ßƒ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]t£, AsX√mw hn^-e-am-hp-I-bm-

Wp-≠m-bXv. tIm¨{K- p-ambn tbmPn-°m≥ k¿ køZv Xøm-dm-bn√.

At±lw ]d™p: ""\mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv F∂ hm°p-I-fpsS

A¿Y-sa-s¥∂v F\n°v a\- n-em-Ip-∂n√. C¥y-bn¬ hn`n-∂-

PmXn˛aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ Hscm‰ cm{„-Øn¬ s] -́h-cm-sW∂pw AYhm

Ah¿°v Hcp cm{„-am-bn-Øo-cm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pw Ah-cpsS e£y-

ßfpw A`n-em-j-ßfpw Hcp-t]m-se-bp-≈-h-bm-sW-∂p-amtWm Icp-X-

s∏-Sp-∂Xv? AXv Xosc Akm-[y-am-sW∂p Rm≥ hnNm-cn-°p∂p. AXv

Akm-[y-am-sW-¶n¬ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv F∂ H∂p-≠m-Im≥

\nhr-Øn-bn√. sX‰mbn t]cn-S-s∏´ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K- ns‚

sNbvXn-Iƒ C¥y-°m¿°p KpW-I-c-am-sW∂p \nßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-

°p∂p. F∂m¬, Ah Rß-fpsS kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Øn\p am{X-a√,

s]mXp-hn¬ C¥ybv°v Xs∂ B]¬°-c-am-sW-∂mWv Rm≥ Icp-

Xp-∂Xv. CXp ]d-tb-≠n-h-∂-Xn¬ F\n°v hyk-\-ap≠v. C¥ysb

Hscm‰ cm{„-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ GXp tIm¨{K- n-s\bpw, AXv

GXv BIr-Xn -bnepw cq]-Øn-ep -ap -≈-Xm-bmepw icn, Rm≥

FXn¿°pw.''8

Ahn-izm-k-Øns‚ A¥-co£w

lnμp t\Xm-°-fpsS aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-cW ]cn-{i-a-ß-fmWv CØcw

hn`m-Kob {]h-W-X-Isf Du¿Pn-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-®Xv. Xne-I-

s\-t∏m-ep≈ tZio-bt\-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒt]mepw ap…ow-

hn-cp≤ {]h-W-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p hnap-‡-am-bn-cp-∂n√. CØcw {]h-W-

X-Iƒ GIo-Ir-X-amb Hcp tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb

hf¿®bv°v \nc-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. Fs¥-∂m¬, Xo{h-hm-Zn-cm-{„ob

t\Xm-°-∑m¿ tZio-b-k-tμiw {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n aXsØ F{X

I≠m-{i-bn-®pthm A{X-I≠v Ah¿ ap…o-ß-sfbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-

8. Quoted in Ram Gopal: Indian Muslims, P. 67.


sfbpw s]mXp-k-a-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw AI‰n \n¿Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

alm-cm-{„-Ønse KW-]-Xn-bp¬k-h-ßfpw tKmh-[-hn-cp≤ kwL-S-

\-Ifpw, _wKm-fnse Zp¿Km-]qP, Imin-bnse D¿Zp-hn-cp≤ {]t£m`w,

DØ-tc-¥y-bnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ]c-∂p-]n-Sn® Bcy-k-am-

P-Øns‚ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-{]-ÿm\w ˛ Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ ap…o-

ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ kwi-b-Øn-s‚bpw Ahn-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw Hc-¥-co£w

kr„n -°m≥ klm-bn®p. Cu A¥-co -£-Øn¬ \n∂mWv

lnμp˛ap…ow el-f-Iƒ s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-´Xv. 1893¬ ]q\-bn¬ Hcp el-

f-bp-≠mbn. AXns‚ bYm¿Y-Im-c-W-ßƒ a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v hn`n-

∂-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏p-f-hm-°m-\p≈ hgn-I-fm-cm-bp-∂-Xn-

\p-]-Icw Xne-I≥ Cßs\ FgpXn: ""ap…o-ßƒ A]-cn-jvIr-Xhpw

[n°m-c-]-c-hp-amb Hcp \ne-]m-SmWv ssIs°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Kh-

s◊‚n¬ \n∂v Ah¿°v e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ t{]m’m-l-\-Øns‚

ê-am-WXv.''9

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw, {]_p-≤-cmb

ap…o-ß-fpsS at\m-`m-h-ß-sfbpw hnIm-c-ß-sfbpw s]m°n-°m-´p-

Ibpw c≠p kap-Zm-b-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-ßsf Xßƒ°-

\p-Iq-e-ambn NqjWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂Xp icn-bmWv. Aen-

KUv tImtf-Pnse {]n¬kn-∏m-fm-bn-cp∂ s{]m -̂ ¿ s_°ns‚ klm-

b-tØmSpw kPo-h-amb ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmSpw IqSn-bmWv 1893s‚ Ah-

km-\-Øn¬ "saml-Ω-Z≥ Uns^≥kv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥' F∂

kwL-S\ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´Xv. Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fpsS êw Xmsg

sImSp-°p∂ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂p hy‡-amIpw. C¥y≥

\mj-W¬ tIm¨{K- ns‚ {]Ya ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-®n-cp∂

72 {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fn¬ ap…o-ßƒ c≠p-t]¿ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. 1889¬

tN¿∂ tIm¨{K v ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ 1889 {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fn¬ 258t]¿

ap…o-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, 1905se ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kw_-‘n®

756 {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fn¬ 17 t]¿ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p ap…o-ßƒ.

]e tIm¨{K v t\Xm-°-fp-sSbpw ho£Ww lnμp aX-tØmSv

Nmbvhp-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂ hkvXpX \ntj-[n-°m≥ hø. F∂m¬,

Hcp cm{„ob kwL-S-\-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ tIm¨{K- ns‚ {]Jym-]n-X-

\bw AXm-bn-cp-∂n√. AXv h¿Ko-tb-X-chpw tZio-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p.

km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-Øn¬ køZv Al-Ω-ZvJm-s\-t∏m-se-

bp≈ {]_p≤ ap…o-ß-fpsS lrZ-b-]q¿h-amb ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-bn-

9. D.V. Tahmankar: Lokamanya Tilak, P. 55.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 241

cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, Hcp-]t£, tIm¨{K- ns‚ D≈-S-°hpw {]h¿Ø\

]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw IqSp-X¬ tZio-bhpw IqSp-X¬ P\-Io-b-hp-ambn amdp-

am-bn-cp∂p. h¿Ko-b-hn-`-P-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hntZz-j-ß-

sfbpw i{Xp-Xm-a-t\m-`m-h-ß-sfbpw XcWw sNøm≥ AXp klm-

bn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, kw`-hn-®Xp t\sc adn-®mWv. tIm¨{K- n-

t\m-Sp≈ ap…ow t\Xm-°-fpsS FXn¿∏ns\ {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p. C¥y-bpsS ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb ]ptcm-K-Xnsb

A\n-›n-X-Im-e-tØ°v \n¿Øn-sh-°m≥ {_nójv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

h¿Kob `n∂-X-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw, k¿ køZv Al-ΩZv At±-l-Øns‚ kz¥w

am¿K-Øn¬ Hcp tZim-`n-am-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p. {_nó-jp-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cn¬

]ecpw {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp∂ [n°m-c-sØbpw B[n-]-Xy-a-t\m-`m-h-

tØbpw At±lw ]e-t∏mgpw hna¿in-®n-cp∂p. Kh-s◊‚ns‚ {]mXn-

\n-[y-kz-`m-hsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ XXz-amWv C¥ybv°v Cw•-≠n¬

\n∂p ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ ""G‰hpw anI-®Xpw D¬Ir-„-hp-amb ]mTw''

F∂v At±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]t£, {_nójv `c-W-

Øns‚ `{ZZ C¥y-bpsS DØa Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ°-\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v

At±lw hniz-kn®p. {_nójv N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS ssIbn¬ \n∂v

C¥y≥ ssII-fn-te°v A[n-Imcw ssIam-dp-∂-Xm-bm¬ AXv ap…ow

P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-am-tb-°p-sa∂pw AXv {_nójv `c-W-

Øns‚ ÿm\Øv lnμp-`-cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ sN∂p Iem-

in-t®-°p-sa∂pw At±lw `b-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-

s\-Xn-cmb kacw ]pXn-sbmcp L´-Øn-te°p \oßn. kztZ-in°pw

_ln-jv°-c-W-Øn\pw th≠n \ne-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ A[n-

I-a-[nIw P\-{]n-b-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Iem]w A¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]c-∂p-

]n-Sn-°m≥ XpSßn. hnIm-c-hn-£p-_v[-amb Cu A¥-co-£-Øn-emWv

1905¬ Kh-s◊‚ v _wKmƒ kwÿm-\sØ c≠m°n hn`-Pn-°m≥

Xocp-am-\n-®Xv. cm{„o-b-ambn ap∂n´p \n¬°p∂ lnμp-°sf FXn-cn-

Sm\pw ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bnse D]-cn-h¿K-ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw

Aßs\ Ccp-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ i{Xp-Xz-Øns‚ hnØp ]mIn-

s°m≠v km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-csØ Zp¿_-e-am-°m-\p-ap≈

ka¿Y-amb Hcp \o°-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]pXp-Xmbn kr„n-°-s∏´

Ing-°≥ _wKm-fn-sebpw B m-an-sebpw `qcn-]-£-am-fp-Iƒ ap…o-

ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xß-fpsS i‡n h¿[n-∏n-°m≥

Ign-bp-sa∂ hymtamlw ap…ow t\Xm-°sf hn`-P-\-Øns‚ A\p-


Iq-en-I-fm°n am‰n. ]t£, CXv tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\sØ `n∂n-∏n-°-em-

bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v tIm¨{K- p-Im¿, {]tXy-In®pw Xo{h-hm-Zn-

Iƒ, hn`-P-\sØ FXn¿Øp. F∂m¬, hn`-P-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb

{]t£m-`-Øn\v F{X-Xs∂ km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp≤ kz`m-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp-

s∂-¶nepw Hcp h¿Ko-b-—m-b-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬

\nc-¶p-i-amb a¿Z-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ "`n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI' F∂

X{¥hpw ka¿Y-ambn {]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v {]t£m-`sØ t\cn-Sm≥

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°p km[n®p.

h¿Ko-b-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ

1906 HtŒm-_-dn¬ BKm-Jms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {]ap-J-cmb ap∏-

Ø©p ap…o-ß-f-S-ßp∂ Hcp {]Xn-\n-[n-kwLw ssht{km-bnsb I≠v

Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ h¿Ko-b-{]m-Xn-\n[yw thW-sa∂v \nth-Z\w

\SØn. ant‚m-{]`p B Ah-Im-i-hm-ZsØ kk-t¥mjw kzoI-cn®v

Ah-tcm-Sn-ßs\ ]d™p: ""\nß-fpsS ]Zhn \nß-fpsS AwK-kw-Jy-

bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am-{X-a√, {]XypX, \nß-fpsS kap-Zm-b-

Øns‚ cm{„o-b-{]m-[m-\y-Øn-s‚bpw AXv km{am-Py--Øn\v \¬In-

bn-´p≈ tkh-\-Øn-s‚bpw IqSn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ thWw IW-°m-

°p-I-sb∂v \nßƒ \ymb-ambpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.''10

aX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ \yq\-]£ {]mXn-\n-[y-sa∂

\b-amWv {_nójv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-®Xv. aXw Hcp cm{„o-

b-\yq-\-]-£sØ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

Cu \bw h¿Ko-b-hn-Im-c-ßsf D¬°-S-am-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw kzmX-

{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ Ipg-∏-ßƒ kr„n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm¨{Kkv

t\Xm-°ƒ°v Cu \b-Øns‚ \n¿h-l-W-sØtbm AXns‚ {]Xym-

Lm-X-ß-sftbm XS-bm≥ Ign-™n√. Ah-cpsS {]kw-K-ßfpw

{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw {_nójv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS KqVm-tem-N-\-s°-

Xn-cmbn hyXy-kvX-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse _lp-P-\-ßsf GIo-I-cn-°m≥

klm-bn-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. 1907 Unkw-_-dn¬ AJn-te¥ym ap…ow

eoKv cq]-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´p. eoKns‚ e£y-ßfpw Dt±-iy-ßfpw Xmsg

]d-bp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p:

1. C¥y≥ ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ {_nójv Kh-s◊‚n-t\mSv Iqdv

hf¿ØpI.

10. Mehta and Patvardhan: Coommunal Tangle in India, P. 62-63.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 243

2. C¥y≥ ap…o-ß-fpsS cm{„o-bhpw a‰p-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw A`n-em-j-ßfpw anX-amb

`mj-bn¬ Kh-s◊‚ns‚ apºmsI D∂-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

3. ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® Dt±-iy-ßƒ°p hncp-≤-am-Im-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬

ap…o-ßfpw a‰p kap-Zm-b-ßfpw XΩn¬ kulr-Z-hn-Im-c-ßƒ

hf¿ØpI.

kmap-Zm-bnI {]mXn-\n[yw hn]p-eo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw k¿ho-kp-

I-fn¬ Xßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ Hmlcn e`n-°-W-sa∂pw eoKv Bh-iy-

s∏´p. lnμp-°ƒ°n-S-bnse D]-cn-h¿K-ßƒ Cu Bh-iysØ i‡n-

bp‡w FXn¿°p-Ibpw ""kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚-bmsI Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ

ImØp-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hy{K-Xbpw Pm{K-Xbpw ]men-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

th≠n'' lnμp-k` kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AJn-te-¥ym-lnμp

alm-k-`-bpsS BZysØ ktΩ-f\w tN¿∂Xv 1915¬ am{X-am-sW-

¶nepw BZysØ lnμp-k` cq]-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´Xv 1907¬ ]©m-_n¬

sh®mWv.

Abn-Ø-°m¿°n-S-bnse DW¿hv ÿnXn-K-Xn-Isf IqSp-X¬ Ipg-

®p-a-dn®p. Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-{]iv\w tIm¨{Kkv Gs‰-Sp-ØXv 1917¬

am{X-amWv. ]t£, At∏m-tg°pw kabw hfsc sshIn-t∏m-bn-cp∂p.

F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, A[x-Ir-X-h¿K-kw-L-S\ {]tXy-I-\n-tbm-P-I-

a-fiew thW-sa∂p hmZn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. Cu Bh-

iysØ FXn¿Ø kh¿W-ln-μp-°-fpsS Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ ImØp-c-

£n-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv tIm¨{Kkv Abn-tØm-®m-S\w Gs‰-Sp-ØXv

F∂ Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-°-s∏´p.

Cßs\, aX-sØbpw cm{„o-bm-h-iy-ß-sfbpw Iqń-°-e¿Øn-

s°m-≠p≈ {]t£m-`-ßƒ Xo{h-hm-Z-i-‡n-Isf `n∂n-∏n-°m\pw

h¿Ko-b-Xsb hf¿Øm-\p-amWv klm-bn-®Xv. h¿Ko-b-X-bmWv

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ""`n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°¬'' \bw

\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® apJy-amb Hcp-]-I-cWw. lnμp˛ap…ow

_lp-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ sXmgn-en-s‚bpw kzØp-S-am-h-Im-i-Øn-

s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ h¿K-t_m-[-Øns‚ hf¿®sb XS- -

s∏-Sp-Øm\pw AXp-]-I-cn®p. aX-hn-izm-ksØ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈

Blzm\w _lp-P-\-ß-fpsS a\- n¬ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ k¶p-Nn-

X-hm-k-\-Isf \ne-\n¿Øm≥ klm-bn®p. CXp kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw

\mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb P\-Io-b-{]-t£m-`-ß-fpsS hym]vXn Ipd-

bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.


38. cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿

ÿm]n-X-Xm¬∏-cy-ß-sf-∂-t]mse Xs∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v D‰p-

t\m-°p∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw Xß-fpsS B{K-lm-`n-\n-th-i-ßsf {]I-

Sn-∏n-°m≥ aX-Øn-s‚bpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw klmbw tXSm-

dp-s≠∂p \Ωƒ I≠p-I-gn™p. C¥y-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ {]mNo-\-

Im-e-Ønepw a[y-bp-K-Ønepw am{X-a√, B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Ønepw

Cu khn-ti-j-X-ImWmw. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n-sebpw Ccp-]Xmw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-̀ -Øn-sebpw cm{„ob t\Xm-°-∑mcpw Nn¥-I-∑mcpw

kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cp-sa√mw aX-Øn-s‚bpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Xß-fpsS kr„n-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-

Øn-bXv. kwkm-c-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sm≥ th≠n

k\ymkw kzoI-cn-°p-I-b√, sFln-I-Po-hn-XsØ am‰n-a-dn-°m≥

]‰nb kmaqly˛cm{„ob˛kmwkv°m-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-

Sp-I-bmWv th≠-sX∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn®p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ß-fmb BNm-

c-ßfpw b⁄-I¿am-Zn-Ifpw aX-]-c-ß-fmb a‰p NS-ßp-Ifpw ]g-b-

]Sn XpS¿∂p-sIm≠p t]mIp-∂-Xns\ Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw A\p-Iq-en-

®n√. Ah-cpsS aX-hn-izm-khpw Bflo-b-hm-Zhpw ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw

Xpfp-ºp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. a\p-jys‚ Bflmhv Hcp bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂v

Ah¿ kΩ-Xn®p. ]t£, AXv A]q¿Whpw Ahn-I-kn-X-hp-amWv.

a\p-jys‚ hy‡nXzw ]q¿W-X-bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ am{Xta Bflmhv

]c-am-flm-hp-ambn kmflyw {]m]n-°p-I-bp≈q. a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚

]q¿Whpw ka-{Khpw k¿h-tXm-∑p-J-hp-amb hf¿®-bmWv e£yw.

]q¿W-Xbv°p th≠n-bp≈ Cu Zmlw t_m[-]q¿h-amtbm At_m-

[-]q¿h-amtbm Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-cw-K-Ønepw {]Xn-^-en®p. hntZ-io-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 245

b-`-c-W-Øn\pw \mSp-hm-gn-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn\pw FXn-cmb ka-c-ß-fn¬

t]mepw CXp kv]„-ambn ImWmw. C{]-Imcw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb

Bflo-b-hm-ZsØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® alm-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmWv cho-{μ-\mY

SmtKm¿.

kml-N-cy-ßƒ

Ihn, Iem-Im-c≥, XXz-Nn-¥-I≥, a\p-jy-kvt\ln, hnZym-`ym-k-

hn-N-£-W≥, kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]hm-N-I≥ ˛ CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂

cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿ 1861emWv P\n-®Xv. A—≥ tZth-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿

Hcp kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Ømhpw {_“-k-am-P-Øns‚ t\Xm-hp-am-bn-

cp∂p. ]g-abpw ]pXp-abpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL-´-\-ßfpw A‘-hn-

izm-k-ßƒ°pw A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw aX-{`m-¥p-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb ka-

c-ßfpw sImSp-ºn-cn-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hc-¥-co-£-Øn-emWv cho-{μ-\mY

SmtKm¿ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv. ""ssN\-bnse {]`m-j-W-ßƒ'' F∂ ]pkvX-

I-Øn¬ At±lw Xs‚ kz`m-h-sØbpw ho£-W-K-Xn-sbbpw cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o\w sNep-Ønb aq∂p LS-I-

ß-sf-∏‰n FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p≠v: H∂m-a-tØXv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-

≠nse kp{]-kn≤ _wKmfn kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb _¶nw-N{μ Nm‰¿Pn;

c≠m-a-tØXv dmwtam-l≥ dmbn-bp-sSbpw {_“-k-am-P-Øn-s‚bpw

Bi-b-ßƒ; aq∂m-a-tØXv C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K- ns‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w.

F∂m¬, Ch-bn¬ Hscm‰ LS-I-sØ-t∏mepw ]q¿W-ambn ]n¥p-

S-cm≥ At±lw Xøm-dm-bn√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, kmln-Xy-Im-c\pw

tZim-`n-am-\n-bp-amb _¶nw-N{μ Nm‰¿Pn-bmWv At±-lsØ BI¿jn-

®Xv, aX-]-c-amb hn`m-Ko-b-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ {]N-cn-∏n® _¶nw-N{μ

Nm‰¿Pn-b√. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw

_me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥, Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv XpS-ßnb t\Xm-°-∑m¿ Htc-

k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ lnμp tZio-b-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw cm{„o-b-amb Xo{h-

hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw h‡m-°-fmbn cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXp-I-gn-™n-cp∂p.

Ah-cpsS cm{„o-bm-Z¿i-ß-tfmSv SmtKm-dn\v B\p-Iq-ey-am-bn-cp∂p.

]t£, aX-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-kw-c-`-ß-fn-te°v hen-®n-g-°-s∏-Sm≥

At±lw Iq´m-°n-bn√. At±-l-Øns‚ t\m´w `qX-Im-e-Øn-te-°m-

bn-cp-∂n√, ̀ mhn-bn-te-°m-bn-cp∂p. lnμp-a-tXm-≤m-cW kwcw-`-ß-tfm-

Sp≈ Cu FXn¿∏v, hmkvX-h-Øn¬, aX-Øn-s‚tbm Bflo-b-hm-Z-

Øn-s‚tbm \ntj-[-am-bn-cp-∂n√. C¥y-bpsS kmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw


Bflo-b-hp-amb ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn-e-S-ßnb F√m \√ hi-ß-tfbpw

At±lw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ {ian®p. At±-l-Øns‚ Nne Ihn-X-I-fn¬

tizXm-iz-Xcw, ITw, ssXØ-cobw XpS-ßnb D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-e-S-ßnb

D¬t_m-[-\-ßƒ ImWmw. ]pXnb Bi-b-ß-fpsS apºn¬ hmXn¬

sImń-b-S-bv°p∂ bmYm-ÿn-XnI Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-sf-bmWv At±lw

FXn¿ØXv. At±lw FgpXn: ""{]mNo-\-amb Hcp `qX-Im-esØ apdp-

°n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ P\-ßƒ°v Xß-fpsS kºm-Zy-ß-fpsS ]g-°-sØ-

°p-dn®pw Xß-fpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ ]g-Inb aXn¬s°-́ p-I-fpsS atlm-

∂-X-amb t{ijvT-X-sb-°p-dn®pw A`n-am-\-ap≠v. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp al-

Ømb ssNX\yw, GsX-¶nepw kXy-t{]an, Ah-cpsS he-b-ßsf

t`Zn®p IS-°p-Ibpw lrZ-b-Øns‚ kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw Pohn-X-Øns‚

\nizm-k-ßfpw sIm≠v AXns\ ap°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ Ah¿

t£m`n-°p-Ibpw ipWvTn-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Bi-b-ßƒ Ne-

\-ap-≠m-°p∂p. apt∂m-t´-°p≈ F√m Ne-\-ßfpw `{Z-Xbv°v B]-

Øm-sW-∂mWv Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂Xv.''1

Xs‚ aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬ dmwtam-l≥ dmbv sNep-Ønb hºn®

kzm[o-\sØ SmtKm¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v: ""\ΩpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬

lnμp˛ap…ow˛{InkvXy≥ kwkv°m-c-ß-fn-e-S-ßnb ssNX-\y-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb sFIyw ImWm-\p≈ hnim-e-a-\-kv°X {]I-Sn-

∏n® H∂m-asØ alm-\mWv dmwtam-l≥ dmbv. \ntj-[-Øn-s‚-b√,

]q¿W-amb ⁄m\-Øns‚, ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ C¥y-bpsS ka-

{K-Xsb At±lw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂p. Fs‚ \m´p-Im¿ {]mtbm-Kn-

I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ At±-lsØ ]cn-Xy-Pn-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. F¶nepw,

Rm\-t±-lsØ ]n¥p-S-cp∂p.''2 dmwtam-l≥ ÿm]n® {_“-k-am-P-

amWv At±-l-Øn\v XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS {]mY-an-I-]m-T-ßƒ \¬In-bXv.

F¶nepw, kam-P-Øns‚ BNm-c-ßtfm NS-ßp-Itfm Bi-b-ßtfm

XXz-Nn¥ t]meptam At±-l-Øn\p kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Fs¥-

∂m¬, PmXn-hy-h-ÿbv°pw aX-Øns‚ ÿm]n-X-km-∑m¿KnI \nb-

a-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmb Hcp Iem-]-sa∂ \n-e-bv°m-cw-`n® {_“-k-

amPw {Ia-Øn¬ Hcp hn`m-Ko-b-{]-ÿm-\-ambn A[x-]-Xn-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv F∂v At±lw a\- n-em°n. F√m-Øcw hn`m-Ko-b-X-

Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb Hcp \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw ]c-

am-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰nbpw Cuiz-c-s\-∏-‰nbpw {]]-©-sØ-∏-‰nbpw {]]-

1. Willmer Brothers(pub): Contemporary Indian Philosophy, P. 25.2. Rabindranath Tagore: The Religion of Man, P. 17.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 247

©hpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ Xs‚ kz¥w

Bi-b-ßƒ°p cq]w \¬In-bXv.

SmtKm-dns‚ XXz-Nn-¥-I≥ ]e-t∏mgpw \nKq-V-X-bpsS D∂-X-irw-

K-ß-fn-te°p ]d-∂p-t]m-Ip∂p. Imhym-fl-I-X-bpsS kz¿Wm-h-c-W-

a-Wn-™p-sIm-≠mWv At±-l-Øns‚ ]c-am-flmhv {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

]t£, AXv Acq-]tam \n¿Kp-Wtam GI-ta-hm-Zzn-Xo-btam A√,

A\-¥-ß-fmb kn≤n-I-fn-eqsS {]]-©-Ønepw a\p-jy-\nepw {]I-S-

am-Ip∂ kcq-]-bm-Ym¿Yy-amWv. {]]©w anYy-bm-sW∂pw {_“w

am{X-amWv kXyw F∂pw {]Jym-]n-°p∂ GI-X-Xz-hmZw SmtKm-dns\

BI¿jn-®n√. Fs¥-∂m¬, At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, ""AZzn-

Xo-b-amb GIw iq\y-X-bmWv. ZznXo-b-amb B as‰m-∂mWv AXns\

bYm¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv.''3 Pohn-X-Øn\v kuμcyw \¬Ip∂ {]m]-©nI

sshhn-[y-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]c-am-flmhv {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v,

sshhn-[y-ßƒ Ab-Ym¿Y-ß-f√. Ah-bn-s√-¶n¬ ]c-am-flm-hn\p \ne-

\n¬°m≥ Ign-bn√. SmtKm¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""\ΩpsS am\p-jn-Im-flm-

hn-\m¬ {Kln-°-s∏-Sp∂ hymh-lm-cn-I-tem-I-Ønte aX-Øn\p {]k-

‡n-bp≈q. AXp-sIm≠v, {_“-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ tIhe k¶ev]w

Fs‚ N¿®m-hn-j-b-a√.... Znhy-amb bmYm¿Yy-Øn\v F¥p t]cn-́ mepw

icn, \ΩpsS aX-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ AXn\v G‰hpw D∂-X-amb Hcp ÿm\w

e`n-®n-́ p-≈Xv AXns‚ am\p-jn-I-amb kz`mhw sIm≠mWv. Cu am\p-

jn-I-kz-̀ m-h-amWv ]m]-]p-Wy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-b-ßƒ°v A¿Yw

Iev]n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-{]-Ir-Xn-bp-ambn CW-

ßn-t®-cp∂ ]q¿W-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ F√m BZ¿i-ßƒ°pw imiz-X-

amb Hcp ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv.''4 am\p-

jn-I-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ ]c-am-flm-hmWv {]]-©-Øn-eqsS {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-

∂Xv. ""{]]©w a\p-jys‚ {]I-S-cq-]-a-s√-¶n¬ ]ns∂ AsXmcp

Iq‰≥ Im]-Sy-amWv''5 F∂-t±lw ]d-bp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ XXz-Nn-

¥-I-fpsS tI{μ-_nμp a\p-jy-\mWv, ssZh-a√. ssZh-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

kXyw a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ kXyw Xs∂-bmWv. {]]-©-sa-∂Xv

a\p-jy-{]-]-©-amWv. Hcn-°¬ sF≥Ão-\p-ambn \S-Ønb Hcp hmZ-

{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ At±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""a\p-jy-

cm-in-bp-ambn Hcp-X-c-Ønepw _‘-s∏-SmØ GsX-¶nepw XXz-ap-s≠-

3. Rabindranath Tagore: Fire Files, No. 52.4. Tagore: The Religion of Man.5. Tagore: Personality, P. 71.


¶n¬ B XXzw \sΩ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw \ne-\n¬°p-∂n√.''6

F√m XXz-ßfpw a\p-jy\v th≠n-bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v

At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p.

a\p-jys‚ aXw

SmtKm-dns‚ aXw a\p-jys‚ aX-amWv. ""A\-¥-am-bXv a\p-jy-

cm-in-bmWv F∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ aX-amWv ˛ a\p-jys‚ aX-amWv

˛ Fs‚ aXw'' F∂v At±lw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. ""\ΩpsS ssZhhpw

a\p-jy≥ Xs∂''. Hcp `mKØv At±lw a\p-jys\ ssZh-ambn

ImWm≥ {ian®p. adp-`m-KØv ssZhsØ a\p-jy-\mbn ImWm\pw.

""]q¿W-X-bpsS G‰hpw al-Ømb amXr-I-bmWv ssZhw'' F∂pw

""B amXr-I-bn-se-Øn-t®-cm-\p≈ Ahn-cm-a-amb {]b-Xv\-amWv a\p-

jy≥'' F∂pw At±lw {]Jym-]n®p. ]q¿W-X-bv°p-th-≠nbpw hy‡n-

XzsØ ta¬°p-ta¬ hf¿Øm≥ th≠n-bp-ap≈ a\p-jy-{]-b-Xv\-Øn-

emWv Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv. \m\m-ap-J-amb a\p-jy-

{]-b-Xv\-sØ-bmWv SmtKm¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv. hy‡n ""Bk‡n IqSm-

sX-bp≈ Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw kb≥knepw XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw

kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bnepw Bcm-[-\-bn-ep-sa√mw ]c-a-]p-cp-js\

{]Xn-^-en-∏n-°Ww; AXm-W-hs‚ aXw''7 F∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-

b-s∏-Sp∂p. as‰m-cn-SØv At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Fs‚ hf¿® ⁄m\-

Ønepw kvt\l-Ønepw {]hr-Øn-bnepw ]c-a-]p-cp-js\ {]Xn-^-en-

∏n-°p∂p. CXmWv Fs‚ kmêyw. \ΩpsS a\- n¬ \n∂pw C—m-

i-‡n-bn¬ \n∂pw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw A]q¿W-X-bpsS aqSp-

]Sw \oßn-t∏m-Ip∂p. Aßs\ \Ωƒ ]c-a-]p-cp-j-\p-am-bp≈ \ΩpsS

_‘w hy‡-am-°pI IqSn sNøp∂p. CXmWv a\p-jys‚ aXw.''

F√m a\p-jy-cnepw Znhy-amb Hcp alXzw Hfn-™p-In-S-°p-∂p-

s≠∂pw AXp {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂-XmWv G‰hpw

henb \n¿`mKyw F∂pw At±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.

Cu ho£-W-K-Xn°v kzm¿Y-tem-ep-]-amb CSp-ßnb hy‡n-Xz-

hm-Z-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an√. ]q¿W-X-bn-te-°p≈ a\p-jys‚

apt∂-‰-Øn\v hy‡n-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb c≠p hi-ß-fp-s≠∂v

SmtKm¿ Icp-Xp∂p. hy‡n-]-c-amb ]q¿WX kmaq-ly-amb ]q¿W-

X-bp-ambn At`-Zy-amw-hn[w _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-

6. Tagore: Religion, P. 225.7. Ibid.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 249

{]m-b-Øn¬ ""hy‡n-]-c-amb t\´w Hcn-°epw tIh-e-a√. a\p-jy¿°n-

S-bn¬ G‰hpw D∂-X-amb ]Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b-h-cpsS i‡n-Iƒ F√m-

h-cp-sSbpw i‡n-I-fm-bn-´mWv {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ahsb th¿Xn-

cn-°m≥ hø. a\p-jy≥ Hcp hy‡n-sb∂ \nebv°v H‰-s∏´p \n¬°p-

t∂-SØv, ]c-kv]-c-k-l-I-cWw KmV-a-√m-tØ-SØv, ImSØw am{X-

ta-bp-≠mhq.''8

Cßs\, SmtKm-dns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-

flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ a\p-jy\pw kap-Zm-bhpw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-Wp-≈Xv. Cuiz-c-km-£m¬°m-c-Øn-\p≈ am¿Kw

a\p-jys‚ ]q¿WX ssIh-cp-Øm≥ th≠n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-amWv.

a\p-jys‚ ]q¿W-X-bm-Is´, kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]q¿W-X-bp-ambn At`-

Zy-amw-hn[w _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. SmtKm-dns\ kw_-‘n-

®n-S-tØmfw, Cuiz-c-hn-izmkw a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-amb \∑-I-fnepw

Ign-hp-I-fn-ep-ap≈ hnizm-khpw Cuiz-c-̀ ‡n a\p-jy-kvt\-l-hp-amWv.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bnse tIh-e-ßfpw Aaq¿Ø-ß-fp-amb B[ym-

fln-I-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-hp-ambn Iqń-bn-W-°m-\mWv

SmtKm¿ ]cn-{i-an-®Xv. B ]cn-{i-a-Øns‚ D]m-[n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p

kvt\lhpw sFIy-t_m-[hpw. At±-l-sa-gpXn: ""kvt\l-Øns‚

shfn-®w-sIm≠v \ΩpsS Bflmhv {]Im-i-am-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ

AXv a‰p-≈-h-cp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v ̀ n∂-am-sW∂ \ntj-[-`m-h-Øn\p {]k-

‡n-bn-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. `n∂X Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ a\p-jy\v

hkvXp-°-fpsS kXysØ Ah-bpsS km¿h-{Xn-I-amb sFI-cq-]y-

Øn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂p.'' {]mIr-X-a-\p-jy¿°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂

sFIy-t_m-[-amWv B[ym-fln-Im-̀ n-\n-th-i-ß-fp-tSbpw ssZh-k-¶¬∏-

ß-fp-tSbpw Dd-hn-S-sa∂v At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p. Xs‚ Cu Bi-

bsØ At±lw Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn®p: ""a\p-jy\v BZy-ambn Xs∂-

°p-dn-®p≈ t_m[-ap-Zn-®Xp apX¬°p-Xs∂ X∂n-eqsS Xs‚ kap-

Zm-b-Øn¬ {]I-S-am-bn-Øo¿∂ \nKq-V-amb sFIy-hm-RvO-sb-°p-

dn®pw t_m[-ap-≠mbn. hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ AXn-

kq-£va-amb Hcp am[y-a-am-WXv. AXns‚ Dt±iyw ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-

X-Ønse Fs¥-¶nepw {]tbm-P-\-a√, AXns‚ Xs∂ A¥n-a-k-

Xy-amWv. AXv kwJy-I-fpsS Hcp XpI-b√, Hcp Pohn-X-aq-ey-amWv.

Cu hym]-I-amb sFIy-t_m-[-Øn\v ssZhn-I-amb Hcp kz`m-h-ap-

s≠∂pw hy‡n-]-c-ambn X\n-°p-≈-sX√mw XymKw sNø-W-sa∂v

8. Tagore: Letters from Russia, P. 146.


Xt∂m-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sm≥ AXn-\-h-Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw ]cn-an-X-amb kz¥w

Bflm-hn-\-∏p-d-Øp≈ G‰hpw D¬°r-„-amb kzmX-{¥ysØ {]Xn-

\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ ]c-tam-∂-X-amb Hc¿Yw AXn-e-S-ßn-bn-́ p-s≠∂pw a\p-

jy≥ Fß-s\tbm [cn-®p-h-®n-cn-°p∂p.'' CtX Bibw Xs∂

At±lw as‰m-cp-X-c-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""a\p-jy¿°v

kmaq-ly-amb Iayq-Wn-k-Øns‚ hnim-e-Po-hn-X-Øn¬, kwKo-X-Øn-

se-∂-t]mse, \nKq-V-amb sFIyw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu sFIy-

t_m-[-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Ah¿°v Xß-fsS ssZh-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

t_m[-ap-≠m-bXv. Cßs\ Hmtcm aXhpw AXns‚ Ipe-tKm-{X-ssZ-

h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv.''9.

_‘-\-ß-fn-eqsS tamN\w

a\p-jys‚ A¥- -Ø-bpsS D≈n-te-°n-d-ßn-t∏m-hp-Itbm

sFlnI Pohn-X-Øn-\-∏p-d-Øp≈ iq\y-X-bn-te°p ]d-∂p-t]m-hp-

Itbm sNøp∂ Hcm-flo-b-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂n√ SmtKm-dn-t‚Xv. At±-l-

Øns‚ \nKq-V-Xm-hmZw hnc-‡n-sbtbm k\ym-k-sØtbm A\p-Iq-

en-°p-∂n√. Xs‚ Ime-L-´-Ønse kmaqly˛cm{„ob kw`-h-hn-Im-

k-ß-fn¬ AXy-[nIw {i≤bpw Xmev]-cy-hp-ap≈ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-

sIm≠v P\-ß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ Hcm-

flo-b-hm-Z-Øn-te°p hgp-Xn-t∏m-Im≥ At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®n√.

At±lw FgpXn: ""F\n°v Cu kpμ-c-amb temI-Øn¬ \n∂v DSs\

tamN\w e`n-°-W-sa∂ bmsXm-cm-{K-l-hp-an√. BIm-ihpw kap-{Zhpw

N{I-hm-f-hp-ap≈ A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb Cu temI-Øn¬ Fs‚ ktlm-

Z-c-∑m-cmb a\p-jy-cpsS IqsS, Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ Xs∂, Pohn-°m-

\mWv F\n°v IqSp-X¬ Xmev]cyw.''

cq]hpw h¿Whpw K‘-hp-ap≈ {]Ir-Xnbpw, _p≤n, a\ v,

kvt\lw, Zb apX-em-b-h-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb a\p-jy\pw SmtKm-dns\

k¿hYm BI¿jn®p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv At±lw Cßs\ Fgp-Xn-

bXv: ""Cu _‘-\-ßsf Rm≥ ]p—n-°p-∂n√. Ah Fs‚ a\- ns\

kzX-{¥-am-°m-\mWv klm-bn-°p-∂Xv. Aßs\ Fs‚ kz¥w _‘-

\-Øn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ Ah Fs∂ ]pd-tØ°p hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂p.''

At±-l-Øns‚ XXz-im-kv{X-Ønse apJy-amb Hcm-ibw Xmsg

sImSpØ at\m-l-c-amb Ihn-X-bn¬ hy‡-ambn ImWmw.

9. Tagore: Creative Unity, P. 22.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 251

""Fs‚ tam£w hnc-‡n-bn-e√; B\-μ-Øns‚ Bbncw irwJ-

e-I-fn¬ tamN-\-Øns‚ Benw-K\w Rm≥ A\p-`-hn-°p∂p;

\ns‚ hnhn[ h¿W-ßfpw kpK-‘-hp-ap≈ ho™n≥[m-c-Iƒ

\o F\n°v th≠n ]I¿∂p-X-cn-Ibpw Cu a¨]m{Xw Xpfp-ºp-thmfw

\nd-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

\ns‚ XoPzm-e-sIm≠v Fs‚ temIw AXns‚ hyXy-kvX-ß-

fmb \qdp hnf-°p-Iƒ IØn-°p-Ibpw Ahsb \ns‚ t£{X-a-fi-

]-Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

C√, Rms\s‚ C{μn-b-ß-fpsS Ihm-S-ßƒ Hcn-°epw AS-®n-Sp-

I-bn√; Z¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw {ih-W-Øn-s‚bpw kv]¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw

B\-μ-ßƒ \ns‚ B\-μ-sØ-bmWv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv.

DΔv, Fs‚ F√m hymtam-l-ßfpw B\-μ-Øns‚ Zo]vXn-bm-bn-

amdpw. Fs‚ F√m Bi-Ifpw kvt\l-Øns‚ I\n-I-fmbn aqØp-]-

gp°pw.''10

SmtKm¿ Akm-am-\y-{]-Xn-`-bp≈ Hcp kmln-Xy-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ Aº-Xn-tesd IYm-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ, \qdn-tesd IY-

Iƒ, ]{¥≠p t\mh-ep-Iƒ, ap∏-Xn-e-[nIw \mS-I-ßƒ, Ccp-\q-tdmfw

{]_-‘-ßƒ, c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw Ihn-X-Iƒ ˛ Ch-sb√mw `mc-Xob

kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw `fim-c-Øn-

te-°p≈ kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv. KoXm-RvP-en-bpsS I¿Øm-sh∂

\nebv°v 1913¬ At±-l-Øn\v t\m_¬ kΩm\w Inń.

sshjvWh Ihn-I-fpsS Imhy-cq-]sØ SmtKm¿ AwKo-I-cn®p.

I_o¿, ssNX-\y≥ XpS-ßnb `‡n-{]-ÿm\ Ihn-I-fpsS kzm[o\w

At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬ hy‡-ambn ImWmw. At±-l-Øns‚

Bi-b-ß-fnepw {]Xn-cq-]-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw \nKq-

V-Xm-hm-Z-Øn-t‚bpw ap{Z h∂n-´p-s≠-∂Xv kwi-b-Øn-\n-S-bn-√m-Ø-

hn[w kv]jvSamWv. F∂n-cn-°epw, Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ \nKq-V-X-

bn¬ s]mXn™ B Nn¥-Iƒ iq\y-X-sbtbm Dt±-iy-cm-ln-Xy-

sØtbm tXSn-t∏m-Ip-∂n√. At±-l-Øns‚ t\mh-ep-Ifpw IY-Ifpw

\mS-I-ßfpw Ihn-X-I-fp-sa√mw Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ BNm-c-\n-b-a-

ßƒ°pw A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw kmaq-lym-\o-Xn-Iƒ°pw hntZ-io-

b-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS a¿Z-\-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmb Hcp kmaqly ]cn-

jv°¿Øm-hn-s‚bpw cmP-kvt\-ln-bp-sSbpw hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ß-sf-bmWv

\ap°v ]I¿∂p-X-cp-∂Xv. Zcn-{Z-∑m-scbpw IogvPm-Xn-°m-scbpw CSn-

10. Rabindranath Tagore, Gitanjali.


®-a¿Øp-Ibpw AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ henb B¿`m-S-tØmsS {]m¿Y-

\-Ifpw `‡n-{]-I-S-\-ßfpw \S-Øm≥th≠n t£{X-ßsf icWw

{]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-cpsS t\sc At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ ]cn-

lmkw s]mgn-°p∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Cuiz-c-Z¿i-

\-Øn\v Aº-e-Øntem ]≈n-bntem t]mIp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v bmsXmcp

Imcy-hp-an√. I¿j-I≥ \new Dgp-Xp-a-dn-°p-t∂-SØpw tdmUp-]-Wn-

°m-c≥ I√p-Iƒ DS-bv°p-t∂-S-Øp-amWv Ahs\ At\z-jn-t°-≠Xv.

shbn-eØpw ag-bØpw Ah≥ Ahn-S-Ø-s∂-bp-≠mhpw. Ahs‚

hkv{X-ßƒ s]mSn-\n-d-™-h-bm-bn-cn°pw. ""sshZn-I-Xz-Øns‚ ]pdw

Ip∏mbw FSp-Øp-am-‰q. F∂n´v Ah-s\-t∏mse s]mSn-\n-d™ aÆn-

te°v Cd-ßn-h-cnI.''11

imkv{Xhpw aXhpw

]c-a-amb Hcp i‡n-hn-ti-j-Øn¬ SmtKm-dn\p hnizm-k-ap-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw, imkv{XsØ At±lw Ah-K-Wn-®n√. At±lw

FgpXn: ""imkv{X-ta-J-e-bn¬ A\p-kyq-X-ambn Kth-j-W-ßƒ \S-

∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp cmPy-Øn¬ imkv{X-⁄m\w Iptds» Iptd-

s»-bmbn CS-hn-SmsX ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°pw. CXns‚ ̂ e-ambn

\ΩpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ imkv{Xo-b-Nn-¥bv°v ]‰nb Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb

Hc-¥-co-£-ap-≠m-hp∂p.'' ]t£, ""BZy-¥-hn-lo-\-\mb B i‡n''

As√-¶n¬ ""k¿hm-flm-hmb Cuiz-c≥'' F√m imkv{X-ßƒ°pw

AXo-X-\m-sW∂v At±lw hniz-kn®p. ""\ΩpsS bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS

temI-amWv imkv{X-temIw. AXn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb amlm-flyhpw D]-

tbm-Khpw BI¿j-I-Xz-hp-ap≠v. AXn\v A¿l-amb am\yX

\¬Im≥ \mw Xøm-dm-Wp-Xm\pw. F∂m¬, AXv \ap-°p-th≠n

bYm¿Y-temIw I≠p-]n-Sn®p Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p F∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-

Sp-Ibpw efn-X-a-\-kv°-cmb a\p-jy-cpsS temIsØ ]p—n-°p-Ibpw

sNøm≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ AXv kz¥w cmPm-hns‚ knwlm-k\w ]nSn-

®p-]‰n A[n-Im-c-a-Ø-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ Hcp ssk\ym-[n-]-s\-t∏m-se-bm-

Ip-sa∂p ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ hø. ImcWw, temI-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw

a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øn-emWv InS-°p-∂Xv, bp‡n-hn-Nm-c-

Øn-e√. imkv{X-Øns‚ Ign-hp-aqew `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]Xn-_-

‘-ßƒ Ipd-bp-Ibpw temI-Øn-se-ßp-ap≈ P\-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw ASp-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. hyXy-kvX-cm-{„-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw ASp-Øp-

11. Tagore: Gora

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 253

I-gn-™n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, B¥-c-amb sFIy-Øns‚ Imcytam?

_mly-ku-I-cy-ßƒ ImcWw hnhn[ cm{„-ß-fnse P\-ßfpw

hnhn[ PmXn-°mcpw XΩn¬ ASp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£,

AXv Hcp HØp-tN-c¬ am{X-amWv. B¥-cn-I-amb _‘w-sIm≠v H∂m-

bn-Øo-c-e√.''

F∂m¬, imkv{X-ßƒ°-Xo-X-amb Cu ]c-a-i‡n {]Ir-Xn-

bpsS km[m-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fntem am\p-jn-I-_-‘-ß-fpsS {Iao-

I-c-W-Øntem Hcp Xc-Ønepw CS-s]-Sp-∂n√ F∂v SmtKm¿ Dd-∏n-®p-

]-d-bp∂p. At±-lhpw alm-flm-Km-‘nbpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp hmZ-{]-

Xn-hmZw Cu hnj-bsØ kw_-‘n® ck-I-c-amb Nne Imcy-ßƒ

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. 1934¬ _olm-dn-ep-≠mb `b-¶-c-amb `qIºw

Bbn-c-°-W-°n-ep≈ P\-ß-fpsS ac-W-Øn\pw tImSn-°-W-°n¬ Ddp-

∏nI hne hcp∂ kzØp-°-fpsS \mi-Øn\pw CS hcp-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.

Cu AXym-]Øp apgp-h≥ kw`-hn-®Xv kh¿W lnμp-°ƒ Zcn-{Z-

cmb lcn-P-\-ß-tfmSp ImWn-®p-t]m∂ A\o-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw A{I-a-

ß-fp-tSbpw t\¿°v ssZhw tIm]n-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂v Km‘n {]kvXm-

hn®p. B {]kvXm-h-\sb hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v SmtKm¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p.

`qIºw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp {]Xn-`mkw am{X-am-sW∂pw Cuiz-c\v

AXn¬ bmsXmcp ]¶p-an-s√∂pw. At±lw tNmZn®p: Ip‰-°msc

in£n-°-emWv Dt±-iy-sa-¶n¬ Cuiz-c≥ \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fmb P\-

ßƒ°v C{X-b-[nIw I„-∏m-Sp-≠m-°n-Øo¿Ø-sX-¥n-\mWv? \nc-]-

cm-[n-Isf in£n-°p∂ Cuiz-c≥ Hcp bYm¿Y Cuiz-c-\m-hp-∂-sX-

ß-s\-bmWv? Km‘n hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øn√. At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p:

ssZh-Øns‚ Adnhv IqSmsX bmsXm∂pw \S-°n√; Hcn-e-t]mepw

Cf-In√. ssZh-Øns‚ {]hr-Øn-Isf X¿°-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°mt\m \ymbo-I-cn-°mt\m km[y-a√. Cu

hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw SmtKm-dn-s‚bpw Km‘n-bp-sSbpw aX-]-c-amb ho£-

W-ß-fn-ep≈ hyXym-ksØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

km¿h-eu-In-I-hmZn

SmtKm¿ PmXn-a-X-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ°-Xo-X-\mb Hcp km¿h-eu-

In-I-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ Cu Bibw At±lw Cßs\ {]I-Sn-

∏n-°p∂p: ""Cs∂-\n°v lnμp-°ƒ°pw apk¬am-∑m¿°pw {InkvXym-

\n-Iƒ°pw {_“-a-X-°m¿°pw F√m-h¿°pw Hcp-t]mse Ah-Im-i-


s∏´ B ssZh-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ a{¥w Xcq. B ssZh-Øns‚ hmXn-

ep-Iƒ bmsXm-cm-fpsS apºnepw ˛ Ah≥ GXp PmXn-bn¬ s]´-hm-

\m-bmepw icn ˛ Hcn-°epw sImń-b-S-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. Ah≥ lnμp-

°-fpsS am{Xw ssZh-a√, C¥y-bp-sS-bmsI ssZh-amWv.''12

\Ωƒ I≠p-I-gn-™-Xp-t]mse Xne-I≥, Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv XpS-

ßnb Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS cmPy-kvt\lw lnμp tZio-b-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p. SmtKm¿, t\sc-a-dn®v, PmXn-aX hntZz-j-

ßƒ°p ÿm\-an-√mØ Hcp cmPy-kvt\-l-sØ-bmWv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-

®Xv. "P\-K-W-a\' F∂p XpS-ßp∂ C¥y-bpsS tZio-b-Km-\-Øns‚

I¿Øm-hm-W-t±lw. B Km\-Øn-e-S-ßnb Hcm-ibw Cßs\ kw{K-

ln°mw: ""\o F√m P\-ß-fp-sSbpw a\- p-Isf `cn-°p-∂-h-\mWv,

\ns‚ i_vZw cmhpw ]Iepw \mSp-tXmdpw Np‰n lnμp-°-sfbpw _u≤-

scbpw kn°p-Im-scbpw ssP\-scbpw ]m¿kn-I-sfbpw ap…o-ß-sfbpw

{InkvXym-\n-I-sfbpw F√mw \ns‚ knwlm-k-\-Øn\p Np‰pw hnfn-

®p-h-cp-Øp∂p. ]uc-kvXycpw ]m›m-Xycpw \ns‚ tZhm-e-b-Øn-te°v

hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ sIm≠p-h-cp∂p. \o hnP-bn-°s´, hnP-bn-°s´, hnP-bn-

°s´!''

SmtKm-dns‚ cmPy-kvt\lw CSp-ßnb tZio-b-t_m-[-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

km¿h-tZ-io-b-Xz-hp-ambn H´pw-Xs∂ sshcp-[y-an-√mØ Hcp tZio-b-

t_m-[-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. temI-Øn-se-ßp-ap≈ P\-ßƒ°v kzmX-

{¥yhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw kam-[m-\hpw ssIh-c-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

At±-lØns‚ A`n-emjw. At±lw FgpXn: ""Hmtcm cmPyhpw

kz¥w e£y-Øn-se-Øn-t®¿∂Xv Hcp hyXy-kvX-am¿K-Øn-eq-sS-

bmWv. CXv B cmPy-Øns‚ \mK-cn-I-Xbv°v Hcp khn-ti-j-{]m-

[m\yw \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]t£, AXns‚ ê-ßƒ F√m-h¿°pw

\¬I-s∏-Sp∂p.... a\p-jy-cm-in-bnse hnhn-[-hw-i-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]Ir-

Xn-k-l-P-amb hyXym-k-ß-fp-s≠∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.

Ahsb am\n-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-h-iy-amWv.

]t£, B hyXym-k-ß-sf-s¥m-s°-Ø-s∂-bm-bmepw \ΩpsS

sFIyw km£m¬°-cn-°m\pw sshcp-[y-ß-fpsS \qem-am-e-bn¬

kXyw Is≠-Øm\pw ]‰nb Hcp hnZym-`ym-k-amWv \ap-°m-hiyw.''

km¿h-eu-In-I-amb kmwkv°m-cn-I-_-‘-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw aX-]p-\-cp-≤-c-W-hm-Zn-I-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp

\ne-]m-SmWv SmtKm¿ ssIs°m-≠Xv. F√m kmwkv°m-cn-I-aq-ey-

12. J. Nehru: Discovery of India.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 255

ßƒ°pw ̨ Ah temI-Øns‚ GXp-`m-KØp \n∂p h∂-h-bm-bmepw

icn ˛ At±lw Xs‚ a\- ns‚ hmXn¬ Xpd-∂p-sIm-SpØp. hntZ-io-

b-am-sW-∂-Xp-sIm≠p am{Xw bmsXmcp kwkv°m-c-tØmSpw At±-

l-Øn\v FXn¿∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. At±lw ]d™p: ""F\n°v Hcp

kwkv°m-c-tØmSpw, AXns‚ hntZ-io-b-kz-`mhw sIm≠p-am{Xw,

Ahn-izm-k-an-s√∂ Imcyw hy‡-am-°s´. adn®v, AØcw _mly-i-

‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ BLmXw \ΩpsS _u≤n-I-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS HmP-

n\v Bh-iy-am -sW∂v Rm≥ hniz -kn -°p∂p... bqtdm-]y≥

kwkvImcw \Ωp-sS -bn -S -bn -te°v h∂-t∏mƒ AXv AXns‚

hn⁄m\w am{X-a√, KXn-th-Khpw sIm≠p-h∂p''. Ph-l¿em¬

s\lvdp Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, ""a‰v GXv C¥y-°m-c-s\-°m-fp-a-

[nIw At±lw (SmtKm¿) Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw XΩn¬ cRvPn-∏p-

≠m-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-

Ød hn]p-e-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw \√

km¿h-eu-In-I-hmZn At±-l-amWv. At±lw km¿h-tZ-iob kl-I-c-

W-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p-th≠n ]cn-{i-an -°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. C¥y-bpsS ktμiw a‰p cmPy-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw a‰p

cmPy-ß-fpsS ktμ-i-ßƒ Xs‚ kz¥w \m´p-Im¿°n-S-bn-te°v

sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.''13

F∂m¬, sshtZ-in-I-Po-hn-X-co-Xn-I-fpsS ]pdw-]q-®n¬ At±lw

{àn-®p-h-im-bn√. 1941¬, Xs‚ F¨]Xmw ]nd-∂mƒZn-hkw, sXs√mcp

thZ-\-tbmsS At±lw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""{_nójv kwkv°m-c-

Øns‚ BI¿j-I-ß-fmb hi-ß-fn¬ ab-ßn-\n-∂-t∏mƒ AXv Nnc-

¥-\-ß-fmb Pohn-X-aq-ey-ßsf C{Xbpw {Iqc-amb coXn-bn¬ hnIr-

X-am-°n-Øo¿°p-sa∂v Rm≥ Hcn-°epw Icp-Xn-bn√. \ΩpsS \mńse

P\-ß-fpsS t\sc Hcp ]cn-jv°r-X-cm{„w ImWn-°p∂ shdp-∏n-s‚bpw

{Iqc-X-bp-sSbpw Nn”-amWv B sshIr-X-sa∂v Rm\n-t∏mƒ a\- n-

em-°p∂p.''13

AtX {]_-‘-Øn¬ Xs∂ At±lw ap∏-Xp-I-fpsS Bcw-`-

Øn¬ X\n°v tamkvt°m-hn-ep-≠mb A\p-`-h-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw {]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p-∂p≠v. ""Xß-fpsS cmPy-Øn¬ \n∂v tcmKw, \nc-£-cX, Adn-

hn-√mbva, Zmcn{Zyw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ \mW-t°-Sns‚ F√m _mly-

e-£-W-ß-sfbpw XpS-®p-\o-°m≥ th≠n djy-°m¿ A£o-W-amb

Du¿P-kz-e-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn \S-Øp∂'' ]cn-{i-a-ßsf At±lw {]iw-

13. Tagore: Towards Universal Man. P. 355.


kn-°p∂p. ""hwi-]-c-amb Zpc-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sn-

s°m≠v tkmhn-b-‰p-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ̀ c-Wm-Xn¿Øn-I-fn-sem-́ p°pw a\p-

jy-km-tlm-Z-cy-Øns‚ al-—-‡nsb Db¿Øn-s°-ń-bn-cn-°p∂p.

C{Xbpw {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ Ah¿ t\Sn-°-gn™ A¤p-X-I-c-amb ]ptcm-

KXn F∂n¬ Htc ka-bØp Xs∂ B\-μhpw Akq-bbpw Df-hm-

°p∂p.''

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ Kmb-I≥

a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\p hne-ßp-X-

Sn-bmbn \n¬°p-∂Xv sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-amWv F∂v At±lw a\-

n-em°n. AXp-sIm-≠mWv At±lw C¥y-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m

ASn-a-cm-Py-ß-fp-sSbpw kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n Xs‚ i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn-

bXv. 1937¬ At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb ""B{^n-°bv°v Hcp A¿®-\m-KoXw''

F∂ lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bmb IhnX a¿Z-\-Øn-em-≠p-In-S∂ B{^n-

°≥ P\-X-tbmSv At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ AKm-[-amb klm-\p-

`q-Xnsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""]cn-jvIr-X-cpsS {]mIr-X-amb Zpcm-{Klw Ah-cpsS \n¿e-÷-amb

arKo-b-Xsb \·-am°n Xpd∂p ImWn®p.

\o Ic™p; \ns‚ Ic-®n¬ sR°n sRcn-°-s∏´p.

Ih¿®-°m-cpsS BWn Xd® sNcp-∏p-Iƒ

\ns‚ Aa¿j-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn-t∑¬

ambv°m-\m-hmØ ]mSp-Iƒ ]Xn-®-t∏mƒ

Imń-ep≈ \ns‚ Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ IÆo-cnepw tNmc-bnepw

IpXn¿∂p aen-\-ambn....

C∂v ]›n-a-N-{I-hm-f-Øn¬ AkvX-a-\m-Imiw

s]mSn \nd™ sImSp-¶m-‰p-sIm≠v izmkw ap´p-tºmƒ,

Xtam-a-b-amb Kpl-bn¬ \n∂v

]pd-tØ-°n-g™p hcp∂ arKw

`bm-\-I-ß-fmb Ae¿®-Iƒ sIm≠v

]I-ens‚ acWw {]Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒ,

tl, A¥y-Im-e-Ith! hcq!

am\-`wKw sNø-s∏´ B kv{XobpsS hmXn¬°¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v

Ah-tfmSp am∏p tNmZn°q!

tcmKw ]nSn-s]´ Hcp h≥I-c-bpsS

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 257

kzt_m-[-an-√mØ t]]-d-®n-en-∂n-S-bn¬

AXm-bn-cn-°s´ Ah-km-\sØ al-Ømb hm°v.''

`qX-Im-e-Øns‚ al-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®p ]mSp-Ibpw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-

e-Øns‚ am\-t°-Sn-s\-∏‰n hne-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠p am{Xw

SmtKm¿ Xr]vXn-s∏-ń√. At±-l-Øns‚ `mh\ `mhn-bpsS N{I-hm-f-

ßsf Af∂p ]cn-tim-[n®p. KoXm-RvPen F∂ kp{]-kn-≤-{K-Ÿ-

Øn¬ At±lw Xs‚ kz]v\-Øn-ep≈ C¥ysb \ap°v Hcp-t\m°p

ImWn-®p-X-cp∂p.

""\n¿`-b-amb a\ v Fhn-sStbm,

inc v Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fhn-sStbm,

⁄m\w kzX-{¥-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX-hn-sStbm,

CSp-ßnb Krl-`n-Øn-Iƒ sIm≠v temIw IjWw Ij-W-am°n

apdn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-sX-hn-sStbm,

hm°p-Iƒ kXy-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn¬ \n∂p

hcp-∂-sX-hn-sStbm,

hnth-I-Øns‚ sXfn-\o-scm-gp°v ]g-Inb ioe-ß-fpsS

aSp-∏≥a-cp-`q-an-bn¬ hgn-sX-‰m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-sX-hn-sStbm,

a\ v Fs∂∂pw hnI-kz-c-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn¥-bn-te°pw

{]hr-Øn-bn-te°pw \n∂m¬ apt∂m´p

\bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-hn-sStbm,

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ B kz¿K-Øn-te°v

]nXmth,

Fs‚ \mSv DW-tc-Wta!''

1930¬ Xs‚ \m´p-Im-tcmSv At±lw ]d™p: ""Ah¿ \ΩpsS

cmPysØ sIń-bn-Sm-\p-]-tbm-Kn® irwJ-e-Isf XpS-sc-Øp-S-sc-bp≈

B{I-aWw sIm≠p s]mń®p If-bWw. Hmtcm ka-chpw Zp -l-

amb Hcp thZ-\-bmWv. ]t£, ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sm≥

thsd am¿K-an√.'' CtX Bth-i-tØmsS 1941¬ At±lw ho≠pw

FgpXn:

""]cn-jvIr-X-sa∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ B `cWw \ap°v \¬In-bn-

´p-≈Xv \nb-ahpw \oXnbpw s]meokv hmgvN-bv°p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-

fp-amWv. kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ A`n-\n-thiw \·-amb i‡n-

{]-I-S-\-Øns‚ apºn¬ hg-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. am\p-jn-I-_-‘-ß-fn¬


G‰hpw hne-]n-Sn® Awi-ß-fpsS A`mhw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te-°p≈

\ΩpsS ]mXsb XS-™p-sh-®n-cn-°p∂p.''14

]t£, a\p-jy-\n-ep≈ hnizmkw Dt]-£n-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\p

km[n-®n√. AtX {]_-‘-Øn¬ At±lw FgpXn:

""`mKy-N-{I-Øns‚ ]cn-{Iaw Xß-fpsS km{am-Py-ap-t]-£n®p

t]mhm≥ {_nó-jp-Imsc \n¿_-‘n-°p∂ Hcp Znhkw hcpw.''

Xs‚ Cu {]h-N\w bmYm¿Yy-am-b-nØo¿∂ Znhkw ImWm≥

a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmb B alm-Ihn Pohn-®n√. C¥y kzX-{¥-bm-hp-

∂-Xn\v Bdp-h¿j-ßƒ°v apºv At±lw Xm≥ kvt\ln® temI-

tØmSv A¥y-bm{X ]d™p.

14. Ibid. p. 357

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 259

39. CJv_m¬

B[p-\n-I-`m-c-X-Øns‚ XXz-Nn-¥m-a-fi-e-Øn¬ kz¥w hy‡n-

ap{Z ]Xn® as‰mcp Zm¿i-\n-I-I-hn-bmWv sjbv°v apl-ΩZv CJv_m¬.

At±-l-Øns‚ XXz-Nn-¥bv°v SmtKm-dn-t‚-Xp-ambn hf-sc-b-[nIw

kmay-ap≠v. apJy-amb Nne hyXym-k-ß-fp-ap≠v. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse

Bflo-b-hm-Z-amWv SmtKm-dns\ BI¿jn-®-sX-¶n¬ Jp¿˛Bs‚ AKm-

[-X-bnse Dd-hp-I-fmWv CJv_m-ens‚ Zmlw Xo¿ØXv. SmtKm-dns‚

Ihn-X-I-fn¬ I_o¿, ssNX-\y≥ XpS-ßnb sshjvW-h-I-hn-I-fpsS

kzm[o\w ImWmw. CJv_m-en\v dqan, Kmen_v, lmen XpS-ßnb Ihn-

I-tfm-SmWv IqSp-X¬ IS-∏mSv. CJv_mepw SmtKmdpw c≠p-t]cpw

kb≥kns‚ Bcm-[-I-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw {]]-©-Øn-

s‚bpw kuμcyw c≠p-t]-scbpw BI¿jn®p. sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬

\n∂v Hfn-t®mSn c£-s]-Smt\m ̀ qX-Im-e-Øn-te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-Imt\m

{ian-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw `mhn-bn-te°v D‰p-t\m-°n-s°m≠v `qX-Im-e-

Øns‚ Bflo-bm-Z¿i-ßsf B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb

coXn-bn¬ hymJym-\n-°p-I-bmWv c≠p-t]cpw sNbvXXv. ]t£, Pohn-

X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-ep-≠mb hyXym-k-ßƒ Ah-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fnepw

{]Xn-^-en-®n-´p-s≠∂p ImWmw.

1873¬ ]©m-_nse knbm¬t°m-ń¬ P\n®v emtlm-dn¬ hnZym-

`ymkw t\Snb CJv_m¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-

Øn¬ Hcp XXz-im-kv{Xm-[ym-]-I-\mbn. hnπ-hm-i-b-ßƒ Ae-b-Sn-

®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. hntZ-io-b-`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-

cmb {]t£m-`-ßƒ CJv_m-ens‚ bph-lr-Z-b-sØbpw Cf-°n-a-dn®p.

Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv At±lw "Xcm-\-tb-lnμv' (kmtc-P-lm≥ tk


A—m lntμm-kvXm≥ lamcm), "\bm inhmem' (kNvI-lvZqßv

Abv_n-c-l-a≥ K¿ Xp _pcm \ amt\) XpS-ßnb tZim-`n-am\w Xpfp-

ºp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ cNn-®Xv. PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-ßsf hI-sh-bv°msX F√m

C¥y-°mcpw {_nójv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬

]s¶-Sp-°-W-sa∂v At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. lnμp˛ap…ow ssa{Xn-

bm-bn-cp∂p C°m-eØv At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-I-fnse apJy-amb Hcp

hnjbw. ]≈n-bp-sSbpw Aº-e-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ aX-]-c-amb hntZz-

j-ßƒ sh®p-]p-e¿Øp-∂-hsc At±lw Bt£-]n®p. ]≈nbpw

Aº-ehpw aÆn¬ \n¬°p∂ sIń-S-ß-fmWv; aÆmWv ASn-ÿm\w;

AXp-sIm≠v, ]≈n-sb-°mfpw Aº-e-sØ-°mfpw IqSp-X¬ ]hn-{X-

ambn IW-°m-t°-≠Xv C¥y-bpsS aÆn-s\-bmWv ˛ CXmWv Hcp

Ihn-X-bnse Bibw.

]Tn∏v XpS-cm≥ th≠n 1905¬ At±lw bqtdm-∏n-te-°p-t]mbn.

tIw{_n-UvPn¬ sh®v ]m›m-Xy-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-ambn CS-]-g-Im≥ At±-

l-Øn\v [mcmfw kuIcyw e`n®p. F∂m¬, C…m-an-I-Z¿i-\-Ønepw

C…m-anI kwkv°m-c-Øn-ep-amWv At±lw IqSp-X¬ {i≤n-®Xv. ayq\n-

°n¬ \n∂v tUmŒ-td‰v _ncpZw t\Sm≥ th≠n At±lw Xøm-dm-

°nb {]_‘w t]¿ky≥ kmln-Xy-Ønse \nKq-V-Xm-hm-Z-sØ-°p-

dn-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p. 1908¬ At±lw C¥y-bn-te°p aSßn. 1938¬

acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc kr„n-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS¿∂p. AtXm-

sSm∏w Xs∂ ap…o-ßsf IqSp-X¬ D¬_p-≤-cm-°m-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-

ßfpw \SØn.

I¿a-amWv PohnXw

bqtdm-∏n-em-bn-cp∂ ImeØv aq∂p Imcy-ß-fmWv CJv_m-ens‚

{i≤sb BI¿jn-®Xv F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. H∂m-aXv, P\-ß-fpsS

I¿a-Ip-i-eX; Bekyw IqSmsX {]hr-Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤X.

c≠m-aXv, ]ptcm-K-Xn-°m-h-iy-amb A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ßfpw Ah-

k-c-ßfpw. Ah-k-c-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v kZm I¿a-\n-c-X-cmbn

F√m-Øcw {]Xn-_-‘-ß-sfbpw Xń-Ø-I¿Øp-sIm≠p apt∂m-´p-

t]m-Im≥ shº¬ sIm≈p∂ P\-ß-sf-bmWv CJv_m¬ bqtdm-∏n¬

I≠Xv. aq∂m-a-tØXv, A{X-b-[nIw BI¿j-I-ambn tXm∂n-bn√:

kb≥kns‚ hf¿®-bpsS ê-ambn kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fpsS D]m-[n-Iƒ

C¥y-°m¿°v A\p-am-\n-°m≥ t]mepw høm-Ø-hn[w A{X-b-[nIw

h¿[n-®n-cn-°p∂p; ]t£, lrZbw hnI-kn-®n-ń√. AXns‚ ê-ambn

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 261

hy‡n-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw cmjv{S-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw CS-hn-SmØ a’-c-ß-

fp-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ C¥y bqtdm-∏ns\ A\p-

I-cn-°p-∂Xv B]¬°-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v CJv_m-en\p tXm∂n.

bqtdm-∏n-ep-≠mb Cu A\p-`-h-ßƒ CJv_m-ens‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬

[mcmfw {]Xn-̂ -en®p. I¿a-\n-c-X-cm-hm\pw XS- -ßsf Xń-Ø-I¿Øp-

sIm≠v apt∂-dm\pw P\-ßsf D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p∂ H´-\-h[n Ihn-X-

Iƒ At±lw cNn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. B]-Øp-Isf `b-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv

G‰hpw henb ]cm-Pbw. I¿a-tØ-°mƒ al-Ømb as‰mcp XXz-

im-kv{X-an√. I¿a-am¿K-amWv C…m-ans‚ auen-I-XXzw F∂v

CJv_m¬ Ah-Im-i-s∏´p. sshcmKyw, kam[n, k\ymkw apX-emb

XXz-ßƒ ]n∂oSv kq^n-I-fmWv {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv. Ah C…m-an-I-X-Xz-

ßƒs°-Xn-cmWv. euIn-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hgn-™p-am-dp-Ibpw

Pohn-X-Øns‚ t\sc \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb Hcp `mhw ssIs°m-≈p-

Ibpw sNbvX kq^n-Isf At±lw ITn-\-ambn Bt£-]n®p. ""\nKq-

V-Xm-hm-Zn-I-fmb Ihn-Iƒ I¿a-ti-jnsb \in-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p'' F∂v

At±lw Bh-em-Xn-s∏´p. a\p-jys‚ A¥- Ø Hcp hymtam-l-a-

s√∂pw AsXmcp bmYm¿Yy-am-sW-∂p-ap≈ Adn-hns\ B{i-bn-®mWv

I¿a-tijn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. I¿a-amWv PohnXw. I¿a-cm-lnXyw ac-

W-at{X. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp Ihn-X-bpsS kmcmwiw Cß-s\-bmWv:

""Pohn-X-Øns‚ HmP v I¿a-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p;

kr„n-bn¬ B\-μn-°pI: AXmWv Pohn-X-\n-baw.

Fgp-t∂¬°pI, Hcp ]pXp-temIw sIń-∏-Sp-°pI!

XoPzm-e-IƒsIm≠v \o \ns∂-Øs∂ aqSpI;

Hcp A{_-lm-am-hpI!

\ns‚ Dt±-iy-ßsf A\p-Iq-en-°mØ Cu temI-Øn\p

hg-ßp-∂Xv

bp≤-cw-K-Øp-sh®v Bbp[w hen-s®-dn-b-emWv.

Dd® kz`m-h-ap-≈-h\pw Xs∂-Øm≥ Iog-S-°n-b-h-\p-amb

a\p-jy≥

Xs‚ apºn¬ hn[n ap´p-Ip-Øp-∂-Xp-ImWpw.

temIw Ahs‚ C„-Øn\p hg-ßp-∂n-s√-¶n¬

Ah≥ kz¿-K-tØmSp bp≤w sh´m-s\m-cp-sºSpw.

{]]-©-Øns‚ AkvXn-hm-c-ßsf Ah≥ Inf®p adn°pw;

F∂n´v AXns‚ AWp-°sf Hcp ]pXnb aqi-bn¬

hm¿sØ-Sp°pw.


kz¥w HmP- p-sIm≠v Ah≥ Xs‚ lnXm-\p-h¿Øn-bmb

Hcp ]pXnb temIsØ kr„n°pw.''

hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øns‚ hnImkw

""{]]-©-Øns‚ Bflm-hn¬ hnebw {]m]n-°-emWv a\p-jys‚

A¥n-a-e-£yhpw Ahs‚ tam£hpw'' F∂mWv kq^n-Iƒ D¬t_m-

[n-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. CJv_m¬ Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSp tbmPn-®n√. At±-

lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, hy‡n-ssh-in-„ysØ hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥

{ian-°p-∂-h¿ ssZh-Øn¬ ebn-°p-I-bn√, ssZhsØ Xß-fn¬ ebn-

∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNøpI. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS C—m-i-‡nsb ssZh-Øn\p

ka¿∏n-°p-I-b√, ssZh-Øns‚ C—m-i-‡nsb Xß-fp-tS-Xn-te°v

Bhm-ln-°p-I-bmWv sNøpI. SmtKm-dn-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ CJv_mepw

hy‡n-ssh-in-„ysØ ]c-am-h[n hnI-kn-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv G‰hpw

al-Ømb Pohn-X-e£yw F∂p hniz-kn®p. Bfl-ssÿ-cy-Øn-eq-

sSbpw hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw am{Xta a\p-

jy\v i‡\pw kzX-{¥-\p-am-Im≥ Ignbq F∂v At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-

d™p. Cu Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠mWv At±lw

"JpZn"sb∏-‰n-bp≈ Xs‚ kn≤m¥w Bhn-jv°-cn-®Xv. "JpZn' F∂

]Z-Øn\v Nne hymJym-Xm-°ƒ Bflmhv F∂ A¿Yw Iev]n-°m-

dp≠v. F∂m¬, CJv_m¬ a\p-jys‚ Bflm-hn-s\bpw ico-c-sØbpw

thsd thsd-bm-bn-´√, H∂m-bn-´mWv I≠Xv. Bflm-hns‚ KpW-ßƒ

Xs∂-bmWv ico-c-Øns‚ KpW-ßƒ. ico-c-Øns‚ KpW-ßsf

Bflm-hns‚ KpW-ß-fn¬ \n∂p th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn√. \n¿`-bX,

Alw-t_m[w apX-emb KpW-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb D¬Ir-„-amb hy‡n-

ssh-in„yw F∂ A¿Y-Øn-emWv CJv_m¬ "JpZn' F∂ ]Zw D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. hy‡n-bpsS A¥- Ø As√-¶n¬ Alw-t_m-[-

am-WXv. Xs‚ kn≤m-¥sØ At±lw Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p:

""Pohn-XsØ AwKo-I-cn-°-emWv, AXns\ Nhn-́ n-tØ-°-e√, a\p-

jys‚ [m¿an -Ihpw aX-]-c -hp -amb BZ¿iw. Cu BZ¿iw

km£m¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn-eq-

sS-bmWv. a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂v A[n-I-a-[nIw hyXy-kvX-\m-bn-s°m≠v

IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ Xm\m-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn-\mWv hy‡n-ssh-in„yw

F∂p-]-d-bp-∂Xv. G‰-hp-a-[nIw hyXy-kvX-\mb hy‡n Cuiz-c-\mWv.

AXp-sIm≠v a\p-jy≥ X∂n-ep≈ Cuiz-cob KpW-ßsf hnI-kn-

∏n-°-W-sa∂v Jp¿˛B≥ B⁄m-]n-°p∂p. a\p-jy≥ Cuiz-c\p

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 263

Xpey-\m-hm≥ {ian-°p-tºm-gmWv Ahs‚ hy‡n-ssh-in„yw a‰p-≈-

h-cp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv. hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øns‚

hnIm-k-Øns‚ ]c-a-ÿm-\-amWv JpZn. B ÿm\-sØ-Øp∂ a\p-

jy\v X\n°p ka-\mbn Xm≥ am{X-ta-bp-≠mhq. Cuiz-cs‚ F{X-

tØm-f-a-Sp-sØ-Øp-∂pthm A{X-tØmfw Ah≥ t{ijvT\pw alm-

\p-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p. HSp-hn-semcp Znhkw Ah≥ Cuiz-c-\n¬ ebn-°p-

sa-∂√ CXn-∂¿Yw; t\sc-a-dn®v, ka-b-sa-Øn-bm¬ Ah≥ Cuiz-

cs\ X∂n¬ ebn-∏n-°p-sa-∂mWv. bYm¿Y a\p-jy-\n¬ ùXn-I-]-

Zm¿Yw am{X-a√ Cuiz-c\pw A¥¿e-bn®p InS-°p∂p.''1

{]Xn-_-‘-ßsf Xń-Ø-I¿Øp-sIm≠v ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°p

apt∂-dm-\p≈ AZ-ay-amb C—-bmWv Pohn-X-Øns‚ apJy-amb

e£Ww F∂v CJv_m¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p: ""F√m-‰n-s\bpw Bfl-

kmXv°-cn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂-d-emWv PohnXw.'' Cu {]bm-W-Øn¬

F√m XS- -ßfpw \o°w sNø-s∏-Sp∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ

e£Ww ""B{K-l-ß-sfbpw BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw XpS¿®-bmbn kr„n-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv''. Hc-`n-emjw km[nX {]mb-am-Ip-

tºmƒ ]pXn-sbm-c-`n-emjw P∑-sa-Sp-°p∂p. Cßs\ H∂n-\p-tijw

as‰m-∂mbn kr„n-°-s∏-Sp∂ B{K-lm-`n-em-j-ßsf ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®p-

sIm-≠mWv a\p-jy≥ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn e£y-Øn-te°v \oßp-∂Xv. ""a\p-

jys‚ Alw-t_m[w F√m am¿K-X-S- -ß-sfbpw \o°w sNbvXp-

sIm≠v kzmX{¥yw {]m]n-°p∂p. AXv `mKn-I-ambn kzX-{¥-amWv,

`mKn-I-ambn ]c-X-{¥hpw. G‰hpw kzX-{¥-\mb hy‡nsb ˛ Cuiz-

cs\ ˛ kao-]n-°p-tºmƒ AXv ]cn-]q¿W-kzm-X{¥yw t\Sp∂p.''2

hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw

CJv_m-ens‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ hy‡n-ssh-in„yw hnI-kn-°p-

∂Xv iq\y-amb GIm-¥-X-bntem X]-kzn-bpsS Kpl-bntem A√,

kap-Zm-b-a-[y-Øn-emWv. ""hy‡n kaq-l-hp-ambn _‘n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

Hc-\p-{K-l-amWv; kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n-emWv Ahs‚ aqeyw ]q¿WX

{]m]n-°p-∂Xv'' F∂-t±lw ]d-bp∂p. _mly-tem-I-hp-am-bp≈ \nc-

¥c ka-c-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv B¥-cn-I-kØ ]p„n-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Cu {]{In-

b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv hy‡n-bpsS Alw-t_m[w IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ kzX-

{¥-am-hp-Ibpw ]cn-]q¿W-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-amb ssZh-tØm-

1. Iqbal: The Secrets of the Self.2. Ibid.


S-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-

Øns‚ hnImkw _mly-{]-]-©-Øns‚ hnIm-khp-ambn _‘-s∏-

ń-cn-°p∂p: ""Xs‚ kz¥w `mK-t[-b-Øns‚ Np‰p-ap≈ temI-Øn-s‚-

sb-∂-t]mse apgp-h≥ {]]-©-Øn-s‚bpw AKm-[-ß-fmb A`n-em-

j-ß-fn¬ a\p-jy≥ ]s¶-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. CXp Nne-t∏mƒ {]]-

©-Øns‚ i‡n-Iƒ°v kzbw hg-ßn-s°m-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw;

a‰p Nne-t∏mƒ k¿h-i-‡n-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v {]m]-©n-I-i-‡n-Isf

kz¥w e£y-ßƒ°pw Dt±-iy-ßƒ°pw tbmPn-®-hn[w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-

s°m-≠mhpw. ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬, a\p-

jy≥ ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, Cuiz-c≥ Ahs‚ kl-{]-

h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-Øocpw. a\p-jy¿ Xßƒ°p-≈n-ep-≈Xv am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-

Xp-hsc Cuiz-c≥ Ah-cpsS kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-I-bn√

F∂p Xo¿®-bmWv.''3

Alw-t_m[w As√-¶n¬ hy‡n-ssh-in„yw BWv CJv_m-

ens‚ XXz-im-kv{X-Ønse tI{μ-_nμp. ]t£, hy‡n-ssh-in„yw

_mly-km-l-N-cy-ß-fnepw hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Ønepw kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp∂p. Cu I¿a-{]-Xn-I¿a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv hy‡n-bpsS A¥- Ø

hnI-kn-°p-∂Xv.

GsX-¶nepw Znhy-i‡n ""ap≥Iqń \n¿W-bn® ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS

sFln-I-amb \n¿h-l-W-amWv {]]©w'' F∂pw a‰p-ap≈ hmZ-ßsf

CJv_m¬ Xnc-kv°-cn-°p∂p. ""kzX-{¥-ambpw {Inbm-fl-I-ambpw Nen-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂'' H∂mWv {]]©w F∂v At±lw {]kvXm-hn-

°p∂p. Alw-t_m-[-sa-∂-t]mse {]]-©hpw \nc-¥-c-amb Ne-\-

Øn\pw ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\pw hnt[-b-amWv. c≠pw I¿tam-∑p-J-amWv.

]t£, {]]-©-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu hni-I-e-\-Øn\v Bflo-b-hm-Z-

Øns‚ aqSp-]-S-ap≠v. Fs¥-∂m¬, CJv_m-ens‚ {]]-©-k-¶ev]w

]c-a-amb Al-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ k¶-ev]-hp-ambn sI´p-]n-W-™n-cn-

°p∂p. ""]c-a-amb "Alw' ]cn-ta-b-ß-fmb F√m "Al'ßsfbpw,

Ah-bpsS AkvXn-XzsØ \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-Xs∂, X∂n¬

Dƒs°m-≈n-°p∂p.'' ]cn-]q¿WX {]m]n® hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øn-

\mWv CJv_m¬ "]c-a-amb Alw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. k¿h-⁄X,

kr„n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv apX-em-b-h-bmWv AXns‚ KpW-ßƒ. hy‡n-

ssh-in„yw ]cn-]q¿WX {]m]n-°p-tºmƒ t]mepw AXv "]c-a-amb

Al"Øn¬ sN∂p ebn-°p-I-bn√ F∂pw hy‡nXzw \„-s∏-SmsX

\ne-\n¬°p-sa∂pw CJv_m¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v.

3. Ibid, P. 16.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 265

"]c-a-amb Alw' XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-ßsf am{X-a√ Ie,

kmlnXyw apX-em-b-h-sbbpw ]cn-]q¿W-X-bn-te-°p≈ hy‡n-ssh-

in-„y-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv CJv_m¬ ]cn-

tim-[n-°p-∂Xv. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p:

""Pohn-X-amWv F√m am\p-jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw A¥n-a-

e£yw ̨ t{ijvThpw kpi-‡hpw BÀm-Z-a-b-hp-amb PohnXw. F√m

am\p-jnI Ie-Ifpw Cu A¥n-a-e-£y-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-°Ww.

Poh≥ \¬Im-\p≈ Ign-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ah-bpsS aqeyw

\n¿W-bn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv. \Ωn-ep-d-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ C—m-i-‡nsb

DW¿Øp-Ibpw Pohn-X-Ønse ]co-£-W-ßsf ]ucp-j-tØmsS t\cn-

Sm-\m-h-iy-amb a\-°-cp-Øp-≠m-°n-Ø-cn-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ie-bmWv

G‰hpw D∂-X-amb Ie. ab°w ]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw bmsXm-∂ns‚ ta¬

hnPbw t\Sp-∂-Xn-s\-bmtWm PohnXw B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv B

bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ t\¿°v IÆ-S-bv°m≥ \sΩ t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ F√m Ie-Ifpw £b-Øn-s‚bpw ac-W-Øn-s‚bpw ktμ-

i-ß-fmWv. Aho≥ Xn∂p∂ G¿∏mSv Ie-bn¬ ]mSn√. Ie Iebv°p

th≠n F∂ kn≤m¥w \sΩ Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw i‡n-bn¬

\n∂pw hgn-sX-‰n-®p-sIm≠p t]mIm-\p≈ A[x-]-X-\-Øns‚ I≠p-

]n-Sn-Ø-amWv.''

kvt\l-Øns‚ i‡n

]cn-]q¿W kzmX-{¥y-sa∂ e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ {]bm-W-Øn¬

Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw am{X-a√, kvt\lw, [ocX, kl-\-i‡n, \nb-

am-\p-kr-X-amb kºmZyw sIm≠p am{X-ap≈ PohnXw, kr„n-]-c-ß-

fmb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°¬ apX-emb hy‡n-]-c-amb KpW-

ßfpw Bh-iy-amWv. Ch-sb√mw hy‡n-bpsS B¥-cn-I-k-Øsb

]p„n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-sW∂v CJv_m¬ Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-°p∂p. ""kqcy-s\bpw \£-{X-ß-sfbpw Iog-S-°m-\m-{K-ln-

°p-∂-h≥ BZy-ambn [¿a-Øns‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn-°W""sa∂pw

""Xs∂-Øm≥ Iog-S-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h≥ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ASn-a-bm-bn-

Øocp''sa∂pw At±lw {]Jym-]n-°p∂p. kvt\l-Øn-\mWv At±lw

G‰hpw henb {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂Xv. ImcWw, {]]-©sØ \ne-

\n¿Øp∂ ssNX-\y-amWv kvt\lw. a‰p a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈ kulm¿±-

_-‘-ßsf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠mWv hy‡n Xs‚ B¥-cn-I-k-

Øsb ]p„n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. hy‡n-ssh-in-„ysØ km -̂ey-Øn-te°v

Db¿Øp-∂Xv kvt\l-am-Wv. kvt\lw hy‡n sshin-jvSysØ Dd-


∏n-°p∂p; AXns‚ i‡n temIsØ apgp-h≥ ̀ cn-°p∂p.'' \n°ƒk-

∂-b® Hcp IØn¬ At±lw Cßs\ FgpXn: ""Cu hm°v Rm\p-]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv hfsc hym]-I-amb A¿Y-Øn-emWv. a‰p-≈-hsc Bfl-

kmXv°-cn-°pI, As√-¶n¬ X∂n¬ ebn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-Wn-Xns‚

A¿Yw. BZ¿i-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw kr„n-°pI, Ahsb k^-e-am-

°m≥ th≠n {]b-Xv\n-°pI ˛ CXmWv AXns‚ G‰hpw al-Ømb

cq]w. kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-s\bpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-Sp∂ Bsfbpw AXv

hy‡n-Xz-ap-≈-h-cm-°n-am-‰p∂p. c≠p-t]cpw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂v `n∂-

cm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. G‰hpw A\-\y-amb hy‡n-XzsØ (AXm-bXv Cuiz-

cs\) {]m]n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-hs‚ hy‡n-Xzhpw A\-\y-am-bn-Øo-

cp∂p.''

kvt\lw hy‡n-ssh-in-„ysØ ]p„n-s∏-Sp-ØpI am{X-a√,

kr„n-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v {]tNm-Z\w \¬IpI IqSn

sNøp∂p F∂v CJv_m¬ Icp-Xp∂p. kr„n-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-

fmWv Pohn-X-Øn\v A¿Yhpw e£yhpw \¬Ip-∂Xv. kr„n-]-c-amb

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]q¿W-X-bpsS am¿K-X-S- -ßƒ \o°w

sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Xn∑bpw A[¿a-hp-amWv G‰hpw henb {]Xn-_-

‘-ßƒ. AXp-sIm≠v Xn∑bv°pw A[¿a-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmb ka-c-

ßƒ°v hºn® {]m[m-\y-ap≠v. Xn∑bpw A[¿ahpw ]e cq]-ßfpw

[cn-°m-dp≠v. tImfWn ta[m-hn-Ifpw P∑n-Ifpw apX-em-fn-Ifpw \S-

Øp∂ Nqj-W-ßƒ Xn∑-I-fmWv. i‡≥ Ai-‡s\ a¿Zn-°p-∂Xp

Xn∑-bmWv. CØcw Xn∑-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sm≥ CJv_m¬

D¬t_m-[\w sNøp∂p. Hcp Ihn-X-bn¬ At±lw Cßs\ FgpXn:

""apX-emfn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS c‡-[-a-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v X\n-°p-

th≠n angn-hp‰ amWn-Iy-°√v \n¿an-°p∂p;

P∑n-bpsS a¿Z\w {Kmao-W-cpsS hb-ep-Isf sIm≈-b-Sn®p \in-

∏n-°p∂p;

hnπhw!''

aXhpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw

km{am-Py-Xzhpw k¶p-Nn-X-tZ-io-b-hm-Zhpw ""\ΩpsS kz¿Kw

Ih¿s∂-Sp°p''Ibpw kmtlm-Z-cysØ \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw bp≤-Øns‚

hnØp-Iƒ hnX-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂v At±lw Xpd-∂p-]-d™p.

cmPy-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n t]mcm-Sm≥ At±lw bphm-

°sf D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 267

""kzX-{¥-a-\p-jys‚ c‡-[-a-\n-Iƒ Ccp-ºp-[-a-\n-Iƒ t]mse

Dd-∏p-≈-h-bmWv;

]c-X-{¥-t‚-Xm-Is´, ap¥n-cn-h-≈n-Iƒt]mse Zp¿_-e-ß-fmWv''.

ho≠pw as‰mcp Ihn-X-bn¬:

""\n\°v \ns‚ kz¥w ap¥n-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂v sXfn™ ap¥n-cn-

®mdp IpSn-°-W-sa-¶n¬,

\ns‚ `qan-bn¬ \n\°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠mtb Xocq''.

CJv_m-ens‚ Nne Ihn-X-I-fn¬ tkmjy-en-Ãm-i-b-ßƒ hy‡-

ambn {]Xn-^-en-®n-´p-s≠∂p ImWmw. ""Rm≥ GsX-¶nepw ap…ow-cm-

Py-Øns‚ k¿hm-[n-]-Xn-bm-bm¬ BZy-ambn sNøpI Hcp tkmjy-

enÃv kmaq-ly-hy-hÿ ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cn°pw'' F∂v Hcn-°¬

At±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. \ne-hn-ep≈ a¿Z-\m-Zn-jvTn-X-amb

kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿsb am‰n-a-dn-°m-\p-ff {]b-Xv\-Øn-eqsS am{Xta

a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-ssh-in„yw ]p„n-s∏-Sp-I-bp≈p F∂m-bn-cp∂p

At±-l-Øns‚ hnizmkw. `qcn-]-£-°m-cmb P\-ßƒ ASn-a-Ø-

Ønepw Nqj-W-Ønepw InS∂p izmkw ap´p∂ Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬

ZpxJw I¿a-̂ -e-am-sW∂ \ymbw ]d-™p-sIm≠v Zcn-{Z-∑m-tcmSv kwXr-

]vXcpw \nt›-„-cp-am-bn-cn-°m≥ D]-tZ-in-°p∂ aXw a\p-jys‚ ]ptcm-

K-Xn°v XS- -am-sW∂v At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. At±-l-Øns‚

A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Akw-Xr-]vXnbpw Akz-ÿ-X-bp-amWv ]ucp-j-

Øns‚ e£-W-ßƒ. Fs¥-∂m¬, kwXr]vXn I¿tam-∑p-J-Xsb

aμo-`-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ a\p-jys‚ A¥- -Øsb ac-hn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂p.

C…m-anI \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ihn

CJv_m¬ ]e-t∏mgpw aX-`-‡-\mb Hcp ap…o-ans‚ `mj-bn-

emWv kwkm-cn-®Xv. ap…o-ßsf ]ń-Wn-bn¬ \n∂pw A⁄-X-bn¬

\n∂pw tamNn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Dt±iyw.

]m›m-Xy-\m-Sp-I-fnse ùXn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-

Xnbpw A`q-X-]q¿Δ-ß-fmb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw {i≤n-°m≥ At±lw

ap…o-ß-tfm-S-`y¿Yn®p. At±lw FgpXn:

""\Ωƒ \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn _u≤n-I-amb PmUy-Øn¬ ab-ßn-°n-

S-∂-t∏mƒ C…m-ans‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿°pw imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿°pw

AXo-h-Xm-ev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ AtX {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v bqtdm∏v

Kuc-h-ambn Nn¥n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ssZh-im-kv{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ a[y-


Im-esØ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Iƒ apgp-an-°-s∏-́ -Xn-\p-tijw a\p-jys‚ Nn¥m-

a-fi-e-Ønepw A\p-`-h-ß-fnepw Af-h‰ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-´p≠v.

a\p-jys‚ i‡n {]Ir-Xn-bn-te°p hym]n-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn Ah\v Xs‚

Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fpsS i‡n-Isf Iog-S-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp ]pXnb

t_m[hpw Hcp ]pXnb hnizm-khpw ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. ]pXnb ho£-

W-K-Xn-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂n-cn-°p∂p. ]gb {]iv\-ßƒ ]pXnb A\p-`-

h-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. ]pXnb

{]iv\-ßƒ Xe-s]m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. a\p-jys‚ _p≤n-

i‡n AXns‚ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ß-fmb ÿew, Imew, Imcy-Im-

c-W-_‘w F∂n-hsb Ih®p IS-∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂p tXm∂n-t∏m-

Ip∂p. imkv{Xo-b-Nn-¥-bpsS A`n-hr-≤n-bpsS ê-ambn {Kmly-X-

sb-°p-dn-®p≈ \ΩpsS k¶-ev]-ßƒ°p-t]mepw am‰w kw`-hn-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p∂p.''

]t£, B[p-\n-I-a-\p-jys\ t\cn-Sp∂ F√m {]iv\-ßƒ°p-ap≈

bYm¿Y-]-cn-lmcw aX-am-sW∂v CJv_m¬ hniz-kn®p. aX-sa∂p

sh®m¬ C…mw-a-X-sa∂pw. C…mw aXsØ apdp-°n-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠p

Xs∂ B[p-\n-I-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m\pw B[p-\n-I-amb

PohnXw \bn-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. as‰m-cp-

hn[w ]d-™m¬, aX-sØbpw hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ê-

ambn ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≠mb ]cn-jv°m-c-ß-sfbpw Iqń-bn-W-

°m-\mWv At±lw {ian-®Xv. At±lw FgpXn:

""A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb hy‡n-hm-Z-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb B[p-\n-I-]m-

›mXy apX-em-fn-ØsØ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Gjy°v km[y-a√. \nßƒ

{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ aXw (AXm-bXv C…mw) hy‡n-bpsS aqeysØ

AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ahs‚ k¿h-kzhpw a\p-jy-s‚bpw ssZh-Øn-

s‚bpw tkh-\-Øn-\mbn \o°n-sh-°m≥ Ahs\ A`y-kn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ C\nbpw Ah-km-\n-®n-ń√.

PmXn-sbtbm h¿W-sØtbm kºm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Unhn-U‚n-s\tbm

ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠√, Pohn-X-Øns‚ kz`m-hsØ ASn-ÿm-

\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v, a\p-jys‚ kmaq-ly-]-Zhn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ Hcp

]pXnb temIw ˛ Zcn-{Z-h¿K-°m¿ [\n-I-h¿K-°m-cpsS ta¬ \nIpXn

Npa-Øp∂, a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw hb-dp-I-fpsS ka-Xz-Øn\p ]Icw tNX-

\-bpsS ka-Xz-Øn-t∑¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂, Abn-Ø-°m-c\v cmPm-hns‚

aIsf hnhmlw Ign-°m-hp∂ kzIm-cy-kz-Øp-S-a-k-{º-Zmbw {SÃp-

I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ am{Xw \ne-\n¬°p∂, bYm¿Y kzØp¬∏m-Z-Is‚

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 269

ta¬ B[n-]Xyw hln-°m≥ Ign-b-Ø-°-hÆw IS-∂p-Iq-Sm≥ aqe-

[-\sØ A\p-h-Zn-°mØ, Hcp ]pXn-b-temIw ̨ sIń-∏-Sp-°m≥ C…mw-

a-X-Øn\v Ct∏mgpw Ign-hp≠v. ]t£, \nß-fpsS aX-Øns‚ Cu

al-Ømb BZ¿isØ aX-]-fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw \oXn-⁄-∑m-cp-

sSbpw a[y-Im-e-hym-tam-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂p tamNn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.''4

hn`-P-\-Øns‚ h‡mhv

ap…o-ßsf Dt±-in-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw CØcw

Bi-b-ßƒ PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn-h-c-ºp-Isf t`Zn-®p-

sIm≠v C¥y-bnse _p≤n-Po-hn-Isf BI¿jn®p. CJv_m¬ C¥y-

bpsS alm-I-hn-bmbn hmgvØ-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. F∂m¬, Ccp-]-Xp-I-

fpsS Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw Hcp-Xcw \ncm-im-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw

\njv^-e-Xm-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw \ng¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ho£-

W-K-Xnsb k¶p-Nn-X-am-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. 1930¬ ap…ow eoKns‚

A[y-£-\m-b-Xn-\p-tijw At±lw kv]„-cq-]-Øn¬ Xs∂ C…m-

ans‚ h‡m-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ign-bp-t∂-S-tØmfw cmPy-ß-fn¬ C…m-

ans‚ `cWw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw C…m-anI cm{„-ß-sf-sb√mw Htc

BZ¿i-Øns‚ XW-en¬ tbmPn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-

Øo¿∂p At±-l-Øns‚ e£yw. At±-l-amWv ap…ow eoKns‚

]m°n-kvXm≥ hmZ-Øn\v Zm¿i-\n-Ihpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb Hc-Sn-Ød

\¬In-bXv. C¥y-bnse hnhn[ aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ cRvPn∏pw

kl-I-c-Whpw hf¿Øm-\p≈ F√m {ia-ßfpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-tb-

bp≈q F∂v 1930¬ At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. AtX h¿j-Øn-emWv

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {_nójv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb

knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\ {]ÿm-\-am-cw-`n-®Xv. \nb-a-ew-L\ {]ÿm-

\-Øn¬ CJv_m¬ I≠Xv ""\nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-amb ̀ uXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚

hnØp-I-fmWv.'' At±lw {]Jym-]n®p: ""a\p-jys‚ hnizmkw,

Ahs‚ kwkv°mcw, Ahs‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ ˛ Ch-

bmWv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Kuc-h-a¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ. Fs‚ A`n-{]m-

b-Øn¬ Chbv°v th≠n-bmWv Pohn-°p-Ibpw acn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-

≠Xv. A√msX a\p-jys‚ ssNX\yw Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn am{Xw

_‘-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Xp≠p `qan°p th≠n-b√.'' aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-

sSbpw kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a√, hwiw, ico-c-

L-S\ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ t]mepw lnμp-°fpw ap…o-ßfpw

4. Wm. Theodore de Bary: The Sources of Indian Tradition, P. 762.


hyXy-kvX-cm-sW∂v At±lw hmZn-°m≥ XpSßn. 1937 Bb-t∏m-

tg°pw ""cmPysØ PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw ̀ mj-bp-sSbpw ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]p\¿hn-`-Pn-°m-tØ-S-tØmfw Imew C¥y-bn¬ kam-

[m-\-ap-≠m-hn√'' F∂-t±lw hniz-kn-°m≥ XpSßn.

Aßs\ Hcp-Im-eØv Xs‚ tZim-`n-am-\-]-c-ß-fmb Km\-

ßƒsIm≠v lnμp-°-sfbpw ap…o-ß-sfbpw Hcp-t]mse Bthiw

sIm≈n® alm-Ihn C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-

Øo¿∂p. Cuiz-cs\ Xß-fn¬ hne-bn-∏n-°m\pw kaq-lsØ am‰n-a-

dn-®p-sIm≠v hy‡n-ssh-in-„ysØ hf¿Øm\pw P\-ß-tfm-Sm-lzm\w

sNbvX XXz-⁄m\n HSp-hn¬ lnμp-°-fp-sSbpw ap…o-ß-fp-sSbpw

imco-cn-I-L-S-\-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ß-fpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-°m-

c-\mbn amdn. "kmtc Plm≥tk A—m lntμm-kvXm≥ lamcm' F∂p

]mSnb Ihn lnμp-°ƒ°pw ap…o-ßƒ°pw Hcn-°epw tbmPn®p Pohn-

°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v hmZn-®p-sIm≠v C¥y-bpsS hn`-P-\-Øn\p {]tNm-

Z\w \¬In.

F∂n-cn-°nepw, CJv_m-ens‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw Ihn-X-I-

sf-°p-dn®pw hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-tºmƒ At±lw

`mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-Øn\pw `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥bv°pw \¬Inb hne-]n-Sn®

kw`m-h-\-Ifpw C¥y-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ s]mXp-hnepw ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-

bn¬ {]tXy-In®pw tZim-̀ n-am-\-Øns‚ ktμiw {]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-

Øn¬ At±lw hln® ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb ]¶pw Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-

hn√.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 271

40. alm-flm-Km‘n

H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn C¥y-bpsS

kzmX-{¥y-{]-ÿm\w Hcp ]pXnb hgn-Øn-cn-hn-seØn. bp≤-Øns‚

ê-am-bp-≠mb Akw-Xr-]vXnbpw Akz-ÿ-Xbpw, tImf\n hyh-

ÿ-bpsS Ipg∏w, {_nójv km{am-Py-Xz-Øn\p t\cn´ A`n-am-\-£Xw,

djy-bnse tkmjy-enÃv hnπhw, Pmen-b≥hm-em-_m-Knse Iq´-s°m-

e-tbm-f-sa-Ønb {_nójv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ISpw-ssIbp-Iƒ, P\-

ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]c-∂p-]n-Sn® kmº-ØnI t¢iw ̨ Ch-sb√mw tN¿∂v

Hcp ]pXnb cm{„o-bm-¥-co£w kr„n®p. Cu L´-Øn-emWv

taml≥Zmkv Icw-Nμv Km‘n C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn-te°v Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv.

KpP-dm-Ønse Hcp sNdnb \m´p-cm-Py-Øns‚ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-

bn-cp∂ Icw-Nμv Km‘n-bpsS Cfb ]p{X-\mbn 1869¬ P\n®

taml≥Zmkv sNdp-{]m-b-Øn¬ Xs∂ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\mbn

Cw•-≠n-te°v Ab-°-s∏´p. Hcp _mcn-Ã-dm-Im-\p≈ tbmKyX t\Sn-

b-Xn-\p-tijw At±lw Hcp hym]m-c-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn

sXt° B{^n-°-bn-te°v t]mbn. sXs° B{^n-°-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-

∏m¿Ø C¥y-°m¿ sh≈-°m-cpsS h¿W-hn-th-N\ \b-Øn≥Io-gn¬

A\p-`-hn-®p-t]m∂ a¿Z-\-ßfpw I„-∏m-Sp-Ifpw At±-lsØ hf-sc-

b-[nIw thZ-\n-∏n®p. Gsd-Øm-a-kn-bmsX At±lw cm{„ob

{]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te-°n-dßn. kwL-Sn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ a¿Z-\-ßsf

t\cn-Sm≥ At±lw \m´p-Imsc D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS ka-

c-ßƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ Bflm¿Y-

Xbpw [oc-Xbpw h¿W-hn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-X-{¥-ßfpw


At±-lsØ B{^n-°-bn¬ am{X-a√, a‰p cmPy-ß-fnepw {]kn-≤-

\m°n. 1905¬ C¥y-bn-te°p aS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ At±lw G‰hpw P\-

k-Ω-X-cmb t\Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´p. 1920¬ Xne-

Is‚ ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\XrXzw At±-

l-Øns‚ ssII-fn-se-Øn-t®¿∂p.

Km‘nbpw Xne-I\pw

bp≤-Im-eØv {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfm-S-\p-h¿Øn-t°≠

\bsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Km‘nbpw Xne-I\pw Htc A`n-{]m-

b-°m-cm-bn-cp -∂n√. {_nó-jp-Im¿ a\p-jys‚ A¥- n-s\bpw

kwkv°m-c-sØbpw ImØp-c-£n-°m-\mWv bp≤w sNøp-∂Xv F∂pw

kzbw-`-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p∂ C¥y-°m-cpsS `mhn

{_nójv km{am-Py-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏ns\ B{i-bn-°p∂p F∂pw

AXp-sIm≠v {_n´s\ \ncp-]m-[n-I-ambn klm-bn-t°-≠Xv C¥y-

bpsS IS-a-bm-sW∂pw Km‘n hmZn®p. Xne-I-\m-Is´, C¥y°v kzbw-

`-c-W-a-\p-h-Zn-°mØ {_n´s\ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv icn-b√ F∂m-W-`n-

{]m-b-s∏-´Xv.

1920 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ Xne-I\pw Km‘nbpw XΩn-ep-≠mb Hcp hmZ-

{]-Xn-hmZw Ah-cpsS ho£-W-K-Xn-I-fn-ep≈ hyXymkw IqSp-X¬

hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. cm{„o-b-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ GXp am¿K-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®mepw

sX‰n-s√-∂mWv Xne-Is‚ A`n-{]mbw F∂v Km‘n "bßv C¥y'

F∂ Xs‚ ]{X-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu hna¿i-\-Øn\p adp-

]-Sn-bmbn "At°m-t[\ Pnt\ tIm[w' F∂ _p≤s‚ XXz-sØ-

°m-f-[nIw "tb bYm amw {]]-Zyt¥ XmwkvX-ssYh `Pm-aylw'

F∂ {ioIr-jvWs‚ XXz-sØ-bmWv Xm\n-„-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂v Xne-

I≥ {]kvXm-hn®p. _p≤-s‚bpw {ioIr-jvW-s‚bpw XXz-ß-fn¬

bmsXmcp sshcp-[y-hp-an-s√∂pw t{Im[sØ At{Im[w sIm≠p Pbn-

°-W-sa-∂mWv ̀ K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂Xv F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p

Km‘n-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. "iTw {]Xn imTyw' F∂ Xne-Is‚ ap{Zm-

hmIyw B]¬°-c-am-sW∂pw AXns‚ ÿm\Øv "iTw {]Xy]n

kXyw' F∂ \nb-a-amWv A\p-k-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂pw At±lw Du∂n-

∏-d™p.

F∂m¬, 1920 BKÃv 1˛\v Xne-I≥ acWw {]m]n-®-Xn\p tijw

At±-l-Øns‚ injy-s\∂ \ne-bv°mWv Km‘n kzmX-{¥y-{]-ÿm-

\-Øns‚ t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-ØXv. At±lw FgpXn: ""\ne-hn-ep≈

`c-W-{I-a-Øns‚ tZmjw Xne-I-s\-°m-f-[nIw a\- n-em-°nb as‰m-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 273

cm-fp-s≠∂v F\n°p tXm∂p-∂n√. At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw \√ injy-

s\-t∏mse, A{Xbpw kXy-k-‘-ambn, At±-l-Øns‚ ktμiw P\-

ßƒ°p \¬Ip-sa∂v Rm≥ khn-\bw {]Xn⁄ sNøp∂p. F∂m¬,

Fs‚ am¿Kw Xne-Is‚ am¿K-a√ Fs∂-\n°v t_m[-ap≠v.... Fs‚

]cn-an-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n Rm≥ a\- n-em-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂n√. ]mfinXyw F\n-

°-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ hø. F\n°v At±-l-Øns‚ kwL-S-\m-i-‡n-I-

fn√. F\n°v \bn-°m≥ kpkw-L-Sn-Xhpw A®-S-°-ap-≈-Xp-amb Hcp

]m¿ń-bn√. Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂p sIm√w A\y-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Ign-®p-Iq-ńb

F\n°v C¥y-sb-∏‰n temI-am-\y-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ A\p-`-h-ß-fn√.

Rßƒ°v s]mXp-hmbn c≠v Imcy-ßƒ am{X-amWv ]q¿W-amb

tXmXn-ep-≈Xv ˛ cmPy-kvt\-lhpw kzcm-Pn\p th≠n-bp≈ CS-hn-

SmØ {]b-Xv\hpw.''

\n -l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm\w

cmPy-Øn-seßpw km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp≤ at\m-`m-hhpw ka-tcm-’p-

I-Xbpw sImSp-ºn-cn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Hcp L´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. P\-ß-

fpsS am\-kn-Im-hÿ icn°pw a\- n-em-°nb alm-flm-Km‘n ̨ cho-

{μ-\mY SmtKm¿ \¬Inb Cu t]cn-emWv At±lw {]kn-≤-\m-bn-

Øo¿∂Xv ˛apX-em-fn-Iƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, ]W-°m¿, Zcn-{Z-∑m¿,

Irjn-°m¿, kv{XoIƒ, hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ, A`n-̀ m-j-I¿ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈

hyXy-kvX-P-\-hn-̀ m-K-ßsf tbmPn-∏n-®-Wn-\n-c-Øm≥ Hcp tZio-b-I¿a-

]-≤-Xn-bm-hn-jv°-cn®p. km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-ß-fn¬ Dd-ßn-°n-S-

°p∂ i‡n-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw Ah-cpsS Zu¿_-ey-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Ncn-{X-

\n¿am-W-Øn¬ Ah¿°p≈ ]¶n-s\-∏-‰nbpw at‰-sXmcp tZio-b-t\-

Xm-hn-s\-°m-fp-a-[nIw t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw. P\-ß-fp-am-

bp≈ \nc-¥-c-k-º¿°w sIm≠v Ah-cpsS \mUn-an-Sn-∏p-I-f-dn-bm\pw

Ah-cpsS hnIm-c-ßsf a\- n-em-°m-\p-ap≈ A¤p-Xm-h-l-amb Ignhv

At±lw t\Sn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. sXs° B{^n-°-bn¬ sh®p-≠mb

A\p-`-h-ßfpw kXym-{K-l-k-a-c-ßfpw Xs‚ hy‡n-ssh-in„yw hnI-

kn-∏n-°m≥ am{X-a√, P\-ßsf D¬_p-≤cpw I¿tam-∑p-J-cp-am-°m\pw

]‰nb D]m-[n-I-fm-sW∂v At±lw a\- n-em-°n-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. P\-

ß-fpsS kmº-Øn-I-amb ]nt∂m-°-\ne, cm{„o-b-amb A]-IzX, aX-

]-c-amb ho£-W-K-Xn-Iƒ, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ, kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ßƒ

apX-em-bh At±-l-Øn\v kp]-cn-Nn-X-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ t\Xr-

Xz-Øn-ep≈ km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-≤-k-a-c-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-cm≥ t{]cn-X-cmb

Bfp-I-fn¬ `qcn-`m-KsØ, {]tXy-In®pw ]nt∂m-°-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßsf,


kzm[o-\n-°m≥ ]‰nb Xc-Øn-emWv At±lw Xs‚ I¿a-]-cn-]mSn

Bhn-jv°-cn-®Xv.

\n -l-I-cWw, _ln-jv°-cWw, \nb-a-ew-L\w, \nIp-Xn-\n-

tj[w apX-em-b-h-b-S-ßnb Cu I¿a-]-cn-]mSn Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚

Bcw-`-Øn¬ Xne-I\pw Ac-hn-μ-tLmjpw Bhn-jv°-cn® ]cn-]m-Sn-

bn¬ \n∂v hf-sc-sbm∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂n√. F¶nepw, H∂mw

temI-a-lm-bp-≤-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb ]pXnb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬

AXn\v IqSp-X¬ hym]-I-amb ]n¥pW e`n®p. Km‘n-bpsS Du¿P-

kz-e-amb t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ AXv kzmX-{¥y-k-a-csØ Hcp bYm¿Y

_lp-P-\-k-a-c-am°n am‰m-\p≈ D]m-[n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. kvIqfp-Ifpw

tImtf-Pp-Ifpw _ln-jv°-cn®v \nb-a-ew-L-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-

Sp-°m≥ At±lw hnZym¿Yn-Isf D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p. tImS-Xn-Iƒ _ln-

jv°-cn-°m\pw Aßs\ {_nójv \oXn-\ym-b-b-{¥sØ ac-hn-∏n-

°m\pw A`n-`m-j-I-tcm-Sm-h-iy-s∏´p. A{I-a-Ønepw A\o-Xn-bnepw

A[n-jvTn-X-amb Kh-s◊‚n\v \nIpXn sImSp-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂v I¿j-

Isc D]-tZ-in®p. \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-ßsf ewLn-®p-sIm≠v D∏p Ipdp-

°m\pw hntZ-i-h-kv{X-tjm-∏p-Ifpw aZy-jm-∏p-Ifpw ]n°‰p sNøm\pw

P\-ß-tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏´p. ""cm£-ko-b-`-c-W-IqSw ASn-t®¬∏n-°p∂

\nb-a-c-ln-X-\n-b-a-ßsf'' sh√p-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-

ep≈ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ Bth-i-]q¿Δw ka-cm-¶-W-Øn-en-dßn. `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS Bth-i-Ø-≈¬ XS-bm≥ emØnbpw

shSn-bp-≠-Ifpw {]tbm-Kn®p. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v Bfp-Iƒ AdÃv

sNø-s∏´p. {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xßsf ]n¥m-ßnb bmYm-

ÿn-Xn-I-cmb ÿm]n-X-Xm¬∏-cy-°m-cp-sSbpw DtZym-Kÿ ta[m-hn-

I-fp-sSbpw klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn P\-ß-fpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-a-csØ ASn-

®-a¿Øm≥ arKo-b-ß-fmb ]e \S-]-Sn-Ifpw ssIs°m≠p. Cu kw`-

h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ anX-hm-Zn-I-fmb cm{„ob t\Xm-°-∑msc Aº-c-∏n-

°p-Ibpw `b-N-In-X-cm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]ecpw tIm¨{K- n¬

\n∂p cmPn-sh®v adp-tN-cn-bn¬ tNcp-Itbm shdpw ImgvN-°m-cmbn

amdp-Itbm sNbvXp. ]t£, P\-ßƒ, {]tXy-In®pw bphm-°-∑m¿,

IqSp-X¬ Bth-i-tØmSpw IqSp-X¬ A¿∏-W-a-t\m-`m-h-tØmSpw IqSn

ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. Aßs\, alm-flm-Km-‘n-

bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-cw-`n® \nb-a-ew-L-\-{]-ÿm\w ""{_nójv `c-

W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kwL-Sn -X-k-a-c-Øns‚ A\n-tj-[y-kz-`m-h-

am¿÷n®p.''1

1. Chirol: Indian Crisis.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 275

F∂m¬, cm{„o-b-k-a-c-Øns‚ apt∂-‰sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂

Imcy-Øn¬ alm-flm-Km-‘n°v kz¥-amb Nne am\-Z-fi-ß-fp-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw hna¿i-\-ß-sfbpw Ah-

K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v kz¥w hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ßsf apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-I-sb-

∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ kz`m-h-am-bn-cp∂p. i{Xp-hn\p thZ\ X´mØ

hn[-Øn¬ Alnw-km-fl-I-amb kacw \S-Øm-\mWv At±lw Bh-

iy-s∏-´Xv. Cu \n¿tZiw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°pI Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

ka-c-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ sFIy-kw-ÿm-\-Ønse Nuco-Nc F∂ Hcp

sNdnb {Kma-Ønse P\-ßƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS a¿Z\w kln-

°m≥ Ign-bmsX tcmjm-Ip-e-cmbn Hcp sNdnb s]meokv tÃj\v

Xo shbv°p-Ibpw GXm\pw s]meo-kp-Im-cpsS ac-W-Øn-\n-S-h-cp-Øp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. Km‘n s]s´∂v C¥y-bn-sem-́ p-°p-ap≈ kacw ]n≥h-

en®p. P\-ßƒ A{I-a-c-ln-X-amb kacw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-

s∏´p F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXn\v At±lw \¬Inb \ymbo-I-cWw. 1922

s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ _m¿tZm-fn-bn¬sh®p IqSnb tIm¨{K-kns‚

{]h¿ØI IΩn-‰n-tbmKw ""P\-°q-´-Øns‚ a\p-jy-Xz-c-ln-X-amb

{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf'' Bt£-]n-°p-Ibpw Km‘n-bpsS \S-]Sn icn-sh-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Km‘n-b≥ kao-]-\-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-

am-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]t£, Cu \S-]Sn hnπ-h-Im-cn-I-fmb bph-

tIm¨{Kkv {]h¿Ø-I-∑msc H´pw-Xs∂ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn√.

kp`mjv N{μ-t_mkv ]n∂o-sS-gp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse, ""P\-ß-fpsS Bthiw

Xnf-®p-a-dn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ ]n∑m-‰-Øns‚ B⁄ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-

°-s∏-´Xv Hcp tZio-b-Zp-c-¥--Øn¬ Ipd™ H∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.''

Km‘n-bpsS kao-]\w Bfl-\n-jvT-am-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw AXp

hkvXp-\njvT bmYm¿Yy-ßƒ°p XnI®pw FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p Icp-

Xp-∂Xp icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√. At±-l-Øns‚ BZ¿i-ßƒ, Ah-

bn¬ Fs¥m-s°-Øs∂ Zu¿_-ey-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂mepw, Hcp-`m-KØv

aX-hn-izm-k-ßsf apdp-°n-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw adp-`m-KØv AXn-thKw amdn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ B[p-\n-I-tem-I-hp-ambn CW-ßn-t®-cm≥ B{K-ln-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp P\-X-bpsS \ne-hm-c-Øn\p tbmPn-®-h-bm-bn-

cp∂p.

\n¿amW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

ka-c-Øns‚ apt∂‰w XS-b-s∏-Sp∂ L´-ß-fn¬ \ncm-i-Xbpw

I¿a-cm-ln-Xyhpw P\-ßsf ]nSn-Iq-SpI km[m-c-W-amWv. 1905se

_wKmƒ hn`-P-\-Im-esØ ka-c-ßƒ ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ AXm-


Wp-≠m-bXv. F∂m¬, alm-flm-Km-‘nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw,

kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ \ncm-i-Xbvt°m I¿a-cm-ln-Xy-Ønt\m ÿm\-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. AXv Hc-\p-kyq-X-amb ka-c-am-bn-cp∂p. kzmX-{¥y-

k-a-c-sa-∂m¬ \nb-a-ew-L-\-{]-ÿm\w am{X-a-bn-cp-∂n√. P\-ß-fpsS

D∂-a-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \n¿am-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Km‘n-b≥ {]ÿm-

\-Øns‚ Hcp {][m-\-`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p. JmZn-{]-N-cWw, lnμp˛ ap…ow

ssa{Xn, lcn-P-t\m-≤m-cWw, aZy-\n-tcm-[\w, tZio-b-hn-Zym-`ymkw,

lnμn-{]-N-cWw, {Kma-ip-No-I-cWw apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p \n¿am-W-

]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnse apJy-C-\-ßƒ. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-

\m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h-sc√mw CØcw \n¿am-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-te¿s∏-S-W-

sa∂v At±lw \njv°¿jn®p. ""kmbp-[-k-a-c-Øn\v Bbp-[-]-cn-io-

e\w Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ Bbp-[-c-ln-X-amb ka-

c-Øn\v \n¿am-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep≈ ]cn-io-e-\hpw Bh-iy-amWv''

F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw. IpSn¬hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

]p\-cp-≤-cn-°¬, N¿° D]-tbm-Kn-°¬, JmZn {]N-cn-∏n-°¬ F∂n-h-

bn-e-S-ßnb At±-l-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-]-cn-]mSn A]-cn-jv°r-

tXm¬∏m-Z-\-co-Xn-I-fnepw A[zm-\-Øns‚ Xmgv∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-ff

D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, AXv km{am-

Py-Xz-Nq-j-W-Øns‚ ê-ambn h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂

sXmgn-en-√m-bva-bpsS ImTn\yw Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ Hcp-]m[n IqSn-bm-bn-

cp∂p. 1921¬ Km‘n-]-d™p: ""`£Ww \¬Im≥ Ign-hp-ff sXmgn-

ep-Iƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°-bm¬ C¥y hni-∏p-sIm≠p acn-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv... acn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ P\-e-£-ßƒ°v N¿° Hcp

Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-bmWv. hni∏v C¥ysb N¿°-bpsS ASp-tØ°v X≈n-

\o-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv''. JmZn {]N-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂

\mS≥ XpWn-an-√p-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hntZ-i-

ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ XpWn-Ø-c-ßfpw a‰v D]-t`m-

K-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw _ln-jv°-cn-°m\pw "tkztZ-io-{hXw' ssIs°m-≈m-

\p-ap≈ Blzm-\-ßƒ ^-e-Øn¬ C¥y≥ hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS

hf¿®bv°v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. P\-ß-fpsS tZim-`n-

am\w tZiob apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hf¿®sb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv

klm-bn-®Xv. lnμp˛ap…ow ssa{Xn, lnμn-{]-N-cWw XpS-ßnb ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS tZio-ssbIyw sIń-∏-Sp-°m-\p≈ am¿K-ß-fm-

bn-cp∂p. CØcw \n¿am-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w

Xs∂ kXy-k-‘X, [ocX, A]-cn-{Klw, A\m-k‡n apX-emb

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 277

hy‡n-]-c-amb KpW-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kz`m-h-ip-≤o-I-c-

W-Øn¬ {i≤n-°-W-sa∂pw alm-flm-Km‘n D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p.

lnμp-a-X-`‡n

Km‘n sNdp∏w apX¬t° Hcp aX-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p. ssP\-

a-X-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ°p {]m_-ey-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv

At±lw hf¿∂Xv. ]Xn-aq-∂m-asØ hb- n¬ cmam-bWw At±-

lsØ BI¿jn®p. e≠-\n¬ hnZym¿Yn-bm-bn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv

At±lw `K-h¬KoX BZy-ambn hmbn-®Xv. KoX Xs‚ i_vZ-tIm-i-

am-sW∂v At±lw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. ssP\-kn-≤m-¥-ß-

sf-∂-t]mse Xs∂ cmam-bWw, alm-`m-cXw, `K-h-XvKoX XpS-ßnb

{]mNo-\-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw Alnw-k-bpsS {]m[m-\y-sØ-bmWv D¬tLm-

jn-°p-∂Xv F∂v At±lw hniz-kn®p. tXmtdm, tSmƒtÃmbv XpS-

ßnb ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cpsS {KŸ-ßƒ hmbn-®-t∏mƒ Cu

hnizmkw IqSp-X¬ Dd-bv°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. Alnw-k-bn¬ Du∂n

\n∂p-sIm≠v Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ A\o-Xn-Isf FXn¿°p-I-bmWv aX-hn-

izm-kn-I-fpsS ISa F∂v At±lw Icp-Xm≥ XpSßn. ss__nfpw

At±-l-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. F¶nepw, At±-l-

Øns‚ auen-I-amb ho£-W-KXn lnμp-a-X-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

Xms\mcp k\m-X\ lnμp-hm-sW-∂p-t]mepw At±lw Ah-Im-i-s∏-

Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Xs‚ Ah-Im-i-{]-am-W-ßsf At±lw Cßs\ hni-

Zo-I-cn®p:

""Rm≥ kzbw Hcp k\m-X-\-ln-μp-hm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈

Imc-W-sa-s¥-∂m¬: 1. thZ-ß-fnepw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw ]pcm-W-

ß-fnepw sslμ-h-ß-sf∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ as‰√m hnip≤ {KŸ-ß-

fnepw X∑qew Ah-Xm-c-ß-fnepw ]p\¿P-∑-Ønepw Rm≥ hniz-kn-

°p∂p; 2. C∂v P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ ]cp-°≥ A¿Y-

Øn-e-s√-¶nepw Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ XnI®pw sshZn-I-amb h¿Wm-

{i-a-[¿a-Øn¬ Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p; 3. C∂v {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xn-

t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ hnim-e-amb Hc¿Y-Øn-ep≈ tKmkw-c-£-W-Øn¬

Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p; 4. hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬ F\n°v Ahn-izm-k-

an√.''2

""A[x-Ir-X-Pm-Xn-°m¿ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Hcp Dt]m¬∏-∂-

amWv; PmXn-hy-hÿ \ne-\n¬°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew A[x-Ir-X-Pm-

2. M.K. Gandhi: Young India, October 8, 1921.


Xn-°mcpw \ne-\n¬°pw'' F∂pw ""A[x-Ir-X-cpsS tamN-\-Øn\v PmXn-

hy-h-ÿsb \in-∏n-°pI F∂-X-√msX as‰mcp am¿K-hp-an√'' F∂pw

1933¬ tUmŒ¿ Awt_-Zv°¿ {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu {]kvXm-

h-\sb hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v Km‘n FgpXn: ""ico-c-Øn¬ Hcp hrØn-

sI´ apg-bp-≠m-b-Xp-sIm≠v icocw Xs∂ \in-∏n-°-W-sa∂p ]d-

bp-∂-Xp-t]mse, As√-¶n¬ If-I-fp-≈-Xp-sIm≠v hnf-bmsI \in-

∏n-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse, sX‰mWv A[x-Ir-X-cp-≈-Xp-sIm≠v

PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb \in-∏n-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw. AXn-\m¬, \Ωƒ

a\- n-em-°p∂ A¿Y-Øn-ep≈ A[x-Ir-XXzw ]q¿W-ambn \in-∏n-

t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-amWv. AXp \o°w sNø-s∏-tS≠ Hc-[n-I-∏-‰mWv.

AXp \o°w sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ hyh-ÿ-bmsI \in-®p-

t]mIpw. At∏mƒ, AbnØw PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ê-a√, lnμp-a-

X-Øn¬ ASn-™p-IqSn AXns\ {Zhn-∏n®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ taem-

f¿ ˛ Iogm-f¿ hyXym-k-Øns‚ ê-amWv. Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb

kacw, Aßs\, Cu taem-f¿ ˛ Iogm-f¿ hyXym-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb

ka-c-amWv.''

PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ Db¿∂-h-s\∂pw

XmW-h-s\-∂p-ap≈ hyXymkw \in-∏n-°-W-sa-∂mWv Km‘n B{K-

ln-®Xv. Cu hyXymkw \in-∏n-°m≥ th≠n sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw

Xo≠n-°q-Sm-bvabpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂v At±lw Bh-iy-s∏´p.

Abn-Ø-sa∂ amen\yw XpS-®p-\o-°n-s°m≠v lnμp-a-XsØ ip≤o-

I-cn-°p-Ibpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-

l-Øns‚ Dt±iyw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hyXy-kvX-a-X-°m¿ XΩn-

ep≈ an{i-hn-hm-l-sØtbm an{i-t`m-P-\-sØtbm At±lw A\p-

Iq-en-®n√. At±lw Xpd∂p kΩ-Xn®p: ""apgp-h≥ temI-tØmSpw

kulm¿Zw ]pe¿Øn-s°m-≠mWv Rm≥ Pohn-°p-∂-sX∂v Rm\-h-

Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. Rms\m-cn-°epw Hscm‰ apl-Ω-Zo-b-t\mtSm {InkvXym-

\n-tbmtSm iWvT-Iq-Sn-bn-ń√. ]t£, h¿j-ß-fmbn Rm≥ apl-Ω-Zo-

b-cp-sStbm {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sStbm hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]g-ß-f-√msX

as‰m∂pw Ign-®n-ń√.''3 Cu hnNn-{X-amb s]cp-am-‰sØ \ymbo-I-cn-

®p-sIm≠v At±lw Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-

Øn¬, tZio-b-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v an{i-t`m-P-\hpw an{i-hn-hm-lhpw Bh-

iy-am-sW∂ Bibw ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂p ISw-hm-ßnb Hcp

A‘-hn-izm-k-amWv. Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p≈ a‰p Pohn-Xm-h-

iy-ß-sf-t∏mse Xs∂ {][m-\-amWv `£Ww Ign-°p-I-sb∂ {]{In-

3. M.K. Gandhi: Communal Unity, P. 7.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 279

bbpw. a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ `£-W-{]-{In-bsb, X\n°p Xs∂ lm\n-I-

c-amb hn[-Øn¬, Hcp BNm-chpw kpJ-t`m-K-hp-am°n am‰n-bn-cp-∂n-

s√-¶n¬ kzIm-cy-Po-hn-X-Ønse a‰p {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-t∏mse Xs∂

AXpw kzoIm-cy-ambn \n¿h-ln-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. hmkvXhw ]d-™m¬,

lnμp-a-X-Ønse G‰hpw D∂-X-amb kwkv°mcw Aß-s\-bmWv

`£-W-{]-{In-bsb IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. a‰m-cp-sSbpw km∂n-[y-

Øn¬ `£Ww Ign-°mØ Bbn-c-°-W-°n-ep≈ lnμp-°ƒ

Ct∏mgpw Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂p≠v.''4

lnμp-a-Xhpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw

hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ CØcw {]Jym-]-\-ßƒ Km‘n-

bpsS ho£-W-K-Xnsb ̀ mKn-I-ambn kzm[o-\n-®n-cp∂ ]c-º-cm-K-Xhpw

a[y-Im-tem-Nn-X-hp-amb sslμ-h-Po-hn-X-co-Xn-sb-bmWv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂Xv. ]t£, At±-l-Øns‚ ho£-W-KXn XnI®pw hn`m-Ko-b-am-bn-

cp∂p F∂p Icp-Xp-∂Xp icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√. lnμp-a-X-hn-izm-kn-

bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw a‰p aX-°m-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ßsf At±lw

FXn¿°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√. F∂√, Xs‚ {]m¿Y-\m-tbm-K-ß-fnepw

{]kw-K-ß-fnepw A\y-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fmb Jp¿˛ Bs‚bpw ss__n-

fn-s‚bpw {]m[m-\ysØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\-ßƒ

Xm¥m-ß-fpsS aX-{]-am-W-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v ]cn-ip-≤-amb PohnXw

\bn-°p-Ibpw AtX-k-a-bØp Xs∂ a‰p aX-°m-cp-am-bn kulm¿Z-

Ønepw ssa{Xn-bnepw Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNø-W-sa-∂mWv At±lw

Bh-iy-s∏-´Xv. lnμp-a-XsØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv

\mSp-hmgn {]`p-Xz-sØbpw {_nójv ̀ c-W-sØbpw A\p-Iq-en® bmYm-

ÿn-XnI lnμp-°-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. At±-

l-Øns‚ lnμp-a-X-hn-izmkw \n›-etam ]n¥n-cn-∏t\m Bbn-cp-∂n√,

Ne-\m-fl-Ihpw apX-em-fn-tØm-ev]m-Z\ _‘-ß-fpsS kr„n-bmb

]pXnb kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿbv°v tbmPn-®-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. {]mNo-\-a-X-

{K-Ÿ-ßƒ°v A\-iz-chpw k\m-X-\-hp-amb ]cn-]m-h-\Xzw Iev]n-

°m≥ At±lw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n√. At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ hm°p-I-

fn¬: ""thZ-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw kvarXn-Ifpw ]pcm-W-ßfpw CXn-

lm-k-ß-fp-sa√mw Htc-k-a-bØv D¤-hn-®-h-b√. hyXy-kvX-Im-e-L-

-́ß-fpsS Bh-iy-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Ah Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v

Ah ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu {KŸ-ßƒ imiz-

X-k-Xy-ßsf ]pXp-Xmbn \n¿h-Nn-°p-I-b√, Ah cNn-°-s∏´ Ime-

4. Ibid, P. 6.


ß-fn¬ imiz-X-k-Xy-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p hy‡-

am-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hfsc \√-

Xm-bn-cp∂ Hcp \S-]-Sn-{Iaw as‰mcp L´-Øn¬ A‘-ambn Bh¿Øn-

°-s∏-´m¬ AXv P\-ßsf ss\cm-iy-Øns‚ Nfn-°p-≠n¬ BgvØp-

I-tb-bp≈q.'' Cu \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v At±lw aX-]-c-amb

Ak-ln-jvWp-X-sbbpw hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√m-bva-sbbpw Ime-l-c-W-s∏´

\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-sfbpw hna¿in®p. aX-hn-tZz-j-sØbpw ]g-©≥ hnizm-

k-ß-sfbpw \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ {ian® bmYm-ÿn-XnI ]fin-X-∑m-cp-

sSbpw lnμp-a-X-kw-c-£-I-cmbn cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX cm{„ob t\Xm-

°-∑m-cp-sSbpw hmZ-ß-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb At±lw sh√p-hn-fn®p.

Hcp bYm¿Y-ln-μp-hn\v \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaqly˛ cm{„ob LS-I-ßsf

\ymbo-I-cn-°pI km[y-a-s√∂v At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p.

Cw•-≠n¬ kzmX{¥yw, P\m-[n-]Xyw, a\p-jy-kvt\lw apX-emb

ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ß-fp-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v kmaqly˛ cm{„o-b-]-cn-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬Inb AtX {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ

C¥y-bn¬ kmaq-lyhpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb ASn-aØw \ne-\n¿Øm-

\mWv ]Wn-s∏-´Xv. km{am-Pym-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ]nSn-bp-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

th≠n Ah¿ F√m-Øcw ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ Bi-b-ß-tfbpw kmaq-lym-

\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p. "`n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI' F∂ XXz-

Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah¿ \ne-hn-ep≈ aX-hn-tZz-j-ß-sfbpw

PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-sbbpw ka¿Y-ambn NqjWw sNøp-Ibpw bmYm-ÿn-

XnI \mSp-hmgn hn`m-K-ßƒ°v ]n¥pW \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ah¿s°-Xn-cmbn P\-ßsf AWn-\n-c-Øm-\mWv Km‘n-bpsS aX-]-

c-amb Bi-b-ßfpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-ßfpw ]g-©≥

\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb ka-c-ßfpw klm-bn-®Xv. Bfl-\n-jvT-

ambn, PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bnse D®-\o-N-Xz-ß-f-h-km-\n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v lnμp-

aXsØ ip≤o-I-cn-°m\pw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-amWv At±lw B{K-

ln-®Xv F∂Xv icn-bmWv. At±lw Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""sXm´p-Iq-

Smbva Ah-km-\n-°p∂ AtX \nan-j-Øn¬ PmXn-hy-hÿ ip≤o-I-

cn-°-s∏Spw. AXm-bXv, Rm≥ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse, AXv

bYm¿Y-h¿Wm-{i-a-ambn, Db¿∂tXm XmWtXm A√m-ØXpw

Hmtcm∂pw a‰p-≈-h-sb-t∏mse Xs∂ lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ kºq¿W-i-

co-c-Øn\v Bh-iy-am-b-Xp-amb \mep hn`m-K-ß-fmbn, kzbw cq]m-¥-

c-s∏Spw.''5 F∂m¬, hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ At±lw XpS-

5. M.K. Gandhi: Varnashrama Dharma, P. 40.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 281

ßn-sh® Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-k-a-c-ßfpw lcn-P-\-{]-ÿm-\hpw PmXn-

hy-h-ÿsb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\√, \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn-

f-°m-\mWv klm-bn-®Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ktμiw cmPy-Øns‚

ap°nepw aqe-bnepw AXn-thKw ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw A⁄-X-bnepw

A‘-Im-c-Ønepw B≠p-In-S-∂n-cp∂ P\-e-£-ßƒ°v Hcp ]pXnb

Bfl-hn-izmkw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv P\-ß-fpsS tZim-`n-am-

\sØ Xń-bp-W¿Øp-Ibpw A\o-Xn°pw a¿Z-\-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn

t]mcm-Sm≥ Ahsc Bthiw sIm≈n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Km‘n-bpsS Bflo-b-hmZw

Zm¿i-\n-I-cw-K-Øn¬ alm-flm-Km‘n Hcm-flo-b-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂p.

ùXn-I-hmZ˛\nco-iz-c-hm-Z-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-Isf At±lw ITn-\-ambn

FXn¿Øp. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, temIw hkvXp-\n-

jvThpw a\p-jys‚ tNX-\-bn¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-

Xp-amb Hcp bmYm¿Yy-amWv. ]t£, AXm-hn¿`-hn-®Xv auen-I-amb

Hcm-flo-b-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂mWv. B Bflo-b-k-Øsb B{i-bn-®p-

sIm-≠mWv {]m]-©n-I-ß-fmb F√m {]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw \ne-sIm-≈p-

∂Xv. C{μn-bm-Xo-Xhpw k¿h-hym-]nbpw A\n¿h-N-\o-b-hp-amb B

kØ-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\v AN-©-e-amb hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

At±lw ]d™p: ""Fs‚ Np‰p-ap-≈-sX√mw A\-h-cXw amdn ad-

™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv Rm≥ ImWp∂p. Cu am‰-ßƒs°-√m-a-Sn-bn¬

am‰-an-√mØ, Poh-\p≈, Hcp i‡nsb, F√m-‰n-s\bpw Iqń-bn-W°n

\ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw kr„n-°p-Ibpw kwl-cn-°p-Ibpw ho≠pw kr„n-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp i‡nsb, Akv]-„-am-bn-´m-sW-¶nepw Rm≥

Z¿in-°p∂p.'' ktN-X-\m-tN-X-\-ß-fmb k¿h-N-cm-N-c-ß-fnepw \ne-

\n¬°p∂ B i‡n-bmWv ssZhw.

\nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn\v [m¿an-I-amb ASn-Ø-dtbm D≈-

S-°tam D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p Km‘n-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. ]t£,

bp≤-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ sIme-]m-X-I-ßfpw £maw, alm-

amcn apX-em-bh sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ I„-∏m-Sp-Ifpw arKo-b-ß-fmb a¿Z-

\-ßfpw \nd™ Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ F√m-‰n-s\bpw \nb-{¥n-°p-

Ibpw F√m a\p-jy-cnepw ÿnXn-sN-øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp ssZhn-

I-i-‡n-bn¬ Fßs\ hniz-kn-°m≥ Ignbpw? Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p≈

Km‘n-bpsS adp-]Sn hfsc efn-X-am-bn-cp∂p.

""Cu ̀ oI-c-X-Ifpw sIme-]m-X-I-ßfpw a\p-jys‚ a\- m-£nsb

{hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v; Ah Xn∑sb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂p F∂v


a\p-jy≥ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v; Ah≥ Xs‚ a\- n-s‚bpw lrZ-

b-Øn-s‚bpw AKm-[-X-I-fn¬ Ahsb A]-e-]n-°p∂p F∂-Xp-

sIm≠v; am{X-a√, I]-S-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fm¬ hgn-sX-‰n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm I]-

S-t\-Xm-°-∑m-cm¬ Zpjn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ a\p-

jys‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ \∑ sNøm-\p≈ {]tNm-Z-\hpw A\p-I-º-bpsS

cq]-Øn-ep≈ ssZhn-I-Xz-Øns‚ Xnf-°hpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p. Hcp

\mƒ AXv ]q¿W-hn-I-kn-X-amb Hcp ]pjv]-ambn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-sa∂v

Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p. AXmWv a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS Bi.''

as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, ssZh-sa∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ AN-©-

ehpw A\n¿h-N-\o-bhpw A]-cn-ta-b-hp-amb B i‡n-bmWv Pohn-

X-sØ-bmsI \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw {]]-©-Øns‚ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-kz-`m-

hsØ \n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv. {]]©w ssZh-a-b-amWv F∂p

{]Jym-]n-°p∂ ""Cuim-hm-ky-anZw k¿hw bXvIn© PKXymw PKXv''

F∂ D]-\n-j-ZvhmIyw Km‘nsb hf-sc-b-[nIw BI¿jn-°p-I-bp-

≠mbn. kmaq-ly-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-\n¬°p∂ Hcp

ssZh-am-bn-cp-∂n√ At±-l-Øn-t‚Xv. At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw, Cuiz-cs\ km£m¬°-cn-°pI F∂p-sh-®m¬ a\p-jy-cm-

in-bp-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-°pI F∂¿Y-am-bn-cp∂p. a\p-jy-k-aq-

l-Øn¬ \n∂p thdn´p \n¬°p∂ Hcp ssZh-an-s√∂v At±lw

{]kvXm-hn®p. ""Cuiz-cs\ ImWm-\p≈ Htc-sbmcp hgn Ahs\

Ahs‚ kr„n-bn¬ ImWp-Ibpw B kr„n-bp-ambn kmflyw {]m]n-

°p-I-bp-amWv.''6

Pohn-X-Øns‚ e£yw tam£-am-sW∂v At±lw hniz-kn®p.

]t£, AXn-\p≈ hgn temIsØ \ncm-I-cn-°-e√. kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn-

em-k-‡-cm-hp-Itbm Xn∑°v Iog-S-ßp-Itbm sNømsX sFln-I-Po-

hnXw \bn-°-emWv k\ym-k-Øns‚ G‰hpw D∂-X-amb cq]w F∂m-

bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw. At±lw Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn:

""Fs‚ P\-ßƒ°p-th≠n Rm≥ sNøp∂ tkh\w amwk-Øns‚

_‘-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Bflm-hns\ tamNn-∏n-°m≥th≠n Rm\-\p-jvTn-

°p∂ Nn´-bpsS Hcp ̀ mK-amWv. Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw tam£-

Øn-te-°p≈ am¿Kw InS-°p-∂Xv a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn-emWv. Pohn-

°p∂ F√m-‰n-t\mSpw XmZmflyw {]m]n-°m≥ Rm\m-{K-ln-°p∂p.''7

Cu ho£-W-K-Xn-bmWv ssZh-sa∂ k¶¬∏sØ hy‡nbpw kaq-

lhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßsf \n¿W-bn-°p∂ [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ß-fm°n

6. M.K. Gandhi: Harijan, August 29, 1936.7. Young India, April 4, 1920

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 283

am‰m≥ At±-lsØ klm-bn-®Xv. At±lw ]d™p: ""Fs‚ Zr„n-

bn¬ ssZhw kXyhpw kvt\l-hp-amWv; \oXnbpw [¿a-hp-amWv.

ssZhw `b-cm-ln-Xy-amWv, {]Im-i-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw Dd-

hn-S-amWv. F∂m¬, AtX ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ Ah≥ Ch-sb-°m-sf√mw

D∂-X\pw Ch-bvs°√mw AXo-X-\p-amWv. ssZhw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-I-fpsS

\nco-iz-cXzw t]mep-amWv.''8

kXy-amWv ssZhw

ssZhw kXy-am-Wv F∂ k¶¬∏w {Ia-Øn¬ kXyw ssZh-am-

sW∂ k¶¬∏-Øn\p hgn-am-dn-s°m-SpØp. At±lw ]d™p:

""sFIy-cq-]-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kXy-a-√msX as‰mcp

ssZhhp-an-s√∂v F\n°v t_m[y-am-bn-cn-°p∂p.'' F∂m¬, kXy-sØ-

∏-‰n-bp≈ Cu \nK-a\w hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬ A[n-

jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Bfl-\n-jvThpw Aaq¿Øhpw bp‡n-c-ln-X-hp-

am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Km‘n-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ""Hcp ]cn-ip-≤-amb

lrZ-b-Øn\v Hcp {]tXy-I-k-a-bØv tXm∂p-∂-sXt¥m AXmWv

kXyw. AXn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂m¬ sh≈w tN¿°mØ kXy-Øn-se-Øn-

t®-cm≥ Ignbpw.'' Bfl-\n-jvT-amb Cu \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv

At±lw kXysØ kvt\l-ambpw kvt\lsØ Alnw-k-bmbpw

hymJym-\n-®Xv. a\p-jy-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\l-amWv kXyw Is≠-Øm-

\p≈ Htc-sbmcp am¿Kw F∂-t±lw {]kvXm-hn®p. ""kXysØ ssZh-

ambn ImWm≥ \nßƒ°m-{K-l-ap-s≠-¶n¬ A\n-hm-cy-amb Htc-sbmcp

am¿Kw kvt\l-amWv. AXm-bXv, Alnw-k-bmWv. BXy-¥n-I-ambn,

am¿Khpw e£yhpw ]c-kv]cw am‰n-sh-bv°m-hp∂ ]Z-ß-fmWv. AXp-

sIm≠v kvt\lw ssZh-am-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ Rm≥ aSn-°p-∂n√.''9

Alnwk As√-¶n¬ A{I-a-cm-lnXyw km∑m¿KnI \nb-a-

Øns‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂ cq]-am-sW∂v At±lw hniz-kn®p. Fs¥-

∂m¬, ""Alnwk ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn¬ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ Ign-™m¬

am{Xta kXyw ]q¿W-ambn Is≠-Øm≥ km[n°q.'' At±lw

FgpXn: ""Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, kzcm-Pn-t\-°mƒ {][m-\-amWv

Alnwk.... Alnw-ksb AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXns\ as‰-√m-‰n-

s‚bpw apºn¬ shbv°Ww. F∂m¬ am{Xta AXv A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-

am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bp≈q.''

8. Young India.9. Tendulkar: The Mahatma, Vol. 2, P. 312.


Xn∑-bvs°-Xn-cmb A{I-a-cm-lnXyw

Alnwk \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb Hcp XXz-a√. Xn∑sb A{I-a-c-ln-

X-cmbn FXn¿°pI F∂m-W-Xns‚ A¿Yw. AXn-\m¬ ̀ ocp-Xz-Øn¬

\nt∂m I¿a-cm-ln-Xy-Øn¬ \nt∂m AXp-≠m-hp-I-bn√. [oc-ambn

{]h¿Ø-\-cw-K-Øn-en-d-ßm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°p am{Xta Alnw-k-b-

\p-jvTn-°m≥ Ignbq. ""acn-°m≥ t]Sn-bp-≈-h\pw FXn¿°m≥ i‡n-

bn-√m-Ø-h-\p-amb Hcmƒ°v Alnwk ]Tn-∏n®p sImSp-°m≥ Ign-

bn√. Alnw-k-sb-s¥∂p a\- n-em-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv

Ahs\ kz¥w Imen¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°m\pw B{I-an®p Iog-S-°m≥

Hcp-ßn-∏p-d-s∏´p hcp-∂-hs\ sNdp-°m≥ th≠n Poh≥t]mepw _en

Ign-°m\pw ]Tn-°Ww. Aßs\ sNøm-Xn-cn-°pI F∂p-sh-®m¬

Ahs‚ òcp-XzsØ ÿnco-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Alnw-k-bn¬ \n∂v

Ahs\ IqSp-X¬ AI-‰p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂m-W¿Yw. Xncn-®-Sn-°m≥

Rm≥ Bscbpw klm-bn-°p-I-bn-√m-bn-cn°mw. ]t£, Hcp ̀ ocp-hns\

I]-S-amb Alnw-k-bpsS ]n∂n¬ A`bw {]m]n-°m≥ Rms\m-cn-

°epw A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bn√.''10 At±lw XpS¿∂p: ""Alnwk F∂p-

sh-®m¬ Zp„s‚ C—m-i-‡n°p apºn¬ khn-\bw Iog-S-ßpI

F∂√ A¿Yw. a¿Z-Is‚ C—m-i-‡n-s°-Xn-cmbn apgp-h≥ Ignhpw

D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂m-W-Xns‚ A¿Yw. \ΩpsS kØ-bpsS Cu \nb-

a-a-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp hy‡n°v A\o-Xn-\n-d™ Hcp

km{am-Py-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ i‡n-sbbpw t\cn-Sm≥ Ignbpw.''

Xn∑sb A{I-a-c-ln-X-ambn FXn¿°m-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-amWv

kXym-{Klw. ""kXym-{Kln t\cn-Sm≥ {ian-°p∂ a¿Z-I\v Ahs‚

ico-c-Øn-t∑epw ̀ uXn-I-k-º-Øn-t∑epw A[n-Imcw t\Sm≥ Ignbpw;

]t£, Ahs‚ Bflm-hns‚ ta¬ A[n-Imcw t\Sm≥ Hcn-°epw

Ign-bp-I-bn√. CXmWv kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-kn-≤m¥w.

ico-csØ XS-hn-en-´mepw Bflmhv Iog-S-°-s∏-SmsX AP-ø-ambn

ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. Cu auen-I-k-Xy-sØ-°p-dn -®p≈ Adn-hn¬

\n∂mWv kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ imkv{Xw apgp-h\pw D¤-hn-®Xv.''11

]oU-Iƒ kln-°p-I-sb-∂Xv Xn∑-s°-Xn-cmb sNdp-Øp-

\n¬∏ns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-amWv. I„-ßƒ kln-°m-\p≈ Ign-hn\v

Km‘n [m¿an-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb Hcp {]m[m\yw \¬In: ""Hcp P\-

X°v auenI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ Imcy-ßƒ bp‡n-sIm≠p am{Xw t\Sm-

\m-hn√; I„-∏m-Sp-Iƒ kln-®p-sImt≠ Ahsb t\Sm≥ Ignbq.''

10. Young india, August, 11, 192011. Young India, May 21, 1931.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 285

Bfl-km-£m¬°m-c-Øns‚ D]m-[n-Iƒ

Km‘n -bpsS hni-I -e -\ -Øn¬ kXyhpw Alnw -kbpw

kvt\lhpw km∑m¿KnI \nb-a-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ aX-X-Xz-ß-

fmWv. Bfl-ip-≤nbpw [m¿an-I-amb ]cn-]q¿W-Xbpw t\Sm-\p≈ D]m-

[n-I-fm-Wh. Bfl-ip-≤nbpw [m¿an-I-amb ]cn-]q¿W-Xbpw t\Sm≥

th≠n CS-hn-SmsX ]cn-{i-an-°p-I-sb-∂Xv Hmtcm kXym-{K-ln-bp-

sSbpw IS-a-bm-sW∂v At±lw D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p. kXyw, Alnwk,

XymKw, AkvtXbw, A]-cn-{Klw, eLp-Po-hnXw, Cuiz-c-hn-izmkw

apX-em-b-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ [m¿an-Im-\p-im-k-\-ßƒ. kmaq-ly-

bm-Ym¿Yy-Øns‚ B¥-cn-I-ssh-cp-[y-ß-sftbm kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-

\-Øns‚ \nb-a-ß-sftbm imkv{Xo-b-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°m-s\m∂pw

At±lw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n√. Dev]m-Z-\-_-‘-ß-fnepw h¿K-Nq-j-W-hy-

h-ÿ-bnepw auen-I-ß-fmb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°msX Xs∂ sshb-‡n-

I-amb kz`m-h-ip-≤n-bn-eq-sSbpw B[ym-fln-I-amb D¬°¿j-Øn-eq-

sSbpw a\p-jys\ D≤-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pw hy‡n-bpsS [m¿an-I-

\n-e-hm-c-ap-b¿Øn-s°m≠p am{Xta kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ am‰-ß-

fp-≠m-°m≥ Ignbq F∂pw At±lw hniz-kn®p. cm{„o-b-Im-cy-ß-

fn¬ t]mepw aX-]-c-amb Hcp kao-]-\-amWv At±lw ssIs°m-≠Xv.

kmam-\y-P-\-ß-fpsS bYm¿Y Xmev]-cy-ßsf kwc-£n-°m≥ Ign-

hp≈ Hcp i‡n-bmWv aXw F∂v At±lw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn. P\-

ß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ aXw, At±-lsØ

kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, A¿Y-iq-\y-amWv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ aXsØ

Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠p≈ cm{„o-b-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw A¿Y-iyq-\y-amWv.

AXp-sIm-≠t{X cm{„o-b-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ aX-

sØ-°qSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ At±lw ]cn-{i-an-®Xv. ""aX-Øn\v cm{„ob

Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-an-s√∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ aX-Øns‚ A¿Y-sa-

s¥∂p a\- n-em-°m-Ø-h-cmWv'' F∂pw ""aX-Øns‚ kØsb

cm{„o -b - {] -h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n -°p -∂-Xn -\p≈ Hcp

bXv\''ambn-´mWv Xm≥ kXym-{K-l-Øn-s‚bpw Alnw-k-bp-sSbpw

kn≤m-¥-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-®Xv F∂pw At±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-

≠mbn. aX-]-chpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb Hcp IS-a-sb∂ \ne-bv°mWv

At±lw kmaqly˛cm{„ob ka-c-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-ØXv.

hy‡n-bpsS kz`m-h-ip-≤o-I-c-W-sØbpw Bflo-tbm-∂-a-\-

sØbpw e£y-am-°n-s°m-≠p≈ Cu [m¿an-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb

BZ¿i-ßƒ F√m Ime-L-´-ßƒ°pw F√m kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-


ßƒ°pw ]‰n-b-h-bm-sW∂v Km‘n hniz-kn®p. ]t£, bYm¿Y-

Øn¬, C¥y-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-cm-{„ob kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬

ASn-b-¥-c-amb Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv Ah Db¿Øn-∏n-

Sn-°-s∏-́ Xv. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Nne \n¿Wm-b-I-L-́ -ßƒ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-

ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hsØ klm-bn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-®p-sIm≠v GwK¬kv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""\ΩpsS {]Xy-b-im-

kv{X-°m-c≥ X\n-°n-„-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse Imcy-ßƒ hf-bv°pIbpw HSn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂p-hcmw. ]t£, Abmƒ hmXn¬°-eqsS hen-

s®-dn-bp∂ Ncn-{X-bm-Ym¿Yyw P\-hm-Xn-en-eqsS ho≠pw AI-Øp-I-

bdn hcp∂p. F√m Ime-tØ°pw F√m temI-ßƒ°pw ]‰nb XXz-

ßfpw \nb-a-ß-fp-amWv Xm≥ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv F∂v Abmƒ hnNm-

cn-°p∂p. ]t£, hmkvX-h-Øn¬, Xs‚ ImesØ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Itam

hnπ-h-]-ctam Bb {]h-W-X-I-fpsS {]Xn-—m-bsb cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI

am{X-amWv Abmƒ sNøp-∂Xv.''12

GwK¬kns‚ Cu \nK-a\w Km‘n-bpsS {]Xy-b-im-kv{XsØ

kw_-‘n®pw icn-bmWv. At±-l-Øns‚ aX-]-chpw km∑m¿Kn-I-hp-

amb kn≤m-¥-ßƒ C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn\pw kmaq-ly-]-

cn-jv°-cW kwcw-`-ßƒ°pw DtØ-P\w \¬In. Ah Bbn-c-°-W-

°n-ep≈ bph-Xn-I-sfbpw bphm-°-∑m-scbpw Bfl-Xym-K-Øns‚

]Ÿm-hn-te°v X≈n-hn´p. efn-Xhpw \n¿a-ehpw tkmt±-iy-hp-amb

sshb-‡nI Pohn-X-Øns‚ kuμ-cy-Øn¬ Ahsc D¬kp-I-cm-°p-

Ibpw km¿h-{Xn-I-amb Hc-®-S-°-t_m[w hf¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. A{I-a-cm-lnXyw {_nójv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-

c-Øn¬ kpi-‡-amb Hcm-bp-[-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cu Bbp-[-a-Wn-™p-

sIm-≠mWv Bbn-c-°-W-°n-ep≈ kv{Xo]p-c-j-∑m¿ AdÃp hcn-°p-

Ibpw emØn-®m¿÷p-Isf t\cn-Sp-Ibpw shSn-bp-≠-I-tf-‰p-hm-ßp-

Ibpw sNbvXXv.

h¿K-k-l-I-c-W-Øns‚ XXz-imkv{Xw

F∂m¬, A{I-a-cm-lnXyw ka-c-Øns‚ Bbp[w am{X-am-bn-cp-

∂n√. FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSpw \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-tfmSpw k‘n-

sN-øm-\p≈ k∂-≤-Xbpw AXn-e-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p. hnπ-h-]-c-ß-fmb

F√m am‰-ßƒ°pw At±lw FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]c-kv]-c-[m-c-W-bpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmb ]cn-jv°-c-W-ßsf am{Xta

At±lw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p≈q. tIm¨{K- ns‚ tZiob _q¿jzm12. F. Engels: Anti Duhring, P. 135.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 287

t\Xr-Xz-Øn\v XnI®pw kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cp∂p CXv.

P\-Io-b-k-a-c-Øns‚ kΩ¿±-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-I-fn¬ \n∂v B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ t\Sm\pw AtX ka-b-Øp-Xs∂

_lp-P-\-{]-ÿm-\sØ Xß-fpsS ]nSn-bn-sem-Xp°n \nb-{¥n-°m\pw

CXp-hsc klm-bn®p.

cm{„o-b-cw-K-Øn¬ am{X-a√, kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI cwK-ß-fnepw

hyXykvX Xmev]-cy-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ HØp-Xo¿∏p-I-fn-eqsS P\-ßsf

]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°p \bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv Km‘n Icp-Xn-bXv.

Xn∑-bvs°-Xn-cmb ka-c-Øn¬ A{I-a-Øn-s‚bpw _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-

s‚bpw am¿Kw kzoI-cn-°-cp-sX∂v At±lw \njv°¿jn®p. ]t£,

CXv am¿K-Øns‚ am{Xw {]iv\-am-bn-cp-∂n√. e£y-Øns‚ {]iv\hpw

CXn-e-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p F∂p-ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, A{I-a-sØbpw

_e-{]-tbm-K-sØbpw Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠p-Xs∂, A{I-a-c-ln-X-am¿K-

ß-fn-eqsS, \mSp-hm-gnØ˛ apX-em-fnØ Nqj-W-ßƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-

°-W-sa∂v At±lw Bh-iy-s∏-ń√. apX-em-fnbpw sXmgn-em-fnbpw

XΩnepw `qhp-S-abpw Irjn-°m-c\pw XΩn-ep-ap≈ ka-RvP-k-amb

kl-I-c-W-amWv Xm\m-{K-ln-°p-∂-sX∂v At±lw Xpd∂p ]d-bp-I-

bp-≠mbn. apX-em-fnbpw sXmgn-em-fnbpw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ _‘-

sØ-∏‰n 1925¬ At±lw Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv; ""aqe-[-\hpw

sXmgnepw H∂p at‰-Xns\ ]qcn-∏n-°p-Ibpw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNø-

W-sa-∂-XmWv Fs‚ BZ¿i-sa∂v Rms\-√m-bn-t∏mgpw ]d-™n-́ p≠v.

Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw sFIy-Ønepw kl-I-c-W-Ønepw Ign-™p-Iq-Sp∂

Hcp henb IpSpw-_-am-bn-Øo-cWw. apX-em-fn-Iƒ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS

ùXn-I-amb t£a-Øn¬ am{X-a√, [m¿an-I-amb t£a-Ønepw {i≤n-

°Ww. apX-em-fn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS Iogn-ep≈ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS t£a-

Øn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {SÃn-I-fmWv.''13

apX-em-fn-Ifpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw XΩn-se-∂-t]mse Xs∂ P∑n-

Ifpw IpSn-bm-∑mcpw XΩnepw kulm¿± _‘-ßƒ ÿm]n-°-W-

sa∂v Km‘n B{K-ln®p. CXn\v P∑n-I-fpsS at\m-`m-h-Ønepw s]cp-

am-‰-Ønepw kmc-amb am‰-ßƒ htc-≠-Xp-s≠∂v At±lw kΩ-Xn®p.

""Irjn-°m¿°v `qan-bn¬ ÿncm-h-Imiw \¬IpI, Ah-cpsS t£a-

Øn¬ kPo-h-amb Xmev]cyw ImWn-°pI, Ah-cpsS Ipń-Iƒ°v

\√ \ne-bn¬ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fp-≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°pI,

tcmKn-Iƒ°v Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw ip{iq-jm-tI-{μ-ß-fp-ap-≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-

°pI, {Kma-ip-No-I-c-W-Øn¬ {i≤n-°pI ˛ Cßs\ ]e-X-c-Ønepw

13. Young India, August 20, 1925.


Pao-μm¿am¿ Xß-fpsS hnhn[ tkh-\-ßƒ°v Hcp \n›nX IΩo-

j≥ am{Xw {]Xn-^-e-am-sb-Sp-°p∂ Ah-cpsS bYm¿Y-kp-lr-Øp-

°-fm-sW∂v Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØpI''14 ˛ CsX√mw sNøm≥

At±lw Pao-μm¿am-tcm-Sm-h-iy-s∏´p. AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ At±lw

Irjn-°m-cpsS IS-a-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]d™p: ""Irjn-°m¿ Pao-μm¿am-

tcm-Sp≈ Xß-fpsS IS-a-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]d™p: ""Irjn-°m¿ Pao-

μm¿am-tcm-Sp≈ Xß-fpsS IS-a-Iƒ \njvIr-„-ambn \nd-th-‰-W-sa∂

Imcy-Øn¬ tIm¨{K-kp-Imcpw {i≤n-°Ww. \nb-a-]-c-ambn Bh-

iy-amb IS-∏m-Sp-I-sf-∏-‰n-b√, \ymb-sa∂p Irjn-°m¿ Xs∂ kΩ-

Xn-°p∂ IS-∏m-Sp-I-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv. Xß-fpsS ssIh-

i-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ Pao-μm¿am¿°v bmsXm-c-h-Im-i-hp-an-s√∂pw Ah

Xß-fpsS kz¥w hkvXp-°-fm-sW-∂p-ap≈ kn≤m¥w Ah¿ Xnc-

kv°-cn-°Ww. ssItb-‰-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf

ImØp-c-£n-®p-sIm≠v Ah¿ Pao-μm¿am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Hcp

Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p∂p; As√-¶n¬ Aß-s\-bm-

bn-Øo-cWw.''15

1934¬ Pao-μm¿am-cpsS Hcp {]Xn-\n-[n-kw-L-hp-am-bp≈ IqSn-°m-

gvN-°n-S-bn¬ Km‘n-]-d™p: ""\ymb-amb ImcWw IqSmsX kzØp-

S-a-h¿K-ß-fpsS kºØp ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xns\ Rm\-\p-Iq-en-°p-I-

bn-s√∂v \nßƒ°v Dd∏p \¬Ip∂p. \nß-fpsS lrZ-bsØ kao-]n-

°p-Ibpw IpSn-bm-∑m¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ {SÃn-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ kzØv

ssIhiw shbv°m\pw {]mY-an-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS t£a-Øn-\p-th≠n

AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw tXm∂-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ \nßsf a\x-]-cn-

h¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bp-amWv Fs‚ Dt±iyw... h¿K-k-acw C¥y-bpsS

auen-I-amb A¥x-k-Ø-bvs°-Xn-cmWv. F√m-h¿°pw Xpey-\o-Xn-

sb∂ auen-Im-h-iy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Iayq-Wn-k-ambn

cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sm≥ B A¥x-k-Øbv°p Ign-hp≠v. Fs‚ kz]v\-Øn-

ep≈ cma-cmPyw cmP-Ip-am-c-s‚bpw ]n®-°m-c-s‚bpw Ah-Im-i-

ßƒ°v Hcp-t]mse kwc-£Ww \¬Ip∂p. h¿K-k-acw XS-bm≥

th≠n Rms\s‚ kzm[o-\-i‡n apgp-h≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-sa∂v

\nßƒ°p-d-∏n°mw. A\ym-b-ambn \nßsf \nß-fpsS kzØn¬ \n∂v

AI-‰m-\p≈ Hcp {ia-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-]£w Rm≥ \nß-fpsS `mK-Øp-

\n∂v kacw sNøp-∂Xv \nßƒ°v ImWmw.''16

14. Young India, May 28, 1931.15. Ibid.16. M.K. Gandhi: Soccialism of My Conception, P.P. 245-46.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 289

{SÃo-jn∏v kn≤m¥w

Htc-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ cmPm-hn-s‚bpw ]n®-°m-c-s‚bpw Ah-Im-

i-ßsf ImØp-c-£n-°m-\p≈ Cu hy{K-X-sbbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-

sSbpw Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn-\p-th≠n D¬∏m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-

ßƒ kz¥-am°n shbv°m≥ apX-em-fn-I-sfbpw P∑n-I-sfbpw A\p-

h-Zn-°p∂ "{SÃo-jn∏v kn≤m¥'sØbpw ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-°m¿

ka¿Y-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p. Km‘n-bpsS A{I-a-cm-lnXyw sXmgn-

emfn˛I¿j-I-{]-ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw A{I-a-Ønepw Nqj-W-Ønepw A[n-

jvTn-X-amb kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ auen-I-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-

Øm≥th-≠n-bp≈ {]t£m-`-ß-sfbpw FXn¿°p∂ Hcp kn≤m-¥-

am-sW∂ [mcW {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ ]cn-{i-an®p. Cu ÿnXn-hn-

tijw a¿Z-\-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Nqjn-X-P-\-hn-

`m-K-ßsf am{X-a√, Km‘n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ tIm¨{K-knse

CS-Xp-]£ hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw Akw-Xr-]vX-cm°n. kp`m-jvN-{μ-t_m-

kn-s\bpw Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hn-s\bpw t]mep≈ tIm¨{Kkv

t\Xm-°-∑m¿ ""Km‘n-b≥'' kn≤m-¥-ß-fn-e-S-ßnb sshcp-[y-ßsf''

]c-ky-ambn Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°m≥ XpSßn. s\lvdp FgpXn: ""h¿j-

ß-fmbn Cu tNmZyw Fs∂ Aº-c-∏n-°p∂p: I„-s∏-Sp∂ a¿Zn-X-P-

\-ß-fpsS ÿnXn-bn¬ C{X-b-[nIw D¬°-WvTbpw Ah-tcmSv C{X-

b-[nIw kvt\l-hp-ap≈ At±lw Ahsc A\n-hm-cy-ambn kr„n-®p-

hn-Sp-Ibpw CSn-®-a¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿsb

]n¥m-ßp-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? A{I-a-cm-ln-Xy-Øn¬ C{X-b-[nIw

Bthiw ImWn-°p∂ At±lw ]q¿W-ambpw A{I-a-Øn-s‚bpw a¿Z-

\-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp cm{„ob˛kmaq-

ly-L-S-\sb A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? At±lw CØ-c-samcp

kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bv°-\p-Iq-e-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv, Hcp-]t£, icn-bm-

bn-cn-°p-I-bn√. Gsd-°psd Hcp Zm¿i-\n-Im-cm-P-I-hm-Zn-bm-W-t±lw.

]t£, BZ¿i-Øn-ep≈ Acm-P-I-amb `c-W-hy-hÿ C∂pw AXn-

hn-Zq-c-Xn-em-b-Xp-sIm≠pw AXv Ffp-∏-Øn¬ k¶¬∏n-°m≥ Ign-bm-

Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw At±lw \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-{I-asØ AwKo-I-cn-

°p∂p.''17

]pXnb kml-N-cy-ßfpw ]pXnb Bi-b-ßfpw

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, Irjn-°m¿ XpS-ßnb a¿Zn-X-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS

h¿K-t_m-[hpw cm{„o-b-t_m-[hpw hf¿∂p Ign-™n-́ n-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp

17. Jawaharlal Nehru: An Autobiography, P. 515.


kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv h¿K-k-l-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw {SÃo-jn-∏n-s‚bpw

kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°p {]Nmcw t\Sm≥ Ign-™Xv. F∂m¬, tZio-b-{]-

ÿm\w IqSp-X-ep-b¿∂ Hcp L´-Øn-te°v hf-cp-Ibpw sXmgn-em-fn-

I-fp-sSbpw Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw kwL-Sn-X-i‡n h¿[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-

t∏mƒ Cu kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Zp¿_-e-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Km‘n-bpsS A`n-

{]m-b-ßfpw ka-c-am¿K-ßfpw A[n-I-a-[nIw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm≥

XpSßn. Km‘n-bpsS Bi-b-ß-fm¬ D¬_p-≤-cm-°-s∏-´-hcpw At±-

l-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ka-c-ß-fn¬ Bth-i-]q¿hw ]s¶-Sp-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX bphm-°-∑m-cn¬ Xs∂ ]ecpw ]pXnb ka-c-am¿K-

ß-f-t\z-jn-°m≥ XpSßn. tkmjy-enkw, Iayq-Wnkw, am¿Ivknkw

XpS-ßnb B[p-\n-Im-i-b-ßƒ Ahsc BI¿jn®p. a¿Z-\hpw Nqj-

W-hp-an-√mØ, h¿K-c-ln-Xhpw ka-Xz-kp-μ-c-hp-amb Hcp ]pXnb kmaq-

ly-hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-b-ßƒ ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-°m≥ XpSßn.

Km‘n-bpsS ]e kn≤m-¥-ßfpw ka-c-am¿K-ßfpw cq£-amb hna¿i-

\-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-ß-fmbn. G‰-hp-a-[nIw FXn¿°-s∏-´Xv h¿K-k-

l-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ {SÃo-jn∏v kn≤m-¥-amWv.

Dev]m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIb-S°n shbv°p∂ ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-

cy-°m¿°v A[zm-\n-°p∂ P\-hn-̀ m-K-ß-fpsS c£m-I¿Øm-°-fm-Im≥

Fßs\ km[n°pw F∂-h¿ tNmZn®p. \oXn-bp-sSbpw kvt\l-Øn-

s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw sIń-∏-

Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ apX-em-fn-Øhpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-hp-a-h-km-\n-∏n®v D¬∏m-

Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßsf s]mXp-kz-Øm°n am‰-W-sa∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p.

{SÃo-jn∏v kn≤m¥w P\-ß-fpsS hnπ-h-t_m-[-sØbpw ka-c-ß-

sfbpw aμo-`-hn-∏n-°m\pw Aßs\ lnwk-bnepw Nqj-W-Ønepw

A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿsb \ne-\n¿Øm\pw klm-bn-

°p∂ Hcp ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ kn≤m-¥-am-sW∂v Ah¿ {]Jym-]n®p.

tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

cmPy-Ønse kmº-Øn-I-_-‘-ß-fnepw cm{„ob Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-

fn-ep-ap-≠mb Cu am‰-ßƒ Km‘n-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf kzm[o-\n-

°m-Xn-cp-∂n√. kmº-Øn-I-k-a-Xz-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]W-°m-c\pw ]mh-s∏-

´-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ hnShp \nI-tØ-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏-‰nbpw

At±lw A[n-I-a-[nIw Du∂n-∏-d-bm≥ XpSßn. At±lw FgpXn:

""kmº-Øn-I-k-a-Xz-Øn\p th≠n ]cn-{i-an-°pI F∂p-sh-®m¬ aqe-

[-\hpw sXmgnepw XΩn-ep≈ imiz-X-amb sshcp[yw Ah-km-\n-∏n-

°pI F∂¿Y-amWv. Hcp-h-iØv cm{„-Øns‚ kº-Øns‚ knwl-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 291

`m-Khpw Iø-S°n sh®n-´p≈ Hcp-]nSn ]W-°msc Iotgm´p XmgvØp-

Ibpw adp-h-iØv Ac-∏-ń-Wn-°mcpw \·-cp-amb P\-e-£-ßsf

tamevt]m-´p-b¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v ka-\ne ssIh-cp-ØpI

F∂m-W-Xns‚ A¿Yw. [\n-I-∑m¿°pw ]ńWn InS-°p∂ P\-e-£-

ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ hnkvXr-X-amb hnShv \ne-\n¬°p-t∂-S-tØmfw

Imew A{I-a-c-ln-X-amb Hcp `c-W-k-{º-Zmbw hy‡-ambpw Akm-

[y-amWv.''18 Iayq-Wn-k-sa∂ BZ¿i-Øn-\p-th≠n Pohn-°p-I-bmWv

Xs‚ Dt±iyw F∂p-t]mepw At±lw D¬tLm-jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

h¿K-c-ln-X-amb Hcp Iayq-WnÃv kap-Zmbw sIń-∏-Sp-°Ww. AXv

lnwkbpw A{I-a-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠m-h-cpXv Ft∂-bp≈q.

At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ hm°p-I-fn¬: ""Iayq-Wnkw F∂p-sh-®m¬

F¥m-W¿Yw? A¥na hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ AXns‚ A¿Yw h¿K-c-ln-

X-amb kap-Zmbw F∂mWv. \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ {ian-t°≠ Hcm-

Z¿i-am-WXv. AXv \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥th≠n A{I-a-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p-

tºmƒ am{Xw AXp-am-bp≈ _‘w Rm\p-t]-£n°pw. \Ω-sf-√m-

hcpw ka-∑m-cm-bn-´mWv P\n-®Xv. F∂m¬, \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn \Ωƒ

Cuiz-cs‚ C—m-i-‡nsb sNdp-Øp-\n¬°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv.

Db¿∂-h\pw XmW-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ Ak-aXzw F∂ Bibw Hcp

]m]-amWv. ]t£, tXm°p Nq≠n-°m-́ n-s°m≠v a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-Ønse

]m]w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂n√. B am¿K-Øn\v

a\p-jy-lr-Zbw hgn-s∏-Sp-I-bn√.''19

{SÃo-jn-∏ns‚ ta∑-sb-°p-dn®pw Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈

A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°m≥ At±lw C„-s∏-́ n-s√-∂Xp icn-bmWv.

]t£, [\n-I-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS kzØp-°fpw A[n-Im-c-i-‡n-I-fp-sa√mw

kz¥w C„-tØm-Sp-IqSn Dt]-£n-°m≥ Xøm-dm-h-W-sa∂pw Cs√-

¶n¬ c‡-]-¶n-e-amb Hcp kmbp-[-hn-πhw Hcp-\mƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-

Øo-cp-sa∂pw At±lw {]Jym-]n®p.20 {SÃn-I-sf∂ \nebv°v

Xßƒ°-Xym-h-iy-am-bXp am{X-sa-SpØv _m°n-bp-≈-sX√mw P\-ß-

fpsS t£a-Øn-\p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂-XmWv [\n-I-∑m-cpsS

ISa. Cu ISa \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Xøm-dn-√m-Ø-h¿s°-Xn-cmbn A{I-a-

cm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ka-c-am¿Kw D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww F∂m-W-t±lw A`n-

{]m-b-s∏-´Xv: ""Atß-b-‰sØ ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ°p-ti-jhpw [\n-I-∑m¿,

18. M.K. Gandhi: Cnstructive Programme, 1945 Edition.19. Harijan, March 13, 193720. Ibid.


icn-bmb A¿Y-Øn¬, Zcn-{Z-∑m-cpsS kwc-£-I-∑m-cm-bn-Øo-cm-Xn-cn-

°p-Ibpw Zcn-{Z-∑m¿ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ CSn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]ń-

Wn-In-S∂p acn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]ns∂ F¥mWv sNtø-

≠Xv? Cu hnj-a-{]-iv\-Øn\p ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬

A{I-a-c-l-Xn-amb \n -l-I-c-Whpw knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L-\-hp-amWv

icnbpw Hcn-°epw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-amb am¿Kw F∂ \nK-a-\-

Øn-emWv Rms\-Øn-t®¿∂Xv. kzØv Ip∂p-Iq-´m≥ km[n-°n√. Cu

⁄m\w Zcn-{Z-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ IS-∂p-IqSn {]N-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

Ah¿ i‡-∑m-cm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw Xßsf ]ń-Wn-bpsS h°-sØ-

Øn®p sR°n-sR-cn-°p∂ Ak-a-Xz-ß-fn¬ \n∂v A{I-a-cm-ln-Xy-

Øns‚ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn tamN\w t\tS-≠-sX-ßs\ F∂p ]Tn-

°p-Ibpw sNøpw.''21

A{I-a-c-ln-X-amb ka-c-am¿Kw Xs∂ A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS IqSp-

X¬ kpi-‡hpw IqSp-X¬ ê-{]-Z-hp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. H∂mw temI-

a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ At±lw {_nójv Kh-s◊‚ns\ klm-bn®p. P\-

ß-fpsS Xmev]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m≥ AXm-h-iy-am-sW∂v At±lw

hniz-kn®p. c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Im-eØv, t\sc-a-dn®v, C¥y-bpsS

cm{„o-bm-h-iy-ß-f-\p-h-Zn-°m-Øn-S-tØmfw Imew {_n´s\ klm-bn-

°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂v At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p. 1922¬ P\-ß-fpsS `mK-

Øp-\n∂v \n m-c-ß-fmb Nne A{I-a-ß-fp-≠mbn F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬

At±lw kzmX-{¥y-k-acw ]n≥h-en®p. ap∏-Xp-sIm-√-ßƒ°p-tijw,

1942 BK-Ãn¬, "{]h¿Øn-°pI As√-¶n¬ acn-°pI' F∂ ap{Zm-

hm-Iy-ap-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw IqSp-X¬ hn]p-e-amb Hcp

_lp-P-\-k-acw Agn-®p-hn´p. C°pdn P\-ß-fpsS ̀ mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠mb

A{I-a-ß-sf-b√, {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS A{I-a-ß-sf-bmWv

At±lw \nin-X-ambn Bt£-]n-®Xv.

Km‘n-bpsS alXzw

At±-l-Øns‚ aX-]-c-amb ho£-Whpw IqSp-X¬ HmP- p-‰-Xm-

bn-Øo¿∂p. lnμp-a-X-Øn-ep≈ hnizmkw At±lw Hcn-°epw Dt]-

£n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√. ]t£, Cu hnizmkw H´pw Xs∂ CSp-ßn-b-

Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. AbnØw, PmXn-hym-Xymkw XpS-ßnb A\m-Nm-c-

ßƒs°-Xn-cmb At±-l-Øns‚ ka-c-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡n

{]m]n®p. aX-kv]¿[-Ifpw h¿Ko-b-e-l-f-Ifpw At±-lsØ thZ-\n-

21. Harijan, August 25, 1940.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 293

∏n®p. hnhn[ aX-°m¿ XΩn¬ sFIyhpw kulm¿Z-hp-ap-f-hm-

°pI F∂ GtIm-t±-iy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv At±lw Xs‚ Ah-

km-\-Zn-h-k-ßƒ sNe-h-gn-®Xv. At±lw FgpXn: ""lnμp-°ƒ°pw

ap…o-ßƒ°pw kl-I-cn®p Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂pw ap…o-ßƒ H∂p-

In¬ C¥ybv°v ]pd-Øp-t]m-hp-Itbm As√-¶n¬ lnμp-°-fpsS ASn-

a-I-fmbn Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-Itbm sNø-W-sa∂pw Icp-Xp∂ Hcp hn`mKw

\ΩpsS cmPy-Øn-ep≠v. AXp-t]mse ]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ ap…o-ßƒ

am{Xta D≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ ]mSp≈p F∂pw Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. hnjw-\n-

d™ Hcp kn≤m-¥-am-WnXv. ]m°n-kvXms‚ thcp InS-°p-∂Xv Cu

kn≤m-¥-Øn-emWv''. At±lw Cßs\ XpS¿∂p: ""Cu kn≤m-¥-

sØbpw Cu {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-sØbpw sNdp-°m\pw AXn-\p≈ {ia-

Øn¬ apt∂-dp-Itbm acn-°p-Itbm sNøm\pw Rm≥ {]Xn⁄ FSp-

Øn-cn-°p∂p.''

Cu {]Xn⁄ At±lw \nd-th‰n. lnμp˛ap…ow ssa{Xn-°p-th-

≠n-bp≈ \nc-¥-c-amb ]cn-{i-a-Øn-∂n-S-bn¬ 1948 P\p-hcn 30\v Hcp

lnμp-h¿Kob {`m¥-\m¬ At±lw h[n-°-s∏´p.

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS XXz-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Zu¿_-

ey-ßfpw Fs¥m-s°-Ø-s∂-bm-bmepw C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-

Øn¬ At±lw hln® al-Ømb ]¶v Hcn-°epw \ntj-[n-°mt\m

Ipd-®p-Im-Wmt\m km[n-°p-I-bn√. P\-ßƒ°v Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-

i-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw i‡n-sb-∏-‰nbpw {Inbm-fl-I-amb Pohn-X-Øns‚

A¿Y-sØ-∏-d-dnbpw t_m[-ap-≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°m≥ At±lw CS-hn-

SmsX ]cn-{i-an®p. At±-l-Øns‚ \nkzm¿Y-amb XymK-k-∂-≤X,

kXy-Øn-ep≈ AN-©-e-amb hnizmkw, kap-Zm-b-Ønse D®-\o-N-

Xz-ßƒ°pw aX-kv]¿[-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmbn kulm¿Zw sIń-∏-Sp-

°m-\p≈ \nc-¥-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, F√m-‰n-ep-ap-]cn, At±-l-

Øns‚ sshb-‡n-I-amb kz`m-h-ip≤n ˛ Ch-sb√mw tN¿∂v C¥y-

bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp {]tXy-I-L-´sØ, kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p th≠n-

bp≈ ka-c-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-tØXpw \n¿Wm-b-I-hp-amb Hcp Ime-

L-´sØ, {]Im-i-am-\-am°n. alm-Ihn cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿ At±-l-

sØ-∏‰n Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:

""At±-l-Øns‚ {]tNm-Z\w C¥y-bn-sem-´p°pw C¥y-bpsS

AXn¿Øn-Iƒ°p ]pdØpw kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n¬°p∂p. AXv

kzm¿Y-Xm-ev]-cy-ß-fpsS ]cn-[n-°-∏p-d-Øp≈ Hcp kXy-Øn-te°v

\ΩpsS t_m[sØ DW¿Øn-hn-ń-cn-°p∂p. tkh-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw


Bflm¿∏-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw tamN\w t\Sm-\p≈ XpS¿®-bmb Hcm-lzm-

\-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ PohnXw. C¥y-bn¬ P\n®p Ign-™-hcpw

P\n-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-h-cp-amb FÆ-a‰ P\-tIm-Sn-I-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn-

emWv At±-l-Øns‚ hmkw. a‰v Bflm-°sf a\- n-em-°m≥

sI¬∏p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ Bflm-hns‚ Cu alXzw \ΩpsS Ncn-

{X-Øn¬ Hcn-°epw kw`-hn-°m-ØXv km[y-am-°n-Øo¿Øn-cn-°p∂p.

C¥y shdpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp hkvXp-X-b√, Xßƒ°v Pohn-

°m\pw Nen-°m\pw Xß-fpsS kØsb \ne-\n¿Øm\pw klm-bn-

°p∂ Hcp Poh-\p≈ kXy-am-sW∂ al-Ømb bmYm¿Yyw km[m-

c-W-P-\-ßƒ°p-t]mepw a\- n-em-bn-cn-°p∂p.''

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 295

41. am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

Ign™ A[ym-b-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse, H∂mw temI-a-lm-

bp≤w a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Ønse F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw kmc-amb am‰-ß-

fp-f-hm°n. djy-bnse sXmgn-emfn hnπ-hhpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚

Bhn¿`m-hhpw tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-ß-fpsS A`q-X-]q¿h-amb {]Nm-

c-hp-am-bn-cp∂p G‰hpw apJy-amb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ. AXn-\p-apºp

Xs∂ tkmjy-enkw F∂ Bibw C¥y-bn¬ Xe-s]m-°m≥ XpS-

ßn-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv icn-bmWv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ A[zm-\n-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Hcp tkmjy-enÃv kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cn-°Ww C¥y-

bpsS e£yw F∂v kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥ {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

1912¬ kztZ-im-`n-am\n sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Imd¬

am¿Ivkns‚ Hcp Poh-N-cn{Xw {]kn≤w sNbvXp. am¿Ivkn-s\-∏‰n

C¥y-bn¬ {]kn≤w sNø-s∏´ H∂m-asØ {KŸ-am-WXv F∂p

tXm∂p∂p. F∂m¬, tkmjy-enkw F∂ Bi-bsØ Poh-\p≈

Hcp bYm¿Yy-am°n am‰n-bXv djy≥ hnπ-h-Øn¬ \n∂p-b¿∂p-h∂

sXmgn-emfn h¿K-k¿hm-[n-]-Xy-amWv. Cu bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬ \n∂p

{]tNm-Z\w t\Snb sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ka-c-ßfpw Ahbv°p

t\XrXzw \¬Inb Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\hpw C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-

k-a-csØ ]pXn-sbmcp L´-Øn-te-°p-b¿Øn. cm{„o-bhpw kmº-

Øn-Ihpw Bi-b-]-c-hp-amb F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw tkmjy-en-k-

Øns‚ kzm[o\w A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn.

h¿K-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v t{SUvbq-Wn-b-\n-te°v

1908¬ _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-Is‚ Ad-Ãn¬ {]Xn-tj[w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n t_mws_-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Hcp ]Wn-ap-S°w


\S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. AXm-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p C¥y-bnse sXmgn-em-

fn-h¿Kw \S-Ønb BZysØ cm{„o-b-k-acw. F∂m¬, H∂mw temI-

a-lm-bp-≤-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb Akw-Xr-]vXn-bp-sSbpw Akzm-ÿy-

Øn-s‚bpw kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv Ah¿ kz¥-amb Dt±-iy-ßfpw

kz¥-amb I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-ap≈ Hcp kzX-{¥-cm-{„o-b-i-‡n-bmbn

cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXXv. kz¥w kmº-Øn-Im-h-iy-ßƒ°p-th≠n

am{X-a√, cmPy-Øns‚ cm{„o-bm-h-iy-ßƒ°p-th-≠nbpw Ah¿ ka-

c-ßƒ \S-Øm≥ XpSßn. Pmen-b≥hm-em-_m-Knse Iq´-s°m-e-

Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn Ah¿ \S-Ønb {]Xn-tj-[-k-acw FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø-

°-XmWv. 1919se sam¨tSKp ˛ sNwkvt^m¿Uv `c-W-]-cn-jv°m-c-

ßƒ Ah-cpsS Akw-Xr-]vXnsb Bfn-°-Øn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

Cu ]pXnb DW¿hn-s\-°p-dn®v 1920¬ se\n≥ Cßs\ FgpXn:

""{_nó-jn-¥y-bmWv Cu cmPy-ß-fpsS ap∂-Wn-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv.

Hcp-h-iØv hymh-km-bnI sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw sdbn¬th sXmgn-

em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw hf¿®, adp-h-iØv IqsS-°qsS Iq´-s°m-ebpw (Aar-

Xvk¿) ]c-ky-amb NΩ-ń-{]-tbm-Khpw a‰pw \S-Øp∂ {_nó-jp-Im-

cpsS arKo-b-ò-I-c-X-Iƒ ˛ Ch-bpsS B[n-Iy-Øns‚ A\p-]m-X-a-\p-

k-cn®v Ah-cpsS hnπ-hhpw ]Iz-am-bn-s°m≠v hcn-I-bmWv.''1

aXhpw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sa-¥m-bn-cn-°-W-

sa-∂-XmWv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Ønepw Ccp-]Xmw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Ønepw C¥y-bnse cm{„o-b-t\-Xm-°-∑msc Ae-

ńb Hcp apJy-amb {]iv\w. hn`m-Ko-b-Nn-¥-Iƒ°p t{]m’m-l\w

\¬Inb h¿Ko-b-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-sSbpw XS- -

ßsf t\cn-´p-sIm≠v tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\sØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-sX-

ßs\ F∂mWv Ah¿ Btem-Nn-®Xv. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cWw,

lnμp˛ap…ow ssa{Xn, Abn-tØm-®m-S\w apX-emb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-

∏n¬ hcp-Øn-s°m≠v P\-ß-sf-bmsI tbmPn-∏n-®-Wn-\n-c-ØmsX

tZio-b-e-£y-ßƒ t\Sm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v Hcp hn`mKw t\Xm-°-∑m¿

A`n-{]m-b-s∏-́ -t∏mƒ aX-hn-tZz-jhpw PmXn-a-’-chpw {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS

kr„n-I-fm-sW∂pw {_nó-jp-`-c-W-a-h-km-\n-∏n-°msX C¥y-bpsS

kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-ß-sfm∂pw Xs∂ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂pw

as‰mcp hn`mKw hmZn®p. c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw

Ah¿°v ]pXn-sbmcp {]iv\-sØ-°qSn t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂p: tZio-b-{]-

ÿm-\hpw sXmgn-em-fn-{]-ÿm-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w. AtX-hsc

Gsd-°psd im¥-ambn AS-ßn-sbm-Xp-ßn-°-gn-™n-cp∂ sXmgn-em-

1. V. I. Lenin: Selected works, Vol. X, p. 731.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 297

fn-Iƒ s]s´∂v ka-c-cw-K-Øn-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ apX-em-fn-Iƒ am{X-a√,

tZio-b-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hn`m-Khpw A¥w-hn´p t]mbn. sXmgn-

em-fn-Iƒ apX-em-fn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn \S-Øp∂ ka-c-ßƒ tZio-b-{]-

ÿm-\sØ £oWn-∏n-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ Xm°o-Xp-\¬In. apX-em-fn-

Ifpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw hn´p-ho-gvN-Iƒ sNbvXp-sIm≠v

kl-I-cn®p Pohn-°-W-sa-∂mWv alm-flm-Km‘n D]-tZ-in-®Xv. sXmgn-

em-fn-I-fpsS t£a-Øn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn-°m≥ apX-em-fn-I-tfmSpw

apX-em-fn-Isf IpSpw-_-\m-Y-∑m-sc-t∏mse IW-°m-°m≥ sXmgn-em-

fn-I-tfmSpw At±lw Bh-iy-s∏´p. as‰mcp hn`mKw tZio-b-t\-Xm-

°-∑m¿ sXmgn-em-fn-I-tfmSv A\p-`mhw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS

ka-c-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ASn-b-¥-cm-h-

iy-ßƒ°p th≠n sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ ka-c-ßsf ]n¥m-ß-

W-sa∂pw sXmgn-emfn {]ÿm-\-sØbpw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-sØbpw

XΩn¬ Iqń-bn-W-°-W-sa∂pw Ah-c-`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. kn.B¿. Zmkv

]d™p: ""Ah-cpsS (sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw)

{]tXy-I-Xm-ev]-cy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw IqSp-X¬ D∂-X-amb

BZ¿i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw \ap-°-hsc kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

BZ¿i-Øn-se-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS {]tXy-I-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ kwc-

£n-°p-Ibpw AtX ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ B {]tXy-I-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ

kzcmPv F∂ e£y-tØmSv Iqdp ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.'' 1919¬

IqSnb tIm¨{K-kns‚ hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A[y-£X hln-

®p-sIm≠v tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp {]Jym-]n®p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS

PohnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw Ah¿°v thm´-h-Imiw \¬I-W-

sa∂pw. ASp-Ø-h¿jw emtlm-dn¬sh®p IqSnb tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-

f\w sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-Iƒ sIń-∏-Sp-°-W-sa∂ {]tabw

]m m°n. 1920¬ AJn-te¥ym t{SUv bqWn-b≥ tIm¨{Kkv ÿm]n-

°-s∏´p.

Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw

kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p hln® ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-

Zn-I-fmb ]ecpw ˛ {]tXy-In®pw bphm-°-∑m¿ ˛ am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ß-

fm¬ BI¿jn-°-s∏-´Xpw C°m-e-ØmWv. 1923 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw

t_mws_, a{Zmkv, I¬°Ø, Im¨]q¿, emtlm¿ F∂o hymh-

km-bnI tI{μ-ß-fn-se√mw sNdnb Iayq-WnÃv {Kq∏p-Iƒ \ne-hn¬

h∂p. Fkv.F. UmwtK, Fkv.hn. Lmt´, apkm-^¿ Al-ΩZv, in¶m-

c-thep sNń-bm¿, kIve-Xvhme apX-em-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bnse


Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ BZy-Im-e-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿. P¿a-\n-bnepw

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nepw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø cm{„o-b-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°n-

S-bnepw Iayq-WnÃv {Kq∏p-Iƒ cq]-sa-SpØp. aq∂mw C‚¿\m-j-W-

ens‚ c≠mw tIm¨{K-kn¬ tZiob˛sImtfm-Wn-b¬ {]iv\-ß-sf-

°p-dn®v se\n-\p-ambn hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw \S-Øp-Ibpw ASn-a-cm-Py-ß-fpsS

kmº-ØnI˛cm{„ob {]t£m-`-ß-fpsS \b-X-{¥-ßƒ cq]-h¬°-

cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Fw.F≥. tdmbn-bmWv A°q-´-

Øn¬ G‰hpw {]K-¤≥. tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp, emem-e-Pv]Xv dmbv,

kn.B¿. Zmkv XpS-ßnb Nne tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm-°-∑m¿, BZy-Im-

eØv {]tXy-In®pw, Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf A\p-`m-

h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ho£n-®Xv. tIm¨{K- n-\p-≈n¬ Iayq-Wn-Ãm-

i-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-cpsS kl-I-cWw {]tbm-P-\-s∏´p.

Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS Bi-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n

hnhn-[-`m-j-I-fn¬ ]{X-ßƒ {]kn≤w sNbvXp. Cw•o-jn¬ "tkmjy-

enÃv, _wKm-fn-bn¬ BZyw "\h-bpKw' ]n∂oSv "KW-hmWn"bpw, adm-

Tn-bn¬ "Io¿Øn', D¿Zp-hn¬ "C¶zn-em_v' F∂n-h-bmWv Ah-bn¬

{][m\w. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ \nc-h[n eLp-te-J-Ifpw GXm\pw

]pkvX-I-ßfpw Ah¿ {]kn≤w sNbvXp. UmwsK-bpsS "se\n\pw

Km‘nbpw', Fw.F≥. tdmbn-bpsS "]cn-h¿Ø-\-Im-e-L-´-Ønse

C¥y' F∂o ]pkvX-I-ßƒ {]tXyIw FSpØp ]d-b-Ø-°-h-bmWv.

C¥y-bpsS kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpw h¿K-_-‘-

ß-sfbpw am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw

kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn\v tIm¨{K- n-t‚-Xn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp

am¿Kw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. sXmgn-em-

fn-Ifpw CS-Ø-c-°mcpw am{X-a√, en_-d¬ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cmb Nne

[\n-I-∑mcpw CØcw {]kn-≤o-I-cW kwcw-`-ßƒ°p t{]m’m-l\w

\¬In. c©-Zmkv Zhm≥ temSvhme F∂ Hcp an√p-S-a-ÿs‚ \n¿tem-

`-amb [\-k-lm-b-tØmSp IqSn-bmWv Nne am¿IvknÃv {KŸ-ß-fpsS

]cn-`m-j-Ifpw C¥y-bpsS kmº-ØnI˛ cm{„ob {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ hni-I-e-\-ßfpw {]kn≤w sNø-s∏-´Xv. H´-\-h[n am¿IvknÃv

{KŸ-ß-f-S-ßnb Xs‚ sse{_dn At±lw sNdp-∏-°m-cmb cm{„ob

{]h¿Ø-I-∑m-cpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-th≠n \o°n-h®p. CXn-\n-Sbv°p

Xs∂ hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw Irjn-°m-cp-

sSbpw bph-P-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]e kwL-S-\-Ifpw Db¿∂p-h∂p. Cu

kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Imcpw tIm¨{K- nse CS-Xp-]-£-°mcpw

kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-SpØp.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 299

am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ß-fpsS {]Nm-chpw Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-bpsS

Bhn¿`m-hhpw sXmgn-emfn˛I¿jI˛bph-P-\-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS apt∂-

‰hpw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ Du°p-h¿[n-∏n®p. Ah tZio-b-{]-ÿm-

\-Øn\v ]pXn-sbm-c¿Yhpw ]pXn-sbmcp hym]vXnbpw ]pXn-sbmcp

ssNX-\yhpw \¬In. km{am-Py-Xz-Øn\pw \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-

cmb hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√mØ _lp-P-\-k-a-c-ß-fn-eqsS am{Xta ]q¿W-

kzm-X{¥yw t\Sm≥ Ignbq F∂ t_m[w ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-°m≥ XpSßn.

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS A\p-c-RvP-\-\-b-ßfpw Ahbv°v \ymbo-I-

cWw \¬Inb cm{„ob˛ kmº-Øn-I-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw tNmZyw sNø-

s∏´p. ]cn-]q¿W-kzm-X{¥yw A¥n-a-e-£y-a√, Hcp tkmjy-enÃv

dn∏-ªn-°n-te-°p≈ Nhn-´p-]Sn am{X-am-sW∂p {]Jym-]n-°-s∏´p.

am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ß-fpsS {]Nmcw

{_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw \mS≥ apX-em-fn-Iƒ°n-S-bnse

]n¥n-cn-∏≥ hn`m-K-ßfpw am¿Ivkn-k-Øn\pw Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-

Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn shdp-∏n-s‚bpw hntZz-j-Øn-s‚bpw tIm´-Iƒ sIń-

bp-b¿Øm≥ {ian®p. Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Imsc tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂v

H‰-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ah¿s°-Xn-cmbn ISpØ a¿Z-\-ß-f-gn-®p-hn-Sm\pw

th≠n ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ X{¥-ßfpw {]tbm-Kn®p. {]ap-J-cmb Iayq-

WnÃp t\Xm-°-∑m-sc-sb√mw aodTv KqVm-tem-N-\-t°-kn¬ IpSp°n

AdÃp sNbvXp. am¿IvknÃp {KŸ-ßƒ \ntcm-[n®p. F∂m¬,

CØcw AS-hp-Iƒs°m∂pw am¿IvknÃp {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ apt∂-

‰sØ XS-™p-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-™n√. t\sc-a-dn®v, am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚

kzm[o\w h¿[n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. a¿Z-\hpw Nqj-W-hp-an-√mØ

]pXn-sbmcp `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-ho-£Ww H´-\-h[n tZim-`n-am-

\n-Isf Bth-i-`-cn-X-cm°n. Cu L´-Øn-emWv ̀ oI-c-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬

hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ ]e bphm-°-∑mcpw ]pXnb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fpsS

shfn-®-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Isf ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥

apXn¿∂Xv. DZm-l-c-WØn\v, 1929¬ C¥y≥ sePn-t…-‰ohv Akw-

ªn-bn¬ Kh-s◊‚ v _©p-I-fpsS t\¿°v t_mws_-dn-™-Xn\v

AdÃv sNø-s∏´ `K-Xvknßv Xs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ lnμp-ÿm≥

dn∏-ªn-°≥ tkmjy-enÃv Atkm-kn-tb-js‚ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ kmc-

amb Nne am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ Xøm-dmbn. Pbn-en¬ \n∂-b® Hcp

IØn¬ At±lw Cßs\ FgpXn; ""kwL-SnX sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw

Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw i‡n-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn \n∂p-sIm≠p am{Xta

Cu cmPy-Øn\v hnP-b-I-c-amb kacw \S-Øm≥ Ignbq. t_mw_p


sIm≠pw ssItØm°p sIm≠pw \ap°v henb t\´-ß-sfm∂pw

D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√-∂mWv Fs‚ Dd® hnizmkw. lnμp-ÿm≥ dn∏-ªn-

°≥ tkmjy-enÃv Atkm-kn-tb-js‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v CXv

kv]„-amWv. sXmgn-em-fn-I-sfbpw Irjn-°m-scbpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI

F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww \ΩpsS apJy-amb Dt±iyw.'' Igp-a-c-Øn¬ Ib-

dp-∂-Xn\v Ccp-]Xp Znhkw apºv At±lw ]©m-_nse Kh¿W¿s°-

gpXn: ""apX-em-fn-Ifpw km{am-Py-hm-Zn-Ifpw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂

Nqj-W-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ FÆ-s∏-´p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p∂p. Rß-tfm-sSm-

∏-a√ Cu ka-c-am-cw-`n-®Xv. Rß-fpsS Pohn-X-ß-tfm-sSm∏w CX-h-

km-\n-°m\pw t]mIp-∂n√. Ncn{X kw`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-hn-ep≈

kml-N-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw A\n-hm-cy-^-e-am-WnXv. Rß-fpsS Ffnb

XymK-ßƒ Cu Nß-e-bpsS Hcp IÆn am{X-am-bn-cn°pw.'' `K-’nßv

Xq°n-s°m-√-s∏´p. ]t£, At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßfpw ip`-{]-Xo-

£bpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚

an° Iq´p-Imcpw a¿Z\w \S-Øp∂ hy‡n-Isf sIme-sN-øpI F∂

òI-c-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ am¿K-ap-t]-£n®v _lp-P-\-k-a-c-ßƒ kwL-

Sn-∏n-°pI F∂ Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cpsS \b-a-h-ew-_n-°m≥ XpSßn.

am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ß-fpsS {]Nmcw XS-bm≥ th≠n {_nó-jp-`-c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ssIs°m≠ I¿i-\-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv. 1929¬ sePn-t…-‰ohv Akw-ªn-bn¬ sNbvX Hcp {]kw-K-

Øn¬ tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In:

""Iºn-th-en-Ifpw Ir{Xn-a-a-d-Ifpw Db¿Øn-s°m≠v C¥y-bn-te°v

Bi-b-ßƒ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xns\ XS-bm≥ \nßƒ°p km[n-°ptam?

\nßƒ°Xp km[n-®n-cp∂ Imew t]mbn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p∂p.''

1929˛30se HutZym-KnI dnt∏m¿ń¬ Kh-s◊‚ v Xs∂ kΩ-Xn®p:

""Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn´pw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS hnhn[ ̀ mK-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw

Hcp-]-cn-[n-hsc {Kmao-W¿°n-S-bnepw Iayq-Wn-Ãm-i-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-®p-

sIm-≠n-cp∂p.... H´p-h-fsc bph-P-\-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ Iayq-WnÃv Nn”-

ßfpw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂ Imcyw {i≤m¿l-

amWv.''

]pXnb kml-N-cy-ßƒ

km¿h-eu-InI kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ß-fpsS

apt∂-‰-Øn\p klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p. temI-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ ASn-

Ø-d-bn-f-°nb AKm-[hpw km¿h-{Xn-I-hp-amb Hcp kmº-Øn-I-°p-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 301

g-∏-amWv 1929¬ s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-´Xv. Bbn-c-°-W-°n-ep≈ ^mŒ-dn-I-

fp-sSbpw _m¶p-I-fp-sSbpw XI¿® h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ sXmgn-en-√mbva,

]c-∂p-]n-Sn® ]ńWn, Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ, e£-°-W-°n-ep≈ Irjn-°m-

cp-sSbpw I®-h-S-°m-cp-sSbpw ]m∏-co-I-cWw ˛ Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-k-

ßƒ a\p-jys‚ ̀ uXn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se-Xs∂ _u≤n-Ihpw

[m¿an-I-hp-amb afi-e-ß-fnepw kwL-´-\-ß-fp-f-hm°n. kmt¶-Xn-

I-ssh-Z-Kv[y-Øn-s‚tbm D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-sStbm A]-cym-]vX-X-

sIm-≠√ B[nIyw sIm≠mWv kmº-Øn-I-°p-g∏w s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-´-

sX∂ hkvXpX hnti-jn®pw Aº-c-∏p-f-hm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. apX-

em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ `mhn-bn¬ P\-ßƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnizm-k-Øn\v

apsºm-cn-°-ep-ap-≠m-bn-ń-√mØ Cf°w Xń. \ncm-im-hm-Zhpw hnjm-

Zm-fl-I-Xbpw Xe s]m°n. aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°v ]pXn-sbm-cp-tØ-P\w

e`n®p. Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fmb Nn¥-I-∑m¿ kb≥kn\v ]nSn-In-´mØ

B[ym-fln-I-k-Ø-sb-∏‰n D¬tLm-jn-°m≥ XpSßn.

]t£, CXp Nn{X-Øns‚ Hcp-hiw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. Akz-ÿ-

Xbpw \ncm-im-t_m-[hpw ]c-∂p-]n-Sn® Cu h¿j-ß-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv

temI-Øn-seßpw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Bi-b-ßfpw ka-c-

ßfpw ]q¿hm-[nIw i‡n-s∏-´Xv. C¥y-bn¬ km{am-Pym-[n-]-Xy-Øn-

s\-Xn-cmb tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w ]pXn-sbmcp L´-Øn-te°v {]th-in®p.

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L-\-{]-ÿm\w

]p\-cm-cw-`n®p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw Irjn-°m-

cp-sSbpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw i‡n-s∏´p. a¿Z-\-Øn\pw Nqj-W-Øn-\p-

sa-Xn-cmb ka-c-ßƒ ]c-∂p-]n-Sn®p. apX-em-fn-Ø-cm-Py-ß-fpsS

FXn¿∏p-Isf hI-sh-bv°msX apt∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ tkmhn-b‰v

bqWn-bs‚ t\´-ßƒ Ahsc Bthiw sIm≈n®p. temI-ap-X-em-

fnØw òI-c-amb Ipg-∏-Øn-e-I-s∏´ AtX-Im-e-ØmWv tkmhn-b‰v

bqWn-b-\n¬ H∂m-asØ ]©-h-’-c-km-º-ØnI ]≤Xn hnP-bn-®-

sX∂ hkvXpX {]tXyIw {i≤m¿l-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]ń-Wnbpw

A⁄-Xbpw Nqj-Whpw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ a‰p sshcq-]y-ßfpw

IqSmsX A`n-hr-≤n-bn-te°v apt∂-dm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-

k-Øn\p ]pXn-sbmcp {]tNm-Z\w e`n®p. Nn¥n-°p∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ

Xß-fp-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-t]m∂ ]gb aqey-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Xß-fpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-]-c-amb kao-]-\-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ sNøm≥ \n¿_-

≤-cmbn.


djy≥ hnπ-h-Øns‚ t\ -́ßƒ

1927¬ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ kμ¿in-°p-

Ibpw djy≥ hnπ-h-Øns‚ t\´-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v "tkmhn-

b‰v djy' Fs∂mcp {KŸ-sa-gp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1930¬ cho-{μ-\mY

SmtKmdpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\n¬ t]mbn Ahn-sS-bp-≠mb ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-ßsf t\cn-´p-I≠v a\- n-em°n. tamkvtIm-hn¬ \n∂-b®

IØp-I-fn-sem-∂n¬ At±lw FgpXn: ""aqI-∑m¿°v i_vZw Inń-bn-

cn-°p∂p. A⁄-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS a\- ns‚ ad am‰n-°-gn-™n-cn-°p∂p.

Ai-c-W-∑m¿ kz¥w i‡n-sb-°p-dn®v t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°p∂p.

A[x-]-X-\-Øns‚ ]Sp-Ip-≠n¬ InS-∂n-cp-∂-h¿ kaq-l-Øns‚

Ccp≠ Kpl-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-h∂v a‰p-≈-h-tcm-sSm∏w kaXzw

Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. F´p-h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ tkmhn-

b‰v bqWn-b-\p-≠mb t\´-ß-fm-Wnh.''2 as‰mcp IØn¬ At±-l-sa-

gpXn: ""A⁄-X-bnepw A]-am-\-`m-c-Ønepw B≠p-In-S-∂n-cp∂ e£-

°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ°v ]Øp-sIm-√-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ hnZym-`ymkw am{X-

a√, a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ A¥ pw t\Sm≥ Ign™p F∂Xv Fs‚

kz¥w IÆp-IƒsIm≠v I≠n-ń-√m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ Rm≥ Hcn-°epw

hniz-kn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.''3

kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]n∂-Wn-bn¬ InS-∂n-cp∂ Xß-fpsS cmPysØ

hyh-km-b-h¬°-cn-°m-\p≈ tkmhn-b‰v P\-X-bpsS \nkzm¿Y-]-cn-

{i-a-ßsf SmtKm¿ lrZ-bw-K-a-ambn A`n-\-μn®p: ""Bhn-i-‡nbpw

hnZyp-—-‡nbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ b{¥-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØm-

Sp-IqSn cmPy-sØ-bmsI kpi-‡-am-°m≥ Ah¿ ZrV-{]-Xn⁄

sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. kabw \oń-s°m≠p t]mIm≥ Ah¿ ss[cy-s∏-

Sp-∂n√. ImcWw, apX-em-fn-Ø-tem-I-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ FXn¿∏p-I-fp-

sSbpw apºn¬ kz¥w Ign-hp-Isf am{Xw B{i-bn-®p-sIm≠v Bhp-

∂{X thK-Øn¬ Ah¿°v kzØp-°-fp¬∏m-Zn-∏nt® aXn-bmhq''

Im¿jn-I-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ ssIs°m≠

am¿K-ßƒ Xs‚ kz¥w A`n-em-j-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-h-

bm-sW∂v At±lw {]kvXm-hn®p. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ Im¿jn-I-

]-cn-jv°m-c-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\y-sØ-∏‰n At±lw FgpXn: ""H∂m-a-Xmbn,

`qan-bpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw [m¿an-I-ambn P∑n-°√, Irjn-°m-c-\mWv.

c≠m-a-Xmbn, kl-I-c-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-ff Iq´p-Irjn sIm≠-√msX

Irjn Hcn-°epw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-I-bn√.''

2. Rabindranath Tagore: Letters From Russia, P. 40.3. Ibid, P. 70.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 303

am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw

C¥y-bnse {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ SmtKm-dns‚ "djy-bn¬

\n∂p≈ IØp-Iƒ' \ntcm-[n®p. F¶nepw tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚

kzm[o-\-i‡n XS-bm≥ Ah¿°v Ign-™n√. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-

te¿s∏´ bphm-°-∑m¿°v Xß-fpsS e£y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp

]pXnb t_m[hpw ]pXn-sbm-cm-fl-hn-izm-khpw e`n®p. tkmhn-b‰v

bqWn-b-\n¬ sIń-∏-Sp-°-s∏-́ p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]pXnb kmaq-ly-hy-hÿ

am{X-a√, am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ßfpw Ahsc IqSp -X¬ IqSp-X¬

BI¿jn-°m≥ XpSßn. "C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬' F∂ Xs‚ {KŸ-

Øn¬ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp FgpXn:

""am¿Iv-kn-s\-°p-dn®pw se\n-s\-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]T\w Fs‚ a\-

n¬ i‡n-bmb Hcp {]Xn-I-c-W-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw Ncn-{X-sØbpw ka-

Im-eo\ kw`-h-ß-sfbpw Hcp ]pXnb shfn-®-Øn¬ ImWm≥ Fs∂

klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ncn-{X-Øn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øns‚ ]ptcm-

K-Xn-bp-sSbpw \o≠ irwJ-ebv°v Hc¿Yhpw Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘hpw

Ds≠∂p tXm∂n. `mhn-bpsS hy‡X Ipsd-sbms° \oßp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.... am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\nI ho£-W-Ønse an° `mK-

ßfpw F\n°v hnjaw IqSmsX kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw. AXnse

GI-X-Xz-hmZw, a\- n-s‚bpw ùXn-I-k-Ø-bp-sSbpw AssZzXw,

ùXn-I-k-Ø-bpsS Ne-\m-fl-IX, ]cn-Wma˛hnπ-h-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

{Inbm˛{]Xn-{In-b-I-fn-eq-sSbpw ]£w, ]q¿h-]£w, ka-\zbw F∂n-

h-bn-eq-sS-bp-ap≈ \nc-¥-c-amb am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Zzμzm-fl-I-hmZw

F∂n-h-sb√mw.''4

Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ At±-l-sa-gpXn: ""kn≤m-¥-]-c-amb ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø-

Øns‚ A`mhw, Hcp khn-ti-j-ho-£-W-K-Xnbpw kao-]-\-co-Xnbpw,

{]h¿Ø-\-tØm-Sp≈ at\m-̀ mhw F∂n-h-bn-emWv am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚

aqeyw apgp-h\pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv Fs∂-\n°p tXm∂p∂p. B

ho£-W-KXn \ΩpsS kz¥w Ime-Ønse kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßƒ

a\- n-em-°m≥ \sΩ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw tamN-\-

Øn-\p-ap≈ am¿Kw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-X-cn-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''5

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ t\´-ßfpw am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ßfpw Ph-

l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hn-s\-t∏m-ep≈ cm{„o-b-t\-Xm-°-∑m-scbpw cho-{μ-

\mY SmtKm-dn-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ kmln-Xy-\m-b-I-∑m-scbpw am{X-a√,

cm[m-Ir-jvW-s\-t∏m-ep≈ ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fmb XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m-

4. J. Nehru: The Discovery of india, P. 15.5. Nehru: Autobiography.


scbpw BI¿jn®p. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw am¿Ivkn-b≥ kn≤m-¥-ßsf

Ie-hd IqSmsX AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-b√, hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-

®p-sIm≠v kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]‰n-bXp am{Xw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv. am¿Ivkn-k-Ønse ùXn-I-hm-Ztam Zzμm-fl-I-amb ho£-

W-K-Xntbm A√, kmº-ØnI˛kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ kn≤m-¥-ß-fmWv Ahsc IqSp-X¬ BI¿jn-®Xv. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v, 1942¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:

""G‰hpw ISpØ hna¿i-I-∑m¿°p-t]mepw \ntj-[n-°m≥ Ign-

bmØ Hcp Imcy-ap≠v: Ata-cn-°≥ hnπ-h-sØ-°mfpw {^©p-hn-π-

h-sØ-°mfpw IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Kwò-c-amb Hcp ]co-

£-W-amWv tkmhn-b‰v djy. Nne kmaq-ly-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿ Bhn-jv°-

cn® kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `qan-bpsS Bdn-semcp

`mKØp \nh-kn-°p∂ Ccp-]Xp tImSn-tbmfw P\-ß-f-S-ßnb kap-

Zm-b-Øn-s‚-bmsI cm{„o-bhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb

LS\ apgp-h\pw am‰n-∏-Wn-bm-\p≈ Hcp ]cn-{i-a-am-WXv. c≠p Zim-

_vZ-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ P∑nbpw apX-em-fnbpw A{]-Xy-£-cm-bn-cn-°p∂p.

hy‡n-]-c-amb kzIm-cy-kw-cw-̀ -ßƒ Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw ssIth-e-°m-

cp-sSbpw sNdp-InS ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ am{X-ambn HXp°n \n¿Ø-s∏-ń-

cn-°p∂p.'' am¿IvknÃv kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu

hºn® am‰-ßƒ hcp-Ø-s∏-´-sX∂p hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠v At±lw

XpS-cp∂p: ""a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS bYm¿Ym-h-iy-ßƒ°pw B[p-\n-I-km-

t¶-XnI am¿K-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D¬∏m-Z-\-hy-h-ÿbv°pw G‰-hp-

a-[nIw tbmPn-®-XmWv am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Im-cpsS tkmjy-enÃp ]cn-]mSn.

tkmjy-en-k-sa∂ Bhiyw Hcp [m¿an-Im-h-iy-I-X-bmWv.''6

am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ XXz-imkv{Xw

F∂m¬, am¿Ivknkw P\-ß-fpsS kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-

hp-amb {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ F{X-Xs∂ {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-sW-

¶nepw AXns‚ Zm¿i-\nI kn≤m-¥-ß-tfmSv X\n-s°m-cn-°epw

tbmPn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Xpd-∂p-]-d™p: ""Zcn-{Z-

∑m-cp-sSbpw A[x-Ir-X-cp-sSbpw ÿnXn-bn-ep≈ DXv°WvT, kºØpw

Ah-k-chpw IqSp-X¬ \oXn-]q¿h-ambn hnX-cWw sNø-W-sa∂

Bhiyw, kmaq-ly-k-aXzw thW-sa∂ \n¿_‘w F∂o Imcy-ß-

fn¬ F√m Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw tbmPn-°p∂ Hcp kmaq-ly-k-tμiw

6. S. Radhakrishnan: Religion and Society, P. 25.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 305

AXp \¬Ip-∂p≠v. F∂m¬, kmaq-ly-]-cn-]m-Sn-tbmSv \ap°v kl-

Xm-]-ap≠v F∂-Xp-sIm≠v \Ωƒ A\n-hm-cy-ambpw am¿Ivkn-k-

Øns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿i-\-tØmSpw ]c-a-bm-Ym¿Yy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

AXns‚ \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-amb k¶-ev]tØmSpw a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn-®p≈

AXns‚ bYmXY-ho-£-W-tØmSpw hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øns‚ ]hn-

{X-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ AXns‚ Ah-K-W-\m-`m-h-tØmSpw tbmPn-®p-sIm-

≈-W-sa-∂n√. kmaq-ly-hn-π-h-Øns‚ ̂ e-{]-Z-amb Hcp-]-I-c-W-sa∂

\nebv°v am¿Ivkn-k-tØmSv A\p-`mhw ImWn-°p-∂Xpw AXns‚

Zm¿i-\n-I-amb ]›m-Øew AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw c≠pw c≠mWv.''7

am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-k-tμiw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AtX-

k-a-bØp Xs∂ AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-amb XXz-Nn-¥sb \ncm-I-cn-

°p-I-bp-amWv cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ sNøp-∂Xv. am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ Zm¿i-

\n-I-ho-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-cm-in-tbm-Sp≈ [m¿an-I-k-ao-]-\-Øn-

s‚bpw ]cn-W-X-^-e-amWv AXns‚ kmaq-ly-k-tμiw F∂

hkvXpX At±lw hnkva-cn-°p∂p. ""tkmjy-enkw Hcp [m¿an-Im-h-

iy-amWv'' F∂-t±lw kΩ-Xn-°p∂p. ]t£, AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂,

am¿Ivkn-k-Øn-e-S-ßnb [m¿an-I-aq -eysØ At±lw tNmZyw

sNøp∂p. Cu \ne-]m-Sn¬ Hcp ]¥n-tI-Snt√?

am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ XXz-imkv{Xw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-amWv F∂Xp

icn-bmWv. ssZh-sa∂ k¶-ev]-Øn\v AXn¬ ÿm\-an√. ]t£,

ssZh-Øn\v ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂n√ F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw GsX-¶n-ep-

samcp XXz-imkv{Xw Bflo-b-aq-ey-ß-sftbm a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-ssh-

in-„y-sØtbm \ntj-[n-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bptam? Cs√-

∂mWv `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bpsS Ncn{Xw hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv. Cu {KŸ-

Øns‚ BZy-̀ m-K-ß-fn¬ \Ωƒ I≠p Ign-™-Xp-t]mse an° {]mNo-

\-`m-c-Xob Z¿i-\-ßfpw ˛ ùXn-I-hm-Z-Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∂-t]mse Xs∂

Bflo-b-hm-Z-Z¿i-\-ßfpw ̨ ssZh-Øn\v ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂n√. As√-

¶n¬ Ah ssZh-Øn\p \¬Ip∂ ÿm\w hfsc A{]-[m-\-amWv.

F¶nepw, Ah-sb√mw Xs∂ a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-sØbpw

sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Ønse [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ß-sfbpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂p.

s\lvdp Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse GI-X-Xz-hm-Z-Øn¬ Du∂p∂

AssZz-X-ho-£-W-amWv am¿Ivkn-k-Øn-t‚Xv. a\ pw ùXn-I-k-

Øbpw XΩn¬, Bflmhpw ico-chpw XΩn¬, \nI-Øm-\m-hmØ

sshcp-[ytam ssZzX-`m-htam Ds≠∂v AXv Icp-Xp-∂n√. F∂m¬,

am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ AssZzXw i¶-c≥, slK¬ apX-emb Bflo-b-

7. Ibid.


hm-Zn-I-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-amWv. AXp-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xv

Bflo-b-hm-Z-sØ-b√, ùXn-I-hm-Z-sØ-bmWv. ùXn-I-hm-Z-sa-∂p-sh-

®m¬ ùXn-I-k-ºØv Ip∂p-Iq-´m-\p≈ B{Klw Ft∂m Bflo-b-

aq-ey-ß-fpsS \ntj[w Ft∂m A√ A¿Yw. {]]-t©m¬]-Øn-sb-

°p-dn®pw {]]-©-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ ÿm\-sa-s¥-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p-

ap≈ Hcp ho£-W-K-Xn-bm-WXv. am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬

a\p-jys‚ C{μn-bm-\p-`-h-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ PKØv anYy-b√,

bmYm¿Yy-amWv. \nXyhpw A\-¥hpw A\-iz-chpw kZm amdn-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ùXn-I-k-Ø-bmWv ùXn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb

F√m {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-Ø-d-sb∂v AXv kn≤m-

¥n-°p∂p. {]Ir-Xn°pw {]]-©-Øn\pw AXo-X-amb bmsbmcp Znhy-

{]-Xn-`m-k-sØbpw AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n√. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw kaq-

l-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jys\ th¿Xn-cn®v

\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bn√. a\p-jy-\mWv F√m-‰n-s‚bpw tI{μw F∂pw

{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw Ncn-{X-sØbpw am‰n adn-°m≥ Ign-

hp≈ a\p-jy\v _u≤n-Ihpw Imbn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn-eqsS ]q¿W-X-bn-te°v apt∂-dm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pw AXv {]Jym-

]n-°p∂p.

]pXnb e£yhpw ]pXnb t_m[hpw

bqtdm-∏nse aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw \thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚bpw

AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI hnπ-h-ß-fp-sSbpw

Ime-L-́ -Ønse Zm¿i-\nI Nn¥-I-fn-e-S-ßnb am\p-jnI aqey-ß-fpsS

bp‡n-bp-‡-amb ]cn-Wm-a-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv am¿Ivknkw Bhn¿`-

hn-®Xv. apX-em-fn-tØm¬∏m-Z\ coXn-tbm-sSm∏w ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-°m≥ XpS-

ßnb Ak-a-Xz-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw A\y-Xm-t_m-[-Øn¬ \n∂pw a¿Z\w,

NqjWw XpS-ßnb a‰p arKo-b-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jys\ tamNn-∏n-

°m-\p≈ Hcp P\-Io-b-{]-ÿm-\-sØ-bmWv AXv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®Xv.

a\p-jys‚ tamN-\-am-bn-cp∂p `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-sSbpw e£yw.

F∂m¬, sFln-I-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\S-W-sa-¶n¬ a\p-

jys\ a\p-jy-\-√m-Xm-°n-Øo¿°p∂ kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ßsf am‰p-

Ibpw h¿K-ssh-cp-[y-ß-f-h-km-\n-∏n®v h¿K-c-ln-X-amb Hcp kmaq-

ly-hy-hÿ sIń-∏-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂v am¿Ivknkw kn≤m-

¥n®p. CXmWv tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ [m¿an-I-amb ImX¬. a\p-

jys‚ \∑bv°pw A`n-hr-≤n°pw th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-tS≠

D¬∏m-Z-\-hn-X-c-tWm-]-I-c-W-ßsf kz¥w em`-Øn-\p-th≠n kzIm-

cy-kz-Øm°n shbv°p∂ Nqj-I-h¿K-°m-cpsS kmº-Øn-Ihpw cm{„o-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 307

bzp-amb B[n-]-Xy-a-h-km-\n-∏n®v A[zm-\n-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS B[n-

]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv tkmjy-enkw ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ Ah-

tiym-]m-[n-sb∂pw am¿Ivknkw Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p.

ap∏-Xp-I-fn-emWv CØcw Bi-b-ßƒ C¥y-bnse ]ptcm-K-a-\-

hm-Zn-I-fmb cm{„o-b-{]-h¿Ø-I-∑m-scbpw ka-tcm-’p-I-cmb sXmgn-

em-fn-{]-h¿Ø-I-∑m-scbpw apsº-∂-tØ-°m-fp-a-[nIw BI¿jn-®Xv.

Hcp-h-iØv a¿Z-\-ßƒ°pw Nqj-W-ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmbn IqSp-X¬

hotdm-Sp-Iq-Snb ka-c-ßƒ \S-Øm\pw adp-h-iØv tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm-

°-∑m-cpsS A\p-c-RvP\ at\m-`m-hsØ FXn¿°m\pw Ah klm-

bn®p. F∂m¬, am¿Ivknkw _lp-P-\-k-a-c-ßƒ°p {]tNm-Z\w

\¬Inb Hcp Bi-b-kw-lnX am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. AXv Pohn-X-Øn\v

]pXn-sbm-c¿Yhpw ]pXn-sbmcp e£yhpw \¬In. s\lvdp-hns‚

hm°p-I-fn¬: ""hnim-ehpw k¿h-tXm-ap-J-hp-amb Cu ho£-W-K-Xn-

bpsS klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn, Imcy-ßƒ icn°p a\- n-em-°p∂ Iayq-

Wn-Ãp-Im-c≥ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kPo-h-amb Hcp

t_m[w hf¿Øn-s°m≠p hcp∂p. Ahs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw,

cm{„o-b-Im-cy-ßƒ shdpw Ah-k-c-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]t´m-e-Itfm Ccp-

ń¬ X∏n-Ø-S-btem A√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. Ah≥ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥

{ian-°p∂ BZ¿ihpw Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßfpw Ahs‚ ka-c-ßƒ°pw

kza-\- mse t\cn-Sp∂ XymK-ßƒ°pw Hc¿Y-ap-≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p∂p.

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS hn[nbpw e£yhpw km£m¬°-cn-°m≥ th≠n

apt∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ al-Ømb ssk\y-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-amWv

Xm≥ F∂v Ah\v tXm∂m≥ XpS-ßp∂p. Ncn-{X-tØm-sSm∏w ASn-

sh-®-Sn-sh®v apt∂m´p \oßm-\p≈ Hcp t_m[hpw Abmƒ°p-≠m-

bn-Øo-cp∂p.''

Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw XS- -ßfpw

F∂m¬, kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ A\nIqe-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

C¥y-bn¬ am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ß-fpsS hf¿® A{X kpK-a-sam-∂p-am-

bn-cp-∂n√. {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw \mS≥ ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-

°mcpw ]n¥n-cn-∏-∑m-cmb cm{„o-b-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚

kzm[o-\sØ XS-™p-\n¿Øm≥ Bhp-∂Xpw ]cn-{i-an®p. am¿-IvknÃp

{KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´p. AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ am¿Ivkn-

k-Øns‚ i{Xp-°-sf-gp-Xnb {KŸ-ßƒ°v hn]p-e-amb {]Nmcw \¬I-

s∏´p. am¿Ivkn-k-Øn-te°v BI¿jn-°-s∏-́ -h¿°p-t]mepw ]e-t∏mgpw

FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS {KŸ-ßsf B{i-bn-t°-≠n-h∂p.


c≠m-a-Xmbn, am¿Ivkn-b≥ XXz-ßsf ]e-X-c-Ønepw hf-s®m-

Sn-°p-Ibpw Zp¿hym-Jym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Ãmens‚ B[n-]Xyw

\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv C¥y-bn¬ am¿Ivkn-Ãm-i-b-ßƒ {]N-

cn-®Xv. Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Imcpw Iayq-Wn-Ãm-\p-`m-hn-I-fmb _p≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ãmen-\n-k-sØ-bmWv am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬

Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®Xv. Ah¿ am¿Ivkn-ksØ kº-ØnI˛cm{„ob {]iv\-

ß-fn¬ HXp-°n-\n¿Øp-Ibpw AXns‚ A¥- -Ø-bmb a\p-jy-

kvt\-lsØ Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ãmen-\nÃv tkz—m-[n-]-

Xy-Øns‚ òI-c-`-c-Whpw hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Itø-‰-

ßfpw tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS A\n-hm-tcym-]m-[n-I-fm-

sW∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn®p. tkmjy-enkw, F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn, Hcp [m¿an-

Im-h-iy-am-sW∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™n√.

aq∂m-a-Xmbn, am¿Ivkn-ksØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-

cpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-amb a¿°-S-ap-„nbpw hn`m-Kob kao-]-\hpw P\-

ß-sf-bmsI tbmPn-∏n-®-Wn-\n-c-Øm-\√, Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-c-√mØ H´-

\-h[n tZim-`n-am-\n-Isf i{Xp-°-fm°n am‰m-\mWv klm-bn-®Xv. D≤-

c-Wn-Ifpw t^m¿ap-e-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂n√ kaq¿Ø-amb kmaq-ly-km-º-

ØnI hyh-ÿ-bpsS imkv{Xo-bm-]-{K-Y-\-am-bn-cp∂p Bhiyw. C¥y-

bpsS tZiob khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-ß-

sfbpw h¿K-_-‘-ß-fpsS k¶o¿W-X-I-sfbpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°mØ

ap{Zm-hm-Iy-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-i‡n h¿[n-

∏n-°m≥ ]‰n-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂n√.

\mem-a-Xmbn, am¿Ivkn-k-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Ah-Kmlw tIhew D]-

cn-Xe kv]¿in-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Iayq-WnÃv t\Xm-°-∑m¿°p ]e-

t∏mgpw C¥y-bpsS kmaqly˛cm{„ob kw -̀h-hn-Im-k-ßsf imkv{Xo-

b-ambn A]-{K-Yn®p a\- n-em-°m\pw icn-bmb I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

Bhn-jv°-cn-°m\pw km[n-°msX t]mbn. sX‰mb kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-

sSbpw {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw ê-ambn Ah¿ H∂n-e-[nIw

{]mhiyw km{am-Py-hn-cp≤ tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-I-fn¬

\n∂v AI∂p \n¬°p-I-t]mepw sNbvXp. Cu sX‰p-Iƒ Iayq-Wn-

Ãp-Im-cpsS imkv{Xob ssNX-\ysØ £X-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw am¿Ivkn-

k-Øns‚ hf¿®sb XS-bm-\p-amWv D]-I-cn-®Xv.

CØcw t]mcm-bva-I-sfm-s°-bp-≠m-bn´pw, sas√-sa-s√-bm-sW-

¶nepw, am¿Ivknkw C¥y-bpsS aÆn¬ thcq-∂m≥ XpSßn. Fs¥-

∂m¬, B[p-\n-I-̀ m-c-X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcm-h-iy-I-X-bm-bn-cp∂p

AXv.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 309

42. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw tkmjy-en-k-Øn\pw

th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse Zi-e-£-°-W-°n-ep≈ P\-

ßƒ°v Bth-ihpw {]tNm-Z-\hpw \¬Inb Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-

hns‚ _lp-ap-J-amb {]Xn` Ncn-{X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cn-

°p∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ°pw BZ¿i-ßƒ°pw cq]w

\¬Inb Zm¿i-\n-I-ß-fmb A¥¿[m-c-Isf A]-{K-Yn®p a\- n-em-

°-W-sa-¶n¬ At±lw P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn-te°v H∂p

ItÆm-Sn®p t\mt°-≠-Xm-h-iy-amWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, At±-l-Øns‚

Zm¿i-\n-I-amb ho£-W-KXn kmaq-lyhpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb kml-

N-cy-ß-fpsS {]£p-_v[m-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v H‰-s∏´ kzÿhpw Ae-

k-hp-amb Hcp Pohn-X-Øns‚ kr„n-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. At±-lsØ kw_-

‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, kmaq-ly-km-l-l-N-cy-ßsf am‰n adn-°m\pw hni∏v,

tcmKw, A⁄X apX-em-b-h-bpsS ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂v P\-ßsf tamNn-

∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcm-bp-[-am-bn-cp∂p XXz-imkv{Xw. P\-ß-fpsS {Inbm-

fl-I-a-amb i‡n-bn-ep≈ AKm-[-amb hnizm-k-amWv AXn\v

HmP pw Xo£vW-Xbpw \¬In-bXv.

bph-Xz-Øns‚ kml-N-cy-ßƒ

1889¬ Ae-l-_m-Znse Hcp Ipeo-\-Ipw-_-Øn-emWv Ph-l¿em¬

P\n-®Xv. A—≥, tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp, [mcmfw ]Ww kºm-Zn-®p-

sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcp h°o-em-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v [\n-I-Ip-Spw-_-ß-

fnse Ipń-Iƒ°p e`n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂ F√m kpJ-ku-I-cy-ßfpw

emf-\-Ifpw Ph-l¿em-en-s\bpw A\p-{K-ln®p. F¶nepw, Ipń-°m-


eØp Xs∂ cm{„o-b-Im-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI

]mc-º-cy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ apXn¿∂-h-cpsS kw`m-j-W-ßƒ At±-

lsØ BI¿jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ {KŸ-ßƒ

hmbn®p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xnepw At±-l-Øn\v Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]Xn-

\-©m-asØ hb- n¬ D∂X hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n At±lw Cw•-

≠n-te-°-b-°-s∏´p. C¥y-bnse tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v ]pXn-sbmcp

then-tb-‰-ap-≠m-hm≥ XpS-ßnb Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. _wKmƒ hn`-

P-\hpw AXn-t\-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb {]t£m-`-k-a-c-ßfpw tIm¨{K-

knse anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw XΩn-ep-≠mb kwL-´-\-ß-fp-

sa√mw At±-l-Øns‚ {i≤sb BI¿jn®p. tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp-

hns‚ A\p-`mhw anX-hm-Zn-I-tfm-Sm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, bphm-hmb Ph-

l¿em-ens\ IqSp-X¬ BI¿jn-®Xv Xne-I≥, Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv XpS-

ßnb Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fmWv. Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ At±lw Cßs\ A\p-kva-

cn-°p∂p: ""Xne-Is‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw XS-hp-in-£-sb-∏-‰nbpw

Ac-hn-μ-tLm-jn-s\-∏-‰nbpw _wKm-fnse km[m-c-W-P-\-ßƒ kztZ-

in-bp-sSbpw _ln-jv°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xn-⁄-I-sf-SpØ coXn-sb-

∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ Cw•-≠n¬ hkn-®n-cp∂ C¥y-°m-cmb

Rßsf Cf-°n-a-dn®p. Hscm‰ Bfpw _m°n-bn-√msX F∂p-Xs∂

]dbmw, Rß-sf-√m-hcpw Xne-Is‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn, AXm-bXv

Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fmbn. Cu t]cn-emWv ]pXnb I£n C¥y-bn¬ Adn-b-

s∏-´Xv.''1

Ggp-sIm√w Cw•-≠n¬ Ign-®p-Iq-ń-b-Xn-\p-tijw, 1912¬, Ph-

l¿em¬ s\lvdp C¥y-bn -te°v aS -ßp-Ibpw Ae-l-_mZv

sslt°m¿ń¬ Hcp h°o-embn {]mŒokv Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]t£, Ncn{Xw At±-lsØ ̀ mc-ta¬∏n® {]hrØn as‰m-∂m-bn-cp∂p.

H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ Xnc-∏p-d-∏mSv, Xne-I-s‚bpw B\n-_-

k‚n-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-cw-`n® tlmwdqƒ {]ÿm\w, Ad-Ãp-

Ifpw a¿Z-\-ßfpw, Pmen-b≥hm-em-_m-Knse Iq´-s°me, AXn-s\-

Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb cmPy-hym-]-I-amb {]Xn-tj[ {]I-S-\-ßƒ ˛ Ch-

sb√mw s\lvdp-hns‚ a\- n¬ i‡n-bmb {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m°n.

Cu L´-Øn-emWv Km‘nPn cwK-Øp-h-∂Xv. AtXmsS C¥y-bpsS

kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Ønse Hcp ]pXnb L´w DZvLm-S\w sNø-s∏´p.

Km‘n-bpsS Blzm-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Ph-l¿em¬ knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L-

\-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-te°v IpXn-®p-Nm-Sp-Ibpw Pohn-X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn 1921¬

1. Jawaharlal Nehru: An Autobiography, P. 21.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 311

Pbn¬hm-k-Øns‚ kzmZ-\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \n -l-I-c-W-{]-

ÿm\w ]n≥h-en-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ {i≤ I¿j-I-

{]-ÿm-\-Øn-te°v Xncn™p. ]mh-s∏´ Irjn-°m-cpsS Pohn-X-coXn

t\cn-´p-I≠p a\- n-em-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ah-kcw e`n®p. Ah-

cpsS Zmcn-{Zyhpw A[-ÿn-Xnbpw \nc-£-c-Xbpw At±-l-Øns‚ a\-

n¬ ]pXnb Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m°n. `qcn-]-£-°m-cmb Irjn-°m-cpsS

]ń-Wnbpw I„-∏mSpw A⁄-Xbpw ]cn-l-cn-°msX cmPy-Øn\p

tamN-\-an-s√∂pw AXp-sIm≠v a¿Z-\-Øn\pw Nqj-W-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmb

ka-c-ßƒ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo-c-W-sa∂pw At±-l-

Øn\p t_m[y-ambn. Aßs\ At±-l-Øns‚ cm{„o-b-N-{I-hmfw

IqSp-X¬ hnim-e-am-hm≥ XpSßn.

bqtdm-∏nse A\p-`-h-]m-T-ßƒ

1926¬ At±lw Hcp bqtdm-]y≥ ]cy-S\w \SØn. Cw•-≠n¬

I¬°cn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb ]Wn-ap-S°w \S-∂p-

sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-̀ mhw, kzm`m-

hn-I-am-bn-Øs∂, ]Wn-ap-S-°nb sXmgn-em-fn-I-tfm-Sm-bn-cp∂p. 1927¬

{_ ¬kn¬sh®v IqSnb km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-≤-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ C¥y≥

\mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn At±lw ]s¶-SpØp.

sdmta≥ sdmfmßv, sF≥ssÃ≥, aZmw k≥bm-’≥ F∂n-ßs\

H´-\-h[n _p≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw cm{„o-b-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw ]s¶-SpØ B

ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬sh-®mWv "km{am-Pym-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb eoKv' cq]-

h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´Xv. {_ ¬kv ktΩ-f-\hpw eoKns‚ IΩn-‰n-tbm-K-

ßfpw X\n°v sImtfm-Wn-b¬ P\-X-I-fpsS ka-c-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw

bqtdm-∏nse tkmjy-enÃv ˛ Iayq-Wnkv‰v {]ÿm-\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw

sXmgn-emfn {]ÿm-\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬In-

sb∂v At±lw ]n∂oSv {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. sXmgn-emfn

{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xm-°-∑m¿ c≠mw C‚¿\m-j-W-en¬ s]´

tkmjy-en-Ãp-Imtcm aq∂mw C‚¿\m-j-W-en¬s]´ Iayq-Wn-Ãp-

Imtcm Bbn-cp∂p. tkmjy-en-Ãp-Imsc At]-£n®v Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-

cmWv At±-lsØ IqSp-X-em-I¿jn-®Xv. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""c≠mw

C‚¿\m-j-W-en-s‚bpw aq∂mw C‚¿\m-j-W-en-s‚bpw sXmgn-emfn

temI-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Fs‚ A\p-`mhw c≠m-aXp

]d™ Iq´-tcm-Sm-bn-cp∂p. H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w apX¬°p≈

c≠mw C‚¿\m-j-W-ens‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n¬ Atß-b-‰sØ

A\n-„-amWv P\n-∏n-®Xv. C¥y-°m-cmb Rßƒ°m-sW-¶n¬ c≠mw


C‚¿\m-j-W-ens‚ Dd® A\p-bm-bn-I-fn-sem-∂ns‚ ̨ {_nójv te_¿

]m¿ń-bpsS ˛ am¿K-ß-sf-∏‰n t\cn-´p≈ [mcmfw A\p-`-h-ß-fp-ap-

≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ A\n-hm-cy-ambpw kulr-Z-tØm-Sp-

IqSn Iayq-Wn-k-Øn-te°v Xncn™p. Fs¥-∂m¬, AXn\v Fs¥m-

s°-Øs∂ Zu¿_-ey-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂mepw Bfl-h-©-\tbm km{am-

Pym-[n-]-Xy-tØmSv {]Xn-]-Øntbm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. AsXmcp ssk≤m-

¥n-I-amb AwKo-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Iayq-Wn-k-Øns‚ kq£va-h-

i-ß-sf-∏‰n F\n°v hf-sc-sbm∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-bn-cp∂p. Fs‚

]cn-Nbw AXns‚ kmam-\y-kz-`m-h-ß-fn¬ HXp-ßn-\n¬°p-∂-Xm-bn-

cp∂p. Cu kmam-\y-kz-`m-h-ßfpw AtXm-sSm∏w djy-bn¬ D≠m-bn-

s°m-≠n-cp∂ Kwò-c-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Fs∂ BI¿jn®p.''2

Iayq-Wn-k-Øns‚ kmam\y kz`m-h-ß-fm¬ BI¿jn-°-s∏-´p-

sh-¶nepw At±-l-Øn\v Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cpsS s]cp-am‰w Xr]vXn-I-c-

ambn tXm∂n-bn√. CX-t±lw Xpd∂p ]d-bp-∂p≠v: ""Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿

Xß-fpsS tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb am¿K-ßƒsIm≠pw B{I-a-W-]-

chpw Gsd-°psd A«o-e-hp-amb \S-]-Sn-IƒsIm≠pw Xß-tfmSp

tbmPn-°mØ F√m-h-scbpw X≈n-∏-d-bpI F∂ kz`m-hw-sIm≠pw

Fs∂ ]e-t∏mgpw t£m`n-∏n®p. Cu {]Xn-I-cWw Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-

Xp-t]mse, Fs‚ _q¿jzm-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-

s‚bpw ê-am-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.''3

tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ apt∂‰w

C¥y-bn¬ Xncn-®p-h∂ DS-s\-Xs∂ At±lw Iptd-°qSn hy‡-

amb ImgvN-∏m-tSmSpw IqSp-X¬ D’m-l-tØmSpw IqSn km{am-Py-hn-

cp-≤-{]-t£m-`-ß-fn¬ apgpIn. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn\v At±lw ]pXn-

sbm-c¿Yhpw ]pXn-sbmcp ssNX-\yhpw \¬In. At±-lsØ kw_-

‘n-®n-S-tØmfw cm{„o-b-kzm-X{¥yw kzb-samcp e£y-a-√m-Xm-bn-

Øo¿∂p. C¥y-bpsS e£yw sUmao-\n-b≥ ]Z-hn-b√, ]q¿W-kzm-

X-{¥y-am-sW∂p {]Jym-]n® Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb emtlm¿ tIm¨{K-

n¬ A[y-£-X-h-ln-®p-sIm≠v At±lw hy‡-am°n: ""Rm≥ Hcp

tkmjy-enÃpw dn∏-ªn-°-\p-am-sW∂p Xpd∂p kΩ-Xn-°p∂p. cmPm-

°-∑m-cntem N{I-h¿Øn-am-cntem B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-cm-Pm-°-∑msc

kr„n-°p∂ C∂sØ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bntem F\n°v hnizm-k-

2. J. Nehru: An Autobiography, P. 163.3. Ibid.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 313

an√. Cu hyh-km-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿°v P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw

`mK-t[-b-Øn-s‚bpw ta¬ ]g-b-Im-esØ cmPm-°-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂-Xn-ep-a-[nIw A[n-Im-c-i-‡n-bp≠v. Ah-cpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a-am-Is´,

]gb \mSp-hmgn {]`p-°-fp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ ]g-©-\p-amWv.''

kzmX-{¥y-k-ac-Ønse {]£p-_v[-amb Hcp L -́am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

alm-Xvam-Km-‘n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-cw-`n® \n -l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm\w

P\-ßsf Bth-i-`-cn-X-cm°n. ASnbpw shSnbpw sIm≈m\pw Ad-

Ãp-h-cn®p XS-h-d-Iƒ \nd-bv°m\pw th≠n ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-ep≈

kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ apt∂m-´p-h∂p. Aizm-cq-V-amb s]meo-kp-Im-cpsS

HcSn sIm≠-t∏mƒ s\lvdp HutZym-Kn-I-amb {Iqc-X-bpsS kzmZv t\cn-

´-\p-`-hn®p. F∂m¬, CØcw a¿Z-\-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ a\-

ssÿcyw IqSp-X¬ h¿[n-∏n-°m-\mWv klm-bn-®Xv. Pbn-en¬ Ign-

®p-Iq-ńb ImeØv At±lw IØp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ Hcp temI-N-cn-

{X-sa-gp-Xn-bp-≠m°n. C¥ym-N-cn-{XsØ km¿h-eu-InI kw`-h-hn-Im-

k-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øns°m≠v ]cntim-[n-°m\pw C¥y-bpsS

kzmX-{¥y-k-a-csØ temI-Øn-sem-´p-°p-ap≈ a¿Zn-X-P-\-X-I-fpsS

hntam-N-\-k-a-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ImWm\pw {ian® BZysØ

C¥y≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ At±-l-am-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p. F∂m¬, Hcp

Ncn-{X-]-fin-X-s\∂ \ne-bv°√, adn®v, kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pw ]pXn-

sbmcp kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-Ønse I¿a-\n-c-X-

\mb tbm≤m-sh∂ \ne-bv°mWv, At±lw C¥y-bpsS `qX-Im-e-N-

cn-{X-Øn¬ B≠p-ap-ßn-bXv. C¥y-bpsS tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v Hcp

Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øew \¬Ip-Ibpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw amdn-

a-dn-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-Im-enI kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-

bn-ep≈ \nbm-a-I-i-‡n-Isf shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-

bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ D∂w.

tkmjy-en-k-Øn-te°v

kam-cm-[y-\mb Hcp tZio-b-t\-Xm-hmbn Pbn-en¬ \n∂p ]pd-

Øp-h∂ DS-s\-Xs∂ s\lvdp ho≠pw ka-c-ß-fpsS Xo{h-X-bn-te°v

IpXn-®p-NmSn. At±-l-Øns‚ tkmjy-en-Ãm-Z¿iw IqSp-X¬ DPz-ehpw

IqSp-X¬ hy‡-hp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1936¬ eJvs\m tIm¨{K- n¬sh®v

At±lw Cßs\ D¬tLm-jn®p: ""temI-Øn-s‚bpw C¥y-bp-sSbpw

{]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ Htc-sbm-cp-am¿Kw tkmjy-en-k-am-

sW∂v F\n°v t_m[y-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. tkmjy-en-k-sa∂ ]Zw Rm\p-

]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Ahy-‡hpw a\p-jy-kvt\-l-]-c-hp-amb A¿Y-Øn-


e√, imkv{Xo-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb A¿Y-Øn-emWv.'' tkmjy-

enkw Hcp kmº-Øn-I-kn-≤m-¥tam kmaq-ly-{I-atam am{X-a√,

AXnepw Ihn™ H∂mWv, F∂p-IqSn At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p:

""AsXmcp Pohn-X-X-Xz-amWv; B \nebv°v AsXs∂ BI¿jn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂p. sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw A[x-]-X-\hpw C¥y≥ P\-X-

bpsS ASn-a-Øhpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ tkmjy-en-k-a-√msX as‰mcp

am¿Khpw Rm≥ ImWp-∂n√. \ΩpsS cm{„ob˛kmaq-ly-L-S-\-I-fn¬

hn]p-ehpw hnπ-h-I-c-hp-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, `qan-bnepw hyh-km-

b-Øn-ep-ap≈ ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-ßfpw AtXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ C¥y-

bnse \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fnse \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-]-chpw tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-

amb hyh-ÿn-Xnbpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°¬ ˛ CsX√mw AXn-epƒs∏-

Sp∂p. CXns‚ A¿Yw Hcp sNdnb ]cn-[n-sbm-gn-®p≈ F√m kzIm-

cy-kz-Øp-S-abpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI F∂mWv; em`-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn-ep≈ C∂sØ kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv IqSp-X-ep-

b¿∂ kl-I-c-W-tk-h-\-Øns‚ BZ¿iw ÿm]n-°p-I-sb-∂mWv.

A¥n-a-ambn, \ΩpsS kl-P-hm-k-\-I-fnepw ioe-ß-fnepw B{K-lm-

`n-em-j-ß-fnepw Hcp am‰w hcp-ØpI F∂m-Wn-Xn-∂¿Yw. CXns‚

A¿Yw C∂sØ apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw

hn`n-∂-amb Hcp ]pXnb kwkv°mcw F∂mWv.''4

Cßs\, s\lvdp-hns‚ tkmjy-enkw Hcp kmº-Øn-I-hy-hÿ

am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√, Hcp Pohn-X-XXz-imkv{Xw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]ńWn,

sXmgn-en-√mbva, tcmKw, \nc-£-cX, I„-∏mSv apX-em-b-hsb XpS-®p-

\o-°pI am{X-a√, a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-ssh-in-„ysØ k¿h-tXm∑p-

J-ambn hf¿ØpI F∂-Xp-IqSn tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ e£y-at{X.

1939¬ kp`m-jvN-{μ-t_m- n-\-b® Hcp IØn¬ At±lw FgpXn: ""a\-

ÿn-Xn-sIm≠pw ]cn-io-e-\w-sIm≠pw Rms\mcp hy‡n-hm-Zn-bm-

sW∂p tXm∂p∂p. F∂m¬, _u≤n-I-ambn, F√m A¿Y-Ønepw,

Rms\mcp tkmjy-en-ÃmWv. tkmjy-enkw hy‡n-XzsØ l-\n-°p-

Itbm ASn-®-a¿Øp-Itbm sNøp-I-bn-s√∂p Rm≥ Icp-Xp∂p.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬, FÆ-a‰ a\p-jy-Po -hn -Isf kmº-Øn-Ihpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb _‘-\-Øn¬ \n∂v AXv tamNn-∏n°pw F∂-

Xp-sIm-≠mWv Rm\-Xn-te°v BIr-„-\m-bXv.''5

am¿Ivkn-b≥ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-Ibpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-

bpsS \nb-a-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-tØmSpw Pohn-X-km-l-

4. J. Nehru: India and the World, PP. 82-3.5. J. Nehru: A Bunch of Letters, P. 853.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 315

N-cy-ß-tfmSpw imkv{Xo-b-amb Hcp kao-]\w ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xns‚ ê-amWv s\lvdp-hns‚ km¿h-eu-In-I-ho-£-W-KXn.

apc-´p -X-Xz -hm-Z -Øns‚ A`m-h-Ønepw bmYm¿Yy-ß-tfm-Sp≈

imkv{Xo-b-k-ao-]-\-Øn-ep-amWv am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ i‡n InS-°p-

∂Xv F∂pw Cu khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv k¶o¿W-ß-fmb kmaq-ly-

{]-Xn-`m-k-ßsf a\- n-em-°m\pw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n

Ahsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂-sX∂pw At±lw

Du∂n-∏-d™p. ̂ e-iq-\y-amb apc-́ p-X-Xz-hm-Z-sØbpw A‘hpw aqV-

hp-amb ̀ ‡n-sbbpw At±lw ITn-\-ambn shdpØp. C¥y-bpsS sIń-

∏n-W™ bmYm¿Yy-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbvXp a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw

B bmYm¿Yy-ßsf am‰m≥ ]‰nb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]Icw am¿IvknÃv XXz-ßsf a{¥w-t]mse Dcp-

hn-´p-\-S∂ Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Imcpw At±-l-Øns‚ cq£-amb hna¿i-\-

Øn\p hnt[-b-cmbn. At±lw Xs‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn-sem-cn-SØv Fgp-

Xn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ ]d-™m¬, ]ń-Wn-bpsS

h°-sØ-Ønb \nc-h[n P\-ß-tfmSpw XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂

kmº-ØnI LS-\-tbmSpw IqSnb C¥y-sb-t∏m-se-bp≈ Hcp cmPy-

Øn¬ Iayq-Wn-k-Øn\v hn]p-e-amb kzm[o\w D≠m-tI-≠-XmWv.

Hc¿Y-Øn¬ Ahy-‡-amb B kzm[o-\-i‡n \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠p-

Xm\pw. ]t£, Iayq-Wn-Ãp-]m¿ń°v AXp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-

°p-∂n√. ImcWw, Ah¿ tZio-b-hn-Im-c-Øns‚ \ocp-d-h-I-fn¬ \n∂v

kzbw AI-∂p-amdn \n¬°p-Ibpw P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ ams‰m-en-bp-≠m-

°m≥ Ign-hn-√mØ ̀ mj-bn¬ kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Aßs\

Iayq-Wnkw Npdp-Np-dp-°p-≈-sX-¶nepw bYm¿Y-amb ASn-th-cp-I-fn-

√mØ Hcp sNdnb kwLw am{X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p∂p.''6

e£yhpw am¿Khpw

e£y-Øn-s‚bpw am¿K-Øn-s‚bpw {]iv\-Øn\v s\lvdp-hns‚

ho£-W-K-Xn-bn¬ apJy-amb Hcp ÿm\-am-Wp-≈Xv. e£yw

am¿KsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂p F∂ hmZ-tØmSv At±-l-Øn\v tbmPn-

∏n√. \√ e£y-Øn\v \√ am¿Kw IqSntb Ignbq F∂pw NoØ

am¿K-Øn¬ \n∂v NoØ êw am{Xta Df-hm-hp-I-bp≈q F∂pw

At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d™p: ""\Ωƒ D∂w-sh-bv°p∂ e£yhpw AXp

t\Sm≥th≠n Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ am¿Khpw XΩn¬ hf-sc-b-SpØ, At -̀

Zy-amb, Hcp _‘-ap-s≠∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xp∂p. e£yw icn-bm-sW-

6. J. Nehru: The Discovery of India, P. 530.


¶n¬t]mepw, am¿Kw sX‰m-sW-¶n¬ AXv e£ysØ Zpjn-∏n-°p-

Itbm sX‰mb hgn-bn-te°v \sΩ Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-Itbm sNøpw.

Aßs\ e£yhpw am¿Khpw XΩn¬ th¿s]-Sp-Øm-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w

A{Xbpw ZrV-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. aä-d™ A\-h[n alm-

c-Y-∑m¿ ]Tn-∏n® ]gb ]mT-am-WnXv. ]t£, \n¿`m-Ky-Øn\v AXv

an°-hmdpw hnkva-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.''7

djy≥ hnπ-hhpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw a\p-

jy-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnb Ime-L´w DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp F∂

Imcy-Øn¬ s\lvdp-hn\v kwi-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F¶nepw, tkmhn-

b‰v kap-Zm-b-Ønse \ntj-[m-fl-I-ßfpw am¿K-Øns‚ hnip-≤nsb

Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-h-bp-amb Nne {]hW-X-Isf At±lw hna¿in®p:

""Ahn-SsØ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw Rm\n-„-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-bm-

bn-cp∂p; As√-¶n¬, F\n°v a n-em-hm-Ø-h-bm-bn-cp∂p; Ah Ah-

k-c-hm-Z-]-ctam i‡n-cm-{„o-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-htbm BsW∂v

F\n°v tXm∂n.''8 as‰m-cn-SØv At±lw FgpXn: ""hf-sc-°m-e-ambn

tkmjy-en-khpw Iayq-Wn-khpw Fs∂ BI¿jn-®p-t]m-∂n-´p≠v.

djybpw Fs∂ BI¿jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]t£, tkmhn-b‰v djy-

bnse ]eXpw ˛ F√m FXn-c-`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw \n¿Z-b-ambn ASn-®-

a¿Ø¬, km¿h-{Xn-I-amb ]´m-f-®n´, hnhn-[-\-b-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-

tºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ A\m-h-iy-amb A{I-a-ßƒ (Aß-s\-

bmWv Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂Xv) ˛ Rm\n-„-s∏-Sp-∂n√.''9 CXns‚ A¿Yw

s\lvdp Hcp tkmhn-b‰v hntcm-[n-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂√. t\sc-a-dn®v,

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ {Inbm-fl-I-ß-fmb t\´-ßsf At±lw hf-

sc-b-[nIw hne-a-Xn®p. ""tkmhn-b‰v hnπhw a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-bsØ Hcp

IpXn-®p-Nm-́ -Øn-eqsS apt∂m-́ p-\-bn-°p-Ibpw AW-bv°-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØ

{]Im-i-am-\-amb Hcp Zo]-\mfw sImfp-Øp-Ibpw temI-Øn\v apt∂dn

FØn-t®-cm-\p≈ Hcp ]pXnb \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp''10 F∂-t±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. eJv\u tIm¨{K-

knse A[y-£-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ At±lw ho≠pw ]d™p: ""\ΩpsS

æm\-amb Ime-L-´-Ønse Bim-h-l-amb Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-sa∂ \ne-

bv°mWv ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øn-s‚bpw ]pXn-sbmcp \mK-cn-

I-X-bp-sSbpw t{ijvThpw IÆ-©n-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb B hnS¿®sb

7. J. Nehru: Speeches, (1949-53) P. 396.8. J. Nehru: The Discovery of India, P. 159. J. Nehru: An Autobiography, P. 361.10. J. Nehru: The Discovery of India, P. 15

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 317

Rm≥ t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂Xv. `mhn Bim-h-l-am-sW-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈

ImcWw tkmhn-b‰v djybpw tkmhn-b‰v djy-bpsS kw`m-h-\-I-fp-

amWv. km¿h-eu-In-I-amb Hcp hn]Øv CSbv°v IS-∂p-h-∂n-s√-¶n¬

Cu ]pXnb \mK-cn-IX adp-\m-Sp-I-fn-te°v hym]n-°p-Ibpw apX-em-

fnØw Duń-h-f¿Øp∂ bp≤-ßfpw kwL-´-\-ßfpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂v F\n-°p-d-∏p≠v.''11

tIm¨{K- nse kwL-´-\-ßƒ

s\lvdp-hns‚ CØcw {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n

t]mcm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ P\-ß-fn¬, {]tXy-In®pw bph-X-e-ap-d-bn¬,

hºn® kzm[o\w sNepØn. Ah¿ am¿Ivkn-k-sØ-∏-‰nbpw tkmjy-

en-k-sØ-∏-‰nbpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ t\´-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw IqSp-X¬

]Tn-°m\pw N¿® sNøm\pw XpSßn. Cu ]pXnb {]h-WX ÿm]nX

Xmev]-cy-°msc Aº-c-∏n-°p-Ibpw hndfn ]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

tIm¨{K- nse he-Xp-]£ hn`m-K-°mcpw Xß-fpsS Akw-Xr-

]vXnsb ad-®p-sh-®n√. Cu t]m°v XpS-cp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ph-l¿em¬

s\lvdp-hns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ tIm¨{K v h¿°nwKv IΩn-‰n-bn¬

\n∂v cmPn-sh®p t]mIm≥ Xßƒ \n¿_-≤-cm-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v h√-`m-

bn-]-t´¬, Ir]-em\n, cmtP-{μ-{]-kmZv, cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn F∂o Xe-

ap-Xn¿∂ tIm¨{K v t\Xm-°-∑m¿ òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-ØpI IqSn

sNbvXp. Xß-fpsS \ne-]mSv hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠v Ah¿ FgpXn:

""{]kn-U‚pw h¿°nwKv IΩn-‰n-bnse tkmjy-en-Ãp-Im-cmb a‰p

saº¿amcpw tkmjy-en-k-sØ-∏‰n {]Nm-c-the sNøp-Ibpw Du∂n-

∏-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv, tIm¨{K v AXw-Ko-I-cn -®n-ń -√mØ

ÿnXn°v, {]tXy-In®pw Cu L´-Øn¬, cmPy-Øns‚ DØ-a-Xm-ev]-

cy-ßƒ°pw \msa√mw {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-ambn IW-°m-°p∂ tZio-

b-kzm-X{¥y ka-c-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn\pw hnLm-X-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v

Rßƒ Icp-Xp∂p.''12

tIm¨{K v kwL-S-\-bpsS e£yw tkmjy-en-k-am-bn-cn-°-W-

sa∂v s\lvdp B{K-ln®p. ]t£, AX{X Ffp-∏-ap≈ Hcp Imcy-am-

bn-cp-∂n√. ImcWw, tIm¨{K- nse P\-kzm-[o-\-ap≈ t\Xm-°-∑m-

cn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw s\lvdp-hns‚ tkmjy-en-Ãm-i-b-ßƒs°-Xn-cm-bn-

cp∂p. s\lvdp Xs∂ ]d™p: ""tIm¨{Kkv Hcp tkmjy-enÃv

kwL-S-\-bm-bn-Øo-cW-sa∂pw ]pXn-sbmcp \mK-cn-I-X-bv°p-th≠n

11. J. Nehru: Presidential Address of the Lucknow Congress, 1936.12. Quoted in Michael Brecher, Nehru, P. 224.


]cn-{i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ temI-Ønse a‰p i‡n-I-fp-ambn AXp

kl-I-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa-∂p-amWv Rm\m-{K-ln-°p-∂Xv.

F∂m¬, tIm¨{K- nse `qcn-`m-Khpw A{X-tØmfw t]mIm≥ Xøm-

dn-s√∂v Rm≥ a\- n-em-°p∂p.... \ΩpsS tZio-b-amb ]›m-Øew

ImcWw ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf `b-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°m-hp∂ Fs¥-

¶n-ep-samcp \S-]Sn ssIs°m-≈m≥ \Ω-fn¬ an°-hcpw aSn-°p∂p.

Cu ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-°m-cn¬ an°-hcpw Ct∏mƒ \ap-s°-Xn-cmWv.

cm{„o-b-k-a-c-Øn¬ t]mepw Ah-cn¬ \n∂v FXn¿∏-√msX as‰-s¥-

¶nepw {]Xo-£n-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-bp-I-bp-an√''.

tIm¨{K- n¬ \n∂p sX‰n-∏n-cn™p t]mImt\m alm-flm-Km-

‘n-sbbpw a‰p tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm-°-∑m-scbpw shdp-∏n-°mt\m

s\lvdp Hcn-°epw C„-s∏-ń√. AXp-sIm≠v At±lw Xs‚ hnπ-

hm-i-b-ßsf ssIhn-SmsX Xs∂ £a-tbmSpw Icp-X-temSpw IqSn

sas√ sas√ apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im-\mWv Xocp-am-\n-®Xv. Hcp-`m-KØv

tIm¨{K- ns‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°-\p-kr-X-ambn Xs‚ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ hn´p-

hogvN sNøm\pw adp-`m-KØv amdnb ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ°pw P\-ß-

fpsS {]Xo-£-Iƒ°pw HØn-W-ßn-t∏m-Im≥ tIm¨{K- ns\ t{]cn-

∏n-°m\pw At±lw ]cn-{i-an®p. Cu ]cn-{i-a-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v

hnP-b-ap-≠m-bn-s√∂p ]d-bm≥ hø. At±-l-Øns‚ tkmjy-en-Ãm-

i-b-ßsf IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ P\-ßƒ ]n¥m-ßm≥ XpSßn.

tIm¨{K- n-s\-s°m≠v km{am-Pym-[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw ^mkn-k-Øn\pw

bp≤-Øn\pw FXn-cmb Hcp km¿h-eu-In-I-ho-£-W-KXn AwKo-I-cn-

∏n-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v km[n®p. Aßs\ At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬ C¥y-bnse tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w apsº-∂-tØ-°m-fp-a-[nIw

i‡n-s∏´p.

aXhpw cm{„hpw

km{am-Py-hm-Zn-Ifpw ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-°mcpw

PmXn˛aX˛ hn`m-Ko-b-Nn-¥-Iƒ°v F√m-Øcw t{]m’m-l-\-ßfpw

\¬In-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ""lnμn, lnμp, lnμp-

ÿm≥!'' F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-hp-ambn cwK-Øp-h∂ bmYm-ÿn-XnI

t\Xm-°-∑m¿ ""cm{„o-b-{]-ÿm-\sØ lnμp-h¬°-cn-°m\pw lnμp-

a-XsØ ssk\y-h¬°-cn-°m\pw {ian®p. C¥ym-cmPyw lnμp-°-fp-

tSXp am{X-am-sW∂v cm{„o-b-hn-π-h-Im-cnbpw AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂

lnμp-a-X-t\-Xm-hp-amb hn\m-bI Zmtam-Z¿k-h-°¿ {]Jym-]n®p.

""Ah¿°v (AXm-bXv lnμp-°ƒ°v) Hscm‰ kwkv°m-c-am-Wp-≈Xv.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 319

lnμp-°ƒ°v am{Xta s]mXp-hmb Hcp cm{„hpw s]mXp-hmb Hcp

kwkvIm-c-hp-ap≈p. Ah¿ C¥ysb amXr-`q-anbpw ]nXr-`q-an-bp-ambn

am{X-a√, Xß-fpsS ]pWy-`q-an-bmbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. Ah-cp-tSXp

am{X-amWv C¥y≥ cm{„w''. cm{„o-b -kzbw tkh-I-kw-L-Øns‚

t\Xm-hmb tKm¬hm¬°¿ Hcp ]Sn-IqSn apt∂m-́ p-I-S∂p. C¥y-bnse

ap…o-ßƒ Hcp hntZ-io-b-hw-i-am-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠v ChnsS ]uc-

Xz-a-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ Ah¿°-[n-Im-c-an-s√∂pw At±lw hmZn®p. 1939¬

At±lw FgpXn: lnμp-ÿm-\-Ønse Aln-μp-°ƒ lnμp-kw-kv°m-

chpw lnμp-`m-jbpw kzoI-cn-°Ww. lnμp-a-XsØ am\n-°m\pw BZ-

cn-°m\pw ]Tn-°Ww. lnμp-hw-i-Øn-s‚bpw lnμp kwkv°m-c-Øn-

s‚bpw aln-a-sb-°p-dn-®-√msX as‰m-∂n-s\-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Nn¥-Iƒ

sh®p ]pe¿Øm≥ ]mSn√. F∂p-sh-®m¬, Ah¿ Cu cmPy-tØmSpw

Cu cmPy-Øns‚ Nnc-¥-\-amb ]mc-º-cy-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ Ak-ln-jvWp-

Xbpw \μn-tISpw Dt]-£n-®m¬ am{Xw t]mcm; kvt\lhpw Iqdp-

ap≈ {Inbm-fl-I-amb Hcp at\m-`mhw hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cn-Ibpw

thWw. H‰-hm-°n¬ ]d-™m¬ Ah¿ hntZ-in-Iƒ A√m-Xmbn Xoc-

Ww. Cß-s\-b-s√¶n¬ bmsXm∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-SmsX, {]tXy-Im-

\p-Iq-ey-ßƒs°-∂√, bmsXm-c-h-Im-i-Øn\pw A¿l-X-bn-√msX,

]uc-Xzm-h-Imiw t]mep-an-√msX, lnμp-cm-{„-Øn\v ]q¿W-ambpw Iog-

S-ßn-s°m≠v, Ah¿°n-hnsS Pohn°mw.... CX-√msX Ah¿°v kzoI-

cn-°m-hp∂ as‰mcp am¿K-hp-an√.''13

CXn\v t\sc FXn-cmb Hcp \ne-]m-SmWv ap…ow ÿm]n-X-Xm-

ev]-cy-°mcpw ap…ow eoKp-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw ssIs°m-≠Xv. Ah¿

""ap…ow kwkv°mc''sØ°p-dnNvNpw C¥y-bnse ""ap…ow cm{„''-

sØ°p-dn®pw lnμp ap…ow kwkv°m-c-ß-fpsS Hcn-°epw s]mcp-

Ø-s∏-SmØ sshcp-[y-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Xß-fpsS kz¥w hn`m-Ko-

b-Nn-¥-Iƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ XpSßn. AJn-te¥ym ap…ow eoKns‚

t\Xmhv. apl-Ω-Z-en-Pn∂, 1940¬ Cßs\ ]d™p: ""C…m-an-s‚bpw

lnμp-a-X-Øn-s‚bpw bYm¿Y-kz-`mhw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ΩpsS

lnμp-kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v a\- n-

em-°m≥ hfsc hnj-a-ap≠v. icn-°p≈ A¿Y-Øn¬ Ah aX-ß-

f√, ]ns∂tbm, hyXy-kvX-ßfpw hyXn-cn-‡-ß-fp-amb kmaq-ly-{I-

a-ß-fmWv. lnμp-°ƒ°pw ap…o-ßƒ°pw Fs∂-¶nepw Hcp s]mXp-

cm-{„-ambn cq]-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂ hnNmcw kz]v\w am{X-amWv. Htc-

sbmcp C¥y≥ cm{„w F∂ sX‰mb k¶ev]w hf-sc-b-[nIw AXn-

13. M.S. Golwalkar: We or The Nationhoodd Defined, P. 55.


cp-I-S-∂p-t]mbn. \nß-fpsS an° Ipg-∏-ßƒ°pw CXmWv ImcWw.

kabw sshIp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Cu sX‰mb k¶-ev]-ßƒ Xncp-Øn-bn-

s√-¶n¬ C¥y \mi-Øn-te°v \bn-°-s∏Spw.''

CØcw Nn¥m-K-Xn-Isf s\lvdp \nin-X-ambn FXn¿Øp.

kwkv°m-c-sØbpw cm{„-sØbpw kw_-‘n-®p≈ aX-]-c-amb k¶-

ev]-ßƒ Aim-kv{Xo-b-ßfpw t{Zml-I-c-ß-fp-am-sW∂v At±lw

Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p. ""ap…ow cm{„''Øn\p-th≠n hmZn-°p-∂-Xns‚

A¿Yw ""cm{„w F∂ H∂n√, aX-]-c-amb _‘w am{X-ta-bp≈q''

F∂mWv F∂v At±lw hy‡-am°n: ""CXns‚ A¿Yw B[p-

\nIm¿∞-Øn-ep≈ bmsXmcp cmjv{S-sØbpw hf-cm≥ kΩXn-°n√

F∂mWv. B[p-\nI \mK-cn-IX Dt]-£n-°-W-sa∂pw \Ωƒ a[y-

Im-e-Po-hnX coXn-I-fn-te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-I-W-sa-∂p-amWv. Hcp tkz—m-

[n-]Xy Kh-s◊‚ v Ft∂m As√-¶n¬ Hcp hntZ-io-b-K-h-s◊‚ v

Ft∂m BWv AXns‚ hnh£. k¿thm-]cn, AXns‚ A¿Yw Hcp

sshIm-cn-I-am-\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-b-√msX as‰m-∂p-an-s√∂pw bmYm¿Yy-

ßsf, hnti-jn®pw kmº-ØnI bmYm¿Yy-ßsf, t\cn-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-

\p≈ At_m-[tam kpt_m-[tam Bb Hcm-{Klw F∂p-amWv.''14

kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]›m-Øew

C¥y-bn¬ kmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw hwi-kw-_-‘n-bp-amb hyXym-k-

ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-s≠∂v s\lvdp kΩ-Xn®p. ]t£, Ahbv°v

aX-]-c-amb hn`m-K-ß-fp-ambn _‘-sam-∂p-an√. ""Hcmƒ Hcp aX-

Øn¬\n∂v as‰mcp aX-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´mepw Abm-

fpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kwhn-[m-\-Øntem hwi-kw-_-‘n-bmb kz`m-

h-hn-ti-j-ß-fntem am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-∂n√. kmwkv°m-cn-I-]-›m-Ø-e-

Ønepw ]d-b-Ø° am‰-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-Ip-∂n√. kmwkv°m-cnI amXr-

I-Iƒ tZio-b-amWv, aX-]-c-a√. B[p-\n-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fm-Is´, Hcp

km¿h-tZ-io-b-am-Xr-I-bpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''15

AXp-sIm-≠mWv At±lw Cßs\ {]Jym-]n-®Xv: ""GIo-Ir-X-amb

Hcp C¥y≥ cm{„w km[y-am-sW∂p am{X-a√, auen-I-ambpw

kmwkv°m-cn-I-ambpw Aß-s\-sbm∂v, D]-cn-X-e-hy-Xym-k-ßsf Iq´m-

°msX, \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≠v F∂p-IqSn Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p.''

aX-hy-Xym-k-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hn`m-Kob Nn¥m-K-Xn-

I-fpsS Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øew A]-{K-Yn®p t\m°m\pw Ah-bpsS ]n∂n-

14. J. Nehru: An Autobiography.15. J. Nehru: Recent Essays and Writings.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 321

ep≈ kmº-Øn-tIm-t±-iy-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p-amWv s\lvdp {ian-

®Xv. DtZym-K-ßƒ°pw \nb-a-k`m ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Db¿∂ iX-am-

\-ßƒ°pw-th≠n kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-Zn-I-fmb cm{„ob t\Xm-°-∑m¿ ˛

Ah-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ lnμp-°-fp-ap≠v, ap…o-ß-fp-ap≠v ˛ \S-Øp∂

ka-c-ß-fpsS ]n∂n¬ aX-]-c-a-√mØ {]iv\-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. F¶nepw,

aX-]-c-amb {]iv\-ß-fn¬ Ah kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v, Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ [\n-I-h¿K-°m¿ s]mXp-hn¬ lnμp-a-

X-°m-cmWv. ap…o-ßƒ Zcn-{Z-h¿K-°mcpw. Ah¿ XΩn¬ kwL-´-\-

ßƒ {][m-\-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-amWv. F¶nepw Ahbv°v ]e-t∏mgpw

kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb Hcp \ndw \¬I-s∏-Sp∂p. s\lvdp FgpXn:

""lnμp-°ƒ, s]mXp-hn¬, IqSp-X¬ Ign-hp≈ kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p.

Ah-cmWv Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw BZyw t\Sn-bXv. AXp-sIm≠v

Ah¿°mWv an° Kh-s◊‚p-tZym-K-ßfpw e`n-®Xv. Ah¿ IqSp-X¬

kº-∂-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fnse ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-c\pw _m¶-dp-

amb hmWn-P≥ sNdp-InS \ne-ap-S-a-ÿ-∑m-scbpw IpSn-bm-∑m-scbpw

NqjWw sNøp-Ibpw {Ia-Øn¬ Ahsc sX≠n-I-fm°n am‰n-s°m≠v

\ne-sa√mw Xń-sb-SpØv kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hmWn-P≥ lnμp-

°fpw ap…o-ß-fp-amb Irjn-°m-scbpw IpSn-bm-∑m-scbpw Htc-X-c-Øn-

emWv NqjWw sNbvXXv. F¶nepw ap…o-ß-fpsS taep≈ Nqj-W-

Øn\v Hcp kmap-Zm-bn-I-—mb ssIh∂p. {]tXy-In®pw Irjn-°m¿

apJy-ambpw ap…o-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬. b{¥-\n¿an-X-amb

Nc-°p-I-fpsS {]Nmcw IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®Xv ap…o-ß-

sf-bm-bn-cn-°Ww. ImcWw, ssIth-e-°m-cn-e-[n-Ihpw ap…o-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p. Cu LS-I-ß-sf√mw C¥y-bnse c≠p {]_-e-a-X-hn-`m-K-

ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]c-kv]-c-hn-tZzjw hf¿Øn. cmPy-sØ-°mƒ aX-Øn\p

{]m[m\yw \¬Inb ap…ow tZio-b-XzsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ah

klm-bn®p.... kz¥w kmap-Zm-bn-I-am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS Ahsc t\cn-Sm≥

th≠n lnμp-km-ap-Zm-bn-I-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw {]m_-ey-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p.

bYm¿Y-tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-I-fmbn ̀ mhn® Ah¿, hmkvX-h-Øn¬, at‰ Iq´-

sc-t∏mse Xs∂ CSp-ßnb a\-ÿn-Xn-°mcpw hn`m-Ko-b-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-

°m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.''16

F∂m¬, Hcp kmap-Zm-bn-I-hmZw at‰ kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-ZsØ Ah-

km-\n-∏n-®n√. H∂p at‰-Xns\ Duń-h-f¿Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. lnμp-

km-ap-Zm-bn-I-hmZw ap…ow kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-ZsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p.

16. J. Nehru: Glimpses of World History.


adn®p. c≠p Iqćpw ]c-kv]cw Ahn-iz-kn-°m\pw shdp-°m\pw

XpSßn. Cu kmap-Zm-bn-I-hmZw ]n¥n-cn-∏-∑m-cmb kmaqly˛cm{„ob

t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ssIbn¬ km{am-Pym-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-

ßsf inYn-e-am-°m\pw Db¿∂ h¿K-°m-cpsS ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-

ßsf ImØp-c-£n-°m-\p -ap≈ D]-I-c -W-am-bn -Øo¿∂p. Cu

ÿnXnsb t\cn-´p-sIm≠v km{am-Py-hm-Zn-Iƒ°pw ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-

cy-ßƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmb _lp-P-\-k-a-c-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬

lnμp˛ap…ow sFIyw IqSntb Ignbq F∂v s\lvdp A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p.

sFIyw sIń-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw lnμp-°ƒ°mWv. Fs¥-

∂m¬, Ah-cmWv ̀ qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zm-b-°m¿. am{X-a√, kmº-Øn-I-ambpw

hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-ambpw s]mXp-hn¬ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂Xpw Ah-cmWv.

lnμp-°ƒ, ap…o-ßƒ, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, knJp-Im¿ F∂n-ßs\

hyXy-kvX-a-X-°m-cmb P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amb

tbmPn-∏n-eq-sSbpw km{am-Pym-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kwL-Sn-X-k-a-c-

ß-fn-eq-sSbpw am{Xta C¥y-bn¬ bYm¿Y-amb tZio-b-t_m[w hf-

cp-I-bp≈q F∂m-bn-cp∂p s\lvdp-hns‚ A`n-{]mbw. kmwkv°m-cn-

I-cw-K-Ønepw Pohn-X-ssi-en-I-fn-ep-ap≈ sshhn-[y-ß-fn-√m-Xm-hpI

F∂√. s]mXp-hmb Hcp tZio-b-ho-£-W-ap-≠m-hpI F∂m-W-Xn-

\¿Yw. At±lw ]d™p: ""a{¥w-t]mse Dcp-°-gn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-

am{Xw lnμp˛ap…ow ssa{Xntbm as‰-s¥-¶nepw sFIytam D≠m-

Ip-sa∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂n√. lnμp˛ ap…ow sFIyw D≠m-Ip-

sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ F\n°v kwi-b-an√. ]t£, AXp-≠m-hpI apI-

fn¬ \n∂√, Nph-ń¬ \n∂mWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, apI-fn-ep≈ ]ecpw

{_nó-jm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-h-cmWv. AXns‚ klm-b-tØm-

Sp-IqSn Xß-fpsS {]tXyI Xmev]-cy-ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v

Ah-cm-in-°p∂p. kmaqly˛ kmº-Øn-I-i-‡n-Iƒ A\n-hm-cy-ambpw

a‰p {]iv\-ßƒ apt∂m´p sIm≠p-hcpw. Ah ]e Nmep-I-fnepw

]nf¿∏p-I-f-p≠m°pw. ]t£, kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb ]nf¿∏p-Iƒ Ah-km-

\n°pw.''17

kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ i‡n

]t£, s\lvdp-hns‚ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-ksØ sh√p-hn-fn-®p-

sIm≠v lnμp˛ap…ow {]iv\w IqSp-X¬ cq£hpw IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-

hp-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibm-Wp-≠m-bXv. C¥y-bn¬ kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚

17. J. Nehru Recent Essays and Writings

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 323

hf¿® khn-ti-jhpw aq¿Ø-hp-amb Hcp {]iv\-am-bn-cp∂p. aq¿Ø-

amb Hcp ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-cp∂p AXn-\m-hiyw. ]t£, Hcp t]mwhgn

Is≠-Øm≥ s\lvdp-hn\v Ign-™n√. 1939 HtŒm-_¿ 18\v apl-Ω-

Zen Pn∂bv°v Ab® Hcp IØn¬ At±lw Xs‚ ]cm-Pbw Xpd∂p

kΩ-Xn®p: ""kulm¿Z-]-c-amb coXn-bn¬ AXv (lnμp˛ap…ow {]iv\w)

]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ Imcy-amb bmsXmcp kw`m-h-\bpw \¬Im≥ Ign-

bm-Ø-Xn¬ Rm≥ kzbw e÷n-°p∂p.... Fs‚ a\ v as‰m-cp-X-e-

Øn-emWv \oßp-∂Xv. Fs‚ an° Xmev]-cy-ßfpw a‰p hgn-I-fn-emWv.

AXn-\m¬, B {]iv\-sØ-°p-dn®v hf-sc-b-[nIw Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw

AXns‚ B¥-cm¿Y-ßƒ ]eXpw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-s≠-

¶nepw Rm≥ Hc-\y\pw B¥-cn-I-ambn thdn´p \n¬°p-∂-h-\p-am-

sW∂v tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip∂p.''18

c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ ImeØv lnμp˛ap…ow {]iv\w

IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-hp-Ibpw HSp-hn-eXv cmPy-Øns‚ hn`-P-\-Øn\v Imc-

W-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1947se A[n-Im-c-ssI-am-‰-Øns‚ KXn-

{I-a-Øn¬ C¥y, C¥ybpw ]m°n-ÿm\pw F∂n-ßs\ c≠p cmPy-

ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏´p. F∂m¬, hn`-P-\-Øn\p tijhpw {]iv\-a-

h-km-\n-®n√. AXv ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ XpS¿∂p. cm{„-Øns‚ Btcm-

Ky-I-c-amb hf¿®bv°v AsXmcp \nXy-i-ey-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1955¬

s\lvdp ]d™p: ""Ah¿ (kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ) Ign-™p-t]mb

GtXm Ime-Øns‚ Ah-in-„-ßƒ am{X-amWv. Ah¿ Xqßn-∏n-Sn®p

\n¬°p-∂Xv `qX-Im-e-Øntem h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øntem A√, a[ym-

Im-i-Øn-emWv. {`m¥-∑m-cpƒs∏sS F√m-h-scbpw, F√m-‰n-s\bpw,

C¥y kln-°p∂p. Aßs\ Ahcpw \ne-\n∂p {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p∂p... F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS (kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-Zn-I-fpsS) Nn¥m-

KXn B]¬°-c-amb Hcp Nn¥m-K-Xn-bm-sW∂p ad-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.

shdp∏p \nd™ Hcp t]m°m-WnXv. Cu t]m°v C∂sØ C¥ybv°v

tZmj-amWv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kmap-Zm-bn-I-hmZw ̨ AXv lnμp-hn-s‚tbm

ap…o-an-s‚tbm {InkvXym-\n-bp-sStbm knJp-Im-c-s‚tbm BIs´ ˛

\Ωƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ C¥y C∂sØ C¥y-b-√m-Xm-bn-

Øocpw. AXv inYn-e-am-bn-Øocpw.''

aXhpw imkv{Xhpw

Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-a-X-ßƒ hln® kmwkv°m-cn-I-amb ]¶n-

s\bpw Ah kr„n® ""kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS D¬Ir-„-am-Xr-I-

18. J. Nehru: A Bunch of Old Letters, PP. 392-93.


Isf""bpw s\lvdp Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂n√. Ah ""a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn\p

kw`m-h\ sNbvX aqey-ßƒ'' hne-]n-Sn-®-h-bmWv. B aqey-ßƒ

C∂sØ bmYm¿Yy-ßƒ°p s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-h-b-√m-bn-cn°mw.

]t£, Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Nne khn-ti-j-L-´-ß-fn¬ Ah Xo¿®-bmbpw

{]tbm-P-\-I-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. AZr-iy-ta-J-e-I-fnse A\p-`-h-ßsf

Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠m-sW-¶nepw Ah bYm¿Y-P-\-k-aq-l-Øns‚

`{Z-X-sbbpw a\p-jy-Nn-¥-bpsS hnIm-k-sØbpw klm-bn-®n-́ p-s≠∂

Imcyw \ntj-[n-°m≥ hø. F∂m¬, Ah-bpsS t\´-ßƒ Fs¥m-

s°-Ø-s∂-bm-bmepw ""Ah kXy-ßsf \n›nX cq]-ß-fp-sSbpw apc-

´p-hm-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw Xpdp-¶n-e-S-bv°m≥ {ian-°p-IqSn sNbvXp. auen-

Im¿Y-ßƒ AXn-thKw If-™p-Ip-fn®v shdpw NS-ßp-Iƒ am{X-ambn

Ah-ti-jn®p. I¿a-ß-sfbpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-sfbpw Ah t{]m’m-

ln-∏n®p. F√m ̀ mKØpw Np‰n-\n¬°p∂ A⁄m-X-i-‡n-bpsS \nKq-

V-Xbpw `bm-\-I-Xbpw Ahs‚ (a\p-jys‚) a\- n¬ Dd-∏n-°m≥

Ah ]cn-{i-an®p. AtXm-sSm∏w A⁄m-X-am-b-Xns\ am{X-a√ kmaq-

ly-b-Xv\-ß-fpsS apºn-ep≈ XS- -ß-sfbpw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈

Ahs‚ {iasØ \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Nn¥bpw

Pn⁄m-kbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw Ah {]Ir-Xn°pw

ÿm]n-X-a-X-ßƒ°pw \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øn\pw \ne-

\n¬°p∂ as‰-√m-‰n\pw Iog-S-ßpI F∂ XXz-imkv{Xw {]N-cn-∏n®p.

F√m-‰n-s\bpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Hcp Aeu-In-I-a-[y-h¿Øn-bn-ep≈

hnizmkw kmaq-ly-X-e-Øn¬ Hcp-Xcw \ncp-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv kr„n-

®Xv. hnIm-chpw AXn-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw At\z-j-

W-_p-≤n-bp-sSbpw ÿm\w Gs‰-SpØp.''19

s\lvdp-hns‚ kao-]\w imkv{Xo-b-am-bn-cp∂p. sshIm-cn-Ihpw

B¥-cn-I-hp-amb aXm-\p-`-h-ß-sf-t∏mepw imkv{Xo-b-ambn A]-{K-

Yn®p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v At±lw hniz-kn®p. AXp-sIm-

≠mWv At±lw P\-ß-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ \S-am-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ aX-{`m-

¥p-I-sfbpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ NS-ßp-I-sfbpw

cq£-ambn FXn¿ØXv. tPym’yw, a{¥-hmZw, bmKw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-

ep≈ hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw bYm¿Y-⁄m\w kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈

sshap-Jy-sØbpw At±lw hna¿in®p. At±lw FgpXn: ""Nn¥n-

°p∂ a\p-jy¿t]mepw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw Rm≥ I≠-Xp-t]mse

{]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn A\p-jvTn-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb aXw ˛

19. J. Nehru: The Discovery of India

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 325

lnμp-a-Xtam C…mtam, _p≤-a-Xtam {InkvXp-a-Xtam H∂pw-Xs∂ ˛

Fs∂ BI¿jn-®n√. A‘-hn-izm-k-P-Un-e-ß-fmb BNm-c-ß-fp-

ambpw apc-´p-hm-Z-]-c-ß-fmb kn≤m-¥-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizm-k-ß-fp-ambpw

AXv At`-Zy-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂pw Pohn-X-{]-iv\-ß-tfmSv

Xo¿®-bmbpw kb≥kn-t‚-X-√mØ Hcp kao-]-\-co-Xn-bmWv AXns‚

]n∂n-ep-≈-sX∂pw F\n°v tXm∂n. a{¥-hm-Z-Øns‚ Nne LS-I-

ßƒ, hna¿i-\-hn-t[-b-am-ImØ hnizm-k-ioew, Aeu-In-I-i-‡nsb

icWw {]m]n-°¬ F∂n-h-sb√mw AXn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p.''20 Cu

A`n-{]mbw IqSp-X¬ hni-Z-am-°n-s°m≠v At±lw ho≠pw FgpXn:

""kmaq-ly-tZm-j-ßƒ ˛ Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah-bn¬ an°-hbpw ]cn-l-cn-

°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-h-bmWv ˛ BZn-]m-]-Øn-t‚tbm am‰-an-√mØ a\p-jy-

{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sStbm kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bp-sStbm (C¥y-bn¬) ap÷-∑-]m-

c-º-cy-ß-fp-sStbm ̂ e-am-sW∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. Cßs\ a\p-jy≥

bp‡n-bp-‡-ambpw imkv{Xo-b-ambpw Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-Øn¬

\n∂p-t]mepw hn´p-t]m-Ip∂p. Ah≥ bp‡n-cm-ln-Xy-sØbpw A‘-

hn-izm-k-sØbpw A`bw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw Akw-K-X-ßfpw s\dn-sI-

´-h-bp-amb kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''21

Bflo-b-hmZw, anÃn-knkw, Aeu-In-I-i-‡n-I-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw,

bp‡n-lo-\-ßfpw A‘-hn-izm-k-P-Sn-e-ß-fp-amb BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-

ßƒ apX-emb thj-ß-fn-emWv aXw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F¶nepw,

F√m aX-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°p ]n¥pW

\¬Ip∂ ]n¥n-cn-∏-∑m-cm-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n√. Bfl-hn-{`m-¥n-

bn¬s]´p t]mb aqV-a-Xn-I-sf∂p ]p—n®p X≈-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bmØ

\nkzm¿Y-cmb \nc-h[n tbmKn-h-cy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂p

s\lvdp kΩ-Xn-°p∂p ˛ F∂n-cn-°nepw, anÃn-knkw, {]tXy-In®pw

AXns‚ CSp-ßnb A¿Y-Øn¬, At±-lsØ H´pw-Xs∂ BI¿jn-

®n√. Fs¥-∂m¬, AXv ""a\- ns‚ I¿°-i-amb A®-S-°-a√, am\-

kn-I-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS ]cn-Xym-K-amWv.''

At⁄-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ sshcp-[ym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb

ùXn-I-hmZw s\lvdp-hns\ BI¿jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ncn-{X-sØbpw

kaq-l-sØbpw ka-Im-eo-\-kw-`-h-ß-sfbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn A]-

20. Ibid, P. 10.21. Ibid.


{K-Yn®p a\- n-em-°m≥ AXp klm-b-I-c-am-sW∂v At±lw hniz-

kn®p. F¶nepw, Xms\mcp am¿I-kn-Ãm-sW∂v At±lw Ah-Im-i-

s∏-ń√. At⁄-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ Nne LS-I-ßƒ Nne-t∏mƒ At±-l-

Øns‚ Nn¥-Isf kzm[o-\n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±lw Xs∂ Fgp-

Xp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""AXv (am¿Ivknkw) Fs∂ ]q¿W-ambn Xr]vXn-s∏-

Sp-Øp-Itbm Fs‚ a\- nse F√m kwi-b-ßƒ°pw adp-]Sn \¬Ip-

Itbm sNbvXn√. A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn Ahy-‡hpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-]-c-

hp-amb Hcp kao-]\w, GXm≠v thZm-¥-Øn-t‚-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp kao-

]\w, Fs‚ a\- n¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sp∂p. CXv a\ pw ùXn-I-k-Øbpw

XΩn-ep≈ Hcp hyXym-k-a√. a\- n-\-∏p-d-Øp≈ Ft¥m H∂ns\

kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xm-WnXv.''22 At⁄-b-Xm-hm-Z-]-c-amb Cu kao-]\w

IqSp-X¬ hni-Z-am-°n-s°m≠v At±lw FgpXn:

""Bflmhv F∂ H∂pt≠m, ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-apt≠m

Fs∂m∂pw F\n-°-dn-™p-IqSm. Cu {]iv\-ßƒ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-

°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cn°mw. F¶nepw, Ah Fs∂ H´pw-Xs∂ hnj-an-∏n-°p-

∂n√. Rm≥ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ Bflm-hn-s\bpw ac-Wm-

\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-sØbpw Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-apƒs°m-≈p∂ I¿a-\n-b-

a-sØbpw ]p\¿P-∑-sØbpw F√mw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. Ch Fs∂

_m[n-®n-´p-ap≠v. AXp-sIm≠v, Hc¿Y-Øn¬ Cu k¶-ev]-ß-tfmSv

A\p-Iq-e-amb Hcp at\m-`m-h-amWv F\n-°p-≈Xv. ico-c-Øns‚ ̀ uXn-

I-amb ac-WsØ AXn-Po-hn-°p∂ Hcm-flm-hp-≠m-bn-cn°mw. Pohn-

X-hr-Øn-Isf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-ß-fpsS kn≤m¥w

bp‡n-k-l-ambn tXm∂mw. F¶nepw, A¥n-a-amb Imc-W-sØ-°p-

dn®p Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ AXv Ipg-∏-ßƒ°p hgn-sh-bv°p∂p. Bflm-

hp-s≠∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Z-Ønepw bp‡n-

bp-s≠∂p kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-hcpw.'' HSp-hn¬ At±lw FØn-t®-cp∂

A`n-{]m-b-an-XmWv: ""aX-{]-am-W-ß-sf∂ \nebv°v CØcw kn≤m-

¥-ß-fnepw k¶-ev]-ß-fnepw H∂pw-Xs∂ Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂n√.

\ap°v bmsXmcp hnh-c-hp-an-√mØ A⁄m-X-amb Hcp taJ-e-bnse

_u≤n-I-ß-fmb k¶-ev]-ßƒ am{X-am-Wh. Ah Fs‚ Pohn-XsØ

_m[n-°p-∂n√. ̀ mhn-bn¬ Ah sX‰m-sWt∂m icn-bm-sWt∂m sXfn-

bn-°-s∏-´mepw Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw bmsXmcp hyXym-k-hp-

ap-≠m-hn√.''

22. Ibid.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 327

s\lvdp-hns‚ Pohn-X-ho-£Ww

t{ijvThpw D∂-X-hp-amb Hcp Pohn-X-e-£y-Øn-ep≈ AZ-ay-amb

hnizm-k-amWv s\lvdp-hns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-amb kao-]-\sØ {Ia-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bXv F∂p tXm∂p∂p. Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ At±lw sdmta≥ sdmfm-

ßns\ D≤-cn-°p-∂p≠v. sdmfm-ßns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, GIm-{K-amb

A`n-\n-th-i-tØm-Sp-IqSn, \n¿Z-b-ambn, kXym-t\z-j-W-Øn\v Hcp-ßn-

∏p-d-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ ˛ tZim-`n-am-\n-Ifpw a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-Ifpw tkmjy-

en-Ãp-Imcpw Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Imcpw bp‡n-hm-Zn-Iƒ t]mepw ˛ aX-hn-izm-

kn-I-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-cmWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, \ne-hn-ep≈

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XsØ At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ t{ijvThpw IqSp-X¬

D¬Ir-„-hp-amb Hcp e£y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Ah¿ Pohn-°p-Ibpw

{]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv. Cu A¿Y-Øn¬ Xms\mcp aX-hn-

izm-kn-bm-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-´m¬ AXn¬ Akmw-K-Xy-sam-∂p-an-s√∂v

s\lvdp {]kvXm-hn®p. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, At±-l-Øns‚ \m\m-

ap-J-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v D∂-X-amb Hcp e£y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

a\p-jys‚ kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb ]ptcm-KXn

Ahs‚ Bflo-b-amb D∂-a-\sØ klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈-h-

bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v At±-l-Øn\v \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1960¬

At±lw FgpXn: ""GsX-¶nepw aX-sØtbm {]am-W-sØtbm Rm≥

sIń-∏n-Sn-°p-∂n√. F¶nepw, a\p-jy-Po-hn-I-fpsS B¥-cn-I-amb Bflo-

b-X-bn¬, AXns\ aX-sa∂p hnfn-®mepw Cs√-¶nepw, Rm≥ Xo¿®-

bmbpw hniz-kn-°p∂p. hy‡n-bpsS B¥-cn-I-amb A¥- n¬ Rm≥

hniz-kn-°p∂p. Hmtcm hy‡nbv°pw Xpey-amb Ah-kcw \¬I-W-

sa∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p. Hcm-Z¿i-sa∂ \nebv°v ˛ AXv

km£m¬°-cn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-s√-¶n¬ IqSn ˛ henb hyXym-k-ß-

sfm-∂p-an-√mØ ka-Xz-]q¿W-amb Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Rm≥

hniz-kn-°p∂p. Zcn-{Z-∑m-cpsS Zmcn-{ZysØ F∂-t]mse Xs∂ [\n-

I-∑m-cpsS B`m-k-Ø-c-ß-sfbpw Rm≥ shdp-°p∂p.''

[m¿an-I-aq-ey-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ s\lvdp-hns‚ k¶-ev]-ßƒ Dd-

sh-Sp-ØXv imkv{Xob ho£-W-Øn¬ \nt∂m Km‘n-b≥ hnizm-k-

{]-am-W-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m am¿Ivkn-k-Øn¬ \nt∂m At⁄-b-Xm-hm-

Z-]-c-amb Bflo-bm-`n-em-j-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw ka-\z-

b-Øn¬ \nt∂m, F¥n¬ \n∂m-sW∂v Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bpI Ffp-∏-a√.

F∂m¬, Dd-hn-S-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw icn, Pohn-X-{]-iv\-ß-tfm-Sp≈

[m¿an-I-amb Hcp kao-]\w IqSntb Ignbq F∂v At±lw Du∂n-∏-


d™p: ""Pohn-X-tØmSv Hcp-Xcw [m¿an-I-amb kao-]\w Rm≥ hf-

sc-b-[nIw C„-s∏-Sp∂p. AXns\ bp‡n-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ \ymbo-

I-cn-°m≥ hnj-a-ap≠v. am¿K-ip-≤n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS

\n¿_‘w Fs∂ BI¿jn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cu Du∂-emWv s]mXp-Po-

hn-X-Øn\v At±lw \¬Inb G‰hpw al-Ømb Hcp kw`m-h\ F∂p

Rm≥ Icp-Xp∂p.'' am¿IvknÃv XXz-im-kv{X-Øn¬ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-

Iƒ AXp \S-∏n-em-°nb coXn-bn-se-¶nepw, Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]mSn-√mØ

Cu Du∂-en-s√∂v At±-l-Øn\v tXm∂n. Xs‚ kz¥w \ne-]mSv

hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw Cßs\ FgpXn: ""[m¿an-I-amb kao-

]\w am‰-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-sW∂pw AXv hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂

a\- n-s\bpw apt∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw B{i-bn-

®n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw F\n°v t_m[y-ambn. AXm-Xp-Im-esØ am\-

knI Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv AXns\ hyh-ÿ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. F∂n-cp-

∂mepw AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn Ft¥m D≠v. IqSp-X¬ imiz-X-ap≈ Nne

ASn-ÿm-\-t{]-c-W-Iƒ AXn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p≠v. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS F∂-

t]mse Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Cu ASn-ÿm-\-

t{]-c-W-Iƒ, As√-¶n¬ XXz-ßƒ, \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Rm\n-„-

s∏-ń√. Aßs\ Fs‚ a\- n¬ cq]w-sIm-≠Xv hnNn-{X-amb Hcp

k¶-e-\-amWv. AXv bp‡n-]q¿Δw hni-Zo-I-cn-°mt\m A]-{K-Yn-

°mt\m F\n°p Ign-™n√. FØn-∏n-Sn-°m-\m-hmØ B ASn-ÿm-

\-{]-iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A[n-I-sam∂pw Nn¥n-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw AXn-

\p-]-Icw Pohn-X-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v IqSp-X¬

CSp-ßn-bXpw IqSp-X¬ ASn-b-¥-c-hp-amb A¿Y-Øn¬ F¥v Fßs\

sNø-W-sa∂v a\- n-em-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-bm-Wp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂Xv.''23.

e£y-t_m-[-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX

cmPysØ A`n-ap -Jo-I-cn® {]iv\-ß-tfmSv Km‘n-Pnbpw

s\lvdphpw ssIs°m≠ kao-]-\-ßƒ auen-I-ambpw hyXy-kvX-

ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw kzm[o-\n®p. aX-Øn-s‚bpw

Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

]e-t∏mgpw s\lvdp-hns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ß-tfmSv hn´p-hogvN sNøm-\p≈

k∂-≤X Km‘nPn {]I-Sn-∏n®p. s\lvdp-hm-Is´, Xs‚ hy‡n-]-c-

ß-fmb BZ¿i-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw {]N-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

23. Ibid.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 329

{]mtbm-Kn-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS t\XrXzw kzoI-cn®p.

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A\p-{K-l-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv At±lw kzX-{¥-`m-c-

X-Ønse H∂m-asØ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv. AtXmsS At±-

l-Øn\v Xs‚ Nnc-¥-\-ß-fmb A`n-em-j-ßƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm-

\p≈ ]pXnb kml-N-cy-ßƒ ssIh∂p. kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n-°p-tijw

Xs∂ t\cn´ k¶o¿W-ß-fmb {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ahsb ]cn-

l-cn®p apt∂m´p t]mIm-\p≈ am¿K-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw At±lw Cßs\

Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn:

""C¥y-bn¬ \mw sshIn-bn-´m-sW-¶nepw hymh-km-bnI hnπ-h-

Øns‚ A¥n-a-L-́ -Øn-te°v IS-∂n-cn-°p∂p. temI-Øns‚ Nne ̀ mK-

ßƒ P‰v bpK-Ønepw \q¢n-b¿ bpK-Ønepw FØn-b-t∏m-gmWv \Ωƒ

ChnsS FØn-bXv. Aßs\, \ap°v Htc ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ hnπ-h-I-

c-ß-fmb Cu c≠p-Xcw am‰-ßfpw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-s°m≠p apt∂-

td-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. hen-sbmcp `mc-am-WnXv. \Ωƒ \ΩpsS e£y-

ambn tkmjy-enkw AwKo-I-cn-®Xv AXv icnbpw {]tbm-P-\-I-c-hp-

amWv F∂-Xp-sIm≠p am{X-a√, \ΩpsS kmº-ØnI {]iv\-ßƒ

]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v as‰mcp am¿Khpw C√ F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Iq-Sn-bmWv.

Xzcn-X-amb ]ptcm-KXn kam-[m-\-]-chpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amb am¿K-

ß-fn-eqsS km[y-a-s√∂pw AXn\v tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-]-chpw A{I-a-]-c-

hp-amb am¿K-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Nne-t∏mƒ ]d-™p-tIƒ°m-

dp≠v. Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv Rm≥ tbmPn-°p-∂n√. C¥y-bn¬ C∂v

P\m-[n-]Xy]c-amb am¿K-ßƒ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°m-\p≈ GXp ]cn-{i-ahpw

\sΩ inYn-eo-I-c-W-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ ]ptcm-K-Xn-

bpsS ASn-b-¥c km[y-X-Iƒ \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw am{Xta sNøp-I-

bp≈q... \Ωƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øn-´p≈ `mcn® ISa \nd-th-‰-W-sa-¶n¬

kmam-\y-P-\-X-bpsS ]q¿W-amb kl-I-cWw Bh-iy-amWv. Ah¿°v

kzoIm-cy-am-bXpw êw {]Zm\w sNøp-sa∂v Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂-Xp-amb

Hcp e£yw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®m¬ am{Xta B kl-I-cWw \ap°v e`n-

°p-I-bp≈q. \Ωƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ am‰-Øn\v P\-

ßƒ `mc-ßƒ kln-t°-≠n-hcpw. kln-°m-\p≈ Ignhv G‰-hp-a-

[nIw Ipd™ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒt]mepw Ah kln-t°-≠n-hcpw.

Xßƒ°v \∑-Iƒ sIm≠p-h-cp∂ Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS \n¿am-

W-Øn¬ Xßfpw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-sW∂p t_m[yw hcm-Øn-S-tØm-fw-

Imew Ah¿ `mc-ßƒ kln-°p-Itbm ]q¿W-amb kl-I-cWw

\¬Ip-Itbm sNøp-I-bn√.''


B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xta C¥ybv°v ]ptcm-KXn t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈q

F∂v s\lvdp Du∂n-∏-d™p. AtX-k-a-bØp Xs∂ [m¿an-Ihpw

Bflo-b-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-s√-¶n¬ imkv{Xo-bhpw ̀ uXn-I-hp-amb

t\´-ßƒ \njv{]-tbm-P-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂pw At±lw Nq≠n-°m-

Wn®p. apgp-h≥ i‡nbpw HmP pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v kmº-Øn-

Ihpw hymh-km-bn-I-hp-amb A`n-hr-≤n-bn-eqsS apt∂-dm≥ At±lw

P\-ßsf D¬t_m-[n-∏n®p. ""hnth-Ihpw klm-\p-`q-Xnbpw kln-

jvWp-X-bp-an-√mØ hymh-km-bnI˛kmº-Øn-Im-`n-hr≤n s]mSnbpw

Nmchpw am{X-amWv'' F∂v Ahsc Hm¿an-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""imco-

chpw Bflmhpw XΩn¬, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-amb a\p-jy\pw kaq-l-

Øns‚ `mK-amb a\p-jy\pw XΩn¬, ka-Xp-en-X-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bmWv

Bhiyw F∂v At±lw hniz-kn®p. as‰m-cp-X-c-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬

ùXn-Ihpw imkv{Xobhpw kmt¶-Xn-Ihp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-tbm-sSm∏w

Xs∂ a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-ssh-in-„yhpw B¥-cn-I-amb am\p-jn-I-Kp-

W-ßfpw hnI-kn-°Ww.

XXzhpw {]tbm-Khpw

kam-[m-\-]-c-amb kl-h¿ØnXzw, tNcn-tN-cm-\bw, L\-hy-h-

km-b-ßƒ°p {]m[m\yw \¬In-s°m-≠p≈ hyh-km-b-h¬°-cWw,

s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpsS hnI-k\w, Im¿jn-I-]-cn-jvImcw, km¿h-{Xn-Ihpw

B[p-\n-I-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS

C¥y-bpsS i‡nbpw km¿h-tZ-io-b-amb A¥ pw h¿[n-∏n-°m≥

Ign-bp-sa∂v s\lvdp hniz-kn®p. hntZ-io-bcpw \mS-∑m-cp-amb ÿm]n-

X-Xm-ev]-cy-°m-cpsS ]e-Xcw FXn¿∏p-I-sfbpw At±-l-Øn\v t\cn-

tS-≠n-h∂p. ]t£, `qcn-]£w P\-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ `mK-Øm-bn-

cp∂p. ac-W-Øn\v I„n®v c≠p-amkw apºv At±lw {]kvXm-hn®p:

""C¥y-bn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂Xv Bcm-bmepw icn, \ΩpsS

tNcn-tN-cm-\-b-Øn-s‚bpw kam-[m-\-]-c-amb kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-

s‚bpw tkmjy-en-k-Øn-te-°p≈ Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw {Iao-Ir-X-hp-amb

hnI-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw \bw \ne-\n¬°pw. Fs¥-∂m¬, \ΩpsS P\-

ß-fn¬ hºn® `qcn-]-£-Øns‚ C—m-i-‡n-sb-bmWv AXv {]Xn-^-

en-∏n-°p-∂Xv.''

P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS Bkq-{XnX kmº-Øn-I-

]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-s°m≠v C¥y-bn¬ Hcp tkmjy-enÃv

kmº-Øn-I-hy-hÿ ÿm]n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p s\lvdp-hns‚

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 331

Dt±iyw. P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw tkmjy-en-khpw th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-hmØ

hn[w _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂v At±lw hniz-kn®p. 1963¬ Pbv]q-

cn¬ sh®p IqSnb AJn-te¥ym tIm¨{Kkv IΩn-‰n-bpsS tbmK-

Øn¬ At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p: ""P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-

amb ê-amWv tkmjy-enkw. kmº-Øn-I-P-\m-[n-]Xyw Dƒs°m-

≈p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ cm{„o-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v bmsXm-c¿Y-hp-an√v. kmº-

ØnI P\m-[n-]-Xy-am-Is´, tkmjy-en-k-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√.

]t£, e£y-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw, s\lvdp-hns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

sIń-∏-Sp-°-s∏-´Xv tkmjy-en-k-a√, apX-em-fn-Ø-amWv. apX-em-fn-Ø-

Øns‚ hf¿®-tbm-sSm∏w kmº-ØnI˛ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬

IpØI apX-em-fn-I-fpsS ]nSn-ap-dp-°n-s°m-≠p-h∂p. [\n-I-∑mcpw Zcn-

{Z -∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw Ipd-bp-I-b√, h¿[n-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv. Cu kw`-h-hn-Imkw s\lvdp-hns\ Akz-ÿ-\m°n.

At±lw Xpd∂p kΩ-Xn®p: ""Ign™ GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn AXv

(IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fnØw) hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. A{X-tØmfw

\Ωƒ tkmjy-enkw F∂ e£y-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-t]m-bn-cn-

°p∂p''.

aq∂p Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn Xm\p-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-t]m∂ e£yw, ̀ c-

W-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Xe-∏Øn-cp-∂n´pw, s\lvdp-hn\v \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥

Ign-bm-Ø-sX-¥p-sIm-≠mWv? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv At±-l-Øns‚

hy‡n-]-c-amb B{K-lsØ hI-sh-bv°msX IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fnØw

C¥y-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-km-aqly hyh-ÿ-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw t\Sn-

bXv? Cu tNmZy-Øn\v H‰-hm-°n¬ adp-]-Sn-]-d-bpI Ffp-∏-a√. e£y-

Øn-se-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb kmº-ØnI cm{„ob ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-

∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™n√ F∂Xv kv]„-amWv. Hcp-

]t£, At±-l-Øns‚ sshb-‡n-I-amb A`n-em-j-tØ-°mƒ Icp-

Øp-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw kmaqly˛ kmº-ØnI˛cm{„ob taJ-e-

I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw hln® {]Xn-tem-a-i-‡n-Iƒ, Hcp-]t£, Hcp

_q¿jzm-`-c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Xe-h≥ F∂ \nebv°v \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-

ly-{I-a-Ønse sshcp-[y-ß-sfbpw kwL-´-\-ß-sfbpw \ne-

\n¿Øm\pw Aßs\ \nb-ahpw kam-[m-\hpw ImØp-c-£n-°m-\p-

ap≈ _m[y-Xbv°v tkmjy-en-k-sa∂ e£y-hp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-an-

√m-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw. As√-¶n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw kn≤m-

¥-ß-sfbpw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn am{Xw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ̂ e-Øn¬

FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvX kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-∑m-cpsS kΩ¿±-ßƒ°v


Iog-S-tß-≠n-h-∂n-cn°mw. AYhm bYm¿Y-amb P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønepw

tkmjy-en-k-Ønepw hniz-kn-°p∂ i‡n-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-

b-ßsf ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v hy‡-amb Hcp

ImgvN-∏m-tSmSp IqSn P\-ßsf tbmPn-∏n-®-Wn-\n-c-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]Icw

kzbw `n∂n-®p-\n-∂p-sIm≠v i{Xp-°-sf-t∏mse ]c-kv]cw t]mcm-Sp-

Ibpw Aßs\ e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ t]m°v XS-™p-\n¿Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXn-´p-≠mhmw.

F∂m¬, XXz-Ønepw {]tbm-K-Ønepw Fs¥m-s°-Øs∂

t]mcm-bva-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp C¥y-

bnse bph-X-e-ap-dbv°v ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-chpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb Hcp

]pXnb ho£-W-KXn \¬Ip-Ibpw ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øns‚ CSp-

ßnb ]cn-[n-Iƒ°-∏p-d-tØ°v t\m°m≥ Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. At±-l-Øns‚ [ochpw

Bth-i-I-c-hp-amb t\XrXzw kpμ-c-amb Hcp `mhn sIń-∏-Sp-°m≥

shº¬ sIm≈p∂ tImSn-°-W-°n-ep≈ P\-ßƒ°v {]tNm-Z\w

\¬In-sb∂ hkvXpX \ntj-[n-°m≥ hø.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 333

43. kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°p tijw

1947 BKÃv amk-Øn¬ C¥y cm{„o-b-kzm-X{¥yw t\Sn. 1950¬

Hcp dn∏-ªn-°≥ `c-W-L-S\ ChnsS \S-∏n¬h∂p. Ncn-{X-Ønse

Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp∂p AXv. tImSn-°-W-°n-ep≈ P\-ß-fpsS Nnc-

¥-\-ß-fmb A`n-em-j-ßƒ°v aq¿Ø-amb {]mtbm-Kn-I-cq]w \¬Im-

\p≈ ]pXn-sbmcp L´w DZvLm-S\w sNø-s∏´p. C¥y-bpsS kmº-

Øn-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-

Xn-bpsS D]m-[n-sb∂ \ne-bv°mWv cm{„o-b-kzm-X{¥yw kzmKXw

sNø-s∏-´Xv.

]pXnb kml-N-cy-ßƒ

F∂m¬, IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ Hcp ]pXnb kmaqly˛ kmº-Øn-

I-hy-hÿ sIń-∏-Sp-°m-\p≈ km[y-X-Isf bmYm¿Yy-am°n am‰pI

Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√. tImfWn ta[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ Ah-in-„-ßfpw

{]mIv apX-em-fnØ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ß-fmb amaq-ep-Ifpw

A{Xbv°v {]_-e-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. hntZ-i-aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚bpw \mSp-hm-

gn-Ø-i-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w kmaqly˛ kmº-Øn-I-ta-J-e-I-fn¬

am{X-a√ a\p-jy-cpsS am\-kn-I-a-fi-e-Ønepw \n¿Wm-b-I-ambn

XpS¿∂p. kzmX-{¥y-{]-Jym-]\w sIm≠p-am{Xw kmaqly˛kmº-Øn-

I-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS sImtfm-Wn-b¬˛ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-kz-`mhw Ah-km-

\n-∏n-°pI km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n√. bp≤-Øns‚ ̂ e-ambn Ipg™p Xmdp-

am-dmb hymh-km-bnI˛ Im¿jn-I-cw-K-ßfpw cmPy-Øns‚ hn`-P\w

aqe-ap-≠mb Ipg-∏-ßfpw ÿnXn-K-Xn-Isf IqSp-X¬ hj-fm°n.

D¬∏m-Z-\-i-‡n-I-fpsS ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿbpw AXym-h-iy-km-[-\-ß-


fpsS hne-h¿[-\hpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw £ma-ò-j-Wnbpw F√mw

IqSn P\-ßsf Akz-ÿ-cm°n.

]t£, AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂, kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ hnPbw

P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hcp ]pXnb DW¿hpw ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-khpw Df-

hm°n. Xß-fpsS e£y-ßƒ t\Sm-\m-h-iy-amb aptJym-]m[n kr„n-

°-s∏´p Ign™p F∂v Ah¿ a\- n-em°n. Ah¿ {_nójv `c-W-

Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \o≠ ka-c-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv cm{„ob kzmX-{¥y-

Øn-\p-th≠n am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. ]q¿W-kzm-X{¥yw kmº-Øn-Ihpw

kmaq-lyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb kzmX-{¥y-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈-W-

sa∂v Ah¿°v \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kzmX-{¥y-k-ac ImeØv

km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-ß-fpsS ]n¥p-W-t\-Sm≥ Ign™ F√m

cm{„o-b-]m¿ń-Ifpw Xß-fpsS {]ta-b-ß-fnepw {]Nm-c-th-e-I-fnepw

kmº-Øn-I-\oXn, Ah-k-c-k-aXzw, D]-cn-h¿K-ß-fpsS Nqj-W-Øn¬

\n∂p≈ tamN\w apX-emb Bh-iy-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. ""P\-

ßsf NqjWw sNøp∂ k{º-Zmbw Ah-km-\n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ]ń-

Wn-In-S-°p∂ P\-tIm-Sn-I-fpsS kmº-Øn-I-kzm-X{¥yw cm{„o-b-kzm-

X-{¥y-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°Ww'' F∂v 1931¬ Idm-®n-bn¬ sh®p

IqSnb C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ ktΩ-f\w {]Jym-]n-

°p-I-bp-≠mbn. cm{„o-b-kzm-X{¥yw kmº-ØnI kzmX-{¥yhpw Ahn-

`m-Py-ß-fm-bn-́ mWv Icp-X-s∏-́ Xv. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hn-s\-t∏m-ep≈

tIm¨{K v t\Xm-°-∑mcpw tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿ń, Iayq-

WnÃv ]m¿ń XpS-ßnb ]m¿ń-Ifpw ]q¿W-kzm-X-{¥ysØ tkmjy-

en-k-Øn-te-°p≈ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-bm-bn-´mWv hymJym-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv. kzmX-

{¥y-{]-Jym-]-\hpw ]pXnb `c-W-L-S-\bpw P\-ß-fpsS B{K-l-ß-

sfbpw {]Xo-£-I-sfbpw \nd-th-‰m-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. tZio-

bhpw km¿h-tZ-io-b-hp-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fm-Is´, XnI®pw A\p-Iq-

e-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. P\-Io-bm-`n-em-j-ß-fpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c-WsØ XS-

™p-\n¿Øm≥ km{am-PyXz˛\mSp-hm-gn-Ø-i-‡n-Iƒ°v Ign-hn-√m-Xm-

bn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. km¿h-eu-In-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ah

A{Xbv°v Zp¿_-e-ß-fmbn Ign-™n-cp∂p. temI-Ønse G‰-hp-a-

[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ ssN\-bpƒs∏sS Hcp Uk-\n-e-[nIw cmPy-

ß-fn¬ apX-em-fn-Øhpw \mSp-hm-gn-Øhpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈

tkmjy-enÃv hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw, tImf-Wn-ta-[m-hn-Xz-

Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂v Gjy-bn-sebpw B{^n-°-bn-sebpw H´-\-h[n

cmPy-ßƒ t\Snb tamN\w, temI-Øn-sem-´p°pw sXmgn-em-fn-{]-ÿm-

\-ß-fpsS apt∂‰w, kb≥kn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw A`q-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 335

X-]q¿Δ-amb ]ptcm-KXn, D¬∏m-Z-\-i-‡n-Isf ta¬°p-ta¬ hf¿Øm-

\p≈ ]pXnb km[y-X-Iƒ -˛ A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ßsf Ipdn-°p∂

Cu km¿h-eu-InI kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ C¥y-bpsS lrZ-b-Ønepw

kzm[o\w sNepØn.

Cu A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠mWv

C¥y-bnse ]pXnb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ cmPy-Øns‚ ]nt∂m-°-\ne

Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m\pw kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-eqsS P\-

ß-fpsS {]Xo-£-Iƒ Hc-f-hn-se-¶nepw \nd-th-‰m\pw th≠n-bp-ff

]©-h-’-c-km-º-ØnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv.

ASn-ÿm-\-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ°v Du∂¬ sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ hyh-

km-b-h¬°-cWw, s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpsS hnI-k\w, Im¿jn-I-]-cn-jvI-

c-W-ß-fpsS XpS°w, KXm-K-X-hn-I-k\w, ]pXnb bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-

Ifpw a‰p hnZym-`ymk kmwkvIm-cnI ÿm]-\-ßfpw ˛ CsX√mw

\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn¬ InS-∂n-cp∂ P\-ßsf A`n-

hr-≤n-bpsS ]mX-bn-te°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sm-\p≈ am¿K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.

GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq -lyhpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ apsºm-cn-°-ep-ap-≠m-bn-

ń-√mØ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]gb kmaqly˛kmº-

Øn-I-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ÿm\Øv ]pXn-sbmcp kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI

hyh-ÿ-bpsS ]e LS-I-ßfpw {]Xy-£-s∏´p.

kmº-Øn-I-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßƒ

Ahn-I-kn-X-amb Hcp A¿[-\m-Sp-hm-gnØ kap-Zm-bsØ kpi-

‡-amb Hcp B[p-\n-I-k-ap-Zm-b-am°n am‰p-I-sb-∂p-sh-®m¬ hyh-

km-bhpw Irjnbpw KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-ßfpw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-

ßfpw hf¿ØpI F∂p am{X-a√ A¿Yw. Ah-tbm-sSm∏w ]pXnb

kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßfpw ]pXnb Pohn-X-co-Xn-Ifpw ]pXnb Nn¥-Ifpw

]pXnb ho£-W-K-Xn-Ifpw Bhn¿`-hn-°p∂p. k\m-X-\-ß-sf∂p Icp-

X-s∏´ ]gb aqey-ßƒ XI-cp-Ibpw hy‡n-kzm-X{¥yw, P\m-[n-

]Xyw, tkmjy-enkw XpS-ßnb ]pXnb aqey-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, kmº-Øn-Im-kq-{XWw, hyh-km-

b-h¬°-cWw, Im¿jn-I-]-cn-jv°mcw, hnZym-`ymk hn]p-eo-I-cWw

apX-em-bh A¥n-a-amb e£y-ß-f√, D¬∏m-Z-\m-`n-hr-≤n-bp-sSbpw

imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xym-Zn-I-e-I-fp-

sSbpw A\p-{K-l-ßƒ F√m P\-ßƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse e`y-am-°n-

Øo¿°p∂ Hcp ]pXnb kmaq-ly-hy-hÿ sIń-∏-Sp-°m-\p≈ am¿K-


ß-fmWv. icn-°p-]-d-™m¬, kzmX{¥yw, P\m-[n-]Xyw, tkmjy-

enkw apX-emb aqey-ßƒt]mepw e£y-ß-f√. kmº-Øn-Ihpw

kmaq-lyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb F√m-Øcw ASn-a-

Ø-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Nqj-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-∏n-°-s∏´ a\p-jys‚

ka-{Khpw k¿h-tXm-ap-J-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bmWv e£yw.

F∂m¬, Cu e£yw t\Sm≥ ]‰nb Xc-Øn-e√ C¥y-bn¬

kmaqly˛ kmº-ØnI˛cm{„ob˛kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv. ]pXnb D¬∏m-Z-\-hn-X-cW hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

hf-cp-∂Xv apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ N´-°q-ń-\p-≈n-emWv. kmaq-ly-Po-hn-

X-Øn¬ apX-em-fn-Øhpw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ aqey-ß-fp-amWv B[n-

]Xyw hln-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jy\v a\p-jys\ NqjWw sNøm≥

kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip∂ kmº-ØnI kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv apX-em-

fnØw. kzØp¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv A[zm-\n-°p∂ P\-ß-fp-sStbm

cmPy-Øn-s‚-bm-sItbm t£asØ D∂w-sh-®p-sIm-≠√, D¬∏m-Z-\-

hn-X-c-tWm-]m-[n-I-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-∑m-cmb apX-em-fn-I-fpsS em`-Øn-\p-

th-≠n-bmWv. ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v hyh-km-b-ÿm-]-

\-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bntem \S-Øn-∏ntem bmsXmcp ]¶p-an√. apX-

em-fn-I-fmWv, Ah-km-\-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬, cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-kw-hn-

[m-\-sØ-t∏mepw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv. ""kmº-Øn-I-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS

{]h¿Ø\w P\-ßƒ°p lm\n-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ kzØp-°-fp-

sSbpw D¬∏m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw tI{μo-I-c-WsØ klm-bn-

°-cpXv'' F∂v ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂Xp icn-

bmWv. ]t£, `c-W-LS\ F¥p-Xs∂ Bh-iy-s∏-´mepw apX-em-

fnØw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßsf am{Xta A\p-k-cn°q. Ak-

a-Xz-ßƒ AXns‚ IqsS-∏n-d-∏mWv. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS A[zm-\-Øns‚

KWy-amb `mKw apX-em-fn-I-fpsS kzIm-cy-kz-Øm°n am‰p-Ibpw ]c-

kv]-c-a-’-c-Øn-eqsS kzØp-°fpw D¬∏m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw tI{μo-

I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS A\n-

tj[y \nb-a-amWv. Cu \nb-a-amWv C¥y-bnepw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv.

kmº-Øn-Im-kq-{XWw C¥y-bn¬ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hf¿®sb

Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv klm-bn-®Xv. s]mXp-ta-J-ebv°v {]tXy-I-amb

{]m[m\yw \¬I-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xp icn-bmWv. ]t£, kzIm-cy-

ta-J-e-bn-se-∂-t]mse s]mXp-ta-J-e-bnepw D¬∏m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-

fpsS DS-am-h-Im-i-Øn-em-Is´, D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hnX-c-W-Øn-em-Is´,

hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS \S-Øn-∏n-em-Is´, ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-

Iƒ°v bmsXmcp ]¶p-an√. Ah¿ A[zm-\-i‡n hn‰v D]-Po-h\w

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 337

Ign-°p∂ shdpw Iqen-th-e-°m¿ am{X-amWv. apX-em-fn-I-fpsS em`w

h¿[n-°pw-tXmdpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Akw-Xr-]vXnbpw h¿[n-®p-sIm-

≠p-h-cp∂p. Cu ÿnXn-hn-tijw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw h¿K-k-a-c-ßsf

aq¿On-∏n-°p∂p.

apX-em-fn-Ifpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ ka-c-ß-tfm-sSm∏w

Xs∂ apX-em-fn-Ifpw apX-em-fn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ a’-c-ßfpw aq¿On-

°p∂p. IqSp-X¬ [\m-K-a-am¿K-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ BZm-b-I-c-amb

kmt¶-Xn-I-ssh-Z-Kv[yhpw ssIh-i-ap≈ henb apX-em-fn-Iƒ sNdnb

apX-em-fn-Isf ]pd-¥-≈n-s°m≠v D¬∏m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw a‰p hn`-

h-ßfpw kz¥w ssII-fn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. hymh-

km-bn-tIm¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ KWy-amb ̀ mKw hnc-en-t∑-se-Æm-hp∂ Hcp-

]nSn IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fn-I-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-Øo-cp∂p. kzIm-

cy-ta-J-e-bnse hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ am{X-a√, tÃ‰p-S-a-bn-ep≈ hyh-

km-b-ß-fnepw `c-W-Iq-S-Ønepw hnZym-`ymk˛kmwkv°m-cnI ÿm]-

\-ß-fnepw kmaq-ly-cw-K-Øn-em-sIbpw kzm[o\w sNep-Øm-\p≈

Ah-cpsS Ignhv A\p-Zn\w h¿[n-°p∂p. kmº-Øn-Ihpw cm{„o-b-

hp-amb tI{μo-I-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w hn]p-ehpw k¶o¿W-hp-amb Hcp

DtZym-K-ÿ-ta-[m-hn-Xzhpw i‡n-bm¿Pn-°p∂p.

kmaq-ly-ssh-cp-[y-ßƒ

hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-Whpw Im¿jnI ]cn-jv°-c-Whpw F{X-Xs∂

]cn-an-X-am-sW-¶nepw Ah {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-

fn¬ A`q-X-]q¿h-amb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°n-°-gn-™n-cn-°p∂p. apX-em-

fn-Ø-L-S-I-ßƒ Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw hln-°m≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw

Nc-°p¬∏m-Z\ hyh-ÿ-bpsS hym]vXn h¿[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-

°p∂p. CXns‚ A\n-hm-cy-^-e-ambn Irjn-°mcpw hyh-km-bn-Ifpw

XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-ßƒ am{X-a√, Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fnse Irjn-°mcpw

I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw XΩnepw [\n-I-Ir-jn-°mcpw Zcn-{Z-Ir-jn-

°mcpw XΩn-ep-ap≈ sshcp-[y-ßfpw aq¿On-°p∂p. Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-

∂-ßƒ hn¬°p∂ Irjn-°mcpw hymh-km-bn-tIm¬∏-∂-ßƒ

hn¬°p∂ apX-em-fn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-ßƒ Dƒ\m-Sp-Ifpw

]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-ß-fpsS cq]w [cn-°p∂p.

\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn I¿a-Ønepw ]p\¿P-∑-Ønepw hniz-kn-®p-sIm≠v

Gsd-°psd {]im-¥-cmbn Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp∂ {Kmao-W-cpsS Pohn-

X-amsI s]s´∂v Ie-ßn-a-dn-bm≥ XpS-ßp∂p. Hcp `mKØv Dƒ\m-Sp-

I-fnse P\-ßƒ tPmen-b-t\z-jn®v ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v t]mhp-


Ibpw Aßs\ \mK-cn-I-Po-hnXw IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-am-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. adp-`m-KØv hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-Whpw B[p-\n-I-km-t¶-Xn-

I-hn-Zy-Ifpw {Kmao-W-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂p. KXm-K-X-ku-

I-cy-ß-fpsS hf¿® ]´-Whpw {Kmahpw XΩn-ep≈ Zqcw Ipd-bv°p-

Ibpw {Kmao-Wcpw ]´-W-hm-kn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ kº¿°-ßƒ h¿[n-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. {SmŒ-dp-Iƒ B[p-\n-I-ß-fmb a‰p Im¿jn-

tIm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, cmk-h-f-ßƒ, Pe-tk-N-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ, hnZyp-—‡n,

tdUntbm, kn\na, Imdpw kvIq´dpw, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, h¿Ø-am-\-∏-

{X-ßƒ apX-em-bh P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw Nn¥m-K-Xn-bnepw

]c-kv]-c-_-‘-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p.

apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hf¿®-bv°-\p-tbm-Py-amb Xc-Øn-emWv

hnZym-`ymkw kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv. AXp-sIm≠v, apX-em-fn-Ø-

Øns‚ Ipg-∏-ßfpw Acm-P-I-hm-k-\-Ifpw hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-Ønepw

{]Xn-^-en-°p∂p. F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw \¬I-

W-sa∂ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A\p-im-k-\-Øn\v bmsXmcp hnebpw

CXp-hsc \¬I-s∏-ń-ń√. `qcn-]£w P\-ßfpw, {]tXy-In®pw Zcn-{Z-

P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ, \nc-£-c-X-bn¬Øs∂ Ign-™p-Iq-Sp∂p. A`y-kvX-

hn-Zy-cpsS FÆw h¿[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xp icn-bmWv. ]t£, Ahsc

apgp-h\pw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-b-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ sXmgn¬ kuI-cy-

ßƒ h¿[n-®n-ń√. tPmen-°p-th≠n A`y-kvX-hn-Zy¿°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-

Ip∂ InS-a-’-c-ßƒ Nne-t∏mƒ {]mtZ-in-I-X-bp-sSbpw h¿Ko-b-X-

bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-ßƒ ssIs°m-≈p∂p.

Ak-a-amb hymh-km-bn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bmWv apX-em-fn-Ø-co-Xn-bn-

ep≈ kmº-Øn-Im-kq-{X-W-Øns‚ Hcp A\n-hm-cy-kz-`mhw. cmPy-

Ønse Nne `mK-ßƒ ap∂-Wn-bnepw a‰p Nne `mK-ßƒ ]n∂Wn-bn-

ep-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. CXns‚ ê-ambn IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ [\m-

K-a-am¿K-ßƒ kz¥w Iøn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-°m≥ shº¬ sIm≈p∂

tI{μ-`-c-Whpw IqSp-X¬ hn`-h-ßƒ t\Sm-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ tÃ‰p-Ifpw

XΩnepw tÃ‰p-Iƒ XΩn¬ XΩnepw tÃ‰p-Ifpw ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw

XΩn-ep-ap≈ a’-c-ßƒ aq°p∂p. Cu a’-c-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw, ̀ mj,

PmXn, aXw apX-emb cwK-ß-fn-ep≈ kwL-´-\-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-

s∏-Sp∂p.

k¶o¿W-X-Ifpw Ak-a-Xz-ßfpw

Bkq-{Xn-X-amb kmº-Øn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v ]gb kmaq-ly-hy-h-

ÿ-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn-f-°mt\ Ign-™p≈q. AXns\ ]q¿W-ambn

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 339

\in-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™n-ń√. B[p-\n-I-hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sSbpw B[p-\n-

I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw B[p-\nI kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-sSbpw IqsS-

Øs∂ {]mIv apX-em-fn-Ø-Im-e-L-´-Ønse {]mIr-X-ß-fmb D¬∏m-

Z-\-co-Xn-Ifpw ]g-©≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p. tPymXnjw,

a{¥-hmZw, k¿hm-fl-hmZw, tKm{X-Nn-”-hmZw XpS-ßnb {]mNo-\-hn-

izm-k-ßƒ B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xob Nn¥-I-fp-ambpw P\m-[n-]Xyw,

tkmjy-enkw XpS-ßnb B[p-\n-Im-i-b-ß-fp-ambpw IqSn-∏n-W-™p-

In-S-°p∂p. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse, ""Cu

Ime-L-´-ß-sf√mw \Ωnepw \ΩpsS cmPy-Ønepw C∂pw \ne-

\n¬°p∂p. C¥y-bn¬ \yq¢n-b¿ kb≥kpw At‰m-anIv F\¿Pnbpw

hf-cp-∂p≠v. ]t£, NmW-I-bp-Khpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p..... \Ωƒ

imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw temI-Øn-te°v IpXn-

®p-Nm-Sp-Ibpw {]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-Isf IqSp-X¬ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ ]‰n-b-X-c-

Øn¬ \ΩpsS hn⁄m-\sØ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. ]t£, AtX-k-a-bØp Xs∂ Zmcn{Zyw, hnI-k-\-Øns‚

]nt∂m-°-\ne F∂n-h-bm¬ am{X-a√, ]c-º-cm-K-X-ß-fmb Nne Bi-

b-ßƒ, BNm-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-bmepw \Ωƒ ]nd-tIm´p ]nSn®p hen-

°-s∏-Sp∂p.... Aßs\ \ΩpsS Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Ipg-∏-ßƒ°pw

hnt£m-`-ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ \Ωƒ Ccp-`m-K-tØ°pw t\m°n-s°m≠p

\n¬°p-I-bmWv; `mhn-bn-te°v apt∂m´pw `qX-Im-e-Øn-te°v

]nt∂m´pw. c≠p `mK-tØ°pw \Ωƒ ]nSn-®p-h-en-°-s∏-Sp∂p.''

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn D¬]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnπ-h-

ßƒ kr„n-°p-Ibpw imkv{X-Øns‚ {]Nmcw hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw

kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw kmaq-ly-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw ]gb cq]-ßsf

am‰n-a-dn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂Xv icn-bmWv. apt∂-‰-Øns‚ Cu

KXn-{I-a-Øn¬ ]e ]g-b-hn-izm-k-ßfpw ]gb aqey-ßfpw XpS®p

\o°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂Xpw hmkvX-h-am-Ip∂p. ]t£, AtX-k-a-bØp

Xs∂, cqV-aq-e-ß-fmb Nne ]gb hnizm-k-ßfpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-ß-

fmb Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw hn´p t]mhmsX ]‰n-∏n-Sn®p \n¬°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Snb Bfp-Iƒ

t]mepw tPym’y-∑m-scbpw apdn-ssh-Zy-∑m-scbpw Imhn-h-kv{X-°m-

scbpw kao-]n-°p-∂-Xp-ImWmw. Hm∏-td-j≥ Xntb-‰-dn¬ {]th-in-

°p∂ tUmŒ¿ ikv{X-{In-b-°p≈ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIbn-se-Sp-°p-

∂-Xn\v apºv Xs‚ ImW-s∏-SmØ ssZhsØ IÆ-S®p [ym\n-°p∂p.

F©n-\o-b¿ ]me-Øns‚ ]Wn XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv KW-]-Xnsb

{]km-Zn-∏n-°m≥ tXß-bp-S®p ]qPn-°p∂p. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-\mb cm{„o-


b-t\-Xmhv `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi¶ Xo¿°m≥ tPym’ys\

icWw {]m]n-°p∂p. Din-c≥ {]I-S-\-ßfpw ka-c-ßfpw \S-Øp∂

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ AtX Bth-i-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-Øs∂ i_-cn-ae Ib-

dp-Ibpw t\¿®-Ifpw hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw Ign-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. \yq¢n-

b¿ bpKhpw NmW-I-bp-Khpw A{Xbv°v sIń-∏n-W-™mWv InS-°p-

∂Xv.

am\-knI kwL-´-\-ßƒ

Cßs\, apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-h-c-ºp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬

D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ak-ahpw k¶o¿W-hp-amb kmº-Øn-I-

]p-tcm-KXn \m\m-ap-J-ß-fmb kmaq-ly-ssh-cp-[y-ßsf aq¿On-∏n-°p-

Ibpw hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ kwL-´-\-ßƒ kr„n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cu sshcp-[y-ßfpw kwL-´-\-ßfpw a\p-jys‚

akvXn-jv°-Ønepw {]Xn-̂ -en-°p∂p. kmº-Øn-Im-k-a-Xz-ßƒ, h¿K-

kw-L-´-\-ßƒ, D≈-hcpw C√m-Ø-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ AI¬®, hchpw

sNehpw H∏n®p sIm≠p-t]m-hm≥ høm-Xm-°n-Øo¿°p∂ hne

h¿[\, sXmgn-en-√mbva, ssI°q-enbpw Icn-©-¥bpw Agn-a-Xn-Ifpw,

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS hm°pw {]hr-Ønbpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw, P\-

ß-fpsS kz]v\-ßfpw Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp[yw

˛ CsX√mw [m¿an-Ihpw BXvam-b-hp-amb Ipg-∏-ß-fpsS Dd-hn-S-ß-

fm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ DNvirw-J-e-amb hy‡n-hmZw Cu

Ipg-∏-ßsf aq¿On-∏n-°mt\ klm-bn-°p-∂p≈q. kmaq-ly-t£-a-Øn-

\√, sshb-‡n-I-amb Db¿®-bv°mWv {]m[m\yw I¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

]Whpw ]Z-hnbpw A[n-Im-c-hp-ap-≈-h≥ BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. F¥mWv

F∂p t\m°n-b√, F¥p≠v F∂v t\m°n-bmWv, a\p-jy≥ hne-a-Xn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ hne-bp-≈-h-\m-hm≥ th≠n Hmtcm

hy‡nbpw as‰√m hy‡n-Iƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sp∂p. D¬∏m-Z-

t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ tI{μo-I-cn-°m\pw D]-t`m-K-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ Ip∂p Iq´m-

\p-ap≈ shº¬, ]W-Øn\pw ]Z-hn°pw th≠n-bp≈ a’-c-ßƒ,

kzm¿Yw, Zpc, Al-¶mcw apX-emb sshIr-X-ßƒ ˛ Ch kmaq-ly-

Po-hn-XsØ aen-\-am-°p-Ibpw am\-kn-I-kw-L¿j-ßsf aq¿On-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cu kwL¿j-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hcp `mKØv \ncm-

i-Xm-t_m-[hpw \n -lm-b-Xm-t_m-[hpw DS-se-Sp-°p∂p. adp-`m-KØv

tIm]hpw shdp∏pw ]c-∂p-]n-Sn-°p∂p.

]t£, CXv Nn{X-Øns‚ Hcp hiw am{X-amWv, Nqj-W-Øn-

s‚bpw a’-c-Øn-s‚bpw Ak-a-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 341

C∂sØ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ auen-I-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm\pw

\oXn-bp-sSbpw ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kulm¿±-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn-ep≈ ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿnXn sIń-∏-Sp-°m\pw

sI¬∏p≈ i‡n-Ifpw hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p≠v. hyh-km-b-ß-

fpsS hf¿®-tbm-sSm∏w IqSp-X¬ kwL-Sn-Xcpw cm{„o-b-ambn D¬_p-

≤-cp-amb sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS h¿Khpw i‡n-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p.

]mh-s∏´ Irjn-°m¿, I¿j-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, CS-Ø-c-°m¿ apX-emb

P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS {]t£m-`-ßfpw kwL-S-\m-t_m-[hpw i‡n-s∏-

´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fmb _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS Hcp

]pXnb Xe-apd Db¿∂p-h-∂n-cn-°p∂p.

Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, C∂sØ C¥y ]g-abpw ]pXp-abpw XΩn-

ep≈ Hcp ka-c-Øns‚ a[y-Øn-emWv. Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ `qX-Im-e-

Øns‚ aqey-ßƒ XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p; Ah-bpsS ÿm\-ta-

s‰-Sp-°m≥ sI¬∏p≈ ̀ mhn-bpsS aqey-ßƒ Dd-®p-I-gn-™n-´p-an√. Cu

hnS-hn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv hyXy-kvX-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw t]mcm-

Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. cm{„sØ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ°v hyXy-kvX-

h¿K-ßfpw hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ ]cn-lm-c-

am¿K-ßƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmWv. hyXy-kvX-P-\-hn-̀ m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈

kmaqly˛ kmº-Øn-I-ssh-cp-[y-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Bi-b-cw-K-Øn-ep≈

kwL-´-\-ßfpw aq¿On-°p∂p.

hn`m-Ko-b-X-I-fpsS h‡m-°ƒ

]n¥n-cn-∏≥ ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-°m¿°v P\-ß-fpsS a\- ns\

kzm[o-\n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv Ct∏mgpw \in-®n-ń√. P\-ß-fpsS Akw-

Xr-]vXn-sbbpw \n -lm-b-Xm-t_m-[-sØbpw ka¿Y-ambn D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Ah¿ inYn-eo-I-c-W-{]-h-W-X-Isf t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-°p-Ibpw PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hn`m-

Ko-b-X-Iƒ°pw a’-c-ßƒ°pw {]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Ifpw aX-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw k\ym-kn-a-T-ßfpw

aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ bYm¿Y P\m-[n-]-Xy-

sØbpw tZio-ssb-Iy-sØbpw Xpc¶w shbv°p-Ibpw ]pXn-sbmcp

kmaqly˛kmº-Øn-I-hy-h-ÿbv°p th≠n-bp≈ P\-Io-b-{]-t£m-

`-ßsf FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Bbn-c-°-W-°n-ep≈ ]ptcm-ln-

X-∑mcpw hnhn[ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cmb k\ym-kn-amcpw `qX-Im-e-Øn-

te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-Im≥ P\-ßsf D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p∂p. Ah¿ C¥y-

bpsS aX-]-chpw Zm¿i-\n-Ihpw kmwkv°m-cn-I-hp-amb ]mc-º-cy-ß-


fnse ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ hi-ßsf ]n¥m-ßp-Ibpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-{]-h-W-X-

Isf \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. B[p-\nI Nn¥-bp-ambn s]mcp-

Ø-s∏-SmØ amb, ]p\¿P∑w, I¿aw, h¿Wm-{i-a-[¿aw apX-em-b-h-

sb-°p-dn-®p≈ {]mNo-\-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v P\-

ß-fn-ep≈ {Inbm-fl-I-i-‡n-I-fpsS hf¿®sb XS-™p-\n¿Øm≥

{ian-°p∂p. aX-]-c-amb hn`m-Ko-b-X-Iƒ°pw k¶p-Nn-X-Xz-ßƒ°pw

t{]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-Ibpw b⁄w XpS-ßnb aX-N-S-ßp-Isf ]p\-

cp-≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. aX-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-I-∑m¿

C…m-an-I-cm-{„-sØ-∏-‰nbpw lnμp-cm-{„-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ k¶-ev]-ßƒ

Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂p. cm{„o-b-kz-bw-tk-hI kwL-Øns‚ t\Xm-hmb

Kpcp tKm¬hm¬°-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ C¥y lnμp-°-fpsS cm{„-

amWv; ImcWw, ""Ah¿°v s]mXp-hmb c‡-am-Wp-≈Xv. Ah¿°v

kmtlm-Z-cy-ap≠v. s]mXp-hmb Dd-hn-Shpw s]mXp-hmb c‡-hp-ap≈

Hcp hwi-amWv lnμp-°ƒ.''

F∂m¬, s]mXp-hmb c‡-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kmtlm-Z-cy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-

ap≈ CØcw D¬t_m-[-\-ß-fpsS A¿Yw F√m lnμp-°fpw PmXn-

hy-Xym-ktam [\n-I-Z-cn-{Z-t`-Ztam IqSmsX ka-∑m-cm-bn-Øo-c-W-

sat∂m F√m-hcpw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-sc-t∏mse ]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-®p-

sIm≠p Pohn-°-W-sat∂m A√. lnμp-aXw ssZh-Øm¬ ÿm]n-

°-s∏-´-XmWv F∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ kzman `mc-Xo-Ir-jvW-Xo¿Y≥

PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßsf \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. PmXn-t`-Z-

ßfpw sXm´p-Iq-Smbva, Xo≠n-°q-Smbva XpS-ßnb BNm-c-ßfpw thZ-

hn[n {]Im-c-ap-≈-h-bm-sW∂pw F√m-h¿°pw Hcp-t]m-se-bp≈

ÿm\tam ]Z-hntbm D≠m-h-W-sa∂ hmZw lnμp-a-X-XXz-ßƒ°v

FXn-cm-sW∂pw At±lw hmZn-°p∂p: ""Xo≠¬ \mep-X-c-ap≠v. H∂m-

a-tØXv PmX-iuNw, AXm-bXv P\\w aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Xo≠¬; c≠m-

a-tØXv £b-iuNw, AXm-bXv acWw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Xo≠¬; aq∂m-

a-tØXv Xo≠m-cn-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Xo≠¬; \mem-a-tØXv Nfim-e-

∑m¿°pw {]Xn-tem-a-hn-hm-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂p P\n-®-h¿°p-ap≈ Xo≠¬.

Ch-sb√mw Htc t«mI-Øn-emWv ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv. Xo≠-

ep-I-fpsS Zqcw {Ia-{]-Imcw c≠Sn, \meSn, GgSn, ]Xn-\m-dSn F∂n-

ßs\ \nP-s∏-ń-´p-ap≠v. CXns‚ A¿Yw, CsX√mw Htc hn`m-K-Øn¬

s]´-h-bm-sW∂pw \nμ-bp-sStbm Ah-⁄-bp-sStbm {]iv\w D¤-

hn-°p-∂n√ F∂p-amWv. sXm´p-Iq-Smbva am{X-a√, Xo≠n-°q-Sm-bvabpw

imkv{X-Øm¬ sXfn-bn-°-s∏´p Ign-™n-´p≠v.''1

1. Swami Bharathi Krishna Thirtha: Sanatana Dharma.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 343

NmXp¿h¿Wyw ""kmaq-ly-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-eqsS G‰hpw henb \∑

ssIh-cp-Øp∂p'' F∂p hniz-kn-°p∂ sI.Fw. ap≥jn PmXn-hy-h-

ÿsb \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""]mc-ºcyw, P\\w, at\m-

`mhw, {]m]vXn F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ F√m P\-ßfpw Hcp-t]m-se-b√.

s]mXp-hn-ep≈ sXmgn-en-s‚bpw s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ hn`-P-\-ß-fp-≠m-hpI F∂Xv kzm`m-

hnIw am{X-amWv.'' P\-ßƒ°v ""G‰hpw henb \∑'' D≠m-°n-s°m-

Sp-°m-\p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ am¿K-an-XmWv: ""at\m-`mhw, ]mc-ºcyw,

kml-Ncyw F∂n-h-bpsS ê-ambn P\-ßƒ A`n-cp-Nn-I-fnepw Ign-

hp-I-fnepw hyXy-kvX-cmWv. Ahsc \mep-X-c-°m-cmbn hn`-Pn°mw:

(1) {]Im-i-Øm¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-cmb kmaqly t\Xm-°-∑m¿, (2) hocy-

tØmSpw Npdp-Np-dp-t°mSpw IqSn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-cpsS h¿Kw, (3)

hocyhpw AtXm-sSm∏w Ae-k-Xbpw D≈-h-cpsS h¿Kw, (4) Ae-k-

∑m-cpsS h¿Kw. ]c-kv]-c-a-’cw Hgn-hm-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ Hcp kap-

Zmbw Hmtcm h¿K-Øn-sebpw `qcn-]-£-°m-cpsS kz`m-hhpw kml-

N-cyhpw A`n-cp-Nnbpw ]cn-tim-[n®v hy‡n-]-c-amb Al-¶mcw h¿[n-

°m-\n-S-h-cmØ Xc-Øn¬ hyXykvX h¿K-ß-fpsS IS-a-Ifpw sXmgn-

ep-Ifpw hyh-ÿ-s∏-Sp-ØWw. kmaq-lym-`n-{]mbw Hmtcm hy‡n°pw

Ahs‚ h¿K-Øn-t‚-Xmb Npa-X-e-Ifpw sXmgn-ep-Ifpw \n›-bn-®p-

sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw AtX-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ Ahs‚ AXym¿Ønbpw

kpJm-k-‡nbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa-∂mWv CXns‚

A¿Yw.''2

CXns‚ icn-bmb A¿Yw `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ Ah-in-„-ßsf apdp-

°n-∏n-Sn-°-W-sa∂p am{X-a√, kmaq-ly-cm-{„ob Pohn-X-Øns‚ P\m-

[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-WsØ XS-bp-Ibpw ""Ae-k-∑m-cpsS h¿K""sØ

NqjWw sNøp∂ taem-f-∑m-cpsS B[n-]Xyw \n¿_m[w XpS-cp-Ibpw

sNø-W-sa∂p IqSn-bmWv.

thZm-¥hpw kzIm-cy-kzØpw

imkv{Xob ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øn\pw tkmjy-en-k-Øn\pw FXn-cmbn

am{X-a√, s]mXp-ta-Je, Im¿jn-I-]-cn-jv°-cWw, kmaq-ly-\oXn apX-

em-b-h-bvs°-Xn-cmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ as‰m-cm-bp-[-amWv Bflo-

b-hmZw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, thZm-¥hpw kzIm-cy-kzØpw Ahn-`m-Py-

ß-fm-sW∂v kºq¿am-\μv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-

2. K.M. Munshi: Foundations of Indian Culture, P. 68.


{]m-b-Øn¬ hyh-km-b-Øns‚ s]mXp-ta-Je Hcp Iayq-WnÃv \S-]-

Sn-bmWv; Iayq-Wn-ksØ FXn¿t°-≠Xv F√m C¥y-°m-cp-sSbpw

IS-a-bp-amWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, ""Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw, AtN-X-\hpw kz¥w {]Ir-Xn-bpsS B¥-cnI \nb-a-a-\p-

k-cn®v kzbw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ùXn-I-k-Ø-bmWv {]]-

©-Øns‚ ASn-Ød. t\sc-a-dn®v, C¥y≥ Nn¥-I-∑msc kw_-‘n-

®n-S-tØmfw {_“-amWv {]]-©-Øns‚ ASn-Ød. ssNX-\y-amWv

AXns‚ kz`mhw. ""Ahn-Zy-bn¬ \n∂mWv {]]-©-Øns‚ D¬]Øn.

F√m Ne-\hpw ˛ thWsa-¶n¬ \ap-°-Xns\ ]cn-Wmaw F∂p

hnfn°mw ˛ tNX-\-bpsS A¥- -Øsb aqSn-sh-bv°p∂ Ahn-Zysb

\in-∏n-°m≥ th≠n hy‡n \S-Øp∂ CS-hn-SmØ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fpsS

ê-amWv.'' Ahn-Zysb \in-∏n-°m\pw hy‡n-bpsS Bflm-hns\

""{]]-©-Øns‚ Bflm-hp-ambn XmZm-fly-s∏-SpØm""\pw th≠n \S-

Ø-s∏-Sp∂ Cu hy‡n-]-c-amb ]cn-{i-a-ßsf `c-W-IqSw XS- -s∏-

Sp-Ø-cp-sX-∂mWv kºq¿Wm-\μv ]d-bp-∂Xv: ""hy‡n ktN-X-\hpw

\nXy-hp-amb Hcp Alw BWv. {]]-©-Øns‚ Al-amb {_“-

Øns‚ al-Ømb {]Im-i-Øns‚ Hcp Inc-W-amWv Ah≥. AXp-

sIm≠v, Ahs‚ Ah-Im-i-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Iq´m-°mØ `c-

W-Iq-S-Øn\v B]-Øp-h-∂p-tNcpw.''3 Imń¬t]mbn X] p sNømt\m

Z¥-tKm-]p-c-Øn-e-S-®n-cp∂v {_“sØ [ym\n-°mt\m D≈ Ah-Im-

i-sØ-∏-‰n-b√ At±lw ]d-bp-∂Xv. hy‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬

""aqe-[\w \nt£-]n-°m\pw hyh-km-b-ßƒ \S-Øm\p""ap≈ Ah-

Im-ihpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p F∂v At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp∂p. AXp-sIm-

≠mWv ""kzIm-cy-ta-Je \ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xv s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°v

Bh-iy-am-sW∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.''4

cm{„o-b-Po-hn-X-Øn-se-∂-t]mse sshNm-cnI afi-e-Ønepw

kz¥-amb hy‡n-ap{Z ]Xn® cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn t]mepw Xs‚

cm{„o-bm-`n-{]m-b-ßsf thZm-¥-hp-ambn Iqń-°-e¿Øm≥ {ian-°p-

I-bp-≠mbn. ""Cuiz-cs‚ C—m-i-‡n-sb-∏-‰ntbm ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-∏-‰ntbm

kz`m-h-sØ-∏-‰ntbm hn[n-sb-gp-Xmt\m Ahsb a\- n-em-°m≥t]m-

eptam a\p-jy\v Ign-hn√''5 F∂v At±lw hniz-kn-°p∂p. ]t£,

AtX-k-a-bØp Xs∂ ""Ahs\ \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv kwkv°m-csØ

3. Sampurnand: Indian Socialism.4. Ibid.5. C. Rajagopalachari: Satyameva Jayate, P. 236.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 345

Xs∂ \ntj-[n -°-emWv'' F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. ""Fs¥-∂m¬,

kwkv°mcw ùXn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn-sb-b√, Bflob ]cn-{i-a-ß-sfbpw

Bfl-\n-b-{¥-W-sØbpw Bflm¿Y-amb kl-I-c-W-sØ-bp-amWv

B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ Hcp ]c-a-i-‡n-bn-ep≈

hnizm-ksØ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''6 ]c-a-i-‡n-bn¬

hniz-kn-°pI F∂p-sh-®m¬ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ ""kz`m-hhpw Pohn-Xhpw

k\m-X-\-ß-fmb km∑m¿KnI \nb-a-ßƒs°-Xn-c-√m-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬''

cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv A¿Yw. k\m-X-\-ß-fmb km∑m¿KnI \nb-

a-ß-fn-sem∂v kzIm-cy-kz-Øns‚ ]cn-]m-h-\-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-°-em-

sW∂v At±lw hy‡-am-°p∂p: ""\nßƒ \nß-fpsS kz¥-am-sW∂p

Icp-Xp-∂-h-sb√mw Cuiz-c-\m¬ \¬I-s∏-´-h-bm-sW∂pw Ah

\nßƒ°p \¬In-bXv \√ Imcy-ßƒ°p-th≠n am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-

°m-\m-sW∂pw a\- n-em-°pI. hy‡n-]-c-amb kzIm-cy-kz-Øns‚

kz`m-hhpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bh-iyhpw XΩn¬ Cß-s\-bmWv

s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. hy‡n-I-fmb AwK-ßƒ ssIhiw shbv°p∂

F√m-‰n¬ \n∂pw D≠m-Ip∂ t\´-ß-fpsS ta¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p≈

Ah-Im-isØ \ntj-[n-°m≥ hø. ]t£, kzIm-cy-kzØpw AXp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ \o°w D¬∏m-

Z\w \S-Øm\pw A\m-h-iy-sN-e-hp-Iƒ IqSmsX AXns\ ImØp

c£n-°m-\p-ap≈ {]tNm-Z-\sØ \in-∏n®p Ifbpw.'' AXp-sIm≠v,

kzIm-cy-kz-Øns\ ""B]¬°m-cn-bmb Hcp i{Xp-hn-s\-t∏mse IW-

°m-°p-I-b√, t\sc-a-dn®v, AXns\ F√m-hn-[-Ønepw t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-°p-I-bmWv th≠Xv''. cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬

""kmº-Øn-I-hn-I-k-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AtXm-sSm∏w

hy‡n-I-fpsS ap≥I-øn\pw Ah-cpsS ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw ]q¿W-amb

kzmX{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-amWv'' Kh-s◊‚ns‚ I¿Øhyw.

]t£, AtX kzmX{¥yw A[zm-\n-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn°pw A\p-h-Zn-

®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂v hmZn-°m≥ At±lw Xøm-dn√. adn®v, ""]Wn-ap-S-

°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bkq-{XnX kmº-Øn-I-hy-h-ÿ-

bpsS A¿Yw a\- n-em-°m≥ Xs∂ F\n°v km[n-°p-∂n√'' F∂mWv

At±lw ]d-bp-∂Xv. ""AXp-sIm≠v, D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-am-bn-

´p≈ F√m-‰nepw sh®v G‰hpw {][m-\-amb LS-IsØ, AXm-bXv,

a\p-jy-i-‡nsb, Kh-s◊‚ v \nb-{¥n-°Ww. Kh-s◊‚ v \nbaw \S-

∏n¬ hcp-ØWw. CXn¬ bmsXmcp hn´p-ho-gvNbpw ]mSn√.''

6. Ibid.


Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]pXnb [mc-Iƒ

F∂m¬, F√m Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw \ne-hn-ep≈ kzØp-S-a-_-

‘-ß-sftbm Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-sbtbm \ne-\n¿Ø-W-

sa∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. ]gb aX-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw aX-N-

S-ßp-I-sfbpw AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ th≠n-bp≈ ]p\-cp-≤m-cW

]cn-{i-a-ßƒ aX-Øn\v Xs∂ B]-Øm-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠v B[p-

\n-I-tem-I-Øn\v ]‰nb Xc-Øn¬ hnizm-k-ß-fnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw

am‰-ßƒ hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂pw Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw hniz-kn®p.

hyh-km-b-h¬°-cWw, kmº-ØnI kzmX{¥yw, Nqj-W-ß-fn¬

\n∂p≈ tamN\w, kam-[m\w, tkmjy-enkw XpS-ßnb B[p-\n-Im-

h-iy-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-SmØ XXz-Nn-¥bv°v P\-Io-bm-`n-em-j-

ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂pw AXn-\m¬ ]gb Bi-b-

ßƒ°v ]pXnb cq]-ßƒ \¬tI-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw Ah¿ a\- n-em°n.

XXz-Nn-¥sb Z¥-tKm-]p-c-Øns‚ Hu∂-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw A¥¿ap-

J-Xz-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw euInI bmYm¿Yy-ß-fn-te°v

Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-c-W-sa∂ D¬t_m-[-\-ßƒ XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cpsS

ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ t]mepw tIƒ°mw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, 1953¬ _tdm-

U-bn¬ sh®p-Iq-Snb XXz-imkv{X tIm¨{K-kns‚ Ccp-]-sØ´mw

hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kp{]-kn≤ XXz-Nn-¥I-\mb sI.kn.

Kp]vX Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn®p:

""kPo-h-ß-fmb A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS ˛ h¿W-ß-fp-sSbpw i_vZ-

ß-fp-sSbpw hni-∏n-s‚bpw I„-∏m-Sn-s‚bpw tNdn-s‚bpw Nfn-bp-sSbpw

A[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw kar-≤n-bp-sSbpw \njv^-e-X-bp-sSbpw t\´-

Øn-s‚bpw kuμ-cy-Øn-s‚bpw t{ijvT-X-bp-sSbpw A\p-`-h-ß-fn-

eqsS am{X-amWv \Ωƒ bmYm¿∞y-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A\p-`-

h-ß-fpsS temI-Øn¬ \n∂v t\m´w ]q¿W-ambn ]n≥h-en-°p-Ibpw

Bflm-hn-\-I-Øp≈ AKm-[-X-I-fn¬ bmYm¿Yyw Is≠-Øm≥

th≠n D≈n-te°v Zr„n Xncn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ At\z-j-I≥ iq\y-

X-bn¬ sN∂-h-km-\n°pw. Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kzbw AI-

∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw HmP v hos≠-Sp-°m≥ th≠n B A\p-`-h-ß-fn-

te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Iq´m-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ XXz-imkv{Xw

kz¥w e£y-sØ-Øs∂ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂v Xo¿®-bmWv....

ip≤-amb Nn¥-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\w-sIm≠p am{Xw kXyw t\S≥ Ign-

bn√. apJyhpw ap¥n-\n¬°p-∂-h-bp-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS thWw

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 347

AXp t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pI. ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse _lp-ap-J-ß-fmb

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-f-hm-Ip∂ ka-{K-amb Ah-Km-l-Øn¬ Du∂p-

tºmƒ am{Xta \ΩpsS XXz-Z¿i\w `{Z-am-hp-I-bp≈q.''7

Bflo-b-hm-Zn-bmb as‰mcp XXz-imkv{X s{^m -̂ ¿, ]n.Sn. cmPp,

1957¬ Cßs\ FgpXn: ""ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ß-fmb kmº-Øn-Im-h-iy-

ßƒ, Bflo-bm-h-iy-ß-tf-°mƒ i‡n-bp-≈-h-bmWv. kmº-Øn-Im-

h-iy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ a\p-jy≥ Ah-bpsS

bmYm¿YysØ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-tbmsS A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw Bflo-bm-

h-iy-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. C¥ysb kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw CXv kmº-Øn-I-amb ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ Ime-L-´-

amWv. AXp-sIm≠v C¥y≥ XXz-imkv{Xw Icp-X-temsS s]cp-am-dp-

Ibpw sFln-I-aq-ey-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-b-Ø-°-hn[w hnim-

e-am-hp-Ibpw sFln-I-aq-ey-ßƒ°v e£yhpw t\Xr-Xzhpw \¬Ip-

Ibpw sNøWw.... XXz-im-kv{XsØ kmaq-ly-ambn {]tbm-P-\-I-c-

am-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-ß-fmb Bflo-b-Z¿i-\-ß-

fn-e-S-ßnb kpi-‡-amb hy‡n-hm-ZsØ cq]-t`-Z-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNøWw. a\p-jy≥ Hcp kmaq-ly-Po-hn-bm-sW∂ Bi-bsØ XXz-

im-kv{X-Øn¬ Kuc-h-ambn Dƒs°m-≈n-°Ww.''8

kb≥kpw aXhpw

Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p-sIm≠p Xs∂ kb≥kn-s‚bpw

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw t\´-ß-sfbpw Ahsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-

s°m≠v ùXn-I-t£aw sIń-∏-Sp-°m-\p≈ tZio-b-]-cn-{i-a-ß-sfbpw

kzmKXw sNøp∂ XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J-\mWv cm[m-Ir-jvW≥.

1965¬ sNbvX Hcp {]kw-K-Øn¬ At±lw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""c≠mw

temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw Gjy-bn-sebpw B{^n-°-bn-sebpw H -́

\-h[n cmPy-ßƒ kzX-{¥-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬, cm{„o-

b-kzm-X{¥yw Hcp e£y-a√. \Ωƒ cm{„o-b-ambn kzX-{¥-cm-bn-

cn°mw. ]t£, P\-ßƒ ]ńWn InS-∂p-a-cn-°p∂p F¶n¬, Ah¿°v

DSpt∏m hotSm hnZym-`ym-ktam Cs√-¶n¬, Ah¿ A\m-Y-Xz-Ønepw

tcmK-Ønepw Zmcn-{Zy-Ønepw A⁄-X-bnepw Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-I-bm-sW-

¶n¬, B kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v henb hne-sbm-∂p-an√. AXn-\m¬

hf¿®bpw Bfl-{]-Im-i-\hpw XS-b-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ F√m-

7. Indian Philosophical Congress, 28th Session, Baroda, 1953.8. P.T. Raju: The Prabudha Bharata, August 1957.


h¿°pw `£Ww, hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏nSw F∂o {]mY-an-Im-h-iy-ßƒ

e`n-°Ww. Cu Imcy-ß-sf√mw icn-bm-°m-\p≈ Htc-sbmcp am¿Kw

kb≥kpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ahsb Irjn,

hyh-kmbw, NnIn’ apX-em-b-h-bn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-I-bp-amWv.''9

]t£, ùXn-Im-`n-hr-≤n-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Xr]vXn-s∏-Sm≥ ]mSn√. ùXn-

I-{]-Ir-Xn-°-Xo-X-amb Hcm-flo-b-i‡n a\p-jy-\n¬ A¥¿e-bn-®p-

In-S-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw B Bflo-b-i-‡n-bmWv F√m ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-

sSbpw ASn-Ø-d-sb∂pw cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p:

""hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb kw`h ]c-º-c-bnse Hcp LSIw am{X-amWv Xm≥

F∂v a\p-jy≥ Icp-Xm≥ ]mSn√. {]Ir-Xn-°-∏p-d-Øp≈ Ft¥m H∂v

Ah-\n¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p≠v. {]Ir-Xn-sb-∏‰n hn[n Iev]n-°m\pw

{]IrXn icn°v Fßs\ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v a\- n-em-°m\pw

AXm-W-hs\ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv... imkv{X-Øns‚ kr„n-bm-bmepw

icn, Iem-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bmepw icn, kmt¶-Xn-Im-`n-hr-≤n-bm-bmepw

icn, CsXm-s°-Øs∂ \nßƒ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp ̀ mKw am{X-a-s√∂

Hcp t_m[w \nß-fn-ep-f-hm-°p∂p. IqSp-X¬ hnim-e-amb Hc¿Y-Øn¬

{]Ir-Xn-bp-tS-X-√mØ, {]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-amb, Hcp LSIw \nß-fn¬

ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v, B LS-IsØ a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-

I-ssN-X\yw F∂p hnfn-°Ww. \ap°v Cu temI-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈

F√m t\´-ßƒ°pw B B¥-cn-I-ssN-X-\y-amWv ImcWw.''10

Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn¬ a\p-jy\v {Inbm-fl-I-amb Hcp ]¶p-

s≠∂pw a\p-jy-{]-b-Xv\-Øn-eqsS, {]Ir-XmXoX-i-‡n-I-fpsS CS-

s]-S¬ IqSmX Xs∂, a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xnsb am‰m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pw cm[m-

Ir-jvW≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p. 1957¬ At±lw FgpXn: ""\ap°v a\p-jy-

{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-b¬, `b-Øn¬ \n∂pw I„-∏m-Sp-I-

fn¬ \n∂pw ss\cm-iy-Øn¬ \n∂pw \n -lm-b-X-bn¬ \n∂pw \sΩ

Db¿Øp-Ibpw ]pXnb temI-Øn-\p-th≠n [oc-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m≥

\sΩ Hcp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ {Inbm-fl-I-amb Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø\w, Bh-

iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. Cu ]pXnb temIw imkv{X-hp-ambpw

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-ambpw hf-sc-b-[nIw _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.''11 cm[m-

Ir-jvW≥. Xs‚ aX-hn-izm-k-ß-sftbm Bflo-b-hm-Z-sØtbm Dt]-

£n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂√ CXn-\¿∞w. adn®v, aX-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw

9. Radhakrishnan: Speeches and Writings, P. 134.10. Ibid.11. Ibid.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 349

Bflo-b-hm-Z-sØbpw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-hp-ambn CW-°n-t®¿°m\pw

Aßs\ Ah XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-ßsf \o°w sNøm-\p-amWv

At±lw {ian-°p-∂Xv. aX-Øn-s‚bpw imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw e£yw

H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv F∂m-W-t±lw ]d-bp-∂Xv: ""imkv{X-Øns‚ \nK-

a-\-ßfpw aX-X-Xz-ßfpw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-an√. kao-

]-\-ßƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw kXym-t\z-j-W-amWv Ah-bpsS

s]mXp-e£yw.''12

aXsØ imkv{X-hp-ambn Iqń-bn-W-°m-\p≈ cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚

]cn-{iaw hnP-b-I-c-am-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ hø. Fs¥-∂m¬, imkv{X-

Øns‚ t\´-ßsf am{Xta At±lw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p≈q. kXyw

Is≠-Øm-\p≈ imkv{Xob kao-]-\-tØmSv At±lw tbmPn-°p-

∂n√. At±-l-Øn-t‚Xv aX-]-chpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-]-c-hp-amb kao-]-\-

amWv. kao-]-\-Øn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xp-sIm≠v kXy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

k¶¬∏-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. ]c-a-amb bmYm¿Yyw

bp‡y-Xo-X-am-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ AXns‚ kz`mhw bp‡n-hn-Nm-

cw-sIm≠p \n¿W-bn-°pI km[y-a-s√∂pw At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-

bp∂p.13 B ]c-a-amb bmYm¿Yyw ssZh-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a-s√∂pw

At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v.

imkv{Xo-b-Nn-¥-I-fpsS Zu¿_eyw

Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fmb an° B[p-\n-I-Nn-¥-I-∑mcpw ùXn-I-hm-Z-

Øn-s\-Xn-cmb \ne-]m-SmWv ssIs°m-≠n-´p-≈Xv. ùXn-I-hmZw a\p-

jys‚ hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øn-s‚bpw D¬Ir-„-`m-h-ß-fp-sSbpw

hf¿®sb XS-™p-\n¿Øp-sa-∂p-t]mepw Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ Icp-Xp∂p.

bm{¥n-I-ù-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb imkv{Xo-b-ù-Xn-I-hmZw a\p-jy-

Xz-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnsb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp-]m-

[n-bm-sW∂v Ah-cw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n√.

cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥, Fw.F≥. tdmbv, Un.kn. tImkmw_n

XpS-ßnb ]e Nn¥-I-∑mcpw ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

bmYm¿YysØ hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈ Nne ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ \S-Øn-

bn-´p≠v. ]t£, s]mXp-hn¬ ]d-™m¬, imkv{Xo-b-ù-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn-

s‚bpw am¿Ivknkw XpS-ßnb B[p-\nI Nn¥-I-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w

C¥y-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw Zp¿_-e-amWv.

12. Ibid.13. S. Radhakrishnan in the Indian Mind. P. 178.


^yqU-en-k-Øn\pw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\pw FXn-cmb P\m-[n-]-Xy-

Øn-s‚bpw tkmjy-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw i‡n-I-fpsS hf¿®-tbm-sSm∏w

kmaq-lym-i-b-ß-fpsS taJ-e-I-fnepw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-

´p-s≠-∂Xp icn-bmWv. ]t£, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, Irjn-°m¿, CS-Ø-

c-°m¿ XpS-ßnb A[zm-\n-°p∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS ka-c-ßƒ apJy-

ambpw kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI cwK-ß-fn¬ HXp-ßn-\n¬°p-I-bmWv.

kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø\ {]{In-b-bn¬ Bi-b-ßƒ°p s]mXp-hnepw

XXz-Nn-¥bv°v {]tXy-In®pw D≈ {]m[m\yw th≠{X AwKo-I-cn-

°-s∏-´p-I-gn-™n-ń√. C¥y-bpsS kmwkv°m-cnI ]mc-º-cy-ß-fpsS

]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-ß-fmb hi-ßsf Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v ÿm]nX

Xm¬∏-cy-°m-cp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂p kzX-{¥-amb Hcp ]pXnb temI-ho-

£-W-K-Xnbpw Pohn-XX-Xz-im-kv{Xhpw Bhn-jv°-cn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-

{i-a-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw {]mcw-`-Z-i-bn-emWv. F¶nepw hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p∂ Cu ]pXnb kmaq-ly-i-‡n-I-fpsS ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw Xpfp-

ºp∂ A`n-em-j-ßfpw {]Xo-£-Ifpw Adn-hp-t\-Sm-\p≈ B{K-lhpw

`mhn-bpsS Nq≠p-]-e-I-I-fm-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 351

44. `mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ Ftßm´v?

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hn-em-Wn∂v. C\n-sb-tßm´v? `mhn-

bn-te°v t\m°p-∂-Xn\v apºv \ΩpsS Cu kw£n-]vX-amb Ncn-{Xm-

h-tem-I-\-Øns‚ apJy-amb \nK-a-\-ß-fn-te°v H∂p ItÆm-Sn-°p-

∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn°pw.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bpsS ASn-th-cp-Iƒ

H∂m-asØ \nK-a\w `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥bv°v Hcp Ncn-{X-ap-s≠-∂Xp

Xs∂-bmWv. AXv am‰-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-hmØ A\m-Zn-bmb k\m-

X-\-Nn-¥-b√. \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS kwL-´-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw k¶o¿W-X-

I-fn-eq-sSbpw ka-\z-b-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv AXv cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]p„n-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXXv. AXns‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ InS-°p-∂Xv kl-{km-

_vZ-ßƒ°-∏p-d-ØmWv. Bcy-∑m¿°p-apºv C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-

ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Ipe-tKm-{X-ß-fpsS {]mIr-X-Nn-¥-I-fp-sSbpw

EtKz-Z-kvtXm-{X-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p∂ {]mNo-\m-cy-∑m-cpsS AIr-

{Xn-am-i-b-ß-fp-sSbpw ka-\z-b-amWv AXns‚ Dd-hnSw. D¬∏m-Z-\-hy-

h-ÿ-bnse {]hr-Øn-hn-`-P-\-Øn-s‚bpw {]mNo\ kaq-l-Ønse

h¿W-hy-h-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw XpS-°-tØm-Sp-IqSn hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb

Zm¿i-\n-I-Nn-¥-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv B Dd-hn-S-Øn¬ \n∂mWv.

a\p-jys\ a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂v AI-‰n-\n¿Ønb Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTn-

X-amb h¿W-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS k¶p-Nn-X-Xz-ßsf tNmZyw sNøp-Ibpw

F√m a\p-jycpw ˛ F∂√, ktN-X-\m-tN-X-\-ß-fmb k¿h-N-cm-N-c-

ßfpw ˛ H∂m-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv C¥y-

bn¬ XXz-im-kv{X-Nn-¥-Iƒ Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv. kØv, AkØv,


Pothm¬]Øn, Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw, Bflmhv, {_“w, A\-¥X,

\iz-c-Xbpw A\-iz-c-Xbpw, {]IrXn, {]m]-©n-I-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßƒ,

Bflmhpw {_“hpw XΩnepw a\p-jy\pw {]]-©hpw XΩn-ep-ap≈

_‘-ßƒ ˛ F√m-‰n-s\-∏-‰nbpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse Nn¥-I-∑m¿

N¿® sNbvXp. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ A¿Yhpw e£yhpw I≠p-]n-

Sn-°m\pw sFln-I-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hymh-lm-cnI temI-Øns‚

\n m-c-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w t\Sn-s°m≠v kpJhpw kwXr-

]vXnbpw {]m]n-°m\pw Ah¿ ]cn-{i-an®p. B ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn¬

\n∂mWv hn`n-∂-ß-fmb {]mNo-\-Z¿i-\-ßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn™p ]p„n-

s∏-´Xv.

At∏mƒ, Z¿i-\-ßƒ Kpl-I-fntem ImSp-I-fntem Ign-®p-Iq-ńb

al¿jn-am-cpsS tIh-e-Nn-¥-I-f√. Pohn-X-{]-iv\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-

W-ß-fm-Wh. kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb kw`-h-

hn-Im-k-ß-fp-ambn {]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm Ah _‘-s∏-

ń-cn-°p∂p. kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI bmYm¿Yy-ß-fmWv Ah-bpsS ASn-

Ød. ASn-Ø-dsb IqSp-X¬ Dd-∏n-°mt\m AXns\ am‰n-a-dn-®p-

sIm≠v a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ apt∂m´p \bn-°mt\m Ah {]tNm-Z\w

\¬Ip∂p. C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Ønse hnhn-[-L-´-ß-fn-ep-≠mb kwL-´-\m-

fl-I-ß-fmb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-ßƒ Ah-bn¬

hy‡-ambn ImWmw. C¥ym-N-cn-{X-am-Is´, temI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬\n∂v

H‰-s∏-´-X√. {]mNo-\-Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂ C¥y hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-

fp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-´p≠v. AXp-sIm≠v ip≤-amb `mc-

Xob Nn¥ F∂v H∂p-≠m-hm≥ hø. {]mNo-\-{Ko-°p-Nn-¥-Ifpw a[y-

Im-esØ C…m-anI Nn¥-Ifpw {InkvXp-a-Xm-i-b-ßfpw imkv{X-

Ønepw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-ep-ap-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw B[p-\n-I-km-

º-ØnI˛cm{„o-b-]-cn -h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sa√mw `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bn¬

kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p≠v Aßs\, `mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ km¿h-eu-In-

I-Nn-¥-bpsS Hcp `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. CXns‚ A¿Yw `mc-

Xo-b-Nn-¥bv°v bmsXmcp {]tXy-I-X-bp-an-s√-∂√. t\sc-a-dn®v, C¥y-

bpsS kmaq-lyhpw tZio-b-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb

]mc-º-cy-ßfpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hyXym-k-ßfpw Ak-a-amb

hf¿®bpw PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hm-Zhpw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-

Øns‚ k¶o¿W-X-Ifpw a‰p {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bpsS

hf¿®-bpsS khn-tij kml-N-cy-ß-fmWv. Cu kml-N-cy-ßsf

IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p am{Xta B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-´-Øn-\-\p-tbm-

Py-amb ]pXnb Nn¥-Isf Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈q.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 353

C¥y-bpsS al-Ømb ]mc-º-cysØ ]q¿W-ambn \ntj-[n-°p∂ XXz-

Nn-¥-Iƒ°v ChnsS i‡n-bm¿Pn-°m≥ Ign-bn√. ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚bpw

Ncn-{X-Øn-s‚bpw kzm[o\w A{X kpi-‡-amWv.

GI-]-£o-b-amb kao-]\w

C¥y-bpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-]m-c-º-cy-Ønse Nne {]tXyI {]h-W-X-

Isf am{Xw GI-]-£o-b-ambn Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°m\pw Aßs\

hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Ncn-{X-]-T-\sØ hnIr-X-am-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp hmk\

]m›m-Xycpw ]uc-kvXy-cp-amb Nne {KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ ImWm-\p≠v.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, B¬_¿´v ssjz‰vk¿ C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ Xs‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ sFln-I-Po-hn-X-\n-tj-[-amWv `mc-Xo-b-Nn-

¥-bpsS apJy-amb A¥¿[mc F∂p-hsc {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

a{¥-hm-Z-]-c-amb anÃn-kn-k-amWv `mc-Xo-b-X-Xz-Nn-¥-bpsS XpS°w

F∂pw AXn¬ \n∂mWv temI-sØbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw \ntj-[n-

°p∂ Z¿i-\-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv F∂p-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-

{]mbw.1 Pohn-XsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂, {Inbm-fl-I-amb, Hcp [m¿an-

I-hy-h-ÿ-sb-bmWv ]m›m-Xy-Nn¥ Du∂p-Ibpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂Xv F∂pw AXp-sIm-≠mWv AXns‚ temI-ho-£-W-Øn¬

ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw Xpfp-ºp-∂Xv F∂pw t\sc-a-dn®v `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-

bpsS ASn-ÿm\w Xs∂ \ncm-im-hm-Z-am-sW∂pw AXp-sIm-≠mWv

AXv Pohn-XsØ \ntj-[n-°p∂ \njv{In-b-amb Hcp [m¿an-I-hy-h-

ÿsb \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂pw as‰m-cn-SØv At±lw Fgp-Xp-I-

bp-≠mbn.2 Nm¿hm-I-Z¿i-\-sam-gn-®p≈ as‰√m ̀ mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ßfpw

a\p-jys‚ aX-]-c-amb A`n-em-j-ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Dt±-in®p

sIm≠p-≈-h-bm-sW∂pw AXo-{μn-bhpw Aeu-In-I-hp-amb Hcp

ÿnXn-hn-tijw km£m¬°-cn-°-emWv Ah-bpsS e£y-sa∂pw

ZmkvKp]vX ]d-bp∂p.3 B[ym-flnI {]h-W-X-bmWv `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-

bn¬ B[n-]Xyw hln-°p-∂Xv F∂pw AXmWv `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-

c-sØ-bmsI \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Nn¥-Isf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXXv F∂pw B[ym-fln-Im-\p-̀ -h-amWv ̀ mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚

ASn-Ø-d-sb∂pw cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ]d-bp∂p.4 At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-

1. Albert Schweitzer: Indian Thought and its Development, P. 250.2. Albert Schweitzer: Civilization and Ethics, P. 32.3. Dasagupta: History of Indian Philosophy, P. 22.4. Robert A. McDermott(Ed) : Basic Writings of S. Radhakrishnan, P. 85.


{]m-b-Øn¬ ""Cuiz-cs‚ A\-iz-c-k-Ø-bmWv C¥y-bnse apJy-amb

Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿Yyw.''5

Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fmb Nn¥-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cmb

ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-°m-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ `mc-Xo-b-X-Xz-Nn¥

F∂p-sh-®m¬ Bflo-b-hm-Zhpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-sa-∂p-sh-®m¬ thZm-

¥hpw thZm-¥-sa-∂p-sh-®m¬ AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-hp-amWv. ""Ct∂-hsc

`mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥sb khn-ti-j-ambn {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®p-t]m-∂n-´p-≈Xv

Bflo-b-hm-Z-amWv''6 F∂p ]n.Sn. cmPp Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp∂p. ""apgp-h≥

`mc-Xo-b-kw-kv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-Ød thZm-¥-amWv'7 F∂mWv

cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw Ipt_-c-∑m-cmb ÿm]n-X-Xm-

ev]-cy-°m-cpsS kmº-ØnI klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ aX-

ÿm-]-\-ßfpw k\ymkn aT-ßfpw Ah-bpsS {]Nm-c-I-∑mcpw Bflo-

b-hm-ZsØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v, ASn-b-¥n-c-ß-fmb kmº-

ØnI˛cm{„ob {]t£m-`-ß-fn¬ \n∂v P\-ß-fpsS {i≤sb Xncn-

®p-hn-Sp∂p. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ C∂sØ C¥-bnse an°

Ipg-∏-ß-fp-sSbpw ImcWw aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS A`m-h-amWv.

F∂m¬, Bflo-b-hm-Ztam sFln-I-Po-hn-X-\n-tj-[tam BWv

`mc-Xo-b-X-Xz-Nn-¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ hmZw Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-

Iƒ°v H´pw-Xs∂ \nc-°m-Ø-XmWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, \Ωƒ Cu {KŸ-

Øns‚ BZy-`m-K-ß-fn¬ I≠p-I-gn-™-Xp-t]mse, {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-

b-Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ Bflo-b-hm-Ztam sFln-I-Po-hn-X-\n-tj-[tam A√,

ùXn-I-hm-Z-Nn-¥-Ifpw Pohn-X-tØm-Sp≈ A`n-\n-th-i-hp-amWv B[n-

]Xyw hln-°p-∂Xv. {]m]-©n-I-{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-sSbpw B¥-cn-I-tN-

X-\-bp-sSbpw bYm¿Y kz`m-h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [oc-amb A`yq-l-

ßƒ, a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-{]-Ir-Xnbpw _mly-{]-Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-

ep≈ _‘w I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ shº¬, a\p-jys\ t\cn-Sp∂ ̀ uXn-

Ihpw B[n-ù-Xn-I-hp-amb hnj-a-{]-iv\-ßƒ°p ]cn-lmcw ImWm-

\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ, kaq-l-Øn¬ B[n-]Xyw hln-°p∂ ]utcm-

ln-Xy-Øns‚ hn[n-hn-e-°p-I-sftbm amaq¬hn-izm-k-ß-sftbm B{i-

bn-°msX bp‡nsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ kXym-t\z-

jWw, a\p-jy-Xz-tØm-Sp≈ BZ-chv, ̀ mhn-bn-ep≈ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw

˛ Ch-sbm-s°-bmWv {]mNo-\-X-Xz-Nn-¥-I-fpsS apJy-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

5. Ibid.6. P.T. Raju: Idealist Thought of India.7. C. Rajagopalachari: Hinduism

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 355

bmYm¿Yy-tØm-Sp≈ kao-]-\sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hn`n-∂-ß-

fmb ho£-W-K-Xn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xp-i-cn-bmWv. GI-ssZ-h-hn-

izm-khpw _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-khpw XΩnepw ssZzX-hm-Zhpw GI-X-

Xz-hm-Zhpw XΩnepw Bflo-b-hm-Zhpw ùXn-I-hm-Zhpw XΩn-ep-ap≈

\o≠ ka-c-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv {]mNo-\-Z¿i-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

]p„n-bm¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv.

ùXn-I-hm-Zhpw Bflo-b-hm-Zhpw

Nm¿hm-I-aXw, As√-¶n¬ temIm-bXw, Hgn-®p≈ as‰√m {]mNo-

\-Z¿i-\-ßfpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-]-c-am-bn-cp∂p F∂ hmZ-Øn¬ henb

Ig-ºp-s≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n√. Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn\v Xo¿®-bmbpw ÿm\-

ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, AXmWv {]mNo-\-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw

hln-®-sX∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-b√. bYm¿Y-Øn¬, BZy-Im-eØv

{]tXy-In®pw, Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂n√, ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øn-\m-bn-

cp∂p, IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw. temIm-bXw, kz`m-h-hmZw, bZr-—m-hmZw

XpS-ßnb AXn-{]m-No-\-ß-fmb ùXn-I-hm-Z-Nn-¥-Iƒ°v, Ah-bpsS

bm{¥n-Ihpw Gsd-°psd {]mIr-X-hp-amb kz`mhw ImcWw, P\-

ßsf hf-sc-sbm∂pw BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-™n-s√-∂Xp icn-bmWv.

]t£, Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn\pw ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmb {]mY-anI

Iem-]-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah F∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-®p-IqSm. Gsd-°-gn-

bp-∂-Xn\p apºv kq£va-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn-s‚bpw bp‡n-bp-sSbpw ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-ß-fmb kmwJyw, \ymbw,

sshti-jnIw XpS-ßnb ̀ uXn-I-hm-Z-Z¿i-\-ßƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°-s∏´p.

Ah-sbm∂pw Xs∂ bmYm¿YysØ \ntj-[n-°p-Itbm Pohn-X-Øn¬

\n∂p≈ Hfn-t®m-´-ßƒ°p t{]cW \¬Ip-Itbm sNbvXn√. t\sc-

a-dn®v, ùXn-tIm¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw sshZy-imkv{Xw,

tPymXn-imkv{Xw, A¿Y-imkv{Xw apX-emb {]mNo-\-im-kv{X-

ßƒ°pw kmln-Xym-Zn-I-e-Iƒ°pw Ah hºn® {]tNm-Z\w \¬In.

_u≤-Z¿i-\hpw ssP\-Z¿i-\hpw, Ah-bpsS icn-bmb A¿Y-

Øn¬, ùXn-I-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂n√. F¶nepw, ssZhsØ AwKo-I-cn-°m-

Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Ah Xo¿®-bmbpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-am-bn-cp∂p. Bflo-

b-hm-Z-]-c-amb \nco-iz-c-hmZw, As√-¶n¬ \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-amb Bflo-

b-hmZw F∂v Ahsb hnti-jn-∏n°mw. ]t£, {Ia-Øn¬ Ahbv°v

]e am‰-ßfpw kw`-hn®p. _u≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ imJ-I-sf∂p ]d-

bm-hp∂ hn⁄m-\-hm-Zhpw tbmKm-Nm-chpw hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√mØ Bflo-

b-hm-Z-Øn-emWv Du∂n-bXv. adn®v ku{Xm-¥nIw, ssh`m-jnIw F∂o


imJ-Iƒ ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øn-te-°mWv Xncn-™Xv. _u≤˛ ssP\-Z¿i-

\-ß-fn-e-S-ßnb sshcp-[ym-[n-jvTnX Nn¥-Ifpw am‰-sØ-°p-dn®pw

Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ \nK-a-\-ßfpw k]vX-`w-Ko-\ym-

bhpw a‰pw `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-sØbmsI Hcp ]pXnb L´-Øn-te°v

Db¿Øn. {]mNo\ ]m›mXy Z¿i-\-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-

sIm≠v {Ko°p-X-Xz-⁄m-\n-I-fpsS kl-P-amb Zzμzm-fl-I-hm-Z-sØ-

∏‰n GwK¬kv FSp-Øp-]-d-™Xv {]mNo-\-_u≤˛ ssP\-Nn-¥-I-

∑msc kw_-‘n®pw icn-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p.

F∂m¬, {]mNo-\-ù-Xn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw {]]-©-

Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-s‚bpw ]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-Isf \n¿W-bn-°p∂

\nb-a-ß-sf-∏-‰ntbm am\-kn-I-{]-{In-b-I-fpsS {Inbm-fl-I-amb kz`m-

h-sØ-∏-‰ntbm B¥-cn-I-{]-Ir-Xnbpw _mly-{]-Ir-Xnbpw XΩnepw

tNX-\bpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xhpw XΩn-ep-ap≈ _‘-ß-sf-∏-‰ntbm

imkv{Xo-b-ambn A]-{K-Yn®p hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n√.

Ah-cpsS ùXn-I-hmZw Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw Ahy-‡hpw A`yq-lm-[n-

jvTn-X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. CXn¬ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-s\m-∂p-an√. Fs¥-∂m¬,

imkv{Xhpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw {]mIr-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp∂ B

{]mNo-\-Im-eØv a\x-imkv{Xw, ico-c-imkv{Xw {]Ir-Xn-imkv{Xw,

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw, ckm-b-\-imkv{Xw apX-em-b-h-bpsS klm-b-tØm-

Sp-IqSn bmYm¿YysØ hni-I-e\w sNbvXp ]Tn-°pI Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-

∂n√. am¿Ivkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""CtX-h-sc-bp≈ ùXn-

I-hm-Z-Øns‚ apJy-amb Zu¿_-ey-an-XmWv: C{μn-bm-\p-`q-Xn-I-fn-eqsS

{Kln-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp As√-¶n¬ bmYm¿Yyw [ym\-Øns‚ hnj-

b-am-bn-´mWv a\- n-em-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. kwth-Z-\m-fl-I-amb am\p-jn-I-

{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ As√-¶n¬ {]tbm-K-Øns‚, cq]-Øn-e√. F∂p-

sh-®m¬ BXva-\n-jvT-am-bn-´√. AXp-sIm≠v, ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xn-

cmbn Bflo-b-hmZw {Inbm-fl-I-amb hisØ Aaq¿Ø-amb cq]-

Øn¬ hnI-kn-∏n®p. AXm-Is´, kwth-Z-\m-fl-I-amb {Inbm-fl-I-

Xsb, AXns‚ bYm¿Y-cq-]-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-∂p-an√.''8

thZm-¥-Øns‚ Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Iƒ

D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Nn∂n-®n-Xdn InS∂ Bflo-b-hm-Z-Nn-¥-Isf

thZm-¥-ambn hyh-ÿ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv _mZ-cm-b-W-\mWv. _mZ-cm-b-

Ws‚ thZm-¥-Øn¬ Fs¥m-s°-Øs∂ \yq\-X-Ifpw A]-cym-]vX-

8. Marx: Theses on Feuerbach.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 357

X-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂mepw A¥¿ap-J-Xztam Pohn-X-\n-tj-[tam AXn-

sem-cn-SØpw ImWm≥ Ign-bn√. AXv Xo¿®-bmbpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-am-

bn-cp∂p. ]t£, "Al'Øns‚ \nKq-V-X-I-fn¬ Hfn-™n-cp-∂p-sIm≠v

{]m]-©n-I-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf \ntj-[n-°p-Itbm \ncm-I-cn-°p-Itbm

sNøp∂ Bflo-b-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v, hy‡n-bpsS Bflm-hns\

{]]-©-Øns‚ Bflm-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wm-\p≈ Hcp ]cn-

{i-a-am-bn-cp∂p. kz¥w hy‡n-ssh-in-„ysØ {]]-©-tØmfw hep-

Xm-°m\pw ]q¿W-X-bn-te-°p-b¿Øm-\p-ap≈ a\p-jys‚ G‰hpw D∂-

X-amb A`n-em-j-Øns‚ {]I-S-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. s\lvdp {]kvXm-

hn-®-Xp-t]mse, ""Hcp-]t£, AXv sshb-‡n-I-amb ]q¿W-X-sb-°p-

dn -®p≈ ss\Xn-I-L-S-IsØ Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIw Du∂p-Ibpw

Aßs\ kmaq-ly-ho-£-W-Øn\v tIm´w Xń-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-

≠mhmw.''9 F∂mepw, {]mNo-\-th-Zm-¥n-bp-tSXv k¶p-Nn-Xhpw kz¥w

Bflm-hns\ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xp-amb Hcp ho£-W-K-Xn-bm-

bn-cp∂p F∂p-]-d-bm≥ hø. Fs¥-∂m¬, ""]c-kv]cw B{i-bn-°p∂

Hscm‰ kpL-Sn-X-kz-cq-]-ambn a\p-jy-cm-in-sb-bmsI t\m°n-°m-Wm-

\p≈'' Hcp ]cn-{i-a-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

At∏mƒ, C¥y-bnse {]mNo\ Nn¥-I-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw Htc

ho£-W-K-Xnsb Xmtem-en-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂ hmZ-Øn\v Ncn-

{X-bm-Ym¿Yy-hp-ambn bmsXmcp s]mcp-Ø-hp-an√. Ahsc samØ-

Øn¬ ùXn-I-hm-Zn-I-sf∂pw Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-sf∂pw Xcw-Xn-cn°mw.

]t£, Cu c≠p Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ Xs∂ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb

H´-\-h[n hn`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu hyXy-kvX-hn-`m-K-ßƒ XΩn-

ep-≠mb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kwL-´-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv

`mc-Xo-b-X-Xz-Nn¥ hnImkw {]m]n-®Xv. Nne {]tXy-I-L-´-ß-fn¬,

kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Ipg-∏-ß-fp-≠m-Ip∂ L´-ß-fn¬

hnti-jn®pw, F√mw \iz-c-am-sW∂pw AkvXnXzw Xs∂ ZpxJ-am-

sW∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Iƒ°pw Pohn-X-\n-tj[w, A¥¿ap-

JXzw, \ncm-im-hmZw, anÃn-knkw apX-em-b-hsb icWw {]m]n-°m-

\p≈ {]h-W-X-Iƒ°p-amWv ap≥Xq-°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. kaq-l-

Øns‚ Xe-∏-Øn-cn-°p∂ D]-cn-h¿K-°m¿ Xß-fpsS ÿm]n-X-Xm-

ev]-cy-ßsf Dd-∏n-°m≥ th≠n CØcw {]h-W-X-Isf t_m[-]q¿Δw

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian®p F∂Xpw icn-bmWv. ]t£, CØcw

{]h-W-X-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√ {]mNo-\-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`mhw.

9. J. Nehru: The Discovery of India, P. 28.


s]mXp-hn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ Pohn-X-\n-tj-[-a√, Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿YysØ

AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-k-tØmsS ZpxJ-ß-sfbpw Zpcn-

X-ß-sfbpw Xc-Ww-sNbvXp apt∂m´p t]mIm-\p≈ {]h-W-X-bmWv

Ah-bn¬ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂Xv.

a[y-bp-K-Øn¬ {]mNo-\-Z¿i-\-ßƒ°v At\Iw Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Ifpw

H´-\-h[n hymJym-\-ß-fp-ap-≠mbn. Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p

{]m[m\yw. Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬Øs∂ \o≠p-\n∂ N¿®-Ifpw

A`n-{]m-b-kw-L-´-\-ßfpw \S∂p. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cm-bn-cp∂p a[y-Im-

esØ G‰hpw {]K-¤-\mb Zm¿i-\n-I≥. At±-l-Øns‚ AssZz-X-

Nn-¥-Iƒ {]mNo-\-th-Zm-¥sØ ]pXn-sbmcp L´-Øn-te-°p-b¿Øn.

kmwJyw, sshti-jnIw, temIm-bXw, _u≤˛ssP\-Z¿i-\-ßƒ apX-

em-b-h-sb√mw Jfin-®p-sIm≠v At±lw Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn\v Hcp-

d® ASn-Ø-d-\¬In. F∂m¬, i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-th-Zm¥w a[y-Im-

esØ thZm-¥-Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ H∂p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. AssZz-X-th-Zm-

¥sØ hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v cmam-\p-P≥, a[z≥, h√-`≥, \nw_m¿°≥

XpS-ßnb thZm-¥n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS hnin-„m-ssZz-Xhpw ssZzXhpw

ssZzXm-ssZz-Xhpw a‰pw Bhn-jv°-cn®p. Ah-sc√mw Xs∂ Bflo-b-

hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ am{X-a√, aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-am-

bn-cp∂p. {]mNo-\-Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cpsS tIh-e-{_-“sØ kKp-W-

{_“ambpw kKp-W-{_-“sØ ssZh-ambpw hymJym-\n-®p-sIm≠v

Ah¿ aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°v ]pXn-sbm-c-Sn-ÿm\w kr„n®p. Aßs\,

XXz-im-kv{Xhpw ssZh-im-kv{Xhpw XΩn¬ henb ASn-b-¥-c-an-s√-

∂mbn. kq^n-I-fpsS GI-X-Xz-hm-Zhpw Gsd-°psd GI-ssZ-h-hn-

izmkw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. kq^n-Ifpw ]n¬°me thZm-¥n-I-fp-amWv

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn-´Xv.

A¥¿ap-JXzw, \njv{In-bXzw, [ym\w, k\ymkw apX-em-b-h-

bm-bn-cp∂p a[y-Im-esØ Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ Nne apJy-k-hn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ. aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°p hf-cm≥ ]‰nb B[ym-fln-I-{]-h-W-

X-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. aXhpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw ]c-kv]cw Iq´p-]n-Sn-®p-

sIm-≠mWv ]p„n-s∏-´Xv. ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS A`m-h-

Øn\pw D¬∏m-Z-\-i-‡n-I-fpsS A]-cn-jvIrX \ne-hm-c-Øn\pw

tbmPn® hnizm-k-ßfpw Nn¥-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah. AXn-hr„n, A\m-

hr„n XpS-ßnb {]Ir-Xn-tIm-]-ß-fp-sSbpw ]I¿®-hym[n, Zmcn{Zyw,

a¿Z\w XpS-ßnb sFlnI ZpxJ-ß-fp-sSbpw apºn¬ a\p-jy≥ \n -

lm-b-\m-bn-cp∂p. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS {]Xn-`m-k-ß-sftbm PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-

bnepw taem-f¿˛Iogm-f¿ _‘-ß-fnepw Cgp-In-∏n-Sn® kmaq-ly-Po-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 359

hn-X-sØtbm X\n-°-\p-Iq-e-am°n am‰m≥ Ah\v Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-

∂n√. I¿aw, ]p\¿P∑w, kz¿Kw, \cIw apX-em-b-h-bn¬ hnizm-k-

a¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v \ne-hn-ep-ff kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øn\v Iog-S-ßp-I-b-√msX

a‰p am¿K-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ssZh-hn-[n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ k¶-ev]-Øns‚

apºn¬ a\p-jys‚ C—m-i-‡n°p ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Aßs\,

aX-hn-izmkw Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI hyh-

ÿsb \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ Hcp-]-I-c-W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS ]¶v

CXns‚ A¿Yw aXw AXns‚ F√m cq]-ß-fnepw F√m

ImeØpw ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-°m-cpsS Hcm-bp-[-am-bn-

cp∂p Ft∂m AXv ""a\-jys\ sNdp-Xm-°p-Ibpw Ahs‚ al-

XzsØ £X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ apJy-amb {]Xy-b-im-kvt{Xm-

]m-[n-I-fn-sem-∂mWv''10 Ft∂m A√. a[y-Im-e-Øp-t]mepw Aß-

s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n√, a¿Zn-Xcpw Nqjn-X-cp-amb P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ ÿm]n-

X-Xm-ev]-cy-ß¬s°-Xn-cmbn \S-Ønb euIn-I-k-a-c-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw

aX-Øn-s‚bpw B[ym-fln-I-X-bp-sSbpw Bh-c-W-a-Wn-™-h-bm-bn-

cp∂p. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CXp-h-fsc {]I-S-ambn ImWmw. F√m

a\p-jycpw ssZh-Øns‚ k¥m-\-ß-fm-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠v F√m-

hcp ka-∑m-cm-sW∂pw {]Jym-]n® I_odpw ssNX-\yhpw a‰p `‡n-

{]-ÿm\ t\Xm-°-∑mcpw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ A\o-Xn-

Iƒ°pw Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmbn t]mcm-Sm≥ P\-ßsf D¬_p-

≤-cm-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaqly˛ kmº-ØnI hyh-

ÿsb am‰n-a-dn-°m≥ Ah¿ Blzm\w sNbvXn-s√-∂Xp icn-bmWv

Ah-cpsS Blzm-\-ßƒ aX-]-chpw Bflo-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. kmº-Øn-

I-ssh-cp-[y-ßsf A]-{K-Yn®p hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v Ahbv°v

]cn-lmcw ImWm-\√, hy‡n-I-fpsS B[ym-fln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ am‰-

ap-≠m-°m-\mWv Ah¿ ]cn-{i-an-®Xv. ]t£, B[ym-flnI Pohn-X-

Ønse sFIyhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw sFln-I-ß-fmb Ak-a-Xz-

ßƒ°pw A\o-Xn-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb ]pXnb aqey-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.

PmXn˛ aX-hy-Xym-k-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn a\p-jy-km-tlm-Zcyw sIń-∏-

Sp-°m-\p≈ D¬t_m-[-\-ßƒ ê-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ ^yqU¬hy-

h-h-ÿ-bvs°-Xn-cm-bn-cp∂p. a\p-jy-kvt\-l-sØ-°p-dn®pw ka-Xz-sØ-

°p-dn-®p-ap≈ aX-]-c-amb k¶-ev]-ßƒ Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ kmaq-ly-

10. Mitin in concept of Man Edited by Radhakrishnan and Raju


_-‘-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn-f-°m≥ sI¬∏p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p. `‡n-{]-

ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]Xm-I-bp-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠mWv _wKmƒ, ]©m_v

XpS-ßnb DØ-tc-¥y≥ {]hn-iy-I-fnse Irjn-°m¿ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-

s\-Xn-cmb H´-\-h[n ka-c-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv. ]t£, ^yqU-en-ksØ

D∑q-e\w sNøm≥ Icp-Øp≈ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI i‡n-Iƒ

hf¿∂p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂n√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚

t\Xm-°-∑m¿°v Xß-fpsS e£y-ßƒ km£m¬°-cn-°m≥ Ign-

bmsX t]mbXv.

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS aqey-ßƒ

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW kwcw-`-ßƒ

Hc¿Y-Øn¬ ̀ ‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-]-dbmw.

]t£, kml-N-cy-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ A\-Iq-e-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. kmº-

Øn-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ê-

ambn a\p-jys‚ Ign-hp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXn-sbmcp t_m[w hf-

cm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈

D¬∏m-Z-\-hn-X-c-W-ßfpw hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-Ifpw KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-

ßfpw Itºm-f-hn-I-k-\hpw B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-hp-sa√mw PmXn-

hy-h-ÿ-bvs°-∂-t]mse I¿aw, ]p\¿P∑w apX-em-b-h-bn-ep≈

hnizm-k-ßƒ°pw ISpØ {]l-c-ß-tf¬∏n®p. Ah-bpsS ÿm\Øv

hy‡n-hmZw, a\p-jy-kvt\lw, kzmX{¥yw, P\m-[n-]Xyw XpS-ßnb

]pXnb kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h∂p. Cu ]pXnb aqey-ß-fpsS h‡m-

°ƒ Bflo-b-hm-ZsØ Ab-Ym¿Y-X-I-fp-sSbpw A`yq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw

A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v euIn-I-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-fn-te°v Cd-°n-s°m-≠p-

h-cm≥ {ian®p. {]]-©-Øn-\-∏p-d-Øp≈ ssZhsØ Ah¿ sFln-I-

Po-hn-X-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip∂ ssZh-am°n am‰n. {]]-©m-Xo-X-

amb i‡n-hn-tijw kXyw kuμcyw, kvt\lw, \∑ apX-em-b-h-

bpsS BsI-Øp-I-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. \njv{In-b-Xzhpw A‘-amb A\p-

k-c-Whpw {Inbm-fl-I-amb hy‡n-ssh-in-„y-Øn\pw a\p-jy-kzm-X-

{¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXn-sbmcp t_m[-Øn\pw hgn-am-dn-s°m-SpØp.

Cu ]pXnb am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw

Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw Bh-c-W-a-dn-™p-sIm-≠mWv cwK-Øp-h-∂Xv.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, thZm-¥sØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠mWv kzman

hnth-Im-\-μ≥ tkmjy-en-k-Øn\pw A[zm-\n-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS `c-

W-hy-h-ÿbv°pw th≠n hmZn-®Xv. CJv_mepw SmtKmdpw Km‘n-bp-

sa√mw XnI™ Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw, C¥y-bpsS

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 361

cm{„o-bhpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn°p th≠n-bmWv Ah¿ Fgp-

Xp-Ibpw {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv. Ah-cpsS

Bflo-b-hmZw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn\pw ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-

bpsS \n¿am-W-Øn\pw {]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

CXns‚ A¿Yw aXhpw Bflo-b-hm-Zhpw F√m-bn-t∏mgpw ]ptcm-

K-a-\-]-c-amb Hcp ]¶mWv hln-®n-́ p-≈Xv F∂√. ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ ÿm]n-

X-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°p ]n¥pW \¬Inb Bflo-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw aX-ÿm-

]-\-ßfpw hln-®-]¶v sNdp-sXm-∂p-a√. aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ kXn,

AbnØw, NqjWw XpS-ßnb F√m \njvTq-c-X-I-sfbpw \ymbo-I-cn-

°m≥ th≠n \S-Ø-s∏´ {ia-ßƒ ImWm-Xn-cp-∂p-IqSm. Npcp-°n-∏-

d-™m¬, a\p-jys‚ D¬Ir-„-X-Isf hf¿Øm≥ {ian® Bflo-b-

hm-Zn-I-sf-sb-∂-t]mse Xs∂ arKo-b-X-Isf \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {ian®

Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-sfbpw ImWmw.

\njv^-e-Xm-t_m-[-Øns‚ t{]c-I-i-‡n-Iƒ

C∂sØ Bflo-b-hm-Zn -I-fmb XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿

Xßƒ°p Np‰pw Ccp-ńs‚ Hcp ]c-∏-√msX as‰m∂pw ImWp-∂n-s√-

∂p-≈Xv FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø-°-XmWv. _mly-{]-]-©sØ am‰m-\p≈

]cn-{i-a-ß-fp-t]-£n®v kz¥w A¥-cm-flm-hn-\p-≈n-te°v Cd-ßn-t∏m-

Im≥, I¿a-tem-I-Øn¬ \n∂v [ym\-tem-I-Øn-te°v Xncn-bm≥, Ah¿

P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, C¥y≥ XXz-imkv{X

tIm¨{K-kns‚ ap∏Xmw ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A[y-£X hln-®p-sIm≠v

alm-tZ-h≥ ]d™p:

""Ign™ Ac iXm-_vZ-°m-esØ kw`h ]c-º-c-I-sf-°p-dn®p

Nn¥n-°p∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw Hcp-Xcw \njv^-e-Xm-t_m[w A\p-`-h-

s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°mt\m Xs∂ hebw sNøp∂ A‘-Im-c-Øm¬ _m[n-

°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°mt\m km[y-a√.... Aan-X-amb _ln¿ap-J-Xz-amWv

B[p-\n-I-a-\p-jys\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ alm-tcmKw. Ah≥ c£n-

°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ ùXn-Im-[n-Im-c-i-‡n°p th≠n-bp≈ \nc¿Y-I-

amb ]c-°w-]m-®n-en¬ \n∂v Ahs\ ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°Ww. H∂n-\p-tijw

as‰m-∂mbn kºm-Zn-®p-Iq-́ p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Hcmƒ°v kpJw t\Sm≥ Ign-

bn√. bYm¿Y-amb kpJw D≈n-emWv. hkvXp-°-fpsS _mly-`mhw

I≠p hgn-sX-‰msX Ah-bpsS Bflm-hn-te°v t\m°m\pw AXn¬

Xs∂-Øs∂ Is≠-Øm\pw Ign-bp-∂-h\p am{Xta bXm¿Y-amb

kpJ-a-\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ignbq.''11

11. T.M.P. Mahadevan in Indo-Asian Culture, July 1956.


\ΩpsS C∂sØ kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw \njv^-e-Xm-t_m-[-Øn-

s‚bpw auVy-Øn-s‚bpw Npgn-bn¬ s]ń-cn-°-pI-bm-sW-∂Xv kXy-

amWv. cmPyw Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø-\-L-´-Øn-emWv. P\-ßƒ [m¿an-Ihpw

Bflo-b-hp-amb Hcp hn]¬L-´sØ Xc-Ww-sNbvXp sIm≠n-cn-°p-

I-bmWv. Ah¿°v c£ In´m-ØXv Ahsc _ln¿ap-J-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v

A¥¿ap-J-Xz-Øn-te°v \bn-°m≥ th≠{X aX-]-fin-X-∑mtcm XXz-

Nn-¥-I-∑mtcm C√m-™n-́ √. hmkvX-h-Øn¬, A¥¿ap-J-Xz-Øn-te°v

Xncn-bm-\p≈ hmk\ Xs∂ _mly-amb kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI

XI¿®-bpsS ê-amWv.

a[y-bp-K-Øn¬ hy‡n-bpsS PohnXw kaq-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-hp-

ambn At`-Zyamw hn[w _‘-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p. A]q¿W-X-Ifpw ]cn-

an-Xn-Ifpw Fs¥m-s°-Ø-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂mepw Hmtcm hy‡n°pw

{Kma-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚, As√-¶n¬ Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚, As√-¶n¬

PmXn-bpsS, As√-¶n¬ tKm{X-Øns‚, Hcp `mK-amWv Xm≥ F∂

t_m[-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂, Nqjn-X\pw a¿Zn-X-\p-am-

sW-¶nepw Ah\v Hcp kpc-£n-X-Xz-t_m-[-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. apX-em-fn-

Ø-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-Whpw hym]m-

chpw KXm-K-Xhpw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-bhpw B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw

F√mw IqSn ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-sb-bmsI XI¿Øp-I-

f™p. Acm-P-I-Xzhpw a’-chpw \nd™ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bnse

Hmtcm AwKhpw H‰-s∏´ Hcp hy‡n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw

Xm≥ kr„n-°p∂ D¬∏-∂-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw D¬∏m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-

fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p a\p-jy-cn¬ \n∂pw X∂n¬ \n∂p-X-s∂bpw A\y-

h¬°-cn-°-s∏´p. ]gb temIw XI¿∂p Xcn-∏-W-am-hp-I-bmWv. Nnc-

Im-e-ambn Ah¿ {]Xo-£m-]q¿hw kz]v\w-I-≠p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ `mh-

\m-tem-I-am-Is´ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-an√. CØ-c-samcp ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-

bn¬ A\y-Xm-t_m-[hpw \njv^-e-Xm-t_m-[hpw a\p-jys\ ]nSn-Iq-

Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn-e-¤p-X-s∏-Sm-s\m-∂p-an√. Xm≥ ]cn-Xy-‡\pw H‰-

s∏-´-h-\p-am-sW∂v Ah\v tXm∂m≥ XpS-ßp-∂p. a\p-jys\ shdp-

samcp hkvXp-hm°n am‰p∂ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcp

{]h-W-X-bm-WnXv. A[n-I-a-[nIw Zp -l-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ Ak-a-Xz-

ßƒ, A\p-Zn\w aq¿On-®p-sIm≠p hcp∂ h¿K-ssh-cp-[y-ßƒ, \yq\-

]-£-°m-cmb ]W-{]-`p-°-fpsS [q¿Øpw Al-¥bpw A[n-Im-c-{]-

a-Ø-Xbpw, `qcn-]-£-°msc ]nSn-Iq-Sp∂ Zmcn-{Zyhpw A[x-]-X-\hpw,

ssI°qen, Icn-©¥, A\oXn, A{Iaw ˛ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-amsI

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 363

inYn-e-am-hp-Ibpw a\p-jys‚ A¥- Ø CSn®p XI¿°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ \n∂p c£-s]-Sm-\p≈ am¿Kw A¥-cm-

flm-hns‚ \nKq-V-X-sb-°p-dn®v [ym\n-°m≥ th≠n Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿Yy-

ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kr„n-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Hfn-t®m-Sn-

t∏m-h-e√. bYm¿Y-amb kpJw InS-°p-∂Xv A¥-cm-Xvam-hns‚ \nKq-

V-X-bn-e√, a\p-jys\ \ncm-i-X-bn-te°pw \njv^-e-Xm-t_m-[-Øn-

te°pw X≈n-hn-Sp∂ A{I-a-ßfpw A\o-Xn-Ifpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥

th≠n-bp≈ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn-emWv; a\p-jys‚ A¥- -Øsb A]-am-

\n-°p∂ kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ßsf am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈

ka-c-ß-fn-emWv. [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ß-tfmSv Iqdpw A`n-\n-th-i-hp-ap-≈-

h¿°v CX-√msX as‰mcp t]mwh-gn-bp-an√. IqSp-X¬ Imay-amb Hcp

]pXnb Pohn-X-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ P\-ß-fpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-

fp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßƒ°v Ccp-ńs‚ he-b-

Øn¬\n∂p a\p-jys\ tamNn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bn√. kmaqly˛ kmº-

ØnI kml-N-cy-ßsf IW-°n-se-Sp-°mØ [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßƒ

\nc¿Y-I-ß-fmWv. Ahbv°v kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ B[n-Im-cn-IX

\ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bn√.

Ipg-∏-Øns‚ ImcWw

ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ {]Nm-chpw B[ym-fln-I-Nn-¥-I-fpsS Ipd-hp-

amWv C∂sØ an° Ipg-∏-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-sa∂pw ssZh-Ønepw

aX-Ønepw hnizm-k-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v kaq-l-Øn¬ km∑m¿Kn-I-Po-

hnXw \bn-°m-\m-hn-s√∂pw hmZn-°p-∂-h-cp≠v. ]t£, Cu hmZ-Øn\v

Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I-fp-ambn bmsXmcp s]mcp-Ø-hp-an√. _p≤\pw alm-

ho-c\pw ssZh-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√. \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {_m“-

W-a-XsØ Ah¿ cq£-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶nepw,

Ah¿ km∑m¿Kn-I-ambn A[x-]-Xn-®-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-]-d-bm≥ Ign-

bptam? _p≤-a-X-sa-∂-t]mse Xs∂ {InkvXp-a-Xhpw C…mw-a-Xhpw

\ne-hn-ep≈ aX-hn-izm-k-ßsf FXn¿Øp-sIm-≠mWv Bhn¿ -̀hn-®Xv.

]t£, {Ia-Øn¬ F√m ÿm]n-X-a-X-ß-fnepw Agp-°p-Ifpw a\p-

jy-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb _o`-’-ßfpw Aen-™p-tN¿∂p. {InkvXp-a-X-

Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v "C≥Izn-kn-js‚' {Iqc-X-Isf Hgn-®p-

\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bptam? sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw Xo≠n-°q-Sm-bvabpw hn[-

h-Isf Np´p-I-cn-°epw lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-

∂nt√? aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn \S-Ønb Iq´-


s°m-e-I-sf-∏‰n F¥p-]-d-bp∂p? ""aX-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ A\m-

h-iy-ambpw A\ym-b-ambpw hf-sc-b-[nIw c‡w Hgp-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v''

F∂v cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Xs∂ Xpd-∂p-k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£, aX-

sa-∂p-sh-®m¬ CsXm-∂p-a√ F∂pw kXyw, kvt\lw XpS-ßnb

D¬Ir-„-X-I-fmWv bYm¿Y-a-X-sa∂pw C{μn-bm-Xo-X-amb Hcp ]c-a-

i-‡n-bn-ep≈ hnizm-k-amWv CØcw D¬Ir-„-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w

F∂pw At±lw Iqń-t®¿°p∂p. \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v km∑m¿KnI

PohnXw \bn-°m-\m-hn-s√∂ ]g-b-hmZw Xs∂-bm-WnXv. CXp icn-b-

s√∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\

Pohn-X-Øn-te°v H∂p ItÆm-Sn-°p-Itb th≠q.

kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n-°p-tijw Aº-e-ß-fp-sSbpw ]≈n-I-fp-sSbpw

`‡-∑m-cp-sSbpw FÆw Ipd-bp-I-b√, h¿[n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-

≈Xv. Bbn-c-°-W-°n-ep≈ kzman-Pn-amcpw Kpcp-Pn-amcpw amXm-Pn-amcpw

aX-Øn-s‚bpw B[ym-fln-I-aq-ey-ß-fp-sSbpw Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏‰n CS-

hn-SmsX {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p.

]t£, AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ kzm¿Yhpw Akq-bbpw a’-chpw ]Wn-

Øn\pw ]Z-hn°pw th≠n-bp≈ ]c°w ]m®nepw h¿[n-°p∂p. Icn-

©-¥bpw Agn-a-Xn-Ifpw sIm≈-Ifpw sIme-]m-X-I-ßfpw ]c-∂p-]n-

Sn-°p∂p. A\ym-bhpw Akm-∑m¿Kn-I-hp-amb am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS kaq-

l-Øns‚ kzØv kz¥w ssII-fn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂

]W-{]-`p-°-∑m¿ aX-ÿm-]-\-ß-sfbpw k\ym-kn-a-T-ß-sfbpw B{i-

a-ß-sfbpw kmº-Øn-I-k-lm-b-ßƒ \¬In \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {]tXy-

I-amb Xmev]cyw ImWn-°p∂p. P\-ß-fpsS aX-hn-izmkw hf¿Øm≥

]mSp-s]-Sp∂ kzman-Pn-amcpw Kpcp-Pn-amcpw Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-

ly-{I-asØ FXn¿°p-Itbm kaq-l-Ønse a¿Z-\-ßƒ°pw arKo-

b-X-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb kwL-Sn-X-k-a-c-ßƒ°p t{]m’m-l\w

\¬Ip-Itbm sNøp-∂n-s√-∂p-≈Xv A¿Y-K¿ -̀amWv. A\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw

Ak-a-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-f-h-km-

\n-∏n®v kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-

ep≈ ]pXnb am\p-jn-I-_-‘-ßƒ ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂v Ah-cm-h-iy-

s∏-Sp-∂n√. t\tc-a-dn®v, Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-

cy-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øm-\mWv Ah¿ {ian-°p-∂Xv.

F∂m¬, F√m aX-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf \ne-

\-\n¿Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂Xv A]-I-S-am-bn-cn°pw.

ÿm]nX Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb km[m-c-W-P-\-ßfpw aX-Øn¬

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 365

hniz-kn-°m-dp≠v. sFln-I-ß-fmb ZpxJ-ßfpw Zpcn-X-ßfpw thZ-\-

Ifpw kln-°m≥ AXv Ah¿°v Icp-Øp-\¬Ip∂p. am¿Ivkv Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-®-Xp-t]mse aXw a¿Zn-Xs‚ Zo¿L-\n-izm-k-amWv; lrZ-b-an-

√mØ temI-Øns‚ lrZ-b-amWv; Bflm-hn-√mØ ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bpsS

Bflm-hmWv. AXp-sIm≠v aX-hn-izm-k-ßsf \in-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw Ah Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ høm-Ø-h-bm-°n-Øo¿°p∂ kmaq-

ly-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf am‰p-I-bm-Wm-hiyw.12

[m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßfpw ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ßfpw

a[y-bp-K-Ønse km∑m¿Kn-I-aq-ey-ßƒ aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ambn

sIń-∏n-W-™-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, taem-f¿ ˛ Iogm-f¿

_‘-ßsf F∂-t]mse Xs∂ Ah-bvs°-Xn-cmb ka-c-ß-sfbpw

\ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ aX-{]-am-W-ßƒ D≤-cn-°-s∏-́ n-cp∂p. CXns‚ A¿Yw

C∂sØ kmaq-ly-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sp-∂-h¿°v aX-

hn-izmkw IqSntb Ignbqsht∂m aX-hn-izmkw B hnizmkw C√m-

Ø-h¿°v km∑m¿Kn-I-t_m-[-ap-≠m-hpI km[y-a-s√t∂m A√, \ne-

hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ßsf am‰n-a-dn-®p-sIm≠v ]pXnb am\p-

jn-I-_-‘-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ Bfl-_-en-

b¿∏n-°p∂ \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v bmsXmcp km∑m¿Kn-I-t_m-[-hp-an-

s√∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Akw-_-‘-am-bn-cn°pw. ac-WsØ Iq´m-°msX

a¿±-\-ß-sfbpw I„-∏m-Sp-I-sfbpw t\cn-Sm≥ Ah¿°v Icp-Øp-\¬Ip-

∂Xv \oXn-t_m-[hpw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ß-fn-ep≈ Dd® hnizm-k-hp-amWv.

am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßsf \ntj-[n-°p∂

Nne Fgp-Øp-Im-cp≠v. apX-em-fn-Ø-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønse F√m kZm-Nm-

c-aq-ey-ßfpw ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-h¿K-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-ßsf ImØp-c-£n-

°p-∂-h-bm-sW-∂mWv Ah¿ hmZn-°p-∂Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, hneyw

Bjv FgpXn: ""tkmjy-enkw sIń-∏-Sp-°m-\m-h-iy-amb kml-N-cy-

ßƒ kr„n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv sXmgn-em-fn-h¿K-Øn\v a\p-jy-kvt\-l-

]-c-amb Hcp km∑m¿Kn-I-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ {iaw hnπhw \S-

Øp-∂-Xn\v apºv Ahsc \ncm-bp-[-cm-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿K-amWv. sh≈-

°m-cmb en_-d¬ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m¿ Bt{^m˛ Ata-cn-°≥ P\-ß-

tfmSv Alnwk D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-WXv.''13 sXmgn-em-fn-

12. Marx and Engels: On Religion13. William Ash: Science and Society, Summer, 1966.


Iƒ°v h¿K-k-a-c-a-√msX as‰mcp km∑m¿Kn-I-\n-b-a-hp-an-s√-∂p-hsc

hmZn-°p-∂p≠v.

km∑m¿Kn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS D¤-h-sØ-∏-‰nbpw hnIm-k-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-

ap≈ sX‰mb [mc-W-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv CØcw A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ

s]m¥n-h-cp-∂Xv. [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßƒ kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI hyh-ÿ-

bpsS shdpw {]Xn-^-e-\-ßƒ am{X-a√. kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-I-hy-h-

ÿ-bn¬ am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ {ian-°p∂ a\p-jys‚ B{K-lm-`n-em-

j-ß-sf-°qSn Ah {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂p. a\p-jys‚ _lp-ap-J-ß-fmb

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfbpw Nn¥-I-sfbpw B{K-lm-`n-em-j-ß-sfbpw [m¿an-

I-aq-ey-ß-sfbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ°p

apJy-amb Hcp ]¶p-s≠∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. F∂m¬ a\p-

jy≥ kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS kr„n am{X-a√, kr„n-I¿Øm-hp-Iq-Sn-bmWv.

kml-N-cy-ßƒ°v Iogvh-g-ßn-s°m≠p Pohn-°m-s\-∂-t]mse

Ahsb Xnc-kv°-cn-°m\pw Ah\v kzmX-{¥y-ap≠v. \ne-hn-ep≈

kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI _‘-ß-fpsS ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ Nn¥n-°m\pw {]h¿Øn-°m\pw kz¥w `mhn-cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-

h-iy-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ kºm-Zn-°m\pw B Adn-hp-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-

sIm≠v ]pXnb kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI _‘-ßƒ kr„n-°m\pw

Ah\v Ign-hp≠v. CXmWv arKhpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ apJy-amb

Hcp hyXymkw. arKw {]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-Iƒ°v CW-ßn-s°m≠pw Iogvh-

g-ßn-s°m-≠p-amWv Pohn-°p-∂Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bp-sStbm kaq-l-Øn-

s‚tbm \nb-a-ßsf t_m[-]q¿hw X\n-°-\p-Iq-e-am-bn -am‰n adn-°m≥

AXn\v Ign-hn√. a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-em-Is´, ""t_m[-]q¿h-amb Hcp

e£y-an-√msX, tkmt±-iy-am-bn-́ -√msX, bmsXm∂pw kw -̀hn-°p-∂n√''.

am¿Ivkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn:

""a\p-jy¿ Xß-fpsS kz¥w Ncn{Xw kr„n-°p∂p. AXns‚

êw F¥p-am-hs´. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Xm≥ t_m[-]q¿hw B{K-ln-

°p∂ e£ysØ ]n¥p-S-cp∂p. hyXy-kvX-am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS {]h¿Øn-

°p∂ Cu FÆ-a‰ C—m-i-‡n-Ifpw Ah _mly-tem-I-Øn¬ Df-

hm-°p∂ ê-ß-fp-amWv Ncn-{X-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv. At∏mƒ \nc-h[n

hy‡n-Iƒ C—n-°p-∂-sX-¥m-sW∂ {]iv\w IqSn-bm-WnXv. C—m-i-

‡nsb \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv hnIm-c-]-c-amb A`n-\n-th-itam _p≤n-]q¿Δ-

I-amb Xocp-am-\tam BWv. ]t£, B A`n-\n-th-i-sØtbm Xocp-

am-\-sØtbm \n¿W-bn-°p∂ ASn-b-¥-c-t{]-c-W-Iƒ hfsc hyXy-

kvX-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw. Ipsd-sbms° Ah _mly-h-kvXp-°-fm-bn-cn°mw.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 367

Ipsd-sbms° BZ¿im-fl-I-ß-fmb Dt±-iy-ßtfm al-Xzm-Imw-£tbm

"kXyhpw \oXnbpw ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ D’m-ltam' hy‡n-]-c-amb

shdpt∏m Bbn-cn°mw. shdpw sshb-‡n-I-ß-fmb \m\m-Xcw

hymtam-l-ßƒ t]mep-amhmw.''14

]mc-º-cyhpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw

F√m hy‡n-Ifpw t_m[-]q¿Δw B{K-ln-°p∂ F√m e£y-

ßfpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n√. A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-

fn¬ am{Xta GXp e£yhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bp≈q. {]Ir-

Xn-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-Øn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw bmYm¿Yy-ßsf

IW-°n-se-Sp-°mØ kz]v\-ßƒ shdpw kz]v\-ß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p-

I-tb-bp≈q. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hcp \n›n-X-L-´-Øn\pw Dev]m-Z-\-i-‡n-

bpsS hf¿®-bpsS \n›n-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb kmaq-

ly-_-‘-ßƒ°p-f-fn-emWv a\p-jy≥ P\n-°p-Ibpw hf-cp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂Xv. Hmtcm Xe-ap-dbpw ap≥X-e-ap-d-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-°-gn-hp-

I-sfbpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-sfbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-

s°m-≠mWv ̀ mhn-bn-te°v apt∂-dp-∂Xv. Hmtcm Xe-ap-d-bp-sSbpw A`n-

hr-≤n-bpsS kml-N-cy-ßsf \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv Cu Ncn-{X-]-c-amb

kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fmWv. am¿Ivkv FgpXn:

""a\p-jy≥ Xß-fpsS kz¥w Ncn{Xw kr„n-°p∂p. ]t£,

Ah¿ Xßƒ°p tXm∂p-∂-Xp-t]mse AXßp kr„n®p hnSp-I-b√

sNøp-∂Xv. Xßƒ kzbw Xnc-s™-SpØ kml-N-cy-ß-fn-e√, `qX-

Im-e-Øn¬ \n∂p ]c-º-c-bmbn Bhn¿`-hn®p \ne-\n¬°p-∂-hbpw

{]Xy-£-Øn¬ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bp-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn-

emWv Ah¿ Ncn{Xw kr„n-°p-∂Xv.''15

F∂m¬, \ne-hn-ep≈ kml-N-cy-ßƒsIm≠v a\p-jy¿ Xr]vXn-

s∏-Sp-∂n√. Ah≥ Xs‚ B¥-cn-I-amb Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥

]‰n-b-X-c-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ kml-N-cy-ßsf am‰n-a-dn®p ]pXnb

kml-N-cy-ßƒ kr„n-°p∂p. At∏mƒ a\p-jy≥ kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS

kr„n-am-{X-a√, {k„m-hp-Iq-Sn-bmWv. kml-N-cy-ßƒ amdp-tºmƒ \ne-

hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßsf Dd-∏n-®p-\n¿Øm≥ klm-bn® aqey-

ßƒ°pw am‰w kw`-hn-°p∂p. ]pXnb kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-tfm-sSm∏w

a\p-jy≥ ]pXnb aqey-ß-sfbpw kr„n-°p∂p. Cßs\ kml-N-cy-

14. Marx and Engels: On Religion P. 255.15. Marx and Engels: Selected Works, Vol. 1. P. 225.


ß-sfbpw kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-sfbpw am‰m≥ th≠n a\p-jy≥ \S-Ønb

\o≠ ka-c-ßƒ°n-S-bn-emWv kXyw, kuμ-cyw, kvt\lw, Zb, \∑,

kmtlm-Zcyw, kzmX{¥yw, P\m-[n-]Xyw, tkmjy-enkw apX-emb

aqey-ßƒ kr„n-°-s∏-´Xv.

\ΩpsS a\- n-\p-t]mepw FØn-t\m-°m≥ Ign-bmØ A{Xbpw

{]mNo-\-amb Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂ `qan-bn¬ kpJhpw kwXr-

]vXnbpw ssIh-cp-Øm\pw am\p-jn-I-ß-fmb [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßsf am‰n-∏-Wn-bm\pw a\p-jy≥

{ian-®p-t]m-∂n-´p≠v. ]t£, a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ al-\o-b-X-Isf

sR°n-sR-cn-°p∂ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI˛kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]e-

t∏mgpw Ahs‚ B{K-lm-`n-em-j-ßƒ ]pjv]n-°msX apc-Sn-®p-In-S-

°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. F¶nepw Ah≥ \ncm-i-\m-bn√. bYm¿Y-Po-

hn-X-Øn¬ t\Sm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-sX√mw Ah≥ Bi-b-ß-fnepw k¶-

ev]-ß-fnepw kz]v\-ß-fnepw Dt´m-]y-I-fnepw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {ian®p.

kz]v\-ßfpw Dt´m-]y-Ifpw bmYm¿Yy-ß-f√. ]t£, `mhn-tb-°p-dn-

®p≈ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw kr„n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ahbv°v kaq-l-

Øn¬ henb {]m[m-\y -ap≠v. kz]v\-ßƒ \q‰m -≠p-I-fmbn

km£m¬°-cn-°-s∏-SmsX InS∂p F∂Xv icn-bmWv. PohnXw Zpcn-

X-a-b-am-bn-Øs∂ XpS¿∂p-t]m∂p. k¶-ev]-ßfpw kz]v\-ßfpw

F{X-Xs∂ D¬Ir-„-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂mepw {Iqc-ß-fmb kml-N-cy-ßƒ°v

a\p-jys‚ ùXn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb tamN-\sØ XS-™p-

\n¿Øm≥ Ign™p.

]gb aqey-ßfpw ]pXnb Ime-L-́ hpw

F∂m¬, C∂p ÿnXn-am-dn-bn-cn-°p∂p. a\p-jys‚ Nnc-¥-\-ß-

fmb kz]v\-ßsf bmYm¿Yy-ß-fm°n am‰m≥ IqSp-X¬ A\p-Iq-e-

ß-fmb kml-N-cy-ßƒ D≠m-bn-°-gn-™n-´p≠v. ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw

kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-kv]-c-k-l-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-amb Ign-hp-Isf ta¬°p-ta¬ hnI-kn-

∏n-°m-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Df-hm-bn-°-gn-™n-´p≠v. ùXn-tIm¬∏m-Z-

\-i-‡n-Iƒ A{Xbv°v hf¿∂p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p∂p. imkv{X-ßfpw

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw A{Xbv°v A`n-hr-≤n-s∏´p Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p.

Cu t\´-ßsf hyh-kmbw, Irjn, hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-

fn¬ _p≤n-]q¿hw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ `qap-J-Øp-\n∂v

Zmcn-{Zy-sØbpw tcmK-sØbpw Ah-bpsS IqS-∏n-d-∏p-I-fmb a‰p _o`-

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 369

’-I-sfbpw Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn XpS-®p-\o-°m≥ km[n-°p-sa-∂m-bn-

´p≠v. ]t£, Cu km[y-X-Iƒ _p≤n-]q¿hw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√.

\yq\-]-£-°m-cmb ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-°m¿ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS t\´-

ß-sf-sb√mw kz¥w em`-Øn-\p-th≠n Iø-S-°n-sh-bv°p∂p. ÿm]n-

X-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ kzm¿Y-tam-ln-I-fmb `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS h¶-Ø-ßƒ a\p-jys‚ ùXn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb

]ptcm-K-Xnsb XS-™p-\n¿Øp∂p. ]t£, km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-

ßfpw IqSp-X¬ D¬_p-≤-cm-bn-°-gn-™n-´p≠v. a¿Z-\hpw Nqj-Whpw

lnwkbpw hntZz-j-hp-an-√mØ ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-L-S\ sIń-∏-

Sp-°m\pw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]pXnb cq]-ßƒ kr„n-°m-\p-ap≈

Ah-cpsS A`n-em-j-ßƒ apsº-∂-tØ-°m-fp-a-[nIw Icp-Øm¿Pn®p

Ign-™n-´p≠v.

`qcn-]-£-°m-cmb P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ÿnc-{]-XnjvT t\Snb GXp

aqey-sØbpw kz¥w em`-Øn-\p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ÿm]n-X-

Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°v Ign-hp≠v. am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS ]pd-t¥m-Sp-Iƒ°p-

≈n¬ Ah¿ arKo-b-X-Iƒ IpØn-\n-d-bv°p∂p. kaXzw, kzmX{¥yw,

kmtlm-Zcyw XpS-ßnb ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßsf Ah¿ _m¶v A°u-≠p-I-

fm°n am‰p∂p. Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ ]gb aqey-ßƒ°v ]pXnb D≈-

S°w \¬Imt\m As√-¶n¬ Ahbv°v ]Icw ]pXnb aqey-ßƒ

kr„n-°mt\m P\-ßƒ \n¿_-≤-cm-bn-Øo-cp∂p.

\ΩpsS ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]e LS-I-ßfpw Ime-Øn\p \nc-°m-

Ø-hn[w Po¿Wn®p Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xp icn-bmWv. C\n-b-

tßm-́ p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn°p hnLm-X-am-bn-Øo-cm-\n-S-bp-≈-Xp-sIm≠v Ah

]pd-¥-≈-s∏-tS-≠-h-bp-amWv. F¶nepw \ap-°n∂pw AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw

kzmb-Ø-am-°m\pw ]‰nb Nne LS-I-ßfpw AXn-e-S-ßn-bn-́ p≠v. Ph-

l¿em¬ s\lvdp FgpXn:

""C¥y AXns‚ `qX-Im-e-Ønse ]e-Xn-s\bpw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-

e-Øns‚ ta¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øm-\-\p-h-Zn-°msX s]mń-s®-dn-

tb-≠-Xp≠v. `qX-Im-e-Ønse DW-°-a-c-ßƒ \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn\v

Hcp `mc-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. acn-®p-I-gn-™-hbpw D]-tbm-K-

iq-\y-am-bn-Øo¿∂-h-bp-am-b-sX√mw t]mtb Xocq. ]t£, CXns‚

A¿Yw `qX-Im-e-Ønse {Inbm-fl-Ihpw Poh-k-μm-b-I-hp-amb LS-

I-ß-tf-°qSn hns -́dn-b-W-sat∂m hnkva-cn-°-W-sat∂m A√. \ΩpsS

hwisØ Ne-\m-fl-I-am-°nb BZ¿i-ßƒ, bpK-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈

C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS kz]v\-ßƒ, {]mNo-\-∑m-cpsS hnth-I-ioew,


\ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-cpsS D’m-l-]q¿W-amb i‡nbpw Pn⁄m-kbpw

kml-kn-I-_p-≤nbpw, Ah-cpsS Nn¥-bpsS [ocX, kmlnXy˛Iem˛-

kmwkv°m-cnI afi-e-ß-fnse al-Ømb t\´-ßƒ, kXy-tØmSpw

kuμ-cy-tØmSpw kzmX-{¥y-tØm-Sp-ap≈ A`n-\n-thiw Ah-cp-

b¿Øn-∏n-Sn® ASn-ÿm-\-aq-ey-ßƒ, Pohn-X-Øns‚ \nKq-V-am¿K-ß-

sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-cpsS ⁄m\w, Xß-fp-tS-X-√mØ am¿K-ß-tfm-

Sp≈ Ah-cpsS kln-jvWpX, a‰p P\-X-I-sfbpw Ah-cpsS

kmwkv°m-cn-I-t\-´-ß-tfbpw I≠p-]-Tn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ahsb Xß-fp-

tS-Xp-ambn Iqń-bn-W°n sshhn-[y-]q¿W-amb Hcp an{i-kw-kv°mcw

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-cpsS Ignhv ˛ CsXm∂pw \ap-

s°m-cn-°epw ad-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn√. \ΩpsS ]pcm-X-\-hw-isØ

hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-∂-hbpw \ΩpsS D]-t_m-[-a-\- n¬ C∂pw ]Xn-

™p-In-S-°p-∂-h-bp-amb A\p-`-h-Iq-ºm-c-ß-tfbpw \ap°v ad-°m-\m-

hn√.''

Hcp kmaqly˛kmº-Øn-I-L-S\ XI-cp -Ibpw AXns‚

ÿm\Øv as‰mcp kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-I-L-S\ Bhn¿`-hn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw {Inbm-fl-I-amb CØcw LS-I-ßƒ \ne-

\n¬°pw. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ime-L-´-ß-tfbpw h¿K-hy-Xym-k-ß-tfbpw

F√mw AXn-Po-hn-°p∂ km¿h-{Xn-I-ß-fmb Nne aqey-ß-sfbpw

imiz-X-ß-fmb Nne kXy-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpƒs°m-≈p-∂p≠v. imiz-

X-aqeyw F∂p-sh-®m¬ bmsXmcp am‰hpw IqSmsX \n¿Po-h-ambn

\ne-\n¬°p∂ aqeyw Ft∂m AXns‚ bm{¥n-I-amb Bh¿Ø\w

Ft∂m A√ A¿Yw. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ hy‡-am-°n-b-Xp-t]mse,

""PohnXw Aßs\ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv `qX-Im-esØ ]p\-

cm-hn-jv°-cn-®p-sIm-≠√, adn®v AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn\v

Hcp ]p\¿P∑w \¬Ip∂ ̀ mhn-bn-te°v AXns\ s\bvsX-Sp-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv. Hm¿an-°p-Ibpw ]pXp-Xmbn kr„n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-I-sb-∂-XmWv apJy-amb Imcyw''16.

At∏mƒ, ]mc-º-cy-sØ-bmsI \ntj-[n-°p-I-b√, AXn¬ Btcm-

Ky-I-chpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-hp-ambn Fs¥-√m-apt≠m AsX√mw AwKo-

I-cn®v ]pXnb kml-N-cy-ß-fn-te°v CW-°n-s°m≠p hcn-I-bm-Wm-

hiyw. \ΩpsS am\-kn-I-amb Ign-hp-Isf hf¿Øm\pw tNX-\sb

Db¿Øm\pw am{X-a√, \mw e£yw shbv°p∂ ]pXnb kap-Zm-b-

16. S. Radhakrishnan: Fragments of a confession in Paul Arthur Schilpp:The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, P. 10.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 371

Øn\pw ]pXnb kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw Dd-∏p≈ Hc-Sn-Ød \n¿an-°m\pw

CXm-h-iy-amWv.

hnπ-hhpw km∑m¿Kn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw

apX-em-fn-ØsØ auen-I-ambpw hnπ-h-I-c-ambpw am‰n-a-dn-®p-

sIm≠p am{Xta tkmjy-enkw sIń-∏-Sp-°m≥ Ignbq F∂Xp icn-

bmWv. ]t£, apX-em-fn-Ø-Ønse F√m LS-I-ßfpw XpS®p \o°-

s∏-Sp-∂n√. Hc¿Y-Øn¬ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ XpS¿® IqSn-bmWv

tkmjy-enkw F∂p-]-dbmw. Fs¥-∂m¬, apX-em-fnØw hn]p-e-amb

tXmXn¬ hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h∂v D¬∏m-Z-\-i-‡n-I-sfbpw imkv{X-

Øns‚ t\´-ß-tfbpw kmt¶-Xn-I-⁄m-\-sØbpw F√mw \in-∏n-®p-

I-f-bp-I-b√, t\tc-a-dn®v Ahsb apX-em-fn -Ø_-‘-ß-fpsS

aXn¬s°-´p-I-fn¬ \n∂v tamNn-∏n®v ]pXnb kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ß-

fn¬ IqSp-X-ep-b¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-te°v hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cn-I-bmWv

tkmjy-enkw sNøp-∂Xv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ kmwkvIm-

cn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb aqey-ß-sfbpw Gs‰-SpØv ]p„n-s∏-Sp-Øp-

I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. tkmjy-enÃv kap-Zm-b-Ønse [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßƒ

\ne-hn-ep≈ aqey-ß-fpsS ]q¿W-amb \ntj-[-a√, Ah-bpsS

XpS¿®bpw hf¿®-bp-amWv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-]m-c-º-cy-ßsf D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠mWv a\p-jy≥ ]pXnb kmaq-lykm-ºØnI hyh-

ÿ-bn¬ Xs‚ hy‡n-ssh-in-„ysØ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw D]-tZ-i-ßƒ hgn-bmbpw P\-ßƒ°v

aX-t_m-[-ap -≠m-°n-s°m-Sp -°p-Ibpw Ah¿ k\m-X-\-ß-fmb

km∑m¿KnI \nb-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬

a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-sa-∂mWv aX-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw Bflo-

bhm-Zn-Ifpw hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv. t\sc-a-dn®v, \ne-hn-ep≈ F√m

km∑m¿Kn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw ÿm]n-X-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°m≥

th≠n kr„n-°-s∏-´-h-bm-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠v apX-em-fn-Ø-a-h-km-

\n-∏n®v tkmjy-enkw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc F√m km∑m¿Kn-I-aq-ey-

ß-sfbpw FXn¿°-W-sa∂pw bm{¥n-I-ù-Xn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-

bp∂p. Cuc≠p ho£-W-K-Xn-Ifpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-amWv. Fs¥-

∂m¬, \Ωƒ I≠p-I-gn-™-Xp-t]mse km∑m¿Kn-I-aq-ey-ßƒ kmaq-

ly-km-º-ØnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]n∂mse kzbw-t{]-cn-X-ambn

Bhn¿`-hn-°p∂ Dt]m¬∏-∂-ß-f√. a\p-jy-\mWv kmaq-ly-km-º-

ØnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS F∂-t]mse km∑m¿Kn-I-aq-ey-ß-fp-sSbpw


{k„mhv. am\p-jn-I-_-‘-ßsf a\p-jys‚ Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°pw kaq-

l-Øns‚ `{Z-Xbv°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-

Ibpw {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-XmWv Ah-bpsS ]¶v. Nqj-

Whpw a¿Z-\-hp-an-√mØ Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-hÿ a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-

ssh-in-„y-Øn-s‚bpw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ß-fp-sSbpw hnIm-k-Øn\p ]‰nb

kml-N-cy-ßƒ Df-hm°pw F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. s\lvdp

Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""F√m-h¿°pw kam-\-amb kmº-Øn-I-\o-Xnbpw

Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzhpw \¬Ip∂ Hcp h¿K-c-ln-X-k-ap-Zmbw, IqSp-X-ep-

b¿∂ ùXn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb \ne-hm-c-ß-fn-te°pw kl-

I-cWw, \nkzm¿YX, tkh-\-a-t\m-`mhw, icn-bmb Imcy-ßƒ sNøm-

\p≈ B{Klw, k∑-t\m-`mhw, kvt\lw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Bflo-

b-aq-ey-ß-fpsS D∂-Xn-bn-te°pw a\p-jy-cm-insb Db¿Øm≥ th≠n-

bp≈ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ Hcp

kap-Zmbw, A¥n-a-ambn Hcp km¿h-eu-In-I-hy-hÿ ˛ \ΩpsS Ah-

km-\-e£yw CX-√msX as‰m-∂p-am-hm≥ hø.''17

Hcp Imcyw Du∂n-∏-d-tb-≠-Xp≠v. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ùXn-Im-Sn-

Ød amdp-∂-Xp-sIm≠p am{Xw a\p-jy≥ \∂m-bn-s°m-≈-W-sat∂m

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb aqey-ßƒ ]p„n-s∏´p sIm≈-W-

sat∂m C√. _mly-{]-Ir-Xnsb am‰m≥ th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-ßƒ \S-

Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ B¥-cn-I-{]-Ir-Xn-bnepw

am‰-ap-≠m-°m≥ t_m[-]q¿hw ]cn-{i-an-t°-≠-Xp≠v. F∂p-sh-®m¬,

Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-ly-L-S-\sb am‰n-a-dn-°m\pw h¿K-c-ln-

X-amb Hcp ]pXnb kap-Zmbw sIń-∏-Sp-°m\pw th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-

Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-sf∂ \nebv°v kXyw, kvt\lw,

kuμcyw, \nkzm¿YX XpS-ßnb aqey-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬

Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw Aßs\ a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-Øn¬ Xs∂ am‰-ß-fp-

≠m-°p-I-bp-am-Wm-hiyw. D≈n¬ arKo-b-X-Isf sh®p-]p-e¿Øp∂

Hcp hy‡n ]pdØv a\p-jyXzw sIń-∏-Sp-°m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂Xv Bfl-h-

©-\-bm-bn-cn°pw. \√ a\p-jyt\ \√ kap-Zmbw kr„n-°m-\mhq.

Cßs\ hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw A`n-hr-≤nsb Iqń-

bn-W-°p∂ ka-{K-amb Hcp ho£-W-K-Xn-bpsS A`m-h-amWv B[p-

\n-I-X-Xz-Nn-¥-bpsS apJy-amb Hcp Zu¿_eyw F∂p tXm∂p∂p.

AXn-thKw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp temI-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw

kaq-lhpw hy‡nbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn-s‚bpw k¶o¿W-ß-fmb

17. Jawaharlal Nehru: An Autobiography.

`mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ 373

{]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ ]‰n-b-X-c-Øn¬ a\p-jyPo-hn-X-

Øn\v ]pXn-sbm-c¿Yhpw ]pXn-sbmcp D≈-S-°hpw ]pXn-sbmcp

e£yhpw \¬Ip-I-bmWv XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS ISa. `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥-bpsS

Ncn{Xw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw AXnse {Inbm-fl-I-ßfpw Poh-k-μm-b-I-ß-

fp-amb LS-I-ßsf ]p„n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv Cu ISa \nd-

th-‰m≥ klm-b-I-am-bn-cn°pw.

F∂m¬ XXz-imkv{Xw, AsX{X Xs∂ icnbpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-

am-bmepw, {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp hgn-Imń am{X-amWv. `qX-Im-e-

Øns‚ t\ -́ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ ̀ mhn-bm°n

cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n-bp≈ t_m[-]q¿h-amb ka-c-amWv

{][m\w. am¿Ivkv ]d-™-Xp-t]mse, ""CtX-h-sc-bp≈ XXz-Nn-¥-I-

∑m¿ temIsØ hymJym\n-°pI am{Xta sNbvXn-´p≈q; AXns\

am‰p-I-bm-Wm-hiyw.''

374

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abid Husain, Indian Culture, Bombay, 1963............., The National Culture of India, Bombay, 1956.Ahmed, Aziz, Studies in Islamic Culture.Aiyappan and Balaratnam, society in India, Madras, 1956.Aiyar, Krishnaswami, Shri Madhva and )Madhvism, -Madras.Aiyangar, K. V. Rangaswami, Aspects of Ancient Indian EconomicThought, Madras, 1934.Ambedkar, B. R., Gandhi, Ranade and Jinnah, Bombay, 1943.Annie Besant and Bhagwan Das (Tr.), The Bhagavad Gita, Madras,1940.Ashraf, K. M., Life and Conditions of the People of Hindustan, 1959.Avalon (Sir John Woodroffe), Shakti and Shakta, Madras, 1929............., The Serpent Power, London, 1931............., The Principles of Tantra, Madras, 1960.Babbit, lrving (Tr.), Dhammapada, New York, 1936.Balasubramaniam, K. M., Special Lecture:, on Saiva Siddhanta,

Annamalai, 1959.Banerjee, Saratchandra, The Sankhya Philosophy, Calcutta, 1907.Barodia, Outline of Jainism, London, 1916.Basham, A. L., The Wonder that was India, London, 1954............, History and Doctrines of the Ajivakas, London, 1951.Basu, Major B. D. (Ed.), Sacred Books of the Hindus, Allahabad, All

Vols.Belvalkar, S. K. and Ranade, R. D., History o Indian Philosophy, Poona,

1927.Bernard Theos, Hindu Philosophy, Bombay, 1957.Bhaduri, Sadananda, Studies in Nyaya - Vaiseshiha ‘Metaphysics, Poona,

1947.Bhandarkar, R. G., Vaishnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems,

Strasbourg, 1913.Bhattacharya, K. C„ Studies in Vcdantism, Culcutta, 1909.Bhattacharya, V., The Basic Conception of Buddhism, Culcutta, 1934.Bhattacharya, Haridas (E.d.), The Cultural History of India, 4 Vols.Barua, B. M., A History of the Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy, Calcutta,

1921.Brajendranath Seal, The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus Culcutta,

1958.

375

Brecher, Michael, Nehru.Buch, M. A., Rise and Growth of Indian Militant Nationalism, Baroda,

1940.Buhler (Tr.), The Laws of Manu (Sacred books of the East, Vol. XXV),

Oxford, 1886.Chakravarti, S. C., The Philosophy of the Upanishads, Culcutta, 1935.Chatterjee, Jagdish Chandra, The Hindu Realism, Allahabad, 1912.Chatterjee and Datta, An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, Culcutta,

1954.Chatterjee Satish Chandra,The Nyaya Theory of Knowledge, Culcutta,

1950.Chatterjee, Mohini M. (Tr..), Vivekachudamani of Sankracharya. -

Madras, 1932.Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, Lokayata, New Delhi, 1959.Childe, Gordon, What Happened in History, London, 1954.........., New Light on the Most Ancient East, London, 1954.........., The Aryans, London, 1926.Chintamani, C. Y., Indian Social Reform.Colebrooke, H. T. (Tr.), The Sankhya Karika, Bombay, 1887.Conze, Edward, Buddhism, Its Essence and Development, New York,

1954.............., Buddhist Texts Through the Ages, New York, 1954.Cowell, E. B. And Gough, A. E. (Tr.), The Sarvadarsana Samgraha,

London, 1914.Dange, S. A., India from Primitive Communism to Slavery, Bombay,

1949.Dar, Basheer Ahmed, Religious Thought of Sayyed Ahmed Khan Lahore,

1957.Das, Rasvihari, The Self and the Ideal, Culcutta, 1935.Dasgupta, Surendranath, Indian Philosophy, 4 Vol. Cambridge............., Yoga as Philosophy and Religion, London, 1924............., Indian Idealism, Cambridge, 1933............., The Study of Patanjali, Culcutta, 1920.Dasgupta, B., An Introduction to Tantric Buddhism, Culcutta, 1957.Date, Vinayak Hari, Vedanta, Explained Vol. I, Bombay, 1954.Davids Rhys, Buddhism, London, 1934................., The Buddhist India, Culcutta, 1950................ (Tr.), The Questions of King Malinda (Sacred Books of the

East).

376

................(Tr.), Dialogues of the Buddha (Digha Nikaya), 3 Vols.Desai, A. R., Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, 1948.Deussen, Paul, Outlines of Indian philosophy, Berlin, 1907.............., Philosophy of the Upanishads, Edinburgh, 1906.Devaraj Channa, Slavery in Ancient India, New Delhi, 1960.Dobb, Maurice, Studies in the Development of Capitalism.Dubois Abbey, A., Hindu Manners and Customs and Ceremonies, 2

Vols., Oxford, 1897.Durant, W., Our Oriental Heritage, New York, 1942.Dutt, R. P., India Today.Dutt, Manmatha Nath (Tr.), The Dharma Sutras, Culcutta, 1908..............., Aspects of Mahayana Buddhism.Ehrenfels, O. R., Mother Right in India, Hyderabad, 1941............., Kadar of Cochin, Madras, 1952.Englcs, F., Anti Duhring, Moscow, 1957............, The Origin of the Family - Private Property and the State,

Moscow, 1952............., Dialectics of Nature, Moscow, 1954............., Peasant War in Germany.............., Ludwing Feuerbach.Faruqhar, John Nicol, An Outline of the Religious Literature of India,

Oxford, 1920...............Modern Religious Movements in India.Ferreire, Totemism in India.Frazer, J. G., The Golden Bough, London, 1949.Gadgil, The Industrial Evolution of India.Gambhirananda, Swami (Tr.), Brahma Sutra Bhashya of Shri

Sankaracharya.Gandhi, M. K., An Autobiography, Ahmedabad, 1927.............., Socialism of My Conception.............., Collected Works.Garbe, Richard, The Sankhya Philosophy, Tr. by R.D. Vadekar, Poona............., The Sankhya Pravachana Bhashya, Cambridge, 1895.............., Aniruddha’s Commentary and the Original Parts of Vedantin

Mahadeva’s Commentary on the Sankhya Sutras, Culcutta, 1892..............., Philosophy in Ancient India.Ghate, V.S., The Vedanta, Poona, 1926,Ghosal, Upendranath, A History of Hindu Political Theories, London,

1927.

377

Ghose, M. N. (Tr.), Rig Veda, Culcutta, 1906.Ghosh, Aurobindo, The Life Divine, Culcutta, 1947............, The Human Cycle, Pondicherry, 1949............, Essays on the Gita, Culcutta, 1950............, The Ideal of Human Unity, Pondicherry, 1950............, Speeches............., The Foundation of Indian Culture, 1959............, The Synthesis of Yoga, Madras, 1948.Ghosh, Jajineswar, Sankhya and Modern Thought, Culcutta, 1930.Ghurye, G. S., Caste and Class in India, Bombay, 1932.Gokhale, B. G., Indian Thought through the Ages, Bombay. 1961.Gordon, D. H., The Prehistoric Background of Indian Culture, Bombay

1958.Gough, A. E. (Tr.), The Vaiseshika Sutras of Kanada, Bombay, 1893.............., Philosophy of the Upanishad, London, 1882,Griffith, R. T. H. (Tr. ), Rig Veda, Benaras, 1895.Har Dutta Sarma, Vidyasudhakara (Tr.), The Tattva Kaumudi (Vachaspati

Misra’s Commentary on the Sankhya Karika). Poona, 1934.Harrison, Selig S., India-the Most Dangerous Decade, Princeton, 1960.Hasarat, Bikramjit, Dara Shikuh-Life and Works, Shantiniketan, 1963.Hastings, James (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, 12 Vol.,

Edinburgh, 1908 -18.Hawell, E. B., The History of Aryan Rule in India, New York.Heiman. Betty, Indian and Western Philosophy, London, 1937.Hiriyanna, M., Outlines of Indian Philosophy, London, 1932............., Indian Philosophical Studies, Mysore, 1957............., The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, London, 1949............(Tr.), The Vedantasara by Sadananda, Poona, 1929.Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans.Hussein, Yusuf, Glimpses of Medieval Indian Culture, Bombay-. 1957.

Iqbal, Mohammed, The Secrets of the Self.Iyer, L. K. Ananthakrishna, The Cochin Tribes and Castes.Iyer, Krishna and Balaratnam, Anthropology in India, Bombay, 1961.Jayaswal, K. P., Hindu Polity, Culcutta, 1924.Jha, Ganganath (Tr.), The Nyaya Philosophy of Gautama, Allahabad............., The Yogadarsana-The Sutras of Patanjali with the Bhashya

of Vyasa, Bombay, 1907.Johnston, E. H., Early Samkhya, London, 1937.Kabir, Humayun, Abut Kalam Azad.

378

Kanakasabhai, V., The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago, Madras,1956.

Kane, P. V., History of Dharmasastra, 2 Vols., Poona, 1930, 1941.Keith, A. B., Indian Logic and Atomism..........., Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and the Upanishads,

Cambridge, 1925............., The Sankhya System, New York, 1918.Kellock, James, Mahadev Govind Ranade.Krishna, K. B., Political and Social Thought of theBuddhist Writers,

Vijayawada............, Theories of Kingship in India, Vijayawada, 1960.Krishnaswami, V. D., Stone Age in India.Krishnamacharya, Pandit V., Vedantasara of Bhagavad Ramanuja,

Madras, 1953.Kosambi, D. D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Bombay,

1956.............., Exasperating Essays, Poona, 1957-.............., The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India, London, 1965.Kunhan Raja, C., -Manameyodaya, Madras, 1963..............., Some Fundamental Problems in Indian Philosophy, 1960.............., Poet-Philosophers of the Rigveda, Madras, 1963.Lajpat Rai, Writings and Speeches, New Delhi, 1966.Lenin, V. I., Materialism and Empirio-Criticism, Moscow, 1947................., Selected Works.Macdonnel, A. A., History of Sanskrit Literature, London, 1905................(Tr.), Hymns from the Rigveda, London, 1922.Mackay, E., The Indus Civilization, London, 1935.Macaliffe, Max Arthur, The Sikh Religion.Mahadevan, T. M. P., Gaudapada, A Study in Early Vedanta. Madras,

1952..............., The Philosophy of Advaita, Madras, 1938.Maitra, S. K., Madhva Logic, Culcutta, 1936.Majumdar D. N., Races and Culture of India, Allahabad, 1947.Majumdar R. C. and Pusalkar, A. D. (Ed.), The History and Culture of

the Indian People, All Vols.Majumdar, R. C., Corporate Life in Ancient India, Culcutta, 1919..............., Vedic Age, London, 1951.Majumdar, B B., History of Political Thought from Rammohan to

Dayanand.

379

Majumdar, Jatindrakumar (Ed.), Raja Ram Mohan Roy and ProgressiveMovement in India, Culcutta, 1941.

Malik, Hafeez, Muslim Nationalism in India and Pakistan.Malinowski, A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays.Marshall, J., Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilisation, London, 1931.Marx, Karl, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Moscow,

1961................, Capital, Vols. I and III................, Holy Family................, Critique of Political Economy................., Articles on India, Bombay, 1943................., Notes, on Indian History.Marx and Engels, German Ideology..............., Selected Works.............., On Religion.............., Correspondence.Max Muller, The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, London, 1928...............(Ed.), Sacred Books of the East.Mehta, Mohanlal, Outline of Jaina Philosophy, Bangalore, 1954.Mehta And Patwardhan, The Communal Tangle in India.Mishra, Umesha, Conception of Matter according to Nyaya-Vaiseshika,

Allahabad, 1936. .Morgan, L. H., Ancient Society.Moreland, W. H., The Agrarian, System of Moslem India, Allahabad,

1929............, Akbar to Aurangzeb.Mukerjee, Hiren, India’s Struggle for Freedom, Culcutta, 1948............., Gandhiji- A Study, Culcutta, 1958.Mukhopadhyaya, P., Introduction to Vedanta Philosophy, Culcutta, 1928Nagaraja Rao, P., Introduction to Vedanta, Bombay, 1958.Namboodiripad, E. M. S., The Mahatma and the Ism.Noor Nabi, Mohamed, Development of Muslim Religious Thought in

India.Natarajan, S., A Century of Social Reform in India, Bombay, 1959.Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, Calcutta, 1956.............., Glimpses of World History, London, 1934.............., India Today and Tomorrow, New Delhi, 1960.............., A Bunch of Old Letters..............., Recent Essays and Writings, 1937.

380

Nikhilananda, Swami, The Bhagavad Gita, New York , 1944.Northrop, S. C. Filmer, The Meeting of East and West, New York,

1946.Pal, B. C., Memoirs of My Life and Times in the Days of My Youth,

Culcutta, 1932................., The New Spirit.Panikkar, K. M., A Survey of Indian History, Bombay, 1947................, Hindu Society at Crossroads, Bombay, 1956.Peterson, Peter (Tr.), Hymns from the Rig Veda, Poona, 1924.Pooniah, V., The Saiva Siddhanta Theory of Knowledge,

Annamalainagar, 1952.Powell, Baden, The Indian Village Community, London, 1896.Prabhu, R. K., An Anthology of Modern Indian Eloquence, Culcutta,

1960.Radhakrishnan, S., Eastern Religion and Western Thought, London,

1940..............., The Hindu View of Life, London, 1927.............., Indian Philosophy, 2 Vols., London, 1923, 1927.............., The Brahmasutra, London, 1960..............., The Philosophy of the Upanishads, London, 1935..............., The Principal Upanishads, London, 1953..............., Religion and Society, London, 1948............., Speeches of President Radhakrishnan..............(Ed-), History of Philosophy- Eastern and Western..............(Ed.), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, London, 1957.Raghavan, V., The Indian Heritage, 1956.Raja Rao and Iqbal Singh, Changing India.Raju, P. T., Idealist Thought of India, Cambridge, 1943.............., Thought and Reality, London, 1937.Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims, Bombay, 1959.Ranade, M. G., Rise of the Maratha Power, New Delhi, 1961.Rangacharya, Rao Bahadur, The Vedanta Sutras with theSri Bliashya of

Ramanujacharya, Madras, 1919.Rolland, Romain, Prophets of the New India, New York, 1930.Roy, M.N., Crime and Karma, Culcutta, 1957.Roy, M. N., Materialism, Culcutta, 1951.Rhys Davids, Mrs., The Birth of Indian Psychology.Russel, W. H., My Indian, Mutiny Diary.Ruth, Reyna, The Concept of Maya, Bombay, 1962.

381

Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (Tr.), The Sukraniti, 1914.Saran, K. M., Labour in Ancient India, Bombay, 1957.Sarma, D.S., The Upanishads - An Anthology, Bombay, 1961!.............., Hinduism through the Ages..............., Studies in the Renaissance of Hinduism, Bombay, 1944...............,What is Hinduism?, Madras, 1945.Sastri. Dakshinaranjan, A Short History of Indian Materialism,

Sensationalism and Hedonism, Culcutta, 1930.Sastri, Shama, Kautilya’s Arthasastra, Mysore, 1929.Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta, Sources of Indian History, Bombay, 1964..............., A History of South India.Sen, Kshitimohan, Medieval Mysticism in India, London, 1930.Sharma, N. T., Madhva’s Teachings in His Own Words.Srauss, Claude Levi, The Savage Mind, London, 1966..............., Structural Anthropology, New York, 1963.Sankrityayan, R., Darshan Digdarshan (Hindi).Stern, A., Philosophy of History and the Problem of Values, 1962.Schaff, A., A Philosophy of Man, London, 1963.Sanghvi, Pandit Sukhlal, Tattvartha Sutra, Wardha, 1952.Shastri, D, A Short History of Indian Materialism, Patna, 1930.Stevenson, Mrs. Sinclair, The Heart of Jainism, London 1915.Schweitzer, A!, Indian Thought and its Development, Bombay, 1960.Srinivasa lyengar, P.T., Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Banares, l909.Stephen, D. J., Studies in Early Indian Thought, Cambridge, 1918.Spakovsky, A., Freedom - Determinism - lndeterminism, The Hague,

1963.Saksena, S. K., Nature of Consciousness in Hindu Philosophy,

Banares, 1944.Sastri, D. N., Critique of Realism.Satyaprakash, Foundations of Science in Ancient India, New Delhi,

1966.Sinha, Jadunath, Indian Realism, London, 1932.Sarma, Nagaraja, The Reign of Realism in Indian philosophy, Madras,

1937.Satis Chandra Vaidyabhushana, A History- of Indian: Logic, Culcutta,

1921.Sitaramayya, Pattabbi, History of the Indian -National Congress.Srinivas, M. N., Caste in Modern India, Bombay, 1962.Srinivasachari, S. M., Advaita and Visishtadvaita, Bombay: 1961.Sewell, Robert, A Forgotten Empire New Delhi, 1962.Satchidanandamoorthy, K., Revelation and Reason in Advaita Vedanta,

1959.Smith, W. C., Modern Islam in India.

382

Stanley, Rice, Hindu Customs and their Origins, London, 1937.Spayer, J. S. (Tr.), The Jatakamala- Sacred Books of the Buddhists,

Vol. 1, London, 1895.Stcherbatsky, Buddhist Logic, 2 Vols., U S S R, 1932.............., The Central Conception of Buddhism; London, 1923.............., The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana, Leningrad, 1927.Tagore, Rabindranath, Towards Universal Man, Bombay, 1961.............., A Vision of India’s History.............., The Religion of Man.............., Creative Unity.............., Gitanjali.............., Letters from Rassia.............., The Personality.Tara Chand, Society and State in the Mughal Period, New Delhi, 1961............., Influence of Islam on Indian Culture.Tara Chandra Das. Adivasis.Tendulkar, The Mahatma.Thomson, George, Studies in Ancient Greek Society, 2 Vols., London,

1949, 1955.Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, The Bhagavad Gita Rahasya, Bombay, 1935.............., Speeches and Writings.Theodore De Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition, New York, 1958.Thibault, George (Tr.), Vedanta Sutra:Ramanuja’s Sree Bhashya.Thamankar, D. V., Lokamanya Tilak, London, 1956.Titus, T. Murray, Islam in India and Pakistan, Culcutta, 1959.Tylor, Edward, Primitive Culture, 2 Parts.Tucci Guiseppe, The Theory and Practice of Mandala, London, 1951.Underhill, Contemporary Thought of India—Vaiseshika System.Varadachari, K.C., Sri Ramanuja’s Theory of Knowledge.Vivekananda, Selections from Swami Vivekananda, 1957.............., Complete Works.Wheeler, Sir Mortimer, The Indus Civilization, London, 1960.Williams, Monier, Indian WisdomWilson, H.H. (Tr.), Rig Veda, Culcutta, 1927.Watters, T., On Yuan Chuang’s Travels in India, Delhi. 1961Zachner, R- C., Hinduism, O U P, 1962.Zeuner, F. E., Prehistory in India, Bombay, 1951.

383

kmt¶-Xn-I-i-_vZm-hen

AssZzXw ̨ MonismA[ymkw ̨ SuperimpositionA\p-am\w -˛ InferenceAt\-Im-¥-hmZw ˛ Doctrine of

the "manyness" of realityA]-cn-{Klw ˛ Non-possessionA]v ˛ WaterA`mhw ˛ Non-existenceAh-b-h-ßƒ ˛ Members of a

syllogismAjvSmw-K-am¿Kw ˛ Eight-fold

pathAk-XvIm-cy-hmZw ˛ Doctrine of

non-existent effectAkvtXbw ̨ Non-stealingBImiw ˛ EtherBflmhv ̨ SoulBcw-`-hmZw ˛ Doctrine of new

CreationBi-b-hmZw ˛ IdealismBkvXn-I-Z¿i\w ˛ Orthodox

PhilosophyD]-am\w ̨ AnalogyGI-ssZ-h-hmZw ̨ MonotheismI¿aw ̨ ActionImew ˛ Time£Wn-I-hmZw ̨ Doctrine of mo-

mentarinessKpWw ̨ Quality

tKm{X-Nn”w ˛ TotemOew ̨ QuibblePev]w ̨ WranglingX¿°w ˛ ConfutationXo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ ˛ ExtremiststXPkv ˛ FireZnIv ˛ Space{Zhyw ˛ SubstancessZzXm-ssZzXw ˛ Dualistic non-

dualismssZzXw ˛ Dualism\h-{]-kvX-c-bpKw ̨ Neolithic age

(New stone age)\mkvXn-I-Z¿i\w ˛ Heteredox

Philosophy\n¿Wbw ˛ Ascertainment]Zm¿Y-ßƒ ˛ Categories]cn-W-m-a-hmZw ̨ Evolutionism]pcm-{]-kvX-c-bpKw ̨ Palaeolithic

age (Old stone age)]pcp-j≥ ̨ Spirit]q¿Wm-ssZXzw ˛ Integral non-

dualism]rYvhn ˛ Earth""{]Xo-Xy-k-ap¬]mZw'' ˛ "De-

pendent Origination"{]Xy£w ˛ Perception{][m\w ˛ Matter{]amWw ̨ Method of Valid Cog-

nition

384

{]tabw ˛ Object of Cognition{]kvX-c--bpKw ˛ Stone age{]mIvN-cn{Xw ˛ Pre-history{]mIr-X-I-Ωyq-Wnkw ̨ Primitive

Communism{]mNo-\-ù-Xn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ ̨ Early

materialists_lp-ssZ-h-hmZw ̨ Polytheism{_“-Ncyw ˛ Celibacy{_“w ˛ Absolutet`Zm-t`Zw ˛ Difference-cum-

nondifferencea[y-bpKw ˛ Middle agesa\ v ̨ MindalØv ̨ IntelligenceanX-hm-Zn-Iƒ ˛ ModeratesbZr-—m-hmZw ̨ Accidentalismh¿Ww ˛ ClasshmZw ̨ Discussionhmbp ̨ Air

hnXfiw ̨ Cavilhnin-jvSm-ssZzXw ̨ Qualified mo-

nismhntijw ˛ Particulari_vZw ˛ Verbal testimonyip≤m-ssZzXw ˛ Pure non-dual-

ismkXvIm-cy-hmZw ̨ Doctrine of the

identity of cause and effectka-hmbw ˛ Inherencek¿hm-fl-hmZw ̨ Animismkmam\yw ˛ Universalkn≤m¥w ˛ Established tenetkn‘p-X-S-kw-kv°mcw ˛ Indus

Valley CivilisationkymZvhmZv ̨ Doctrine of at "may

be"kz`m-h-hmZw ˛ NaturalismtlXzm-`mkw -˛ Fallacy

385

Documents

sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ kºq¿ÆIrXn-Iƒbooks.sayahna.org/ml/pdf/kd-src-06.pdf · 2020. 9. 10. · sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ cm{„o-b-˛-km-aq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kv°m-cn-I-˛-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n∂